url
stringlengths 15
784
| text
stringlengths 6
437k
| KeyPhrases
list |
|---|---|---|
http://cornerstone-academy.org/
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Cornerstone is a great choice for your child Cornerstone Academy is a Maryland State approved nonpublic school specifically designed for children diagnosed with learning differences in grades 6 12 Cornerstone is a member of the Association of Christian Schools International ACSI Cornerstone Offers Speech and Language Therapy Psychological Services Occupational Therapy NILD Therapy Offsite classes at Mt Airy Christian Academy Private music lessons Tutoring Services are available Please call the school for information 3018294730 Addressing the Academic Needs of Children with Learning Differences Cornerstone is equipped to provide instruction for children who have been diagnosed with one or several of the following learning disabilities Language Disorders Academic Skills Disorders Attention Disorders Processing Deficits Dyslexia School Phobias Socialization Issues Recovery Credits PDD Anxiety Disorders Home Hospital Instruction HSA Course Credits 20182019 Calendar PDF Cornerstone Academy 17455 Old Frederick Rd Mount Airy MD 21771 Tel 301 8294730 Fax 301 8294731 Route Planner
|
[
"Cornerstone Academy",
"Maryland State",
"Association of Christian Schools International"
] |
http://corp.ingrammicro.com/About-Us.aspx
|
Overview Ingram Micro helps businesses fully realize the promise of technology ™ — helping them maximize the value of the technology that they make , sell or use . With its vast global infrastructure and focus on cloud , mobility , technology lifecycle , supply chain and technology solutions , Ingram Micro enables business partners to operate more efficiently and successfully in the markets they serve . No other company delivers as broad and deep a spectrum of technology and supply chain services to businesses around the world . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Ingram Micro amplifies the value of its position at the intersection of thousands of vendor , reseller and retailer partners by customizing and delivering highly targeted applications for industry verticals , business to business customers and commercial needs . From provisioning solutions for system integrators working at the heart of the network to offerings through the full lifecycle of mobile devices , SMB to global enterprise software and computing , point of sale to cloud services , professional AV to physical security — Ingram Micro is trusted by customers to have the expertise and resources to help them define and The company supports global operations by way of an extensive sales and distribution network throughout North America , Europe , Middle East and Africa , Latin America and Asia Pacific : Local sales offices and / or representatives in 52 countries 155 distribution centers worldwide Representing over 1,700 suppliers , including Acer , Apple , Cisco , Citrix , HP , IBM , Lenovo , Microsoft , Samsung , Symantec , VMware and others Serving more than 200,000 customers in approximately 160 countries Creating growth opportunities within the hard to reach SMB market as more businesses use technology to add scale , enhance services and improve productivity Providing support from 30,000 + associates worldwide The only global broad - based IT distributor with significant Asia Pacific presence
|
[
"Ingram Micro",
"cloud",
"supply chain services"
] |
http://corp.toei-anim.co.jp/en/film/detail.php?id=504
|
ONE PIECE FILM Z HOME Film List ONE PIECE FILM Z mixiチェック Dec 15 2012 Copyright Eiichiro Oda2012 ONE PIECE Production Committee MOVIE ONE PIECE FILM GOLD YEARJul 23 2016 ONE PIECE FILM Z YEARDec 15 2012 Shonen Jump Heroes Film ONE PIECE 3D Mugiwara Chase TORIKO 3D Begin The Gourmet Adventure YEARMarch 19 2011 ONE PIECE film STRONG WORLD YEARDec 12 2009 ONE PIECE THE MOVIE Episode of Chopper The Miracle Winter Cherry Blossom YEARMay 1 2008 ONE PIECE THE MOVIE Episode of Alabaster Kingdom the Pirates and the Princess of the Desert YEARMar 3 2007 ONE PIECE Mega Mecha Soldier of Karakuri Castle YEARMar 4 2006 ONE PIECE Baron Omatsuri and Secret Island YEARMar 5 2005 ONE PIECE The Curse of the Sacred Sword YEARMar 6 2004 ONE PIECE Go For It The Pirate Baseball King YEARMar 6 2004 ONE PIECE The Adventure of Deadend YEARMar 1 2003 ONE PIECE Choppers Kingdom in the Strange Animal Island YEARMar 2 2002 ONE PIECE Dreaming Soccer King YEARMar 2 2002 ONE PIECE The Adventure of Spiral Island YEARMar 3 2001 ONE PIECE Jangos Dance Carnival YEARMar 3 2001 ONE PIECE YEARMar 4 2000 TV ONE PIECE YEAROct 20 1999 TVSP ONE PIECE 3D2Y YEARAug 30 2014 ONE PIECE Episode of Merry YEARAug 24 2013 ONE PIECE Episode of Luffy YEARDec 15 2012 ONE PIECE Episode of Nami YEARAug 25 2012 ONE PIECE HISTORICAL DRAMA SERIES 7 YEARApr 1 2007 ONE PIECE HISTORICAL DRAMA SERIES 6 YEARJan 7 2007 ONE PIECE HISTORICAL DRAMA SERIES 5 YEARDec 24 2006 ONE PIECE HISTORICAL DRAMA SERIES 4 YEARDec 18 2005 ONE PIECE HISTORICAL DRAMA SERIES Luffys Detective Story YEARDec 14 2003 ONE PIECE Out into the Ocean A Fathers Great Big Dream YEARApr 6 2003 ONE PIECELuffys Adventure at the Bottom of the Ocean YEARDec20 2000 Pick Up DRAGON BALL ONE PIECE SAINT SEIYA DIGIMON SAILORMOON
|
[
"ONE PIECE FILM Z"
] |
http://corpocrat.com/2008/08/12/how-to-find-ifsc-code-for-hdfc-bank/
|
How to find IFSC code for HDFC Bank ? in Money & Finance by Balakrishnan Prabhu on August 12 , 2008 Share Tweet Share Mail Print If you have opened an account with HDFC bank but you dont know the IFSC code of your bank . IFSC code is a 11 digit code used to interbank electronic clearing in India . It will be in the format of HDFC0000XXX for your HDFC account . If you are opening account in paypal or to receive payments through online banking from somebody , you will need it and let the sender know your account number and the IFSC code . Here are the 4 ways to find out your HDFC bank IFSC code … . 1 . Open our checkbook and if you notice in the cheque leaves you will find on the bottom left something like IFSC code / RTGS like HDFC000XXXX . That is called IFSC code . 2 . RBI has published a huge list of IFSC codes of almost all banks in India , including HDFC bank branches and you can download here ( excel format ) . Refer to it and see whether the IFSC code of your bank is listed . Visit the RBI website for more information 3 . Visit the HDFC bank website and search for IFSC codes branchwise or call the customer service of the HDFC bank and ask them what is the IFSC code of your bank where you opened the account . Another short trick 4 . If you have HDFC account starting in XXX then most probabably the IFSC code will be ending with those XXX . For example if your account number starts with 7644 then in most cases the IFSC code would be like HDFC0007644 . Having said that you should not rely on this trick as this may be inaccurate sometimes , if the bank decides to change the IFSC code and you wouldnt know . Follow the steps ( 1 ) and ( 3 ) to determine the IFSC code of your HDFC bank . Useful Links Indian Banks List – http : / / indian - banks . info RBI NEFT – http : / / www . rbi . org . in / scripts / neft . aspx Disclaimer : The information i posted above is just for educational purpose only and may NOT be inaccurate . Always consult your bank officer and confirm with your bank regarding the IFSC code . If you quote wrong code , your incoming payment will be rejected or sometimes reversed . Similar Posts : Sorry , the browser you are using is not currently supported . Disqus actively supports the following browsers : Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11 + Safari AB • 4 months ago Here ' s the easiest and best way to find https : / / bankifsccode247 . com / Abhinav Singh • 10 months ago If You need to find Banks Details In India , Contact Details Of Bank , Find IFSC Code Of Bank so you can visit our websites : - http : / / bankdetail . in / bankifsccodd • 1 year ago You can find ifsc code for hdfc bank . at http : / / bankifsccod . com / shailendrakr04 • 2 years ago Easy way to find ifsc of banks login to http : / / ifsccodeguru . com IFSC Codess • 2 years ago You can find IFSC Code , MICR Code , SWIFT Code , Address and Contact numbers of all bank branches in India at Bank IFSC Numbers Ajaharuddin Mohd Thanks for the useful info , this is helpful for many customers of HDFC bank , here is what this ifsc search engine says http : / / myifsccodes . com / hdfc . . . has all Hdfc Bank branches information in the form of searchable database . Hdfc Bank branch information fields include Indian Financial System Code , Branch Code , MICR Code , Address , Phone numbers and this data is being verified manually and will be updated when there are any changes . SHWETA hey can anyone pls tell me how to take print of account statement for HDFC bank with all details mentioned on it like account no . , IFSC code , my name , MICR code etc . . ? ? i need to submit it to office . Lavanay Bhadwal • 3 years ago You can find IFSC Code , MICR Code , SWIFT Code , Address and Contact numbers of all bank branches in India at Bank IFSC Numbers Arif • 6 years ago thanks a lot for the wonderful information . . . sujata • 6 years ago gud . . . . . . . . .so many persons post answers but very rare theyn are useful u give really such a useful and real information not crap Rashmi @ bank ifsc , contact de I ’ m grateful for you because of this good written content . You definitely did make my day . . hehehehe viral • 7 years ago Hi , the info provided about is really helpful , however when you see the format of some nationalised banks , the format above mentioned is incorrect . But yes with most of the private banks the format is correct , No disrespect but an information which could be helpful . M ABDUL BARI • 7 years ago Thanks it is useful to everyone arpana thnx very useful ifsc code lookup Nice explanation . visit my profile for searchable database of ifsc codes for all banks . Mahantesh b Hiremath This is a place where we can get accurate information . Thank you very much . Union Plus Card Looking for this , really helpful , thanks . Manjunath Kudos buddy , it really helped me . . . ! bank - e bihari how can i find branch code using ifsc code or micr code of any particular branch ? Is is the last 6 or 4 digits of micr code ? please help me bank sumit Thanks for help mate , it helped me verify my IFSC code which i found on some weird website . Manninmainthan Interesting Explanation . Any on can understand with this images . You can find IFSC Code , MICR Code , SWIFT Code , Address and Contact numbers of all 75,000 NEFT enabled bank branches in India from Banks IFSC Code and Address Suresh Really helpful and easy way to find for a common people Deepti Very helpful , thanks Sudha Thanks for the detail explanation . . i came across this site popular site got all the ifsc codes and all bank address in detail , have a look all india bank branches list Anbu Thanks a lot narendra singh thanks very usefull anil tiwary • 8 years ago what is the hdfc banck ifc code chowrangi Unique IT systems • 8 years ago nice information thanks for it Sears Great Info . It helped me so much . Julie Good info . . . . Thanx SACHIN VIKASRAO BHOSALE Thanks for the easy way to find the IFSC number . Narendra very good thanks dude Pravin Thanks for helping me out . It was a very useful information . Jagadeesh Thanks for providing the list of all IFSC code details . . it helped me a lot R V Vinod Babu Hello Friends , Have a look at this , i found it will be much useful as this site has all about banking with 70000 IFSC codes and related articles to earn online , also micr codes can be viewed easily . . . http : / / bankifsc . com really rockz ! ! ! sanjeev kumar mishra Thanks for the easy way to find the IFSC number . RAMANA very good information thanks a lot solomon raj Very Useful Information . Great Blog . Thank you very much . Senthil Thanks so much for the Information . Links you have provided was very helpful . Thanks & Regards Senthil Lekshmi Good Information . Thanks . . . Nandita • 9 years ago Very useful . . thanks a lot ! Deepak Singh Rajput • 9 years ago it ' s really a needful information for me and for others . Thanks . I will utilize it MySpace Marketings I have found it from my check book and confirmed with the bank staffs . . . Thanks , MySpace Marketing Secrets Revealed gedet basumatary Hi buddy , I came across your site while searching IFSC code information in the Google . The post you have published was very useful . I found another very useful tool which is lot easier in finding IFSC code of any bank in India . You can find the details and link in the blog post - http : / / gedetbasumatary . com / . . . Hope it will help others . Thanks gedet Suma Avinash Hey , This was really helpful . . Does Swift code and Routing number are also available in the cheque book ? ? If yes where exactly . pbu SWIFT code is used for international transactions . Routing no is used by US banks . By routing no you meant IFSC code ? deepak useful information Gaurav Thanks . . . Iwanted that badly . .helped me a lot ! ! pRANAV This relay helped me , Thanks Ajin Thanks a lot ! Very Useful Information .
|
[
"HDFC Bank",
"IFSC code",
"online banking"
] |
http://corporate.dominos.co.uk/about-us
|
Home About us About us Domino ' s Pizza Group is the UK ’ s leading pizza brand and a major player in the Republic of Ireland . Read more Our journey From the UK ’ s first Domino ’ s store in Luton in 1985 to over 1,100 stores across six markets , including Switzerland , Norway and Iceland . Read more Our vision , purpose and values We ’ re passionate about becoming the number one pizza company in the world and in every neighbourhood . Our markets Our relentless focus on growth sees us introduce our freshly handcrafted pizzas to more customers around the world every day .
|
[
"Domino ’s",
"pizza brand",
"Republic of Ireland"
] |
http://corporate.findlaw.com/business-operations/quiet-enjoyment-in-commercial-leases-what-is-it-where-is-it.html/
|
FindLaw Corporate Counsel Business Operations Quiet Enjoyment in Commercial Leases : What is it ? Where is it going ? Quiet Enjoyment in Commercial Leases : What is it ? Where is it going ? I doubt that most people reading this know what is really meant by the " covenant of quiet enjoyment . " Understandably so . Because quiet enjoyment is a common law concept , case law is the sole source of its definition . The definitions constructed in real property treatises come from case law . Even in civil code jurisdictions , where an implied covenant of quiet enjoyment in leases is imposed by statute , the definition of quiet enjoyment is found only in case law . The Restatement ( Second ) of Property tells where the law is going , not where it is . Dealing with quiet enjoyment would be a lot easier if the concept was implicated and analyzed in only a small number of well reasoned opinions which were consistent both over time and from state to state . Alas , would that were the case . Anyone who has ever searched cases for a point and come up dry should remember the ancient Chinese proverb , " be careful what you wish for , you may get it . " Thousands of reported cases deal with the covenant of quiet enjoyment . Defining the problem is not the sole challenge . The law varies greatly from state to state . Common law did not distinguish between residential and commercial leases , but modern law does . The law of quiet enjoyment is changing quickly in some jurisdictions , but not in others . The covenant of quiet enjoyment now means something different in deeds than it means in leases , ( although some judges are having problems with the differences ) . Cases involving quiet enjoyment as an implied covenant vastly outnumber those dealing with it as an express covenant , but With this as background , we ' ll now try to cut a path through the thicket and create a guide to understanding just what is meant by the " covenant of quiet enjoyment " and where that concept is going . It wo n ' t be easy . Some states have n ' t moved out of the nineteenth century and others are already in the twenty - first . Not all states now holding a " modern " view got there gradually . Some courts just got tired of the " old " law and took a What Is It ? Over the term of a lease , there are times when a landlord may interfere with its tenant ' s actual or hoped - for use of the leased premises . Not every one of these interferences will be found to be a breach of an express covenant in the lease . Nonetheless , the tenant ' s ability to use and enjoy the premises may have been permanently and intentionally harmed by an act of the landlord or of someone for whose conduct the landlord is responsible . It is for such cases that the law implies a special The covenant of quiet enjoyment means different things in different places , at different times , and in different settings . What ' s worse , every court speaks as if everyone knows , or should know , which of these meanings is supposed to apply to the case at bar , a practice which makes for great difficulty in trying to write a clear , " user friendly " guide to the subject . What is more , application of the covenant depends on time and place - - time , because the coverage of the covenant is expanding Nothing can illustrate this point better than a comparison of two rulings from 1995 , when Ohio and New Hampshire looked at the same problem and came to very different conclusions . The Ohio court wrote : Moreover , under the law , ' a covenant of quiet enjoyment is [ only ] an assurance against a defective title * * * . It goes to possession . ' [ citations omitted ] Thus , there is no breach of the covenant for quiet enjoyment unless there be actual constructive eviction of the lessee . [ citations omitted ] . * * * Further , under the law of Ohio , a commercial landlord does not impliedly warrant that commercially leased premises would be suitable for a particular intended purpose . . . . Thus the law in Ohio is harsh toward commercial tenants . * * * The law in Ohio in essence requires a commercial tenant to vacate the premises before becoming entitled to recover damages for breach of the covenants of quiet enjoyment and / or habitability , if any . ( 1 ) At the same time that the Ohio courts had that to say , the courts in New Hampshire expressed the following thoughts : The complexities , interconnectedness , and sheer density of modern society create many more ways in which a landlord or his agents may potentially interfere with a tenant ' s use and enjoyment of leased premises . Even without rising to the level of a constructive eviction and requiring the tenant to vacate the premises , such interferences may deprive the tenant of expectations under the lease and reduce the value of the lease , requiring in fairness an award of compensatory damages . Moreover , under modern business conditions , there is ' no reason why a lessee , We note , however , that our holding as to the definition of a covenant of quiet enjoyment effects a change in the common law in New Hampshire . . . . ( 2 ) So , what does this teach us ? The law on one side of the fence may be radically different from that on the other . But do n ' t despair , the fences are coming down . Let ' s Start Again It is now universally agreed that breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment involves an interference with possession of the premises by a landlord , persons under the landlord ' s direction or paramount title holders , but not interferences by third parties . ( 3 ) This is because all jurisdictions at one time viewed leases as instruments of conveyance and not as contracts . Since the covenant of quiet enjoyment is present both in leases and in deeds and easements , courts are prone to further confuse the whole subject matter by failing to distinguish leasehold interests from fee and other real property interests . On the other hand , jurisdictions on leading edge of change have expanded the covenant to guard against interference with " use and enjoyment " of the leased premises . Confused ? That ' s no surprise ! " Interference with use and enjoyment , " a mantra frequently mouthed by judges and commentators , just does n ' t seem to help define the covenant of quiet enjoyment . After all , not all of the plethora of ways in which a landlord can interfere with its tenant ' s use and enjoyment of the premises amount to a breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment . A Start Toward Reconciliation Every definition of the covenant incorporates the concept that breach involves interference with a tenant ' s rights . The key word is " interference , " a word which is susceptible to a number of definitions , all of which may create an actionable claim . Here ' s a list of interferences starting at the most obvious and working toward the least : actual eviction ; actual partial eviction ; constructive eviction ; partial constructive eviction ; breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment ; and breach of an implied warranty of suitability . At one end , Simply speaking , every unjustified eviction , actual or constructive , total or partial , is a breach of the covenant . On the other hand , not every breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment will constitute an eviction in every jurisdiction . Tenant ' s Choice of Remedies Why does this matter ? It matters because it affects both the tenant ' s choice of remedies and the route by which it travels to obtain those remedies . Absent express lease language to the contrary , if a landlord wrongfully evicts its tenant , i.e. , actually physically deprives its tenant of possession of the leased premises , the tenant no longer has use of the premises , no longer must pay rent , and has a cause of action for damages . If a landlord wrongfully deprives its tenant of physical possession of part of the leased premises , the same result follows . Sometimes , a landlord acts in such a way as to permanently and intentionally deprive its tenant of the beneficial use of the Not every interference with use and enjoyment amounts to the basis for constructive eviction . Trivial or temporary acts , although unwarranted , but not intended to be a permanent expulsion , do not amount to an eviction . The outcome depends on the materiality of the deprivation ; if the deprivation is trifling or produces no inconvenience , it does not constitute an eviction . ( 4 ) Now , there ' s the rub ! For a tenant to claim constructive eviction , it must abandon the leased premises . No matter how great the disturbance , the tenant must leave by reason of the very interference that gave rise to the claim of a constructive eviction . Moreover , even in the case of a partial constructive eviction , the tenant must abandon the entire premises . Not only that , but the abandonment must take place within a reasonable time . Try to understand the dilemma faced by a tenant . Imagine a tenant who thinks it is being substantially deprived of the core benefits of use and enjoyment for which it bargained when it signed its lease . Imagine , also , that by reason of an intentional act on the part of its landlord ( or someone for whose acts the landlord is responsible ) , the tenant believes that its use and enjoyment have been taken away . It ca n ' t find an express term of the lease that the landlord has violated . Therefore it If the tenant ca n ' t prove its claim , it is both out of the premises and still obligated to pay the rent ( and possibly other damages as well ) . To claim constructive eviction , it must vacate the premises within a reasonable time . If it elects to stay in the premises , a tenant can not avoid its rent obligations . If a court believes that it has delayed its abandonment , it also loses . Its lease may limit its remedies by expressly prohibiting a claim of eviction . In essence , under What is a tenant to do under those circumstances where it feels that it has been improperly treated but that the landlord ' s acts neither rise to the level of a constructive eviction nor are a breach of the letter of the lease ? Alternatively , what is a tenant to do if it wants to stay in the premises ? In those circumstances , the answer is to affirm ( continue ) its lease and seek damages or equitable relief . That ' s what the covenant of quiet enjoyment is for . It covers the general claim Definition By Example Justice Stewart ' s famous definition of pornography incorporating the concept - - " [ b ] ut I know it when I see it " ( 5 ) , provides a frame of reference for defining the covenant of quiet enjoyment . Here ' s an example from Pennsylvania in 1915 . ( 6 ) A tenant leased a building for use as a theater . The building was adjacent to adjoining property that the tenant used for storage , offices , and dressing rooms . Patrons sitting in the balcony and gallery of the theater entered through the adjacent building and used openings between the two building to get to their seats . The adjacent building housed the theater ' s candy booth . The adjacent property was not owned by the landlord . The landlord unilaterally closed up all of the openings . Apparently , nothing in the lease prohibited the closing of those openings nor did the lease promise access to the adjacent building . Therefore , the court determined that the landlord ' s action did not constitute an entire or partial eviction from the leased premises because there was no covenant that the opening should remain open . The court , however , did rule that there exists an implied covenant of quiet enjoyment in commercial leases . What it said was that " any wrongful act of the landlord which results in interference of the tenant ' s possession ( 7 ) The court emphasized that the openings were part of the building when the building was leased as a theater . It noted that the openings connected the leased building with the adjacent building and that the adjacent building was intended , by the tenant , to be used as part of the theater . Obviously , closing the opening caused injury to the tenant . The court continued by opining that any change in those openings " to the detriment of the tenant was a violation of the tenant ' s implied covenant for quiet enjoyment of the property . More than eighty years ago , a Pennsylvania court found a remedy for a tenant that was neither physically deprived of possession nor constructively evicted in a traditional way . In fact , the court even pointed out that , in its state , " there is no implied warranty that the premises are fit for the purposes for which they are rented , but there is an implied covenant for the quiet enjoyment of the demised premises . . . . " ( 8 ) Here are some other examples where there was neither a physical interference with a tenant ' s possession nor breach of an express term of a lease . Notice the varying ways in which different courts treated each tenant ' s claims : Missouri , 1996 . A commercial tenant successfully brought an action for breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment when another tenant of the landlord , but on a nearby property , obtained an injunction to bar the aggrieved tenant from operating a grocery store . The nearby tenant was the beneficiary of a restrictive covenant against competing grocery stores , imposed on the landlord ' s other nearby properties . The use clause in the injured tenant ' s lease permitted a grocery store as well as " all other uses not prohibited by law or local ordinance . " Even though the ( 9 ) California , 1931 . A tenant constructed a real estate office on leased property , but during the term of the lease , his landlord caused two buildings and a high fence to be constructed within inches of the tenant ' s building . This blocked both the public ' s view of the building and the tenant ' s advertising signs . In effect , the tenant ' s building was blocked in . A California court , in 1931 , found a breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment . ( 10 ) New York , 1994 . A restaurant tenant complained that poor water quality and intermittent supply disruptions prevented it from successfully operating for its intended use . The court distinguished between the issues of water quality and water supply . With respect to quality , it ruled that the lease required the tenant to maintain the water supply equipment at the premises and therefore it was not " deprived of something to which he was entitled under or by virtue of the lease . " With respect to the occasional supply disruptions , the lease was silent . Determining that the defective pipe lie outside ( 11 ) Washington , 1996 . A fitness club alleged that the condition of the building ' s common areas was so shabby that , in its tough business , customers passed it by and selected other clubs whose surroundings were in much better shape . Specifically , the dirty , threadbare , wavy , and torn carpets were alleged to be " so poor that it constitutes a safety and liability hazard . " The public corridors were dirty and gouged . The landscaping consisted of dead plants and the Landlord failed to properly maintain and clean decks and walkways . The court characterized the ( 12 ) Pennsylvania , 1996 . When first leased , a dry cleaning store was open and visible to the public . The landlord subsequently constructed a mini - mall , incorporating the dry cleaners as an interior store . As a result , tenant lost the use of its prominent display window and easy access to parking . No lease provision prohibited these alterations . These acts were found to be a substantial interference with " the tenant ' s anticipated use of the premises and represent a breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment . " ( 13 ) Wisconsin , 1987 . An employee of the landlord , using a torch to cut protruding bolts , unintentionally started a fire that heavily damaged the tenant ' s premises . Tenant ' s fire insurer sought damages under the theory that the substantial damage deprived tenant of its premises and constituted a breach of Landlord ' s covenant of quiet enjoyment . The lease did not provide for landlord ' s indemnification of its tenant . The court held that an essential element of a breach of the covenant is that the alleged acts be intentional . Thus , relief was denied . ( 14 ) Tennessee , 1990 . Landlord engaged a roofing contractor to repair a badly leaking roof . The contractor was incompetent and during the course of repairs , a great deal of water entered the premises . Tenant ' s inventory and fixtures were badly damaged and its business was substantially interrupted . The court opined that the cause of the interference was the negligence of a properly selected contractor and therefore the landlord did not breach the leases ' s express covenant of quiet enjoyment . If the independent contractor ' s work necessarily would have interfered with tenant ' s quiet enjoyment , ( 15 ) Florida , 1958 . Tenant rented a portion of the first floor of a building for use as a retail clothing store . Landlord ' s substantial remodeling of upper floor space almost resulted in complete destruction of tenant ' s clothing business . The court , feeling it unjust to require that tenant first have abandoned the premises , awarded damages for the breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment . Landlord argued that the interference was caused by acts of an independent contractor . In rejecting this defense , the court found that there was no way that the alterations could have ( 16 ) Tennessee , 1989 . After the parties failed to successfully negotiate a lease renewal , the landlord embarked on a pattern of making increasingly strident and assertive claims against its tenant . Ultimately , through counsel , Landlord falsely claimed that tenant was in breach of the expiring lease and demanded accelerated payment of rent and other charges . The court , citing 52 C.J.S. , Landlord and Tenant , Sec . 458 , concluded that landlord ' s improper conduct in interfering with the beneficial enjoyment of the premises by threats of expulsion and a pattern of unreasonable demands constituted a breach of ( 17 ) Florida , 1987 . A seller of patio furniture in a shopping center complained of loud music , screams , shouts , and yells coming from adjacent space leased to an exercise studio . Landlord acknowledged its obligation to remedy the situation , but did nothing . The noise was found to essentially deprive tenant of its beneficial enjoyment of the premises , resulting in a breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment . ( 18 ) North Carolina , 1990 . Landlord breached its lease obligations by failing to repair a badly leaking roof . Tenant , unwilling to rely on damages alone , left the premises claiming that landlord ' s breach rendered the premises unfit for its use as a restaurant . Agreeing with the tenant , the court stated that the landlord ' s " action constituted constructive eviction which automatically operated as a breach of the implied covenant of quiet enjoyment . " ( 19 ) Georgia , 1987 . An accounting firm occupied premises in an office building that underwent extensive renovation . Landlord conceded that there was substantial disruption at the building . None the less , the accounting firm did not vacate its premises and continued it business during the renovation . Landlord showed that its construction was conducted in a manner designed to minimize disruption of its tenant ' s businesses . No breach of the covenant was found . ( 20 ) Arizona , 1986 . Tenant signed a lease with the acknowledged intent of operating a decorative rock landscaping business . No express warranty of this use was in the lease . After the business grew considerably , neighbors complained to the municipality about the way in which the premises were used . Investigation revealed that the property was not zoned for tenant ' s use and tenant was barred from continuing its business . As a result , tenant claimed that landlord deprived it of its quiet enjoyment . The court disagreed , saying , " [ t ] he fact that a tenant ( 21 ) New York , 1989 . A luxury - quality mens ' store was located in part of the ground floor of an historic and elegant hotel . Before the extensive , hotel - closing renovation of the hotel , tenant ' s clientele could enter the store from the street or through the hotel lobby . The lease contained an exculpatory clause relieving landlord of responsibility for interruptions of its tenant ' s business resulting from the renovation activity . The lease also promised access from the premises to the hotel lobby , but the court felt that this was not a guaranty that the ( 22 ) Illinois , 1989 . A radio broadcaster occupied premises in an office tower and had its antennae on the roof of the 41 - story building . Its lease specifically limited its use to a radio broadcast facility . Landlord subsequently constructed an adjacent , 64 - story building . A building of that height would interfere with the tenant ' s sole permitted use and consequently its enjoyment of the premises . The court denied a claim that the landlord breached its covenant of quiet enjoyment , telling the tenant that it should have anticipated interference from possible nearby , taller buildings . ( 23 ) It is clear from this very limited sampling of cases that a tenant takes a great risk in ceasing to pay rent or abandoning its premises in reliance upon a claim that its landlord has breached the covenant of quiet enjoyment . Every reported case is very fact - specific and differing courts have differing thresholds at which they will side with the tenant . Except in the most progressive states , tenants would be wise to stay on the premises and use the covenant as a sword rather than as a shield in defense of an eviction or collection It would be disingenuous not to note that very many of the reported cases on the subject arise in a common context . A majority of cases are commenced by landlords as rent or eviction actions ; the tenant ' s claim of breach of the covenant is posed as a defense or counterclaim . Anyone reading a substantial volume of the cases will get the sense that the defense is often raised without a substantial basis . Raising the defense or counterclaim under these circumstances appears to undermine the credibility of those tenants that truly have a grievance against Express vs . Implied Covenant If a covenant of quiet enjoyment is implied in every lease ( 24 ) , why do leases almost always contain an express covenant ? The answer , quite simply , is because landlords write the leases . A Colorado court has said that " [ i ] n the absence of an agreement to the contrary , there is an implied covenant of quiet enjoyment of leased premises and the tenant is entitled to possession of the premises to the exclusion of the landlord . " ( 25 ) The corollary of this is that the parties can agree to eliminate the implied covenant of quiet enjoyment . If parties can eliminate the covenant entirely , they can certainly limit it . If a lease contains an express covenant , the express clause governs and abrogates any implied covenant of quiet enjoyment . ( 26 ) The Restatement ( Second ) of Property 5.6 concurs that " [ t ] he parties to a lease may agree to increase or decrease what would otherwise be the obligations of the landlord with respect to the condition of the leased property and may agree to expand or contract what would otherwise be the remedies available to the tenant for the breach of those obligations , and those agreements are valid and binding on the parties to the lease unless they are unenforceable in whole or in part because they are unconscionable or against public policy . " Even where statutory , such as in California , ( 27 ) A common formulation of an express clause conditions the tenant ' s quiet enjoyment on its payment of rent . In 1955 , a New York tenant sought to claim that its landlord ' s breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment amounted to a partial constructive eviction . The alleged breach was related to removal of toilet facilities and demolition of an area that the tenant used as a storeroom and shipping area . A key question was whether the space in question was part of the tenant ' s premises . The tenant never got to prove its ( 28 ) Another common formulation requires that the tenant observe all of the covenants , terms , and conditions of the lease before " enjoying " the premises . This language also serves to limit the applicability of the covenant of quiet enjoyment . The extent of the covenant is not limited solely by clauses that speak directly of an express covenant of quiet enjoyment . All lease clauses are to be read together , especially those clauses that are inconsistent with the covenant . A typical situation is where a tenant ' s quiet enjoyment is spoiled by reason of a foreclosing lender voiding its lease . A clearer landlord ' s breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment would be hard to find . Nonetheless , the following typical situation is illustrative of how one lease clause shields a landlord from a A Texas case arose when a landlord failed to make its mortgage payments , its lender foreclosed and terminated the tenant ' s lease . Even though this intentional act on the part of a landlord permanently deprived the tenant of its enjoyment of the premises , the tenant came up empty - handed . In the court ' s reasoning , the implied covenant of quiet enjoyment was precluded by the express terms of the lease stating that the tenant accepted the lease subject to existing and future mortgages . Consequently , the tenant was left without a viable ( 29 ) Sometimes , the fact that an express or implied covenant of quiet enjoyment is overridden by a controlling lease clauses should be obvious , but is not . In a California case , the " default by landlord " lease clause contained the following sentence , " [ i ] n no event shall tenant have the right to terminate this lease as a result of landlord ' s default and tenant ' s remedy shall be limited to damages and / or an injunction . " By reason on its landlord ' s breach of the covenant of quiet ( 30 ) There are other situations in which it is not always obvious that a particular lease provision serves to limit the covenant of quiet enjoyment . For example , a landlord may undertake extensive renovation of its property , and , in doing so , materially interfere with a particular tenant ' s ability to use its premises . What might otherwise be a valid claim on the part of the tenant based upon a breach of its landlord ' s covenant of quiet enjoyment , can be nullified by a lease clause expressly granting the landlord its right to undertake ( 31 ) In such a case , courts reconcile the express rights of the landlord with the implied rights of its tenant . Accordingly , counsel for landlords and tenants alike should be alert to the limitations written into express covenant of quiet enjoyment clauses and the interplay of quiet enjoyment with all other express terms of a lease . Intelligent and careful drafting will result in each party enjoying the benefit of its bargain . In Bijan Designer ( 32 ) , the court itself taught this lesson to the tenant and its counsel , to wit , " I therefore take the opportunity to note that especially where - - as here - - the value of the leasehold takes into account the presence of the landlord ' s clientele , tenants are well advised to provide for the eventuality of temporary closing for renovation , or at least to specify some limits to the exclusionary clause concerning repairs . " ( 33 ) In a similar lesson taught by a federal court in Illinois , a radio broadcaster was told that if it wanted protection against its landlord building a taller building adjacent to the one in which the tenant leased its own space , it should have negotiated an express provision to that effect . ( 34 ) Recommendations The time to deal with the covenant of quiet enjoyment is when the lease is written . Failure to do so will invariably cause one party or the other to risk an unpleasant surprise . With the hazy boundaries that courts have drawn , the covenant of quiet enjoyment is relatively broad . Unlike lease covenants more precise in nature , such as those requiring a landlord to keep the roof in good condition and free of leaks or requiring a tenant to carry a specific minimum level of insurance , the covenant of quiet enjoyment speaks of " interference From the tenant ' s standpoint , there is no substitute for due diligence and inclusion of self - help cures within a lease . A tenant would be wise to insist that the lease include items that should be part of the implied covenant of quiet enjoyment as express warranties within the lease . Both landlord and tenant should be cognizant that because of the difficulties of proving damages , it may be advisable to include lease provisions for calculating damages . Landlords should insist on notice of alleged breaches and an opportunity to cure lease infractions . Leaving Concluding Thoughts Real property law remains local law . Even though commerce , knowing little about jurisdictional lines , has brought about increased uniformity of result regardless of state boundaries , real property law is still the law of immovables . What happens in one state just does n ' t seem quickly to impact what happens in another . What is more , despite judicial and legislative changes in approach to commercial leases tend to lag well changes in other areas . Nonetheless , a trend is clear . The law is increasingly protecting the reasonable expectations of a tenant that ( 35 ) But until every jurisdiction gets to that point , tenants must protect themselves through thoughtful lease negotiation and drafting . Through careful lease drafting , Landlords , too , can limit their risk and exposure by making certain that they are not exposed to the vagaries of court imposed lease obligations . 1 . Doll v . Rapp , 660 N . E . 2d 542 ( Ohio Mun . 1995 ) . 2 . Echo Consulting Services , Inc . v . North Conway Bank , 669 A . 2d 227,232 ( N.H. 1995 ) . 3 . Richard R . Powell , Powell on Real Property 16B - 15 , n13 4 . 52 C.J.S. 447 . 5 . Jacobellis v . State of Ohio , 84 S . Ct . 1676 , 1682 ( 1964 ) ( J . Stewart , concurring opinion ) . 6 . Kelly v . Miller , 94 A . 1055 ( Pa . 1915 ) . 7 . Kelly , at 1056 . 8 . Id . 9 . Shop ' N Save Warehouse Foods , Inc . v . Soffer , 918 S . W . 2d 851 ( Mo . App . E . D . 1996 ) . 10 . James v . Haley , 297 P . 920 ( Cal . 1931 ) . 11 . Hidden Ponds of Ontario , Inc . v . Hresent , , 622 N . Y . S . 2d 168 ( N.Y.A.D. 4 Dept . 1994 ) . 12 . Sprincin King Street Partners v . Sound Conditioning . Club , 925 P . 2d 217 ( Wash . App . Div . 1 1996 ) . 13 . Pollock v . Morelli , , 369 A . 2d 458 ( Pa . Super . 1976 ) . 14 . Wausau Underwriters Ins . Co . v . Dane County , 417 N . W . 2d 914 ( Wis . App . 1987 ) . 15 . Marshalls of Nashville , Tennessee . , Inc . v . Harding Mall Associates , Ltd . , 799 S.W. 239 ( Tenn . App . 1990 ) . 16 . Carner v . Shapiro , 106 So . 2d 87 ( Fla . Dist . Ct . App . 1958 ) . 17 . Tenn - Tex Properties v . Brownell - Electro , Inc . , 778 S . W . 2d 423 ( Tenn . 1989 ) . 18 . Barton v . Mitchell Co . , 507 So . 2d 148 ( Fla . App . 4 Dist . 1987 ) . 19 . Marina Food Assoc . , Inc . v . Marina Restaurant , Inc . , 394 S . E . 2d 824 ( N . C . App . 1990 ) . 20 . Hardwick , Cook & Co . v . 3379 Peachtree , Ltd . . , 363 S . E . 2d 31 ( Ga . App . 1987 ) . 21 . Dillon - Malik , Inc . v . Wactor , 728 P . 2d 671 ( Ariz . App . 1986 ) . 22 . Bijan Designer v . St . Regis Sheraton , 536 N . Y . S . 2d 951 ( N . Y . Sup . 1989 ) . 23 . Infinity Broadcasting Corp . Of Illinois v . Prudential Ins , Co . Of America , 869 F . 2d 1073 ( 7th Cir . Ill . 1989 ) . 24 . Perhaps not in New Jersey , but see Reste Realty Corp . v . Cooper , 251 A . 2d 268 ( N.J. 1969 ) 25 . Radinsky v . Weaver , 460 P . 2d 218 ( Colo . 1969 ) . 26 . Goldman v . Alkek , 850 S . W . 2d 568 , 571 ( Tex . Ct . App . - - Corpus Christi 1993 ) . 27 . West ' s Ann . Cal . Civ . Code 1927 and 3268 . 28 . Dave Herstein Co . v . Columbia Pictures Corp . , 172 N . Y . S . 2d 808 ( N.Y. 1958 ) . See also Balzano v . Lubin , 556 N . Y . S . 2d 610 ( N.Y.A.D. 1 Dept . 1990 ) citing Herstein with favor . 29 . HTM Restaurants , Inc . v . Goldman , Sachs & Co . , 797 S . W . 2d 326 ( Tex . App . - Houston [ 14 Dist ] 1990 ) . 30 . Lee v . Placer Title Co . , 33 Cal . Rptr . 2d 572 ( Cal . App . 3 Dist . 1995 ) . 31 . Hardwick , 363 S . E . 2d 31 . 32 . See fn . 21 . 33 . Bijan Designer , 536 N . Y . S . 2d 951 , 955 . 34 . Infinity Broadcasting , 869 F . 2d 1073 , 1078 . 35 . Davidow v . Inwood North Professional Group - Phase I , 747 S . W . 2d 373 ( Tex . 1988 ) . Copyright © 1997 . Ira Meislik . All rights reserved .
|
[
"Quiet Enjoyment",
"Commercial Leases"
] |
http://corporate.findlaw.com/contracts/operations/authorized-distributor-agreement-dragon-systems-inc-and.html
|
Authorized Distributor Agreement - Dragon Systems Inc . and Multimicro Inc . AUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTOR AGREEMENT THIS AGREEMENT is made Multimicro inc , 1998 between : DRAGON SYSTEMS , INCORPORATED 320 NEVADA STREET NEWTON , MASSACHUSETTS 02160 USA ( hereinafter ' DRAGON ' ) AND MULITMICRO , INC . 9393 LOUIS H . LAFONTAINE VILLE D ' ANJOU QUEBEC CANADA H1J 1Y8 FAX : 514 - 354 - 2299 ( hereinafter ' DISTRIBUTOR ' ) Authorized Distributor Agreement Revision 3 / 12 / 98 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A : Products Appendix B : Territories Appendix C : Quotas / Prices appendix D : Trademark Guidelines Appendix E : List of Distributors in Product Name Version - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13 - Authorized Distributor Agreement Revision 3 / 12 / 98 APPENDIX B ' TERRITORIES ' The TERRITORIES for DISTRIBUTOR shall include the following : North America - 14 - Confidential Materials omitted and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission . Asterisks denote omissions . Authorized Distributor Agreement Revision 3 / 12 / 98 APPENDIX C ' QUOTA ' Quarter I . 1998 Quarter II , 1998 Quarter III , 1998 Quarter IV , 1998 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Product Version Vendor # Distributor - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dragon NaturallySpeaking , Preferred Edition ( CANADA * ) product price is ONLY applicable for product sold into Canadian Retail Outlets Prices as of 2 / 25 / 98 - 15 - Authorized Distributor Agreement Revision 3 / 12 / 98 APPENDIX D TRADEMARK GUIDELINES See the attached sheets USE OF DRAGON LOGO The use of this trademark must be accompanied By a red Dragon Logo in PMS 185 Red . The Dragon must be no smaller than the Dragon on the accompanying trademark guideline . - 16 - Authorized Distributor Agreement Revisions 3 / 12 / 98 DRAGON NATURALLYSPEAKING
|
[
"Authorized Distributor Agreement",
"Dragon Systems Inc",
"Multimicro Inc"
] |
http://corporate.findlaw.com/law-library/modifying-custody-visitation-and-child-support.html
|
FindLaw Corporate Counsel Law Library Modifying Custody , Visitation and Child Support Modifying Custody , Visitation and Child Support It is not uncommon for circumstances to change once a divorce decree has been granted . What was once a workable solution to custody , visitation rights and child support , can sometims no longer serve the parents or children involved . Is there anything that can be done about a divorce decree that is outdated ? Can the terms of a divorce decree regarding children be changed ? Yes , through a process called modification . What Terms Can be Modified ? Custody ( conservatorship ) Terms of visitation Child support Which Court Can Modify an Order Regarding Children ? A request to modify custody , visitation or child support must be filed in the court which last entered an order regarding the children . Check with the court that entered the decree to see what procedures or forms may be required for modification . Who Can File a Request to Modify an Order regarding children ? Generally , any person who is affected by the court order can request a modification . What are the Reasons ( Grounds ) that a Court will Modify Custody of a Child ? The grounds for a change of custody are complex and should be discussed with an attorney . Some of the factors the court considers are changes in circumstances of the parties of the child , an emergency concerning the child , if the proposed change would be positive improvement for the child , and if a change would be in the best interest of the child . Do I have to Wait a Certain Amount of Time Before I can File a Motion to Modify Custody ? Except in the case of an emergency , you must wait one year after the last custody order was entered by the court . At What Age can my Child Choose Where to Live ? If a Motion to Modify is filed , a child 12 years or older may file an affidavit with the court naming the parent with whom the child wishes to live . However , this choice is not binding on the court because the court must also consider technical grounds and the best interest of the child . How can I get Legal Custody if my Child is Living with me but the Other Parent has Court - Ordered Custody ? If the person having custody of the child is under the last court order voluntarily leaves the child in the possession of another person for a period of more than 6 months and the court finds that this arrangement is in the best interest of the child , the court may modify custody upon the filing of the proper motion with the court . How can I Modify Visitation with my Child ? The court must consider some of the following and may consider all of the following : A material and substantial change of circumstances since the last visitation order The last visitation order is unworkable The person with custody move outside of state or moved without giving proper notice to the person with visitation rights before the move . A person with visitation rights repeatedly failed to exercise visitation with the child . Specifics should be discussed with an attorney . On What grounds will a Court Modify Child Support ? Child support may be increased depending on any change in financial circumstances of the parties or a change in the needs of the child . Summary States and counties vary as to the procedures to be followed for modification . The court that entered the decree for the divorce or child custody should be consulted as to their procedures and forms . While it is possible for individuals to do the paperwork and court appearances for their own modifications , be aware that courts have strict requirements for completion of the forms and time limits for filing the modification requests , that may be difficult for an individual to comply with . If the modification is important , consulting an attorney could save future problems .
|
[
"divorce",
"child support",
"child custody"
] |
http://corporate.ford.com/innovation/100-years-moving-assembly-line.html
|
100 Years of the Moving Assembly Line Experience a transformative innovation ' s history . New Goals for Advanced , Flexible Manufacturing As today marks the 100th anniversary of the moving assembly line invented by Ford Motor Company under the leadership of Henry Ford , the company is building on its legacy of innovation by expanding advanced manufacturing capabilities and introducing groundbreaking technologies that could revolutionize mass production for decades to come . Ford is rapidly expanding its advanced manufacturing capabilities and boosting global production to meet surging consumer demand . By 2017 , Ford will increase its global flexible manufacturing to produce on average four different models at each plant around the world to allow for greater adaptability based on varying customer demand . Ford also projects 90 percent of its plants around the world will be running on a three - shift or crew model by 2017 , which will help increase production time more than 30 percent . “ One hundred years ago , my great - grandfather had a vision to build safe and efficient transportation for everyone , ” said Ford Executive Chairman Bill Ford . “ I am proud he was able to bring the freedom of mobility to millions by making cars affordable to families and that his vision of serving people still drives everything we do today . ” Also in 2017 , virtually all Ford vehicles will be built off nine core platforms , boosting manufacturing efficiency , while giving customers the features , fuel efficiency and technology they want anywhere in the world . Today , Ford builds vehicles on 15 platforms and has the freshest lineup in the industry . “ Henry Ford ’ s core principles of quality parts , workflow , division of labor and efficiency still resonate today , ” said John Fleming , Ford executive vice president of global manufacturing . “ Building on that tradition , we ’ re accelerating our efforts to standardize production , make factories more flexible and introduce advanced technologies to efficiently build the best vehicles possible at the best value for our customers no matter where they live . ” Ford ’ s recent expansions in global manufacturing and production have helped to retain 130,000 hourly and salaried jobs around the world . They also put the company on pace to produce 6 million vehicles in 2013 – approximately 16 vehicles every 60 seconds around the world . By 2015 , Ford will have opened the facilities below : 2011 : Ford Sollers Elabuga Assembly Plant – Russia 2012 : Ford Sollers Naberezhnye Chelny Assembly Plant – Russia 2012 : Chongqing # 2 Assembly Plant – China 2012 : Craiova Engine Plant – Romania 2012 : Ford Thailand Motors – Thailand 2013 : Chongqing Engine Plant – China 2013 : Nanchang Assembly – China 2014 : Camaçari Engine Plant – Brazil 2014 : Chongqing # 3 Assembly Plant – China 2014 : Chongqing Transmission – China 2014 : Sanand Assembly Plant – India 2014 : Sanand Engine Plant – India 2015 : Hangzhou Assembly – China 2015 : Ford Sollers Elabuga Engine Plant – Russia Innovation that Changed the World One hundred years ago today , Henry Ford and his team at Highland Park assembly plant launched the world ’ s greatest contribution to manufacturing – the first moving assembly line . It simplified assembly of the Ford Model T ’ s 3,000 parts by breaking it into 84 distinct steps performed by groups of workers as a rope pulled the vehicle chassis down the line . The new process revolutionized production and dropped the assembly time for a single vehicle from 12 hours to about 90 minutes . By reducing the money , time and manpower needed to build cars as he refined the assembly line over the years , Ford was able to drop the price of the Model T from $ 850 to less than $ 300 . For the first time in history , quality vehicles were affordable to the masses . Eventually , Ford built a Model T every 24 seconds and sold more than 15 million worldwide by 1927 , accounting for half of all automobiles then sold . “ Ford ’ s new approach spread rapidly , not only to other automakers but also to manufacturers of phonographs , vacuum cleaners , refrigerators and other consumer goods , ” said Bob Casey , former curator of transportation at The Henry Ford , and author of The Model T : A Centennial History . “ The assembly line became the characteristic American mode of production . ” In 1914 , Ford instituted the “ $ 5 workday , ” a significant wage at the time , to enable his employees to buy the vehicles they built . The move created loyalty among Ford workers and is credited with giving rise to a new middle class of consumers unencumbered by geography , free to travel the open roads , to live where they please and chase the American dream . Ford fans today are honoring Henry Ford and his ingenious moving assembly line . National Geographic Channel will mark the occasion with an in - depth new documentary as part of its “ Ultimate Factories ” program airing Friday , Oct . 18 . Information about the documentary and local air times can be found here New Technologies Shape the Future Ford already is realizing the benefits of advanced manufacturing technologies that will shape the future . For example , Ford engineers are developing a highly flexible , first - of - its - kind , patented technology to rapidly form sheet - metal parts for low - volume production use . The technology , known as Ford Freeform Fabrication Technology , or F3T , will lower costs and speed delivery times for prototype stamping molds – within three business days versus two to six months for prototypes made using conventional methods . Additionally , Ford is expanding its capabilities in 3D printing , which creates production - representative 3D parts layer by layer for testable prototypes . With 3D printing , Ford can create multiple versions of one part at a time and deliver prototype parts to engineers for testing in days rather than months . Ford also is investing in robotic innovations to improve vehicle quality and production efficiencies . For example , the company ’ s new dirt detection system uses robotic vision to create a digital model of each vehicle in final assembly to analyze paint and surface imperfections in comparison with a perfect model . The result has been significantly improved surface quality on Ford vehicles and more time for operators on the assembly line to address complex issues . Robotics , in this case , allow Ford to work smarter in improving products for customers and allowing workers to focus on more critical thinking tasks . Finally , through Ford ’ s “ virtual factory , ” the company can improve quality and cut costs in real - world manufacturing facilities by creating and analyzing computer simulations of the complete vehicle production process . This includes simulations of how assembly line workers have to reach and stretch when building a vehicle to ensure the work conditions meet Ford ergonomic standards . Since the implementation of this virtual process in 2001 , the number of ergonomic issues during physical builds has been reduced by nearly 20 percent . “ Technologies such as 3D printing , robotics and virtual manufacturing may live in research but have real - world applications for tomorrow and beyond , ” said Paul Mascarenas , chief technical officer and vice president , Ford Research and Innovation . “ We use Henry Ford ’ s spirit of innovation as a benchmark for bringing new technologies into the manufacturing process . ” Inside Ford ' s Moving Assembly Line In celebration of the 100th anniversary of the moving assembly line , introduced by Ford Motor Company and led by Henry Ford on October 7th , 1913 , the automaker went inside its manufacturing facilities to document the fast - paced and efficient assembly lines producing some of the world ' s best vehicles . Constructed from more than 24 hours of time - lapsed views inside Ford ' s Michigan Assembly and Dearborn Truck The $ 5 Work Day If the development of the moving assembly line was Henry Ford ' s claim to fame in the eyes of industrialists , manufacturers and business men , then establishing the $ 5 per day wage was his way of guaranteeing success . 378 Percent Turnover Rate Without a doubt the moving assembly line , as it applied to the automotive industry , represented a monumental advancement in production capabilities and potential earnings . Mass production of automobiles also drove down the cost of each vehicle , making vehicle ownership a reality for more people . However , in order to optimize the assembly line , a stable workforce was needed that could be trained and then relied upon to fulfill their assigned tasks on a daily basis . In the early days of automotive production , a high rate of turnover ( as much as 378 percent , or 53,000 employees per year , according to Henry Ford in his book , My Life and Times ) kept manufacturing facilities from meeting production goals . As a result , Ford and his team placed significant effort into studying other manufacturing facilities in search of ways Landmark Annoucement : The Middle Class Emerges Ultimately , to put an end to production losses , months after establishing the moving assembly line Henry Ford made a decision that shocked many of his auto - industry peers while simultaneously spreading hope to thousands of average citizens . Henry Ford raised the base pay of plant workers from $ 2.34 for a nine hour day to $ 5 for an eight hour day . Just as the moving assembly line changed the business model for building cars , this change in pay made a drastic and lasting impression on society . The $ 5 work day drew workers from around the world , helped build the middle class , and fostered “ The Great Migration ” of workers from the south to the industrial mid - west – all activities cemented into the history books school children still study today . Game Changer Ford celebrates the 100th anniversary of the innovation that made the greatest impact on manufacturing , industry and society as a whole : the moving assembly line . Impact of a Big Idea Not only did the moving assembly line drastically increase the pace at which cars were produced , it also drove down the price of each car making them more accessible to the masses . Bringing the product to the worker instead of moving various teams of workers to the product became the idea that overhauled the manufacturing industry as a whole . A new standard had taken over making it possible to generate more products and greater income through mass production . How it Began When Henry Ford began making cars in the early 1900s , “ state - of - the - art ” manufacturing meant car bodies delivered by horse - drawn carriage , with teams of workers assembling automobiles atop sawhorses . The teams would rotate from one station to another , doing their part to bring the vehicle together . Parts deliveries were timed , but often ran late causing pile - ups of workers vying for space and delays in production . Fortunately for the future of industry , these archaic practices came to an end Oct . 7 , Observers of the time were already suggesting that someone needed to invent a way to mass produce cars , and by doing so bring down the price to enable more people to afford the luxury . J.J. Seaton wrote in Harper ’ s Weekly in January 1910 that “ the man who can successfully solve this knotty question and produce a car that will be entirely sufficient mechanically , and whose price will be within the reach of millions who can not yet afford automobiles , will not only grow rich but will be considered a public benefactor . ” Car for the Masses Ford already had developed in 1908 the Model T , a “ car for the masses . ” Now it was time to find a way to make many of these cars at a rapid pace and with high quality . Ford surrounded himself with experts from various fields , such as brewing , canning and steel making , and each contributed his expertise to a solution for mass auto manufacturing . Ford ’ s vision and leadership enabled him to create a climate where his team could collaborate , bring new ideas and bring forward several factory innovations that A Revolution is Sparked On Oct . 7 , 1913 , Ford ’ s team rigged a rudimentary final assembly line at the Highland Park Assembly plant . Engineers constructed a crude system along an open space at the plant , complete with a winch and a rope stretched across the floor . On this day , 140 assemblers were stationed along a 150 - foot line and they installed parts on the chassis as it was dragged across the floor by the winch . Man hours of final assembly dropped from more than 12 hours under the stationary assembly system to fewer than By bringing the work to the men , Ford engineers managed to smooth out differences in work pace . They slowed down the faster employees and forced slower ones to quicken their pace . The results of mass production were immediate and significant . In 1912 , Ford Motor Company produced 82,388 Model Ts , and the touring car sold for $ 600 . By 1916 , Model T production had risen to 585,388 , and the price had dropped to $ 360 . “ Fordism ” – large - scale production combined with high wages – was born and spread to other industries around the world . Soon , even small automobile companies producing only a few hundred cars per year were attempting to install moving assembly lines . Early Model T Early Model T assembly at Highland Park Plant .
|
[
"Ford Motor Company",
"Flexible Manufacturing",
"groundbreaking technologies"
] |
http://corporate.hallmark.com/Company/US-Production
|
Sustainability Hallmark ’ s sustainability efforts are far - reaching . In its most recent reporting , the company ’ s portfolio of businesses has cut waste and special handling materials by 67 percent , greenhouse gas emissions by 45 percent and water use by 15 percent . Most notably , paper acquired from known , sustainable sources held steady at 99 percent . Looking ahead , Hallmark continues to search for new ways to use recycled and environmentally responsible materials in its products , without sacrificing the quality for which the company is known . It ’ s part of how Hallmark ’ s portfolio of businesses and those they do business with are inspiring action to preserve the planet View Hallmark ’ s most recent Caring in Action Social Responsibility Report for the latest stories and statistics about the company and its progress on its sustainability efforts , with highlighted examples below . Maximizing Efficiency Putting the Freeze on Energy Use at Crown Center Ice Terrace – By switching to an environmentally friendly refrigerant and equipment that uses a lower refrigernat charge , the new Ice Terrace , a centerpiece of downtown Kansas City ’ s holiday and winter entertainment , used 25 percent fewer kilowatt hours in its first season and it will save approximately $ 9,000 annually . Reducing Waste For more than six years , Hallmark ’ s Leavenworth ( Kansas ) Production Center – which produces all the company ’ s gift wrap – has achieved “ zero waste to landfill ” status , as as all paper , packaging labeling and other waste materials from the gift wrap manufacturing process are either recycled or converted into energy . Partnering with Suppliers Surveying Suppliers to Influence Change – For the last four years , the global sourcing team at Hallmark ’ s Crayola business has been working with suppliers on their environmental impact such as greenhouse gas emissions , water usage and energy efficiency . The approach is working , as in just one example , Anh Khoa ’ s Brother , a printing supplier in Vietnam , finished installing more than 400 solar panels to provide energy for all office operations and one - third of its manufacturing operations . It is now the first printing company in the country to
|
[
"Hallmark ’s sustainability",
"Maximizing Efficiency",
"Reducing Waste"
] |
http://corporate.olympics.com.au/games/london-2012
|
Games London 2012 Listen London 2012 Hosting the Olympic Games for a record third time in 2012 , London put on a spectacular show that will undoubtedly go down as one of the greatest Games of all time . Key Facts Opening date : 27 July 2012 Closing date : 12 August 2012 Host nation : Great Britain ( GBR ) Sports : 26 Events : 302 Medal Tally Nations 1 USA 46 29 29 2 People ' s Republic of China 38 27 23 3 Great Britain 17 19 4 Russian Federation 24 26 32 5 South Korea 13 8 7 8 Australia 8 15 12 Note : Medal tally as at end of Games A city with a long and storied history , London did an outstanding job in showcasing its popular landmarks , ensuring that the setting for each event was almost as captivating as the competition itself . The likes of Horse Guards Parade ( beach volleyball ) , Hyde Park ( triathlon and open water swimming ) , Lord ’ s Cricket Ground ( archery ) , The Mall ( athletics road events and road cycling ) and Greenwich Park ( equestrian ) took on new roles as Olympic venues and the world looked on in awe . These icons of London ’ s landscape were joined by a new city idol , the Olympic Stadium , situated in Olympic Park at Stratford in East London . The Stadium enjoyed sold out crowds of over 80,000 at the Opening and Closing Ceremonies which featured Paul McCartney , James Bond and the Spice Girls to name a few . The Olympic Stadium was also the centrepiece for some of the most enduring moments of the Games including Usain Bolt ’ s triple gold medal haul , home town hero Mo Farah ’ s 5000m / 10000m double and our Michael Phelps confirmed his status as the greatest ever Olympian with his 22nd medal . The American returned home from London with four gold medals and two silver medals . Show More Australian Olympians At The Games Flag Bearers Olympian Name Ceremony Lauren Jackson Opening Malcolm Page Closing Australian Medallists At The Games Olympian Name Sport Medals Angie Bainbridge Swimming 1 Bronte Barratt Swimming 1 Suzy Batkovic Basketball Gemma Beadsworth Water Polo Mathew Belcher Sailing Abby Bishop Basketball Jack Bobridge Cycling - Track Kim Brennan Rowing Brittany Broben Diving Victoria Brown Water Polo Nathan Burgers Hockey Matthew Butturini Hockey Elizabeth Cambage Cate Campbell Joel Carroll James Chapman Rowing Chris Ciriello Jacob Clear Canoe / Kayak - Sprint Nicola Cotterill Alicia Coutts 3 Nina Curtis Sailing Tommaso D ' Orsogna Liam De Young Tim Deavin Rohan Dennis Cycling - Track Erin Densham Triathlon Josh Dunkley - Smith Jamie Dwyer Annette Edmondson Brittany Elmslie 2 Blair Evans Russell Ford Karsten Forsterling Jessica Fox Canoe / Kayak - Slalom Drew Ginn Matt Gohdes Kieran Govers Kate Gynther Michael Hepburn Laura Hodges Kate Hornsey Lauren Jackson Rachel Jarry Iain Jensen Leisel Jones Fergus Kavanagh Mark Knowles Bronwen Knox Yolane Kukla Holly Lincoln - Smith Will Lockwood Kathleen Macleod James Magnussen Alicia McCormack Kaarle McCulloch Glencora McGhie James McRae Anna Meares Jane Moran Chris Morgan Jade Neilsen Daniel Noonan Jenna O ' Hea Glenn O ' Shea Eddie Ockenden Simon Orchard Nathan Outteridge Malcolm Page Kylie Palmer Sally Pearson Athletics Shane Perkins Brooke Pratley Olivia Price Sam Richards Brenton Rickard Mel Rippon Jenni Screen Emily Seebohm 2 Tom Slingsby Dave Smith Canoe / Kayak - Sprint Sophie Smith Tate Smith Belinda Snell Ash Southern Christian Sprenger Murray Stewart Hayden Stoeckel Matthew Swann Sarah Tait Jared Tallent Athletics Matt Targett Libby Trickett Glenn Turner Mitchell Watt Rowie Webster Lucinda Whitty Kristi Harrower Sam Willoughby Cycling - BMX Melanie Wright Games Trivia Emblem There have been two London 2012 logos : one for the bidding process created by Kino Design and one for the Games . The Games logo was designed by Wolff Olins and was released in 2007 . The logo is a representation of the number 2012 , with the Olympic Rings embedded within the zero . Motto Show More News History made at 2019 Australian Track and Field Championships 8 Apr 2019 Glenn Turner announces retirement from International Hockey 29 Mar 2019 Kookaburra Kieran Govers announces international retirement 20 Nov 2018 Olympic stars nominated for AIS Sport Performance Awards 8 Nov 2018 Dual Olympian Steve Bird retires from elite sport 5 Nov 2018 Olympic Champion Kim Brennan announces rowing retirement 4 Nov 2018 Hockey Australia reflect on strong Olympic record 19 Jun 2018 Dual Olympian James Chapman announces retirement 10 Nov 2017 Congratulations Jeff Horn 3 Jul 2017 Olympic Day 2017 23 Jun 2017 View More News Media Galleries Sally Pearson Gallery 25 Images 29 Jun 2016 Lauren Jackson retires 15 Images 31 Mar 2016 Welcome Home Celebrations 29 Images 27 Aug 2012 Closing Ceremony 19 Images 13 Aug 2012 London 2012 : Day 16 15 Images 12 Aug 2012 London 2012 : Day 15 24 Images 11 Aug 2012 London 2012 : Day 14 71 Images 10 Aug 2012 London 2012 : Day 13 67 Images 9 Aug 2012 Chat to a Champ : London 2012 13 Images 7 Aug 2012 London 2012 : Day 12 79 Images 7 Aug 2012 London 2012 : Day 10 69 Images 6 Aug 2012 London 2012 : Day 9 47 Images 6 Aug 2012 London 2012 : Day 11 70 Images 3 Aug 2012 London 2012 : Day 8 62 Images 3 Aug 2012 London 2012 : Day 7 53 Images London 2012 : Day 6 52 Images 27 Jul 2012 London 2012 : Wrestling 3 Images 1 Aug 2012 London 2012 : Triathlon 13 Images 1 Aug 2012 London 2012 : Taekwondo 11 Images London 2012 : Synchro Swimming 17 Images London 2012 : Modern Pentathlon 9 Images London 2012 : Cycling - BMX and MTB 27 Images London 2012 : Cycling - Track 49 Images 2012 Australian Medals 50 Images 4 Aug 2012 London 2012 : Day 4 60 Images 31 Jul 2012 London 2012 : Day 3 66 Images 27 Jul 2012 London 2012 : Day 2 Action 50 Images London 2012 : Water Polo 60 Images 29 Jul 2012 London 2012 : Sailing 70 Images 29 Jul 2012 London 2012 : Hockey 69 Images London 2012 : Diving 6 Images London 2012 : Diving 46 Images 4 Aug 2012 London 2012 : Canoe / Kayak - Sprint 37 Images London 2012 : Canoe / Kayak - Slalom 14 Images London 2012 : Day 1 Action 74 Images 28 Jul 2012 London 2012 : Swimming 79 Images 28 Jul 2012 London 2012 : Rowing 68 Images London 2012 : Volleyball 18 Images London 2012 : Tennis London 2012 : Table Tennis 10 Images London 2012 : Shooting 23 Images London 2012 : Gymnastics 26 Images 30 Jul 2012 London 2012 : Gymnastics - Artistic 10 Images London 2012 : Equestrian 27 Images London 2012 : Cycling - Road 11 Images London 2012 : Cycling - Road 16 Images London 2012 : Boxing 25 Images London 2012 : Boxing London 2012 : Beach Volleyball 18 Images London 2012 : Basketball 24 Images 30 Jul 2012 View More Videos Jared Tallent racing to Olympic gold at London 2012 Video 17 Jun 2016 Journey to Rio - Casey Sablowski Video 13 May 2016 Tallent vindicated for fight against Russian doping 10 Nov 2015 Leanne Choo | Journey to Rio 11 Sep 2015 Remote schools chat with Mark Knowles 10 Sep 2015 Emma Moffatt ' s Road to Rio 31 Jul 2015 Caroline Buchanan 5th in the BMX final 23 Apr 2015 Laurie Lawrence - A Poem of Olympic Inspiration 12 May 2014 Laurie Lawrence - The Ultimate Motivator 9 May 2014 Learn from a Champ : Cate Campbell | Sportsmanship 17 Apr 2014 Learn from a Champ : Cate Campbell | Respect 17 Apr 2014 Bronte Barratt - 200m Freestlye Heat - Day 3 London 2012 25 Nov 2013 Bronte Barratt - 200m Freestyle Semifinal - Day 3 London 2012 25 Nov 2013 Coutts and Rice - 200m IM Semifinal - Day 3 London 2012 D ' Arcy and Wright - 200m Butterfly Heat - Day 3 London 2012 D ' Arcy and Wright - 200m Butterfly Semifinal - Day 3 London 2012 Hayden Stoeckel - 100m Backstroke Final - Day 3 London 2012 Kylie Palmer - 200m Freestyle Heat - Day 3 London 2012 Kylie Palmer - 200m Freestyle Semifinal - Day 3 London 2012 Leisel Jones - 100m Breaststroke Final - Day 3 London 2012 Emily Seebohm - 100m Backstroke Medal Ceremony - Day 3 London 2012 Seebohm and Hocking - 100m Backstroke Final - Day 3 London 2012 Stephanie Rice - 200m IM Heat - - Day 3 London 2012 Thomas Fraser - Holmes - 200m Freestyle Final - Day 3 London 2012 Australia vs Italy - Women ' s Water Polo Day 3 London 2012 20 Nov 2013 Australia vs South Africa - Men ' s Hockey Day 3 London 2012 20 Nov 2013 Lucinda Fredericks - Cross Country Day 3 London 2012 Elisa Barnard - Archery Day 3 London 2012 Victoria Na vs . Slovakia - Badminton Day 3 London 2012 Australia vs France - Basketball Day 3 London 2012 Cook and Hinchley vs Austria - Beach Volleyball Day 3 London 2012 Damien Hooper vs US - Boxing Day 3 London 2012 Jackson Woods vs Algeria - Boxing Day 3 London 2012 Jessica Fox - K1 Heats Day 3 London 2012 Maley and Draper - C2 Heats Day 3 London 2012 Andrew Hoy - Cross Country Day 3 London 2012 Christopher Burton - Cross Country Day 3 London 2012 Clayton Fredericks - Cross Country Day 3 London 2012 Bronte Barratt - 400m Freestlye Heat 5 Day 2 London 2012 18 Nov 2013 Kylie Palmer - 400m Freestyle Heat 4 Day 2 London 2012 18 Nov 2013 Alicia Coutts - 100m Butterfly Final Day 2 London 2012 Jones and Pickett - 100m Breaststroke Heat 4 Day 2 London 2012 Jones and Pickett - 100m Breaststroke Semifinal 2 Day 2 London 2012 13 Nov 2013 Seebohm and Hocking - 100m Backstroke Semifinal 2 Day 2 London 2012 13 Nov 2013 Christian Sprenger - 100m Breaststroke Medal Ceremony Men ' s 100m Relay Heat 2 - Day 2 London 2012 Men ' s 100m Freestyle Relay Final - Day 2 London 2012 Daniel Arnamnart - 100m Backstroke Semifinal 1Day 2 London 2012 Hayden Stoeckel - 100m Backstroke Semifinal 2 Day 2 London 2012 Sprenger and Rickard - 100m Breaststroke Final Day 2 London 2012 View More
|
[
"London 2012",
"Olympic",
"Trivia"
] |
http://corporate.publix.com/
|
Alerts Chewy Chips Ahoy Cookies Product Recall ( posted April 15 , 2019 ) Learn More All stores and pharmacies will be closed on Easter Sunday , April 21 . ( posted April 15 , 2019 ) Learn More Recent Headlines Publix Board Member Elected , Retirees Recognized During its annual meeting of stockholders today , Publix stockholders elected Jennifer Jenkins to the Publix board of directors , and Barney Barnett , Jane Finley and Charlie Jenkins Jr . retired from the board . More Than 7,500 Publix Associates Give Back During Annual Day of Service For the fifth consecutive year , Publix associates are participating in Publix Serves Day by volunteering at more than 180 local nonprofit organizations . Publix Announces Quarterly Dividend Publix announced its board of directors declared a quarterly dividend on its common stock . Publix Apparel & Gifts From clothing and sport cups to gifts and accessories , you can share your Publix love with the world . Take a look now . About Publix Find out more about the largest employee - owned grocery chain in the United States . Careers You expect the best in your career . Come discover a workplace that can meet your high ideals and tough standards . Business We are a supermarket industry leader , but we ' re also a manufacturer , a distribution center , and technology user . See how we do business here . Community Publix has a long - standing tradition of being the kind of company a community can count on , beginning with our founding in 1930 . Awards Publix is proud of our accomplishments as a caring employer , industry leader , and member of the community . Sustainability Green is more than just the color of our logo . Learn more about Publix ' s sustainability efforts . Publix Gift Cards There are three easy ways to order gift cards appropriate for business associates and friends alike .
|
[
"Publix",
"grocery chain",
"United States"
] |
http://corporate.publix.com/careers/stores/grocery-clerk
|
Home Careers Publix Store Career Opportunities Grocery Clerk ( or Stocker ) Grocery Clerk ( or Stocker ) Our Grocery Clerks ( or Stockers ) ensure proper presentation of products on store shelves and in cases . They also provide friendly customer assistance in their assigned sections of the store . At times , this means temporarily leaving a task to walk a customer to another area to locate a product . How to Apply Contributions Provides premier customer service , including greeting customers and answering their questions . Ensures that product is within date and rotate and display product according to the appropriate planogram . Assists with unloading product from trucks and organizes stock room . Fills assigned section as needed . Assists with the maintenance of the shelf set . Cleans cases and shelves , and mop and sweep the sales floor , stock rooms , and dairy coolers . Operates back room equipment , including pallet jack , scissor lift , baler , compactor , and scrub machine . Assists with other duties as assigned . Required Qualifications At least 16 years of age . At least 18 years of age to use sharp knives , powered equipment , or ladders , scaffolds , or their substitutes above 6 feet in height . Ability to deliver friendly , courteous , prompt customer service . Ability to read , write , and do simple math problems . Ability to interpret and follow instructions . Preferred Qualifications Ability to work well with others and be an effective team member . A passion for serving people . Work Conditions Grocery Clerks perform their duties primarily in the Grocery department and in the back room . They may be exposed to various temperatures and work environments . Work involves walking and standing , and lifting , moving , carrying , and stocking product . The position requires frequent interactions with customers and fellow associates . Apply Online Apply now on our online Talent Application Gateway
|
[
"Publix",
"employee-owned grocery chain",
"community involvement"
] |
http://corporate.publix.com/careers/support-areas/distribution/forklift-operator
|
Home Careers Support Areas Distribution Forklift Operator Forklift Operator Simply put , our Forklift Operators are master organizers . They help maintain a smooth and orderly process when moving product into Publix ' s warehouses . How to Apply Contributions Warehouse Forklift Operators maneuver powered industrial equipment to move cases and pallets and put them away into their assigned slots in the warehouse . When slots located on the ground floor level are full and can not store any additional product , the Forklift Operators place product in overhead storage slots . As the ground floor slot is emptied by the Warehouse Selectors , the Forklift Operators replenish it , pulling product down from the overhead compartments . The Operators take care to rotate inventory using the most dated inventory first . Furthermore , the Operators help maintain a clean Qualifications we look for At least 18 years old Experience as a forklift operator , preferred Able to work nights , weekends , holidays , and extended periods of time Able to obtain certification in pallet truck and forklift operations Able to lift and carry product weighing 40 to 85 pounds ( depending on warehouse ) Able to sit or stand for long periods of time Successfully complete a Work Attitude Survey How to apply Go to the Publix Jobs Center to begin searching our current openings . Click the appropriate link to view openings for Publix associates and non - associates . Click Search Openings and narrow your search by selecting Distribution from the Job Category list . You will receive follow - up communication once you ' re determined to be qualified and eligible for the job . The communication will inform you of additional information that is needed and / or assessments that need to be completed . Once that is done , your application will go directly to the hiring manager for consideration . If your skills , experience , and qualifications look like a good match to the requirements of the position , you will be contacted . Visit our website for additional applicant resources Having a match to this job does not guarantee that you will be hired into this job if and when it becomes available on our Publix Jobs Center .
|
[
"Publix",
"United States .",
"customer service"
] |
http://corporate.walmart.com/suppliers/get-to-know-walmart/
|
Get to Know Walmart As a potential supplier , one of the most important things you can do is get to know how Walmart works . Whether you ’ re brand new to our stores or you ’ ve known us for years , here are a few ways to understand how we help our customers and members save money and live better – while consistently maintaining our commitment to quality . Visit a Walmart or Sam ’ s Club in your area . Get a sense of who we are , in our stores and clubs . Visiting a store or club also gives you a better understanding of what they ’ re like . If you ’ re especially interested in becoming a local supplier , information about your local stores can be invaluable . Find a Walmart store or Sam ' s Club Compare your product or service to existing ones . Look at the types of products and services we sell and use . Does what you have to offer seem like a good fit ? Would your product be appropriate on Walmart ’ s shelves ? Is your product or service the most innovative , best quality and at the lowest price ? Make sure you understand our shoppers ’ needs . When we choose new items to stock , we select products customers want . How would your product or service improve our customers ’ lives ? Also , Walmart serves customers and members nearly 260 million times per week around the world . Know how large your capacity is for supplying . Learn more about Walmart .
|
[
"Walmart",
"Sam ’s Club",
"shoppers ’ needs"
] |
http://corporateaudacity.blogspot.com/2012/10/equifax.html
|
Corporate Audacity Thursday , October 25 , 2012 EQUIFAX / NCTUE and the great fallacy of the credit reporting agency circus CASE CLOSED . Success ! EQUIFAX / NCTUE and the Great Fallacy of the Credit Reporting Agency Circus I have decided to create a new entry for EQUIFAX . This post grew out of my DirecTV post . I am not going to repeat here what is in that post , so , if you want the detailed background material , I recommend that you start on that post and work your way forward to this post in order to more fully understand the situation . Notwithstanding the above comment , I include here a very short summary for those not inclined to look at the details : I received a notice from DirecTV that the credit reporting agency that they use , NCTUE , was unable to locate a credit file on me and so , in effect , DirecTV was not really going to offer me servies like normal people . In other words , I was given a denial of service based upon the inability of NCTUE to locate my file . After a lengthy interaction with both DirecTV and NCTUE , it was determined that the letter was sent to me by DirecTV in error and I was not denied any service based upon a bad or non existent credit report . Additionally , NCTUE , did not really lose my file , they are just incompetent , and could n ' t access it in their own database . In the face of all this incompetence , I have requested to see the credit file on me that NCTUE has . They also go by the names Exchange Service Center At this point I have spent about 15 hours of my time trying to get a copy of my credit file . After reporting twice to me that they could not locate any such file , they have subsequently located my file . They have attempted to mail it to me four distinct times . As of today we have the working hypothesis that they mailed it to the wrong address in spite of the thirteen times we have tried to verify the address that they allegedly sent it to . I found this interesting blog on NCTUE that has background information on the organization should you be interested . Here is another interesting blog entry , and one more By way of background information , according to their website , " the National Consumer Telecom & Utilities Exchange ( NCTUE ) is a consortium of over 60 member companies from the telecommunications , utilities and pay TV industries . The board is comprised of member companies in these industries . The exchange is managed by an executive director and a 12 - member board of directors . NCTUE membership is governed by member agreements , operating guidelines and bylaws . " " Their mission is to serve as a Fair Credit Reporting Act compliant credit data exchange service for the telecommunication , payTV and utility industries by submitting industry - specific payment information to enable members of the exchange to better identify and manage financial risks and to better monitor customer relationships during the life of the service affiliation . " The NCTUE " database contains information on over 325 million consumers . NCTUE members are required to comply with FCRA requirements as data furnishers to a consumer reporting agency and as users of consumer reports , including adverse action notification requirements . The NCTUE database does not include EQUIFAX credit information , and EQUIFAX is not a member of NCTUE . " They go on further to state , " In the late 1980s the business credit executives of long - distance carriers and the National Association of Credit Management Southwest ( NACMSW ) formed the National Telecommunications Credit Group . . . During a February 1993 meeting , an informal committee was formed , made up of Credit Group members and a representative of NACMSW , to pursue the establishment of a national database to be owned and operated in accordance with guidelines set by the members . The members of the committee requested approval from their legal departments to proceed with the establishment of a national database . Attorneys gave permission for the committee to proceed under the legal guidance of a senior attorney from AT&T and a senior attorney from MCI . In October 1993 , after numerous meetings and teleconferences , the National Telecommunications Data Exchange ( NTDE ) , a non - profit corporation , was founded by AT&T , MCI , Sprint , Allnet , Business Telecom , Inc . , Cable & Wireless , Inc . , LDDS Metromedia , and Wiltel , Inc . A representative of NACMSW was chosen as executive director and vice president of NTDE . In November 1993 , NTDE started the process of interviewing potential vendors and developing the Request for Proposal to be sent to the vendors . The attorneys emphasized the importance of keeping NTDE independent from any vendor . At the same time , the attorneys started the process of obtaining approval from the Department of Justice Antitrust Division . Approval was obtained on March 8 , 1994 . Equifax was selected to be the vendor , and NTDE and Equifax signed a contract on July 25 , 1994 . In August of 1995 , after numerous meetings , teleconferences and extensive testing , the national database became active . In 1996 telecommunications consumer executives , with the assistance of NACMSW , started the process of developing a national database of consumers who do not pay their local and long distance phone bills . The process followed very closely the process of the development of the NTDE database , with the exception of having to address the laws governing consumer credit and the utility regulations of the various states . The National Consumer Telecommunications Data Exchange ( NCTDE ) was founded in 1997 by AT&T , Bellsouth , Citizens , Frontier , IXC , MCI , NYNEXLD , Sprint , and Worldcom . A representative of NACMSW was selected as executive director and vice president of NCTDE . In September 1997 , the Department of Justice approved the creation of the database , and Equifax was selected as the vendor . " NCTUE claims that " The Exchange Service Center is a third - party contractor of NCTUE and provides services to consumers on behalf of NCTUE . " I translate this to mean that EQUIFAX has set up a subsidiary unit named Exchange Service Center to further obfuscate the whole situation . My personal experience in dealing with these people is that they use the names EQUIFAX , NCTUE , and Exchange Service Center interchangeably . So much for the hype about the separation of NCTUE and EQUIFAX . Right now I am waiting until Halloween to try to receive my credit file after doing so five times . 10 / 30 / 12 Halloween came early this year . The NCTUE ( EQUIFAX ) credit file arrived today based upon my fifth request . Now , to the interesting contents of this report . The first thing I noted is that they have my address wrong . I attempted to correct it , but they will only do that if I mail in a copy of my driver ' s licence and my social security card and give them my phone number , all sent via FAX . I do not have a FAX machine . I disputed the address and declined to send in my driver ' s license , etc . . I pointed out to the customer service representative that the address on all my accounts shows as the correct address , but that is not good enough for them . Next , I noted that they show no inquiry into my credit file from DirecTV . This is very strange , since it was DircecTV ' s inquiry for my credit file from them that started this whole incident . They say they can not deal with this and that I must speak with DirecTV about it . Next , on my cell phone bill they show incorrect billing and payment history numbers ( not off by much , but still off ) for just the last three months . I have had this account for nearly 10 years . Why would only the last three months be in error ? My AT&T telephone account shows no balance amount or payment amount for Dec . 2010 and Jan . 2011 and yet shows account status of 0 - 30 and 30 - 60 days overdue respectively . I disputed this . An old AT&T account shows " account closed / unpaid final bill " . I disputed the unpaid final bill item on two grounds . First , it is not true , I had paid the final bill , and second , if it were true , and it is n ' t , it is over 7 years old and should not be on my report because the information is too old . They now have 30 days to research my disputed items and get back to me . I asked specifically how they would communicate with me . They said they would mail it to me at the address the companies use and not the address they have in my file there . Interesting ! 11 / 1 / 12 I received a letter today from NCTUE with regard to my request to have my address changed : Exchange Service Center NCTUE PO Box 105398 Atlanta , GA 30348 - 5398 October 29 , 2012 Dear Consumer : We have received your request concerning your telecom and utilities exchange data report . However , the information you provided does not match your information currently in the data report . Therefore , to protect your service history information , we must ask for some additional information in order to verify your identification and address . A copy of one item in EACH of the categories below is needed in order to verify your identification and address . The item you choose in the identification category SHOULD contain your Social Security number , and the item you choose in the address category SHOULD contain your current mailing address of : XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Identification Address * US Social Security Card * Driver ' s license * Pay stub with US SS # * Rental lease agreement / house deed * W2 form * Pay stub with address * State or other government * Utility bill ( gas , electric , water , cable , issued ID card residential telephone bills ) To ensure that your request is processed without delay , please enlarge photocopies of any items that contain small print ( e.g. driver ' s license , W2 forms , etc . ) . To avoid additional delays , keep in mind that if photocopies are not legible or contain highlighting , they may cause us to ask that you resubmit your request with more legible documents . These are the reasons for which a data report can be provided at no charge , if you do n ' t meet the criteria below , there may be a charge . If you have been denied service , credit or another credit - based benefit due to information on your data report within the last 60 days , you are entitled by las to a free copy of your data report . If you have recently placed an initial 90 day fraud alert on your data report , you may receive a free data report . If you have recently place an extended seven - year alert , you may receive two free data reports within 12 months . You are entitled to one free data report during any 12 month period regardless of your state of residence if you are : Unemployed and intend to apply for employment in the next 60 days Receiving public welfare assistance Believe you are a victim of fraud Receive a risk based pricing notice In the event you request the Exchange Risk Score , the charge is $ 7.95 . Please refer to the chart below to determine your current fee for the telecom and utilities exchange data report . [ Chart Omitted ] If you are entitled to a free data report but you included payment in the form of a personal check , it has been shredded for your protection . If you included a money order , it is being returned to you in a separate mailing . Please include correct payment with the new request and make check payable to : Exchange Service Center . Please submit the requested information and this letter to the address below . Exchange Service Center - NCTUE P.O. Box 105161 Atlanta , GA 30346 - 5161 Thank you for giving us the opportunity to assist you . Exchange Service Center - NCTUE XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX November 1 , 2012 Exchange Service Center PO Box 105161 Atlanta , GA 30348 - 5398 Re : Your letter of October 29 , 2012 ( attached ) Gentlemen : I am in receipt of your letter dated October 29 , 2012 ( attached ) . Please change the address in my file to the address indicated above . In accordance with your request , please also find a photocopy of my Social Security Card and this month ’ s utility bill from Time Warner Cable showing my mailing address as indicated above . Sincerely , XXXXXXXXXXXX encl : Social Security Card , Time Warner Cable bill ( Nov . 1 , 2012 ) , Letter from NCTUE of October 29 , 2012 11 / 28 / 12 It has been very quiet . No correspondence from NCTUE as of this date . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 11 / 29 / 12 , 12 : 13pm , call duration 28 minutes I have called NCTUE / EQUIFAX about their non response . They have claimed that they did not receive my correspondence of 11 / 1 / 12 and have consequently not changed my address . They claim that all the other errors that I reported have been corrected . I have requested a corrected copy of my credit file . They will send it within 10 business days . After almost 30 minutes they have now found my correspondence of Nov . 1 , requesting that my address be corrected . They will update the address and include that in the report that they will be sending me . I have been told that I will receive this within 10 business days . That should be around Dec . 13 . We will see what happens * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 12 / 13 / 12 8 : 00am call duration 8 minutes After going through the third degree on verifying who I was and using the confirmation number supplied , it was determined that I was talking to EQUIFAX and not NCTUE in spite of the recorded introductory message saying that it was EQUIFAX / NCTUE that I was calling . The claim is that NCTUE is another company and they gave me another telephone number , different from the one on the NCTUE letter I received . What idiots . 12 / 13 / 12 8 : 13am duration 8 minutes This time the claim is the last time they sent out my credit file was on Oct . 26 . not on Nov . 29 as I was informed . Again , I was told that they would send it out within 48 hours and that it will take from 7 to 10 business days for me to receive it . I asked if I would have it by 1 / 3 / 13 and they confirmed that that was a good date to expect it by . Also , I confirmed that they were sending it to the correct * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * December 17 , 2012 Today , I received a letter from NCTUE with my " updated " credit file . First , note that they sent it to the wrong address . That appears to be the only problem Below is the text of my response to them . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * December 18 , 2012 Exchange Service Center PO Box 105398 Atlanta , GA 30348 - 5398 Re : Your letter of December 13 , 2012 Confirmation # xxxxxxxxxxx Gentlemen : I am in receipt of your letter dated December 13 , 2012 , which was in response to my request to have certain disputed information changed in my credit file . In part , I had requested that my address reflect my true mailing address . I note that your letter , in spite of multiple previous reassurances that the matter had been corrected , came addressed to the incorrect address . Even your previous correspondence was , at least , correctly addressed . Once again I ask that you please change the address in my file to the correct I find it curious that you only have three of my AT&T accounts reporting into your system . I also find it curious that you do not have my DirecTV account in your system , since it was they who initiated the inquiry that has resulted in all this brouhaha over the information in my previously reported “ non - existent ” file . As I indicated in my correspondence to you on September 5 , 2012 , I have no fewer than twelve utility , telecommunications , cable , etc . accounts with major national companies , and , yet , the only one ’ s that seem to be tracked by NCTUE seem to be some of the AT&T accounts . I would think that your members might be greatly dissatisfied with the paucity and incompleteness of the meaningful information that you are really providing to them . Sincerely , XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX encl : Research Request Form ( NCTUE ) 1 / 2 / 13 Note to self : I called NCTUE today to follow up on my letter to them of 12 / 18 / 12 . I spent another 17 minutes trying to see if they have my address correct , since I have not gotten a response to my letter . They claim that they have no record of having received a letter from me . I attempted to deal with the same issue on the phone . They denied that they have the wrong address for me and that they sent the last letter to me to the wrong address . 1 / 8 / 13 Today I have received a letter from NCTUE dated 12 / 31 / 12 addressed to the wrong address that I am trying to have them correct December 31 , 2012 Dear Consumer : We have received your request concerning your telecom and utilities exchange data report . However , our records indicated that a free copy of your disclosure report already has been sent to you . These are the reasons for which a data report can be provided at no charge , if you do n ' t meet the criteria below , there may be a charge . If you have been denied service , credit or another credit - based benefit due to information on your data report within the last 60 days , you are entitled by law to a free copy of your data report . If you have recently placed an initial 90 - day fraud alert on your data report , you may receive a free data report . If you have recently placed an extended seven - year alert , you may receive two free data reports within 12 months . You are entitled to one free data report during any 12 - month period regardless of your state of residence if you are : - Unemployed and intend to apply for employment in the next 60 days - Receiving public welfare assistance - Believe you are a victim of fraud - Receive a risk based pricing notice In the event you request the Exchange Risk Score , the charge is $ 7.95 . Please refer to the chart below to determine your current fee for the telecom and utilities exchange data report . [ Chart omitted ] If you are entitled to a free data report but you included payment in the form of a personal check , it has been shredded for your protection . If you included a money order , it is being returned to you in a separate mailing . Please include correct payment with the new request and make check payable to : Exchange Service Center . Please submit the requested information and this letter to the address below . PO Box 105161 Atlanta , GA 30348 - 5161 Thank you for giving us the opportunity to assist you . 1 / 8 / 13 Notes to self regarding NCTUE letter of 12 / 31 / 12 First , I note that the date of this letter is three days before my last call to NCTUE wherein they told me that they would be sending me a copy of my corrected credit file . I am going to wait until 1 / 15 / 13 as they suggested in that telephone call before proceeding . Next , I note that while the address on the envelope is to the correct address , the inner address is the incorrect address . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 / 23 / 13 Okay , I am finally getting back to this open item . It is clear that NCTUE has no intention of meeting there obligation here , or , for that matter , keeping their word that they would send me a corrected credit file . I will now address another letter to them to try to resolve this matter . I will post it below . XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX January 24 , 2013 PO Box 105398 Re : Your letter of December 31 , 2012 Confirmation # XXXXXXXXXX I am in receipt of your letter dated December 31 , 2012 , which was in response to my request of December 19 , 2012 to have certain disputed information changed in my credit file . You will note that in my letter of December 19 , 2012 I indicated that in part , I had requested that my address reflect my true mailing address . I note that your letter , in spite of multiple previous reassurances that the matter had been corrected , came addressed incorrectly . Even your previous correspondence was , at least , correctly addressed . Once again I ask that you please change the address in my file to the correct address indicated above . I have gone to great lengths to have these addresses corrected because we have had so much difficulty getting mail delivered by the US Postal Service when it is not addressed correctly , especially mail from NCTUE . AT&T , apparently the only member of I find it curious that you only have three of my AT&T accounts reporting into your system . I also find it curious that you do not have my DirecTV account in your system , since it was they who initiated the inquiry that has resulted in all this brouhaha over the information in my previously reported “ non - existent ” file . As I indicated in my correspondence to you on September 5 , 2012 , I have no fewer than twelve utility , telecommunications , cable , etc . accounts with major national companies , and , yet , the only one ’ s that seem to be tracked by NCTUE seem to be some , but not all , of the AT&T accounts . I would think that your members might be greatly dissatisfied with the paucity and incompleteness of the meaningful ( or meaningless ) information that you are really providing to them . Please correct the information in my credit file and then provide me with a corrected copy of my credit file when you have corrected the information in it . You should also note that in your letter of December 31 , 2012 , you seem to think that I should have to pay for this report . I might note that I have multiple justifications to insist that I receive a corrected credit file , which I have never received , at no charge whatsoever : Firstly , I have only this month had my credit checked by AT&T for a new account . Consequently , I am entitled to a copy of my credit file on that basis alone . Next , until you provide me with a correct credit file I have no way of determining if the credit file is correct . Under provision of the Fair Credit Reporting Act you are required to provide that report at no charge to me . If you want to dispute that the credit file is incorrect , then I demand that you add a statement from me in my credit file that the address is incorrect in the file and indicate the address above as the correct address . Please comply with your responsibilities under the Fair Credit Reporting Act and subsequent legislation . XXXXXXXXXXXX encl : My Letter of December 18 , 2012 Your Letter of December 31 , 2012 1 / 22 / 13 National Consumer Telecom & Utilities Exchange , Inc . Dear XXXXXXXXXXXXXX On behalf of the Exchange , the Exchange Service Center has contacted each source directly , and our investigation is now completed . If you have any additional questions or concerns , please contact the source of that information directly . Result of Your Investigation ( For your security , the last 4 digits of your account number ( s ) have been replaced by * ) . > > > > We have researched the information you have disputed . Account # XXXXXXXXXXX THE DISPUTED ADDRESS ASSOCIATED WITH THIS ACCOUNT HAS BEEN UPDATED . If you have additional questions about this item please contact : AT&T , PO Box 80517 Charleston SC 29416 800 288 2020 . If you have any additional questions regarding the information provided to NCTUE by the source of any information , please contact the source of that information directly . You may contact us regarding the specific information contained in this letter by writing to us at Exchange Service Center - NCTUE ] Thank you for giving us the opportunity to serve you . Exchange Service Center - NCTUE Attachment : My credit report I note two things . First , they have addressed the letter to me correctly and the mailing address is now correct on the report . Congratulations NCTUE . However , I now note that the addresses reported as part of the report reported by AT&T are incorrect . I have today communicated with AT&T and they have assured me that the mailing address on my four accounts are correct . I do not know what to make of this . I think this is CASE CLOSED . I guess it was not quite closed . Today I received yet another letter from NCTUE . The text follows . January 29 , 2013 However , our records indicated that a free copy of your disclosure report already has been sent to you . If you have been denied service , credit or another credit - based benefit due to information on your data report within the last 60 days , you are entitled by law to a free copy of your data report . If you have recently placed an initial 90 - day fraud alert on your data report , you may receive a free data report . If you have recently placed an extended seven - year alert , you may receive two free data reports within 12 months . You are entitled to one free data report during any 12 - month period regardless of your state of residence if you are : - Unemployed and intend to apply for employment in the next 60 days - Receiving public welfare assistance - Believe you are a victim of fraud - Receive a risk based pricing notice [ Chart omitted ] PO Box 105161 Atlanta , GA 30348 - 5161 There they go again repeating themselves . I think this is a wrap . Posted by Dr . Sliderule at 12 : 27 PM Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels : Credit reporting Equifax Fair Credit Reporting Act NCTUE 1 comment : Anonymous January 24 , 2017 at 3 : 04 PM This comment has been removed by a blog administrator . Reply Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom )
|
[
"Corporate Audacity",
"EQUIFAX",
"Great Fallacy of the Credit Reporting Agency Circus"
] |
http://corporatenews.pressroom.toyota.com/releases/toyota+build+lexus+es350+georgetown+ky+plant.htm
|
Toyota to Build Lexus ES 350 at Its Georgetown , Kentucky Plant Investing $ 360 million and creating 750 new jobs to produce 50,000 vehicles annually starting in 2015 Latest in series of investments totaling $ 2 billion over last 17 months to expand North American production and create more than 4,000 new jobs April 19 , 2013 Erlanger , KY , April 19 , 2013 – For the first time , a Lexus vehicle will be produced in the United States . The Lexus ES 350 will be assembled at Toyota Motor Manufacturing , Kentucky ( TMMK ) in 2015 , Toyota announced today . The move will generate 750 new jobs . To support the new dedicated assembly line , Toyota will invest $ 360 million in the Georgetown plant . About 50,000 Lexus vehicles a year will be produced , bringing the plant ’ s total annual production capacity to more than 550,000 vehicles . It will be the first time the ES will be assembled outside of Japan . “ Lexus was founded in the United States , so it is only fitting that we are bringing the production of luxury sedans for our U.S. customers back to where the brand was born , ” said Akio Toyoda , president of Toyota Motor Corporation . “ Today ’ s announcement is a major step in our Global Vision to make ever better cars and trucks , give regions greater autonomy to make the products their customers want and achieve sustainable growth globally . ” “ Since its arrival here in 1986 , the impact Toyota has had on Kentucky has been immeasurable , and the addition of Lexus production only adds to that enduring legacy , ” said Governor Steven Beshear of the Commonwealth of Kentucky . “ The establishment of production for the Lexus ES 350 will afford Kentucky a tremendous opportunity to expand and strengthen its vast supplier base , creating even more growth potential in the future . Kentucky is proud of the confidence Toyota continues to demonstrate in our vibrant and skilled workforce as they prepare to make a vehicle Production of the ES 350 at the Georgetown plant is the latest step in Toyota ’ s continuing strategy to assemble vehicles in the markets where its customers live . Over the past 17 months , the company has announced plans to increase production capacity at its plants in Mississippi , Indiana , West Virginia and Canada , reflecting a cumulative investment of approximately $ 2 billion that has created more than 4,000 new jobs . Toyota also recently announced executive changes designed to provide regional managers with more local control and a streamlined decision - making structure to help “ Today ’ s Lexus ES announcement further strengthens Toyota ’ s commitment to serving American consumers , growing American production and investing in American team members , ” said Jim Lentz , Toyota ’ s chief executive officer for North America . “ We ’ re extraordinarily proud to have helped create over 365,000 jobs across the country and to produce so many of the industry ’ s highest quality vehicles right here in the United States . Today , Toyota ’ s 14 North American plants already produce seven out of every 10 vehicles that we sell in Established in January 1986 , TMMK is Toyota ’ s largest manufacturing facility outside of Japan , employing approximately 6,600 people . The plant currently assembles the Toyota Camry , Camry Hybrid , Avalon , Avalon Hybrid and Venza and manufactures 4 - cylinder and V6 engines . It has earned 10 Initial Quality Plant Awards from J.D. Power and Associates , including four gold J.D. Power Awards . In 2012 , the plant produced the 25 millionth Toyota vehicle built in North America . Toyota recently committed to boosting production capacity for the 4 - cylinder engine at the plant by more than 100,000 units . This $ 30 million project will create about 80 new jobs . “ The decision to move ES 350 production to Kentucky is a true tribute to the hard work and commitment to excellence of every single Toyota team member at this plant , ” said TMMK President Wil James . “ We deeply appreciate the tremendous support we have received from our community , from our local suppliers and business partners , and from Governor Beshear and the Commonwealth of Kentucky . We look forward to strengthening further the productive partnership we have built together over the last 25 years . ” The ES is Lexus ’ s bestselling sedan , with approximately 58,850 vehicles sold in North America in 2012 - - including 56,158 in the U.S. Projections for Toyota ’ s production volume at the company ’ s Kyushu plant in Japan have not changed . The company remains committed to building 3 million vehicles per year in Japan , including Lexus models , as previously announced . Toyoda and Lentz made the Lexus ES 350 production announcement at a press conference prior to a major New York City event showcasing Lexus ’ s commitment to groundbreaking design and its redoubled focus on creating a global luxury brand experience . A live webcast of the press conference , beginning at 9 : 30 AM ET , can be viewed at https : / / new . livestream . com / Lexus / pressconference . A recorded version will be available at the same URL following the press conference . More information about the history of Lexus can be found at http : / / pressroom . lexus . com / releases / history + lexus . htm About Toyota Toyota ( NYSE : TM ) established operations in North America in 1957 and currently operates 14 manufacturing plants . There are more than 1,800 Toyota , Lexus and Scion dealerships in North America which sold over 2.3 million vehicles in 2012 . Toyota directly employs nearly 39,000 people in North America and its investment here is currently valued at more than $ 24.5 billion , including sales and manufacturing operations , research and development , financial services and design . Toyota ' s annual purchasing of parts , materials , goods and services from North American suppliers totals nearly About Lexus Lexus launched in 1989 with two luxury sedans and a commitment to pursue perfection . Since that time , Lexus has expanded its line - up to meet the needs of global luxury customers . In every vehicle , Lexus incorporates innovative technologies , high - quality designs and luxury materials . With numerous models featuring Lexus Hybrid Drive , Lexus is the luxury hybrid leader and is dedicated to developing vehicles that are kinder to the Earth . Lexus ’ current vehicles incorporate outstanding driving dynamic characteristics and feature a new design language that includes a spindle grille and Media Contacts For manufacturing inquiries : Mike Goss ( TEMA ) 859 - 746 - 6676 Carri Chandler ( TEMA ) 859 - 746 - 6633 For sales inquiries : Toyota Motor Sales , U.S.A. , Inc . Media Line 310 - 468 - 5297 Categories Lexus ES 350 Corporate Toyota Motor Manufacturing , Kentucky , Inc . Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America , Inc . Manufacturing & Engineering Auto Shows / Events One Toyota Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America , Inc . Tags lexus es 350 manufacturing & engineering tmmk toyota motor manufacturing kentucky inc . < back
|
[
"Toyota",
"Lexus ES 350",
"Georgetown , Kentucky"
] |
http://corporateofficehq.com/safeway-corporate-office/
|
Safeway Corporate Office How would you rate your experience with Safeway ? [ Total : 33 Average : 2 / 5 ] Safeway Corporate Office Address Safeway Inc . 5918 Stoneridge Mall Rd Pleasanton , California 94588 Contact Safeway Phone Number : ( 925 ) 467 - 3000 Fax Number : ( 925 ) 467 - 3323 Website : http : / / www . safeway . com Email : Email Safeway Safeway Facts Founder : Marion Barton Skaggs Date Founded : 1915 Founding Location : American Falls , Idaho Number of Employees : 137000 Safeway Executives CEO : Robert G . Miller CFO : Peter Bocian COO : Bruce L . Everette Safeway History Safeway was originally founded in American Falls , Idaho , when Marion Barton Skaggs purchased his father ’ s grocery store for $ 1,089 in 1915 . Originally called Skaggs United , Marion enlisted the help of his 5 brothers to help expand the business . In 1925 , Skaggs doubled the number of stores when he purchased Sam Seelig ’ s grocery stores . The name was then changed to Safeway . By 1926 , there were 322 stores in southern California and controlling interest in the company was sold to Merrill Lynch . In 1927 , the company went public . In 1929 , the company expanded to Canada . By 1932 , there were 3400 Safeway stores . In 1959 , the first store was opened in Alaska . In 1986 , the company was taken private by private equity firm Kohlberg Kravis Roberts . The company subsequently sold off many of its holdings to pay down assumed debt . In 1990 , the company went public again . Safeway , like many other grocery chains , is trying to entice customers into shopping online and having them delivered but most customers would rather shop at the stores , according to Forbes . Today , Safeway has over 900 stores in the United States and 224 stores in Canada . 80 % of the stores are located in the Western parts of each country . Safeway FAQs Question 1 : What is the phone number for Safeway ? Answer 1 : The phone number for Safeway is ( 925 ) 467 - 3000 . Question 2 : Who is the CEO of Safeway ? Answer 2 : The CEO of Safeway is Robert G . Miller . Question 3 : Who founded Safeway ? Answer 3 : Safeway was founded by Marion Barton Skaggs in 1915 . Tagged as : safeway corporate address safeway corporate headquarters safeway corporate office safeway corporate office address safeway corporate office email safeway corporate office fax safeway corporate office phone safeway headquarters safeway main office 67 comments … read them below or add one jim March 24 , 2019 at 7 : 41 pm Hi , I am sorry to have to write a letter like this , but I was so embarrassed by Gracin , a checker at the Lakewood WA store that I decided to contact HR . Hello My name is Jim and I am a disabled 50 year old person and Safeway customer for over 25 years . On any given month I spend upwards of 600.00 . . On the day of this humiliating , embarrassing , and insulting situation for instance , I purchased 395.00 worth of goods . Upon getting to the check out line I asked the checker if I could exchange 2 tubes of Crest Toothpaste because the tubes had been damaged and leaked toothpaste out into the box , Gracin , the checker assisting , looked at the toothpaste and then said “ Do you have your receipt ? ” I told Gracin I did not have a receipt . That is when Gracin became insulting to me and embarrassed me in front of approx . 10 other shoppers . Gracin said “ If you have in fact purchased them from Safeway then I need you to go to customer service and provide your club card , if you have one , so your account can be researched to ensure you made the purchase . ” It was embarrassing and humiliating . Especially when I am standing there buying approx . 400.00 of goods . I went to the customer service window and explained the problem . The woman simply said go ahead and grab a couple new ones . It ’ s no problem . At this time I She asked what she could do and I told her it would be nice if you ASKED Gracin to do the polite thing and apologize for his behavior . Jenny then informed me she could not FORCE an employee to apologize to a customer for anything … . .That is a strange policy for a retail business I think . I reminded Jenny that all I had asked was if she could ASK Gracin to apologize . She said again she could not FORCE him to do anything . I again said Jenny , all I did was ask you to ASK Gracin to do the polite thing and apologize . Gracin returned before I left so I approached him ( this is all on video tape too . ) . He started to stick out his hand as if to shake mine so I extended my hand and said Gracin , all I wanted was an apology . He immediately retracted his hand and stood there in defiance . I have never been so embarrassed and humiliated . I have not returned to the store to shop and am not sure i ever will . It ’ s a sad state of affairs when a simple shopping experience turns into The worst part of it all is that an employee upset a customer so much and then was not willing to say 2 words … . .I ’ m sorry . I would have appreciated that so much . Let me ask , would that have been too difficult for a person to do when another person says “ hey , you have hurt my feelings ” ? ? ? I would love it and really appreciate it if someone at Safeway corporate could reach out to me regarding this . you can reach me at 253 . 391 . xXXXX . Take care and have a wonderful day , Jim Reply Bevely Bell November 9 , 2018 at 5 : 47 pm On October 23 , 2018 I was in your Safeway Greenmarket location for the first time . I was in town from out of state taking care of my sister under Hospice supervision and was treating her around the clock . I was able to get some help for a short period to run to the store . When I arrived I took my shopping list from my wallet located in my purse and continued to gather the items I needed , so I was aware it was in my purse in the store . When I was through I I do want to thank the customer that was behind me as she and the cashier paid for my groceries . Reply mark santino October 26 , 2018 at 6 : 07 pm I have work for safeway in collage and have been shopping there all my 63 years the staff are a good bunch of people at the windsor Ca . last 5 dollar friday I bought some top sirloin as I always do , the meat taste like some ones a * * no matter how it was cooked , 10 ′ - 26 ’ 18 I tried the 5dollar string beans it was like eating rope , I wont eat your meat any more and do n ’ t think I will buy your produce either let me cook a Anonymous June 11 , 2018 at 2 : 00 pm I have finally had taken enough of watching the store Director harassing his female employees in front of customers . I have seen the store director consume alcohol on his lunch break and smelled alcohol on his breath and pouring through his pore over a handful of times . No wonder why our community store is becoming lacking in all aspects . I have seen the store director yell only at the female employees in the public view of all customers many times but I seen it go to physical harassment . I observed him grabbing female employees by the arm and physically detail them as they try to remove themselves from the hostile situation . It ’ s highly offensive being a brother , father , husband and customer . I do n ’ t know if this store allows consuming alcohol while on duty but the physical and verbal harassment is nothing less than diatribe towards his female employees . The Director is doing an awful job in all aspects of keeping our store in business and any lawsuits under his management is foreseeable in the near future . Anonymous June 11 , 2018 at 2 : 02 pm Safeway store Complaint on Store Director 467 Gabe Casro carolyn gonzales March 30 , 2018 at 3 : 30 pm i formerly was a employee at north bend oregon safeway as a checker . i was poorly trained and was treated very unfairly ! the training is very poor as well as connected to the lunch room / break room . the training that they give you on the computer is NOTHING like the registers out on the floor . the training is limited to about a 3 hours , which took me 6 hours due to the fact of no head phones connected to as stated above . they then throw you out on the floor with no experience Francis Y March 1 , 2018 at 7 : 37 pm Well this is not about going in to the store and purchasing but ordering from the Vons Home Delivery App in Las Vegas since you now own Vons . My most recent order was an estimated $ 245.56 I believe . When I was actually charged for my order it came to $ 230.16 . I ordered 5 , 2lb stuffed Atlantic salmon and instead got a substitution of 1 ( 5 count ) stuffed salmon pieces totaling 2lbs . Now at a sale price of $ 3.99 its not that big dead BUT when you are only given a total of 2lbs instead of 10lbs , that is a over charge of $ 15.96 ( You only issued a $ 10 refund for an almost $ 16 over I was also sad to see their customer service completely ignore the issue of a case of beer I ordered . I ordered 2 , 30 count cases of Key Stone Light beer , 1 of which exploded during transit in their delivery truck and was returned for a full refund . I am still waiting for a refund of the $ 18.99 . I do not know if this is typical for Vons ( a subsidiary of Safeway ) throughout all its stores or if it is just localized to here in Las Vegas BUT it is totally unacceptable . It is FRAUD and EMBEZELLMENT among other illegal activates and can not and should not be tolerated under any cirXXXXstances . Mind you this is NOT the first time this problem has happened to me and Vons NEVER takes the initiative to contact the customer about items missing or over charged for when they catch it . I have the feeling this is This is the original email sent and their reply : deliverysupport @ vons . com deliverysupport @ vons . com via rxsafeway . onmicrosoft . com 5 : 57 AM ( 10 hours ago ) to me Greetings XXXXXXXXXXXXxx : We are writing in response to an email we received regarding your recent order . We apologize for the inconvenience of being charged for items that you did not receive . We have processed a refund of $ 10.00 for the Atlantic Salmon listed in your email . Please be advised the refund can take three to five business days to post to your credit card . The other items listed were out of stock , therefore it was not delivered and you were not charged for them . We would like to assure you that we have notified the Grocery Delivery Management Team that delivered your order . Thank you for shopping with us . Alicia Grocery Delivery Team Contact ID : 35818750 – Original Message – From : francisyans01 @ gmail . com Date : 2 / 26 / 2018 11 : 46 : 45 AM To : deliverysupport @ safeway . com Subject : EXTERNAL : Vons . com order question I was over charged for my delivery . Order # : 1055573 - 1970 Address : XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXxx , Las Vegas , NV 89115 Scheduled for Sunday , 2 / 25 / 2018 ; 12 : 00 pm – 1 : 00 pm I was billed $ 230.16 but based on what I received I should have been charged only $ 209.59 I am missing : 4 stuffed atlantic salmon @ $ 3.99 / ea = - $ 15.96 1 big lighters @ $ 5.59 = - $ 5.59 1 lara bar @ $ 1.00 = - $ 1.00 4 Thomas Bagels Everything @ $ 2.99 / ea = - 11.96 1 snack artist potato chips @ $ 1.50 = - 1.50 Totaling $ - 36.01 My estimated total for the order was $ 245.60 – $ 36.01 = $ 209.59 meaning I was over charged $ 20.57 due to those missing items . Also one of the cases of beer exploded in transit and was returned so that means an additional $ 18.99 should be returned to my card as well for a grand total of $ 39.56 going back to my card on file . Thank you for your time on this matter . Sincerely , Francis Yans P.S. No one ever answers the 800 number you give to call for customer service Warning : All e - mail sent to this address will be received by the corporate e - mail system , and is subject to archival and review by someone other than the recipient . This e - mail may contain proprietary information and is intended only for the use of the intended recipient ( s ) . If the reader of this message is not the intended recipient ( s ) , you are notified that you have received this message in error and that any review , dissemination , distribution or copying of this message is strictly prohibited My reply to this email is this : A $ 10 refund does NOT cover the loss I have received . If the salmon is $ 3.99 each and I did not receive 4 of them , $ 10 does not cover that . 4 @ $ 3.99 each that totals $ 15.96 NOT $ 10.00 . You also decided to IGNORE the issue of the RETURNED CASE OF BEER that EXPLODED in YOUR TRUCK during transit which cost me $ 18.99 and have not refunded me for that either . If this is not taken care of IMMEDIATELY I will be contacting the FBI ’ s Internet Francis Y March 1 , 2018 at 7 : 41 pm IC3 ( FBI ’ s Internet Fraud Division ) has been contacted about this Fraud and Embezzlement Rebecca Kline January 7 , 2018 at 4 : 29 am I have dealt with your drugstore in Aurora , Colorado since 2006 . I am a diabetic on an insulin pump and your drugstore is so imcompetent that that do n ’ t know their a * * from a hole in the ground . They refuse to fill my perscriptions as part of Medicare Part B . Nicki Price who is regional district manager ca n ’ t seem to get a control on your incompent pharmacists . The next time I go into the hospital because of your screwed up drugstore , m I will go public and have it on national TV where you will pay for it versus Medicare . You are a fraud for a drugstore and should be run out of business I ca n ’ t get the test strips so I can test my blood sugars because they do n ’ t know how to run your drugstore . F rating and tired of being harassed from your Aurora office because I am a diabetic . Donna L . Manning January 2 , 2018 at 1 : 25 pm I have been a good customer for 10 years , ordering up to $ 300 a month . 12 / 29 / 17 I ordered $ 165 worth of groceries . 12 / 30 / 17 I was charged , but received only about half of my order . I called customer service , was on hold for 1 hour , then meticulously listed every item over the phone . On 12 / 31 / 17 , I expected all of my missing items . Instead , some were still missing and I noticed that I was well overcharged for KAREN December 29 , 2017 at 6 : 48 pm Safeway delivery is the biggest joke of all time ! ! ! ! they are continuously 5 - 7 hours ( yes hours ) late from the delivery time chosen . The orders are incomplete and they wo n ’ t give you back your money . I have been fighting with this so called corporation for months . They owe me over $ 100.00 and refuse to credit back my credit card . I have a credit with them – even though I have told them repeatedly I will never shop with them again . Instacart is on time Zahir June 4 , 2017 at 2 : 16 am Reporting the following incident at Safeway Store on 150 E El Camino Real in Sunnyvale , CA , 94087 : I would like to bring to your attention to a horrendous customer service experience at your Safeway Store in Sunnyvale . I walked into your store around 10 : 15pm . Went to the customer service register where you sell moneygrams / western union etc . There was nobody there , a gentleman was in the back office . I waited for more than 5 minutes , till the gentleman in the back office came out upon noticing me . He asked in a very curt and short tone what I wanted , I stated I needed to purchase a He said this and just walked away . He was mean and rude , and I found his behavior , at an upscale Safeway location such as this one , completely unacceptable . I was very upset at how I was treated . As I am writing this email , I am still very distraught and upset . I spoke to the manager on duty “ Garrett ” who said he would speak to “ Chris ” about his behavior . I am an executive with a reputable and global hospitality business , and behavior such as what was displayed by your employee “ Chris ” would be handled very seriously if displayed by one of our employees . People come to Safeway for customer service . To be treated with respect and kindness . There were no signs at the register stating the register was closed , or that money orders are not sold past 8pm . If there were , I would have moved on . I am a very patient and understanding person , and I usually do “ Chris ” seems to have no clue what customer service is all about . His appearance and dress was completely unprofessional , in addition to his behavior . Safeway does not need to have employees like him in a customer facing role . I expect you to handle my complaint with utmost seriousness promptly . I would like to know what specifically you will do to make sure that this does not happen again . I sent an email to the Store Director for this location : Courtney Houston . peter webber May 25 , 2017 at 9 : 54 am I have spent 10s of thousands of $ with Safeway over the last 5 or so years and have never encountered as lame a software system in my 76 years . when I compare your program to that of Amazon I find myself wondering how many millions of $ u saved by going with the lowest bidder , or with a group of brain dead Chinese or Indians ! needing to double click on every page is insulting ! unlike other sites your system does not allow for a single misspelled word . you say that one must not use brand names but L . Mosley March 15 , 2017 at 12 : 09 pm Edit : The first time I had the displeasure of dealing with Sean and the issue with my dad ’ s medicine being incorrect took place over a 3 day period about three months before and my most recent encounter with Sean took place on 3 - 14 - 17 at around 5 : 45 pm . Sorry for the confusion . L . Mosley March 15 , 2017 at 12 : 40 am My name is L . Mosley . Today I was threatened and menaced by the Safeway drugstore manager - Sean at Safeway # 969 in San Francisco Mission district . I was there getting my dad ’ s medicine . I WAS NOT arguing , debating with or having any problems with the nice man who was helping me . I was told the medicine would be ready in a few minutes , so I did some light shopping in your store . When I came back , the nice man who helped me was pushed aside - the medicine I had met him once before : I had come back to this particular drugstore several times in the last 3 days because they kept messing up my dad ’ s prescriptions . I would call ahead , asking them if they were ready , told they were , then went down there , only to find that they were n ’ t ready . By the 4th trip I was , understandably , annoyed and said so . In comes Sean , who proceeds to talk to me with sneering condescension , using long words , then telling me This time was even worse . He leaned over the counter , eyes wide and rift us smile in place and in what seemed like one breath he said the following ; ‘ I remember you and I remember your father . I ’ m the MANAGER here Now ! The last time your father came here the used words that could be considered ‘ A Threat ’ ( he used air quotes , as he said this in a rather sneering voice ) and as MANAGER I hope I do n ’ t have to have you and your All this while he leaned forward in a menacing and threatening manner , with his eyes wide and that creepy smile in place , doing his best to stare me down . I was astonished by his unprofessional behavior . He acted like he wanted me to take a swipe at him ( his coworkers leaned and moved away from him as he did all this ) , so he ’ d have an excuse to get security and have me either detained , kicked out or arrested , even though I had done nothing but pick up my dad I found out later that when my dad was there last , a woman cut in front of him and started yapping ( and NOT getting medicine ) with the pharmacist . After waiting several minutes and seeing no sign of the conversation ending any time soon , my dad walks with a cane and has pinched nerves and slipped disks and was at that moment in a LOT of pain ) called them on it - loudly . Sean came over and tried to do to my dad what he tried to do to me . All my dad didvwas point a finger at him and told him to Not talk to him like he ’ s stupid . And THIS , aparrantly is what Sean the ‘ Manager ’ took as a threat – an index finger . To be clear , Sean was ten six feet from my dad and behind a 3.5 foot high table and my dad ’ s crippled . I decided my father ’ s need for his medicine was more important to me that this Twits pathetic little power games , so I paid for them . As I was leaving , Sean threw one parting shot . He said , ‘ Have a Nice DAAAAAYYY ! ’ in a very nasty , sarcastic voice . I have NEVER in my life dealt with so unprofessional a person . Especially someone in the pharmaceutical profession . He is trying to be a bully . He is using his position to bully and intimidate customers ( and probably employees as well ) . Sean is a rude , skinny , insecure , condescending dude with a little man complex , who acts like he ’ s the size of Dwayne Johnson . It was rather creepy and VERY disappointing to see . Also , the other Safeway workers do n ’ t like him - at all In short , they think he ’ s a tool . Because of this , my father ( and the rest of my family ) has changed to Walgreens drugstore and vows to NEVER Set foot in that store again . I will continue to shop Safeway , but I too will never use the drugstore . They never have the medicine needed and if they do , it ’ s only a fraction . Add this to Sean and his attempts to intimidate paying customers and you get a serious loss of revenues . Herman February 17 , 2017 at 7 : 01 pm My name is Herman Stokes an I used to be an employee working for one of your stores in Mclean Virginia in 2015 and I was wondering if its possible if I can get a copy of my W2 s or how can I go about getting it Sharole November 26 , 2017 at 8 : 01 pm The IRS has a copy of the w2 information that was reported by your employer . Just call them and ask . If you need it for filing taxes , again , call IRS . They will send a whole transcript . Christine Karnofsky December 18 , 2016 at 5 : 17 pm I am appalled at Safeways lack of integrity ! We Californians voted to eliminate plastic bags from our stores . I live in King Beach , CA . At Lake Tohoe . Today shopping in Safeway saw that you are using plastic bags . Your staff told me they are biodegradable . THIS IS WRONG ! I will not continue to shop at your store as long as you continue this practice and I will do my utmost to pass the word on to others to discourage them from shopping at Safeway , as well . SHAME ON YOU SAFEWAY ! Takeshi December 28 , 2016 at 3 : 38 pm And i suppose youre also going to say that plastuc bag are made from fossil fuels still … Get over yourself . They charge per bag now so whybdo you care ? ? edward day September 23 , 2016 at 3 : 01 pm I am president of our local sun city roseville ca . softball club and we are having our 9th annual softball BBQon wednesday 28 Sept . I worked for safeway as a meat cutter and I have always respected safeway because thet worked with me while I went to college . This morning I went down to our local safeway on blue oaks in roseville and tried to order 76 bone - in new york steaks for our BBq and asked if I could get the sale price at 5.99 and come in on tuesday 27 Sep and pay for Carolyn July 7 , 2016 at 9 : 38 pm To fellow shoppers . Avoid shopping at the Safeway on Aptos , CA . It is very poorly managed and has been for the last several years . You will wait in long lines , especially just prior to the dinner hour . The employees wo n ’ t give you the name of the manager ; nor does anyone have a way for you to file a complaint . In contrast , the Safeway not five miles away in Soquel , CA is managed far more effectively . Whenever there is a line , they call for more checkers John Williams June 19 , 2016 at 3 : 51 pm So I never whine about local business issues , long annoying lines , not enough check out counters open at rush hour times . .all the things that do n ’ t cost me more that a few extra minutes or $ $ $ … but this kinda pisses me off . .when you date something that specifically states the packed on and use by dates . .then it does not sell , how can you ethically change those dates ? ? Purchased knowing that fresh baked goods have no preservatives and must be used as soon as possible . Sherry Ward May 13 , 2016 at 8 : 15 pm On the morning of Friday May 13 th my Dr office called a much needed prescription in for me to start taking so that I would be ready for surgery the following Friday . That prescription was called into your Arnold safeway drugstore by 10 : 30 am by my Dr himself . After spending much of the day at the hospital I finally was able to stop by the drugstore around 6PM only to be told very rudely that he did n ’ t have my prescription that it ’ s a very expensive script ( like you were Rick Harmon May 7 , 2016 at 6 : 03 pm Dear Safeway … I have been shopping with you since 1980 and now you wont let me into my Rewards account because my Vista / IE Explore 9 is too old . I cant get anything at a discount . Either you have to let me in or buy me a new computer or I will have to shop elsewhere . It breaks my heart and this is only happening to the poor people ; those who are rich always have the latest but the poor get aced out . Sad Rixk Harmon LMB May 6 , 2016 at 6 : 07 pm To whom it may concern , My son had worked at Safeway since Dec 2015 . The day he gave his two weeks ’ notice in a formal and signed letter , Zena apparently in management ( pronounced Cina or Sina ) treated him very disrespectfully , she raised her voice at him and scolded him for no apparent reason and then proceeded to defame him to his new employer causing him to lose his job at his new workplace . What happened was she was raising her voice to a fellow courtesy clerk at the front desk and in front of customers , my son looked in her direction to see what was happening and was snapped at . In a scolding tone she told him to mind his own business and to go stand in a place away from her conversation and wait for her . Shortly after she approached him stating that he was very disrespectful which in turn he replied that he was in no way disrespectful to anyone . She then told my son to take his vest off , clock out and go home . After the treatment he had received for some time and this episode on Saturday April 30th 2016 , he felt he had no other recourse but to relieve himself from the situation and therefore said he quit , clocked out and came home . Zena called his new employer Steve at Albertsons and told him my son walked out on them which is absolutely false ( Steve was a manager at this same Safeway and was now the director at Albertsons ) . Steve and was also the person that initially spoke to my son to hire him . Jesse from Albertsons called my son the day he was scheduled to go for his drug test , as he was already hired to work there , then proceeded to tell him he was no longer eligible and they wo n ’ t employ him After three days I called Jesse back and he stated that he was truly sorry and apparently the manager at Safeway ’ s perception of what happened is what was taken into consideration . He stated that he was sorry that this happened to my son because he is a great kid . Jesse continued on that Steve left him sticky notes for three individuals from that same Safeway with the message that they were no longer eligible for employment . He stated one did n ’ t show up , the other did n ’ t complete his or I thought I would let you know what happened in one of the stores you invest in . Management should encompass people and management skills , a level head , remain objective and empower employees . Not demean them ; embarrass them by yelling at them in front of coworkers and customers and let a management title cause the mistreatment of any direct reports . My son is a hard worker juggling school and work and is so bummed out because he did n ’ t do anything wrong . She defamed him and caused him to lose his new job . I left messages for a lady at the corporate HR department ( Jacqueline Jones ) in phoenix to file a grievance against Zena for her treatment against my son while working there and for the treatment on April 30th and have yet to receive a call back . My family has been faithful customer at Albertsons ( Jewel – Osco back in Illinois ) for many years and after this , I will no longer take my business there . Thank you for your time Charlotte Rapozo April 24 , 2016 at 4 : 51 pm I will no longer shop at Safeway , Kapaa , Hawaii 96746 , I feel Safeway is not fare to people of Hawaii . When logged to see who won Monopoly , there was not even 1 person from the State of Hawaii listed as a big winner . Do n ’ t try to tell me that you do n ’ t have control over where game pieces go that would even be worst and a lot of BS . I shop at Safeway almost every day and have been a loyal customer . But even though I have John B February 25 , 2016 at 3 : 56 am I wanted to thank you for the inconvenience for the last delivery attempt . When I followed up with the store to make sure you had the the item in stock and your store filling the order said they would make sure and if not in stock they would call me . I do n ’ t appreciate being lied to and foremost wasting my time . I specifically told your store if you do n ’ t have the item do not bother with the delivery . when the delivery driver showed up first question I had was do you have the item ( basil ) he responded no with that being said and lied too I refused the order . Because of your stores incompetency you have lost Diane Frijia January 25 , 2016 at 12 : 04 pm I am very disappointed in my local Safeway . The store recently had a promotion offering Cuisinart knives in exchange for purchases . There was a flyer where you collected a sticker for every $ 10 spent at the store . I usually shop at Safeway and even went there over the past few months instead of other stores just to collect the stickers . I took my flyer with stickers into the store on the last collection day and was told they were out of knives but would get more in the next day , and that the stickers Mary Pat McHenry April 25 , 2016 at 7 : 17 pm Hmmmm . , take this for what it ’ s worth from a ( former ) cashier @ the Burke , Va . , Safeway store . The “ cuisinart cutlery ” event was a very big success & at our store we too extended the ‘ redeem by ’ date , due to the overwhelming demand / response while we awaited addtl . , inventory , which we did receive , much to the satisfaction of our customers and for the unfortunate few that came in to our store ; # 1606 beyond that date , my fast thinking dian landis December 2 , 2015 at 1 : 50 pm My Safeway that Ishop at is on 107th ave . And Peoria . The people who work there were beyond kind to me the day before Thanksgiving . The manager Linda Amato deserves kudos . Someone over there has taught all of them to be kind . I had to call and complement the store , then I wanted all of you to know . Thanks , Dian Donny Blackburn November 19 , 2015 at 1 : 47 pm This letter is for Bob Miller , CEO . No others need respond . Safeway / Albertsons Customer Service has been no help . It ’ s taken me two hours this morning to get anyone in any “ corporate office ” to provide me with direct contact information for the leadership of your organization . Your corporate failures are running high in Arizona . The Albertsons - Hagen debacle was a huge mistake and a black eye for your company in our small community . One would think , an established company like Safeway would recognize what happens when local grocery stores get overly ambitious . Hagen learned that very quickly and will soon be out of the area altogether . Our Albertsons stores were popular and well supported locally . Now that the multi - chain ownership of the company is common knowledge we are seeing our local Safeway stores cutting portion sizes , Using the “ bakery ” ( as an example only ) , sizes have been dramatically reduced and prices raised . Local management is defensive when ask about the rational for these changes . Safeway ’ s days will be numbered if they do n ’ t address the changes customers are XXXXXXing about every day . Did you not learn anything from Hagen ’ s fate ? We lost two important Albertsons stores , saw Hagen go down in flames and wonder what , if anything , corporate will do to address the issue with it ’ s customers PLEASE take a real life look at what for your customers are saying , that is unless , the plan is to continue your corporate ambitions at the expense of actually being an important merchant in our community . The now “ fired ” CEO of Volkswagen apparently thought buying other “ unprofitable ” car companies and things like Ducati . That and other terrible choices brought him down and disgraced the brand . Bad choices can only yield bad results . Please focus on taking care of your clientele and recognizing that bean counter changes just do n ’ t work . I shop and have shopped for decades at the White Spar Safeway in Prescott , AZ . I like the people and the convenience of my local Safeway . Corporate policy changes are forcing me to try and gain the ear of a true corporate leader before I simply go elsewhere for my groceries . This letter is also going to our local paper . You are encouraged and welcome to send them your response . Your customers , in Northern Arizona , want to know what the plan is to restore customer confidence and healthy competition . Buying , selling and failing is n ’ t good PR for any retail business organization . This issue should not splash back on the hard working staff and management of our local Safeway stores . Our town is very concerned with the changes your corporate decisions have had on our small marketplace . Thank you for your personal attention . Donny Blackburn Prescott , AZ Theresa November 14 , 2015 at 11 : 18 pm I will not be surprised if Safeway shuts its doors for good here in Colorado . I have been a customer for 20 years until tonight . Safeway had already been sledding downhill fast , but sorry , I just ca n ’ t take the bad customer service and registers that are never open more than 2 at a time . So , tonight , my husband and I go to the deli for turkey & notice the 2 employees just standing there chatting about who knows what – the one is supposed to be working the deli and richard jones September 29 , 2015 at 12 : 16 pm On or about Sept . 1st my wife Jill had to pick up a prescription from them drugstore that her Doctor had called in . By mistake she did this not knowing we no longer had nothing to do with Vons here in Oakhurst Ca . She did receive the two prescriptions that her Doctor ordered . One had no information how to take the medication and one did . This was a new med she had never taken before and was never offered a consultation on it . It ’ s the LAW . To top it off in Anna September 22 , 2015 at 6 : 22 am I had a really bad experience at Safeway on 2ed in , Brentwood . , ca . I purchased Few items that was less than $ 22.00 with my debit . IM not a save way member . So I went to return my items and thought like every other store , they can tract it on my card . This mean lady Prejudice help me , her name was Sheri , with so much attitude , I said I would like to return the items & purchase something else , she said u need to be a Safeway member steve herrera July 22 , 2015 at 10 : 36 pm On several occasions I have witnessed several thefts from your store on Pacific Ave . in Stockton California . On this day Wednesday July 22 , 2004 , I witnessed two individuals walk out with several hundred dollars worth of merchandise I followed these thief ’ s at a safe distance and obtained their license plate number and called the Sheriff ’ s Dept . I have since learned that this particular store lost 600,000 dollars in theft . I know how these losses are recuperated which has prompted me to write you . I suggest that you hire an Joanne July 3 , 2015 at 6 : 59 pm Rude cashier at Redwood city Ca the store on the 1071El Camino her name is Marina . She not only slow but rude . Try to call store manage no one answers the phone . While my Ice cream was melting and waiting in line . After about 10 mins finally my turn , cashier dumps my small hand held basket to the side and mix my hot meal now looks like one big mess . She said she can have them make me a new one , I refuse because my Ice creams where melting . Then she said peagler June 10 , 2015 at 2 : 01 am Safeway is on the same poor low standards as a Walmart these days . It has definitely got worse over the past couple years . I no longer as well as my family and friends shop there under any cirXXXXstances . That company is horrible , and should really be ashamed of the treatment of their customers and recently now employees . Pathetic and disappointing . And Starbucks corporation should remove their name from a large company who constantly defamed it in many different ways . Shelia Cafferty June 4 , 2015 at 5 : 20 pm I was hoping I could be referred to someone that handles marketing & events for Safeway . We are hosting the annual Gluten Free Food Allergy Fest in Portland and would love to have Safeway be a part of this event . Looking forward to hearing back from someone soon ! Thank You , Shelia Cafferty 317 - 771 - * * * * Sherrie Brown April 29 , 2015 at 12 : 43 am First of all let me say that I have been a LOYAL Safeway customer for over 30 years and my mother all her life . Recently I walked out of a Safeway with an energy drink in hand and some cat food under my arm along with my phone , my table , several other things . I was talking on the phone to my husband who was outside in the truck with our small child asking him to meet me inside to pay for LARGE CART of groceries I parked at the door before exiting the store to flag I am DISGUSTED at the poor judegement of Safeway . They are willing to loose a good lifetime customer who spends and average of $ 8000 per year at their store rather than let me pay for the items that I had not a chance to pay for yet . I was even more HORRIFIED to receive a Civil Demand for $ 300 from a law firm demanding payment within 20 days ! $ 300 for less than $ 10 of items that were returned is ROBBERY ! ! ! Safeway , you should be ASHAMED ! Worse yet , we have been attempting to call for 2 days and NO ONE will return our call . It ’ s just plain bad for business to punish law abiding shoppers who help to make SAfeway corporation the Giant money maker that they are ! Coud someone please email me and let me know how to have this civil demand dropped and return us to the valuable Safeway Shoppers that we are / were ? ? ? An apology would n ’ t hurt either . Party Anderson July 2 , 2015 at 3 : 42 pm Your husband sat outside with the money while you shopped for an hour ? Not to mention leaving the store with unpaid items ? Sounds fishy . You got pretty much what you deserved . Does hubby always hold the food money hostage ? J August 9 , 2015 at 8 : 11 pm Party Anderson , you must NOT have a husband ! Many women shop while husband is in the car waiting . There ’ s nothing wrong with that ! I doubt she was stealing such menial items . I hate when people act as if a man is doing something wrong , when in fact he is just being a man . When a woman gets hit and her purse snatched , the first person she cries to is a … policeMAN ! LOL jonathan beral March 21 , 2015 at 2 : 19 am to whom it may consern : plase contact me at my email when you can this is regarding somthing personal . thanks , jonathan Sarah March 19 , 2015 at 6 : 23 pm Sir , Safeway in Coolidge , AZ . need ’ s electric carts bad . am tired of getting stuck with Grov . and no way nor help to get another cart . .the one ’ s they have are a wreck … that ’ s why most people that need a cart to shope are going to wal mart . .and I am going to join them . am so tired of this crap … like safeway but not worth the problems with cart ’ s … … Please do something . .mangers in store ca n ’ t Maria O . Mendez February 22 , 2015 at 3 : 25 am Claim # L1385192 February 21 , 2015 To Safeway Claims department , On February 12th 2015 around 6 : 15pm an incident happened at one of your grocery store in Fremont . This incident resulted in a very minor injury on my ankle but my complaint is mostly about being unfairly treated by your employees . I wish to talk to someone that can help me immediately about my claim . If you would please contact me a.s.a.p. that would be nice because I ’ ve already talked to Ashlee Jensen the Casualty Claims Examiner III but she was not very helpful . My next step was to discuss this problem this Thank you , Maria O . Mendez Annette February 4 , 2015 at 8 : 14 pm I was an employee at Safeway in Bend Oregon for 3 years . I only have long term employment with outstanding references . I have never been treated worse . I was promised many times to up my wages from 9.35 to at least 11.00 … i was in charge in the evenings and my responsibility level grew from hard enough to extreme . I was up for the challenge and did an amazing job . I was pushed out and harassed by a young man whom just started and lied . The community in Bend calls the store “ cindy January 26 , 2015 at 2 : 58 am I am very concerned regarding the treatment of a disabled young adult working as a courtesy clerk in Sacramento , Ca . I have been trying to reach corporate but it seems impossible , my next step is Americans with disabilities as maybe they can get someone to listen . Jeff James catstllo January 19 , 2015 at 1 : 05 pm Save mart says your company sucks fools sam r zavala November 14 , 2014 at 11 : 22 am Im a costumer to the 645 san antonio rd safeway in mountain view california . so this men AUGUSTO BARBOSA a costumer service employee .I know this guy but we are not friends . He sais hello to me wile shooping whit my son . he maid a pretty abset comment about a family member . he thinks he is funny so i had to call corporate to report the insiden . I want to make sure im hurd . thak you safeway . Personaly i like the store . Very nice store i like the 2 level parking and Patty Anderson July 2 , 2015 at 3 : 48 pm Looks like you need spell check . Good luck on anyone taking you serous if you ca n ’ t even take the time to present yourself with accuracy . Ms Mitchell October 9 , 2014 at 1 : 42 am To whom this may concern I am a customer with Safeway store # 1110 on 1546 N . Main Street Salinas Ca . 93906 I often shop at your store and spend a good amount of money when i come , this particular time i came WHICH IS NOT THE FIRST TIME but i purchased a magazine in the store for a family member who is bed bound and I bought the wrong magazine 15 minutes later I go to return it and the lady at the register named Maria was not very courteous but she never really is , Lynn Joseph September 22 , 2014 at 2 : 08 pm I work across from a Safeway store in Denver on the 1600 South block of Colorado Blvd 303.691.2960 . The store is extremely poorly staffed and managed and the store is not clean . But , I ’ m writing because when I need to go to the ‘ Customer Service Desk ’ there is usually a sign that says ‘ CLOSED ’ . When I mentioned this to ‘ Josh ’ he told me they have meetings in the store and to contact the Safeway Headquarters with my ‘ complaint ’ . I have NEVER experienced such poor service Regina August 13 , 2014 at 10 : 31 pm I have been an Active Duty Military member for 12yrs and I am very disappointed in SAFEWAY ! My family had to relocate from the South to Northwest and my husband got hired by SAFEWAY as LP officer in our new location . He was only two weeks into his OJT and received a phone call telling him that the SAFEWAY Corporate Office had a meeting that day and needed a budget cut and they had to cut all LP positions . Due to this my husband is out of a job and ca n ’ t find other work Elicia July 22 , 2014 at 12 : 23 am My incident occurred 5 / 24 / 2014 at the walnut reek store located 600 S broadway , walnut creek ca . My daughter and I were approached by a courtesy clerk about parking due to we were returning from Nordstom which is located across the street . Due to the fact I was also shopping at safeway I did not see a problem with where I parked . E clerk stated that as a courtesy he would ask that I not park at safeway to shop at Nordstom , I told the clerk thank you and that I would also going to shop at safeway and proceeded to get in my car to move it closer to safeway doors and the Before I could get my door closed I can hear the clerk yell ” I do n ’ t know why you XXXXXing XXXXXXXXs parked here anyway ” ! My daughter exited the car to asked him what he said , although he said it loud enough for onlooker to turn and stare , I wanted to see if I heard him correctly . Instead he grabbed at his privet parts and told my teenaged daughter to ” suck his penis ! ” Distraught and embarrassed I immediately pulled to the first park I saw at the front of the store and went for help , totally not believing what just happend . As I exited my car this employee was also entering the store , he headed to the back and I headed to the nearest register to ask for a manager . By the time the manager approached the employee was back asking that the police be called . Not sure if that happened . What did happen was the store manager Ben Beede took me outside in front of the store doors where a steady flow of Caucasian customer are walking in and out , no privacy , no pen , no paper and proceeds to ask what happened ? As I began to explain my duress , I am accosted by a Caucasian about where I parked to go get help ! Store manager been is survey the parking lot 30 minutes later i had made t home and was able to calm my daughter down , I called back to the store and spoke to Gerald Washington who advise that Ben Beede was gone he was a manager . I gave him a little insight to the situation , advised him that be did not ask for or get my information . Gerald took my information and advised that Darcie Shoen would contact me after the holiday weekend . 5 / 27 / 2014 Darcie Shoen contacted me apologized for the incident and advised me that I would hear from Dena . 5 / 28 / 2014 Deena called and basically wanted a brief summary of the incident , which I relayed to her . During he conversation she advised that the employee had been terminated and that did not represent safeway company in any form and that I worecieved a call rom district manager Kevin Lovell . I said ” ok ” but , advised Deena that at the time of the incident , that employee did represent safeway he was on the clock and in full uniform . 6 / 16 I have I not received a call from Kevin Lovell as I was told by Deena . Called into safeway headquarters located in Pleasanton Ca , I was told Kevin was out of town and would call back . A few hour later Kevin did call back advising me hat he was not aware that I was expecting a call back . We had a brief conversation where he advised he was out of town and would make further contact upon his return 6 / 19 / 2014 . 6 / 19 / 2014 Kevin Lovell called back and again I had to relive to horror , humiliation , and embarrassment and I told Kevin what me and my daughter went through on 5 / 23 . He told me the employee he been terminated , apologized , asked what amount of compensation I was looking for ? I told him that maybe he should speak to someone and make me an offer since every step of this process they have admitted fault / guilt regarding the incident . 6 / 20 / 2014 Kevin called back he asked I ’ ve been a . Customer of safeway for the last 25 + years and my parents before that , I can not believe the racism allowed in major corporations in 2014 . Since no one did anything further to rectify the situation , I am currently seeking legal help Latasha May 5 , 2014 at 10 : 23 pm On dec . 23rd 2013 someone wrecked me and my kissing a car accident . After we were discharged we stopped at Safeway from a block away from a town house we only just moved into 4 days prior . The doc said we should walk for blood flow . Plus our car was gone so we had no choice . We needed air anywAy . We also had no groceries and we were hungry . So as we walk into safewAy on north Fremont Monterey . ca I can hardly tell what the custumer service sign above said acrossfr seal May 5 , 2014 at 11 : 21 am Contact Safeway human resources . Then get your own lawyer and move forward with what you need . Ashley April 28 , 2014 at 10 : 09 pm Had the worst experience in Safeway today ! Location was Tucson , AZ Campbell & Broadway . I had decided to try this location out because my normal store has been out of the 2 items I have been looking for all week . At no surprise this location was out as well , so when I went up to the customer service for rain checks Andrea ( lady at customer service ) told me “ no I could n ’ t have a rain check because she knows there are some in the store & to go back and K S Langford May 19 , 2014 at 10 : 28 am Ashley – I shop at the Safeway on Grant & Craycroft . Employees there are the best . Could be – since there ’ s never many customers – they have the time to be nice . It ’ s pretty far away from you tho . The Safeway on Sunrise & Swan is big & everyone says hello there . Be glad you do n ’ t shop at my old “ upscale ” Safeway in CA . NEVER any place to park & you take your life in your hands trying to get from the parking lot to Vicki Avila April 22 , 2014 at 12 : 22 am Today 4 / 21 / 2014 I went into the Safeway in Mount Vernon , Washington to take advantage of the ham still on sale for $ 1.29 . They only had whole hams left at that price , so I picked one and went to the butcher to have it cut in half , which I have done in the past with many large cuts of meat at Safeway … I was told by the female butcher that 3 days before Easter a memo came down from corporate that stated that they could no longer cut ham for customers P.S. I picked a very nice looking ham , it was the smallest whole one there and with the size of my family a 1 / 2 of ham is too big , but deal with it … by sending home leftovers with children and grandschildren … I am looking forward to your reply … Sincerely , Vicki Rajiv and Tetiana April 3 , 2014 at 5 : 23 am To Mr Robert L .Edwards The CEO & President 5918 Stoneridge Mall Rd , Pleasanton , CA - 94588 - 3229 Legal : Harassment by Store Staff to a Customer - Request Formal complaint and Investigation . Dear Robert L . Edwards , on Wednesday night / on April 02nd , and Thursday morning at 12.45 I went to store as I always do , there was lots of work going on , Jonathan , came up very rudely and used abusive words and said why are you shopping , here go to Walmart , I was shocked with his behavior , I told him the store is till open , and I am shopping , after that I put merchandise in my cart and was checking out well before 1am , and he said well you complained against me in past , He is also disgruntled because ehe had applied job with us , but due to his girl friends poor performance , and back biting Safeway , we had refused employment . He said he can do anything as he does n ’ t have anyone on top of him , that night . He was very unprofessional in past and a complaint was filed , that ’ s the reason , he was finding a opportunity to hurt our feelings and harassing us , we are regular customers of Safeway , and this is very wrong . We want to file a formal and legal legal complaint , although he said he is union member and no one can fire him or take any action against him . This is USA and its a very serious matter . Also all recording for the same incident are requested . We did n ’ t even complain about the dust and noise in the store , all other staff members in store are very nice , but we have also heard from other member ’ s , he is been hiring family and friends from the closed Albertsons and cutting the hours of good employees . This is very unprofessional . We request a through investigation and want to file a formal complaint , MR Rick was there present in later part when he was snatching cart and literally pushing He is causing loss and a very bad reputation to the store , I am business owner and treat customers with respect . Also I am US Veteran and Still serving in reserves and a very honest citizen and a integral part of local society . Also we will request all legal fees and damages up to $ 1000 , 000 if no action is taken against the person who harassed us , physically and mentally . How can you keep such night shift managers ? Copy of this letter is requested to CEO and CFO of the company . I have a MBA and a BSC , my spouse has masters in Sciece , we are really shocked with this behavior , and scared to go to the store , he was very rude and mean and harrsed us so much . Our club card is under number ph # 7065890768 God Bless United States Of America ! Sincerely , Rajiv and Tetiana Bhardwaj 706 - 589 - XXXXX - cell 541 - 276 - XXXXX - fax incident time12 . 45 on Wednesday night at Safeway Store 201 / 203 SW 20th St , Pendleton - OR - 97801 Emailed and faxed Pl Fwd Copy to CFO Rich Martinez March 22 , 2014 at 7 : 46 pm I bought some Hormel bacon at a Safeway Store in Colo . Springs Colo about two weeks ago . I opened a package to fry three slices . It did n ’ t fry up very good so I decided to take it back with two unopened packages for a refund . I was asked for my receipt which I did n ’ t have . The customer service employee told me she would refund me on the two but would not refund on the one that was missing three slices . I asked her if Safeway no longer had Blake Hannigan February 20 , 2014 at 11 : 38 pm I was in the los gatos union ave store at 8pm on Feb 20 . There were more than 10 people in line waiting , The only line open was the express lane . Andrew the checker was rude and not in a hurry to help customers . When asked about getting more help he told us that if we complained he would refuse to help us and have us thrown out of the store , and if we did not like it we could leave . I worked for Safeway for ten years and we would never treat a katarina dunmar January 22 , 2014 at 7 : 35 pm hello is there anyway to contact corporate office if a person is interested in forming an alliance with safeway ? i am interested in doing business with safeway it is difficult to know how to form a contract or good deal without the proper meeting / contract with appropriate management and executive teamworks ’ i have business proposal Karen Love January 20 , 2014 at 10 : 08 pm I was in a Safeway in Kent Washington and slipped and fell on a puddle of water that was in the middle of the floor . I was getting yogurt and slipped . While on the floor I noticed that there were three rolls of paper towels stuffed under the cool and they had soaked up all the water they could , the rest formed a puddle in the middle of the floor . I now have a $ 320 dollar doctor bill that Safeway says they are not responsible . I would like to talk to someone about this martha January 9 , 2014 at 5 : 01 pm I live in Pollock Pines Ca 95726 , I go to your Starbucks everyday same drink for the last 8 years . First off , your manager Ashley , is rude and condisending to other employees in the kiosk , she does not smile or even guive customers the time of day , she is too busy ridiculing other employees . this is not exceptable and very uncomfortable to me as a customer and im sure to others . Next for the last 6 drinks i have gotten in there they have been made wrong by an employee named Sarah Jacinta Parker August 25 , 2013 at 5 : 56 pm Good Afternoon , My name is Jacinta Parker residing in Maryland . I would like to report an accident with one of your drivers where I was rammed into and knocked into a guard rail on the highway . I would like to make a formal complaint and speak with someone during normal business hours . I have lacerations to the back of my head and my neck and shoulder are both out of place . It is my hope that I will be put in touch with a live person at the Corporate HQ office tomorrow morning to go into greater detail Terrance Orton June 17 , 2013 at 11 : 22 pm In light of the upcoming GMO labeling initiative in Washington state ( which is going to pass ) What are you doing to increase and price level food offering of organics in your stores ? I see huge amounts of cancerous Monsanto items on your shelves , but very few Healthy choices at reasonable prices . Are you looking to lose business to Fred Meyer ? They actually care about their customers health . Kelly Carrizosa June 7 , 2013 at 6 : 09 pm I am on hold for the third time this week attempting to reach someone on the 1 . 877 . SAFEWAY number . So far , it has been 22 mins . The first 2 times I called , I exercised option # 1 to leave a message for someone to return my call . No one did . I am hoping that this message will get seen and someone will contact me . Previous post : Herbalife Corporate Office Next post : Papa Johns Corporate Office
|
[
"Safeway Corporate Office"
] |
http://corpun.com/counuks.htm
|
External links on this page were all working in October - December 2018 . UNITED KINGDOM : School CP Corporal punishment in British state schools , and also in private schools receiving any element of public funding , was banned by parliament in 1987 . For an overview of the events leading up to abolition , and its aftermath , see a Jan 2007 newspaper article , " Sparing the rod " In the remaining private schools it was banned in 1999 in England and Wales , 2000 in Scotland , and 2003 in Northern Ireland . Most had anticipated the legislation and abandoned CP voluntarily several years earlier . A few Christian private schools held out , and fought the ban through the courts , ultimately without success ( see links below ) . What did CP in British schools involve ? There is no single , simple answer . This page is mainly about state schools in England and Wales . Because Scotland has its own distinct education system with different traditions , there is a separate article about CP in Scottish schools . Private schools , about which even fewer generalisations are possible , will have to await separate treatment elsewhere . ( But see this 1973 newspaper article for a round - up of the caning situation then prevailing at seven " top " private schools . ) The state education system in England and Wales used to be highly decentralised , and there were always wide variations of practice between schools , even between different schools of the same kind in the same area . The only rule laid down by central government was that all formal CP was supposed to be recorded in a punishment book . ( 1 ) ( 1 ) Department of Education , Administrative Memorandum 531 , 1956 ( but this was only a codification of a requirement laid down much earlier ) . The 100 + local education authorities ( LEAs ) in England and Wales - - created in 1902 to replace the old local school boards - - formulated their own rules , or in some cases decided not to have any rules . ( 2 ) These varied a lot , but most were not very specific about the modus operandi . It is easier to list the few maverick oddities than to try to summarise the majority : thus , the tawse was specified instead of the cane in a handful of places , including Newcastle , Gateshead , Manchester ( which changed over from the cane in 1907 ) , and Walsall . Just one LEA , Coventry , bizarrely required all canings for both sexes , even at secondary level , to be applied to offenders ' hands and not to their backsides . Two others , Kingston and Richmond , in my view much more sensibly , came close to saying the opposite - - that caning of the hands was strongly discouraged as potentially injurious . ( 3 ) Richmond was also unusual in adding that girls , unlike boys , must not be caned at all , though they could be slapped with the open hand . ( 2 ) Under Section 23 of the Education Act 1944 . ( 3 ) A point of view dating back at least to 1903 Only two LEAs laid down a maximum number of strokes ( East Sussex , 3 strokes ; Durham , 6 strokes ) . 18 required the act to be done in private ; 10 mandated a witness to be present . About half of all LEAs said that only women teachers could punish girls , but only two , Inner London and Oxfordshire , also laid down that only men could cane boys . Some ( Barnet , Brent , Clwyd , Derbyshire , Mid - Glamorgan , Oxfordshire ) forbade the caning of girls other than on their hands while explicitly stating that boys could be disciplined either on clothed buttocks . Some LEAs confined themselves to prohibiting teachers from hitting pupils ' heads or boxing their ears . Some restricted the number of staff permitted to inflict CP , e.g. to the head teacher and those specifically delegated by him or her . At least one ( Bradford ) laid down that the punishment must follow as soon as possible after the offence . Three ( Newcastle , Shropshire , Wiltshire ) said just the opposite : that there should be a cooling - off period before discipline was administered . ( 4 ) ( 4 ) Guide to LEAs ' Corporal Punishment Regulations in England and Wales , Society of Teachers Opposed to Physical Punishment , Croydon , 1979 . All that was the situation as at 1979 . LEA rules from earlier periods include the long - defunct Middlesex in 1950 ( girls to be caned " only in exceptional circumstances " and only on the hands ; boys could be caned on the hands or buttocks ) and Somerset in 1954 ( CP only as a last resort ; girls to be caned only in extreme cases , and never by male teachers ) . There had been disputes about CP since the early days of universal state education . In this 1894 court case , a clearly out - of - control teacher was successfully prosecuted and fined for assault . It is interesting that the judge in that case deprecated caning on the hands and boxing the ears , and said they were " exceedingly dangerous forms of punishment " . He went on to observe that " nature provided a special place for boys to be punished upon and it should be used " . Much more often , though , in the rare instances where corporal punishment cases reached the stage of prosecution , heads and teachers were vindicated by the courts , which generally upheld the punishment as " reasonable " and therefore lawful . For some early such cases , see this Dec 1900 news item and this May 1903 one ( the latter being interesting also for its use by the magistrate of the colloquial term " to be swished " meaning to be caned ) and this Nov 1933 one . Another example is this 1937 appeal hearing , in which a headmaster ' s conviction for assault was overturned , even though the caned boy was said in evidence to be severely bruised . So too is this 1945 case in which a bare - bottom slippering at a prep school was held not to be excessive or unreasonable . And in this Aug 1959 case , a six - whack slippering for a 12 - year - old was deemed reasonable by magistrates . But anti - CP campaigners used to complain that aggrieved parents rarely got a fair hearing in the courts . Of course , we must always remember that the CP cases that got into the courts and hence into the newspapers were , more or less by definition , highly untypical . The idea of parental consent was largely unknown , but a few schools did send a letter home with the student after the event , or listed the punishments received in the pupil ' s end - of - term report . More often , though , " getting the cane " was a punishment that ( unlike detention ) at least had the advantage , from the student ' s point of view , that with any luck one ' s parents might not get to hear about it . Any individual school could choose not to use CP . Some 20 % of secondary schools did so in the 1970s , according to informal guesstimates by STOPP . The remainder were spread between those where canings took place every day and those where CP was almost unheard of , with every possible variation in between . Among the majority of mainstream state secondary schools , caning ( usually across the seat of a bending student ' s trousers ) had been particularly prevalent in boys - only schools of all types , from mediaeval grammar schools ( 5 ) to brand - new secondary moderns . ( 5 ) But the old boys ' grammar schools , like most of the independent schools , would generally have used the birch until the mid - to late 19th century . Manchester Grammar School was exceptional in going back from caning to birching in 1904 and in 1907 staunchly defending the practice as greatly preferable to caning . It is not clear how long this eccentric policy lasted : MGS seems to have reverted to caning by the postwar era and was certainly using the cane in the 1970s . Records show that third - , fourth - and fifth - formers ( ages 13 to 16 inclusive ) were by far the most frequent recipients . The caning of sixth - formers ( up to and including age 18 ) was much less common , but by no means unknown , as in this 1959 grammar - school case and at two Croydon boys ' schools as late as the early 1980s . Probably the most popular caning offence was smoking . Other crimes normally punished corporally included bullying , cheating , insolence , missing detention , and truancy . Lesser sins in very many boys ' schools were often dealt with by a slippering ( see below ) . Rugby at a traditional boys ' school in the 1960s . " Getting your detentions caned off " was an offer aimed especially at sportsmen at some schools , where the student ' s presence at an important match , which he would otherwise miss , might be crucial . Some of the rugby shorts seen here probably cover painful " tramlines " acquired during a recent visit to the headmaster ' s study - - in some cases perhaps voluntarily . As far as is known , corporal punishment was nowhere systematically made a matter of choice either for parents or students , as is now routine in some American schools . However , there was one element of " voluntary CP " at some state boys ' schools , like Maidenhead Grammar School ( as also at some independent schools , such as Emanuel School in London ) , where it was understood that a student who had accumulated other punishments , such as detentions or impositions , could at any time present himself at the headmaster ' s office and apply to be " swished " instead . The request , if granted , would be fulfilled forthwith , and the slate thereby wiped clean . The culprit would emerge sore and stinging , but with suddenly a lot more free time . This optional facility was known as " getting your detentions caned off " . At secondary level , a rattan cane perhaps 36 to 40 inches in length would be a typical implement , especially for punishing boys . If administered vigorously , this would leave painful weals or " tramlines " across the student ' s posterior lasting several days , and often some bruising as well . The cane was also not uncommon , at least up to the late 1970s , in many mixed - sex schools , whether comprehensive or other , though boys invariably needed a lot more disciplining than girls . In these schools the punishment might be applied either to hands ( especially in the case of girls ) or to behinds , often depending on the whim of the teacher . Anecdotal evidence suggests that boys were likely to be caned harder than girls . Concern had been raised among doctors as long ago as 1934 about the possible medical dangers of caning schoolgirls , who ( it was suggested ) might well be suffering nervous strain and / or pain already as a consequence of menstruation . Opinions seem to have differed quite widely ; at all events , the national authorities remained unpersuaded that CP for girls should be banned altogether , though one or two LEAs did so , and several others strongly discouraged it . The new Sex Discrimination Act generated a certain amount of nonsense in the tabloid press in early 1976 , with speculation that girls would thenceforth have to be caned as much as boys . In fact it had no such effect , and the Head Teachers ' union advised its members to continue to be " cautious " about using CP on girls . A retrospective myth seems to have grown up in some quarters that this issue was one of the causes of eventual total abolition , but I know of absolutely no evidence for this claim . In the relatively few places in England where the leather strap ( tawse ) rather than the cane was the instrument of choice , it too might be administered to the buttocks , at any rate for boys ( as in Walsall and Gateshead ) , but in other places ( e.g. Newcastle ) this was given to both sexes on the hands , as in Scotland . In Manchester it seems to have been left up to individual schools , with a culprit at boys - only establishments such as St Augustines RC being asked to bend over a chair to be strapped , while his opposite number at one of the city ' s mainstream co - ed schools would often have to hold out his hands , following the Newcastle / Scotland model . A humorous take on how to bend over for the cane , from Terry Deary , " Cruel Crime And Painful Punishment " , illustrated by Mike Phillips , in the " Horrible Histories " series , Scholastic Children ' s Books , London , 2002 . " Bend over ! " was the traditional command to a pupil about to receive posterial discipline , but there was no consensus across different schools as to how this should be done . One common method was to have the offender stretch across a desk , as in the fictional film still reproduced at the top of this page ( from Melody , 1971 ) . A variation on this is described in our article on Sharmans Cross High School in Solihull . Some teachers required students to touch their toes , as illustrated on the front cover of the STOPP booklet shown above ; this presented a particularly taut target ( in fact too much so , according to some practitioners ) , but it had the disadvantage of lacking stability - - the recipient might fall forwards with nothing to hold on to . Probably the most frequently used aid to punishment was a chair . The student might be told to stand in front of it and put his or her hands or elbows on the seat , or By the late 1960s the traditional " six of the best " had given way in most places to milder penalties of only two or three strokes as the norm , though to some extent this was compensated for by the fact that , with the advent of synthetic textiles , trouser material became significantly thinner in the 1960s . Underwear , too , got briefer and more lightweight as fashions changed . Other things being equal , each stroke of the cane was therefore sharper in its effect than in the days when trousers were made of wool and underpants of heavy flannel . At many schools these formal canings tended to be administered privately , often in the head ' s office or the staffroom . " Public " ceremonies of formal caning in front of the whole school were rare in modern times , though not completely unknown . ( One education committee , Romford in Essex , unusually banned public CP in 1961 after six girls were caned in front of 600 schoolmates . ) Some schools did cane in classrooms or halls or corridors , witnessed by whoever happened to be present . It depended partly on who was allowed to use the cane : in some places all teachers were permitted to do so , other schools restricted it to the head and deputy head , or perhaps to senior teachers or heads of department only . Again , practice varied widely . More informally , the " slipper " - - something of a euphemism : in fact it was normally a big , heavy gym shoe or plimsoll - - was widely used for instant , unofficial discipline over the clothed seat of both sexes ( though , again , many more boys than girls ) , typically in the presence of classmates . Most teachers would hold the implement by its heel and apply the sole to the offender , but some maintained that it was even more effective the other way round , with the heavier heel end being the part that made contact . In Although there was usually less ceremony about it than the cane , the slipper , if wielded sufficiently enthusiastically , could deliver a salutary lesson . Certainly a hard slippering of several whacks would be eye - wateringly more painful than a feeble caning , and could leave the student ' s backside bruised for a day or two . A few schools made the slipper their " official " implement , administered it formally in the office , entered the slipperings in the punishment book , and did not use the cane at all . But this was fairly unusual , and the majority of slipperings in British schools went unrecorded . If challenged on the legality of this , teachers would probably claim that they did not need to be entered in the book because they did not constitute formal CP . This article gives a first - person account of slippering practice at a traditional boys ' grammar school ( ages 11 to 18 inclusive ) in the 1960s , at which the cane was administered in the office for serious offences , but the slipper , applied in the classroom by individual teachers , was much more prevalent . This kind of arrangement seems to have been typical of many secondary schools . The article is illustrated with pictures of a gym shoe said to have been used for the purpose at a different school in the 1970s . See also this May 1978 news item about unofficial slippering at a famous boys ' comprehensive school in inner London . This was a rare case of the media writing about the existence of the slipper in their coverage of school CP , which usually dealt only with the cane . In this instance the local newspaper evidently thought it remarkable ; but journalists have more often than not been poorly informed on these matters , and the anecdotal evidence suggests that there were more , maybe a lot more , slipperings than canings in English schools , at least in the 1960s and 1970s . In this article about a secondary modern school in Norfolk in the 1950s , it is claimed that boys were slippered hard on the backside , sometimes with " six of the best " , while girls were rulered on their hands . The article makes no mention of caning . CP in girls - only schools was , by all accounts , very rare . There was the odd exception like Northwich Girls ' Grammar School ; but even there , the formidable Miss Janet Dines claimed she had hardly used the cane in ten years before the event that got her into all the papers in 1976 . In primary schools ( ages 5 to 11 ) , and in the pre - 1950s all - through elementary schools ( age up to 13 ) , slapping with the hand , applied to bottoms or hands or arms or legs , appears to have been the physical punishment of choice . One also hears of rulers having been rapped across knuckles , but I am not sure if this was common . Slippering and caning were used to some degree , but the cane here was more likely to be applied , if at all , to the palm of the these punishment book extracts show " Pants - down " punishment , not unknown in some private schools , was almost unheard of in the state sector in relatively modern times , especially from the 1960s onwards . Even if it was not explicitly forbidden anywhere , the authorities probably would not have tolerated it . Probably the most significant exception is that gym / PE teachers , at any rate in some boys ' secondary schools , would occasionally mete out slipperings in the changing room , where recipients might happen to be in a state of undress at the crucial moment . It was a mild example of what Another marked difference from the private sector is that few state schools in the modern era allowed prefects ( selected senior pupils ) to administer CP . Some old - established boys ' secondary grammar schools , such as Stamford Grammar School , did so until around the middle of the 20th century . An outlier in this regard was Royal Grammar School in High Wycombe , where big boys were empowered to formally slipper smaller ones until as recently as 1965 . ( At my own similarly ancient grammar school , this practice was always said to have been stopped in the 1940s . ) Of course , a prefect in any school could always send an errant student to the headmaster , which at some schools would automatically mean a caning , and in some cases the prefect might be a witness to the castigation . Also , some schools , even new - built comprehensive ones , introduced a system of " students ' courts " at which a recommendation for CP might be one of the " sentencing " options available , but this was subject to confirmation by the teachers in charge , and it would be a member of staff who delivered the actual punishment . I have heard of at least one Birmingham secondary modern school in the 1960s where this caning allegedly took place " there and then " , in front of the members of the " court " , but I suspect this , if true , was quite unusual . It can not be emphasised too strongly that these are all broad generalisations , to which exceptions could always be found . A left - wing back - bench move in Parliament to ban CP at national level failed by 181 votes to 120 in 1976 . Attempts to push through local bans in Cardiff ( 1968 ) and Liverpool had both collapsed in the face of hostility from head teachers . No LEA banned corporal punishment altogether until 1979 / 80 , when three Labour - controlled outer London boroughs took the abolitionist plunge , followed more famously in 1981 by the huge , Labour - controlled Inner London Education Authority ( ILEA ) , which covered 12 London boroughs , a population of nearly 3 million , and getting on for 1,000 schools . The ILEA had already banned CP in primary schools with effect from 1973 . Several more Labour - controlled LEAs followed suit in the early 1980s . It is a matter of conjecture how much part the anti - CP organisation STOPP played in causing this snowballing trend . Certainly , from the late 1970s onwards , it put out plenty of controversial propaganda , especially in the form of letters to local newspapers , but there is some evidence that the real push for abolition within a number of LEAs came rather more from leftwing Labour councillors in collaboration with a far - left ginger group within the National Union of Teachers ( NUT ) called " Rank and File " , with which STOPP ' s ( always small ) membership somewhat overlapped . To put this in context , it should be remembered that the 1970s and early 1980s in Britain was a period when the far left was successfully infiltrating Many NUT members in the union ' s mainstream , and certainly the great majority of members of all the other teaching unions , were not at all in favour of abolition . ( 6 ) NUT ' s main rival , the more male - dominated NASUWT , ( 7 ) campaigned aggressively in favour of keeping the cane . NASUWT members tended to complain that NUT was much too dominated by female primary - school teachers who had no experience of the problems facing teaching staff in tough secondary schools . ( 6 ) Back in 1914 that same union went so far as to claim that all teachers , not just head teachers , had the right to cane , and that this right " must not be interfered with by local regulations " - - a position they never in fact achieved . ( 7 ) National Association of Schoolmasters / Union of Women Teachers . This campaign gave rise to a joke on the left of the NUT that NASUWT stood for " National Association of Sadists and Union of Women Torturers " . Headmasters , too , could be robust in defence of their right to use corporal punishment , as seen in this June 1968 report from their annual conference . It is a myth that abolition was overwhelmingly demanded by school pupils themselves . True , a flurry of activity by the very short - lived " Schools Action Union " in 1972 briefly gained some press publicity , but this was a tiny , and almost certainly highly unrepresentative , group based entirely in a small number of London schools and manipulated , if not indeed created , by older students on the far left . Then in 1977 / 78 came the National Union of School Students , marginally longer - lasting but scarcely any more representative of pupils generally . It campaigned more against unofficial and irregular CP , as in this Aug 1977 report this May 1978 one , than against CP as a whole . A 1977 survey of young people found that half of them were in favour of retaining CP at school , including many who had themselves been caned or strapped . Over a quarter of a century after CP was removed from state schools in 1987 , there is still a lack of consensus on the issue , with many parents commentators , some teachers community leaders and even young people continuing to believe that moderate and properly regulated caning ( or belting , in Scotland ) helped to maintain order , and was a much more constructive response to serious misdeeds than suspension or expulsion , which merely grant a " holiday " to those who refuse to behave . Clearly , it is widely felt that the anarchy and chaos now evidently prevailing in so many state schools - - and the poor educational standards that result - - are due at least in part to the enforced absence of corporal punishment . Others , though , including probably most politicians and " experts " , will still defend abolition as the right decision on balance , or at least as inevitable under European human rights legislation . The only thing on which everybody seems to agree is that , for better or worse , there is no realistic prospect of CP ever being restored in Britain . In 2008 a new round of controversy over the issue was set off when a survey found that one teacher in five , and almost a quarter of all secondary school teachers , would still like to see corporal punishment reinstated . In 2011 another survey found that half of parents and 19 % of students also wanted to bring back the cane . And as recently as 2012 the co - founder and chairman of the governors of the most high - profile of the present government ' s brand - new so - called " Free Schools " said he would happily restore CP if it were allowed . In 2016 a prominent newspaper columnist - - who happens to be the wife of a senior member of the government - - announced that she had changed her mind about CP for school bullies . " I ' d pull their tracksuits down and cane their bare bottoms until their cheeks burned red and they wept with pain and shame " , she wrote in the influential Daily Mail One consequence of the perceived collapse in school discipline has been a tendency for some ( especially immigrant - descended ) parents to send their teens abroad to complete their secondary studies , often to Africa or the Caribbean , where a stricter and more structured education , including CP where necessary , is still available . See e.g . this Nov 1997 news item about an under - achieving 13 - year - old whose parents sent him to school in Ghana , with miraculous results , and this similar Nov 2007 report in which a British 17 - year - old , sent away , also to Ghana , to study for his GCSEs , admitted he had been caned several times and agreed he was benefiting academically from the novel experience of strict discipline . See likewise Children sent to Caribbean for ' basic ' schooling , a news report from July 1996 , and UK Ugandans rush kids to Kampala schools , from May 1998 . DOCUMENTS : The Friends Reunited evidence What do the Friends Reunited anecdotal recollections tell us about the nature , distribution and incidence of corporal punishment in English schools in the 1960s and 1970s ? A feature article including a table of " The top 50 CP schools " . Purley High School for Boys Feature article about a heavy - caning school near London . The Cane and the Tawse in Scottish Schools Feature article on corporal punishment north of the border . Caning in Private Schools , 1960s Extract from a sociological study of 166 elite boys ' private schools in 1964 , giving statistics for how many senior boys and how many teachers were allowed to administer corporal punishment and a discussion of the frequency of use of the cane . Stretching Forward to Learn An article by one who received school CP in the 1960s : what it was like , and how he feels about it now . EXTERNAL LINKS : ( these will open in a new window ) Spare the Rod Short article in History Today ( Nov 2012 ) asserts that it was only in the 1890s that ordinary class teachers gained the right to use CP ; before that , only head teachers were legally entitled to do so , under the common - law doctrine of in loco parentis . No source is cited for this claim . The author finds that , " far from being a relic of a cruel Victorian past , corporal punishment became more frequent and institutionalised in 20th - century England " , but seems to overlook the obvious fact that the main reason it became more prevalent was that the number of secondary - school students soared , as the age up to which education was compulsory was steadily increased by law over the decades . Corporal Punishment Archive Covers the UK only , with a major emphasis on school CP but also some interesting material about judicial and military juvenile punishments of the past . Includes an excellent gallery of historical drawings and numerous other illustrations as well as some well - chosen historical texts . Stephen Fry on Corporal Punishment An extract from the ubiquitous polymath ' s memoir Moab Is My Washpot ( 1997 ) . He was often caned at Stouts Hill prep school around 1970 , but harbours no grudges . He takes the view , which I tend to share , that corporal punishment , in the great scheme of things , is not actually a very important issue one way or the other . But it has now become " so culturally loaded as to be almost impossible to inspect " , with all the talk of " abuse " causing " hysteria , madness and stupidity in almost everybody " . Other kinds of punishment were more Corporal punishment Encyclopaedia entry from 1911 summarising the state of the law at the time : teachers had the common - law right to chastise their pupils , not only for offences at school but also , under a court ruling of 1893 , for those committed on the way to or from school , or during school hours . However , these powers were subject to any regulations made by the local education authority . R v Secretary of State for Education and Employment and Others ex parte Williamson and Others This important document is the full Law Lords ruling in the case brought by a group of Christian schools against the 1998 legislative ban on corporal punishment in all schools , even private ones . The schools claimed that their " freedom of belief " , as protected by human rights legislation , was infringed because it was their Christian belief that naughty children should be spanked . As reported in these February 2005 news items , the highest court in the land has now dismissed their claims , upholding government and parliament in the 1998 blanket prohibition of all and any school CP . YOUR EDITOR ' S PERSONAL VIEW . . . I think we can probably view this case as the absolutely final and definitive nail in the coffin of school CP in Britain . There are actually three different opinions here , by three judges who appear somewhat to disagree with each other , arriving at the same conclusion by different routes . In my own personal view as a non - lawyer , I find some of the argumentation quite difficult to follow . Much of it seems rather subjective , and I ca n ' t entirely avoid the feeling when reading judgments of this kind that the judges are , to put the matter in demotic terms , " just playing with words " or " making it up as they go along " . My suspicion that there is n ' t really a solid consensus about this , and that perhaps an apparent consensus on the final outcome is being fabricated for reasons of political expediency , is strengthened by the fact that one of the judges here , Baroness Hale , goes so far as to say that she is " deeply troubled " by the approach adopted by the Court of Appeal . In effect she seems to be saying that the Court of Appeal reached the right conclusion but for quite the wrong reasons . Her approach is an extreme " children ' s rights " one - she clearly holds that it is quite immaterial what the teachers and parents might think , and that the child ' s supposed " right " not to be spanked overrides anything his parents say . I seriously doubt whether more than a minute fraction of ordinary people share this view . ( She does n ' t , as far as I can see , comment on the possibility that the child himself might take a different view , perhaps preferring being spanked to some other punishment . ) At all events , I have to say that after over an hour ' s careful perusal I put this document down feeling completely unconvinced that these private schools should be prevented by law from mildly spanking their students when necessary , if that is what the parents want . C.F . DFEE Circular No 10 / 98 Guidance from the government about the legal position concerning corporal punishment ( not permitted ) and other physical contact or reasonable force ( still allowed ) . Application No . 9146 / 80 This document , in which the European Human Rights Commission ruled in 1986 that the case was inadmissible , describes the two - stroke caning of an 11 - boy in 1979 for throwing a conker at a girl , breaking her glasses . The medical evidence was that the marks on his bottom were already fading by the following day . Note that the Commission emphasises that such a school caning in a headmaster ' s study is an entirely different matter from judicial birching of the kind considered in the Isle of Man case , reaffirming once again that corporal punishment is not per se necessarily contrary to the Human Rights Convention . However , in the end it is on a legal technicality ( time limits expired ) that the case is thrown out . Application No . 14229 / 88 This is the Human Rights Commission ' s full report on the case of Matthew Prince , who in 1983 at age 15 received four strokes of the cane across the seat of his trousers for bullying at Brighton College , a private school . The punishment was administered by the headmaster , Mr Blackshaw , who allegedly took a run up at each stroke ( though this was denied by the authorities ) . The case for indignation on the part of the boy seems slightly undermined by the evidence that he " subsequently showed off the marks of his punishment to other boys with pride " . The Commission was divided ( there are three dissenting opinions ) but the majority thought this particular caning , which caused weals , swelling and bruising , was , unlike other school cases considered , serious enough to be " degrading treatment " under Article 3 of the Convention . See news report of 14 November 1992 , Public schoolboy awarded £ 8,000 for caning ordeal , which includes a picture of Matthew , by then aged 25 . YOUR EDITOR ' S PERSONAL VIEW . . . To me , this decision seems perverse . After all , the boy had a history of bullying , and was a tough lad - - captain of the rugby team , for heaven ' s sake . He had previously been caned at his prep school , without complaint . Some might feel that it would be difficult to think of a more appropriate case for a smart swishing . ( At my school he would certainly have got six . ) We are solemnly informed that the caning brought tears to his eyes and that he was in severe pain for an hour - - well , that is actually the object of the exercise ! I note from former Brighton College students ' reminiscences formerly at Friends Reunited ( website now closed down ) that Mr Blackshaw was not averse to dishing out six of the best in other cases , so arguably he let Matthew off rather lightly . Anyway , the issue was never tested in the Human Rights Court , as the applicant eventually accepted a " friendly settlement " , i.e. a payoff from the government to withdraw the case . The original application was by the boy ' s mother , who was " horrified " when she saw the " injuries " on Matthew ' s backside , but it is interesting that he showed them to her only after his sister called attention to them , and he himself had not spontaneously thought the matter worthy of mention upon his arrival home that day . Reading between the lines , I wonder whether the whole thing was pursued by the mother rather against the boy ' s wish , and since by the time the case reached Strasbourg he had become an adult , he was able to decide for himself to back out . C.F . Campbell and Cosans case A key European Court of Human Rights judgment ( 1982 ) , which hastened the demise of corporal punishment in British state schools . The case concerned two Scottish boys whose parents refused to allow them to be given the belt at school . In fact neither of them ever did actually receive the belt . One of them was never even threatened with it , but his mother failed to get an assurance from the school that he would not be belted in some future hypothetical circumstance . The other boy was ordered to be strapped but refused , whereupon he was suspended from school . Contrary to popular myth , the court found that corporal punishment , of the kind then routinely administered in Scottish schools , was not of itself a breach of the Human Rights Convention . To that extent the plaintiffs , who had initially claimed a breach of Article 3 ( " inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment " ) , in fact lost their case , a fact almost unnoticed when the outcome was reported . However , the court did hold that the boys had been deprived of their right to an education in keeping with their parents ' views , contrary to Article 2 ( " the State shall respect the right of parents to ensure such education . . . in conformity with their own religious and philosophical convictions " ) . The UK government argued , unsuccessfully , that opinions about corporal punishment did not amount to " philosophical convictions " . See news reports of 30 October 1996 , Scottish cases helped to ban the beatings ; and also 26 February 1982 , Parents win right to forbid school caning , in The Archive , and the related video clip on the same page . The Court ' s reasoning here against the British Government ' s submission seems to me pretty feeble ( the UK judge on the Court wrote a dissenting opinion on this point ) and one can not help wondering how they would wriggle out of it now if someone were to claim that their views in favour of c.p. also constituted " philosophical convictions " and that they were therefore being denied an education in accordance therewith , since no schools are now allowed to use any corporal punishment . [ UPDATE : This is more or less what later happened in Williamson , the " Christian schools " case , see above . It should also be noted that the Article 2 claim stood up only because there were no alternative non - belting state schools within reach , and the parents in question could not afford private schools . If the present - day system of " school choice " had been in operation then - - or even if the local education authority had made an effort quietly to find ways of satisfying the requirements of a tiny number of ( in my personal view ) cranky parents , instead of being so arrogant and rigid about the whole thing - - the case would never have got off the ground and things might have gone quite differently over the last 25 years . Costello - Roberts v United Kingdom 1992 judgment by the Human Rights Court about a seven - year - old boy who was slippered at a boarding prep school . The boy ' s mother removed him from the school shortly afterwards , but persisted with this legal action , which must have cost the taxpayer many thousands of pounds . The court held that three whacks on the buttocks through shorts with a rubber - soled gym shoe , applied by the headmaster in private , did not constitute inhuman or degrading punishment . Nor , it judged , did the punishment violate the boy ' s " moral or physical integrity " . Clearly , all the school authorities actually did wrong was to fail to spell out , in their information to prospective parents , that corporal punishment was a possible consequence of misbehaviour - - though I think they might have been forgiven for assuming that anybody who knew anything about anything would have been perfectly well aware that that was an entirely normal practice at boys ' independent prep schools at the time . The Debate on Corporal Punishment before the European Commission and European Court of Human Rights ( 1978 - 1998 ) Discussion of the above and other ECHR cases , from a " children ' s rights " point of view . Education Act 1996 , section 548 Text of legislation prohibiting corporal punishment of any student , whether in a state or independent school , whose education is to any extent publicly funded . As far as I know , this is what the 1986 legislation already said , so perhaps this was just a consolidating act . In any case it has now been superseded by the following : Text of England and Wales law banning corporal punishment in all schools This is the legislation voted into law on 25 March 1998 , which took effect the following year . An equivalent law for Scotland came into force in 2000 . House of Commons : Corporal punishment lawful with parental consent On 28 January 1997 the UK parliament debated reinstating CP in state schools , ten years after it was abolished . The move failed , but the debate is quite interesting . 150 + other external links for UK / Schools
|
[
"UNITED KINGDOM",
"School CP"
] |
http://correresmidestino.com/how-much-does-immigrating-to-canada-cost/
|
Permanent Residence in Canada How Much Does Immigrating Really Cost ? ( 5 / 10 ) By Zhu May 30 , 2009 373 Comments The Canadian Parliament In Ottawa Welcome to my new series , “ How to immigrate to Canada “ ! I recently received quite a lot of emails , asking me questions about the immigration process . So I decided to explain the whole process in 10 posts , which will be published every Saturday . I also encourage you to ask any question you may have . I ’ m not an immigration consultant , but from experience , I may be able to point you to the right direction ! In the series , we will see the different options you have to come to Canada , as well as your rights and duties as a Permanent Resident , what happens after you arrive etc . Are you eligible to immigrate to Canada ? Are you filling up the paperwork ? Awesome ! But wait … do you have enough money ? Sure , you thought of the processing fees . But did you realize there were also a lot of fees associated with immigrating to Canada ? In this post , I ’ m going to try to sum up how much do you really need to pay to immigrate to Canada . The processing fees Depending on the category you applied in , you will be charged different fees : In the skilled worker category : it ’ s $ 550 for the principal applicant , $ 550 for the spouse , and $ 150 per children under 22 years old . In the sponsorship category : the sponsor application is $ 75 , the person sponsored is charged $ 475 . Applicants who plan to settle in Quebec must apply for a Certificat de Selection du Quebec ( CSQ ) . It costs $ 390 for the principal applicant , $ 150 for a spouse , and $ 150 for each child . All landed immigrants in Canada must pay the right of permanent residence fee , which is $ 490 per person . Citizenship and Immigration has a handy table to help you calculate your application fees Fees associated with the application If your documents ( such a degrees , work documents etc . ) are not in French or English , you must provide a translation of these documents . This has to be done by an authorized translator . You must include several photographs and the rules are quite specific ( yes , Canadians are weird with passport pictures ! ) . Depending where you live , it adds up . In Canada , it cost about $ 12 for two pics — not cheap if you immigrate as a family ! You may need to have your foreign degrees recognized in Canada . This is called a credential evaluation , and it ’ s done by specific organization , such as World Education Services . A basic official evaluation cost about $ 115 and up . If you are from a country where nor English nor French is the official language , you will have to prove your language abilities . This is one of the 6 selection factors for skilled workers . The language proficiency test must given by an organization that is approved by Citizenship and Immigration , for example IELTS ( $ 265 ) and CELPIP ( $ 250 ) for English , or the TEF for French ( $ 250 ) . No cheap ! A medical exam is compulsory for each applicant and their dependents ( spouse , children ) and must be made by a physician on Canada ’ s list of designated medical practitioners . Usually , you paid twice : once for the exam itself , and once for the X - rays that have to be taken . Fees vary by country , and even by geographic location within a country . Doctors ’ fees vary , so shop around ! I remember paying $ 100 for the medical exam and another $ 100 for the X - ray , in 2005 , in Ottawa . Do n ’ t forget to consider miscellaneous fees ! Traveling expenses : you may have to travel from your city to your local Canadian visa office ( typically , in your home country ’ s capital , with some exceptions ) . Why would you need to travel ? Well , if you need to be interviewed for your application . Sometimes , your city wo n ’ t have a designated medical practitioner , so may have to travel to another city for your medical exam . Passport application : a lot of people do n ’ t realize they need a passport from their home country to immigrate to Canada . You have to apply for one before you start the immigration process , and chances are , it will cost something , although it varies by country . Costs that can be avoided An immigration consultant ! As I explained in Two Immigration Myths , you normally do not need an immigration lawyer or an immigration consultant to help you immigrate to Canada . Immigration representative typically charge from $ 1000 to $ 5000 ( but the sky is the limit ! ) for an application . Save money , Google instead . I will give you a list of useful links at the end of this series , and these will all be free ! Do n ’ t forget … And do n ’ t forget the settlement funds . If you apply in the skilled worker category , you will have to prove that you have enough funds to support yourself and your family for the first few months following your arrival in Canada . For one person , it ’ s roughly $ 10,000 , and up to almost $ 23,000 for a family of five . Life As An Immigrant Money Previous Article It ’ s Okay Not To Believe Next Article Damn , I Wish I Had Known That … ! About Author Zhu French woman in English Canada . World citizen , new mom , traveler , translator , writer and photographer . Looking for comrades to start a new revolution .
|
[
"Immigrating",
"processing fees",
"right of permanent residence fee ,"
] |
http://corriganscove.com.au/
|
Accommodation Packages Restaurant Facilities Conferences Weddings Functions Contact Corrigans Cove near Batemans Bay offers 4 star spacious and contemporary accommodation including studio rooms to fully self contained 1 2 and 3 bedroom and spa apartments View Accommodation or Our Restaurant Great food great location come and eat at Corrigans Cove View CcooksCorrigans Accommodation Packages If you are looking for great value accommodation packages or for something a bit special Corrigans Cove have it View Accommodation Packages ︎ Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video Just minutes from Batemans Bay Corrigans Cove is ideally located in Batehaven just minutes from Batemans Bay on the New South Wales South Coast only 1 hours east of Canberra 4 hours south of Sydney and 9 hours north of Melbourne This quintessential Australian seaside destination offers a range of water activities Its easy to see why this area is known as the land of many waters with over 130 kilometres of coastline 83 beaches 4 major rivers systems and 20 lakes Water views over the River Bay Corrigans Cove is one of only a few Batemans Bay accommodation properties which has water views of the Clyde River and Snapper Island best enjoyed from our bay view suites Each room has a balcony or courtyard and provides a view of beautiful sunrises over the Bay The apartment style accommodation means you have everything you need to make your stay enjoyable and relaxing Go surfing or relax by the pool The region is renowned for its beautiful beaches but Corrigans Beach is one of the best and can be found directly across from Corrigans Cove This calm beach is great for families as there are no big waves If youre keen for a surf or some larger waves youre less than 10 minutes drive to the nearest seasonally patrolled beach Or you can relax by the outdoor pool onsite at Corrigans Accommodation Rooms Studio Accommodation One Bedroom Bay View Two Bedroom Pool View Three Bedroom Accommodation Corrigans Cove is one of only a few Batemans Bay accommodation properties which has water views of the Clyde River and Snapper Island best enjoyed from our bay view suites Corrigans Cove Batemans Bay Resort 204 Beach Road Batehaven Batemans Bay NSW 2536 Batemans Bay Accommodation Accommodation Reviews Visitor Information Wedding Venue Accommodation TCs BJ2DESIGN
|
[
"Corrigans Cove",
"apartments",
"Accommodation"
] |
http://corrosion-doctors.org/Pollution/Environmental-toxicology.htm
|
Environmental Toxicology Environmental toxicology is a young field that has developed rapidly over the past 40 years . Environmental toxicology involves the studying of sources , pathways , transformations , and effects of chemicals that are harmful in the environment . The study of these harmful effects extends from individuals and populations of organisms to the ecosystem level . The study of the toxic effects of environmental contaminants really began in the 1960 ' s , evolving from the traditional field of human or classical toxicology . ( reference The first writings of toxicology relate back to prehistoric times when various chemicals , or mixtures of chemicals , were used as both tonics and poisons , with particular references to arsenic and mercury based compounds . Historically , most of the positive applications of arsenic and mercury were overshadowed by their ' usefulness ' as a poison to resolve various personal or political problems . The first students of toxicology were physicians and alchemists . The Swiss physician Paracelsus 1499 - 1541 ) was particularly well - known for the formulation of the dose - response relationship . Paracelsus observed that some chemicals administered to patients at low concentrations had a therapeutic effect , whereas high concentrations produced toxic effects . One of the next major advances in toxicology came from the Spanish physician Mattieu Orfila 1787 - 1853 ) . Orfila published a comprehensive paper on the toxicity of natural substances , which identified a relationship between the toxic symptoms of the patients ( pathology ) and the chemical content of the tissues . Orfila further studied the action of antidotes and proposed that the human body has mechanisms for eliminating poisons . This lead to the work of the French physiologist Claude Bernard 1813 - 1878 ) , who introduced a more strategic approach to toxicology by performing controlled experiments on animals . The findings and theories produced by and Bernard over a one hundred year span highlight the foundation of toxicology as a science . With the mid nineteenth century came the chemical revolution , with a rapid expansion in the extraction of natural chemicals and production of new synthetic compounds . Toxicology developed concurrently , still focusing on the two base themes : Testing of new pharmaceutical products , and The identification of potentially harmful effects from the new natural and synthetic compounds . This era marked the beginning of occupational toxicology , with direct links between the workplace and employee health being proposed and tested . It was during the chemical revolution that an awareness of animal toxicology evolved in Europe and North America , as it was confirmed that a variety of chemical contaminants were causing wildlife deaths . Environmental contamination was recognized as a serious issue by the British government , and a royal commission was established to assess the potential contaminants in industrial wastewater . However , it was not until 1962 with the release of Rachel Carson ’ s book ‘ Silent Spring ’ , that a true public awareness of environmental toxicity was established . ‘ Silent Spring ’ was written for the lay - person and clearly describes the impacts of harmful chemicals on wildlife , namely the disappearance of birds from waterways . In the late 1960 ' s Réné Truhaut used the term ‘ ecotoxicology ’ to describe the study of environmental toxicity . Truhraut defined ecotoxicology as a branch of toxicology that focuses on the toxic effects caused by both natural and artificial substances on living organisms . Truhraut went on to formally distinguish between classical toxicology and ecotoxicology , describing the study of ecotoxicity as a multi - step process , which includes : The entry , distribution and fate of pollutants within the environment ; The entry and fate of pollutants in living organisms of the ecosystem ; and The harmful effects of the chemical pollutants on the constituents of ecosystems ( which include man ) . Each of these steps is complicated by potential biological or abiotic transformations of the parent pollutant . It was during the mid 1970 ’ s that scientists began to realize that the environmental monitoring of toxic substances from anthropogenic sources was producing a growing inventory of data on the quantities of substances in the terrestrial and aquatic environments . Kovach stated that before this information could be used to evaluate the biological effects , knowledge was required of the chemical form of the pollutants , the mechanisms by which the pollutants enter and move through organisms , the abiotic and bio - transformations of the parent compound , the nature of the toxic reactions within biological tissues , and the changes in physiological and physical behavior of the contaminated individual . This was the time when many scientists acknowledged that quantification , in itself , was not sufficient to define and describe toxicological problems . Interest in developing physicochemical models of contaminant behavior in the environment also expanded in the 1970 ’ s . Various physical and chemical parameters ( such as pH , temperature , dissolved oxygen ) were known to govern contaminant speciation in the environment , and attempts to predict contaminant species , and hence the potential toxicity of the environment , were made through modeling . Thirty years on and these models are still being refined , and are the focus of many environmental toxicity studies . Abiotic An abiotic system is one which is free of biological organisms . Abiotic transformations are those brought about by a non - biological mechanism . Thus , the modification of a chemical through heating or by the absorption of radiation is , strictly , an abiotic transformation or process . Abiotic factors are essentially non - living components that effect the living organisms of the freshwater community for example . When an ecosystem is barren and unoccupied , new organisms colonizing the environment rely on favorable environmental conditions in the area to allow them to successfully live and reproduce . These environmental factors are abiotic factors . When a variety of species are present in such an ecosystem , the consequent actions of these species can affect the lives of fellow species in the area , these factors are deemed biotic factors . ( reference Silent Spring Rachel Carson ' s Silent Spring is now nearly fifty years years old . Written over the years 1958 to 1962 , it took a hard look at the effects of insecticides and pesticides on songbird populations throughout the United States , whose declining numbers yielded the silence to which her title attests . " What happens in nature is not allowed to happen in the modern , chemical - drenched world , " she writes , " where spraying destroys not only the insects but also their principal enemy , the birds . When later there is a resurgence of the insect population , as almost always happens , the birds are not there to keep their numbers in check
|
[
"Environmental Toxicology",
"young field",
"harmful effects"
] |
http://corvaircenter.com/phorum/read.php?1,348050,348191
|
Corvair Center Forum Corvair Center Phorum Corvair Center Goto Forum List Message List Print View Freeing stuck piston rings without taking the engine apart Posted by danyarger Date October 03 2010 0434AM In desperation to avoid taking my engine all apart because of lots of smoking I did some searching and found this in some Honda forum Re What method to loosen up stuck piston rings After a great deal of me lurking about on automotive sites because of engine smoke sticking ringsreplaced valve stem sealsto find out how to get them freed up without removing them I decided to come back here register and report my success Heres what I did that finally worked for me The engine is a vertical 4 double overhead cam Initial compression test was 176150176176 out of a possible 191 max I did this compression test after a tune up when I discovered one discolored plug 2 cylinder The 2 cylinder compression tested low Right away I added acetone let it sit a bit then fired it up Compression jumped up to 176 from 150 I was now noticing smoking at high RPM with heavy throttle I believe I was smoking before but didnt see it I knew I had a stuck second ring and oil rings likely I tried every chemical that seemed it may work to clear all the rings up but nothing was working My only success was getting the top ring working again But heres where I had success I tried B12 Chemtool Heres what I did I drained my oil and left drain plug removed I put the offending cylinder at TDC and poured in B12 Then using an air fitting I pumped in 120psi most I could air pressure forcing the B12 down through and around the piston I repeated this several times I allowed some time between each air shot for soaking to occur I then returned motor oil and drove Oil pan did not contain any B12 After the above procedure I was impressed with the smoke reduction I was experiencing at high RPM SoI did it again This time I bought 2 cans of B12 and was very thorough I kept soaking and blowing it through I also put some B12 on the spot under my oil filler cap to see what it did to varnish Wowtoo bad this stuff is bad for seals and some gaskets I almost forgot to mention I did WOT runs after treatments Anyway now Im smoke free and plan to treat the other 3 cylinders to match them all up clean wise Sure would like to see a 180 all the way across Kinda doubt Ill get much more compression since their all matched up up at 176 Anyway thats it Read more at wwwhondatechcom Options Quote Re Freeing stuck piston rings without taking the engine apart Posted by richard1 Date October 03 2010 0501AM Vertical engines and horizontal ones are quite different Same problems with compression checks after adding the spoonful of oil tends to hit the bottom of the cylinder No way I know of to get it to the top of the pistons unless it is with a small hose and camera There are lots of solvents out there This company has several dozen with similar names and one california formula as well As long as the engine runs Id stick with a know good product like AutoRx that is designed to be compatible with seals and engine parts let it run its full cleaning and rinse cycles Restoration in Bolivia Richards Mini Pickup Richards Corvair Richards Renault Dauphine Selection of the Right Motor Oil for the Corvair Selection of the right transmission oil for the corvair How to polish and restore stainless and aluminum trim Options Quote Re Freeing stuck piston rings without taking the engine apart Posted by danyarger Date October 03 2010 0518AM Your right so that got me thinking If I loaded up the combustion chamber completely with pour in carb cleaner down the spark plug hole with the both valves closed and the offending piston at TDC then just kind of bounce the crank rotation back and forth a little bit by hand this should hydraulicly force the cleaner through the rings like the guy did with the air except this time it would work for a flat cylinder engine because the cleaner is loaded all the way up to the spark plug hole Options Quote Re Freeing stuck piston rings without taking the engine apart Posted by richard1 Date October 03 2010 0529AM Plugs are about half way There will be some wick action upwards but I wouldnt count on it This may be a better method of getting a completely stuck engine to start turning but once it is moving Id go with the AutoRx as a safer more complete method Restoration in Bolivia Richards Mini Pickup Richards Corvair Richards Renault Dauphine Selection of the Right Motor Oil for the Corvair Selection of the right transmission oil for the corvair How to polish and restore stainless and aluminum trim Options Quote Re Freeing stuck piston rings without taking the engine apart Posted by Tom Z Date October 03 2010 0641AM youre SURE its stuck ringspull the sparkplugscrank the engine over for 20 seconds or soand look in each plug holesee if theres a puddle of oil in the cylwhether its rings or guidestheres NO fix in a bottle that will correct the problem IMHO just be careful not to dilute the oil with the stuff if you try it Tom ZRochester NY Options Quote Re Freeing stuck piston rings without taking the engine apart Posted by MattNall Date October 03 2010 0755AM Do what Richard1 saysand DRIVE it just getting the engine HOT will free up many things And you dont get an engine HOT unless you drive itor leave the fanbelt off MODERATOR Sea Mountain between Charleston Harbor and Coos Bay SW Oregon Coast Click HERE for My Website Click HERE for My TechPages 110PGWeberedTurbo Options Quote Re Freeing stuck piston rings without taking the engine apart Posted by SpyderMan Date October 03 2010 0845AM Drive it if hey are going to get freed up a bunch of road time will do it Sam Russell Durham NC 1962 Monza Wagon 1964 Spyder coupe Options Quote Re Freeing stuck piston rings without taking the engine apart Posted by 65 Crown Corsa Date October 03 2010 0848AM It is possible he somehow got good resultscompression numbers do not lie Ed 65 CrownWills Corsa WPB Florida Options Quote Re Freeing stuck piston rings without taking the engine apart Posted by danyarger Date October 03 2010 0324PM Well I believe all this trouble is a result of the previous owner letting the car sit for 4 years with the gas tank very low I think condensation built up in the gas tank and when his buddy started the engine once a week it got into the cylinders rusting up the rings Another problem to add to the situation is the guy used 2050 instead of 10w30 as the manual recommends Then he added half a bottle of NO SMOKE which everyone knows just clogs everything up He said the smoking got way worse when he added that Options Quote Re Freeing stuck piston rings without taking the engine apart Posted by MattNall Date October 03 2010 0553PM Nothing the matter with 20w 50 you probably 50w 90 ggg To limit the mess while 1st driving it make a catchcan for your breather tube that normally goes to the air cleaner housing MODERATOR Sea Mountain between Charleston Harbor and Coos Bay SW Oregon Coast Click HERE for My Website Click HERE for My TechPages 110PGWeberedTurbo Options Quote Re Freeing stuck piston rings without taking the engine apart Posted by chris Date October 03 2010 0706PM Dan your engine sounds like it has the same symptoms that mine did When I pulled the heads I found that one of the cylinders had dropped a valve guide Options Quote Re Freeing stuck piston rings without taking the engine apart Posted by danyarger Date October 04 2010 1201AM Chris boy I hope not I know how to change valves without a valve compressor but I dont know how to change a valve guides Doesnt mean that Im not willing to learn You guys know that your can unlock valve keepers with a hammer and a socket right Just put the head on a level surface put the socket on the spring washer and hit the socket with a hammer Its so much fastereasier than a valve spring compressor Like I saidMcGyver Paper clips and bubble gum Options Quote Re Freeing stuck piston rings without taking the engine apart Posted by danyarger Date October 05 2010 0408AM Im pretty sure I didnt drop a valve guide If I had youd hear it clanking in there before the engine wrecked itself A cracked valve seat is possible but remember this a 110 140s are known for that Since Ive been playing with this car in the driveway and in the neighborhood I believe there is slightly less smoke then the day I first got it Ive been spraying water down the carbs to see if a little steam clean action helps but the benefits of steam take quite a bit of road time because it cools as it cleans which wont free up a ring I cant really take it on long drive right now because of a problem with the title is slowing me down registering it Options Quote Re Freeing stuck piston rings without taking the engine apart Posted by Bazzajd1 Date October 30 2010 0508AM Carbon between the rings and the piston ie in the Ring groove Steaming the engine for an hour has a good chance of freeing up the rings cleaning the carbon out and finally getting the combustion gases behind the rings forcing them to the cyl wall to seal Blocking the Exhaust pipe by 50 also assists back pressure keeping the cylinders pressurized while steaming Steaming Find a free port on your manifoldcarby Tuned port or constant vac port is still OK you will need a large container of water larger than a bucket and some clear plastic hose works well about 4mm for carb ports You will also need some type of restriction for the hose maybe a clamp or water injection tapvalve as the hose will more than supply enough watersteam for a more than idling engine Get the engine hot first then add your 4mm water hose at high idle rate steaming process takes about an hour so youll need at least Options Quote Re Freeing stuck piston rings without taking the engine apart Posted by gnvair Date October 30 2010 0632AM 65 Crown Corsa Wrote It is possible he somehow got good resultscompression numbers do not lie You can have good compression numbers and still have stuck oil control rings Options Quote Re Freeing stuck piston rings without taking the engine apart Posted by danyarger Date October 30 2010 0107PM There is no PCV valve on a 80 hp I think the engine needs valve seals and a steaming I wish I thought about valve seals before I put it all back together since Ive changed them before in a Saturn They arent hard to change but I dont have really a big enough air compressor to hold the valves shut Options Quote Re Freeing stuck piston rings without taking the engine apart Posted by Andrew Date October 30 2010 0114PM The 1963 80hp engine came with a PCV valve Options Quote Re Freeing stuck piston rings without taking the engine apart Posted by danyarger Date October 30 2010 0829PM My 62 just has a road draft tube Im willing it bet its a combination of dried upcracked valve seals and stuck rings I bet whoever gets this car can fix it for about 40 and a day worth of labor New intake valve seals I was thinking about steaming My guess is it would take less running time and water if one was to pour boiling water from a electric tea kettle down the carb throats Ive already ran water down the carbs when I got it and it didnt help any The plugs are brand new and already Options Quote
|
[
"stuck piston rings"
] |
http://corviasmilitaryliving.com/relocating/ready-to-move/find-your-bah
|
How Does BAH as Rent Work ? Calculate your BAH Calculate BAH Using your Basic Allowance for Housing ( BAH ) for rent is easy . Essentially , service members simply need to sign a Resident Occupancy Agreement ( ROA ) to give permission to allot their BAH entitlements to rent . Then , their information is entered into a database , and the BAH will be collected by a management company on behalf of the Army or Air Force and paid to the housing partnership . Your family ' s take - home pay wo n ' t change at all — you will simply see a " rent allotment " Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Read on for more detailed information on how BAH works as rent . Before privatization , a military family essentially forfeited the Basic Allowance for Housing ( BAH ) in exchange for living in government quarters on base . Beginning upon transfer of responsibilities for housing , all families living on - base in Corvias Military Living communities saw their BAH show up on their Leave and Earnings Statement ( LES ) . At the same time BAH begins appearing on the statement , the service members living in on - base family housing allot their BAH to the privatization partnership between Corvias Military Living and the Army or Air Force . Rather than receiving the BAH into their accounts and then making monthly rental payments , service members sign a Resident Occupancy Agreement ( ROA ) , which is like a civilian lease . The signed ROA gives the government permission to start the rent allotment , which equals the soldier ' s BAH entitlement for his or her rank . The allotment should reflect any BAH increases or decreases that occur , but soldiers need to check it regularly to be sure it is accurate . If a family is dual military ( both husband and wife are on active duty ) , both service members will receive the appropriate BAH . Their rent will equal the senior grade member ' s BAH at the " with dependent " rate . The other service member gets to keep their BAH . Once the ROA is signed , the service member ' s information is entered into a database for the third party collecting the allotments . The BAH will be collected and managed by the Military Assistance Company ( MAC ) , an allotment management contractor who works for the Army and Air Force . MAC has been processing military allotments since 1985 and serves military housing offices in all branches of service . The payment system is fully automated and is interfaced with the Defense Finance and Accounting Service ( DFAS ) . This system facilitates starting , managing , tracking , updating , and stopping BAH allotments . BAH is paid to the partnership on the first of the following month , which means the allotment for April will be paid May 1 . That is when the service member will see the first transaction appear on his or her LES . The BAH amount being paid will appear on the left side of the LES under " Entitlements . " The rent allotment will appear in the third column of the LES under " Allotments " for an amount equal to the BAH . There will be no change in a family ' s take home pay Stopping a BAH allotment upon move out is as easy as starting it . Once Corvias Military Living has officially cleared the resident and any charges for damages beyond normal wear and tear have been paid , the allotment will be stopped . After move out , any refund due will be made within 10 business days after the partnership receives the allotment for the last month ' s rent . The rent payment process is designed to be smooth and seamless . If BAH does not appear on the LES or if the service member receives an entitlement and it is not taken out as an allotment , he should see his Neighborhood Manager immediately . The BAH money is earmarked for rent . If the BAH money is not taken out by allotment , the service member will be responsible for paying rent by other means until the problem is corrected .
|
[
"BAH CALCULATOR",
"rent allotment"
] |
http://corvuswatch.blogspot.com/2012/05/color-guide-to-horween-shell-cordovan.html
|
Corvus Watch Company Sunday , May 20 , 2012 Color Guide to Horween Shell Cordovan Photo courtesy of Michael Williams Photo courtesy of Michael Williams Here at Corvus , we are proud to offer NATO and two - piece watchstraps made of genuine Shell Cordovan leather made by the Horween Company in Chicago , Illinois . Horween - - and only Horween - - make this magical leather the way that it has been done for over one hundred years . It takes a minimum of six months to tan and dye a shell to get the marvelous , supple final result . The depth and complexity of colors achieved with the aniline dyes are truly remarkable . This is a short guide to the various colors of Horween Shell Cordovan . First , the colors offered in our standard line of watchstraps . From lightest to darkest : NATURAL : This is actually shell to which no color has been added at all . It is entirely undyed vegetable - tanned horse shell . When it is new , it is quite light in color - - a light tan , although the color varies depending on how long between the time it was manufactured and sold . Corvus " Luftwaffe " Bund Pad w / 2 - piece Strap Because it is undyed , the surface of the leather is variegated in finish . In other words , it can look as if there are subtle waterspots on the surface of the leather . This is perfectly normal . What you are seeing is the patina beginning to develop . The natural shell cordovan is perhaps the most magical of all the colors because of this characteristic - - the ability to take on a deep medium - nut brown patina with age . If you want a perfectly uniform color from the beginning that will stay more or HORWEEN COLOR # 4 ( Corvus Color " Oxblood " ) : Now we get to the wonderful browns and reds . Horween numbers these red / browns in order of darkness ( i.e. , proportion of brown to red ) from # 2 ( lightest and most red ) to # 8 ( darkest and most brown ) . We are fortunate to be able offer our watchstraps in the wonderful # 4 . Corvus " Luftwaffe " Bund Pad with One - Piece Strap We at Corvus call Color # 4 " oxblood " because it has a lot of red in it , and is a rich , deep burgandy color . The surface has the most gloss of any of the dyed colors , as opposed to the mostly matte finish of the natural . This color will match many shoes and briefcases . It is a classic , preppy look . It is a very unusual color to find in Shell Cordovan and rarely available in anything but a few limited edition shoes and our Corvus watchstraps . Its manufacture is HORWEEN COLOR # 8 ( Corvus Color " Dark Brown " ) : Shoes by Alden , Photo by C.D. Moorby For traditional clothing aficiandos , Horween Color # 8 Shell Cordovan is an obsession , and such accessories ( especially shoes ) are items of veneration . It is quite simply the most famous shoe leather in the world , used extensively by Alden , Allen Edmond , Crockett & Jones , Yuketen and Beams . The appeal is due to the unusual complexity of color acheived by Horween in the dying process . When new , color # 8 appears as a rich , dark brown with relatively little reddish tone . On a pair of shoes , however , as creases and BLACK : Black is jet black , with a fair degree of gloss . A wonderful color for shoes and watchstraps . It can look formal , or rock - n - roll . The black NATO strap with white stitching is striking , although the stitching around the edge of the strap is purely decorative . ( Only the Natural and Black are available with optional white stitching around the edges ) . Corvus " RAF " Bund Pad with Two - piece Strap THE EXOTICS : Horween also makes tiny amounts of other colors in the Shell Cordovan . They show up once in a while in custom or limited edition fashion leather goods . They are highly coveted . Whiskey : A light brown dyed color . Similar in tone to brand - new Natural shell , though without the ability to achieve a patina . This color is the only way to achieve a light brown that will not darken , as the Natural will darken to a very much darker nut brown in a few months . A lovely color that was once available as a custom Alden color , although it is no longer featured on their website . Very few shells are processed in this color because its light tone shows any imperfection in the hide . Ravello : A medium - brown chestnut color . Somewhat similar to the color the natural will darken to , but without the variability and the vintage look . A great color , also once used by Alden , but apparently no more . Also very rare for the same reasons as the other light colors . Cigar : A medium - dark brown , a bit lighter than # 8 , but without the complexity of color and no red tones . A great solid brown . Very rare . Ravello on left , Cigar on right . Shoes by Alden Navy : Navy blue shell cordovan . So rare that very few people have ever seen it or know of its existence . But it is made , and is unusual and very cool . Shoes by Rancourt & Co . , Lewiston , Maine Green : An olive / forest green . Reminiscent of the color of my family ' s 1964 Chevy Bel Air . A great , retro color , and my personal favorite right after Color # 4 ( Oxblood ) . Very rare . Horween Color # 6 : A very obscure color that is much like # 4 , only darker . As suggested by the number , it is basically a reddish - brown halfway between # 4 and # 8 . Instead , leave your # 8 ' s in the sun for a few weeks . Shoes by Ryder Boot Co . Wallet by Ashland Leather Horween Color # 2 : Semi - mythical . A light reddish burgundy . About half as dark as # 4 , and one - quarter as dark as # 8 . Posted by Corvus at 4 : 25 PM No comments : Post a Comment Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom )
|
[
"Horween Shell Cordovan",
"Color Guide"
] |
http://corwin-connect.com/2017/10/8-tips-creativity-creative-school/
|
Leadership October 12 2017 author Patty Goldys 0 Comments 8 Tips for Creativity From a Creative School Creativity is allowing yourself to make mistakes Art is knowing which ones to keep Scott Adams Without change there is no innovation creativity or incentive for improvement Those who initiate change will have a better opportunity to manage the change that is inevitable William Pollard Creativity is the key to success in the future A P J Abdul Kalam I love quotes I read and live by their meanings every day When one single statement can inspire your thinking and even your life it is worth saying and thinking While the quotes make me think more creatively and critically it is my actions that bring about the transformation of who I can be and what I can do to make school a better place for everyone I get really excited when I learn something new I dont always know all the intricacies or the details but I take a risk with the idea As I unfold what could be done I implement the steps and if they dont work out I try another way We need more persistence and grit in todays society We need to enhance these character strengths in our students We need to model these virtues as examples that all people have struggles make mistakes and work through them Creativity brings optimism and hope It allows one to dream and wonder It makes dreams come true You need to have the courage to take that leap It will be a challenge that motivates and excites Why wouldnt you be creative in your profession if it triggers positive feelings of accomplishment We all need to be innovators and inventors at our workplace We all need to improve ourselves by refining the structures already in place Everything can get better When something gets better everyone celebrates and there is joy So creativity brings joy I have exercised the greatest level of creativity at my school Norwood STEM Program When I see a problem I brainstorm possible solutions When I see something that could be better I figure out a different way When I encounter something wrong I make it right When I see something that lacks beauty I redesign it What is even better is that I invite and encourage my staff to be creative on a daily basis When we used our creative energies in our planning researching and teaching great things happened And even better things happened when our students used their Norwood is an amazing place to learn We are a learning center and have many visitors throughout the school year visit and observe Our visitors learn from us and we learn from them Sharing ideas in a creative exchange makes ones job more meaningful and enjoyable At Norwood we value creativity in everything we do We do things differently and take pride in our creations Here are some of our inventions innovations and creative ways 1 The Norwood Project Stream is a renovated school bus turned science lab It travels to three neighborhoods in the community each week with science experiments to be done Be original 2 We found that our students needed to release their frustrations and relieve stress at different times during the day As a healthy way to address this we created Take Ten charts for students to get the wiggles out and regain a positive attitude They love it Be imaginative 3 Let kids bring their ideas to life develop a maker space for engineering and designing solutions to problems Be inventive 4 Bring the sliding board in the classroom We built a sensory room so all students and teachers have a place to decompress and regain peacefulness Fifteen minutes a week each class receives a mindfulness session using all the relaxation and sensory stimulation tools and equipment Be expressive 5 Why only have one way to greet each other Provide some choices Be open minded 6 We want everyone to read whenever they can We want everyone to have fun reading We want everyone to read wherever So we developed the Norwood Book Nooks placed outside around the school Be visionary 7 Because we need freedom and inspiration to generate creativity our Secret Garden is the perfect area to make this happen Be inspired 8 Our custodian was creative in his attire He supported literacy by being a character while cleaning Be unusual Be creative Step outside that box Be original You can do this Let your creativity flow Let me know if it makes you glow You will never know unless you let creativity show print Tags creative schools creativity school leadership Written by Patty Goldys print 3 Steps for Teaching Innovation to Tackle Complex Problems Read Alouds for SmartyPants No comments
|
[
"Tips",
"Creativity",
"inevitable"
] |
http://cosbycreekcabins.com/
|
Premier Luxury Vacation Cabins Near Gatlinburg , TN ! Smoky Mountain Vacations begin at Cosby Creek Cabins in Cosby , TN , located just miles from Gatlinburg , Tennessee . Cosby Creek Cabins provides visitors to the Great Smoky Mountain National Park and Gatlinburg , Tennessee with luxury vacation cabins located off the beaten path . If you love rafting , we are some of the closest cabins to the whitewater rafting area . Our cabins are also no further than 20 - 30 minutes from Dollywood , Pigeon Forge , Gatlinburg , Newport , Dandridge , Douglas Lake , and the Great Smoky Mountain National Park . Our Cabins are located just miles from Rocky Top Sports World . We have cabins that can accommodate groups Allow us to help you reserve your cabin by calling 1 - 800 - 508 - 8844 Choose your Cabin ! 1 Bedroom Cabins 2 Bedroom Cabins 3 Bedroom Cabins 4 Bedroom Cabins Specials & Discounts Cosby Creek Cabins offers competitive rates year around . Visit often to view the most current “ Last Minute Deal ” or call our reservation line at 1 - 800 - 508 - 0044 for our best opportunity to help you complete your reservation at the best rate possible . The vacation you dream of begins here ! Reserve your cabin today . Choose your Special ! What to do while in the Smokies ? The Smoky Mountains are loaded with activities , attractions and fun things to do for families , couples , retreats and groups . Fishing and hiking are popular activities in our area and our cabins are located either creek side or within 30 minute from the Douglas Lake area . Our Cabins are centrally located to the area ’ s finest destination attractions . Visit The Biltmore Estate , Rocky Top Sport ’ s World Whitewater Rafting The Great Smoky Mountain National Park Dollywood , Gatlinburg , Pigeon Forge , The Cal Ripkin Experience , Douglas Lake , The Cherokee Indian Reservation , The Tennessee Smokies , Miniature Golf , along with Country and Gospel Shows ! Enjoy the outdoors through Zip Lining , Horse Back Riding , Fishing , Boating , Hiking and more . Dollywood and Dolly ’ s Splash Country Tickets Available Here ! “ For what does it profit a man , if he shall gain the whole world , and lose his own soul ? ” Matthew 8 : 36 Cosby Creek Cabins 4376 Cosby Hwy ( Hwy 321 ) Cosby , TN 37722 1 - 800 - 508 - 8844 • Fax : 423 - 487 - 3559 Contact Us Rental Policies
|
[
"Luxury Vacation Cabins",
"Gatlinburg",
"Smoky Mountain National Park"
] |
http://cosleeping.nd.edu/frequently-asked-questions/
|
Frequently Asked Questions 1 . What is ‘ cosleeping ’ in the context of infant caregiving practices ? 2 . Is room sharing a form of cosleeping ? 3 . Aside from convenience ( especially if breastfeeding ) , are there any health advantages to keeping baby close in the form of separate - surface cosleeping ? 4 . My mom asks if my baby sleeps in my bedroom how will she ever learn to sleep in her own room ? 5 . But does n ' t sleeping alone actually create independence in children How will my co - sleeping baby learn to be independent ? 6 . My sister ' s baby died of SIDS when he was just 3 months old . This has made me fearful and conflicted as to what to do with my own new baby when s / he comes in January . Does SIDS run in families ? 7 . Why do n ’ t you think bedsharing can be done safely enough if a mother is bottle feeding ? 8 . Why do a disproportionate number of babies die while bedsharing ? 9 . What are some of the common questions that are not asked but which are critical in understanding why some infants die while bedsharing ? 10 . Do you support a family ’ s decision to bedshare ? Do you think it is safe enough ? 11 . What other infant care practices protect and contribute to an infant ’ s health and well being , including nighttime safety ? 12 . Is nighttime infant arousal , rather than uninterrupted sleep , good or bad for babies ? 13 . What else do nighttime infant arousals accomplish ? 14 . My husband has been deployed to Iraq three times . We are expecting our first baby and I want the baby to relate to his / her father - any ideas ? 15 . I have always been a very light sleeper . The least little sound wakes me up and I ca n ' t go back to sleep . Am I wise to attempt co - sleeping when my baby comes ? 16 . Money is tight these days . Is it true that breast feeding is the economical way to go ? 17 . Do you recommend cloth diapers or is it o.k. to go with disposables ? 18 . I ' m a working mother of a 2 year old and a new 3 month old baby . Is it our best advice that I try find a nanny or am I better off to locate a day care center for both of them ? 19 . I heard that there is a serious difference of opinion between those that think that there are no serious consequences or developmental - emotional effects of babies being in daycare centers and those that think there are . What is the problem , here and what exactly is the debate about ? 20 . I have followed your advice in many articles you ' ve written . My baby has always slept in our room in the co - sleeping bassinet you recommended . When is it be wise to start having the baby sleeping her own crib in her own room and how do I start this ? 21 . My son David was born very prematurely . The Arm ' s Reach Co - Sleeper Bassinet I bought was the best investment we ever made . There was enough room to hold his oxygen tank and other necessities for his care . Is there another device you would recommend that would add to his comfort and make life a bit less stressful for us ? 22 . What constitutes a " safe sleep environment " irrespective of where the infant sleeps ? 23 . What makes for the safest possible bedsharing environment ? 24 . Is there only one “ best ” sleeping environment for my infant and me ? What actually determines where a baby will sleep ? 25 . Do babies need silence to fall asleep ? 26 . Will our baby sleep through the night sooner if he or she shares our bed ? 27 . Does bedsharing or solitary sleeping mothers get more sleep ? 28 . Is infant night waking always a problem or a sign of a clinical problem that needs professional treatment ? 29 . What are the advantages of having our baby sleep with us ? 30 . What are the long term effects on my baby of sharing a bed ? 31 . Cosleeping and Overlaying / Suffocation : Is there a chance I ' ll roll over and crush my child ? 32 . Why do babies wake up so often and so easily ? Why do they seem to sleep longer / more profound when mommy is lying beside them ? 33 . Many parents are afraid of practicing co - sleeping , as they pediatrician tells them that it has been considered to increase the risk of SIDS . What is the truth about co - sleeping and SIDS ? 34 . One thing parents fear about co - sleeping is that their child will never learn to sleep alone ? What do you tell these parents ? 35 . Why do babies wake up when they fell asleep in your arms and you try and “ put them down ” ? 36 . Does breastfeeding reduce the chances of SIDS ? 37 . To avoid controversy and / or arguments is it ok just to lie about the fact you bedshare with your baby regularly . Does it do any harm ? 38 . How many western babies have “ sleep problems to solve ” ? 39 . How useful are “ apnea monitors “ like “ Angel Care ” ? 40 . What is your opinion on the American Academy of Pediatrics labeling all bedsharing as “ hazardous ” and the fact that , without qualifications they recommend against it for all mothers , breastfeeding or not . 1 . What is ‘ cosleeping ’ in the context of infant caregiving practices ? Co - sleeping in the context of infant care practices refers to any situation in which the infant sleeps close , within sensory range , of a committed caregiver permitting each ( the infant and caregiver ) to detect and respond to the sensory signals and cues of the other ( smells , whisperings , movements , sounds , touches , heat ( for details and explanation see ( downloadable from this website ) McKenna et al 1993 ; Mother - Infant Cosleeping : Toward a New Scientific Beginning , by James J . McKenna and Sarah Mosko . Ch . 16 in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome : Puzzles , Problems and Possibilities . R . Byard and H . Krous , eds . London : Arnold Publishers , 2001 . or McKenna et al 2007 ) . Mother - infant cosleeping with breastfeeding is humankind ’ s oldest and most successful sleeping arrangement . Cosleeping remains a cross - cultural human universal , a species - wide behavior , an expectable and physiologically normal sleeping arrangement likely designed by natural selection to maximize infant survival and well - being . Only in a relatively few select cultures ( Western , industrialized societies ) have infants ever slept outside the company and presence of their breastfeeding mothers . The adoption of the prone infant sleep position , bottle rather than breast feeding , and infants sleeping separate from By the way , keep in mind that infants do not have to be in the same bed in order to “ cosleep ” , as a bassinet next to the bed , or a crib , where baby and mother or father are within range of detecting each others signals and cues is all that is necessary . Separate surface cosleeping of this variety is recommended by all . As regards sleep products I recommend “ Arms Reach Cosleeper ( http : / / www . armsreach . com / ) which is a bedside bassinet ” which attaches to the parents bed but provides a separate sleep space for the infant . I do n ’ t usually recommend products but I sure recommend this product and have since I started researching the risks of SIDS and the importance of breastfeeding . The Arms Reach Cosleeper attaches tightly and firmly to the parental bed by way of a tight cord , pulling it to the bed , preventing The really good news is that over a million of these bassinets have been sold over the last fifteen to twenty years without one infant dying or being injured ! There is no crib I can think of that has this safety record . The Arms Reach Cosleeper is , as it turns out , is about as safe as safe can be . And that ’ s why I so enthusiastically and proudly recommend them . Do recall that cosleeping with an infant on a couch , recliner , or sofa , though also forms of cosleeping are , however , dangerous and should be avoided as they increase the chances of suffocation , regardless of sobriety . * Dr . Gettler and myself have a recent paper reviewing the whole concept of “ cosleeping ” from a biological and present , cultural , perspective . See Gettler LT , McKenna JJ . in press . Cosleeping . Barrett D , McNamara P , ( eds ) The Encyclopedia of Sleep and Dreaming . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC / CLIO Press . 2 . Is Room sharing a form of cosleeping ? Yes , it is . Roomsharing , or dare we say , mother - sharing , where the infant is simply in the room of a supervising caregiver ( mother or father ) also can describe a safe , simple , form of cosleeping . This form of cosleeping is safe for all families and would be , in my mind , the preferred and default sleeping arrangement , especially for non breastfed infants . My one problem with this arrangement , which is , of course , minor , is the name for it . I think it best to remember that the inert walls of the room are not , of course what is being shared here , or is what is protective . Rather , what is protective is what goes on in the room between the caregiver and the infant , both in a reactive sense , but mostly in terms of a proactive behavior . Here I am referring to the effects on the infant of ongoing sensory exchanges with Proximity , of course makes it much more likely and possible that more interaction will take place between the mother and infants during the night , including more breastfeeding and mothers are better able to detect or discover and respond to an infant in some kind of trouble . ( This is what I mean when I say that roomsharing is really mother - sharing or father - sharing as it is an active and not a passive arrangement ) . 3 . Aside from convenience ( especially if breastfeeding ) , are their any health advantages to keeping baby close in the form of separate - surface cosleeping ? Absolutely . With only 25 % of its brain developed at birth the human infant ‘ expects ’ and depends on proximity and contact with its caregiver ’ s body , usually ( but not always nor necessarily ) the mother . Sleeping close to your infant is not simply a nice social idea but , for the infant , it represents a form of expected physiological regulation and support . Indeed , infants require this contact and proximity especially because of nutritional needs ( breastfeeding ) but also because of the immaturity of their thermo - regulatory , immune Sleeping close to infants further enhances the abilities for both mothers and fathers and infants to socially and psychologically “ attach ” , and infants to attach to them , which ultimately strengthens the infant ’ s emerging psychological system and future resilience as proximity permits the mother - infant , father – infant relationship to engage in ways that contribute to the emergence of optimal ( healthy ) infant emotional development . The short - term dependence on the proximity of a caregiver for physiological regulation , and protection is just finally being recognized scientifically as being extremely important and beneficial ( see Barak et al . 2011 Should Neonates Sleep Alone , downloadable from this website ) Mosko et al . , 1998 ; McKenna et al 2007 ) , and helps to explain why infants should avoid sleeping alone outside the sensory range by which a caregiver and infant detect each others sensory signals , cues , or stimuli , all of which facilitate and represent interactions that augment neurological Remember that at birth the human infant ’ s immune system is not yet fully functional , either , nor is its digestive system . This is clear when Dr . Tiffany Field ’ s work is considered . That is , she published research showing that massaging an infant 15 minutes everyday increases the infants intestinal elasticity , apparently , or releases more growth hormones , and / or reduces stress , ( or some combination of these processes ) leading to greater calorie absorption , therein , enhancing daily weight gain sometimes as much as by 47 % Moreover , at birth the infant ’ s breathing i.e. respiratory system is also not yet fully developed , as regards complete control of both voluntary and involuntary breathing and the relationship between the two systems especially during sleep ( see McKenna et al 2007 for explanation and McKenna 1986 ) ; nor is the infant ’ s thermo - regulatory system developed as the infant is unable to shiver , for example , to keep its own body warm . Indeed , the human infant ’ s physiology is not designed to function optimally outside the context by which Perhaps all of the above examples i.e. how the parents sensory proximity changes the infant ’ s physiology in a positive way explain why separate surface cosleeping is lifesaving . At least three epidemiological studies show that infants sleeping close to an active , caregiver , an potentially able to exchange sensory stimuli ( combining periodic touch , vision , smells , vocalizations , movement cues , breathing sounds , CO2 gas , as well as breastmilk ) on close but separate surfaces cuts an infant ’ s chances of dying from SIDS or from some other asphyxia event anywhere 4 . My mom asks : if my baby sleeps in my bedroom , how will she ever learn to sleep in her own room ? Interestingly , “ co - dependence ” ( if this is what your mom is getting at ) is not a nasty word ; indeed , co - dependence and interdependence in general is indispensable to maximize healthy human development and is especially critical for human infants , born so neurologically immature at birth . Interestingly , but not really surprising , when a human infants inherent need for contact and proximity ( reassurance through touch , parent directed vocalizations , emotional support ) are met by parents early in their lives rather than becoming “ dependent ” as is More accurately , these judgments are social in form and nature and have no scientific merit or meaning at all . No other people on the planet other than those from Western industrialized societies worry about such differences between children . Our culture has carefully constructed this as a concern . Unfortunately this implies that the pediatric sleep research community ( in general ) accepts uncritically the mistaken assumption that solitary , bottle - fed infants represent the “ normal ” and / or “ optimal ” human infant sleep and feeding arrangement , and the context from which measurements Psychologists Meret Keller and Wendy Goldberg from the University of California , Irvine found that the capacity for self - sufficiency as well as the capacity for full engagement with others , and “ problem solving skills ” which are enhanced by routine co - sleeping from birth . Keller and Goldberg ( 2004 ) conducted the first systematic studies of “ independence ” which began with a definition of what they meant by the term “ independence ” , and they were the first to research team to actually provide a definition . They found that according to their ( See , Keller and Goldberg 2004 . Cosleeping : Help or hindrance for young children ’ s independence ? Infant and Child Development 13 : 369 - 368 DOI : 101002 / icd . 365 . 5 . Does “ sleeping arrangement ” alone actually determine independence of dependence in children ? Probably not . Sleeping arrangements likely enhances such positive attributes already there , or clinically relevant or related ones involving psychological or social skills acquired from the relationships the child has with his or her parents , and other social experiences and relationships . Human development in general is likely much too complex for any one , single kind of experience or condition to be determinative of a person ’ s psychological or social skills … including something called , independence ( or it ’ s opposite ) . Whether a child is more independent or not and how it Surely when social relationships in the child ’ s nexus is strong during the day and involves a lot of engagement and contact by reassuring parents , and this positive engagement is extended throughout the night , the child is getting more of that which is already good , therein further reinforcing such personality qualities as self comforting skills , confidence , self - worth , and social - cognitive engagement skills along with more positive emotional - empathic capacities altogether . In addition , the child ’ s own genetic endowment is constantly acting in concert with the infants 6 . My sister ' s baby died of SIDS when he was just 3 months old . This has made me fearful as to what to do with my own new baby when she / he comes in January . What has your experience taught you in this regard ? Does SIDS run in families ? Last question first : SIDS does not run in families . I have studied SIDS risk factors since my own son was born some thirty - two years ago . In my mind the best ways to help prevent SIDS or accidental suffocations and to assure optimal infant and maternal health are : Do not to smoke during your pregnancy or after , or let people smoke in the presence of your baby after it is born . Safe infant sleep therefore begins when your baby is sleeping and developing in your womb , especially as regards how much damage maternal smoke can do to the fetal brain . Always place your baby on his or her back for sleep ; Breastfeed your infant exclusively for at least six months , and for a year in general , if at all possible ; Dress your baby lightly for sleep ( especially if you are sleeping with them in your bed ) and make sure regardless of where the baby is sleeping that there is no “ stuff ” around him or her , such as , excessive blankets , heavy duvets or spreads , or stuffed animals ( wherever your baby sleeps ) ; If formula or bottlefeeding ( with no breastfeeding ) sleep close to the baby at least in the same room , within sensory range , on a separate surface and not in the same bed ; If routinely bedsharing it would be best to pull the bed off its frame with the box spring and mattress on the floor in the center of the room . Bed frames can have gaps between the mattress and the frame ( head board or foot board ) into which an infant might slip and suffocate . Lowering the height of the bed reduces the chances of a baby rolling off a bed and getting hurt , although , breastfeeding babies barely if at all move around in beds as they are too interested in being next to their mothers breasts with all of those good smells being emitted . Never let children sleep next to your baby ; best not to have another child in the bed with baby at all . Never push a mattress against a wall and assume it is safe there . Mattresses pushed against walls migrate quietly and without fanfare or notice by those in the room . Sometimes the mattress pulls away from the wall creating a gap or space just large enough to permit an infant to slip into it . It is not easy to remember to check each night to see if the mattress has slipped just enough away from a wall to pose a risk to an infant slipping between the wall and mattress and suffocating . Likewise be careful with end tables , or lamp tables next to the adult bed . That space could pose a risk to the infant as well . Remove close tables that might create a gap into which an infant could roll and get stuck and suffocate . Educate yourself ( and your partner ) to all the known adverse factors associated with using a crib safely and bedsharing , and if you are unable to remove all adverse factors associated with bedsharing keep your infant close , but on a separate surface . Again , I call this “ separate surface cosleeping ” and it works just fine and is better for families who do not breastfeed their infants , or if the mother smoked during her pregnancy , or if some other adult other than the father is in the bed , or if that adult Of course drugs , alcohol , or desensitizing medications should never be taken if sleeping in a bed next to an infant . If you or your partner are excessively tired it is best to have infant sleep along side the bed but not in it . 7 . Why do n ’ t you think bedsharing can be done safely enough if a mother is bottlefeeding ? Breastfeeding changes where and how the baby is placed next to the mother , to begin with , and the infant ’ s arousal patterns , how sensitive the baby and the mother are to each other ’ s movements and sounds and proximities , as well as the infant ’ s and the mother ’ s sleep architecture ( how much time each spends in various sleep stages and how and when they move out of one sleep stage into another ) are very different between bottle feeding and breastfeeding mother - infant pairs . Not only is the Breastfeeding mothers typically place their infants under their triceps , mid chest level , and often sleep on their side curling up around the infant protectively with their knees often pulled up under the infant ’ s feet . This position may be instinctive but it does not happen when a mother bottle feeds her baby . Indeed , bottle fed infants are typically placed much higher up on the bed and near pillows ( and sometimes on top of pillows , very dangerous ) that can obscure the infants air flow , and expose infants to potential gaps ( Also , bottle feeding - bedsharing infants move in directions away from the mother , thus , increasing the risks of some kind of asphyxial event , compared with breastfeeding infants , according to the research by Dr . Helen Ball . ( Please check out her website at the University of Durham ) . That is why Dr . Ball and myself agree that bottle fed infants are safer if they sleep alongside their mothers on a different surface but not in the same bed . Never let an infant sleep alone in a room by itself , especially by itself on an adult bed or couch , and always be attentive to the infant , carrying or keeping an infant in your mind ( as most parents do , anyway ) ; 8 . Why do a disproportionate number of babies die while bedsharing ? Because many parents either do not know what minimizes risks in the bedsharing environment , or what is dangerous , or they simply do not take the time to proactively make sure that their bed , and who is in it , is as safe as current research can tell us . Bedsharing parents should remain knowledgeable of what specifically injures or kills infants in social ( as well as solitary - crib ) settings . Medical authorities and coroners are not usually forthcoming about the details associated with bedsharing deaths , like if the infant was sleeping prone in the bed , an independent risk factor for SIDS , for example , Indeed , one former President of First Candle once called parents who bedshared guilty of “ uneducated parenting ” and suggested that parents bedshare because they think it is “ cool ” . She also chose not to make But do know , regardless of this woman ’ s low opinion of parents ( especially her insulting statement that bedsharing mothers bedshare because they think it “ cool ” , most of the deaths in bedsharing environments ARE preventable when all known adverse modifiable factors are removed and all known precautions including bedsharing only if breastfeeding are respected . In sum , overwhelmingly , bedsharing deaths are associated with at least one independent risk factor associated with an infant dying . These include an infant being placed prone ( on its stomach ) and placed in an adult bed without supervision , or no breastfeeding , or other children in the bed , or infants being placed in an adult bed on top of a pillow , or who bedshare even though their mothers smoked during the pregnancy therein compromising potentially the infants ability to arouse ( to terminate too little oxygen , or to terminate an apnea ) Drug use and alcohol have historically been associated with poor outcomes for bedsharing babies so if drugs and / or alcohol are present , please do n ’ t bedshare . In sum , to understand the likely causes of most sleep - related deaths it is not enough to know simply where or with whom the infant was sleeping ; but rather one must know how the infant was sleeping , and in this case , how the bedsharing was being practiced because especially bedsharing is not a simple , or singular behavior . Bedsharing is composed of many different behaviors . Most researchers that defend a parent ’ s right to become informed and make this choice to bedshare for themselves acknowledge that bedsharing is a heterogeneous activity and 9 . What are some of the common questions that are not asked but which are critical in understanding why some infants die while bedsharing ? One might be : did the death occur while an infant slept on a couch ? This is not bedsharing but sometimes the two ( couch sleeping and bedsharing ) are used interchangeably . This is inappropriate . Couch sleeping is always dangerous . Another question sometimes skipped over is : was the infant sleeping prone , for example , or with other children , or with an inebriated adult or parent , or with a mother who smoked during her pregnancy all critical factors in why and infant may have lived or die . And , of course the 10 . Do you support a family ’ s decision to bedshare ? Do you think it is safe enough ? With certain caveats I do support safe bedsharing . ( I would likely bedshare with my own baby after taking all the precautions . ) But I would also have an arms reach cosleeper by our bed and the baby would likely sleep in bed and / or in the cosleeper for most of the night . I think it incumbent and appropriate , however , for parents to ask themselves before they bring their baby to bed with them to consider how they would evaluate ( as much as might be possible ) their choice if a tragedy were 11 . What other infant care practices protect and contribute to an infant ’ s health and well being , including nighttime safety ? The more you hold and respond and carry your baby , the better . Try not to over use plastic carriers or other hard - surface devices because carrying babies in contact with your body will contribute to the healthy development . This is especially true when considering the speed of the developmental trajectory of your baby ’ s neck muscles which can be protective if a baby needs to move its head away from a surface that is obscuring it ’ s ability to get oxygen . Body to body ( skin - to - skin ) carrying is Platycephally ( flattening ) of the head is not necessarily if at all caused by infant sleeping on their backs but by how long babies lean their heads against hard objects or , what I call , “ transformer baby furniture , or furniture that can change into many different pieces ( like those transformer toys in the eighties and nineties ) making it easy to keep babies heads against hard surfaces for an excessive amounts of time therein reshaping the infant ’ s head . 12 . In your publications you have argued that arousals are good for babies . Is nighttime infant arousal , rather than uninterrupted sleep , really good for babies ? Does n ’ t this conflict with the world of pediatric sleep medicine that push for infants sleeping through the night alone , as early in life as is possible ? In a nutshell , yes to all those questions . In my writings and based on my scientific research and that of others I contradict popular notions including what many well intentioned pediatricians believe i.e. the notion that continuous , uninterrupted infant sleep is good or normal or healthy for human infants . I reject this proposition entirely . Indeed , I believe our obsession with infants “ sleeping through the night ” at young ages … and the whole icon associated with the “ sleep like a baby ” ideal , i.e. without stirring or arousing , is a Indeed I think this “ sleep like a baby ” mentality explains why so many of our infants supposedly have “ sleep problems to solve ” . My contention is that most infants have no sleep problems to solve , but parents do because of an imposed cultural model of how infants should sleep , that never really had anything to do with how infants really sleep , at all . Moreover , I believe that the current models promoted by pediatric sleep researchers that ignore feeding method and the importance of breastfeeding and breastmilk - delivery and the nutrition I have argued in refereed ( downloadable ) papers that not only have these culturally imposed infant sleep goals and beliefs effected parents deleteriously but also they lead to the adoption of biologically inappropriate standards and expectations as to how infants are supposed to sleep . I argue that these models inappropriately prioritize infant sleep consolidation at the expense of what is really important for infants in the first year of life and that is breastfeeding , which requires babies to wake up frequently . Frequent breastfeeding and the engagement with the mother that accompanies it is essential for optimal My first studies aimed to demonstrate that only by deriving infant sleep measurements in the mother infant cosleeping - breastfeeding context could we begin to understand more accurately what constitutes human - wide , species - wide , normal , healthy infant sleep . Indeed , I argue that the cultural dismantling of the three basic components of normal human infant sleep i.e. sleep position ( on the back for breastfeeding which was changed to prone sleep ) , feeding method ( from breastfeeding to formula or cows milk , bottle feeding ) and infant sleep location ( from next I believe that the neurosciences , especially studies in psychobiology more strongly support the notion that short continuous arousals during the night for babies is not only normal but protective and is exactly what occurs ( and should occur ) when babies breastfeed through the night and sleep close to their mothers , as they detect and respond to maternal odors , sounds and movements , all of which induces such arousals as our NICHD funded research documents ( see Mosko et al 1997 ) . The lighter sleep , that all of these maternal - induced arousals promote , In 1983 in a chapter found in the “ Frontiers of Psychiatry ” edited by Justin Call and Eleanor Galensen , infant psychiatrist Isabel Paret showed that the more infants are picked up and held and aroused during the day the more they arouse at night . What I would like to suggest is that a great deal of holding , carrying , responding to , and touching infants never hurt them , but surely too little of it does . Human infants are primates and primates can never get too much touching ! Apparently , all of this arousing see Mosko et al 1997 this website , and McKenna et al 2005 or McKenna et al 2007 ) . Again , some might think this a bad thing : I think it a good thing as it is protection from SIDS . The problem with the SIDS baby was not that they ever aroused too much , but that they aroused too little … Many SIDS infants had a hard time awakening ( before they died ) and were often overly sleepy and rather listless , as described by their parents before their deaths . It could be said , that ’ s SIDS victims were not able to arouse enough , or had too little practice getting good 13 . What else do nighttime infant arousals accomplish and what is the connection between arousals and an infant sleeping through the night ? As mentioned above , arousals lead to the baby breathing more stably over time , and to more variable heart rates and breathing . Variability in breathing patterns of infants is good and a sign of health , ordinarily , and such variability is often associated with more substantial inhalations of oxygen , leading to shorter apneas in deep stage of sleep from which awakenings can be difficult ( see Richards et al 1998 ) . Moreover , if practice makes perfect than the more arousals induced by various forms of co - sleeping the better the arousal skills that Babies are not designed to sleep through the night in the first six months , at least , of life . They are designed to wake often to breastfeed . Breastmilk does not have dense calories i.e. caloric staying power that keeps a baby sleeping , in the way that cows milk does , for example as it is obviously designed for optimal cow brain growth and development . Contrary to what many pediatric sleep researchers claim , or at least , lead parents to believe , the consolidation of human infant sleep is not what is important biologically for an infant especially in the first six months of life . Rather consuming breastmilk ( the ( product ) and experiencing the breastfeeding process , the engagement with their mothers , socially , cognitively , emotionally , intellectually , and psychologically is what is important to them and this sis intimately and functionally interdependent with the type of sleep that they experience . In fact what constitutes normal and Keep in mind that human infants sleeping alone and formula - or cows milk fed infants was one huge , untested cultural experiment . These practices never emerged from studies suggesting that they befitted infants . Indeed , they are unusual practices from a worldwide perspective , and represent unique , Western industrialized social ideologies that can be used to explain why , compared to other parents on the planet , why especially western parents have so much problems dealing with their infant ’ s or child ’ s sleep . It is as if parents in our society suffer Remember … .personal preferences , influenced by recent Western cultural values and social ideology , NOT studies of the natural biology and needs of the human infant have argued against babies arousing at night to feed a lot ; and , indeed , the “ sleep like a baby ” or “ shush the baby is sleeping ” model , while some kind of western ideal is NOT what babies are designed to do nor experience , and it is definitely not in their own biological or emotional or social best interest . The whole notion of sleeping through the The first job assigned to an infant is to breastfeed frequently in order to feed its growing brain that will double in the first year of life . Not only will human breast milk stimulate and provide the basis of optimal general growth but the interactive delivery system will contribute to the right connections between different neural modalities including motor , emotional , cognitive , and social areas the govern emerging skills and relational talents . The phrase “ sleep like a baby ” should be eliminated from American lexicon . How about if we replace it with a new 14 . My husband has been deployed to Iraq three times . We are expecting our first baby and I want the baby to relate to his / her father - - any ideas ? Nothing can substitute for the presence and physical proximity of the father but that said consistent voice contact or visual images ( computer video conferencing ? ) or photos will help the infant prepare to attach . And your own excitement and enthusiasm speaking about ( and of ) your baby ’ s father likewise will be noticed and positively affect the infant . And do n ’ t forget that fathers are better able to bond with their babies as well if exposed to their infants sensory ( visual and auditory ) stimuli ( pictures , video , audio 15 . I have always been a very light sleeper . The least little sound wakes me up and I ca n ' t go back to sleep . Am I wise to attempt co - sleeping when my baby comes ? It depends on how badly your sleep is affected and what your own sense of needs might be and your social relational priorities . Obviously , if you really can not sleep at all and your health and well being and ability to enjoy your infant is negatively impacted then more extreme measures might have to be taken , such as having the Dad sleep in the same room with the baby while you sleep elsewhere . Some people are more sensitive than others . You DO need to respect your own needs or you will not be able to 16 . Money is tight these days . Is it true that breastfeeding is the economical way to go ? Breastfeeding saves at least 300 dollars a month that otherwise would be spent on bottles , formula or milk costs , leading to enormous yearly family savings . It makes good financial sense , aside from all the health benefits to both mother and infant alike . 17 . Do you recommend cloth diapers or is it OK to go with disposables ? Whatever you and your infants prefer and / or what seems to work successfully , and avoids skin rashes and / or infant discomfort . But do think green ! 18 . I ' m a working mother of a 2 year old and a new 3 month old baby . Is it our best advice that I try find a nanny or am I better off to locate a day care center for both of them ? If you possibly can afford it , find a nanny or a baby sitter to come to your home . This is a difficult issue and one that has led to bitter scientific feud much like the issue of bedsharing ( see question below ) . Let me say , first of , that it is always better to keep especially young infants especially those less than six months of age in their own home with the babysitter or nanny rather them in daycare centers . Some babies die from SIDS because they were brought to daycare centers . According 19 . I heard that there is a serious difference of opinion between those that think that there are no serious consequences or developmental - emotional effects of babies being in daycare centers and those that think there are . What is the problem , here and what exactly is the debate about ? In a recent book by Dr . Peter Cook ( Mothering Denied ) describes better than most others the difficulties that Dr . Jay Belsky has had convincing his fellow scientists that social ideology is passing for , if not dictating , scientific interpretations of studies on this issue ( as is true for the bedsharing debate ) , in favor of dismissing the serious concerns and negative developmental correlates of infants and children being placed for long hours , early in their lives , in daycare centers . Keep in mind that human beings have always assisted each other in caring for each other ’ s infants . Indeed , new work by Sarah Hrdy ( 2009 ) and Lee Gettler ( 2010 ) illustrate the important role that direct care and investment by others likely played throughout human evolution , causing scientists to consider that we are really “ cooperative breeders ” insofar as individuals other than the mother have significantly enhanced the human infant survival . The idea is that such alloparenting as such ‘ substitute care ’ is called likely lessened maternal energetic costs associated But this said infants throughout our evolution were never too far from their mothers and not at all were they certainly not for very long were they distant from them , especially when they were extremely young . Nor were babies with strangers for significant numbers of hours out of any day , it is thought , which can happen in today ’ s industrialized societies where babies can spend all day in a day care center amongst changing caregivers none of whom may have the time to develop a spell attachment or social bond with the baby . A In his book entitled Mothering Denied , Cook describes an editorial in The Wall Street Journal of July 16 , 2003 . The article focuses on Jay Belsky — one of the leading scholars in what is called the National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development ( NICHD ) Network . Belsky clearly argues that ( as Cook described here ) while an “ unpopular finding ” and not one that many of the investigators were happy with or wanted to hear , the effects of daycare on child development “ confirmed that the more time children spent in Cook reports Belsky saying … . “ Not that you ’ d know any of this from reading the NICHD ’ s press release or listening to many of the commentators . ” He pointed out that the results were not politically popular , since “ many ( of the investigators ) have made their careers representing good childcare as a sort of social cure - all . … Because child - care is here to stay ” , the argument goes , “ only the improvement of its quality is important . ” Anyone highlighting disconcerting evidence is simply I might add here that this situation unfortunately describes the supposed bedsharing debate : those that support informed choice to bedshare and who , like myself , who deplore inaccurate , simplistic generalizations about the “ dangers ” of sleeping with baby ( and misrepresentations about the bedsharing issue , who differ from the governments position ) are demonized , belittled at professional meetings sponsored by professional groups ( like First Candle ) and attempts to ostracize repeatedly take place . Good science , can be used , as it is here perhaps like a social weapon to intimidate parents In 2001 , Belsky suggested that , “ as more and more children were spending more and more time in non - maternal care arrangements , at younger and younger ages , even small effects , when experienced by many children , might have broad - scale implications for how classrooms , communities and even societies operate . ” From Mothering Denied . Peter S . Cook : 37 . 20 . I have followed your advice in many articles you ' ve written . My baby has always slept in our room in the co - sleeping bassinet you recommended . When is it wise to start having the baby sleeping her own crib in her own room and how do I start this ? Let me answer this by first saying that the word , “ infant ” , is derived from the Latin word , infant , meaning a human being before speech . Infants are not capable of the physical production of speech ( and relatedly ) full speech comprehension until at least 15 months and later with a great deal of infant - to - infant variability . In other words at least pre speech infants are still completing their gestation , so to speak , and so my own preference both as a father and scientist is to encourage parents And always remember , outside - external authorities do NOT know your family ’ s situation , as well as you do . This is a personal decision not a medical one . And it is yours to make . You are the expert here knowing as well as you do your infant ' s needs in relationship to your own and your overall circumstances ; and while you will be bombarded by well intentioned professionals and friends or family parents all telling you why you “ must get that child or baby out of your bed or room ” 21 . My son David was born very prematurely . The Arm ' s Reach Co - Sleeper Bassinet I bought was the best investment we ever made . There was enough room to hold his oxygen tank and other necessities for his care . Is there another device you would recommend that would add to his comfort and make life a bit less stressful for us ? Not really . I think for your premature infant you are exhibiting just about the best infant care practice possible . It is not safe to have a very small , fragile , premature baby sleeping next to a parent in a western bed , but very important to have them sleeping alongside the bed on a different surface . The infant - parent sensory exchanges and the monitoring by the parent , coupled with breastfeeding are about as good as it gets for your premature infant . When awake you and your partner should hold and be in contact 22 . What constitutes a " safe sleep environment " irrespective of where the infant sleeps ? In a way , preparation for safe sleep for an infant begins prenatally , when a healthy gestation occurs without the mother ingesting any cigarette smoke . Stepping aside from dangerous social factors , such as adult inebriation or adult bedsharing while under the influence of drugs , or infants sleeping alongside disinterested strangers , and ignoring ( for the moment ) the physical - structural - furniture and bedding aspects of “ safe infant sleep ” always occurs in the context of , and under the supervision of , a committed , sober adult caregiver who is in a position to respond to infant nutritional needs , crises , and can exchange sensory stimuli all of which represents just what babies depend on for maximum health Sheepskins or other fluffy material and especially beanbag , or body - fitting sponge , mattresses should never be used . Waterbeds can be dangerous , too , and always , if bed furniture or frames are used the mattresses should tightly intersect the bed - frame and no spaces or gaps should exist around circumference of the bed either with a frame or night table . To be sure , infants should never sleep on recliners , couches or sofas , with or without adults wherein they can slip down ( face first ) into the crevice or get wedged against the back of a couch , or fall between pillow seats . 23 . What makes for the safest possible bedsharing environment ? What is safe always depends on the totality of the social , psychological , nutritional , emotional , and physical circumstances ( furniture including bedding , mattress quality and stiffness ) within which the “ bedsharing ” occurs . There is not one singular risk or benefit factor that alone determines safety . To begin with , whether or not bedsharing is safe begins with a consideration of the adults , usually the mother , who will be sleeping with the baby . How much does a mother “ want ” to sleep , how much does it mean to Non - smoking , sober breastfeeding mothers and partners who likewise accept and welcome and adopt safety precautions altogether make for the creation of the most safe bedsharing environment . As regards the mother she will exhibit more physiological and mental sensitivities to their babies movements , position and sounds , than do bottle feeding moms . Bedsharing breastfeeding mothers and infants spend more of their nighttime sleep in lighter rather than deeper stages of sleep . This makes easier for infants to awaken to terminate longer or potentially dangerous , breathing pauses or apnea and mothers are better able But if breastfeeding , even if one uses a co - sleeper , the baby will often simply want to sleep next to you , to snuggle in physical contact , and all parents should therefore be prepared for this contingency . Knowledge makes your baby safer . If a decision is made to bed - share , ideally , both parents should agree and feel comfortable with the decision and “ Dads ” as well as moms should take responsibility for the safety , through the night , of his or her baby . In other words , reflect Obviously , persons on sedatives , medications or drugs , or if intoxicated - - or excessively unable to arouse should not cosleep on the same surface with the infant To be extra safe long hair on the mother should be tied up to prevent infant entanglement around the infant ' s neck - - ( yes , it has really happened ) and extremely obese persons , who may not feel where exactly or how close their infant is , may wish to have the infant sleep alongside but on a different surface â It is important to realize that the physical and social conditions under which infant - parent cosleeping occurs , in all its diverse forms , can and will determine the risks or benefits . What goes on in bed is what matters , and the nature of the relationship brought to bed to share . On a more sobering note , it may be important to consider or reflect on whether you would think that you suffocated your baby if , under the most unlikely scenario , your baby died from SIDS while in your bed . Just as babies can die from SIDS in a risk free solitary sleep environment , it remains possible for a baby to die in a risk - free cosleeping / bedsharing environment . Just make sure , as much as this is possible , that you would not assume that , if the baby died , that either 24 . Is there only one “ best ” sleeping environment for my infant and me ? What actually determines where a baby will sleep ? In a nutshell , no , of course not , . There is no one place that every given infant should sleep , except to say that infants should never sleep outside the supervision of a committed caregiver but that does not imply that the baby must be bedsharing , only that some sort of close proximity such as roomsharing is more optimal to an infant sleeping alone in a room by itself . And the assumption by pediatric sleep researchers that there is one ideal sleeping arrangement for all , or that cosleeping is harmful and detrimental or that infants need to “ consolidate their sleep as soon in life as is possible ” is not only fallacious but harmful and it explains why western parents are the most exhausted , disappointed least satisfied , ( yet , most educated and well read ) , I am convinced , than any other parents on the planet , as regards their infant ’ s sleep . There is no “ one - size - must ( or - can ) fit - all ” answer to the question of where any infant or child will most ideally and safely sleep . Some safety issues are known , so certainly they should be followed as I have outlined in answering many of these questions But what any infants sleep location socially or psychologically means to parents is very powerful and it affects the overall safety and satisfaction that different families have to the same sleeping arrangement and environment . Arranging the “ best ” place for an This is because where an infant sleeps is not just physical place but has special social meaning , too , and may reflect the parents philosophical parenting goals ; or sometimes where an infant sleeps reflects how family members get the most sleep . Sometimes it reflects what is practical and economically possible . Some families , for example , are too poor to buy a crib so that have no choice but to cosleep in the form of bedsharing . Other parents have multiple bedrooms and several cribs but never place their babies in them but prefer instead that Often where infants and children sleep is relational in nature , and not medical at all . That is , where babies end up sleeping at , say , 3 : 23 am on Tuesday morning reflects , among other things , the special needs , temperaments , and desires and / or nutritional needs of infants and children , and , for parents , too . Infants have a lot to say as to where they will end up sleeping as their bodies are designed to settle when close to their parents . It makes them happy to cosleep Where an infant or child sleeps is usually not determined by only one factor anyway but by a variety of them involving biology , physiology , and economics . The parents social values including what it means to be a “ good ” parent and how parents want to express love and nurturing , or protect their privacy and how they are able to get the most sleep are all possible factors that determine where a baby can be found at night . You could say also that where infants sleep reflects the parents emotional needs as well as possibly childrearing goals or philosophies . There is no one way to arrange your baby ' s sleep , before you retire for the night and how well one approach works is , as always , determined by factors pertinent to each family depending on what parents want , hope for , and see as reflecting the kind of relationship they want to share with each other and with their infants and other children . Try to remember that you will come to know special things about your baby better than anyone . Become informed , but then make your own decision and trust your feelings and feel good about and not ashamed of your decision . Try not to hide your decisions from others but educate them to the variety of decisions that parents make . How you and the other caregivers feel about privacy and separation , or being close to the baby even when the baby is sleeping but you are not , and the physical circumstances of your house , can make a difference as to what approach or practice might work best for you . For example , some parents who retire for bed much later than the baby feel more comfortable if the baby is kept within proximity where , for 25 . Do babies need silence to fall asleep ? Interestingly , infants can fall asleep in the middle of a rock concert if they need to . Indeed , infants can protect themselves from excessive stimulation but what they can not protect themselves from is too little stimulation . Infants and older baby ' s as you might notice often fall asleep quickly in the context of family noise , rather than in silence , as is generally thought . This is because the baby probably feels more secure hearing that a caregiver - or perhaps that something - - is going on nearby . Human voices are reassuring Some parents find it comforting to put some kind of walkie - talkie in the room , which is fine , except that a more appropriate use of the walkie - talkie talkie would be to turn the amplifiers around . That is broadcasting family voices into the baby ' s room , if the baby must be in a room by itself , letting the baby hear the chatter of its parents and siblings , rather than the other way around can be very proactive and protective . Fifty years ( at least ) of human developmental research shows 26 . Will our baby sleep through the night sooner if he or she shares our bed ? There exists no longitudinal data that can answer this question . Infants and children are certainly more content sleeping with their parents or others , judging from their behavior . But variety of scientific studies indicate that rather than it being completely controlled by the environment , the baby ' s own maturational rate as influenced by its unique internal needs to awaken , to feed , to find reassurance , or to oxygenate , are as much influencing factors in night waking and " sleeping through the night " as is sleep location , per se . Moreover , it is interesting to note that where infants and parents routinely cosleep the infants are for the most part less likely to cry , when they do wake up , compared with solitary sleeping infants . Seemingly , the infants " feeling " the presence , of a parent permits it to return to sleep without fully awakening , or awakening the parents ( unless the infant want to feed ) so the question of " sleeping through the night " becomes less relevant 27 . Does bedsharing or solitary sleeping mothers get more sleep ? Generally , bedsharing mother - infant pairs have many more transient arousals ( very brief ) and the infant breastfeeds much more frequently ; but the perception by these mothers of their own sleep in these cases can , nonetheless , be very positive . And in several research papers one by Ball et al ( 2004 ) and by McKenna and Volpe ( 2007 ) we determined that bedsharing was the solution to , and not the cause , of too little sleep . But this is different for different mothers and families . In our laboratory study of I might add that pediatric sleep pioneer , Dr . Tom Anders , observed that many solitary sleeping babies awaken for short periods throughout the night without parental knowledge , even where they sleep in a crib , alone . Some babies will simply go back to sleep while others , presumably with different needs and sensitivities , will awaken and " signal " their need for contact with the parent . Should infants do so i.e. signal parents , it is not necessarily a sign of immaturity , stubbornness or an attempt to manipulate their parents as is sometimes One bit of information might help here : from a biological perspective , it is appropriate for babies to awaken during the night during the first year of life . In fact , although infants can be conditioned to sleep long and hard alone , and without intervention and , hence , fulfill the cultural expectation that they should “ sleep through the night ” the fact remains that they were not designed to do so , and it may not be either in their best biological or psychological best interest . 28 . Is infant night waking always a problem or a sign of a clinical problem that needs professional treatment ? Quite simply , no , not at all . As always , parental goals and needs lead parents to interpret their infant ' s behavior , including night awakenings , very differently . For example , many parents do not worry about night awakenings because especially where the babies sleep next to them , the infants are content and less likely to awaken and remain distressed . 29 . What are the advantages of having our baby sleep with us ? Advantages can only be assessed in view of how parents feel about their infant being close or - - next to them , and calculated in a positive way only if parents are knowledgeable about how to cosleep safely . Some obvious advantages can include : the baby will know that you are there - and can respond emotionally and physiologically in potentially beneficial ways . Babies will breast feed more often with less disruption to mothers sleep - and the baby will receive more sleep as will the mother compared with solitary sleeping breast feeding babies - as recent studies show ( see our publications available for downloading ) . Babies arouse more frequently , but for shorter average durations than if the baby slept apart - and spend less time in deeper stages of sleep which may not More breast feeding , which accompanies cosleeping , also can be translated into less disease and morbidly , indeed , when breast feeding is enhanced . Proximity of the infant potentially permits the parents to respond to changes in the baby ' s status - such as if it were choking or struggling to breathe - and , of course , proximity makes it more likely that if a baby was fighting to rid itself of blankets over it ' s head , the parent might here the event and intercede . Working mothers who feel guilty of not having enough time to be with their babies during the day often say how much better they feel by being able to nurture and protect their babies at night , when sleeping close and , hence , strengthening attachment , as can Dad . Given the right family culture , cosleeping can make mother , dad and baby feel very good , indeed . 30 . What are the long term effects on my baby of sharing a bed ? While advocates of solitary infant sleeping arrangements have claimed any number of benefits of infant sleeping alone , the truth o the matter is , few , if any , of these supposed benefits have been shown to be true through scientific studies . The great irony is that , not only have benefits of solitary infant sleep NOT been demonstrated – and simply assumed to be true , but recent studies are beginning to show the opposite that is , it is not solitary sleeping arrangements that produce strong independence , social competence , feeling of high self esteem Consider , for example : * Heron ' s ( 1 ) recent cross - sectional study of middle class English children shows that amongst the children who " never " slept in their parent ’ s bed there was a trend to be harder to control , less happy , exhibit a greater number of tantrums . Moreover , he found that those children who never were permitted to bed - share were actually more fearful than children who always slept in their parent ’ s bed , for all of the night ( 1 ) . * In a survey of adult college age subjects , Lewis and Janda ( 1988 ) report that males who coslept with their parents between birth and five years of age had significantly higher self - esteem , experienced less guilt and anxiety , and reported greater frequency of sex . Boys who coslept between 6 and 11 years of age also had higher self - esteem . For women , cosleeping during childhood was associated with less discomfort about physical contact and affection as adults . ( While these traits may be confounded by parental attitudes , such findings * Crawford ( 1994 ) found that women who coslept as children had higher self esteem than those who did not . Indeed , cosleeping appears to promote confidence , self - esteem , and intimacy , possibly by reflecting an attitude of parental acceptance ( Lewis and Janda 1988 ) . * A study of parents of 86 children in clinics of pediatrics and child psychiatry ( ages 2 - 13 years ) on military bases ( offspring of military personnel ) revealed that cosleeping children received higher evaluations of their comportment from their teachers than did solitary sleeping children , and they were underrepresented in psychiatric populations compared with children who did not cosleep . The authors state : " Contrary to expectations , those children who had not had previous professional attention for emotional or behavioral problems coslept more frequently than did children who were known to have had * Again , in England Heron ( 1994 ) found that it was the solitary sleeping children who were harder to handle ( as reported by their parents ) and who dealt less well with stress , and who were rated as being more ( not less ) dependent on their parents than were the cosleepers ! * And in the largest and possible most systematic study to date , conducted on five different ethnic groups from both Chicago and New York involving over 1,400 subjects Mosenkis ( 2000 ) found far more positive adult outcomes for individuals who coslept as a child , among almost all ethnic groups i.e. African Americans and Puerto Ricans in New York , Puerto Ricans , Dominicans , and Mexicans in Chicago than there were negative findings . An especially robust finding which cut across all the ethnic groups included in the study was that cosleepers exhibited a feeling of satisfaction But Mosenkis ' s main finding went beyond trying to determine easy causal links between sleeping arrangements and adult characteristics or experiences . Perhaps his most important finding was that the interpretation of " outcome " of cosleeping had to be understood within the context specific to each cultural milieu , and within the context of the nature of social relationships the child has with its family members ! For the most parts , therefore , it is probably true that neither social sleep ( cosleeping ) nor solitary sleep as a child correlates with anything in any simple or References Cited Heron P . Nonreactive CO - sleeping and Child Behavior : Getting a Good Night ' s Sleep All Night Every Night . Masters Thesis , University of Bristol , Bristol , United Kingdom , 1994 . Crawford , M . Parenting practices in the Basque country : Implications of infant and childhood sleeping location for personality development . Ethos 1994 , 22 ; 1 : 42 - 82 . â â 3 . Lewis RJ , LH Janda . The relationship between adult sexual adjustment and childhood experience regarding exposure to nudity , sleeping in the parental bed , and parental attitudes toward sexuality . Arch Sex Beh 1988 ; 17 : 349 - 363 . . Crawford , M . Parenting practices in the Basque country : Implications of infant and childhood sleeping location for personality development . Forbes JF , Weiss DS , Folen RA . The Co - sleeping habits of military children . Military Medicine 1992 ; 157 : 196 - 200 . Mosenkis , J ( 2000 ) The Effects of Childhood Co - sleeping On Later Life Development 1998 . â Masters Thesis . University of Chicago . Department of Human Development â 31 . Cosleeping and Overlaying / Suffocation : Is there a chance I ' ll roll over and crush my child ? To claim that there is NO chance of an adult overlaying a baby would be ridiculous , but so would it be irresponsible to claim that an infant could never be killed while traveling in an automobile , or while sleeping alone in a crib which has an overly soft mattress , or crib slats which do not prevent the infant ' s head from passing between them . In each case , the dangers are significantly reduced - and the potential benefits of car travel or infants sleeping alone ( where this is what parents want ) can be No infant sleep environment is risk free . My opinion is that the right to consider what known risks factors exist and how or if they apply , and to weigh those risks in relationship to the circumstances within which bedsharing will occur belong with the parent , and not with external authorities making decisions for them . As regards cosleeping ( in the form of bed - sharing ) what we know to be true scientifically is that for nocturnal infant breast feeding and nurturing throughout the night both mothers and babies were designed biologically and psychologically to sleep In the worldwide ethnographic record , mothers accidentally suffocating their babies during the night is relatively unheard of , except among western industrialized nations , but here there are in the overwhelming number of cases , explanations of the deaths that require reference to dangerous circumstances and not to the act itself . Please see our paper by Gettler and McKenna ( 2010 ) , downloadable , entitled “ Never Sleep With Baby ? Or Keep Me Close But Keep me Safe ” Let me expand a bit on what we know to be true scientifically . Anthropological and developmental studies suggest that mothers and infants are designed to respond to the presence of the other , and no data have ever shown that among mother - baby pairs who cosleep for breast feeding in a safe cosleeping / bed - sharing environment that mothers are unable to sense the proximity of their babies in order to avoid smothering them . Our own laboratory sleep studies of cosleeping / bed - sharing mothers infant pairs ( 2 to 4 month olds ) reveal Like so many things in life the truth is a bit complex : there is no one outcome ( good or bad ) that can be associated with cosleeping in the form of " bed - sharing , but rather a range of outcomes ( from potentially beneficial to dangerous and risky ) depending on the overall circumstances within which the cosleeping takes place . For example , the condition of the sleeping surface - the bed ( in Western cultures ) and the condition and frame of mind of the adult cosleeper ( s ) , and the purposes for cosleeping - - are very important in assessing the relative safety , dangers or potential benefits of sleeping with an infant or child . During my many years of studying infant - parent cosleeping / bed - sharing , I am unaware of even one instance in which , under and acknowledged safe social and physical conditions , a mother , aware that her But important precautions need to be taken if families elect to bed - share . And bed - sharing should be avoided entirely if the mother smokes ( either throughout her pregnancy or after ) as maternal smoking combined with bed - sharing increases the chances of SIDS . While there is evidence that accidental suffocation can and does occur in bed - sharing situations , in the overwhelming number of cases ( sometimes in 100 % of them ) in which a real overlay by an adult occurs , extremely unsafe sleeping condition or conditions can be identified including situations where adults are not aware that the infant was in the bed , or an adult sleeping partners who are drunk or desensitized by drugs , or indifferent to the presence of the baby . In these cases often the suffocation occurs while the parent and infant sleep In my own work I stress that a distinction must be made between the inherently protective and beneficial nature of the mother - infant cosleeping / breast feeding context , and the conditions ( of the mother and the physical setting including equipment ) within which it occurs - which can range from extremely safe to unsafe and risky . While mother - infant cosleeping evolved biologically , it is wise to recall that beds did not ; whether sleeping in a crib or in the adult ( parental ) bed , the mattress should be firm and it should fit tightly against the headboard so that an infant can not during the night fall into a ledge face down and smother . Since contact with other bodies increases the infant ' s skin temperature , babies should be wrapped lightly in the cosleeping environment especially , and attention should be given to the room temperature . Obviously if the Avoid cosleeping with a baby on a couch as too many that I know of slipped face down into the cracks between the pillow seats and were compressed against the back wall of the couch , or fell face down into the back part of the couch and suffocated . Personally , I would also avoid cosleeping on waterbed , although there may be some instances they are firm enough and lack deep crevices ( around the frame ) that could be deemed safe . Under no circumstances should the baby sleep on top of a pillow , or have it ' s head covered by a blanket . Moreover , if another adult is in the bed , the second adult should be aware ( made aware of ) the presence of the baby , and it should never be assumed that the other adult knows that the baby is present . Parents should discuss with each other whether they both feel comfortable with the baby being in the bed and with them . I always suggest that if parents elect to cosleep in Toddlers or other little children should not be permitted to sleep in the adult bed next to an infant as toddlers are unaware of the dangers of suffocation . Moreover , it is unsafe for a infant and a toddler to sleep alone together in the same bed . Finally , it is not a pleasant thought to consider , but I always think that it is important to consider if , by chance , an infants died from SIDS while sleeping next to you , would you assume that you suffocated the infant , or would you know that you did not , that the infant died independently of your presence ? If you are unable to believe that a SIDS could occur independent in the bed - sharing or bed - sharing / breast feeding context , just as it can under perfectly safe solitary sleeping conditions Let me end on a positive note : all else being safe , bed - sharing among nonsmoking mothers who sleep on firm mattresses specifically for purposes of breast feeding , may be the most ideal form of bed - sharing where both mother and baby can benefit by , among other things , the baby getting more of mother ' s precious milk and both mothers and babies getting more sleep - two findings which emerged from our own studies . 32 . Why do babies wake up so often and so easily ? Why do they seem to sleep longer / more profound when mommy is lying beside them ? If infants do wake up easily , and this is always a relative description , just as it is for adults , then it is likely biologically appropriate and dependent on method of feeding ( bottle or breast or mixed ) and general comfort level ( condition of diaper and / or satiation - hunger status ) . Recall that breastfed infants wake up much more frequently and at shorter intervals than do bottle fed infants since cows milk is designed for cow brain growth ( much less volume compared with human brains ) and body growth rates while breast 33 . Many parents are afraid of practicing co - sleeping , as they pediatrician tells them that it has been considered to increase the risk of SIDS . What is the truth about co - sleeping and SIDS ? First of all , the question must be first responded to by asking … what kind of cosleeping are you referring to ? It is scientifically fallacious to say that co - sleeping increases the chances of SIDS especially in light of the fact that hundreds of different co - sleeping patterns exist , which vary in degrees of safety and / or benefits and outcomes associated with them . Room sharing is a form of cosleeping and it is known that roomsharing decreases an infants chances dying by a third of one half compared with babies sleeping alone . Saying without qualification that " cosleeping causes SIDS " is the equivalent of saying that the mothers body and capacities are inherently deficient , the very body against which everything an infant can or can not do biologically , or needs to do , is explained including infant survival itself . This strategy and comment presently being used by medical institutions not only gets the science wrong , ignores contrary evidence , and dismisses any critiques of that science that claims to show that all bedsharing is dangerous , but they attempt to pass on to the public social judgments 34 . One thing parents fear about co - sleeping is that their child will never learn to sleep alone ? What do you tell these parents ? All infants eventually learn to sleep alone and follow the patterns of their families . This is not a skill that requires teaching . It is an acquired an inevitable skill . Co - sleeping babies ‘ decide ’ to learn to sleep alone , later than do routinely solitary sleeping infants , this is true but they DO eventually learn to sleep alone , for sure , perhaps a year and a half later than do infants who were forced to sleep alone from birth . It ’ s a matter of timing and not whether they ever learn 35 . Why do babies wake up when they fell asleep in your arms and you try and “ put them down ” ? Because infants are biologically designed to sense that something dangerous has occurred , separation from the caregiver … and they feel , through their skin , that something is different such as a missing the softness of the mother ’ s touch , the heat of mother ’ s body , the smells of mother ’ s milk , the gentleness of mother ’ s moving – breathing chest and the feeling of being protected . Infants are alerted because insofar as their own body is concerned infants are about to be abandoned and it is therefore time to awaken 36 . Does Breastfeeding reduce the chances of SIDS ? Yes . Venneman et al 2009 were first to find unqualified proof of this long suspected fact having conducted a populations - based study of 333 infants who died of SIDS between 1998 and 2001 matched in age to 998 “ control infants ” born 4 to 6 weeks after the case infants . According to their abstract … ” .The response rate was greater for case families vs . control families ( 82.4 % vs . 58.7 % ) .Interviews were conducted at the same age for case infants and control infants . Autopsy protocol for case infants was standardized . Most SIDS cases ( 59 % ) occurred between ages 2 and 5 months . Interviewers administered questionnaires regarding exclusive breast - feeding , partial breast - feeding , or no breast - feeding at ages 2 weeks , 1 month , and in the month before SIDS in case infants or Multivariate analysis controlled for maternal smoking in pregnancy , maternal family status , maternal age at delivery , socioeconomic status , previous live births , infant birth weight , bed sharing in last night , pillow in infant ' s bed , additional heating in last sleep , sleep position , and pacifier use . At age 1 month , 39.0 % of case infants vs . 71.9 % of control infants were exclusively breast - fed ( adjusted OR , 0.48 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.28 - 0.82 ) . At age 1 month Survival curves showed that partial breast - feeding and exclusive breast - feeding were linked with a decreased risk for SIDS at all ages . Breast - feeding decreased the risk for SIDS by approximately 50 % at all ages . Limitations of the study included low response rate for control families , higher socioeconomic status in participants vs . nonparticipants , possible residual confounding despite multivariate analysis , and possible recall bias because of retrospective design . From : Vennemann M , Bajanowski T , Jorch G , Mitchell E . Does breastfeeding reduce the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ? Pediatrics 2009 ; 123 : e406 - 10 . See Also : Fredrickson DD , Sorenson JF , and Biddle AK . Relationship of sudden infant death syndrome to breast - feeding duration and intensity . Am J Dis Child 1993 ; 147 : 460 . 37 . To avoid controversy and / or arguments is it ok just to lie about the fact you bedshare with your baby regularly . Does it do any harm ? It ’ s not nice to lie , in general , but it is especially timely that all the bedsharing parents should come out of the bedsharing closet , so - to - speak , and proudly proclaim their sleeping arrangements and the legitimacy of their choice . By not being honest the science of bedsharing gets very skewed . FEW examples of families safely cosleeping provide public officials with a license to assume authority over this issue when in fact , its only parents that can and should . By not having indicated that you bedshared and your baby Also , keep in mind that by lying about bedsharing one inadvertently supports the idea that something is wrong with it , under any and all conditions . Lying about it pathologizes safe bedsharing and makes it morally suspect . Hiding one ’ s bedsharing behavior only accentuates then the problems other parents face , too , leaving them stranded and without support , or knowledge that at least half of other parents bedshare , too . That can be comforting and reassuring and provides opportunities to share experiences and to learn . 38 . How many western babies have “ sleep problems to solve ” ? As regards how many infants have what is considered a “ sleep problem ” in western society that , too , is hard to ascertain exactly as it depends on how one defines an “ infant sleep problem ” and who is doing the defining ; but roughly speaking somewhere between 40 - 60 % of western babies are ‘ said ’ to have sleep problems to solve . My contention is that there is nothing wrong with the babies at all but the sleep model that is being culturally imposed on them which is the cause of the “ From a biological point of view , one question begs answering : why or how could 40 - 60 % of otherwise healthy infants have sleep problems to solve and if this is percentage is anything near the truth then the cultural and or scientific models of normal healthy sleep that underlie our cultural ideologies must reflect far more about adults than they do about babies . It also suggests that models of sleep , and our expectations and goals for parents , might actually prove to be the cause of the very sleep problems parents must try to solve 39 . How recommendable are “ apnea monitors “ like “ Angel Care ” ? It depends on what the apneas are thought to be useful for , who recommended them , and whether the problem they are attempting to eliminate has been shown by good science to be effectively improved or prevented by that particular monitor . My opinion is that their usefulness is highly limited . Apnea monitors are not recommended to prevent SIDS , though I understand why parents of potentially ill infants might feel more secure by using them . Many mothers that start out using apnea monitors give them up and rely on their own capacities to stabilize their infants 40 . What is your opinion on the American Academy of Pediatrics labeling all bedsharing as “ hazardous ” and recommending against it without qualifications even if the mother is breastfeeding and the context is absent of any maternal ( or paternal ) smoking , before or after pregnancy , or other known bedsharing risk factors ? * Please see my video interview ( on home page ) in which I discuss this question in more detail than I will here . This video is on the opening page of my website This is a complex question . A full answer covers many different areas from the scientific , as regards what constitutes the safest infant sleep from a biological point of view and the research that supports it , and how we as diverse professionals from different fields and disciplines teach it without asserting inappropriate civil or legal authority that is not ours or anyone ’ s to assert . There is no accurate simple message , either , although some want it to be and it is this school - of - thought that wants a simple message about bedsharing Here are some things to thing about . Beginning with the notion that In an open and free society such as ours , and a scientifically - based ( literate ) society it is morally appropriate ( and legally justified ) that our citizens be presented with unbiased information on personal health issues , information that has not been filtered or subject to a selective presentation , by those with power , as regards what THEY deem relevant to the debate ( bedsharing ) that is under discussion . Unfortunately , concerning bedsharing , many health - county - regional - state - professionals apparently think all parents are equally unable to make reasonable judgments for themselves as regards whether they are able or not to bedshare safely , to weigh the relative risks and benefits , and that therefore , it must be done for them , and with as much legal authority and veiled threats as they can present . In my opinion what has happened in this area is that a kind of social ideology is now embedded within the medical paradigm , to the extent that that social judgments are masquerading as scientific judgments making the science a pseudo science , as a relatively small number of people have been placed in a position wherein they can choose what relevant lines of evidence ( and what counter arguments ) are acceptable and which are not , as deemed by themselves . These people actively ignore , indeed , find offense with , any ideas , data , or Having served as a consultant both for the American Academy of Pediatrics subcommittee on breastfeeding , and as an ad hoc consultant for the Infant Sleep Position and SIDS AAP committee in 2004 - 2005 which was studying the bedsharing issue and eventually recommended against bedsharing altogether , I was at one point very hopeful if not confident that a compromise would be forthcoming i.e. that the AAP sub - committee would support and educate breastfeeding mothers who chose to bedshare . Not only did they choose not to make distinctions between types of bedsharing preferring instead to label any Unfortunately , the rhetoric against bedsharing parents has turned very ugly and negatively judgmental and condemnatory . Indeed , the rhetoric is nothing less than threatening , of any and all bedsharing parents even when risks are minimized ; and the zeal and imprecise language which is being used by many technicians involved in what is considered “ safe infant sleep ” campaigns is over simplified to the point that it is inaccurate , misleading , and inappropriate , and is itself dangerous on many different levels , both politically and scientifically ( see Gettler and McKenna 2010 available on In Baltimore Maryland , for example , one community health poster promotes a “ safe infant sleep ” message called the A , B , C ’ s of safe infant sleep … The poster recommends : A for infant sleeping ' alone ' ( a dangerous practice ) ; B for the infant sleeping on it ’ s back ; and C , for the infant sleeping in a crib . No mention is made of breastfeeding or infants as protection against SIDS or SUDI , or sleeping on a different surface next to the parents , i.e. separate Many anti - bedsharing posters reflect an authoritative tone as if those in power have the right to address the public as if they are children who have no choice , or rights to disagree , or rights to think for themselves about this issue . The poster goes on to say : “ no exceptions ” as if not to bedshare is a military order that must be obeyed , or else ! Anti - bedsharing campaigns have become practically synonymous with the absence of the mother as many if not most of their posters involve a crib isolated Certainly , there is a cadre of individuals working for local child protective services and infant mortality review boards and SIDS prevention subgroups that use inflammatory language and make condescending statements about bedsharing parents and maintain that “ good parents ” would never bedshare under any circumstances . Indeed , one leading spokesperson for First Candle once insinuated that parents bedshared to be " cool " and commented how bedsharing did not reflect " educated " parenting . This spokesperson seemed to think that the fact that a Texas infant was suffocated by her bedsharing mother who had drunk 18 Many individuals in the organization known a First Candle have taken on the role of suggesting that there is only ONE legitimate position on the issue of bedsharing and it is their right to decide WHAT that position must be , which is not to do it , ever . They imply forcefully that “ good parents ” MUST accept uncritically their own anti - bedsharing discourse . The situation in the United States is so bad that local prosecutors are sometimes warning parents that if their babies are injured or die in a bedsharing situation they will be prosecuted Suggestions are being made , and local county policies are being formulated ( see Gettler and McKenna 2010 ) that make the assumption that parents have no rights whatsoever to read infant death or mortality data differently , and to become informed over what and where the legitimate disagreements over the bedsharing issue are , so that they can make up their own minds as to how known bedsharing risk factors apply to their own circumstances . One of the most dangerous consequences of the attitude that only certain people have the right to decide where a baby sleeps is
|
[
"cosleeping",
"Frequently Asked Questions"
] |
http://cosscience1.pbworks.com/w/page/8286077/Lesson%206-05%20The%20Diversity%20of%20Ocean%20Life
|
If you are citizen of an European Union member nation , you may not use this service unless you are at least 16 years old . View Edit Lesson 6 - 05 The Diversity of Ocean Life Page history last edited by Chai Nakpiban 9 years , 8 months ago Lesson 6.05 – The Diversity of Ocean Life ES5 . d Students know properties of ocean water , such as temperature and salinity , can be used to explain the layered structure of the oceans , the generation of horizontal and vertical ocean currents , and the geographic distribution of marine organisms . INTRODUCTION A wide variety of organisms inhabit the marine environment . These organisms range in size from microscopic bacteria and algae to the largest organisms alive today — blue whales , which are as long as three buses lined up end to end . Marine biologists have identified over 250,000 marine species . This number is constantly increasing as new organisms are discovered . Most marine organisms live within the sunlit surface waters . Strong sunlight supports photosynthesis by marine algae . Algae either directly or indirectly provide food for the majority of organisms . All marine algae live near the surface because they need sunlight to survive . Most marine animals also live near the surface because this is where they can find food . INSTRUCTION Classification of Marine Organisms Marine organisms can be classified according to where they live and how they move . They can be classified as either plankton ( floaters ) or nekton ( swimmers ) . All other organisms are benthos , or bottom dwellers . Plankton Plankton planktos = wandering ) include all organisms — algae , animals , and bacteria — that drift with ocean currents . Just because plankton drift does not mean they are unable to swim . Many plankton can swim but either move very weakly or move only vertically . Among plankton , the algae that undergo photosynthesis are called phytoplankton . Most phytoplankton , such as diatoms , are microscopic . Animal plankton , are called zooplankton . Zooplankton include the larval stages of many marine organisms such as fish , sea stars , lobsters , and crabs . Figure 7 shows members of each group . Figure 7 Plankton are organisms that drift with ocean currents . A This photo shows a variety of phytoplankton from the Atlantic Ocean . B The zooplankton shown here include copepods and the larval stages of other common marine organisms . Nekton Nekton nektos = swimming ) include all animals capable of moving independently of the ocean currents , by swimming or other means of propulsion . Nekton are able to determine their position within the ocean and in many cases complete long migrations . Nekton include most adult fish and squid , marine mammals , and marine reptiles . Figure 8 shows examples of nekton . Figure 8 Nekton includes all animals capable of moving independently of ocean currents . A This squid can use propulsion to move through the water . B This school of grunts swims through the water with ease . Inferring Why do you think some organisms , such as fish , are classified as plankton during some stages of their lives and nekton during other stages ? Fish may appear to exist everywhere in the oceans , but they are more abundant near continents and islands and in colder waters . Some fish , such as salmon , swim upstream in fresh water rivers to spawn . Many eels do just the reverse , growing to maturity in fresh water and then swimming out of the streams to breed in the depths of the ocean . Benthos The term benthos benthos = bottom ) describes organisms living on or in the ocean bottom . Figure 9 shows some examples of benthos organisms . The shallow coastal ocean floor contains a wide variety of physical conditions and nutrient levels . Most benthos organisms can be found living in this area . Shallow coastal areas are the only locations where large marine algae , often called seaweeds , are found attached to the bottom . These are the only areas of the seafloor that receive enough sunlight for the algae to survive . Figure 9 Benthos describes organisms living on or in the ocean bottom . Sea star Coral crab . Throughout most of the deeper parts of the seafloor , animals live in perpetual darkness , where photosynthesis can not occur . They must feed on each other or on whatever nutrients fall from the productive surface waters . The deep - sea bottom is an environment of coldness , stillness , and darkness . Under these conditions , life progresses slowly . Organisms that live in the deep sea usually are widely distributed because physical conditions vary little on the deep - ocean floor . Marine Life Zones The distribution of marine organisms is affected by the chemistry , physics , and geology of the oceans . Marine organisms are influenced by a variety of physical factors . Three factors are used to divide the ocean into distinct marine life zones : the availability of sunlight , the distance from shore , and the water depth . Figure 10 shows the different zones in which marine life can be found . Figure 10 Marine Life Zones The ocean is divided into marine life zones , based on availability of light , distance from shore , and water depth . Interpreting Diagrams Why are phytoplankton and larger algae found only in surface waters ? Availability of Sunlight The upper part of the ocean into which sunlight penetrates is called the photic zone photos = light ) . The clarity of seawater is affected by many factors , such as the amount of plankton , suspended sediment , and decaying organic particles in the water . In addition , the amount of sunlight varies with atmospheric conditions , time of day , season of the year , and latitude . The euphotic zone is the portion of the photic zone near the surface where light is strong enough for photosynthesis to occur . In the open ocean , this zone can reach a depth of 100 meters , but the zone will be much shallower close to shore where water clarity is typically reduced . In the euphotic zone , phytoplankton use sunlight to produce food and become the basis of most oceanic food webs . Although photosynthesis can not occur much below 100 meters , there is enough light in the lower photic zone for marine animals to avoid predators , find food , recognize their species , and locate mates . Below this zone is the aphotic zone , where there is no sunlight . Distance from Shore Marine life zones can also be subdivided based on distance from shore . The area where the land and ocean meet and overlap is the intertidal zone . This narrow strip of land between high and low tides is alternately covered and uncovered by seawater with each tidal change . It appears to be a harsh place to live with crashing waves , periodic drying out , and rapid changes in temperature , salinity , and oxygen concentrations . However , the species that live here are well adapted to the constant environmental changes . Seaward from the low - tide line is the neritic zone . This zone covers the gently sloping continental shelf . The neritic zone can be very narrow or may extend hundreds of kilometers from shore . It is often shallow enough for sunlight to reach all the way to the ocean floor , putting it entirely within the photic zone . Although the neritic zone covers only about 5 percent of the world ocean , it is rich in both biomass and number of species . Many organisms find the conditions here ideal because photosynthesis occurs readily , nutrients wash in from the land , and the bottom provides shelter and habitat . This zone is so rich that it supports 90 percent of the world ’ s commercial fisheries . Beyond the continental shelf is the oceanic zone . The open ocean reaches great depths . As a result , surface waters typically have lower nutrient concentrations because nutrients tend to sink out of the photic zone to the deep - ocean floor . This low nutrient concentration usually results in smaller populations than the more productive neritic zone . Water Depth A third method of classifying marine habitats is based on water depth . Open ocean of any depth is called the pelagic zone . Animals in this zone swim or float freely . The photic part of the pelagic zone is home to phytoplankton , zooplankton , and nekton , such as tuna , sea turtles , and dolphins . The aphotic part of this zone has giant squid and other species that are adapted to life in deep water . Benthos organisms such as giant kelp , sponges , crabs , sea anemones , sea stars , and marine worms that attach to , crawl upon , or burrow into the seafloor occupy parts of the benthic zone . The benthic zone includes any sea - bottom surface regardless of its distance from shore and is mostly inhabited by benthos organisms . The abyssal zone is a subdivision of the benthic zone . The abyssal zone includes the deep - ocean floor , such as abyssal plains . This zone is characterized by extremely high water pressure , consistently low temperature , no sunlight , and sparse life . Food sources at abyssal depths typically come from the surface . Some food is in the form of tiny decaying particles that steadily “ rain ” down from the surface . These particles provide food for filter - feeders , brittle stars , and burrowing worms . Other food arrives as large fragments or entire carcasses Hydrothermal Vents Among the most unusual seafloor discoveries of the past 30 years have been the hydrothermal vents along the oceanic ridge . Here seawater seeps into the ocean floor through cracks in the crust . The water becomes super - heated and saturated with minerals . Eventually the heated water escapes back into the ocean . When the hot water comes in contact with the surrounding cold water , the minerals precipitate out , giving the water the appearance of black smoke . These geysers of hot water are referred to as black smokers , like the one shown in Figure 11 . Figure 11 When super - heated water meets cold seawater , minerals and metals precipitate out of the water to form this black smoker . At some vents wate r temperatures of 100 ° C or lower support communities of organisms found nowhere else in the world . In fact , hundreds of new species have been discovered surrounding these deep - sea habitats since scientists found some vents along the Galápagos Rift in 1977 . Chemicals from the vents become food for bacteria . The bacteria produce sugars and other foods that enable them and many other organisms to live in this very unusual and extreme environment . Look at Figure 12 for another example of organisms found along hydrothermal vents . Figure 12 Tube worms up to 3 meters in length are among the organisms found along hydrothermal vents . PRACTICE Take notes on the above information . Click here http : / / videos . howstuffworks . com / nasa / 13579 - phytoplankton - and - oceanic - dead - zones - video . htm to watch a video about phytoplankton . Click here http : / / videos . howstuffworks . com / hsw / 16924 - earths - major - life - zones - marine - biomes - video . htm to watch a video about biomes in the ocean . ASSESSMENT Turn in your notes . Take the 6.05 Quiz Printable version
|
[
"The Diversity of Ocean Life",
"layered structure",
"Marine Organisms"
] |
http://costa-rica-guide.com/travel/best-time/november/
|
November in Costa Rica – Could be Great A good friend of ours is a Costa Rica wedding planner and when she scheduled her own beach ceremony for November we thought she was nuts . Every bride wants everything perfect and she must have led a charmed life indeed because it turned out perfectly despite the fact that it ’ s one of the most unpredictable times of year . If you ’ re willing to roll the dice and maybe dance in the rain November can be perfect for a great trip around Costa Rica trip planning | Oct | Nov Dec Jan best trips ever weather cost notes November Weather As the map shows typically November is one of the wettest months in Costa Rica but by the end it ’ s usually drying out . Weather in Costa Rica in November is a gamble . On average it ’ s a rainy season month on the Pacific and in the central mountains but sometimes ( especially with El Niño ) the dry season comes early . La Niña years typically have the opposite effect – intensifying and lengthening the rainy season . Typically , the northern and central beaches and mountains get significant rain some days , but enjoy a pattern of sunny mornings and days with most of the showers in the afternoon or evening . Early in the month the southern Pacific and Osa peninsula are still quite wet as the temporales del Pacífico continue . Lodges and tour operators that have shut down during the exceptionally wet months of September and October resume operations as the weather begins to dry towards the end of the month . The southern Caribbean side ( Cahuita , Puerto Viejo and Manzanillo ) is generally much drier , but as you move north towards Tortuguero the afternoon rains pick up . November is probably the least predictable month for weather in Costa Rica . For example in 2013 and 2014 it was like someone threw a switch in mid November and the sun came out to stay but severe flooding occurred in the southern Pacific in the second half of November 2015 . Back in 2007 November was one of the rainiest months on record . Corcovado shut down because tourist we ’ re endangering themselves trying to rescue animals from trees in flood areas and the rangers could not patrol the park effectively . The record did n ’ t stand for long because in 2010 tropical storm Tomas dumped record rains that closed every major highway ( including the PanAmerican ) due to bridge collapses and mudslides for most of the month . Another seasonal weather phenomenon in November ( usually later in the month ) are strong winds especially in the northwest . These “ Papagayo ” winds are the result of cooler , dry air moving down from North America and displacing the moist , warm dense , tropical air mass . The resulting pressure difference causes high winds that are accelerated through gaps in the central mountain ranges and can exceed 100 kph . In November high temperatures in the lowlands and and near the beaches are in the low to mid - eighties ( low to mid nineties are possible ) and lows in the low seventies . As you move up to the Central Valley around San José both the highs and lows are 5 - 10 degrees cooler . By the time you reach the high elevations around cloud forest destinations like Monteverde Chirripo the high temperatures are in the mid sixties to low seventies and it can be downright chilly at night . trip planning Oct Nov Dec Jan best trips ever weather cost notes Planning Ahead & Reservations If you ’ re thinking about spending a holiday in Costa Rica Thanksgiving might be a good choice . It ’ s not a Costa Rican holiday so the kids are in school and their parents at work instead of heading to the beaches as is the case on Christmas , New Years and Easter / Spring Break . Few Ticos vacationing means less competition for the accommodation inventory and generally better availability and prices than at the other holidays . You should be able to wing it pretty easily in November , especially if you ’ re planning on staying in budget and mid - priced hotels that rely on walk - in clientele . All but the most popular resorts and lodges typically have same day availability in November and some even offer last minute discounts . Costs & Availability for Travel in November The “ green season ” is winding down in November but low season prices and availability are in effect . Costa Rica ’ s meteoric rise in popularity means that the days of 50 % off for low season are mostly a thing of the past , but you can still expect to save around 20 % to 30 % and it ’ s a great time to snag a reservation at some of the small boutique hotels that are booked solid months or even years in advance for the peak travel times . Airfare bargains are harder to find than you might expect for “ low season . ” Most airlines cut back on the number of flights and some suspend service altogether . Even though the demand is down , so is the supply of seats so prices tend to stay fairly stable . Getting Around In our experience November has been the worst month for roads . There may well be more rainfall in the preceding months but by November the ground is saturated and a heavy rain often precipitates landslides that close roads for weeks and even sometimes months . In 2014 / 2015 the Pan American Highway south out of the capital was closed until March from washouts the previous November and December . Alternatives to November or see best time summary November is a good choice for low season prices , but if the possibility of record rainfall seems like too much of a gamble you might consider pushing your vacation back to the first two weeks of December . Low season prices are still mostly available in early December and the odds of drier weather are better ( definitely not guaranteed though – in 2017 rainy season weather patterns persisted through December well into January and even February 2018 along the central and southern Pacific ) . Another alternative is August , smack in the middle of the rainy season but more predictable than November . Instead of even odds of surprisingly wet or surprisingly dry like November , August is nearly always middle of the road with some rain especially in the afternoon and overnight but rarely a washout . … Other Bests … best to do best kept secrets best vacations ever best things to do best places If you decide to let the cards fall as they may and give November a try take a look at these tips on where and when to look for wildlife and the best activities this time of year Notes : From 2014 through 2016 El Niño and La Niña ( cooling of the Pacific Ocean ) were taking turns causing wide variations in Costa Rica weather but neither one is predicted for November 2019 . This year will be La Nada ENSO ( El Niño Southern Oscillation – Neutral ) which brings especially unpredictable weather . If you ’ re planning to rent a car you might want to take a look at the rainy season driving tips Calendar of Nature , Holidays & Fiestas – Costa Rica in November The more you see of a turtle , whale or quetzal symbol the more likely you ’ ll see one . A detailed explanation and legend is also included at the bottom Calendar Legend Averages for the month Approximate exchange rate General weather pattern for each half of the country Average surf wave height for each coast Shown for each day The phase of the moon , and the moon and sun rise and set times for planning turtle viewing or a night hike ( best under the dark skies of a new moon when nocturnal animals are most active ) . Times for each high and low tide along the outer Pacific coast ( gulfs and bays vary ) . Average height 8 feet ( 2.5 meters ) . Not intended for navigation . Tides on the east coast occur about 2 hours earlier . However , the average height is only 8 inches ( 0.2 meters ) so levels in the Caribbean Sea do not significantly impact most activities . Natural events are shown as shaded icons for quetzals ( nesting ) turtles ( nesting ) , and humpback whales ( calving ) on each coast . The more solid color shown the more likely the event , the more shaded the less likely . Baby turtles hatch ( usually at night ) after approximately 50 - 70 days incubation so look for nesting activity on the calendar two months prior to your visit if you ’ d like to see the little ones popping out of the sand . . Holidays Bold indicates a government & bank holiday when most businesses are closed and buses may run on limited schedules . Fiesta and local festival dates are approximate – most include events spread over a week or two so check the schedule locally for more information . Ray & Sue Cost ToDo Plan Top10 Best Time
|
[
"Costa Rica",
"November"
] |
http://costaricaexperts.com/things-to-do/waterfalls/
|
7 Costa Rica Waterfalls You Must Visit Home Things to do 7 Costa Rica Waterfalls You Must Visit As one of the most photographed natural formations in this visually stunning country , the waterfalls of Costa Rica astound both experienced and novice travelers alike . There is just something incredible about rushing water dramatically falling from the rainforest canopy into a pool at the base of a cliff . After a hike through the rainforest in the tropical heat , a cool dip beneath these powerful forces of nature will not disappoint . The following waterfalls are timeless favorites of both locals and tourists : La Fortuna Waterfall , Arenal Volcano To put it simply , La Fortuna Waterfall is stunning . People from around the world come to appreciate the natural beauty of the waterfall and surrounding hot springs . Spanish for “ Fortune , ” the waterfall is the attraction of a number of different tours near the Arenal Volcano and is fed by the Tenorio River . The view of the waterfall spilling out from a cliff at the base of the dormant Chato volcano and plummeting 70 - meters ( 230 - feet ) before hitting a tropical pond that ’ s surrounded by the rich , green rainforest along the Arenal Mountain range is an awe - inspiring experience . Visitors come from around the world to appreciate the stunning natural beauty of the waterfall and surrounding hot springs . There are two viewing areas that offer different perspectives of La Fortuna , and you can even walk right out on to the massive rocks and boulders alongside the banks of the basin . Remember to bring a swimsuit — the cool pool at the base of the waterfall is a great swimming location on a balmy summer day . The hike from the starting point on the cliff down to the waterfall ( which can be combined with a hanging bridges canopy tour ) follows a staircase that is carved into the hillside and takes about 15 minutes , and the calm green - blue waters of the pool will make the trek well worth the effort , and among the most beautiful Costa Rica hikes Rio Celeste Waterfall , Guanacaste The Rio Celeste Waterfall in Tenorio Volcano National Park in the northwestern Guanacaste region is renowned for its hypnotic blue color and tropical surroundings . According to local legend , when God painted the sky , he washed his blue brushes in the river , turning the waters an entrancing shade of turquoise . In reality , the water that flows through the park is the unique product of a chemical reaction between minerals from the volcano and lush rainforest . A two - hour hike into the park will unveil the brilliant blue waterfall and several natural hot springs , as well as plenty of Costa Rica wildlife including poison dart frogs , colorful blue morpho butterflies , and curious monkeys — it ’ s the ultimate tropical adventure . Swimming is prohibited due to unknown effects of the volcanic minerals , but the views make for picture - perfect memories to share with friends and family . The best time of year to experience the bright blue river is during Costa Rica ’ s dry season between December and April . Despite their many alluring sights , the Rio Celeste Waterfall and park system are known as relatively well - kept secret due to their remote location off the beaten path A hidden jewel in a country of treasures , the Rio Celeste Waterfall is not a sight to be missed . La Paz Waterfall Gardens , Cloud Forest Located in the Cloud Forest outside of San Jose , t he La Paz Waterfall Gardens is the most visited privately - owned ecological attraction in Costa Rica — and for good reason ! The area is a combination of a nature walk , five waterfalls , and rescued wildlife preserve with over 100 species of animals . The preserve also includes a Butterfly Observatory , Serpentarium , Frog Exhibit , and Hummingbird Garden . You can expect to see the following animals in the gardens — over 40 - species of birds including toucans and 26 - species of hummingbirds , as well as marmosets , white - headed capuchin monkeys , and black - handed spider monkeys , two - toed sloths , jaguars , pumas , and ocelots , and a Butterfly Observatory at La Paz Waterfall Gardens The La Paz Waterfall Gardens are open to the public year - round and the grounds are primarily self - guided , so visitors can tailor their experience to see exactly what and how much they ’ d like to see . With so many of Costa Rica ’ s wildlife and tropical sights to take in , it ’ s quite easy to spend an entire day touring the gardens and waterfalls at La Paz Waterfall Gardens . Bajos del Toro Waterfall , Cloud Forest Bajos del Toro Waterfall accessible from El Silencio Lodge & Spa What a sight to behold ! As one of the most spectacular and largest waterfalls in the country — with a 90 - meter ( 300 - foot ) drop — Bajos del Toro Waterfall is hidden away in a valley between the Poás and Rincon de la Vieja Volcanoes , located in the Bajos del Toro Cloud Forest about 1 1 / 2 hours from San Jose Bajos del Toro Waterfall Trail We highly recommend staying at El Silencio Luxury Lodge for the full Bajos del Toro experience . Hike the winding trail down to the base of the waterfall for about an hour with a guide and get up close to the roaring mist of this natural spectacle . From the lodge , a fifteen - minute relatively flat hike will bring you to about 375 steps leading down to the base of the waterfall . The hike back up can be a bit challenging , but the views are worth it ! Do n ’ t forget to wear sturdy hiking shoes ! The surrounding streams and pools allow Because the area is not heavily populated with tourists , you will also see an abundance of wildlife — from blue morpho butterflies to armadillos , and plenty of hummingbirds thanks to the feeders along the hiker facilities and nearby restaurants . Nauyaca Waterfalls , South Pacific Coast The stunning Nauyaca Waterfalls are located in the South Pacific region of Costa Ballena , just 20 minutes from Dominical . Though featuring less impressive drop - offs than the towering La Fortuna or Bajos del Toro waterfalls , Nauyaca is unique in its layout – it ’ s split into the upper and lower cascades ; water pours over the cliff side to fall over 140 feet before the next 60 - foot drop . One of the most amazing things about this waterfall is the location . Remotely tucked into the deep rainforest , the trip there might Guests have a few options for getting to the falls : horseback riding , hiking , or via 4 × 4 . The hikers and horseback riders use the same well - maintained trail – keeping an eye out for the abundant wildlife in the area , such as monkeys or birds ! This is a favorite home for a number of hummingbird species . The trail to the waterfall is roughly 2.5 miles , an easy hike that is n ’ t too difficult for children . Once you arrive at the waterfall itself , the trail splits into two , bringing you to either the upper or lower falls . The upper falls are impressive , falling for a greater distance . The occasional mist blowing off the waterfall is refreshing after the hike , and there are a number of smooth river rocks that are the perfect location for your picnic lunch ! The view is impeccable , and it tends to be more tranquil at the upper falls . The lower falls , however , are where the fun is truly at ! Right before the steps down to the falls are facilities where travelers can change into swimsuits . The cascade falls into a large pool of clear blue water – a perfect , natural swimming hole . Taking a dip is the best way to cool off after the hike . There ’ s plenty of room for everyone to swim , relax , or explore , with the occasional entertainment of a daring local jumping from one of the cliffs . For amazing photo - ops Llanos de Cortez Waterfall , Guanacaste Some say Llanos de Cortez is Costa Rica ’ s most beautiful waterfall . It is located in Bagaces about 30 minutes ( 16 miles ) south of Liberia . At about 50 feet wide and 12 feet tall , Llanos de Cortez is wider than it is tall with streams of water cascading over a rock wall . The pool at the base of the falls is clean , clear , and perfect for a refreshing swim on a hot day . There ’ s also a little white sandy beach which can be nice for a snack or Bijagual Waterfall , Central Pacific The Bijagual Waterfall is located near Jaco on the Central Pacific Coast in the mountain town of Bijagual . The 590 - foot waterfall is accessible by guided horseback ride through the lush forest . The hike showcases incredible views of seaside fishing villages and the Pacific Ocean . Be on the lookout for tropical birds like scarlet macaws and toucans as well as other tropical wildlife like sloths , frogs , and monkeys . Once you arrive at the falls , walk around or cool off int he cool refreshing natural spring fed from the high mountains in Carara YOU DESERVE A VACATION PLANNED BY EXPERTS . LET ' S GET STARTED
|
[
"Costa Rica Waterfalls",
"La Fortuna Waterfall",
"Arenal Volcano"
] |
http://costowl.com/automotive/auto-semi-truck-used-cost.html
|
Home View All Home & Garden B2B Legal Auto Edu Insurance Rental Healthcare Weddings > Home > Automotive Commercial & Construction Vehicles > Cost of a Used Semi Truck How Much Does a Used Semi Truck Cost ? Get Free Semi Truck Price Quotes Used Semi Truck Prices Since their invention in the 1920s , semi trucks have become a necessity for moving construction materials from one site to another . They can be used on road or off , for long distance or local trips , to transport loose material like sand , dirt , gravel , and waste . Purchasing a semi truck is a major expense . New heavy duty semi trucks usually cost between $ 100,000 and $ 150,000 . If that ' s more than you ' re willing or able to spend , consider buying a used semi truck . You ' ll still be able to get a truck that runs well and has a long useful life - but at a significant discount . Used Semi Truck Average Costs Used or refurbished semi trucks begin at around $ 15,000 and run up to about $ 100,000 or more . As with any used piece of construction equipment the price varies based on the age , condition , size , mileage , and features of the truck . A used medium duty semi truck usually sells for $ 20,000 to $ 40,000 . You can occasionally find them in the $ 10,000 to $ 15,000 range , but expect a truck with high mileage and lots of wear and tear . At that price , the semi truck may not have a long usable life ahead . Heavy duty semi trucks most often sell in the $ 30,000 to $ 80,000 range . However , a relatively new truck with low mileage might sell for $ 100,000 . A 2011 Peterbuilt 348 with 500 miles and 330 horsepower would most likely sell for $ 95,000 to $ 100,000 . A 2006 Kenworth T800 with a 17 - foot bed and 210,000 miles would likely sell for $ 70,000 to $ 80,000 . A 1999 Volvo with a 22 - foot bed and 175,000 miles might sell for $ 30,000 to $ 40,000 . Keep in mind that there ' s a difference between a used truck and a refurbished truck . Trucks that have been refurbished to the original manufacturer ' s standards are likely to be more reliable - and thus , more expensive . Buying a Used Semi Truck Buying a used semi trunk is kind of like buying a used car - on a much larger scale , of course . Ideally , you want the truck in the best condition possible with relatively low mileage for the best price possible . To find this , it ' s best to shop multiple dealers to find out what each has to offer . When you find a truck that interests you , take it for a test drive . Make sure it ' s comfortable . Pay attention to how smoothly it drives and listen for strange sounds . If possible , take the semi truck to a mechanic you trust to have it inspected . Trucking is a major part of the U.S. economy . Trucks make up the vast majority of the country ' s ground transportation of consumer goods and raw materials . Buying a new semi - truck is a major investment . Nevertheless , whether you ' re a single owner - operator or you own a large fleet of trucks it ' s an investment that will pay for itself many times over . New Semi - Truck Average Costs Semi - trucks , also known as highway trucks , vary widely in price . The cost is influenced by the size of the truck , whether it ' s a day cab or sleeper , and factors like fuel efficiency , horsepower and cargo capacity . New trucks begin at around $ 80,000 and run up to $ 150,000 or more . If you opt for a large number of custom features , the price tag could reach $ 200,000 . On the low end of that price range you can purchase a day cab with a single axle and lower capacity . On the high end you can purchase a sleeper cab with lots of cargo capacity and horsepower . There are many financing options available for highway trucks . If you opt to purchase your truck , you can take out a loan through the bank or take advantage of dealer financing . In most cases , a down payment is required . Leasing a truck is another option to consider . Often , no down payment is required . This is usually the best option if you plan to upgrade your fleet of trucks every few years . After the lease term is up , you can trade in your semi - truck for a newer model . Choosing a Semi - Truck Before you approach a dealer it ' s best to have an idea of what kind of truck you ' re looking to buy . If your routes are strictly local , you ' ll want to buy a day cab . If they ' re long distance , you ' ll need to buy a sleeper . Keep in mind that the initial purchase or lease price is far from the only cost you ' ll incur . You ' ll also need to budget for : Fuel costs Regular oil changes and other routine maintenance Insurance Fuel efficiency and cargo capacity are two other important considerations in choosing a highway truck . You ' ll need a truck that is large enough to handle the volume of goods or materials you transport . But , you ' ll also want to select a model that is designed to get the best fuel efficiency possible at highway speeds . Use Our Free Service and Find Semi Truck Dealers Near You Prices for US only including : Alabama - AL Alaska - AK Arizona - AZ Arkansas - AR California - CA Colorado - CO Connecticut - CT Delaware - DE District Of Columbia - Florida - FL Georgia - GA Hawaii - HI Idaho - ID Illinois - IL Indiana - IN Iowa - IA Kansas - KS Kentucky - KY Louisiana - LA Maine - ME Maryland - MD Massachusetts - MA Michigan - MI Minnesota - MN Mississippi - MS Missouri - MO Montana - MT Nebraska - NE Nevada - NV New Hampshire - NH New Jersey - NJ New Mexico - NM New York - NY North Carolina - NC North Dakota - ND Ohio - OH Oklahoma - OK Oregon - OR Pennsylvania - PA Rhode Island - RI South Carolina - SC South Dakota - SD Tennessee - TN Texas - TX Utah - UT Vermont - VT Virginia - VA Washington - WA West Virginia - WV Wisconsin - WI Wyoming - WY Serving Top US Cities : New York , New York Los Angeles Chicago Houston Phoenix Philadelphia San Antonio Dallas San Diego San Jose Detroit San Francisco Jacksonville Indianapolis Austin Columbus Fort Worth Charlotte Memphis Baltimore El Paso Boston Milwaukee Denver Seattle Nashville Washington Las Vegas Portland Louisville Oklahoma City Tucson Atlanta Albuquerque Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Mesa Kansas City Omaha Cleveland Virginia Beach Miami Oakland Raleigh Tulsa Minneapolis Colorado Springs Honolulu Arlington Wichita St . Louis Tampa Santa Ana Anaheim Cincinnati Bakersfield Aurora New Orleans Pittsburgh Riverside Toledo Stockton Corpus Christi Lexington St . Paul Anchorage Newark Buffalo Plano Henderson Lincoln Fort Wayne Glendale Greensboro Chandler St . Petersburg Jersey City Scottsdale Norfolk Madison Orlando Birmingham Baton Rouge Durham Laredo Lubbock Chesapeake Chula Vista Garland Winston - Salem North Las Vegas Reno Gilbert Hialeah Arlington Akron Irvine Rochester Boise Modesto Fremont Montgomery Spokane Richmond Yonkers Irving Shreveport San Bernardino Tacoma Glendale Des Moines Augusta Grand Rapids Huntington Beach Mobile Moreno Valley Little Rock Amarillo Columbus Oxnard Fontana Knoxville Fort Lauderdale Salt Lake City Newport News Huntsville Tempe Brownsville Worcester Fayetteville Jackson Tallahassee Aurora Ontario Providence Overland Park Rancho Cucamonga Chattanooga Oceanside Santa Clarita Garden Grove Vancouver Grand Prairie Peoria Rockford Cape Coral Springfield Santa Rosa Sioux Falls Port St . Lucie Dayton Salem Pomona Springfield Eugene Corona Pasadena Joliet Pembroke Pines Paterson Hampton Lancaster Alexandria Salinas Palmdale Naperville Pasadena Kansas City Hayward Hollywood Lakewood Torrance Syracuse Escondido Fort Collins Bridgeport Orange Warren Elk Grove Savannah Mesquite Sunnyvale Fullerton McAllen Cary Cedar Rapids Sterling Heights Columbia Coral Springs Carrollton Elizabeth Hartford Waco Bellevue New Haven West Valley City Topeka , Kansas Thousand Oaks El Monte McKinney © 2019 CostOwl . com . All rights reserved . | Contact Us
|
[
"Semi Truck Cost"
] |
http://costowl.com/home-improvement/deck-building-cost.html
|
Home View All Home & Garden B2B Legal Auto Edu Insurance Rental Healthcare Weddings > Need a Deck Pro ? Find Local Deck Pros & Get Free Price Quotes . No Obligations & No Credit Card Needed . Find Local Pros > > Find Us on Facebook All Deck Articles Browse through our complete library of deck related articles . > > Home > Home Improvement Decks > Building a Deck How Much Does Building a Deck Cost ? New Deck Construction Prices Building a deck increases your home ' s living space , provides a comfortable outdoor gathering spot , and bolsters home resale value . In fact , you should recoup 70 percent or more of the cost of a new deck should you decide to sell your house . But if you plan on staying put for the foreseeable future , you ' re probably less concerned about return on investment ( ROI ) than you are about enjoying your investment . This buying guide aims to maximize your decking project by explaining the major options and costs involved . Deck Building Considerations Keep the following design features in mind as you plan your decking project . Deck Materials Among the first things you should decide about your new deck is whether it will be constructed from wood or a synthetic material . If using wood , which most homeowners do , you still must choose a species . Pressure treated yellow pine is a popular and economical wood , although it is n ' t as beautiful , nor as durable , as cedar or redwood . Exotic species such as mahogany and Ipe are also good decking choices , but you can expect to pay more for them . No matter what type of wood you go Homeowners looking for greater durability and lower maintenance requirements may be intrigued by composite decking . Made of recycled plastic and wood fibers , composites are virtually impervious to damage of all kinds , and many come with a warranty of 20 years or more . Another synthetic option is vinyl decking , which is made from the same polyvinyl chloride ( PVC , a type of plastic ) as vinyl siding . Like composite decking , vinyl decking has superior durability , with some brands offering a limited lifetime warranty . Both synthetic materials , however , can have Deck Size & Layout The size , shape , and height of your deck all have a major impact on the work that goes into it ( and subsequently , its cost ) . While many homeowners opt for a simple rectangular deck , L - shaped decks , wraparound decks , round decks , and many other deck designs are equally feasible . Following that line of thinking , you might want a deck that accords with your home ' s lines , but you could just as easily have a deck installed at an angle to your house for a purposefully incongruous HGTV . com ) . For an attached deck , height will primarily be determined by location of the home ' s access door . A freestanding deck , however ( one that does n ' t attach to the house ) , does n ' t face this limitation . Multi level decks can be used to solve the problem of an oddly - sloped yard , or simply because they ' re architecturally interesting and maximize deck functionality . Deck Amenities Once you ' ve settled on a design and materials for your new deck , you can begin to focus on the details . Fixtures of the deck itself , including railings , posts , spindles , and balusters , are highly customizable . Furthermore , you can mix and match materials ( for example , pressure treated decking , metal balusters , and composite railings ) as your taste , needs , and budget dictate . Even after you ' ve planned out your basic deck structure , there are many more options to consider . Things like built - in planters and storage , post caps and skirts , benches , pergolas , and a separate grilling area can enhance the comfort and usefulness of a new deck ( as well as its cost ) . You ' ll probably also need to add some furniture and lighting to your deck , and some landscaping to the surrounding lawn can be a nice finishing touch . Deck Building Costs The actual cost of a new deck is determined by the factors described above in addition to local labor and material prices . You might pay anywhere from $ 3,000 to $ 13,000 or more for a new deck , although costs tend to fall within the range of $ 5,000 to $ 10,000 . According to the annual Cost vs . Value report from Remodeling magazine , the national average cost for a new 16 x 20 foot wood deck is around $ 11,000 , while a new composite deck of the same size costs $ 15,000 to $ 16,000 . Again , your deck may cost more or less depending on the options selected . For basic DIY decking materials , plan on spending $ 2 to $ 6 per square foot for lumber , $ 3 to $ 5 per square foot for composite boards , and $ 8 to $ 12 per square foot for vinyl decking . Use Our Free Service & Find Deck Pros Near You Prices for US only including : Alabama - AL Alaska - AK Arizona - AZ Arkansas - AR California - CA Colorado - CO Connecticut - CT Delaware - DE District Of Columbia - Florida - FL Georgia - GA Hawaii - HI Idaho - ID Illinois - IL Indiana - IN Iowa - IA Kansas - KS Kentucky - KY Louisiana - LA Maine - ME Maryland - MD Massachusetts - MA Michigan - MI Minnesota - MN Mississippi - MS Missouri - MO Montana - MT Nebraska - NE Nevada - NV New Hampshire - NH New Jersey - NJ New Mexico - NM New York - NY North Carolina - NC North Dakota - ND Ohio - OH Oklahoma - OK Oregon - OR Pennsylvania - PA Rhode Island - RI South Carolina - SC South Dakota - SD Tennessee - TN Texas - TX Utah - UT Vermont - VT Virginia - VA Washington - WA West Virginia - WV Wisconsin - WI Wyoming - WY Serving Top US Cities : New York , New York Los Angeles Chicago Houston Phoenix Philadelphia San Antonio Dallas San Diego San Jose Detroit San Francisco Jacksonville Indianapolis Austin Columbus Fort Worth Charlotte Memphis Baltimore El Paso Boston Milwaukee Denver Seattle Nashville Washington Las Vegas Portland Louisville Oklahoma City Tucson Atlanta Albuquerque Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Mesa Kansas City Omaha Cleveland Virginia Beach Miami Oakland Raleigh Tulsa Minneapolis Colorado Springs Honolulu Arlington Wichita St . Louis Tampa Santa Ana Anaheim Cincinnati Bakersfield Aurora New Orleans Pittsburgh Riverside Toledo Stockton Corpus Christi Lexington St . Paul Anchorage Newark Buffalo Plano Henderson Lincoln Fort Wayne Glendale Greensboro Chandler St . Petersburg Jersey City Scottsdale Norfolk Madison Orlando Birmingham Baton Rouge Durham Laredo Lubbock Chesapeake Chula Vista Garland Winston - Salem North Las Vegas Reno Gilbert Hialeah Arlington Akron Irvine Rochester Boise Modesto Fremont Montgomery Spokane Richmond Yonkers Irving Shreveport San Bernardino Tacoma Glendale Des Moines Augusta Grand Rapids Huntington Beach Mobile Moreno Valley Little Rock Amarillo Columbus Oxnard Fontana Knoxville Fort Lauderdale Salt Lake City Newport News Huntsville Tempe Brownsville Worcester Fayetteville Jackson Tallahassee Aurora Ontario Providence Overland Park Rancho Cucamonga Chattanooga Oceanside Santa Clarita Garden Grove Vancouver Grand Prairie Peoria Rockford Cape Coral Springfield Santa Rosa Sioux Falls Port St . Lucie Dayton Salem Pomona Springfield Eugene Corona Pasadena Joliet Pembroke Pines Paterson Hampton Lancaster Alexandria Salinas Palmdale Naperville Pasadena Kansas City Hayward Hollywood Lakewood Torrance Syracuse Escondido Fort Collins Bridgeport Orange Warren Elk Grove Savannah Mesquite Sunnyvale Fullerton McAllen Cary Cedar Rapids Sterling Heights Columbia Coral Springs Carrollton Elizabeth Hartford Waco Bellevue New Haven West Valley City Topeka , Kansas Thousand Oaks El Monte McKinney © 2019 CostOwl . com . All rights reserved . | Contact Us
|
[
"Deck Building",
"Deck Cost",
"Deck Materials"
] |
http://costowl.com/home-improvement/electric-install-attic-fan-cost.html
|
Home View All Home & Garden B2B Legal Auto Edu Insurance Rental Healthcare Weddings > Need an Electrician Near You ? Find Local Electrician & Get Free Price Quotes . No Obligations & No Credit Card Needed . Find Local Pros > > Find Us on Facebook All Electrician Articles Browse through our complete library of electrician related articles . > > Home > Home Improvement Electrician > Attic Fan Cost How Much Does Installing an Attic Fan Cost ? Attic Fan Prices " Out of sight , out of mind " is the attitude many homeowners take towards their attic . This thinking , however , can be detrimental not only to the attic itself , but other area of the house . Continue reading to learn more about the importance , as well as the cost , of installing an attic fan . What Attic Fans Do The main function of an attic fan is to provide ventilation . During the summer attic temperatures can reach 150 degrees Fahrenheit . By pushing out hot , stale air and pulling in cooler fresh air , attic fans help to lower attic temperatures and improve air flow throughout the home . An attic fan is installed either on the roof ( usually near the peak ) or in a gable wall . Roof installations tend to be a bit pricier , as more labor is required ( due to the fact that roofing material is disturbed ) . The cost of a wall installation can be minimized by placing the fan in the opening for an existing vent rather than cutting a new hole in the wall . Once installed , an attic fan activates according to a pre - set temperature : when the temperature is reached , the fan In addition to regulating temperature , some attic fans are equipped with a humidistat that removes excess moisture from the air ( a wintertime concern ) . Even if your fan does n ' t have this feature , it will still play an important role during the cold months . While it might seem contrary to good sense , attics should remain somewhat cold during the winter . An attic that is too warm will melt roof snow and ice , which , when they refreeze , can cause a damaging ice dam on the roof . Types of Attic Fans Traditional attic fans are wired into a home ' s electrical system , but newer models are powered by sunlight . Solar powered attic fans cost a bit more up front than electric - powered models , but they are easier to install , require less maintenance , and are self - powered . Just take care to install the fan in a place that receives adequate sunshine , or else it might not be able to operate with sufficient power . Attic Fan Costs Factors affecting the actual cost of an attic fan include the type of fan purchased , where it ' s installed ( roof or wall ) , whether it has a humidistat , ease of attic access , and the size of the attic ( larger attics might require more powerful , more expensive fans ) . Professional installation of an attic fan should cost $ 500 to $ 1,000 , although prices could reach as high as $ 1,500 in some cases . You can purchase and install an attic fan yourself for $ 100 to $ 200 . In addition to the fan you ' ll need some caulking , a piece of plywood for mounting the fan , and a number of tools ( not to mention basic carpentry and electric skills ) . Popular Mechanics provides a detailed description of the work entailed . Use Our Free Service and Find Electricians Near You Prices for US only including : Alabama - AL Alaska - AK Arizona - AZ Arkansas - AR California - CA Colorado - CO Connecticut - CT Delaware - DE District Of Columbia - Florida - FL Georgia - GA Hawaii - HI Idaho - ID Illinois - IL Indiana - IN Iowa - IA Kansas - KS Kentucky - KY Louisiana - LA Maine - ME Maryland - MD Massachusetts - MA Michigan - MI Minnesota - MN Mississippi - MS Missouri - MO Montana - MT Nebraska - NE Nevada - NV New Hampshire - NH New Jersey - NJ New Mexico - NM New York - NY North Carolina - NC North Dakota - ND Ohio - OH Oklahoma - OK Oregon - OR Pennsylvania - PA Rhode Island - RI South Carolina - SC South Dakota - SD Tennessee - TN Texas - TX Utah - UT Vermont - VT Virginia - VA Washington - WA West Virginia - WV Wisconsin - WI Wyoming - WY Serving Top US Cities : New York , New York Los Angeles Chicago Houston Phoenix Philadelphia San Antonio Dallas San Diego San Jose Detroit San Francisco Jacksonville Indianapolis Austin Columbus Fort Worth Charlotte Memphis Baltimore El Paso Boston Milwaukee Denver Seattle Nashville Washington Las Vegas Portland Louisville Oklahoma City Tucson Atlanta Albuquerque Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Mesa Kansas City Omaha Cleveland Virginia Beach Miami Oakland Raleigh Tulsa Minneapolis Colorado Springs Honolulu Arlington Wichita St . Louis Tampa Santa Ana Anaheim Cincinnati Bakersfield Aurora New Orleans Pittsburgh Riverside Toledo Stockton Corpus Christi Lexington St . Paul Anchorage Newark Buffalo Plano Henderson Lincoln Fort Wayne Glendale Greensboro Chandler St . Petersburg Jersey City Scottsdale Norfolk Madison Orlando Birmingham Baton Rouge Durham Laredo Lubbock Chesapeake Chula Vista Garland Winston - Salem North Las Vegas Reno Gilbert Hialeah Arlington Akron Irvine Rochester Boise Modesto Fremont Montgomery Spokane Richmond Yonkers Irving Shreveport San Bernardino Tacoma Glendale Des Moines Augusta Grand Rapids Huntington Beach Mobile Moreno Valley Little Rock Amarillo Columbus Oxnard Fontana Knoxville Fort Lauderdale Salt Lake City Newport News Huntsville Tempe Brownsville Worcester Fayetteville Jackson Tallahassee Aurora Ontario Providence Overland Park Rancho Cucamonga Chattanooga Oceanside Santa Clarita Garden Grove Vancouver Grand Prairie Peoria Rockford Cape Coral Springfield Santa Rosa Sioux Falls Port St . Lucie Dayton Salem Pomona Springfield Eugene Corona Pasadena Joliet Pembroke Pines Paterson Hampton Lancaster Alexandria Salinas Palmdale Naperville Pasadena Kansas City Hayward Hollywood Lakewood Torrance Syracuse Escondido Fort Collins Bridgeport Orange Warren Elk Grove Savannah Mesquite Sunnyvale Fullerton McAllen Cary Cedar Rapids Sterling Heights Columbia Coral Springs Carrollton Elizabeth Hartford Waco Bellevue New Haven West Valley City Topeka , Kansas Thousand Oaks El Monte McKinney © 2019 CostOwl . com . All rights reserved . | Contact Us
|
[
"Attic Fan Cost",
"wall installation"
] |
http://costowl.com/home-improvement/garage-build-cost.html
|
Home View All Home & Garden B2B Legal Auto Edu Insurance Rental Healthcare Weddings > Need a New Garage ? Find Local Garage Experts & Get Free Price Quotes . No Obligations & No Credit Card Needed . Find Local Pros > > Find Us on Facebook All Garage Articles Browse through our complete library of garage related articles . > > Home > Home Improvement Garage > Cost to Build a Garage How Much Does a Garage Cost ? Garage Construction Prices A garage can be a glorified carport or a lighted , heated extension of the home . Before breaking ground on a new garage , read this buying guide from Cost Owl to learn what factors most affect cost . Garage Addition Considerations Having a plan for your new garage will help you stick to a budget . The first question to ask yourself is : What will the garage be used for ? If vehicle storage is your primary concern , a simple one or two car garage without windows , built - in storage space , an automatic opener , and other amenities should suffice . A mixed - use garage , however , which might have a work area , attic space , finished walls , trimmed windows and doors , task lighting , or even an apartment will require Attached vs . Detached : All other things being equal , an attached garage is cheaper to construct than a detached garage because it utilizes one of the existing house walls , thus cutting down on labor and material costs . Detached garage construction , on the other hand , must begin entirely from scratch . But if your garage plans include a workshop , living space , music studio , or expansive storage area , a detached garage provides more design flexibility . Dimensions : A single car garage should be no smaller than 12 ' x 20 ' , while a double car garage should be at least 20 ' x 20 ' and a three car garage a minimum of 32 ' x 24 ' . These dimensions are for vehicle storage only ; additional living , working , or storage space will require more room . Materials : Both the amount and quality of materials have a huge bearing on garage cost . There will , of course , be a minimum supply of nails , concrete , and lumber needed to complete the job . Anything beyond the merely functional , though , will cause costs to increase . This includes not only add - ons such as windows and doors , moisture resistant drywall , custom floor finish , paint , insulation , extensive lighting , and a wooden garage door , but also higher quality materials in general . Plans and Permits : You ' ll most likely need to acquire a building permit from your municipality before garage construction can begin . You may also consider an architectural / construction consultation if you ' re uncertain of the best design for the new structure . Garage plans can also be purchased online through a number of outlets . New Garage Costs According to HomeAdvisor . com , a new garage costs between $ 9,000 and $ 45,000 , with an average cost of roughly $ 20,000 to $ 30,000 . Per square foot ( psf ) , expect garage prices to begin at $ 30 to $ 50 psf for basic materials . Using higher end materials could increase costs by 15 to 25 percent ( $ 35 to $ 65 psf ) . Remodeling Magazine ' s 2011 - 2012 Cost vs . Value Report puts the cost of a midrange garage addition ( a detached , 26 ' x 26 ' two - car unit with asphalt shingle roofing , 5 double - hung windows , door w / automatic opener , and more ) at $ 50,000 to $ 60,000 . A garage of the same size , according to Remodeling , with upscale amenities such as a premium drywall and flooring , built - in storage and work surfaces , door and window trim , and more costs $ 80,000 to $ 90,000 . Do - it - yourself garage addition is significantly cheaper than contracting out the entire project , with basic DIY materials costing $ 15 to $ 25 psf . Prefabricated garage kits costs $ 3,000 to $ 12,000 or more . Keep in mind that you ' ll probably still have to pour a concrete slab when using a kit . A building permit typically costs $ 200 to $ 400 . A one - time design consultation might cost $ 250 to $ 500 . Use Our Free Service & Find Garage Contractors Near You Prices for US only including : Alabama - AL Alaska - AK Arizona - AZ Arkansas - AR California - CA Colorado - CO Connecticut - CT Delaware - DE District Of Columbia - Florida - FL Georgia - GA Hawaii - HI Idaho - ID Illinois - IL Indiana - IN Iowa - IA Kansas - KS Kentucky - KY Louisiana - LA Maine - ME Maryland - MD Massachusetts - MA Michigan - MI Minnesota - MN Mississippi - MS Missouri - MO Montana - MT Nebraska - NE Nevada - NV New Hampshire - NH New Jersey - NJ New Mexico - NM New York - NY North Carolina - NC North Dakota - ND Ohio - OH Oklahoma - OK Oregon - OR Pennsylvania - PA Rhode Island - RI South Carolina - SC South Dakota - SD Tennessee - TN Texas - TX Utah - UT Vermont - VT Virginia - VA Washington - WA West Virginia - WV Wisconsin - WI Wyoming - WY Serving Top US Cities : New York , New York Los Angeles Chicago Houston Phoenix Philadelphia San Antonio Dallas San Diego San Jose Detroit San Francisco Jacksonville Indianapolis Austin Columbus Fort Worth Charlotte Memphis Baltimore El Paso Boston Milwaukee Denver Seattle Nashville Washington Las Vegas Portland Louisville Oklahoma City Tucson Atlanta Albuquerque Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Mesa Kansas City Omaha Cleveland Virginia Beach Miami Oakland Raleigh Tulsa Minneapolis Colorado Springs Honolulu Arlington Wichita St . Louis Tampa Santa Ana Anaheim Cincinnati Bakersfield Aurora New Orleans Pittsburgh Riverside Toledo Stockton Corpus Christi Lexington St . Paul Anchorage Newark Buffalo Plano Henderson Lincoln Fort Wayne Glendale Greensboro Chandler St . Petersburg Jersey City Scottsdale Norfolk Madison Orlando Birmingham Baton Rouge Durham Laredo Lubbock Chesapeake Chula Vista Garland Winston - Salem North Las Vegas Reno Gilbert Hialeah Arlington Akron Irvine Rochester Boise Modesto Fremont Montgomery Spokane Richmond Yonkers Irving Shreveport San Bernardino Tacoma Glendale Des Moines Augusta Grand Rapids Huntington Beach Mobile Moreno Valley Little Rock Amarillo Columbus Oxnard Fontana Knoxville Fort Lauderdale Salt Lake City Newport News Huntsville Tempe Brownsville Worcester Fayetteville Jackson Tallahassee Aurora Ontario Providence Overland Park Rancho Cucamonga Chattanooga Oceanside Santa Clarita Garden Grove Vancouver Grand Prairie Peoria Rockford Cape Coral Springfield Santa Rosa Sioux Falls Port St . Lucie Dayton Salem Pomona Springfield Eugene Corona Pasadena Joliet Pembroke Pines Paterson Hampton Lancaster Alexandria Salinas Palmdale Naperville Pasadena Kansas City Hayward Hollywood Lakewood Torrance Syracuse Escondido Fort Collins Bridgeport Orange Warren Elk Grove Savannah Mesquite Sunnyvale Fullerton McAllen Cary Cedar Rapids Sterling Heights Columbia Coral Springs Carrollton Elizabeth Hartford Waco Bellevue New Haven West Valley City Topeka , Kansas Thousand Oaks El Monte McKinney © 2019 CostOwl . com . All rights reserved . | Contact Us
|
[
"Garage Cost",
"Construction Prices",
"glorified carport"
] |
http://costowl.com/home-improvement/landscaping-fall-lawn-cleanup.html
|
Home View All Home & Garden B2B Legal Auto Edu Insurance Rental Healthcare Weddings > Need a Yard Cleanup Pro Near You ? Find Yard Cleanup Experts and Get Free Price Quotes . No Obligations and No Credit Card Needed . Find Local Pros > > Find Us on Facebook All Landscaping Articles Browse through our complete library of landscaping related articles . > > Home > Home Improvement Landscaping > Cost of Yard Cleanup How Much Does Fall Lawn Clean Up Cost ? Leaf Removal Prices It ' s that time of year again . The lawn mower is put away and we have n ' t taken out the snow shovels from the shed yet . It ' s autumn and the leaves are changing . It ' s beautiful to see them change color . The downer is after they give us a glimpse of how beautiful nature can be we have to clean them up ! Fallen leaves break down with moisture and time . You do n ' t want leaves turning into compost on your lawn . It will kill the grass and make it so you need to replant grass to fix the damage . You do n ' t want that . You do n ' t need that . When is the best time to rake leaves ? It ' s best just to clean the leaves up as soon as they ' ve all fallen off of the tree . The most important thing is to rake them before the snow falls ( if you live in a region where it snows ) . Once it snows you ' re too late . A few flakes are ok but if there ' s accumulation you might have to wait until next year . Snow is usually followed by more snow so it ' s best to do the job before any snow falls . Try to not rake leaves on the windiest day . It ' s difficult to avoid wind totally because of the season . There is rarely a day in autumn with no wind . Just try to pick a low wind day . It will make the job a lot easier . Check the extended weather forecast to plan your leaf cleanup day . Looking for a yard cleanup contractor ? Looking for leaf removal services ? Get three free quotes from local fall yard cleanup services in your local area . Compare quotes and get the best deal for you ! It ' s fast , easy , and free ! DIY Leaf Cleanup You may opt to clean up your own yard yourself . It ' s good exercise and is great fresh air . Shop and compare leaf rakes online or pick one up at your local home improvement center . A leaf rake will cost $ 25 to $ 60 . The more expensive rakes tend to last longer . If you have serious raking to do then you had best get a decent rake . A good rake makes the job easier . Do not forget to wear landscaping gloves . They can be found at your local home improvement center . They will keep your hands from getting blisters . It does n ' t take long for your hands to get blistered raking leaves . It ' s a lot of twisting between the handle of the rake and your soft palms . Once you have a blister it ' s too late . Even if you put a glove on after it wo n ' t fix the existing blister and your day of raking leaves will be uncomfortable . Use Our Free Service and Find Yard Cleanup Companies Near You Prices for US only including : Alabama - AL Alaska - AK Arizona - AZ Arkansas - AR California - CA Colorado - CO Connecticut - CT Delaware - DE District Of Columbia - Florida - FL Georgia - GA Hawaii - HI Idaho - ID Illinois - IL Indiana - IN Iowa - IA Kansas - KS Kentucky - KY Louisiana - LA Maine - ME Maryland - MD Massachusetts - MA Michigan - MI Minnesota - MN Mississippi - MS Missouri - MO Montana - MT Nebraska - NE Nevada - NV New Hampshire - NH New Jersey - NJ New Mexico - NM New York - NY North Carolina - NC North Dakota - ND Ohio - OH Oklahoma - OK Oregon - OR Pennsylvania - PA Rhode Island - RI South Carolina - SC South Dakota - SD Tennessee - TN Texas - TX Utah - UT Vermont - VT Virginia - VA Washington - WA West Virginia - WV Wisconsin - WI Wyoming - WY Serving Top US Cities : New York , New York Los Angeles Chicago Houston Phoenix Philadelphia San Antonio Dallas San Diego San Jose Detroit San Francisco Jacksonville Indianapolis Austin Columbus Fort Worth Charlotte Memphis Baltimore El Paso Boston Milwaukee Denver Seattle Nashville Washington Las Vegas Portland Louisville Oklahoma City Tucson Atlanta Albuquerque Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Mesa Kansas City Omaha Cleveland Virginia Beach Miami Oakland Raleigh Tulsa Minneapolis Colorado Springs Honolulu Arlington Wichita St . Louis Tampa Santa Ana Anaheim Cincinnati Bakersfield Aurora New Orleans Pittsburgh Riverside Toledo Stockton Corpus Christi Lexington St . Paul Anchorage Newark Buffalo Plano Henderson Lincoln Fort Wayne Glendale Greensboro Chandler St . Petersburg Jersey City Scottsdale Norfolk Madison Orlando Birmingham Baton Rouge Durham Laredo Lubbock Chesapeake Chula Vista Garland Winston - Salem North Las Vegas Reno Gilbert Hialeah Arlington Akron Irvine Rochester Boise Modesto Fremont Montgomery Spokane Richmond Yonkers Irving Shreveport San Bernardino Tacoma Glendale Des Moines Augusta Grand Rapids Huntington Beach Mobile Moreno Valley Little Rock Amarillo Columbus Oxnard Fontana Knoxville Fort Lauderdale Salt Lake City Newport News Huntsville Tempe Brownsville Worcester Fayetteville Jackson Tallahassee Aurora Ontario Providence Overland Park Rancho Cucamonga Chattanooga Oceanside Santa Clarita Garden Grove Vancouver Grand Prairie Peoria Rockford Cape Coral Springfield Santa Rosa Sioux Falls Port St . Lucie Dayton Salem Pomona Springfield Eugene Corona Pasadena Joliet Pembroke Pines Paterson Hampton Lancaster Alexandria Salinas Palmdale Naperville Pasadena Kansas City Hayward Hollywood Lakewood Torrance Syracuse Escondido Fort Collins Bridgeport Orange Warren Elk Grove Savannah Mesquite Sunnyvale Fullerton McAllen Cary Cedar Rapids Sterling Heights Columbia Coral Springs Carrollton Elizabeth Hartford Waco Bellevue New Haven West Valley City Topeka , Kansas Thousand Oaks El Monte McKinney © 2019 CostOwl . com . All rights reserved . | Contact Us
|
[
"Fall Lawn",
"Leaf Cleanup"
] |
http://costowl.com/home-improvement/landscaping-lawn-reslope-cost.html
|
Home View All Home & Garden B2B Legal Auto Edu Insurance Rental Healthcare Weddings > Need a Resloping Pro Near You ? Find Local Landscaping Experts & Get Free Lawn Grading Price Quotes . No Obligations & No Credit Card Needed . Find Local Pros > > Find Us on Facebook All Landscaping Articles Browse through our complete library of landscaping related articles . > > Home > Home Improvement Landscaping > Reslope a Lawn How Much Does it Cost to Reslope a Lawn ? Lawn Grading Prices Changing the slope ( or grade ) of a lawn is often done to keep water from flowing towards a home ' s foundation or to eliminate swampy areas . You may also wish to direct water towards a certain part of the yard ( such as a garden or stream and waterfall ) or level an area in order to accommodate a swingset , sandbox , fencing , or other outdoor feature . Even if your lawn is small , earthmoving equipment is required for this job . Homeowners who are comfortable operating a Bobcat can rent one and Lawn Grading Considerations Grading a lawn is never a one - size - fits - all solution . Depending on your property and the nature of the problem , a number of factors go into determining the type and amount of work required . To prevent water from flowing back towards the foundation and entering the basement , your lawn should slope away from the house at a rate of approximately ¼ " per foot ( in other words , for every 4 feet of lawn , there should be an inch of drop ) . The current lawn slope of your property will determine how much grading needs to be done , and accordingly , how much the work will cost . Soil conditions in your area play a big role in how easy it is to reshape the earth . In places like New England , where the soil is rocky , resloping a lawn is much more difficult than in a place like Nebraska , which has loamy soil . When a swampy lawn ( not basement flooding ) is a concern , consider working with the drainage problem by planting a rain garden that contains water - tolerant plants . If your lot is situated at the bottom of a slope , lawn grading may not be sufficient to prevent excessive moisture problems . In this case , French drains or a dry creek bed can be used to divert water . Leveling a lawn can sometimes lead to erosion issues which , if not addressed , can cause new sloping problems . Plants are Nature ' s solution to preventing erosion . Incorporate some , and / or a wooden or metal bracing system , to keep the resloped soil in place . Where soil slopes down significantly , a retaining wall might be needed . Some lawns or certain areas of lawns ca n ' t be accessed by earthmoving machinery . In this case , shovels , rakes , and wheelbarrows can be used , albeit with a good deal of manpower ( read : labor costs ) . Check with your municipality for codes or regulations regarding lawn slope and drainage . Lawn Resloping Average Costs HomeAdvisor . com puts the average national cost of lawn grading at around $ 1,500 to $ 2,500 . Based on your location and the type of work performed , however , actual costs can vary significantly . Expect to pay $ 500 to $ 1,000 per day ( or $ 75 to $ 150 per hour ) to hire an operator and a piece of heavy equipment ( usually a skid steer loader or tractor with a scraper / planer attachment ) . There may be additional charges for travel and setup . Some contractors charge a full day minimum even if the job takes less than a day . Manual labor by a landscaping company costs $ 35 to $ 70 per man hour Renting a Bobcat or similar piece of equipment for DIY lawn resloping might cost $ 175 to $ 350 per day or more . Additional landscaping services , such as planting , fertilizing , and building terraces , will add to the project cost . Building a small retaining wall cost $ 750 to $ 1,500 . If your grading project requires fill that ca n ' t be obtained on - site , plan on paying $ 10 to $ 30 per cubic yard ( plus delivery ) for topsoil . Bags of topsoil , useful for small areas , cost $ 2.50 to $ 5.00 apiece A comprehensive lawn drainage solution that uses French drains can easily cost $ 5,000 to $ 10,000 or more . Use Our Free Service and Find Landscaping Companies Near You Prices for US only including : Alabama - AL Alaska - AK Arizona - AZ Arkansas - AR California - CA Colorado - CO Connecticut - CT Delaware - DE District Of Columbia - Florida - FL Georgia - GA Hawaii - HI Idaho - ID Illinois - IL Indiana - IN Iowa - IA Kansas - KS Kentucky - KY Louisiana - LA Maine - ME Maryland - MD Massachusetts - MA Michigan - MI Minnesota - MN Mississippi - MS Missouri - MO Montana - MT Nebraska - NE Nevada - NV New Hampshire - NH New Jersey - NJ New Mexico - NM New York - NY North Carolina - NC North Dakota - ND Ohio - OH Oklahoma - OK Oregon - OR Pennsylvania - PA Rhode Island - RI South Carolina - SC South Dakota - SD Tennessee - TN Texas - TX Utah - UT Vermont - VT Virginia - VA Washington - WA West Virginia - WV Wisconsin - WI Wyoming - WY Serving Top US Cities : New York , New York Los Angeles Chicago Houston Phoenix Philadelphia San Antonio Dallas San Diego San Jose Detroit San Francisco Jacksonville Indianapolis Austin Columbus Fort Worth Charlotte Memphis Baltimore El Paso Boston Milwaukee Denver Seattle Nashville Washington Las Vegas Portland Louisville Oklahoma City Tucson Atlanta Albuquerque Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Mesa Kansas City Omaha Cleveland Virginia Beach Miami Oakland Raleigh Tulsa Minneapolis Colorado Springs Honolulu Arlington Wichita St . Louis Tampa Santa Ana Anaheim Cincinnati Bakersfield Aurora New Orleans Pittsburgh Riverside Toledo Stockton Corpus Christi Lexington St . Paul Anchorage Newark Buffalo Plano Henderson Lincoln Fort Wayne Glendale Greensboro Chandler St . Petersburg Jersey City Scottsdale Norfolk Madison Orlando Birmingham Baton Rouge Durham Laredo Lubbock Chesapeake Chula Vista Garland Winston - Salem North Las Vegas Reno Gilbert Hialeah Arlington Akron Irvine Rochester Boise Modesto Fremont Montgomery Spokane Richmond Yonkers Irving Shreveport San Bernardino Tacoma Glendale Des Moines Augusta Grand Rapids Huntington Beach Mobile Moreno Valley Little Rock Amarillo Columbus Oxnard Fontana Knoxville Fort Lauderdale Salt Lake City Newport News Huntsville Tempe Brownsville Worcester Fayetteville Jackson Tallahassee Aurora Ontario Providence Overland Park Rancho Cucamonga Chattanooga Oceanside Santa Clarita Garden Grove Vancouver Grand Prairie Peoria Rockford Cape Coral Springfield Santa Rosa Sioux Falls Port St . Lucie Dayton Salem Pomona Springfield Eugene Corona Pasadena Joliet Pembroke Pines Paterson Hampton Lancaster Alexandria Salinas Palmdale Naperville Pasadena Kansas City Hayward Hollywood Lakewood Torrance Syracuse Escondido Fort Collins Bridgeport Orange Warren Elk Grove Savannah Mesquite Sunnyvale Fullerton McAllen Cary Cedar Rapids Sterling Heights Columbia Coral Springs Carrollton Elizabeth Hartford Waco Bellevue New Haven West Valley City Topeka , Kansas Thousand Oaks El Monte McKinney © 2019 CostOwl . com . All rights reserved . | Contact Us
|
[
"Reslope a Lawn",
"Lawn Grading",
"swampy lawn"
] |
http://costowl.com/home-improvement/other-furniture-wooden-restoration-cost.html
|
Home View All Home & Garden B2B Legal Auto Edu Insurance Rental Healthcare Weddings > Need a Furniture Resoration Pro Near You ? Find Local Furniture Resoration Experts & Get Free Price Quotes . No Obligations & No Credit Card Needed . Find Local Pros > > Find Us on Facebook Other Articles Browse through our complete library of related articles . > > Home > Home Improvement Other Projects > Cost of Wooden Furniture Restoration How Much Does Wooden Furniture Restoration Cost ? Wooden Furniture Refinish Prices Do you have an old table , chair or other piece of furniture that means a lot to you but has seen better days ? If so , having it refinished may be a good option . Any piece that is not broken or has no structural issues can be refinished to look like new . The process , typically , includes sanding and stripping old paint or varnish off to get down to bare wood . Once the piece is stripped , it can be refinished using a varnish or paint . There are 2 major processes used to strip furniture . There is a paste or liquid stripper that is applied by hand , and furniture can also be dipped in a chemical bath . There is not a large cost difference between the two methods . The decision as to which process to use is determined by the size and complexity of the piece . If a piece has lots of small , hard to reach areas , a chemical bath might be more cost efficient . The piece of furniture you are refinishing will determine how it is refinished Average Wood Furniture Refinishing Costs Most wood refinishing companies will hesitate to give you an exact cost to refinish a specific piece . They will give you a ballpark estimate . It can be impossible to determine the exact labor costs . Companies charge an hourly rate plus the cost of materials ( stripping agents , sandpaper , and finish ) . Most companies will charge between $ 50 and $ 75 per hour for labor . Material costs rarely rise above $ 100 for chemicals and new varnish . The cost of refinishing varies widely from piece to piece . Use Our Free Service and Find Furniture Resoration Companies Near You Prices for US only including : Alabama - AL Alaska - AK Arizona - AZ Arkansas - AR California - CA Colorado - CO Connecticut - CT Delaware - DE District Of Columbia - Florida - FL Georgia - GA Hawaii - HI Idaho - ID Illinois - IL Indiana - IN Iowa - IA Kansas - KS Kentucky - KY Louisiana - LA Maine - ME Maryland - MD Massachusetts - MA Michigan - MI Minnesota - MN Mississippi - MS Missouri - MO Montana - MT Nebraska - NE Nevada - NV New Hampshire - NH New Jersey - NJ New Mexico - NM New York - NY North Carolina - NC North Dakota - ND Ohio - OH Oklahoma - OK Oregon - OR Pennsylvania - PA Rhode Island - RI South Carolina - SC South Dakota - SD Tennessee - TN Texas - TX Utah - UT Vermont - VT Virginia - VA Washington - WA West Virginia - WV Wisconsin - WI Wyoming - WY Serving Top US Cities : New York , New York Los Angeles Chicago Houston Phoenix Philadelphia San Antonio Dallas San Diego San Jose Detroit San Francisco Jacksonville Indianapolis Austin Columbus Fort Worth Charlotte Memphis Baltimore El Paso Boston Milwaukee Denver Seattle Nashville Washington Las Vegas Portland Louisville Oklahoma City Tucson Atlanta Albuquerque Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Mesa Kansas City Omaha Cleveland Virginia Beach Miami Oakland Raleigh Tulsa Minneapolis Colorado Springs Honolulu Arlington Wichita St . Louis Tampa Santa Ana Anaheim Cincinnati Bakersfield Aurora New Orleans Pittsburgh Riverside Toledo Stockton Corpus Christi Lexington St . Paul Anchorage Newark Buffalo Plano Henderson Lincoln Fort Wayne Glendale Greensboro Chandler St . Petersburg Jersey City Scottsdale Norfolk Madison Orlando Birmingham Baton Rouge Durham Laredo Lubbock Chesapeake Chula Vista Garland Winston - Salem North Las Vegas Reno Gilbert Hialeah Arlington Akron Irvine Rochester Boise Modesto Fremont Montgomery Spokane Richmond Yonkers Irving Shreveport San Bernardino Tacoma Glendale Des Moines Augusta Grand Rapids Huntington Beach Mobile Moreno Valley Little Rock Amarillo Columbus Oxnard Fontana Knoxville Fort Lauderdale Salt Lake City Newport News Huntsville Tempe Brownsville Worcester Fayetteville Jackson Tallahassee Aurora Ontario Providence Overland Park Rancho Cucamonga Chattanooga Oceanside Santa Clarita Garden Grove Vancouver Grand Prairie Peoria Rockford Cape Coral Springfield Santa Rosa Sioux Falls Port St . Lucie Dayton Salem Pomona Springfield Eugene Corona Pasadena Joliet Pembroke Pines Paterson Hampton Lancaster Alexandria Salinas Palmdale Naperville Pasadena Kansas City Hayward Hollywood Lakewood Torrance Syracuse Escondido Fort Collins Bridgeport Orange Warren Elk Grove Savannah Mesquite Sunnyvale Fullerton McAllen Cary Cedar Rapids Sterling Heights Columbia Coral Springs Carrollton Elizabeth Hartford Waco Bellevue New Haven West Valley City Topeka , Kansas Thousand Oaks El Monte McKinney © 2019 CostOwl . com . All rights reserved . | Contact Us
|
[
"Wooden Furniture",
"Restoration Cost"
] |
http://costowl.com/home-improvement/roof-chimney-cap-cost.html
|
Home View All Home & Garden B2B Legal Auto Edu Insurance Rental Healthcare Weddings > Home > Home Improvement Roofing > Chimney Cap How Much Does a Chimney Cap Cost ? Chimney Cap Prices The purpose of a chimney is to let smoke and harmful gases such as carbon monoxide out , thereby keeping your family safe . But , problems can also arise if things are allowed to come into your chimney . Chimney caps are designed to prevent animals , debris , and water from entering the chimney and wreaking havoc . They also help prevent roof fires and downdrafts . If your chimney does n ' t have a cap , or the existing one is in disrepair , then it is paramount that you have a new one installed right away to avoid costly repairs down the road . Continue reading to learn more about chimney caps and chimney cap installation costs . An Overview of Chimney Caps Within the chimney itself , is a chamber known as a flue which acts as a ventilation shaft for smoke , gases , and combustible byproducts . If you climbed onto your roof and looked at the chimney , you would see an open hole , the flue , at the top . It is over the flue , or flues , if your chimney has more than one , that the chimney cap is placed . Types of Chimney Caps The first step in choosing a chimney cap is determining whether you have a prefabricated chimney or a masonry chimney . Prefabricated chimneys are usually installed in homes built during the mid - 1980s or later . Made of metal , they are sometimes called " fake chimneys " to distinguish them from traditional brick and mortar chimneys . It ' s advisable to use a cap manufactured by the chimney maker to ensure the best fit and performance . A masonry chimney , with an exterior brick fa � ade , is probably what comes to mind when you think of a chimney . Masonry chimneys can be fitted with a wide variety of chimney caps . Once you ' ve determined what type of chimney you have , it ' s time to consider the different materials used to make chimney caps . Galvanized : Galvanized chimney caps are made of steel and usually painted black . While relatively inexpensive , these metal chimney caps tend to rust , which can discolor your roof and make the cap prone to being blown off by strong winds . Stainless Steel : This is the type of chimney cap most often installed by professionals . Stainless steel chimney caps are silver in color and often come with a lifetime warrantee . Copper : A copper chimney cap can cost up to three times as much as stainless steel caps , but they look great and should last a lifetime . Note that it ' s also possible to have a custom chimney cap or decorative chimney cap made from any of these materials installed as well . Chimney Cap Average Costs The actual cost of a chimney cap may vary depending on your location , the size and type of the chimney cap , the complexity of the installation , and other factors . Complete the form at the bottom of the page for the most accurate chimney cap costs . A galvanized metal chimney cap costs $ 50 to $ 200 . A stainless steel chimney cap cost $ 50 to $ 500 . Copper chimney caps cost $ 200 to $ 2,000 or more . Decorate chimney caps and custom chimney caps cost $ 500 and up . Chimney cap installation costs an additional $ 100 to $ 200 and up . The job should take between one and two hours . Use Our Free Service and Find Chimney Cap Companies Near You Prices for US only including : Alabama - AL Alaska - AK Arizona - AZ Arkansas - AR California - CA Colorado - CO Connecticut - CT Delaware - DE District Of Columbia - Florida - FL Georgia - GA Hawaii - HI Idaho - ID Illinois - IL Indiana - IN Iowa - IA Kansas - KS Kentucky - KY Louisiana - LA Maine - ME Maryland - MD Massachusetts - MA Michigan - MI Minnesota - MN Mississippi - MS Missouri - MO Montana - MT Nebraska - NE Nevada - NV New Hampshire - NH New Jersey - NJ New Mexico - NM New York - NY North Carolina - NC North Dakota - ND Ohio - OH Oklahoma - OK Oregon - OR Pennsylvania - PA Rhode Island - RI South Carolina - SC South Dakota - SD Tennessee - TN Texas - TX Utah - UT Vermont - VT Virginia - VA Washington - WA West Virginia - WV Wisconsin - WI Wyoming - WY Serving Top US Cities : New York , New York Los Angeles Chicago Houston Phoenix Philadelphia San Antonio Dallas San Diego San Jose Detroit San Francisco Jacksonville Indianapolis Austin Columbus Fort Worth Charlotte Memphis Baltimore El Paso Boston Milwaukee Denver Seattle Nashville Washington Las Vegas Portland Louisville Oklahoma City Tucson Atlanta Albuquerque Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Mesa Kansas City Omaha Cleveland Virginia Beach Miami Oakland Raleigh Tulsa Minneapolis Colorado Springs Honolulu Arlington Wichita St . Louis Tampa Santa Ana Anaheim Cincinnati Bakersfield Aurora New Orleans Pittsburgh Riverside Toledo Stockton Corpus Christi Lexington St . Paul Anchorage Newark Buffalo Plano Henderson Lincoln Fort Wayne Glendale Greensboro Chandler St . Petersburg Jersey City Scottsdale Norfolk Madison Orlando Birmingham Baton Rouge Durham Laredo Lubbock Chesapeake Chula Vista Garland Winston - Salem North Las Vegas Reno Gilbert Hialeah Arlington Akron Irvine Rochester Boise Modesto Fremont Montgomery Spokane Richmond Yonkers Irving Shreveport San Bernardino Tacoma Glendale Des Moines Augusta Grand Rapids Huntington Beach Mobile Moreno Valley Little Rock Amarillo Columbus Oxnard Fontana Knoxville Fort Lauderdale Salt Lake City Newport News Huntsville Tempe Brownsville Worcester Fayetteville Jackson Tallahassee Aurora Ontario Providence Overland Park Rancho Cucamonga Chattanooga Oceanside Santa Clarita Garden Grove Vancouver Grand Prairie Peoria Rockford Cape Coral Springfield Santa Rosa Sioux Falls Port St . Lucie Dayton Salem Pomona Springfield Eugene Corona Pasadena Joliet Pembroke Pines Paterson Hampton Lancaster Alexandria Salinas Palmdale Naperville Pasadena Kansas City Hayward Hollywood Lakewood Torrance Syracuse Escondido Fort Collins Bridgeport Orange Warren Elk Grove Savannah Mesquite Sunnyvale Fullerton McAllen Cary Cedar Rapids Sterling Heights Columbia Coral Springs Carrollton Elizabeth Hartford Waco Bellevue New Haven West Valley City Topeka , Kansas Thousand Oaks El Monte McKinney © 2019 CostOwl . com . All rights reserved . | Contact Us
|
[
"Chimney Cap Cost",
"Prefabricated chimneys",
"masonry chimney"
] |
http://cottagegardenfarm.com/
|
Waupaca Wisconsins Favorite Place for Gifts and Home Decor Welcome to our Cottage Garden Farm Gift and Home Decor Shop featuring thousands of square feet of shopping pleasure We have everything you need to accent your home at affordable prices A designer is available to help you with your decorating and floral choices Stop by and see why the Cottage Garden Farm has the most imaginative and creative array of decorative accessories in Wisconsin We have a large selection of framed prints silk floral garden and home accents clothing jewelry and gifts With a yearround Christmas shop youll be glad you made us your destination Did you know Cottage Garden Farm provides great home and garden decor gifts clothing jewelry and features a yearround Christmas Shop With over 5000 sq feet of shopping pleasure stop by and find something truly special Get directions Have you seen our spinners Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video Learn about our spinners Operating Hours We are open every day of the week during season For specific hours and seasonality please view our hours of operation
|
[
"Home Decor",
"Favorite Place",
"Cottage Garden"
] |
http://cou.on.ca/articles/ontario-university-graduates-have-highest-employment-highest-income/
|
Ontario university graduates have highest employment , highest income Graduates of Ontario ’ s undergraduate university programs have higher employment rates and higher incomes than those with any other level of education , the latest provincial government survey shows . More than 92 per cent of 2010 undergrads were employed two years after graduation , up from 86.5 per cent who had jobs within six months . The average salary for university graduates in full - time employment was $ 49,277 two years after graduation , up from the average $ 42,668 earned six months after graduation . “ The most certain path to a well - paying job related to your field of study is still a university education , ” says Max Blouw , Chair of the Council of Ontario Universities ( COU ) and President of Wilfrid Laurier University . “ No other level of education surpasses a university degree both in terms of employment rates and income . ” The survey , conducted for the Ministry of Training , Colleges and Universities by the independent firm CCI Research Inc . , also concluded that university graduates get jobs related to their education . Two years after graduation , more than 82 per cent reported being in employment related to their degree . That ’ s up from 76.4 per cent six months after leaving university . “ Ontario universities are preparing students for careers in an ever - changing workplace , and are key players in economic success as we recover from the global recession , ” says COU President and CEO Bonnie M . Patterson . “ Our graduates have the critical thinking skills and adaptability employers are looking for in today ’ s fast - paced , technology - driven economy . They know how to learn and possess the resilience needed for the long term . ” In all , 70,845 students who graduated from undergraduate programs at Ontario universities in 2010 were surveyed between November 2012 and March 2013 , with 25,583 or 36.1 per cent responding . Read the survey here . See the Infographic here - 30 - COU is a membership organization of 21 publicly assisted universities in Ontario . It works closely with the provincial and federal governments to shape public policies that help universities deliver high - quality programs for students and advance the research and innovation that improves the social , cultural and economic well - being of Ontarians . Follow us on Facebook Follow us on Twitter For further information , please contact : Wendy McCann Director , Strategic Communications and Media Relations Telephone : 416 - 979 - 2165 x233 Cell phone : 647 - 271 - 0825 Email Wendy McCann Previous article Index Next article
|
[
"Ontario university",
"provincial government survey",
"employment rates"
] |
http://counsellingandmediation.com/
|
Counselling and Mediation Services Counselling and Mediation Services Counselling & Mediation Services A problem can not be resolved on the same level it was created at … Most people enter counselling or mediation seeking relief from a current crisis ; they recognize the need for change but may be unsure of how to make things different than they are and get some relief from their current circumstances . Counselling & Mediation Services can help you by providing effective solutions and creating positive change in your life through a multi - disciplined , empathetic and productive approach . Personal appointments can be made in our offices in Collingwood , by phone or online . Contact us today ! FAMILY MEDIATION If you , or someone you know , is going through a marital separation then you need to find out about the benefits of Family Mediation . I am certified in Dispute Resolution and Family Mediation and will help you get through this difficult time . Be informed before making decisions . For more information , read the page titled Mediation within this site . ONLINE COUNSELLING WORKS ! World - wide , convenient , less expensive . Conduct your sessions from the privacy of your home , office or while travelling … at a time suitable for you . Simply download “ skype ” and invite CounsellingandMediation as a contact . We ’ ll set up an appointment and get started … PRE - MARITAL COUNSELLING Marriages are still failing at alarming rates ! Getting married is a decision that effects your whole life and should be considered carefully and thoughtfully . Attending this pre - marital program will allow you to better understand your relationship by developing a practical plan which is specific to the two of you , solely based on your mutual needs and wants . Get the love you want ! You can use your mutual vision for your vows and the rest of your life . Spend 4 hours discovering a marriage manual that works … well worth it for a lifetime committment ! Call or email today to set a personal appointment . CHILD SUPPORT CHANGES The Federal Department of Justice has changed the Federal Child Support Guideline Tables , effective December 31 , 2011 . Click on the following link to use the online calculator provided by the Federal Department of Justice if you want to calculate a child support amount under the new tables : Justice Canada Child Support Online Lookup Follow Me Follow me on my blog … click on http : / / lelandclipperton . blogspot . ca / and click on join this site ! www . gtwa . ca Services for family mediation , divorce mediation , mediation services , counseling , marriage counseling , family counseling , relationship counseling , grief counseling , couple counseling , anger management , counseling services , depression , alternative dispute resolution , teen counseling , school counseling
|
[
"Counselling and Mediation Services",
"ONLINE COUNSELLING",
"PRE-MARITAL COUNSELLING"
] |
http://countertopinvestigator.com/cost-of-quartz-countertops/
|
Let ' s Run A Quick Calculation And See What A New Quartz Countertop Will Cost You Quartz countertops can be absolutely stunning but can you afford one ? In order to help you decide whether you can go ahead now and purchase the quartz counter of your dream or whether you should continue on saving for one , we have put together a helpful guide . This guide will help you get a general idea of what you can expect in terms of costs when it comes to the purchase and installation of a quartz countertop . Table Of Contents Cost Summary Make A Quick Estimate On Your Own The Best Time Of Year To Buy How To Identify Shady Contractors Avoid This Budget Buster Where To Get Cheap Quotes The product versus the installation When it comes to getting an estimate or price quote for a quartz counter it can be extremely frustrating and confusing . One distributor will offer you a price that includes the installation while another keeps it separate . As well , quite often you ’ ll have to ask whether the installation is built into the price you are being presented or not . Some companies will give you a price quote for the quartz slab only and then tell you later once you have decided to go ahead with the purchase that the installation is extra . It ’ s important to compare apples to apples when you ’ re shopping around for quartz countertops in order to get a realistic comparison of the costs . In order to do this effectively , you ’ ll want to get a quote from companies that include the following : The price of the slab of quartz The cost of installation What ’ s included in the total price ( leveling , edge fabrication , seam joining , fixture cutouts and a sink cutout should automatically be included with the cost of the installation ) Getting your quotes sorted out so that they all reflect the same type of cost estimates will save you a lot of effort . When you are receiving these quotes , let the company know that you need everything broken down in a simple way so that you can compare quotes . Let the business know that their quote wo n ’ t be considered unless it is done in a specific manner . Averaging out the cost of counters Quartz Price Summary Quartz costs $ 50 - $ 100 per square foot including installation . A modest sized countertop of 54 s.f. will be $ 2,700 - $ 5,400 . Silestone is usually the most expensive but Caesarstone , Zodiaq , and Viatera are cheaper . Here is a general average of what you would have to pay for a new shiny counter for a space that measures a total of 54 square feet : Quartz slab Basic quality : $ 2,900 - $ 3,250 Better quality : $ 3,200 - $ 3,600 Best quality : $ 3,550 - $ 3,900 Cost of installation - $ 150 - $ 280 Average price per square foot Basic quality : $ 61.50 Better quality : $ 67.43 Best quality : $ 72.50 There are also a lot of variables that can come up when you ’ re ready to proceed with your purchase . For example , if you want to add a backsplash , it will cost you extra . You may also have to pay more for detailed edge fabrication or for a thicker slab . As well , contractor rates can vary from one season to the next and you may have to pay up to 15 % more for complex installations . How to make a quick estimate on your own Here ’ s an easy system you can choose to get a quick estimate of the cost for a new quartz countertop : Measure the countertop space you need by measuring the total length and width in inches . You can then make the conversion into square footage once you have the numbers . If you have a triangular area on the counter you ' ll need to add this in as well . Measure the length and width of the triangle and then add them up and divide the total by 2 . Add up all of the triangular , rectangular and square parts of the countertop in terms of square footage to arrive at an overall total . A new countertop will cost you between $ 50 and $ 100 per square foot . If you have a countertop that is 27 ft . ² your cost for a countertop would range anywhere from $ 1350 up to $ 2722 . Save even more by shopping during the slow seasons The best time to get a deal on installing countertops is during the low seasons when other people would n ’ t dream of shopping for a new counter . Christmas is the perfect time of year to make a purchase while others are out and about doing their Christmas shopping . You may be offered a discounted price , find a super sale going on or be offered some special perks and added bonuses for buying at this time of the year . Sales people in this field do n ’ t get a lot of business during the holiday times since most people tend to put off their countertop shopping until the holiday seasons have quieted down . Since a lot of the sales people do work on commissions , you may just be offered a special deal that you simply ca n ’ t turn down ! Be on guard when it comes to getting quotes Any time you invite somebody into your home in order to get an estimate for a new quartz or granite countertop , you can expect a heavy sales pitch to come with it . The free estimate is going to probably involve listening to a salesperson trying to get you to sign on the dotted line right away . You may be offered a “ buy now ” special that will expire when the salesperson leaves . Be very wary of these sales pitches . Get your estimate and then tell the salesperson that you will contact him with any questions or if you are ready to go ahead with the project . You ’ ll want to have a minimum of three good quotes in your hand that you can examine thoroughly to figure out which one is the most cost - effective . This examination should be done without any salesman overlooking your shoulder and trying to convince you to buy the brand ( i.e . Silestone or Cambria ) that his company is offering . Are You About To Make This Common Budget Busting Blunder ? Go ahead and guess how may estimates most homeowners get . If you said one , you ’ re right and the majority of them are getting ripped off . Maybe they were told that contractor was the best . Or they just did n ’ t feel like dealing with the hassle . But when it comes to the overall cost of quartz countertops , you can save quite a bit of money with some smart comparison shopping . Expert Tip : As a general rule of thumb you should get quotes from a minimum of 3 different contractors . The hard part is n ’ t finding them . The phone book and on - line listings are full of them . The hard part is getting them to return your call . If you manage to get them on the phone so that you can tell them about your kitchen remodel they ’ ll usually make an appointment to come check it out . But then half the time they do n ’ t even show up . When that happens you can just cross that guy off the list of potentials . What happens is that during the conversation they decide whether it sounds like they can make enough money on the project for it to be worth their time . If they figure it ’ s not they ’ ll go ahead and make an appointment with you that they do n ’ t intend to show up to . It would be a lot nicer if they would just make a habit of being honest and saying no . Where To Get Cheap Quotes We felt compelled to find a better way for homeowners to find reliable professionals . We teamed up with a company that maintains a humongous database of contractors that are actively seeking work and that actually show up to appointments . To find pros in your area just fill in the form below . This two step process will take your project information and match it up with licensed professionals in your area . You ’ ll get matched up with the builders that are best suited for your remodeling project . The yellow pages will always be an option . But we want to make this option available to anyone that wants a faster and more reliable way to collect quotes . 30 Comments LN I ’ ve been quoted $ 8000 - 9500 for kitchen countertop , quartz , 48 square feet . Includes removal of old countertop ( $ 960 ) and plumbing ( they ’ ll measure to fit the new sink and install it ) ( $ 400 ) . The stone materials alone were quoted at $ 95 - 125 / sf . Based on your estimates , this sounds high . What do you think ? Scott J Did you only get one quote ? I would definitely get at least two more so you could compare them . Sheila The article states 3 qualities : basic , better , and best . What differentiates the quality of quartz ? It seems most places have tiered pricing , but I ca n ’ t figure out what the difference in levels are . I happen to like a Silestone color in a less expensive tier , but I do n ’ t want to purchase an inferior product . Scott J What I was referring to for best would be a popular brand like Silestone . There are lot ’ s of other brands out there that are not as good . This is a good convo to have with your fabricator who has probably worked with dozens of different brands of quartz . Jm I think I may have paid way to much for quartz counteetops for a very small vanity if I give you the dimensions can you tell me if this was fair I have only had the templacement done and I ’ m bummed out Scott J Your best bet would be to visit another local fabricator for a quote . Did you have to buy an entire slab to get the vanity done or were you able to find a remnant you liked ? Loretta Oakes We are looking to put the same quartz in laundry room , kitchen , island , guest bath and master bath . Kelli Thompson I am looking into getting a bathroom vanity top – 114 inches long by 21 inches deep . Can you give me an estimate quote on Granite and Quartz . I am shopping and wanted to get an idea of what cost I would be looking at . I know cost vary depending on the piece of material you choose . Thank you Njk When you buy cambria are you buying the entire slab and should you expect the fabricator to bring you the unused material ? Scott J You should ask the fabricator . If they charge you for the whole slab you do own the remnants and are entitled to them . Chuck I ’ ve been in this business for many years and if a contractor is skilled and very busy , The prices may not quite be so inexpencive . There are many in this business that do great work and many that do undetailed work . We do n ’ t fabricate expensive materials as cheap as we fabricate inexpensive materials because there is always a chance something could break during fabrication or installation and we would have to replace it , so I do n ’ t believe this guide is very accurate with its numbers . We should Clair Is a 3 / 4 ″ slab cheaper than a 11 / 4 ″ slab , if so by how much ? Including build up cost . Thanks ! Trish This comment is in regards to the topic ” How to make quick estimate on your own ” I have clients come in everyday asking for quote on Quartz . A client is responsible for purchasing the whole slab even if they only need half of it for their project . If they have a smaller project , like a vanity , I will advise them to look at the Quartz remnants . It will be less expensive . Cambria , Silestone , HanStone do not come in 1 ⁄ 2 slabs but , Caeserstone does . I do give this as an option depending on the size of the job . I do n ’ t think saying that you can get an estimate based on your square footage is enough . If a homeowner is not educated on the size of the material or if there are odd angles that can cause a lot of waste , they are n ’ t really going to have a clue on estimating . If a job is 52 square feet and 1 slab is 47 square feet , that customer will need to purchase 2 slabs , thus really increasing the cost of the project . Joe If a company has n ’ t completed enough jobs they do n ’ t have access to certain selections where they can complete the last 2 sq ft without charging another whole slab I do n ’ t want them doing my jobs . The second option is they buy back significant left overs on jobs . I ’ ve had Contractors try and use the same receipt for product purchases across multiple jobs and try and charge the entire amount on each . Tim If I were to buy 2 slabs to complete my 47sqft . Job Enrique I ’ m not a counter top installer but have seen to many unhappy customers when I come to install the fixtures many holes not cut the right size , off center , rough edges around drop in sink cut out , and a few more minor misalignments . This can happen to any contractor the savvy ones know how to recover from a bad call or will eat the error , Get there previous jobs completed also , do your homework . as the man said pick wisely , I personally do n ’ t advertise or want any new customers . Anna Albino I ’ ve always had a knack for designing and love it sooo much . I think I ’ m good and my honest friends say I have great taste . A passion I wished I chased . Anyway I have always been a renter , the kind that would use little money but make the place cozy . I would even put up chandeliers and things I knew I could take with me … .now for the first time i bought a condo that looked a mess but I knew I could make it beautiful and bc its my cheryl Rachel , Thank you so much for the information . I am looking at counter tops now & will be printing out your comments . One more tip – put pictures of rooms you like on Pinterest or on Houzz & show them to the designer . That way the designer can get a feel for your style & the look you want . Rachael I am a Kitchen Designer slash “ Salesperson ” ( I guess ) but I ’ m too honest to want to call myself a salesperson . I do n ’ t throw a sales pitch ever . I give honest information and pricing and let the customer make an informed choice - whether it ’ s with us or another company . That being said , in our area ( central New York state ) no one that ’ s qualified should give you a price that does n ’ t include installation , ie . measuring for the new top , putting in new top , seaming , leveling the new top , attaching the sink to the top , making all your cutouts , polishing all edges that are exposed , installing ctop - material backsplash , and a professional 15 yr sealer on granite materials . What ’ s usually not included ? Taking out the old top , hooking or unhooking any plumbing lines , fixing small scuffs on walls when fitting a top between two walls . What do I tell people to and not to do ? Do n ’ t look at square foot pricing . Sink cutouts , edging , backsplash , wasted material is n ’ t included in that square foot price . Instead , ask for the final price when the installers have left . What ’ s the exact end price ? Compare that price . DO look at slabs in person . I ’ m talking 5 ’ x8 ′ slabs . Not the samples in the showroom . What you see in the showroom is a sample and your big island might not look exactly like that . You ’ re paying thousands for this to be an everyday part of your house . Invest the time to see and pick your slabs . Does n ’ t matter if it ’ s granite or quartz . Do ask an unbiased professional . Not your neighbor , not Cousin Vinny who is a roofing contractor , not the guy who only installs granite , nor the guy who only installs quartz . And NOT HGTV or the internet . ( Ironic that I ’ m saying this on the internet . ) Too many times do I get people that tell me they will not look at granite because it ’ s high maintenance , or they want Corian because it does n ’ t stain . I wo n ’ t tell you what I know Do consider laminate . If your budget wo n ’ t allow granite or quartz , consider it . It ’ s come a long way . Do listen to word - of - mouth referrals . Usually the contractors or fabricators that are the best , do n ’ t need to advertise or put themselves on someplace like Angie ’ s List or Porch . Com or on Craigslist . They are perfectly busy by word of mouth recommendations And you ’ ll probably have to wait longer for their availability . There ’ s a reason they Do ask your local lumber yard or home improvement store for recommendations if you have n ’ t heard of any contractors or fabricators . They know who they see all the time and have a good idea of who ’ s good and bad by what materials they buy , and how happy their customers are . Or . If you want someone cheap who might no do the best job , they con probably steer you in the right direction there , too . Do n ’ t give 3rd chances . If someone does n ’ t Going back to my previous point … the guy that does n ’ t advertise works hard for the good recommendation . He ’ ll probably work hardest to make sure you ’ re happy . Do ask what you should expect along the way . What ’ s the whole process in detail . Do n ’ t forget to ask about how they go about solving problems . What if your ctop has a crack in it from day one ? What if a backsplash was forgotten ? How do they fix these issues and how long does that take ? Do ask about the warranty . Is there one ? What does it cover ? You might be surprised that chips or stains or cracks might not be covered . Do tell your friendly professional how you plan to use your countertop . Do you entertain a lot ? Do you have kids ? Do you only make coffee in the morning and eat out every night ? I should reiterate : obtain as much information as possible . Do not use the Internet for your main source of information . Talk to an unbiased professional or two and go from there . Make an informed decision . Do n ’ t use marble because HGTV did it on a show and it looks great . The professional will probably be holding back giggles because you do n ’ t even realize that marble stains and etches So easy . I almost forgot … Do bring samples . Flooring , cabinetry , paint , tile , hardware . It all comes into play . Even if you ’ re going to re - do your floor in a year , start thinking about it now . You do n ’ t have to do everything at once but definitely plan it out as much as you can . Do n ’ t match a new ctop to your old floor you ’ re changing soon . And do n ’ t ignore it altogether either . If you want a Do go with what you love . Pick the material choice you love the most and make everything work around that . If you end up with 3 things you only kinda like , you probably wo n ’ t be happy still in 3 years . Do ask for opinions . I ’ ll tell you once . Contrast is good . Dark and light make ordinary look extraordinary . Beige plus beige plus light beige plus more beige looks blah , no matter how much it cost . ( Beige is just an example . I do n ’ t mean to pick on beige . ) Beige might look better with a dark color with a little gold in it and voila ! Instant beautification ! Ask everyone that has a good eye what they think . Referring back … do go with what YOU love . In the end , it ’ s your home . Pick what you ’ ll love to see and maintain every day . ( Who cares what Cousin Vinny thinks ? You only see him on holidays anyways . ) Gabriel Hi Rachel my name is Gabriel and I am please to read your article on quartz countertops I will be replacing mine next year if everything goes fine and I do listen when I see honesty , thanks and good luck on your goals ! Connie Thanks for the excellent information . I appreciate the time this must have taken you . Judy Bonfiglio Excellent advice ! Thank you for that . Sabrina Thanks for the advice ! Priceless Cassandra Thank you Rachel ! ! wow – just what I needed Closed To New Comments Due To Spam Updated : August 24 , 2018 QUARTZ GRANITE QUARTZITE SOAPSTONE CONCRETE MARBLE STAINLESS CORIAN
|
[
"Quartz countertops",
"Quartz slab",
"Busting Blunder"
] |
http://countryeconomy.com/demography/population/norway
|
Population Norway - Population Subscribe to our free email alert service ‹ North Korea - Population Oman - Population › POPULATION Norway 2017 Population records increases in Norway Norway ended 2017 with a population of 5,295,619 people , which represents an increasea of 37,302 people compared to 2016 . Norway ranks No . 118 among196 countries which published this information in countryeconomy . com . The male population is greater , with 2,668,371 men , representing 50.39 % of the total , compared to 2,627,248 or 50.39 % women . Norway is a country with a very low population density , with 8 people per square km and it was in position 14th in our ranking of density population in 2017 . In this page we show you the progression of the population in Norway . You can see the population in other countries in population and see all the information about Norway in Norwegian economy Norway - Population Date Density Male Female Population 2017 8 2,668,371 2,627,248 5,295,619 2016 8 2,649,130 2,609,187 5,258,317 2015 2,623,625 2,587,096 5,210,721 2014 2,599,202 2,567,291 5,166,493 2013 2,567,007 2,540,963 5,107,970 2012 13 2,535,908 2,515,367 5,051,275 2011 13 2,498,871 2,486,999 4,985,870 2010 2,460,849 2,459,456 4,920,305 2009 2,426,752 2,431,447 4,858,199 2008 12 2,395,053 2,404,199 4,799,252 2007 12 2,359,690 2,377,481 4,737,171 2006 2,325,788 2,355,346 4,681,134 2005 2,301,981 2,338,238 4,640,219 2004 2,284,070 2,322,293 4,606,363 2003 2,269,049 2,308,408 4,577,457 2002 2,256,107 2,296,145 4,552,252 2001 2,241,934 2,282,132 4,524,066 2000 2,231,301 2,272,135 4,503,436 1999 2,217,140 2,261,357 4,478,497 1998 2,199,559 2,245,770 4,445,329 1997 11 2,185,106 2,232,493 4,417,599 1996 11 2,172,144 2,220,570 4,392,714 1995 2,160,745 2,209,212 4,369,957 1994 2,150,257 2,198,153 4,348,410 1993 2,138,628 2,186,187 4,324,815 1992 2,126,420 2,172,747 4,299,167 1991 2,113,359 2,160,275 4,273,634 1990 2,100,994 2,148,836 4,249,830 1989 2,093,280 2,139,836 4,233,116 1988 2,088,082 2,132,604 4,220,686 1987 2,076,155 2,122,134 4,198,289 1986 2,063,936 2,111,585 4,175,521 1985 2,056,399 2,102,788 4,159,187 1984 2,050,092 2,095,753 4,145,845 1983 2,045,519 2,088,834 4,134,353 1982 2,040,476 2,082,035 4,122,511 1981 2,033,523 2,073,540 4,107,063 1980 2,027,580 2,064,760 4,092,340 1979 2,021,860 2,057,040 4,078,900 1978 2,016,362 2,049,772 4,066,134 1977 2,009,907 2,041,301 4,051,208 1976 10 2,003,112 2,032,090 4,035,202 1975 10 1,994,867 2,022,234 4,017,101 1974 1,986,215 2,011,310 3,997,525 1973 1,974,512 1,998,478 3,972,990 1972 1,962,964 1,985,270 3,948,234 1971 1,948,379 1,969,394 3,917,773 1970 1,933,700 1,954,605 3,888,305 1969 1,922,037 1,941,184 3,863,221 1968 1,907,136 1,925,056 3,832,192 1967 1,891,941 1,908,839 3,800,780 1966 1,875,779 1,892,519 3,768,298 1965 1,862,338 1,875,388 3,737,726 1964 1,848,018 1,860,591 3,708,609 1963 1,833,632 1,846,436 3,680,068 1962 9 1,820,146 1,832,860 3,653,006 1961 9 1,806,200 1,818,629 3,624,829 1960 1,791,144 1,803,627 3,594,771 1959 1,777,758 1,789,949 3,567,707 ‹ North Korea - Population Oman - Population › Español Français Portuguese
|
[
"Population records",
"Norway"
] |
http://countrylakesco-op.com/
|
You are Visitor Country Lakes Villages Welcome to A Friendly residentowned 55 lifestyle Community You are invited to tour all pages on our website but to get started please indicate if you are A Visitor wishing to learn more about this community If so click on the Visitors Button interested in finding homes in this community If so click on the Homes For Sale Button
|
[
"Country Lakes Villages"
] |
http://countrymeters.info/en/Australia/
|
Australia Population Australia Population clock ( live ) 25,435,724 Current population 12,677,226 Current male population ( 49.8 % ) 12,758,498 Current female population ( 50.2 % ) 98,307 Births this year 81 Births today 48,825 Deaths this year 40 Deaths today 64,639 Net migration this year 53 Net migration today 114,120 Population growth this year 94 Population growth today 16 - 04 - 2019 02 : 03 : 58 Source : United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs : Population Division Contents Population clock Population fact sheet Population 2019 Demographics 2018 Population density Religion Age structure Age dependency ratio Child dependency ratio Aged dependency ratio Life expectancy Historical population Population projection Tweet Australia Economy World population United States of America ( USA ) Population China Population India Population Canada Population Russian Federation Population Quick facts about the population of Australia Current population ( as of Tuesday , April 16 2019 ) 25,435,676 Population rank 54 ( 0.33 % of world population Total area 7,741,220 km 2 ( 2,988,902 mi 2 Population density 3.3 per km ( 8.5 people / mi Sex ratio 0.99 ( 12,677,481 men to 12,758,754 women ) Median age 37.4 years Life expectancy 81.8 years ( 79.4 - men , 84.4 - women ) ( Population figures are estimates by Countrymeters ( countrymeters . info ) based on the latest United Nations data ) Australia population 2019 During 2019 Australia population is projected to increased by 396,536 people and reach 25,718,140 in the beginning of 2020 . The natural increase is expected to be positive , as the number of births will exceed the number of deaths by 171,934 . If external migration will remain on the previous year level , the population will be increased by 224,603 due to the migration reasons . It means that the number of people who move into Australia ( to which they are not native ) in order to settle there as permanent residents ( immigrants ) will prevail over Population change rates in 2019 According to our estimations , daily change rates of Australia population in 2019 will be the following : 936 live births average per day ( 38.99 in an hour ) 465 deaths average per day ( 19.37 in an hour ) 615 immigrants average per day ( 25.64 in an hour ) The population of Australia will be increased by 1,086 persons daily in 2019 . Demographics of Australia 2018 As of 1 January 2019 , the population of Australia was estimated to be 25,321,604 people . This is an increase of 1.57 % ( 390,422 people ) compared to population of 24,931,182 the year before . In 2018 the natural increase was positive , as the number of births exceeded the number of deaths by 169,283 . Due to external migration , the population increased by 221,140 . The sex ratio of the total population was 0.990 ( 990 males per 1 000 females ) which is lower than global sex ratio . The global sex ratio in the world was approximately 1 016 males to 1 000 females as of 2018 . Below are the key figures for Australia population in 2018 : 336,322 live births 167,039 deaths Natural increase : 169,283 people Net migration : 221,140 people 12,597,180 males as of 31 December 2018 12,724,424 females as of 31 December 2018 Growth Rate 1952 - 2019 Year Growth Rate 1952 2.71 1953 2.37 1954 2.22 1955 2.19 1956 2.23 1957 2.28 1958 2.3 1959 2.27 1960 2.17 1961 2.04 1962 1.92 1963 1.88 1964 1.96 1965 2.16 1966 2.41 1967 2.64 1968 2.74 1969 2.66 1970 2.4 1971 2.07 1972 1.76 1973 1.51 1974 1.34 1975 1.25 1976 1.19 1977 1.14 1978 1.11 1979 1.12 1980 1.18 1981 1.25 1982 1.33 1983 1.4 1984 1.47 1985 1.53 1986 1.59 1987 1.64 1988 1.67 1989 1.62 1990 1.53 1991 1.4 1992 1.28 1993 1.18 1994 1.12 1995 1.08 1996 1.07 1997 1.07 1998 1.06 1999 1.06 2000 2001 2002 2003 1.1 2004 1.2 2005 1.36 2006 1.54 2007 1.72 2008 1.84 2009 1.88 2010 1.84 2011 1.76 2012 1.67 2013 1.6 2014 1.54 2015 1.49 2016 1.57 2017 1.57 2018 2019 Australia population density Australia population density is 3.3 people per square kilometer ( 8.5 / mi ) as of April 2019 . Density of population is calculated as permanently settled population of Australia divided by total area of the country . Total area is the sum of land and water areas within international boundaries and coastlines of Australia . The total area of Australia is 7,741,220 km ( 2,988,902 mi ) according to the United Nations Statistics Division Religion in Australia Religion Number of followers Percentage of total population Christianity 17,118,210 67.3 % Religiously Unaffiliated 6,155,434 24.2 % Buddhism 686,763 2.7 % Islam 610,456 2.4 % Hinduism 356,099 1.4 % Other 203,485 0.8 % Folk or traditional religions 178,050 0.7 % Judaism 127,178 0.5 % Source : Pew Research Center . The Global Religious Landscape Number of followers estimated by Countrymeters ( Tuesday , April 16 2019 ) . Australia age structure As of the beginning of 2019 according to our estimates Australia had the following population age distribution : 18.3 67.7 14 - percentage of population under 15 - percentage of population between 15 and 64 years old - percentage of population 65 + In absolute figures ( estimate ) : 4,628,030 young people under 15 years old ( 2,374,154 males / 2,253,876 females ) 17,141,713 persons between 15 and 64 years old ( 8,688,855 males / 8,452,858 females ) 3,551,608 persons above 64 years old ( 1,626,913 males / 1,924,695 females ) We prepared a simplified model of the population distribution pyramid which is broken down into 3 main age groups . The groups are the same as we used above : population under 15 , between 15 and 64 and population which is over 65 year old . 65 + 15 - 64 0 - 14 male female Note : The pyramid provided is not corresponding to data given above because the age groups have different number of years . As we can see the Australia population pyramid has a stationary type . Countries with such type of pyramid usually have declining birth rate and relatively low death rate . Which is more common for developed countries . Source : The estimation data for section " Australia age structure " is based on the latest demographic and social statistics by United Nations Statistics Division Age dependency ratio Dependency ratio of population is a ratio of people who are generally not in the labor force ( the dependents ) to workforce of a country ( the productive part of population ) . The dependent part includes the population under 15 years old and people aged 65 and over . The productive part of population accordingly consists of population between 15 and 64 years . This ratio shows the pressure on productive population produced by the dependent part of population . The total dependency ratio of population in Australia is 47.7 % . The value of 47.7 % is relatively low . It shows that the dependent part of population is less than a half of the working part . In other words the working population ( labor force ) in Australia must provide goods for itself and cover expenditure on children and aged persons . And this part of population is less than 50 % of working population . The value of less than 50 % means that the pressure on productive population in Australia is relatively low . Child dependency ratio Child dependency ratio is a ratio of people below working age ( under 15 ) to workforce of a country . Child dependency ratio in Australia is 27 % . Aged dependency ratio Aged dependency ratio is a ratio of people above working age ( 65 + ) to workforce of a country . Aged dependency ratio in Australia is 20.7 % . Source : The estimation data for section " Australia age dependency ratio " is based on the latest demographic and social statistics by United Nations Statistics Division Life expectancy at birth is one of the most important demographic indicator . It shows the number of years a newborn infant would live assuming that birth and death rates will remain at the same level during the whole lifetime . Total life expectancy ( both sexes ) at birth for Australia is 81.8 years . This is above the average life expectancy at birth of the global population which is about 71 years ( according to Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations ) . Male life expectancy at birth is 79.4 years . Female life expectancy at birth is 84.4 years . Australia historical population ( 1951 - 2019 ) The data is given as of 1st of January of an year . Year Australia historical population 1951 8,297,492 1952 8,522,346 1953 8,724,495 1954 8,918,223 1955 9,113,666 1956 9,316,713 1957 9,529,005 1958 9,748,333 1959 9,969,431 1960 10,185,966 1961 10,393,620 1962 10,593,066 1963 10,791,960 1964 11,003,848 1965 11,241,503 1966 11,512,646 1967 11,816,538 1968 12,140,663 1969 12,463,385 1970 12,763,000 1971 13,027,676 1972 13,257,415 1973 13,458,214 1974 13,638,795 1975 13,809,037 1976 13,973,815 1977 14,133,307 1978 14,290,100 1979 14,450,472 1980 14,620,362 1981 14,803,171 1982 14,999,623 1983 15,209,741 1984 15,433,423 1985 15,669,817 1986 15,919,035 1987 16,180,902 1988 16,450,342 1989 16,717,579 1990 16,973,061 1991 17,211,344 1992 17,432,103 1993 17,638,408 1994 17,835,321 1995 18,028,492 1996 18,221,555 1997 18,415,656 1998 18,611,073 1999 18,808,056 2000 19,007,094 2001 19,207,966 2002 19,411,533 2003 19,624,820 2004 19,860,365 2005 20,129,879 2006 20,440,255 2007 20,791,089 2008 21,173,149 2009 21,570,519 2010 21,966,777 2011 22,352,617 2012 22,726,873 2013 23,090,920 2014 23,446,409 2015 23,795,663 2016 24,168,303 2017 24,546,779 2018 24,931,182 2019 25,321,604 Australia population history Population Growth Rate 1951 8,297,492 N / A % 8,522,346 2.71 % 8,724,495 2.37 % 8,918,223 2.22 % 9,113,666 2.19 % 9,316,713 2.23 % 9,529,005 2.28 % 9,748,333 2.30 % 9,969,431 2.27 % 10,185,966 2.17 % 10,393,620 2.04 % 10,593,066 1.92 % 10,791,960 1.88 % 11,003,848 1.96 % 11,241,503 2.16 % 11,512,646 2.41 % 11,816,538 2.64 % 12,140,663 2.74 % 12,463,385 2.66 % 12,763,000 2.40 % 13,027,676 2.07 % 13,257,415 1.76 % 13,458,214 1.51 % 13,638,795 1.34 % 13,809,037 1.25 % 13,973,815 1.19 % 14,133,307 1.14 % 14,290,100 1.11 % 14,450,472 1.12 % 14,620,362 1.18 % 14,803,171 1.25 % 14,999,623 1.33 % 15,209,741 1.40 % 15,433,423 1.47 % 15,669,817 1.53 % 15,919,035 1.59 % 16,180,902 1.64 % 16,450,342 1.67 % 16,717,579 1.62 % 16,973,061 1.53 % 17,211,344 1.40 % 17,432,103 1.28 % 17,638,408 1.18 % 17,835,321 1.12 % 18,028,492 1.08 % 18,221,555 1.07 % 18,415,656 1.07 % 18,611,073 1.06 % 18,808,056 1.06 % 19,007,094 19,207,966 19,411,533 19,624,820 1.10 % 19,860,365 1.20 % 20,129,879 1.36 % 20,440,255 1.54 % 20,791,089 1.72 % 21,173,149 1.84 % 21,570,519 1.88 % 21,966,777 1.84 % 22,352,617 1.76 % 22,726,873 1.67 % 23,090,920 1.60 % 23,446,409 1.54 % 23,795,663 1.49 % 24,168,303 1.57 % 24,546,779 1.57 % 24,931,182 25,321,604 The data is given as of 1st of January of an year . Population projection ( 2020 - 2100 ) Population 2020 25,398,179 N / A % 2025 26,857,065 5.74 % 2030 28,234,745 5.13 % 2035 29,526,441 4.57 % 2040 30,764,629 4.19 % 2045 31,982,054 3.96 % 2050 33,186,813 3.77 % 2055 34,329,790 3.44 % 2060 35,404,450 3.13 % 2065 36,411,095 2.84 % 2070 37,357,005 2.60 % 2075 38,244,211 2.37 % 2080 39,066,484 2.15 % 2085 39,831,671 1.96 % 2090 40,552,332 1.81 % 2095 41,225,404 1.66 % 2100 41,834,578 1.48 % The data is given as of 1st of July of an year ( medium fertility variant ) . Source : United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs : Population Division
|
[
"Australia population",
"external migration",
"permanent residents"
] |
http://countrymeters.info/en/Saudi_Arabia/
|
Saudi Arabia Population Saudi Arabia Population clock ( live ) 34,435,485 Current population 19,014,586 Current male population ( 55.2 % ) 15,420,899 Current female population ( 44.8 % ) 208,004 Births this year 1,174 Births today 33,852 Deaths this year 191 Deaths today 56,919 Net migration this year 321 Net migration today 231,072 Population growth this year 1,305 Population growth today 17 - 04 - 2019 14 : 26 : 22 Source : United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs : Population Division Contents Population clock Population fact sheet Population 2019 Demographics 2018 Population density Religion Age structure Age dependency ratio Child dependency ratio Aged dependency ratio Life expectancy Literacy Historical population Population projection Tweet Saudi Arabia Economy World population United States of America ( USA ) Population China Population India Population Canada Population Australia Population Russian Federation Population Quick facts about the population of Saudi Arabia Current population ( as of Thursday , April 18 2019 ) 34,436,439 Population rank 41 ( 0.45 % of world population Total area 2,149,690 km 2 ( 830,000 mi 2 Population density 16.0 per km ( 41.5 people / mi Sex ratio 1.23 ( 19,015,182 men to 15,421,383 women ) Median age 29.8 years Life expectancy 74.1 years ( 72.2 - men , 76.2 - women ) Literacy 94.7 % ( Population figures are estimates by Countrymeters ( countrymeters . info ) based on the latest United Nations data ) Saudi Arabia population 2019 During 2019 Saudi Arabia population is projected to increased by 791,490 people and reach 34,995,903 in the beginning of 2020 . The natural increase is expected to be positive , as the number of births will exceed the number of deaths by 596,525 . If external migration will remain on the previous year level , the population will be increased by 194,965 due to the migration reasons . It means that the number of people who move into Saudi Arabia ( to which they are not native ) in order to settle there as permanent residents ( immigrants ) will Population change rates in 2019 According to our estimations , daily change rates of Saudi Arabia population in 2019 will be the following : 1,952 live births average per day ( 81.33 in an hour ) 318 deaths average per day ( 13.24 in an hour ) 534 immigrants average per day ( 22.26 in an hour ) The population of Saudi Arabia will be increased by 2,168 persons daily in 2019 . Demographics of Saudi Arabia 2018 As of 1 January 2019 , the population of Saudi Arabia was estimated to be 34,204,413 people . This is an increase of 2.31 % ( 773,589 people ) compared to population of 33,430,824 the year before . In 2018 the natural increase was positive , as the number of births exceeded the number of deaths by 583,034 . Due to external migration , the population increased by 190,556 . The sex ratio of the total population was 1.230 ( 1,230 males per 1 000 females ) which is higher than global sex ratio . The global sex ratio in the world was approximately 1 016 males to 1 000 females as of 2018 . Below are the key figures for Saudi Arabia population in 2018 : 696,364 live births 113,330 deaths Natural increase : 583,034 people Net migration : 190,556 people 18,866,111 males as of 31 December 2018 15,338,302 females as of 31 December 2018 Growth Rate 1952 - 2019 Year Growth Rate 1952 2.56 1953 2.69 1954 2.72 1955 2.71 1956 2.69 1957 1958 2.72 1959 2.81 1960 2.96 1961 3.14 1962 3.33 1963 3.47 1964 3.54 1965 3.56 1966 3.55 1967 3.58 1968 3.66 1969 3.83 1970 4.06 1971 4.32 1972 4.57 1973 4.82 1974 5.07 1975 5.32 1976 5.53 1977 5.67 1978 5.82 1979 6.02 1980 6.23 1981 6.41 1982 6.52 1983 6.45 1984 6.15 1985 5.68 1986 5.16 1987 4.68 1988 4.27 1989 3.91 1990 3.61 1991 3.36 1992 3.12 1993 2.92 1994 2.76 1995 2.66 1996 2.57 1997 2.5 1998 2.48 1999 2.53 2000 2.65 2001 2.8 2002 2.94 2003 3.02 2004 3.01 2005 2.93 2006 2.8 2007 2.67 2008 2.57 2009 2.51 2010 2.49 2011 2.48 2012 2.47 2013 2.42 2014 2.33 2015 2.19 2016 2.31 2017 2.31 2018 2019 Saudi Arabia population density Saudi Arabia population density is 15.9 people per square kilometer ( 41.2 / mi ) as of April 2019 . Density of population is calculated as permanently settled population of Saudi Arabia divided by total area of the country . Total area is the sum of land and water areas within international boundaries and coastlines of Saudi Arabia . The total area of Saudi Arabia is 2,149,690 km ( 830,000 mi ) according to the United Nations Statistics Division Religion in Saudi Arabia Religion Number of followers Percentage of total population Islam 32,025,888 93.0 % Christianity 1,515,203 4.4 % Hinduism 378,801 1.1 % Religiously Unaffiliated 241,055 0.7 % Folk or traditional religions 103,309 0.3 % Buddhism 103,309 0.3 % Other 68,873 0.2 % Source : Pew Research Center . The Global Religious Landscape Number of followers estimated by Countrymeters ( Thursday , April 18 2019 ) . Saudi Arabia age structure As of the beginning of 2019 according to our estimates Saudi Arabia had the following population age distribution : 29.4 67.6 3 - percentage of population under 15 - percentage of population between 15 and 64 years old - percentage of population 65 + In absolute figures ( estimate ) : 10,070,121 young people under 15 years old ( 5,156,315 males / 4,913,806 females ) 23,122,867 persons between 15 and 64 years old ( 13,063,349 males / 10,059,518 females ) 1,011,424 persons above 64 years old ( 529,142 males / 482,282 females ) We prepared a simplified model of the population distribution pyramid which is broken down into 3 main age groups . The groups are the same as we used above : population under 15 , between 15 and 64 and population which is over 65 year old . 65 + 15 - 64 0 - 14 male female Note : The pyramid provided is not corresponding to data given above because the age groups have different number of years . As we can see the Saudi Arabia population pyramid has an expanding type . This type of pyramid is common for developing countries with high birth and death rates . Relatively short life expectancy , as well as low level of education and poor health care are also describe such kind of population age distribution model . Source : The estimation data for section " Saudi Arabia age structure " is based on the latest demographic and social statistics by United Nations Statistics Division Age dependency ratio Dependency ratio of population is a ratio of people who are generally not in the labor force ( the dependents ) to workforce of a country ( the productive part of population ) . The dependent part includes the population under 15 years old and people aged 65 and over . The productive part of population accordingly consists of population between 15 and 64 years . This ratio shows the pressure on productive population produced by the dependent part of population . The total dependency ratio of population in Saudi Arabia is 47.9 % . The value of 47.9 % is relatively low . It shows that the dependent part of population is less than a half of the working part . In other words the working population ( labor force ) in Saudi Arabia must provide goods for itself and cover expenditure on children and aged persons . And this part of population is less than 50 % of working population . The value of less than 50 % means that the pressure on productive population in Saudi Arabia is relatively low . Child dependency ratio Child dependency ratio is a ratio of people below working age ( under 15 ) to workforce of a country . Child dependency ratio in Saudi Arabia is 43.6 % . Aged dependency ratio Aged dependency ratio is a ratio of people above working age ( 65 + ) to workforce of a country . Aged dependency ratio in Saudi Arabia is 4.4 % . Source : The estimation data for section " Saudi Arabia age dependency ratio " is based on the latest demographic and social statistics by United Nations Statistics Division Life expectancy at birth is one of the most important demographic indicator . It shows the number of years a newborn infant would live assuming that birth and death rates will remain at the same level during the whole lifetime . Total life expectancy ( both sexes ) at birth for Saudi Arabia is 74.1 years . This is above the average life expectancy at birth of the global population which is about 71 years ( according to Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations ) . Male life expectancy at birth is 72.2 years . Female life expectancy at birth is 76.2 years . Literacy of population According to our estimates 22,784,110 persons or 94.41 % of adult population ( aged 15 years and above ) in Saudi Arabia are able to read and write . Accordingly about 1,350,181 adults are illiterate . Literacy rate for adult male population is 97 % ( 13,184,852 persons ) . 407,639 are illiterate . Literacy rate for adult female population is 91.06 % ( 9,599,258 persons ) . 942,542 are illiterate . Youth literacy rates are 99.38 % and 99.29 % for males and females accordingly . The overall youth literacy rate is 99.34 % . Youth literacy rate definition covers the population between the ages of 15 to 24 years . Source : The estimation data for section " Saudi Arabia population literacy " is based on the latest data published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics ( retrieved March 13 , 2016 ) Saudi Arabia historical population ( 1951 - 2019 ) The data is given as of 1st of January of an year . Year Saudi Arabia historical population 1951 3,159,944 1952 3,240,925 1953 3,327,958 1954 3,418,586 1955 3,511,359 1956 3,605,864 1957 3,702,720 1958 3,803,483 1959 3,910,450 1960 4,026,175 1961 4,152,709 1962 4,290,871 1963 4,439,763 1964 4,597,036 1965 4,760,522 1966 4,929,654 1967 5,106,011 1968 5,293,099 1969 5,495,749 1970 5,719,022 1971 5,966,250 1972 6,239,106 1973 6,539,796 1974 6,871,482 1975 7,237,091 1976 7,637,003 1977 8,070,342 1978 8,540,355 1979 9,054,308 1980 9,618,104 1981 10,234,927 1982 10,902,011 1983 11,604,665 1984 12,318,167 1985 13,017,687 1986 13,688,927 1987 14,329,462 1988 14,940,764 1989 15,525,077 1990 16,086,217 1991 16,626,004 1992 17,144,539 1993 17,644,526 1994 18,131,971 1995 18,613,541 1996 19,092,491 1997 19,570,472 1998 20,055,913 1999 20,564,074 2000 21,109,114 2001 21,700,105 2002 22,338,020 2003 23,012,995 2004 23,706,730 2005 24,400,402 2006 25,082,612 2007 25,751,758 2008 26,413,182 2009 27,076,167 2010 27,750,069 2011 28,439,543 2012 29,142,243 2013 29,848,549 2014 30,543,798 2015 31,213,459 2016 31,935,738 2017 32,674,731 2018 33,430,824 2019 34,204,413 Saudi Arabia population history Population Growth Rate 1951 3,159,944 N / A % 3,240,925 2.56 % 3,327,958 2.69 % 3,418,586 2.72 % 3,511,359 2.71 % 3,605,864 2.69 % 3,702,720 3,803,483 2.72 % 3,910,450 2.81 % 4,026,175 2.96 % 4,152,709 3.14 % 4,290,871 3.33 % 4,439,763 3.47 % 4,597,036 3.54 % 4,760,522 3.56 % 4,929,654 3.55 % 5,106,011 3.58 % 5,293,099 3.66 % 5,495,749 3.83 % 5,719,022 4.06 % 5,966,250 4.32 % 6,239,106 4.57 % 6,539,796 4.82 % 6,871,482 5.07 % 7,237,091 5.32 % 7,637,003 5.53 % 8,070,342 5.67 % 8,540,355 5.82 % 9,054,308 6.02 % 9,618,104 6.23 % 10,234,927 6.41 % 10,902,011 6.52 % 11,604,665 6.45 % 12,318,167 6.15 % 13,017,687 5.68 % 13,688,927 5.16 % 14,329,462 4.68 % 14,940,764 4.27 % 15,525,077 3.91 % 16,086,217 3.61 % 16,626,004 3.36 % 17,144,539 3.12 % 17,644,526 2.92 % 18,131,971 2.76 % 18,613,541 2.66 % 19,092,491 2.57 % 19,570,472 2.50 % 20,055,913 2.48 % 20,564,074 2.53 % 21,109,114 2.65 % 21,700,105 2.80 % 22,338,020 2.94 % 23,012,995 3.02 % 23,706,730 3.01 % 24,400,402 2.93 % 25,082,612 2.80 % 25,751,758 2.67 % 26,413,182 2.57 % 27,076,167 2.51 % 27,750,069 2.49 % 28,439,543 2.48 % 29,142,243 2.47 % 29,848,549 2.42 % 30,543,798 2.33 % 31,213,459 2.19 % 31,935,738 2.31 % 32,674,731 2.31 % 33,430,824 34,204,413 The data is given as of 1st of January of an year . Population projection ( 2020 - 2100 ) Population 2020 34,709,643 N / A % 2025 37,290,305 7.44 % 2030 39,480,355 5.87 % 2035 41,317,422 4.65 % 2040 42,777,602 3.53 % 2045 44,026,515 2.92 % 2050 45,056,354 2.34 % 2055 45,790,667 1.63 % 2060 46,184,572 0.86 % 2065 46,272,458 0.19 % 2070 46,160,342 - 0.24 % 2075 45,951,116 - 0.45 % 2080 45,698,646 - 0.55 % 2085 45,406,143 - 0.64 % 2090 45,043,760 - 0.80 % 2095 44,589,079 - 1.01 % 2100 44,028,707 - 1.26 % The data is given as of 1st of July of an year ( medium fertility variant ) . Source : United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs : Population Division
|
[
"Saudi Arabia",
"Current population"
] |
http://countrymusic.about.com/od/dollyparton/a/I-Will-Always-Love-You.htm
|
Arts , Music , and Recreation Music I Will Always Love YouSong History The making of a pop and country classic Dolly Parton ' s I Will Always Love You . WireImage / Getty Images by Robert Silva Updated March 28 , 2017 Before it became a record - breaking single for Whitney Houston , " I Will Always Love You " was a country hit for Dolly Parton , who also wrote the tune . Who It ' s About " I Will Always Love You " is about the breakup of the singing partnership between Parton and longtime mentor Porter Wagoner . The pair performed together on Wagoner ' s television show starting in the late 1960s . They released several duet albums together before they parted ways . " You get in these love - hate relationships with people that you work with , " Parton told TV Guide reporter Mary Murphy in 1993 . " Porter and I were very competitive and passionate . Then you ' d get all jealous , too . And I am not ashamed of feeling this way . But finally , it was just breaking my heart because I thought , well , I ' m going . He wo n ' t listen . There ' s nothing I can say that will make it easier . So I just sat down and wrote this song . " " I Will Always Love You " appeared on Dolly ' s album Jolene in 1974 . " I Will Always Love You " was recorded by Dolly Parton on June 13 , 1973 . It was released as a single on June 6 , 1974 . Parton reportedly wrote the tune the same day she wrote " Jolene . " The song reached # 1 on the country music charts . The Song ' s Meaning While the song ' s origins may be specific to Dolly Parton , its sentiment remains universal . The woman in the song knows a relationship is over , but still values the time she spent with the person she is leaving . She still wants the best for him . These bittersweet qualities helped turn " I Will Always Love You " into a # 1 hit , and it has often been listed among the best country love songs Dolly ' s Second Version of " I Will Always Love You " In 1982 , " I Will Always Love You " was re - recorded for the soundtrack of the musical The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas ; Parton played brothel owner Mona Stangley . The song was again released as a single and once more topped the charts . Doing so , Parton became the first singer to have a # 1 hit with two different recordings of the same song . Whitney Houston ' s " I Will Always Love You " Whitney Houston ' s iconic version of the Dolly Parton song was almost never recorded . " What Becomes of the Brokenhearted " was originally set for the finale of The Bodyguard . But when the producers of the film discovered the song was set to be used for Fried Green Tomatoes , they had to find a replacement . Co - star Kevin Costner brought " I Will Always Love You " to Houston ' s attention . The tune was an unparalleled success , spending 14 weeks at # 1 on the Billboard pop charts . It was also extremely popular internationally , reaching # 1 in France , Germany , Italy , Spain , and Switzerland , among other nations . It went on to sell over four million copies , making the song the second best - selling single of all time . At the 1994 Grammy Awards , " I Will Always Love You " won Record of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female . The Elvis Connection Elvis Presley nearly recorded " I Will Always Love You , " but Dolly ' s foresight prevented it from happening . According to Parton , Elvis ' s manager Colonel Tom Parker demanded half of the publishing rights and she would n ' t give them up . " I thought , ' Oh , no , that ' s already been a hit and that ' s what I ' m leaving for my family . ' It had nothing to do with Elvis because hopefully he was disappointed too , " Parton told Oprah Winfrey in 2010 . " But I just would n ' t let him have the publishing . " It turned out to be a wise financial decision : Houston ' s mega - seller reaped the country singer millions . Dolly ' s Response to Whitney Houston ' s Death " I will always be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song , " Parton told Billboard magazine after Houston ' s death on February 11 , 2012 , " and I can truly say from the bottom of my heart , ' Whitney , I will always love you . You will be missed . ' " Other Artist Renditions of " I Will Always Love You " Linda Ronstadt ( Prisoner in Disguise , 1975 ) Vince Gill and Dolly Parton ( Souvenirs , 1995 ) John Doe Sarah Washington Roger Whittaker Continue Reading
|
[
"Parton",
"Porter Wagoner",
"Wagoner 's television show"
] |
http://countrymusic.about.com/od/top10lists/ss/Top-20-Country-Album-Covers-Of-All-Time.htm
|
Arts , Music , and Recreation Music Best Country Album Covers of All Time by Robert Silva Updated March 28 , 2017 01 of 20 Dolly Parton - Hello , I ' m Dolly Hello , I ' m Dolly ( 1967 ) . Image courtesy of Sony Records Well hello . Later records emphasized Dolly Parton ' s more pneumatic qualities , but this debut favored her earthier assets . This simple but striking portrait transforms the well - endowed singer into Tennessee ' s answer to the Mona Lisa About the Song : ' I Will Always Love You ' 02 of 20 Lefty Frizzell - Songs of Jimmie Rodgers Songs of Jimmie Rodgers ( 1973 ) . Image courtesy of Koch Records Like the secure man he was , Lefty was n ' t afraid of dressing in pink . Here , Lefty Frizzell revisits the songs of one of his old - time heroes , Jimmie Rodgers , which explains the album ' s homespun art . 03 Hank Williams Jr . - Family Tradition Family Tradition ( 1979 ) . Image courtesy of Curb Records Hank Williams Jr . shows his boozing side with the cover to his hit 1979 album . What happened before the photographer showed up ? We can only imagine . But it looks like just an average day for one of country music ' s favorite sons The Williams Family Explained 04 Jim Reeves - Jim Reeves Sings Jim Reeves Sings ( 1956 ) . Image courtesy of Abbott Records Jim Reeves has all his corners covered . ( Get it ? ) Reeves ' debut album featured graphic , cut - and - paste artwork that was common during the ' 50s . The record is a hot property among collectors - - selling on auction sites for as much as $ 1,000 . 05 The Judds - Why Not Me The Judds - Why Not Me . Image courtesy of RCA Records The eerie resemblance between mother Naomi Judd ( left ) and daughter Wynonna Judd ( right ) is highlighted in the duo ' s second album , Why Not Me . Despite the creep factor , the 1984 record was one of The Judds ' biggest successes , going double platinum and featuring the hit single " Mama He ' s Crazy . " What is Neo - Traditionalist Country Music ? 06 Kenny Rogers - The Gambler Kenny Rogers - ' The Gambler ' ( 1978 ) . A colorful cast of characters crowds into this sensational cover , straight out of Kenny Rogers ' classic story song " The Gambler . " His fondness for the poker table makes sense for a singer who ' s spent a lot of time in Las Vegas . 07 Merle Haggard - Big City Big City ( 1981 ) . Image courtesy of Epic Records Do n ' t lean back , Merle ! An optical illusion is the centerpiece of this Merle Haggard album sleeve - - with the city streets seeming to close in on the singer . But it ' s not just a gimmick ; Haggard ' s songs have often explored the conflict between town and country . What Is Bakersfield Country ? 08 Emmylou Harris - Blue Kentucky Girl Blue Kentucky Girl ( 1979 ) . Image courtesy of Warner Bros . Records Emmylou Harris sings before a painted backdrop in this evocative album cover that plays with your depth perception . Past and present collide in both the visuals and the record ' s blend of new and traditional country styles 09 Roger Miller - Roger and Out Roger and Out ( 1964 ) . Image courtesy of Mercury Records Roger Miller is clearly out of his head with this whimsical cover . ( Sorry . ) But it ' s truth in advertising for an album that features such oddball cuts as " Squares Make the World Go Round " and " Dang Me . " 10 Spade Cooley - Sagebrush Swing Sagebrush Swing ( 1949 ) . Image courtesy of Columbia Records While it might seem odd to contemporary eyes , this cover art is part of the general enthusiasm for all things atomic post - WWII . Spade Cooley was regarded as one of the kings of Western Swing , but it ' s hardly shocking if you have n ' t heard of him . His career ended in scandal when he brutally murdered his wife - - and the music industry did its best to sweep him under the rug 11 Tanya Tucker - TNT TNT ( 1978 ) . Image courtesy of Geffen Records Tanya Tucker turned up the sex with this campy album artwork . Her all - leather wardrobe was right in line with fashion sensibilities of the ' 70s , but a break with the conservative tastes of Nashville . TNT was released on Los Angeles ' Geffen Records , responsible for a good portion of the decade ' s country rock output . Top 10 Country Rock Albums 12 Johnny Cash - Ring of Fire Ring of Fire ( 1963 ) . Image courtesy of Columbia Records Target practice , anyone ? A hypnotic succession of concentric circles probably was n ' t what you were visualizing while listening to " Ring of Fire . " But this album ' s arresting cover art is a bull ' s eye all the same . Top 25 Classic Country Singers 13 Wanted ! The Outlaws Various Artists - ' Wanted ! The Outlaws ' . Image courtesy of RCA Records A holding cell ' s worth of country artists - - including Waylon Jennings , Willie Nelson , Jessi Colter , and Tompall Glaser - - fill out this wanted poster . No word on what the reward is . Maybe some mighty fine music ? 14 Rosanne Cash - King ' s Record Shop King ' s Record Shop ( 1987 ) . Image Courtesy of Columbia Records This photograph of Pee Wee King ' s record store in Louisville , Kentucky , offers everything that needs to be said ; that includes the title for Rosanne Cash ' s 1987 album King ' s Record Shop . It won the Grammy award for Best Album Package . But even before the Photoshop era , you should be aware of some artistic license : Roseanne Cash was superimposed into the store ' s doorway from another photo . 15 The Flying Burrito Brothers - Gilded Palace of Sin The Gilded Palace of Sin ( 1969 ) . Image courtesy of A&M Records This washed out photo features The Flying Burrito Brothers in their trademark marijuana - leafed Nudie suits . Their body language suggests the End Times - - or a massive high . 16 Kinky Friedman - Sold American Sold American ( 1973 ) . Image courtesy of Vanguard Records This irreverent record from Kinky Friedman features an equally unhinged cover . Look close and you can make out Nashville , a dirty spoon diner , a lonely horseman , and Star - of - David emblazoned on a mystical ten - gallon hat . This was Kinky ' s debut and its madcap charm was never to be repeated . Top 10 Funny Country Songs 17 Johnny Cash - American Recordings American Recordings ( 1994 ) . Johnny Cash returns as a mythic figure for a new age . With its sepia tone and stark contrasts , the art for this album set the tone for the back - to - basics approach of the American Recordings series . It also looked to the past by nodding to the black - and - white photographs of his Sun Records years Top 10 Johnny Cash Albums 18 Porter Wagoner - Carroll County Accident Carroll County Accident ( 1969 ) . Image courtesy of RCA Records From the Technicolor cowboy suit to the tears coursing down Porter Wagoner ' s face , Carroll County Accident pumps up the melodrama . But that ' s all in keeping with the tragedy of its title song . Spooky Country Songs 19 Dwight Yoakam - This Time Dwight Yoakam - ' This Time ' ( 1993 ) . Image courtesy of Reprise Records Going literal with your album art can sometimes be a mistake , but the trick worked with Dwight Yoakam This Time has one of the best album covers of the ' 90s , despite not getting to see Yoakam ' s purty face 20 Louvin Brothers - Satan Is Real Satan Is Real ( 1959 ) . Image courtesy of Capitol Record The Louvin Brothers ' fire - and - brimstone classic has an interesting backstory . The effigy of Satan was built by Ira and Charlie Louvin themselves and , according to the liner notes , the brothers were " nearly burned while . . .directing the photography . " Anything to fight the devil ! Top 20 Gospel Country Songs
|
[
"Country Album Covers",
"Dolly Parton",
"Lefty Frizzell"
] |
http://countrysidelearningcenter.com/
|
Home OUR SCHOOL OUR PHILOSOPHY CURRICULUM & ENRICHMENT RESOURCES TUITION EXPRESS BLOG CONTACT US COUNTRYSIDE EARLY LEARNING CENTER Ask a Question ! COUNTRYSIDE EARLY LEARNING CENTER Ask a Question ! Established in 1981 by Diane Oakman and Vicki Piotrowski , Countryside has secured a positive reputation in the community of Homestead by making its environment a well organized , exciting place of learning . Diane and Vicki ’ s success in building such a reputable school was due to their philosophy on Early Childhood education ; to teach academic skills , develop creativity and to build a healthy self - concept . Diane and Vicki developed a curriculum that fostered the learning for all the age groups at Countryside . In 2007 , Countryside was bought by Elisabet Ramirez and Marilyn Ramirez ; two sisters with education majors . With views in making a quality educational facility for the children in the Homestead community and encircling communities ; Elisabet and Marilyn have implemented a holistic , child centered program that nurtures each child . Early years , birth to six , are the most abundant years of an individual ’ s life for language development . In implementing the new curriculum Countryside ’ s success will carry on . Child Development Learn what the appropriate developmental level for your child is according to age . Get a better understanding of the changes that your child will be making throughout the years . http : / / www . cdc . gov / NCBDDD / autism / ActEarly / interactive / index . html Child Offenders Protect your child by being aware ! View all child offenders living within your community and / or other communities . Let ’ s keep our children safe by being in the know ! http : / / www . familywatchdog . us MONTHLY NEWSLETTERS PHOTO GALLERY
|
[
"Child Development",
"Diane Oakman",
"Vicki Piotrowski"
] |
http://countrysidenetwork.com/daily/livestock/cattle/akaushi-cattle-healthy-delicious/
|
Livestock Akaushi Cattle Provide a Delicious , Healthy Meat Akaushi : A Japanese Wagyū Cattle Breed Countryside Magazine Contributor • March 28 , 2019 Add Comment Akaushi are very hardy in a variety of environments . By Heather Smith Thomas – The word Akaushi means red cow in Japanese . Akaushi cattle were introduced to the U.S. in 1994 . “ This is the only free - grazing beef cattle breed in Japan , ” says Bubba Bain , Executive Director of American Akaushi Association . “ These cattle have been in existence as a distinct breed for more than 150 years and are a national treasure in Japan . ” Dr . Antonio Calles brought some to the U.S. when he was at Washington State University . “ He saw that the Japanese were extremely healthy people . They do n ’ t have problems with obesity or coronary heart disease and he wondered what they were doing different . The Japanese eat a lot of fish , but also consume a lot of beef . Dr . Calles started researching this , and found that meat from these animals had an abundance of oleic acid and mono - unsaturated fats . He imported eight cows and three bulls to Which Cattle Breed is Best for You ? Get tips and tricks from our experts on which breed to select , how to handle cattle safely , and what hay to feed your herd . YES ! I want this Free Guide > > Calles started doing embryo transfers to produce more of these cattle in a short time , and created more than 6,000 offspring from those original cattle in 15 years . Many Akaushi cattle are located at Harwood , Texas . “ HeartBrand beef owns these cattle and sells or leases cattle to other breeders . Many new members have joined our American Akaushi Association , which was started in early 2010 , ” says Bain . Akaushi cattle are known for consistent , tender , flavorful , juicy , highly marbled meat . “ Even though the end product is important , this breed has not sacrificed any other important traits such as reproduction and performance to get to the end result . Akaushi cattle will put a good calf on the ground and the calves give good weaning weight , yearling weight , efficiency in the feed yard , grade and yield well on carcasses — and give you that consistent excellent cut of meat we ’ re all looking for . This breed performs well for the cow - calf producer , the feeder and packer , efficient all the way down the chain , ” he explains . “ Carcasses on full - blood cattle are highly marbled and prime or prime plus , ” says Bain . “ We The American Project Dr . Calles brought eight unrelated cows and three unrelated bulls to this country in 1994 . This was the nucleus to start a breeding herd . “ When you do careful selective breeding with this number you can prevent inbreeding . You mate bull number one with eight cows , giving eight lines of cattle . You mate bull number two with the same eight cows to give another eight lines , and do the same with bull number three . We also started using embryo work and using reciprocal crosses on daughters of the three bulls , and cattle breeds have an inbred coefficient of 35 % , which is very high , ” he says . “ We have additional sire lines from another population that is also pure , to avoid inbreeding problems . These sire lines came to this country earlier , in 1976 . I was able to purchase semen from these bulls in the early 1980 ’ s . We have that semen in hand and plan to use it to create more genetic diversity , ” says Calles . “ Hopefully we can also obtain more semen from different bloodlines in Japan . We are working in a very precise way with this breed , to maintain all the important traits — fertility , productivity , milking ability , etc . with no problems — in every generation . ” The first 11 animals arrived in New York in November 1994 and stayed six months . “ It was cold and wet that winter . Then they went to Wisconsin for several years . The first three winters it was between 10 and 22 below zero . Then the cattle were sent to Texas . They came all the way from humid , hot weather of Kumamoto to New York , to Wisconsin , to Texas . ” These imported cows were hardy and long - lived , still productive into their early 20s . Calles was able to generate a large number of embryos from these cows , which shows their high level of fertility . “ When the animals came to the U.S. the bulls were confined in a collection center . We did n ’ t retire them from collection until 2009 ; they were producing semen for many years . Two of the three survived into their 20s . What is amazing is that the bulls were kept confined and stayed sound . They were very functional and very healthy . Not very many bulls of other breeds stay fertile or survive for that many years with inactivity ; they have problems with knees and feet , ” he says . Akaushi bulls The biggest challenge for this breed in America was to get enough numbers — starting with such a small group — to produce enough cattle to supply the demand . It took several years to be prepared to offer semen for cattle producers . Now a growing number of people in various states are raising some of these cattle . Several Idaho breeders have obtained Akaushi cattle . In 2010 , Shawn Ellis , near Blackfoot , Idaho , signed a cooperator agreement to raise Akaushi cattle for Heartland Brand Beef . Ellis received 60 cow - calf pairs ( some full - bloods and some half - bloods crossed with Red Angus ) in April 2010 . Jack Goddard , the northwest director for the American Akaushi Association says this Idaho herd is helping show people how the animals perform in a colder climate than Texas . They are also doing very well in rough rangeland conditions . Delicious , Healthful Meat Eating satisfaction is truly remarkable . Muscle fibers tend to be longer and thinner , which helps make meat more tender . The fatty acid composition is also different . When you cook this beef , you can pour the fat off into a cup , and at room temperature , it stays liquid . Regular pork or beef fat , if you leave it sitting there , will solidify to a hard , white fat . Akaushi fat does n ’ t do that . Today you can find Akaushi meat in leading restaurants across the country . When people taste it , they are impressed with the flavor . “ The Akaushi produces healthful meat with a high ratio of mono - unsaturated to saturated fats , ” says Bain . “ There ’ s also a high amount of oleic acid in Akaushi meat ( the healthy ingredient in olive oil ) . It is extremely heart - healthy . Our research at Texas A&M indicates this . ” Dr . Antonio Calles says oleic acid is recognized by people in the medical community and the American Heart Association as the good fat for the heart . “ Akaushi beef in any form gives the highest amount of oleic acid per square inch of meat , ” he says . Bill Fielding , CEO of HeartBrand Beef , says the health benefits are a big plus for the consumer . “ Customers are asking for healthful , tasty products . We ’ re seeing growth of this aspect of the industry — whether it ’ s grass fed or all natural beef . People want a healthier product with better nutritional value , and something that will reduce their bad cholesterol instead of increasing it . We strongly believe that if the beef industry started using these genetics and changing the way cattle are fed , we could produce a Calles says that people have been told red meat will increase cholesterol . “ Now we must educate people to the fact that these fats are good for you . ” People who must be careful what they eat no longer have to reduce their intake of red meat . This is great news because meat contains many nutrients our body needs , such as vitamin B12 , which is not found in a vegetarian diet . “ Red meat is a great source of all the amino acids to produce a complete protein . It ’ s a package of complete nutrients , combined with eating satisfaction . This is an opportunity for the cattle industry to create something sustainable , with additional health value to the consumer . We can produce many millions of pounds of meat in this country , but we need to produce high - quality beef that is healthy for the human body . If we can combine palatability with the health aspect , that ’ s the way the cattle Akaushi Cattle Akaushi cattle are red , horned , more heat - tolerant than black animals , which is a major issue in southern states , and have low birth weights . The cows calve easily with no assistance . Fullblood males average 72 pounds at birth , and females 68 pounds . Adults are moderate size . Bulls weigh 1,700 to 1,800 pounds and cows are 1,000 to 1,100 pounds . Disposition is excellent . Akaushi cattle have been extensively handled for many generations , selected for ease of handling . “ There are many things they do with them in Japan that we ca n ’ t even imagine ; these are very docile cattle , ” says Bain . People working with Akaushi cattle view them as part of their family . “ We do n ’ t claim to be number one on weaning weights or yearling weights , but a rancher will never be embarrassed about the weights of Akaushi calves , ” says Bain . “ Fullblood calves wean at 500 to 600 pounds . Crossbred calves have been averaging 600 to 700 pounds at weaning because of heterosis , ” he explains . You get maximum heterosis when crossing animals that are totally unrelated , with wide genetic diversity . These cattle are not related to American breeds . “ This produces more hybrid vigor than when crossing two American breeds , because most of our breeds have become crossbreds already , ” he says . “ The way the Japanese selected these animals and worked with them for many decades ; we do n ’ t have to worry about variation on productivity or performance traits , feed efficiency and feed conversion , ” says Calles . “ These traits were already selected and fixed for many years . All we need to do is provide a good environment for them , with good care and low - stress management , and these animals will reach their genetic potential 100 % of the time , ” he says . Akaushi cattle are very hardy in a variety of environments . “ They were developed in Kumamoto , which latitude - wise is the same as between Austin and Temple , Texas , in a very hot and humid climate , so they do well in the southern part of our country . If you move them to the northern U.S. they do even better . Any time you reduce humidity and temperature in summer , they have less stress and less trouble dissipating heat . They do very well in the north , with ability to grow a good hair coat to withstand cold winters , ” he says . “ The reason these animals thrive in a variety of climates is because the Japanese government in the 1940s took some from Kumamoto and put them in Hokkaido — the same latitude as between Seattle , Washington and the Canadian border . In winter it ’ s very cold , with a lot of snow . It took the Japanese 50 years to select genetics that do well in cold , dry weather , and infused those genes back into the general population of the breed , to improve versatility to handle any environment , ” says Calles . If you are new to raising cattle , here ’ s a helpful guide to cattle farming for beginners Countryside also has an excellent overview of Highland cattle , which are also prized for their delicious meat . Originally published in Countryside in 2014 and regularly vetted for accuracy .
|
[
"Cattle Breed",
"Akaushi Cattle",
"Washington State University"
] |
http://countrystudies.us/belize/5.htm
|
THE EMERGENCE OF THE BRITISH SETTLEMENT Belize Table of Contents Colonial Rivalry Between Spain and Britain In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries , Spain tried to maintain a monopoly on trade and colonization in its New World colonies , but northern European powers were increasingly attracted to the region by the potential for trade and settlement . These powers resorted to smuggling , piracy , and war in their efforts to challenge and then destroy Spain ' s monopoly . Early in the seventeenth century , the Dutch , English , and French encroached in areas where Spain was weak : the small islands of the Lesser Antilles , the no - man ' s - Early in the seventeenth century , on the shores of the Bay of Campeche in southeastern Mexico and on the Yucatán Peninsula , English buccaneers began cutting logwood , which was used in the production of a dye needed by the woolen industry . According to legend , one of these buccaneers , Peter Wallace , called " Ballis " by the Spanish , settled near and gave his name to the Belize River as early as 1638 . English buccaneers began using the tortuous coastline of the area as a base from which to attack Spanish ships . Some A 1667 treaty , in which the European powers agreed to suppress piracy , encouraged the shift from buccaneering to cutting logwood and led to more permanent settlement . The 1670 Godolphin Treaty between Spain and England confirmed English possession of countries and islands in the Western Hemisphere that England already occupied . Unfortunately , those colonies were not named and ownership of the coastal area between Yucatán and Nicaragua remained unclear . Conflict continued between Britain and Spain , over the right of the British to cut logwood and to settle in the region . In 1717 Spain expelled The first British settlers lived a rough and disorderly life . According to Captain Nathaniel Uring , who was shipwrecked and forced to live with the logwood cutters for several months in 1720 , the British were " generally a rude drunken Crew , some of which have been Pirates . " He said he had " but little Comfort living among these Crew of ungovernable Wretches , where was little else to be heard but Blasphemy , Cursing and Swearing . " During the eighteenth century , the Spanish attacked the British settlers repeatedly . In 1717 , 1730 , 1754 , and 1779 the Spanish forced the British to leave the area . The Spanish never settled in the region , however , and the British always returned to expand their trade and settlement . At the end of the Seven Years ' War in 1763 , the Treaty of Paris conceded to Britain the right to cut and export logwood but asserted Spanish sovereignty over the territory . Still , there was never an agreement on the precise area in Source : U.S. Library of Congress
|
[
"BRITISH SETTLEMENT",
"Colonial Rivalry",
"Spain"
] |
http://countrystudies.us/guyana/62.htm
|
Guyana Table of Contents Agriculture was the chief economic activity in Guyana . Only the coastal plain , comprising about 5 percent of the country ' s land area , was suitable for cultivation of crops . Much of this fertile area lay more than one meter below the high - tide level of the sea and had to be protected by a system of dikes and dams , making agricultural expansion expensive and difficult . In the 1980s , there were reports that the 200 - year - old system of dikes in Guyana was in a serious state of disrepair . Guyana In the 1980s , sugar and rice were the primary agricultural products , as they had been since the nineteenth century . Sugar was produced primarily for export whereas most rice was consumed domestically . Other crops included bananas , coconuts , coffee , cocoa , and citrus fruits . Small amounts of vegetables and tobacco were also produced . During the late 1980s , some farmers succeeded in diversifying into specialty products such as heart - of - palm and asparagus for export to Europe . Sugar Rice Forestry Fisheries Livestock Source : U.S. Library of Congress
|
[
"AGRICULTURE",
"Guyana"
] |
http://countrystudies.us/haiti/30.htm
|
Haiti Table of Contents French and Creole Two languages were spoken in Haiti : Creole and French . The social relationship between these languages was complex . Nine of every ten Haitians spoke only Creole , which was the everyday language for the entire population . About one in ten also spoke French . And only about one in twenty was fluent in both French and Creole . Thus , Haiti was neither a francophone country nor a bilingual one . Rather , two separate speech communities existed : the monolingual majority and the bilingual elite . All classes valued verbal facility . Public speaking played an important role in political life ; the style of the speech was often more important than the content . Repartee enlivened the daily parlance of both the monolingual peasant and the sophisticated bilingual urbanite . Small groups gathered regularly in Port - au - Prince to listen to storytellers . Attitudes toward French and Creole helped to define the Haitians ' cultural dilemma . Language usually complicated interactions between members of the elite and the masses . Haitians of all classes took pride in Creole as a means of expression and as the national tongue . Nevertheless , many monolingual and bilingual Haitians regarded Creole as a nonlanguage , claiming that " it has no rules . " Thus , the majority of the population did not value their native language and built a mystique around French . At the same time , almost every bilingual Haitian had ambivalent feelings about using French and did so uncomfortably . In Creole the phrase " to Fluency in French served as an even more important criterion than skin color for membership in the Haitian elite . The use of French in public life excluded the Creole - speaking majority from politics , government , and intellectual life . Bilingual families used French primarily for formal occasions . Because Creole was the language of informal gatherings , it was filled with slang and was used for telling jokes . Haitian French lacked these informal qualities . Monolingual Creole speakers avoided formal situations where their inability to communicate in French would be a disadvantage or an embarrassment . The origins of Creole are still debated . Some scholars believe that it arose from a pidgin that developed between French colonists and African slaves in the colonies . Others believe that Creole came to the colony of Saint - Domingue as a full - fledged language , having arisen from the French maritime - trade dialect . Whatever its origins , Creole is linguistically a separate language and not just a corrupted French dialect . Although the majority of Creole words have French origins , Creole ' s grammar is not similar to that of French , and the There are regional and class variations in Creole . Regional variations include lexical items and sound shifts , but the grammatical structure is consistent throughout the country . Bilingual speakers tend to use French phonemes in their Creole speech . The tendency to use French sounds became common in the Port - au - Prince variant of Creole . By the 1980s , the Port - au - Prince variant was becoming perceived as the standard form of the language . The use of French and Creole during the colonial and the independence periods set speech patterns for the next century . During the colonial period , it was mostly whites and educated mulatto freedmen who spoke French . When the slaves gained their freedom and the plantation system disintegrated , the greatest barriers among the various classes of people of color collapsed . French language became a vital distinction between these who had been emancipated before the revolution ( the anciens libres ) and those who achieved freedom through the revolution , and it ensured the superior status of the anciens libres . French became the language not only of government and commerce , but also of culture and refinement . Even the most nationalist Haitians of the nineteenth century placed little value on Creole . Attitudes toward Creole began to change during the twentieth century , however , especially during the United States occupation . The occupation forced Haitian intellectuals to confront their non - European heritage . A growing black consciousness and intensifying nationalism led many Haitians to consider Creole as the " authentic " language of the country . The first attempt at a Creole text appeared in 1925 , and the first Creole newspaper was published in 1943 . Beginning in the 1950s , a movement to give Creole official status evolved slowly . The constitution of 1957 reaffirmed French as the official language , but it permitted the use of Creole in certain public functions . In 1969 a law was passed giving Creole limited legal status ; the language could be used in the legislature , the courts , and clubs , but not in accredited educational institutions . In 1979 , however , a decree permitted Creole as the language of instruction in the classroom . The constitution of 1983 declared that both Creole and French Changes in Language Use Creole , Literacy , and Education Source : U.S. Library of Congress
|
[
"Haiti",
"Creole",
"French"
] |
http://countrystudies.us/honduras/51.htm
|
Honduras Table of Contents The family is the fundamental social unit in Honduras providing a bulwark in the midst of political upheavals and economic reversals People emphasize the trust the assistance and the solidarity that kin owe to one another Family loyalty is an ingrained and unquestioned virtue from early childhood individuals learn that relatives are to be trusted and relied on whereas those outside the family are implicitly at least suspect In all areas of life and at every level of society a person looks to family and kin for both social identity and assistance In general the extent to which families interact and the people with whom they interact depends on their degree of prosperity Families with relatively equal resources share and cooperate Where there is marked disparity in the wealth of various branches of a family the more prosperous branches try to limit the demands made by the poorer ones On the one hand generosity is held in high esteem and failure to care for kin in need is disparaged but on the other hand families prefer to help their immediate relatives and to bestow favors on those who are able to reciprocate Kinship serves as metaphor for relations of trust in general Where a kin tie is lacking or where individuals wish to reinforce one a relationship of compadrazgo is often established Those so linked are compadres coparents or godparents In common with much of Latin America strong emotional bonds link compadres Compadres use the formal usted instead of tú in addressing one another even if they are kin Sexual relations between compadres are regarded as incestuous Compadres are commonly chosen at baptism and marriage but the relationship extends to the two sets of parents The tie between the two sets of parents is expected to be strong and enduring Any breach of trust merits the strongest community censure There are three accepted forms of marriage civil religious and free unions Both serial monogamy and polygamous unions are socially accepted Annulment is difficult to obtain through the Roman Catholic Church this fact in addition to the expense involved makes couples reluctant to undertake a religious marriage Civil marriage is relatively common Divorce in this case is relatively easy and uncomplicated Marriage forms also reflect the individuals life cycle Most opt for free unions when they are younger and then settle into more formal marriages as they grow older and enjoy more economic security Class also plays a role religious No shame accrues to the man who fathers many children and maintains several women as mistresses Public disapproval follows only if the man fails to assume the role of head of the family and to support his children When a free union dissolves a woman typically receives only the house that she and her mate inhabited The children receive support only if they have been legally recognized by their father Families are usually more stable in the countryside Since the partners are usually residing in the midst of their kin a man can not desert his wife without disrupting his work relationship with her family A woman enjoys greater leverage when she can rely on her family to assist if a union fails or when she owns her own land and thus has a measure of financial independence In keeping with the tradition of machismo males usually play a dominant role within the family and they receive the deference due to the head of the household There is wide variation in practice however Where a man is absent has limited economic assets or is simply unassertive a woman assumes the role of head of the family Sex role differentiation begins early young boys are allowed to run about unclothed while girls are much more carefully groomed and dressed Bands of boys play unwatched girls are carefully chaperoned Girls are expected to be quiet and helpful boys enjoy much greater freedom and they are given considerable latitude in their behavior Boys and men are expected to have premarital and extramarital sexual adventures Men expect however that their brides be virgins Parents go to considerable lengths to shelter their daughters in order to protect their chances of making a favorable marriage Parentchild relationships are markedly different depending on the sex of the parent Mothers openly display affection for their children the motherchild tie is virtually inviolate Fatherchild relationships vary more depending on the family Ideally the father is an authority figure to be obeyed and respected however fathers are typically more removed from daily family affairs than mothers
|
[
"The family",
"fundamental social unit",
"Honduras"
] |
http://countrystudies.us/panama/24.htm
|
Panama Table of Contents Panama is located on the narrowest and lowest part of the Isthmus of Panama that links North America and South America . This S - shaped part of the isthmus is situated between 7 ° and 10 ° north latitude and 77 ° and 83 ° west longitude . Slightly smaller than South Carolina , Panama encompasses approximately 77,082 square kilometers , is 772 kilometers in length , and is between 60 and 177 kilometers in width . Panama ' s two coastlines are referred to as the Caribbean ( or Atlantic ) and Pacific , rather than the north and south coasts . To the east is Colombia and to the west Costa Rica . Because of the location and contour of the country , directions expressed in terms of the compass are often surprising . For example , a transit of the Panama Canal from the Pacific to the Caribbean involves travel not to the east but to the northwest , and in Panama City the sunrise is to the east over the Pacific . The country is divided into nine provinces , plus the Comarca de San Blas , which for statistical purposes is treated as part of Colón Province in most official documents . The provincial borders have not changed since they were determined at independence in 1903 . The provinces are divided into districts , which in turn are subdivided into sections called corregimientos . Configurations of the corregimientos are changed periodically to accommodate population changes as revealed in the census reports . The country ' s two international boundaries , with Colombia and Costa Rica , have been clearly demarcated , and in the late 1980s there were no outstanding disputes . The country claims the seabed of the continental shelf , which has been defined by Panama to extend to the 500 - meter submarine contour . In addition , a 1958 law asserts jurisdiction over 12 nautical miles from the coastlines , and in 1968 the government announced a claim to a 200 - nautical - mile Exclusive Economic Zone . The Caribbean coastline is marked by several good natural harbors . However , Cristóbal , at the Caribbean terminus of the canal , had the only important port facilities in the late 1980s . The numerous islands of the Archipiélago de Bocas del Toro , near the Costa Rican border , provide an extensive natural roadstead and shield the banana port of Almirante . The over 350 San Blas Islands , near Colombia , are strung out for more than 160 kilometers along the sheltered Caribbean coastline . The major port on the Pacific coastline is Balboa . The principal islands are those of the Archipiélago de las Perlas in the middle of the Gulf of Panama , the penal colony on the Isla de Coiba in the Golfo de Chiriquí , and the decorative island of Taboga , a tourist attraction that can be seen from Panama City . In all , there are some 1,000 islands off the Pacific coast . The Pacific coastal waters are extraordinarily shallow . Depths of 180 meters are reached only outside the perimeters of both the Gulf of Panama and the Golfo de Chiriquí , and wide mud flats extend up to 70 kilometers seaward from the coastlines . As a consequence , the tidal range is extreme . A variation of about 70 centimeters between high and low water on the Caribbean coast contrasts sharply with over 700 centimeters on the Pacific coast , and some 130 kilometers up the Río Tuira the range is still over 500 centimeters . The dominant feature of the country ' s landform is the central spine of mountains and hills that forms the continental divide . The divide does not form part of the great mountain chains of North America , and only near the Colombian border are there highlands related to the Andean system of South America . The spine that forms the divide is the highly eroded arch of an uplift from the sea bottom , in which peaks were formed by volcanic intrusions . The mountain range of the divide is called the Cordillera de Talamanca near the Costa Rican border . Farther east it becomes the Serranía de Tabasará , and the portion of it closer to the lower saddle of the isthmus , where the canal is located , is often called the Sierra de Veraguas . As a whole , the range between Costa Rica and the canal is generally referred to by Panamanian geographers as the Cordillera Central . The highest point in the country is the Volcán Barú ( formerly known as the Volcán de Chiriquí ) , which rises to almost 3,500 meters . The apex of a highland that includes the nation ' s richest soil , the Volcán Barú is still referred to as a volcano , although it has been inactive for millennia . Nearly 500 rivers lace Panama ' s rugged landscape . Mostly unnavigable , many originate as swift highland streams , meander in valleys , and form coastal deltas . However , the Río Chepo and the Río Chagres are sources of hydroelectric power . The Río Chagres is one of the longest and most vital of the approximately 150 rivers that flow into the Caribbean . Part of this river was dammed to create Gatun Lake , which forms a major part of the transit route between the locks near each end of the canal . Both Gatun Lake and Madden Lake ( also filled with water from the Río Chagres ) provide hydroelectricity for the area of the former Canal Zone . The Río Chepo , another major source of hydroelectric power , is one of the more than 300 rivers emptying into the Pacific . These Pacific - oriented rivers are longer and slower running than those of the Caribbean side . Their basins are also more extensive . One of the longest is the Río Tuira , which flows into the Golfo de San Miguel and is the nation ' s only river navigable by larger vessels . Panama has a tropical climate . Temperatures are uniformly high - - as is the relative humidity - - and there is little seasonal variation . Diurnal ranges are low ; on a typical dry - season day in the capital city , the early morning minimum may be 24 ° C and the afternoon maximum 29 ° C . The temperature seldom exceeds 32 ° C for more than a short time . Temperatures on the Pacific side of the isthmus are somewhat lower than on the Caribbean , and breezes tend to rise after dusk in most parts of the country . Temperatures are markedly cooler in the higher parts of the mountain ranges , and frosts occur in the Cordillera de Talamanca in western Panama . Climatic regions are determined less on the basis of temperature than on rainfall , which varies regionally from less than 1.3 to more than 3 meters per year . Almost all of the rain falls during the rainy season , which is usually from April to December , but varies in length from seven to nine months . The cycle of rainfall is determined primarily by two factors : moisture from the Caribbean , which is transported by north and northeast winds prevailing during most of the year , and the continental divide , which acts as a rainshield for Panama ' s tropical environment supports an abundance of plants . Forests dominate , interrupted in places by grasslands , scrub , and crops . Although nearly 40 percent of Panama is still wooded , deforestation is a continuing threat to the rain - drenched woodlands . Tree cover has been reduced by more than 50 percent since the 1940s . Subsistence farming , widely practiced from the northeastern jungles to the southwestern grasslands , consists largely of corn , bean , and tuber plots . Mangrove swamps occur along parts of both coasts , with banana plantations occupying deltas Source : U.S. Library of Congress
|
[
"Panama",
"Caribbean",
"Isthmus"
] |
http://countrystudies.us/peru/53.htm
|
History of the Economy Peru Table of Contents Through the nineteenth century and into the mid - twentieth century , the great majority of the Peruvian population depended on agriculture and lived in the countryside . By 1876 Lima was the only Peruvian city with over 100,000 people - - only 4 percent of the population . Much of the impetus for economic growth came from primary exports . In common with the rest of Latin America up to the 1930s , Peru maintained an open economic system with little government intervention and few restrictions on either imports or foreign investment . Such investment became highly important in For many Latin American countries , the impact of falling export prices and curtailed external credit in the Great Depression of the 1930s led to fundamental changes in economic policies . Many governments began to raise protection against imports in order to stimulate domestic industry and to take more active roles in shaping economic change . But Peru held back from this common move and kept on with a relatively open economy . That put it behind many other countries in post - World War II industrialization and led to increasing pressures for change . Significant protection started in the One of the country ' s basic problems has been that the growth of population in the twentieth century outran the capability to use labor productively . The ratio of arable land to population - - much lower than the average for Latin America - - continued decreasing through the 1970s . Employment in the modern manufacturing sector did not grow fast enough to keep up with the growth of the labor force , let alone provide enough opportunities for people moving out of rural poverty to seek urban employment . The manufacturing sector ' s employment as a share Orientation Toward Primary Product Exports Peru ' s most famous exports have been gold , silver , and guano . Its gold was taken out on a large scale by the Spanish for many years following the conquest and is of little significance now , but silver remains an important export . Guano served as Europe ' s most important fertilizer in the mid - nineteenth century and made Peru for a time the largest Latin American exporter to Europe . The guano boom ran out about 1870 , after generating a long period of exceptional economic growth . When the guano boom ended , The alternative primary exports that initially replaced guano included silver , cotton , rubber , sugar , and lead . As of 1890 , silver provided 33 percent of all export earnings , sugar 28 percent , and cotton , rubber , and wool collectively 37 percent . Copper became important at the beginning of the twentieth century , followed on a smaller scale by petroleum after 1915 . Then , in the post - World War II period , fish meal from anchovies caught off the Peruvian coast became yet another highly valuable primary product export . Industrial products Manufacturing for the home market has had many ups and downs . The first major downturn came with the guano boom of the mid - nineteenth century . Foreign - exchange earnings from guano exports became so abundant and , therefore , imported goods so cheap that much of Peru ' s small - scale local industry went out of production . The end of the guano boom relieved this pressure , and in the 1890s a new factor , a prolonged depreciation of the currency , came into play to stimulate manufacturing . The currency was at that time This redirection of Peruvian development was in turn sidetracked in the 1900 - 1930 period , in part by a decision to abandon the silver - based currency and adopt the gold standard instead . The change was intended to make the currency more stable and , in particular , to remove the inflationary effect of depreciation . The change succeeded in making the currency more stable and to some degree in holding down inflation , but Peruvian costs and prices nevertheless rose gradually relative to external prices . That trend hurt exports and the trade balance , especially in As has been noted , many Latin American countries reacted to the Great Depression by imposing extensive import restrictions and by adopting more activist government policies to promote industrialization . But at that point , Peru departed from the common pattern by rejecting the trend toward protection and intervention . After a brief experience with populist - style controls from 1945 to 1948 , Peru returned to the open economy model and a basically conservative style of internal economic management , in sharp contrast to the growing emphasis on import substitution and government control in Argentina , Brazil , Chile Aided by the early recovery of some of its main exports in the 1930s , and then by development of new primary exports in the early post - World War II period , Peru had in many respects the most successful economy in Latin America up to the mid - 1960s . But increasing pressure on the land from a rapidly growing population , accompanied by rising costs and limited supplies of some of the country ' s natural resources , began to intensify demands for change . One of the worst blows for continued reliance on growth of primary During its long period of attachment to an open economic system , Peru welcomed foreign investment and in some periods adopted tax laws specifically designed to encourage it . That is to say , until the 1960s the small fraction of Peruvians in a position to determine the country ' s economic policies welcomed foreign investment without paying much attention to growing signs of popular opposition . In the 1960s , many things changed . The major change for foreign investors was that growing criticism of their role in the economy led to nationalization of several of the largest firms Foreign investment played a relatively minor role in the nineteenth century , although it included railroads , British interests in banking and oil , and United States participation in sugar production and exports . Its role grew rapidly in the twentieth century , concentrated especially in export fields . In 1901 , just as Peruvian copper began to gain importance , United States firms entered and began buying up all but the smallest of the country ' s copper mines . The International Petroleum Company ( IPC ) , a Canadian subsidiary of Standard Oil of New Jersey , established By the end of the 1920s , foreign firms accounted for over 60 percent of Peru ' s exports . The Great Depression of the 1930s changed that by bringing new foreign investment to a halt and by driving down the prices of the products of foreign firms ( chiefly copper ) much further than those exported by Peruvian firms . That double effect brought the share of exports by foreign firms down to about 30 percent by the end of the 1940s . Foreign investment remained low in the first postwar years , both because investors in the industrialized Public opposition to foreign ownership focused particularly on the largest firms owning and exporting natural resources , above all in copper and petroleum . The IPC became the center of increasing conflict over the terms of its operating rights and its financial support of conservative governments . When Belaúnde ( 1963 - 68 , 1980 - 85 ) took office as president in 1963 , he promised to reopen negotiations over the contract with IPC , but he then delayed the question for years and finally backed away from this promise in 1968 . His failure to act provoked the The redirection of economic strategy under the Fujimori government in 1990 - 91 included a return to welcoming conditions for foreign investment , providing a much more favorable legal context , and disavowing completely the control - oriented policies of the governments of Velasco and García . Several foreign oil companies responded immediately , although the disorganized state of the economy and the context of political violence discouraged any general inflow of new foreign investment . Source : U.S. Library of Congress
|
[
"History of the Economy",
"Orientation Toward Primary Product Exports"
] |
http://countrystudies.us/peru/55.htm
|
Peru Table of Contents Peru ' s rich fishery has been utilized since ancient times , but it was not until the post - World War II decades that an extensive export industry developed . Peru ' s fishing industry rapidly expanded in the 1950s to make the country the world ' s foremost producer and exporter of fish meal . Although a large variety of fish are caught offshore , the rapid growth was primarily in the catching of anchovies for processing into fish meal . The fish meal boom provided a major stimulus to the economy and accounted for more than a In the 1960s , however , there were indications that the nation ' s offshore fishing area was being overfished . Experts estimated that the fish catch should be about 8 to 9 million tons a year if overfishing was to be avoided . In 1965 the government attempted to limit the annual fish catch to 7 million tons but without success , partly because investments in ships and processing facilities greatly exceeded that level . By the late 1960s , a finite resource was being depleted . In 1970 the anchovy catch peaked at over 12 million tons . Peru ' s rich fishing grounds are largely the result of the cold offshore Humboldt Current ( Peruvian Current ) that causes a welling up of marine and plant life on which the fish feed . Periodically , El Niño ( The Christ - child ) , a warm - water current from the north , pushes farther south than normal and disrupts the flow of the Humboldt Current , destroying the feed for fish . In such years , the fish catch drops dramatically . The intrusion of El Niño occurred in 1965 , 1972 , and 1982 - In 1973 the government nationalized fish processing and marketing . However , the fish industry became a large drain on the government budget as the national fish company paid off former owners for their nationalized assets , reduced excess capacity , and processed a meager catch of less than 4 million tons . Partly to reduce the drain on revenue , in 1976 the government sold the fishing fleet back to private enterprise . Emphasis was also shifted away from fish meal , mainly from anchovies , to edible fish and exports of canned and frozen fish products . The fishing industry recovered in the late 1970s , but the return of El Niño in 1982 - 83 devastated the industry until the mid - 1980s . By 1986 the total fish catch exceeded 5.5 million tons and by 1988 , 5.9 million tons , with exports of fish meal valued at US $ 379 million . The 1989 catch totaled 10 million tons , an increase of 34 percent over 1988 , and fish meal exports were worth US $ 410 million . In late 1991 , Congress passed a decree that eliminated all restrictions and monopolies on Source : U.S. Library of Congress
|
[
"Fishing",
"post-World War II"
] |
http://countrystudies.us/philippines/41.htm
|
SOCIAL VALUES AND ORGANIZATION Philippines Table of Contents The great majority of the Philippine population is bound together by common values and a common religion Philippine society is characterized by many positive traits Among these are strong religious faith respect for authority and high regard for amor proprio selfesteem and smooth interpersonal relationships Philippine respect for authority is based on the special honor paid to elder members of the family and by extension to anyone in a position of power This characteristic is generally conducive to the smooth running of society although when taken to extreme it can develop into an authoritarianism that discourages independent judgment and individual responsibility and initiative Filipinos are sensitive to attacks on their own selfesteem and cultivate a sensitivity to the selfesteem of others as well Anything that might hurt anothers selfesteem is to be avoided or else one risks terminating the relationship Social organization generally follows a single pattern although variations do occur reflecting the influence of local traditions Among lowland Christian Filipinos social organization continues to be marked primarily by personal alliance systems that is groupings composed of kin real and ritual grantors and recipients of favors friends and partners in commercial exchanges Philippine personal alliance systems are anchored by kinship beginning with the nuclear family A Filipinos loyalty goes first to the immediate family identity is deeply embedded in the web of kinship It is normative that one owes support loyalty and trust to ones close kin and because kinship is structured bilaterally with affinal as well as consanguineal relatives ones kin can include quite a large number of people Still beyond the nuclear family Filipinos do not assume the same degree of support loyalty and trust that they assume for immediate family members for whom loyalty is nothing less than a Bonds of ritual kinship sealed on any of three ceremonial occasionsbaptism confirmation and marriageintensify and extend personal alliances This mutual kinship system known as compadrazgo meaning godparenthood or sponsorship dates back at least to the introduction of Christianity and perhaps earlier It is a primary method of extending the group from which one can expect help in the way of favors such as jobs loans or just simple gifts on special occasions But in asking a friend to become godparent to a child a Filipino is also asking that person to become a closer friend Thus it is common to ask acquaintances who are of higher economic or social status than oneself to be sponsors Such ritual kinship can not be depended on in moments A dyadic bondbetween two individualsmay be formed based on the concept of utang na loob Although it is expected that the debtor will attempt repayment it is widely recognized that the debt as in ones obligation to a parent can never be fully repaid and the obligation can last for generations Saving anothers life providing employment or making it possible for another to become educated are gifts that incur utang na loob Moreover such gifts initiate a longterm reciprocal interdependency in which the grantor of the favor can expect help from the debtor whenever the need arises and the debtor can in turn ask other favors Such reciprocal personal alliances have had obvious implications for the society in general and the political system in particular In 1990 educated Filipinos were less likely to feel obligated to extend help thereby not initiating an utang na loob relationship than were rural dwellers among whom traditional values remained strong Some observers believed that as Philippine society became more modernized and urban in orientation utang na loob would become less important in the political and social systems In the commercial context suki relationships market exchange partnerships may develop between two people who agree to become regular customer and supplier In the marketplace Filipinos will regularly buy from certain specific suppliers who will give them in return reduced prices good quality and often credit Suki relationships often apply in other contexts as well For example regular patrons of restaurants and small neighborhood retail shops and tailoring shops often receive special treatment in return for their patronage Suki does more than help develop economic exchange relationships Because trust is such a vital aspect it creates a platform for personal relationships that can blossom into genuine friendship between individuals Patronclient bonds also are very much a part of prescribed patterns of appropriate behavior These may be formed between tenant farmers and their landlords or between any patron who provides resources and influence in return for the clients personal services and general support The reciprocal arrangement typically involves the patron giving a means of earning a living or of help protection and influence and the client giving labor and personal favors ranging from household tasks to political support These relationships often evolve into ritual kinship ties as the tenant or worker may ask the landlord to be a childs godparent Filipinos also extend the circle of social alliances with friendship Friendship often is placed on a par with kinship as the most central of Filipino relationships Certainly ties among those within ones group of friends are an important factor in the development of personal alliance systems Here as in other categories a willingness to help one another provides the prime rationale for the relationship These categoriesreal kinship ritual kinship utang na loob relationships suki relationships patronclient bonds and friendshipare not exclusive They are interrelated components of the Filipinos personal alliance system Thus two individuals may be cousins become friends and then cement their friendship through godparenthood Each of their social networks will typically include kin near and far affinal and consanguineal ritual kin one or two patronclient relationships one or more other close friends and a larger number of social friends and a dozen or more marketexchange partners Utang na loob may infuse any or all of these relationships Ones network of social allies may include some eighty or more people integrated and interwoven into a personal alliance system In 1990 personal alliance systems extended far beyond the local arena becoming pyramidal structures going all the way to Manila where members of the national political elite represented the tops of numerous personal alliance pyramids The Philippine elite was composed of weathly landlords financiers businesspeople high military officers and national political figures Made up of a few families often descended from the ilustrados or enlightened ones of the Spanish colonial period the elite controlled a high percentage of the nationss wealth The lavish lifestyles of this group usually included owning at least two homes one in Manila and one in the province where the family originated patronizing expensive shops and restaurants belonging to exclusive clubs and having a retinue of servants Many counted among their social acquaintances a number of rich and influential foreigners especially Americans Spaniards and other Europeans Their children attended exclusive private schools in Manila and were often sent abroad usually to the United States for higher education In addition In the cities there existed a considerable middleclass group consisting of small entrepreneurs civil servants teachers merchants small property owners and clerks whose employment was relatively secure In many middleclass families both spouses worked They tended to place great value on higher education and most had a college degree They also shared a sense of common identity derived from similar educational experiences facility in using English common participation in service clubs such as the Rotary and similar economic standing Different income groups lived in different neighborhoods in the cities and lacked the personal contact essential to the patronclient relationship Probably the major social division was between those who had a regular source of income and those who made up the informal sector of the economy The latter subsisted by salvaging material from garbage dumps begging occasional paid labor and peddling Although their income was sometimes as high as those in regular jobs they lacked the protection of labor legislation and had no claim to any type of social insurance
|
[
"SOCIAL VALUES",
"ORGANIZATION",
"population"
] |
http://countrystudies.us/russia/17.htm
|
New Thinking Foreign Policy under Gorbachev Russia Table of Contents New Thinking was Gorbachevs slogan for a foreign policy based on shared moral and ethical principles to solve global problems rather than on MarxistLeninist concepts of irreconcilable conflict between capitalism and communism Rather than flaunt Soviet military power Gorbachev chose to exercise political influence ranging from the enhancement of diplomatic relations and economic cooperation to personally greeting the public in spurofthemoment encounters at home and abroad Gorbachev used the world media skillfully and made previously unimaginable concessions in the resolution of regional conflicts and arms negotiations In addition to helping the Soviet Union gain wider acceptance among the family of United StatesSoviet relations began to improve soon after Gorbachev became general secretary The first summit meeting between Reagan and Gorbachev took place in Geneva in November 1985 The following October the two presidents discussed strategic arms reduction in Reykjavik without making significant progress In the late summer of 1987 the Soviet Union yielded on the longstanding issue of intermediaterange nuclear arms in Europe at the Washington summit that December Reagan and Gorbachev signed the IntermediateRange Nuclear Forces Treaty INF Treatysee Glossary eliminating all intermediate and shorterrange missiles from Europe In April 1988 Afghanistan and Pakistan signed an accord with the Gorbachev also assiduously pursued closer relations with China Improved SinoSoviet relations had long depended on the resolution of several issues including Soviet support for the Vietnamese military presence in Cambodia the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and the large numbers of Soviet troops and weapons deployed along Chinas northern border Soviet moves to resolve these issues led the Chinese government to agree to a summit meeting with Gorbachev in Beijing in May 1989 the first since the SinoSoviet split in the 1950s Soviet relations with Europe improved markedly during the Gorbachev period mainly because of the INF Treaty and Soviet acquiescence to the collapse of communist rule in Eastern Europe during 198990 Since the Sovietled invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 the Soviet Union had adhered to the Brezhnev Doctrine upholding the existing order in socialist states Throughout the first half of Gorbachevs rule the Soviet Union continued this policy but in July 1989 in a speech to the Council of Europe see Glossary Gorbachev insisted on the sovereign right of each people to choose their own social system a formulation that fell That June the communist regime in Poland had held relatively free parliamentary elections and the communists had lost every contested seat In Hungary the communist regime had steadily accelerated its reforms rehabilitating Imre Nagy the reform communist leader of the 1956 uprising and dismantling fortifications along Hungarys border with Austria At the end of the summer East German vacationers began escaping to the West through this hole in the Iron Curtain They also poured into the West German embassy in Prague The East German state began to hemorrhage as thousands of its citizens sought a better and freer life in With the East German government under increasing pressure to stem the outflow East Germans who stayed behind demonstrated on the streets for reform When the ouster of East German communist party leader Honecker failed to restore order the authorities haphazardly opened the Berlin Wall in November 1989 The same night the Berlin Wall fell the Bulgarian Communist Party deposed its longtime leader Todor Zhivkov Two weeks later Czechoslovakia embarked on its Velvet Revolution quietly deposing the countrys communist leaders At an impromptu summit meeting in Malta in December 1989 Gorbachev and United States president George HW Bush declared an end Throughout 1990 and 1991 Sovietcontrolled institutions in Eastern Europe were dismantled At the January 1990 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Comeconsee Glossary summit several East European states called for disbanding that fundamental economic organization of the Soviet empire and the summit participants agreed to recast their multilateral ties At the next summit in January 1991 Comecon dissolved itself In March 1990 Gorbachev called for converting the Warsaw Pact to a political organization but instead the body officially disbanded in July 1991 Soviet troops were withdrawn from Central Europe over the next four yearsfrom Czechoslovakia and Hungary by mid1991 and from By the June 1990 Washington summit the United StatesSoviet relationship had improved to such an extent that Gorbachev characterized it as almost a partnership between the two countries and President Bush noted that the relationship had moved a long long way from the depths of the Cold War In August 1990 the Soviet Union joined the United States in condemning the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and supported United Nations resolutions to restore Kuwaits sovereignty In November 1990 the United States the Soviet Union and most of the European states signed the Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty CFE Treatysee Glossary making During the Gorbachev years improvements in United StatesSoviet relations were not without complications For example in 1991 Soviet envoy Yevgeniy Primakovs attempted mediation of the Kuwait conflict threatened to undercut the allied coalitions demand that Iraq withdraw unconditionally from Kuwait After the signing of the CFE Treaty disputes arose over Soviet compliance with the treaty and the Soviet militarys efforts to redesignate weapons or move them so that they would not be subject to the treatys terms United States pressure led to the resolution of these issues and the CFE Treaty entered into force in 1992 The Soviet crackdown on By the summer of 1991 the United StatesSoviet relationship showed renewed signs of momentum when Bush and Gorbachev met in Moscow to sign the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty START Isee Glossary Under START for the first time large numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles were slated for elimination The treaty foresaw a reduction of approximately 35 percent in United States ballistic missile warheads and about 50 percent in Soviet ballistic missile warheads within seven years of treaty ratification Gorbachev recently had attended the Group of Seven G7 see Glossary summit to discuss his proposals for Western aid Gorbachev also established diplomatic Gorbachevs foreign policy won him much praise and admiration For his efforts to reduce superpower tensions around the world he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1990 Ironically as a result of frequent rumors of a conservative coup the leader of the Soviet empire whose previous rulers had kept opposition figures Lech Walesa and Andrey Sakharov from collecting their Nobel prizes was unable to collect his own until June 1991 Perestroika Domestic policy in the Gorbachev era was conducted primarily under three programs whose names became household words perestroika rebuildingsee Glossary glasnost public voicingsee Glossary and demokratizatsiya democratizationsee Glossary The first of these was applied primarily to the economy but it was meant to refer to society in general Over the course of Soviet rule society in the Soviet Union had grown more urbanized better educated and more complex Old methods of exhortation and coercion were inappropriate yet Brezhnevs government had denied change rather than mastered it Despite Andropovs efforts to reintroduce some measure of discipline the communist superpower remained stagnant Once Gorbachev began to call for bolder reforms the acceleration gave way to perestroika Throughout the early years of his rule Gorbachev spoke of perestroika but only in early 1987 did the slogan become a fullscale campaign and yield practical results At that time measures were adopted on the formation of cooperatives and joint ventures see The Perestroika Program ch 6 At a plenum of the CPSU Central Committee in January 1987 Gorbachev explicitly applied the label to his program to devolve economic and political control In economics perestroika meant greater leeway in decision making for plant managers allowance for a certain degree of individual initiative and the chance to make a profit In January 1988 the new Law on State Enterprises went into effect allowing enterprises to set many of their own prices and wages Results were disappointing however because workers demanded steep wage increases As the government printed more money products fetched higher prices outside the official economy Thus goods usually sold in state stores at fixed prices quickly disappeared as speculators snatched them up or producers ceased making deliveries By September 1988 many staple products could not be found even in Moscow During 198889 Gorbachev also issued orders to the oblast party committees to cease interfering in the economy and In the summer of 1990 Yeltsin who had been elected chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Republic in May backed a radical economic reform plan that would have spelled the end of many special interests within the party Gorbachev in turn presented a much less extreme Presidential Plan which the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union passed Yeltsin threatened that the Russian Republic would proceed with the initial radical plan but shortly thereafter he suspended it In January 1991 Gorbachev replaced Prime Minister Nikolay Ryzhkov who had become identified with the regimes economic failures with Valentin Pavlov an opponent of radical reform Pavlov immediately created a mass panic by withdrawing largedenomination banknotes from circulation and limiting the publics ability to convert them to lowerdenomination notes The move designed to reduce the vast sums of money circulating and to punish black marketeers hoarding large banknotes only intensified the peoples mistrust of the Soviet government The economy continued to spiral downward and Gorbachev and Shevardnadze had to ask the West for financial aid in order to stave off Glasnost As perestroika was failing the two policies designed to promote it glasnost and demokratizatsiya were moving out of control To mobilize the populace in support of perestroika Gorbachev and his aide Aleksandr Yakovlev introduced glasnost a policy of liberalized information flow aimed at publicizing the corruption and inefficiency of Brezhnevs policies and colleaguesqualities that the Russian public long had recognized and accepted in its leadership but that had never been acknowledged by the Kremlin Like perestroika this policy had unintended results Gorbachev had meant to shape the new information emanating from his government in a way that would encourage political participation in support of his economic and social programs Instead the process of calling into question the whole Stalinist system inevitably led to questions about the wisdom of Lenin the man who had allowed Stalin to rise in the first place Because Lenin was the undisputed founder of the Soviet Union the process then moved even farther as open questioning signified that somehow the Soviet Union supposedly immune to such doubts had lost its raison dêtre The official announcement of glasnost scheduled for mid1986 was overtaken by an event that lent new meaning to the term In April 1986 a reactor explosion at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station located in northern Ukraine covered Belorussia the Baltics parts of Russia and Scandinavia with a cloud of radioactive dust see table 3 Appendix The efforts to contain the accident and its attendant publicity were handled with exceptional ineptitude setting glasnost back by six months as official news sources scrambled to control the flow of information to the public Despite the clumsy reaction of the Soviet government to the Chernobyl episode Gorbachev turned the accident in his favor by citing it as an example of the need for economic perestroika Taking their cue from Gorbachev throughout the Soviet Union the news media reported numerous examples of mismanagement of resources waste ecological damage and the effects of this damage on public health In the Soviet republics these revelations had the unintended effect of accelerating the formation of popular fronts pushing for autonomy or independence The officially controlled phase of glasnost began the examination of blank pages in Soviet history Literary journals filled up with longsuppressed works by writers such as Anna Akhmatova Joseph Brodsky Mikhail Bulgakov Boris Pasternak and Andrey Platonov Newspapers and magazines carried stories of Stalinera acts of repression concentration camps and mass graves The works of Marxist theoretician Nikolay Bukharin shot in 1938 for alleged rightist deviation appeared By revealing communist party crimes against the Soviet peoples and the peasants in particular glasnost further undermined Soviet federalism and contributed to the breakup of the Soviet Union Demokratizatsiya By 1987 Gorbachev had concluded that introducing his reforms required more than discrediting the old guard He changed his strategy from trying to work through the CPSU as it existed and instead embraced a degree of political liberalization In January 1987 he appealed over the heads of the party to the people and called for demokratizatsiya the infusion of democratic elements into the Soviet Unions sterile monolithic political process For Gorbachev demokratizatsiya meant the introduction of multicandidatenot multipartyelections for local party and soviet offices In this way he hoped to rejuvenate the party with progressive personnel who would carry out his institutional and policy reforms The CPSU would retain sole custody of the ballot box Despite Gorbachevs intentions the elements of a multiparty system already were crystallizing In contrast to previous Soviet rulers Gorbachev had permitted the formation of unofficial organizations In October 1987 the newspaper of the CPSU youth Komsomolskaya pravda reported that informal groups socalled neformaly were growing as fast as mushrooms in the rain The concerns of these groups included the environment sports history computers philosophy art literature and the preservation of historical landmarks In August 1987 fortyseven neformaly held a conference in Moscow without interference from the authorities In fact one of the unofficial attendees was Yeltsin In early 1988 some 30000 neformaly existed in the Soviet Union One year later their number had more than doubled These informal groups begot popular fronts which in turn spawned political parties The first of those parties was the Democratic Union formed in May 1988
|
[
"New Thinking",
"Foreign Policy"
] |
http://countrystudies.us/united-states/history-50.htm
|
United States History Toward the end of his first term in office , Jackson was forced to confront the state of South Carolina on the issue of the protective tariff . Business and farming interests in the state had hoped that Jackson would use his presidential power to modify tariff laws they had long opposed . In their view , all the benefits of protection were going to Northern manufacturers , and while the country as a whole grew richer , South Carolina grew poorer , with its planters bearing the burden of higher prices . The protective tariff passed by Congress and signed into law by Jackson in 1832 was milder than that of 1828 , but it further embittered many in the state . In response , a number of South Carolina citizens endorsed the states ' rights principle of " nullification , " which was enunciated by John C . Calhoun , Jackson ' s vice president until 1832 , in his South Carolina Exposition and Protest ( 1828 ) . South Carolina dealt with the tariff by adopting the Ordinance of Nullification , which declared both the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within state borders . The legislature also passed laws to enforce the ordinance , including authorization for raising a military force and appropriations for arms . Nullification was only the most recent in a series of state challenges to the authority of the federal government . There had been a continuing contest between the states and the national government over the power of the latter , and over the loyalty of the citizenry , almost since the founding of the republic . The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 , for example , had defied the Alien and Sedition Acts , and in the Hartford Convention , New England voiced its opposition to President Madison and the war against the British . In response to South Carolina ' s threat , Jackson sent seven small naval vessels and a man - of - war to Charleston in November 1832 . On December 10 , he issued a resounding proclamation against the nullifiers . South Carolina , the president declared , stood on " the brink of insurrection and treason , " and he appealed to the people of the state to reassert their allegiance to that Union for which their ancestors had fought . When the question of tariff duties again came before Congress , it soon became clear that only one man , Senator Henry Clay , the great advocate of protection ( and a political rival of Jackson ) , could pilot a compromise measure through Congress . Clay ' s tariff bill - - quickly passed in 1833 - - specified that all duties in excess of 20 percent of the value of the goods imported were to be reduced by easy stages , so that by 1842 , the duties on all articles would reach the level of the moderate Nullification leaders in South Carolina had expected the support of other Southern states , but without exception , the rest of the South declared South Carolina ' s course unwise and unconstitutional . Eventually , South Carolina rescinded its action . Both sides , nevertheless , claimed victory . Jackson had committed the federal government to the principle of Union supremacy . But South Carolina , by its show of resistance , had obtained many of the demands it sought , and had demonstrated that a single state could force its will on Congress . Source : U.S. Department of State
|
[
"Nullification Crisis",
"protective tariff",
"South Carolina"
] |
http://countrystudies.us/united-states/weather/virginia/virginia-beach.htm
|
Virginia Beach Weather Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Avg . High 48 50 58 66 74 82 85 85 80 71 62 54 Avg . Low 32 34 40 47 56 65 70 68 65 55 45 36 Mean 41 42 48 57 74 78 78 64 54 45 Avg . Precip . 4.1 in 3.6 in 3.8 in 2.8 in 4.0 in 3.7 in 4.8 in 5.6 in 4.5 in 3.3 in 3.0 in 3.3 in Degrees in Fahrenheit Copyright 2008 countrystudies . us
|
[
"Virginia Beach Weather"
] |
http://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan/17.htm
|
Uzbekistan Table of Contents Despite Uzbekistan ' s rich and varied natural environment , decades of environmental neglect in the Soviet Union have combined with skewed economic policies in the Soviet south to make Uzbekistan one of the gravest of the CIS ' s many environmental crises . The heavy use of agrochemicals , diversion of huge amounts of irrigation water from the two rivers that feed the region , and the chronic lack of water treatment plants are among the factors that have caused health and environmental problems on an enormous scale . Environmental devastation in Uzbekistan is best exemplified by the catastrophe of the Aral Sea . Because of diversion of the Amu Darya and Syrdariya for cotton cultivation and other purposes , what once was the world ' s fourth largest inland sea has shrunk in the past thirty years to only about one - third of its 1960 volume and less than half its 1960 geographical size . The desiccation and salinization of the lake have caused extensive storms of salt and dust from the sea ' s dried bottom , wreaking havoc on the region ' s agriculture and The Aral Sea disaster is only the most visible indicator of environmental decay , however . The Soviet approach to environmental management brought decades of poor water management and lack of water or sewage treatment facilities ; inordinately heavy use of pesticides , herbicides , defoliants , and fertilizers in the fields ; and construction of industrial enterprises without regard to human or environmental impact . Those policies present enormous environmental challenges throughout Uzbekistan . Water Pollution Large - scale use of chemicals for cotton cultivation , inefficient irrigation systems , and poor drainage systems are examples of the conditions that led to a high filtration of salinized and contaminated water back into the soil . Post - Soviet policies have become even more dangerous ; in the early 1990s , the average application of chemical fertilizers and insecticides throughout the Central Asian republics was twenty to twenty - five kilograms per hectare , compared with the former average of three kilograms per hectare for the entire Soviet Union . As a result , the supply of In the early 1990s , about 60 percent of pollution control funding went to water - related projects , but only about half of cities and about one - quarter of villages have sewers . Communal water systems do not meet health standards ; much of the population lacks drinking water systems and must drink water straight from contaminated irrigation ditches , canals , or the Amu Darya itself . According to one report , virtually all the large underground fresh - water supplies in Uzbekistan are polluted by industrial and chemical wastes . An official in Uzbekistan ' s Ministry of Environment estimated that about half of the country ' s population lives in regions where the water is severely polluted . The government estimated in 1995 that only 230 of the country ' s 8,000 industrial enterprises were following pollution control standards . Air Pollution Poor water management and heavy use of agricultural chemicals also have polluted the air . Salt and dust storms and the spraying of pesticides and defoliants for the cotton crop have led to severe degradation of air quality in rural areas . In urban areas , factories and auto emissions are a growing threat to air quality . Fewer than half of factory smokestacks in Uzbekistan are equipped with filtration devices , and none has the capacity to filter gaseous emissions . In addition , a high percentage of existing filters are defective or out of operation . Air pollution data for Tashkent , Farghona , and Olmaliq show all three cities exceeding recommended levels of nitrous dioxide and particulates . High levels of heavy metals such as lead , nickel , zinc , copper , mercury , and manganese have been Government Environmental Policy The government of Uzbekistan has acknowledged the extent of the country ' s environmental problems , and it has made an oral commitment to address them . But the governmental structures to deal with these problems remain confused and ill defined . Old agencies and organizations have been expanded to address these questions , and new ones have been created , resulting in a bureaucratic web of agencies with no generally understood commitment to attack environmental problems directly . Various nongovernmental and grassroots environmental organizations also have begun to form , some closely tied to the current government and others In the first half of the 1990s , many plans were proposed to limit or discourage economic practices that damage the environment . Despite discussion of programs to require payments for resources ( especially water ) and to collect fines from heavy polluters , however , little has been accomplished . The obstacles are a lack of law enforcement in these areas , inconsistent government economic and environmental planning , corruption , and the overwhelming concentration of power in the hands of a president who shows little tolerance of grassroots activity ( see Postindependence Changes , this ch . ) International donors and Western assistance agencies have devised programs to transfer technology and know - how to address these problems ( see International Financial Relations , this ch . ) . But the country ' s environmental problems are predominantly the result of abuse and mismanagement of natural resources promoted by political and economic priorities . Until the political will emerges to regard environmental and health problems as a threat not only to the government in power but also to the very survival of Uzbekistan , the increasingly grave environmental threat will not be addressed effectively . Source : U.S. Library of Congress
|
[
"Environment",
"Uzbekistan",
"Soviet Union"
] |
http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/33.htm
|
Vietnam Table of Contents Vietnam is located in the southeastern extremity of the Indochinese peninsula and occupies about 331,688 square kilometers , of which about 25 percent was under cultivation in 1987 . The S - shaped country has a north - to - south distance of 1,650 kilometers and is about 50 kilometers wide at the narrowest point . With a coastline of 3,260 kilometers , excluding islands , Vietnam claims 12 nautical miles as the limit of its territorial waters , an additional 12 nautical miles as a contiguous customs and security zone , and 200 nautical miles as an exclusive economic The boundary with Laos , settled , on an ethnic basis , between the rulers of Vietnam and Laos in the mid - seventeenth century , was formally defined by a delimitation treaty signed in 1977 and ratified in 1986 . The frontier with Cambodia , defined at the time of French annexation of the western part of the Mekong River Delta in 1867 , remained essentially unchanged , according to Hanoi , until some unresolved border issues were finally settled in the 1982 - 85 period . The land and sea boundary with China , delineated under the France Vietnam is a country of tropical lowlands , hills , and densely forested highlands , with level land covering no more than 20 percent of the area . The country is divided into the highlands and the Red River Delta in the north ; and the Giai Truong Son ( Central mountains , or the Chaîne Annamitique , sometimes referred to simply as the Chaine ) , the coastal lowlands , and the Mekong River Delta in the south . The Red River Delta , a flat , triangular region of 3,000 square kilometers , is smaller but more intensely developed and more densely populated than the Mekong River Delta . Once an inlet of the Gulf of Tonkin , it has been filled in by the enormous alluvial deposits of the rivers , over a period of millennia , and it advances one hundred meters into the gulf annually . The ancestral home of the ethnic Vietnamese , the delta accounted for almost 70 percent of the agriculture and 80 percent of the industry of North Vietnam before 1975 The Red River ( Song Hong in Vietnamese ) , rising in China ' s Yunnan Province , is about 1,200 kilometers long . Its two main tributaries , the Song Lo ( also called the Lo River , the Riviere Claire , or the Clear River ) and the Song Da ( also called the Black River or Riviere Noire ) , contribute to its high water volume , which averages 500 million cubic meters per second , but may increase by more than 60 times at the peak of the rainy season . The entire delta region , The highlands and mountain plateaus in the north and northwest are inhabited mainly by tribal minority groups . The Giai Truong Son originates in the Xizang ( Tibet ) and Yunnan regions of southwest China and forms Vietnam ' s border with Laos and Cambodia . It terminates in the Mekong River Delta north of Ho Chi Minh City ( formerly Saigon ) . These central mountains , which have several high plateaus , are irregular in elevation and form . The northern section is narrow and very rugged ; the country ' s highest peak , Fan Si Pan , rises to 3,142 meters in the extreme northwest . The southern portion has numerous spurs that divide the narrow coastal strip into a series of compartments . For centuries these topographical features not only rendered north - south communication difficult but also formed an effective natural barrier for the containment of the people living in the Mekong basin . Within the southern portion of Vietnam is a plateau known as the Central Highlands ( Tay Nguyen ) , approximately 51,800 square kilometers of rugged mountain peaks , extensive forests , and rich soil . Comprising 5 relatively flat plateaus of basalt soil spread over the provinces of Dac Lac and Gia Lai - Kon Tom , the highlands accounts for 16 percent of the country ' s arable land and 22 percent of its total forested land . Before 1975 North Vietnam had maintained that the Central Highlands and the Giai Truong Son were strategic areas of paramount importance The narrow , flat coastal lowlands extend from south of the Red River Delta to the Mekong River basin . On the landward side , the Giai Truong Son rises precipitously above the coast , its spurs jutting into the sea at several places . Generally the coastal strip is fertile and rice is cultivated intensively . The Mekong , which is 4,220 kilometers long , is one of the 12 great rivers of the world . From its source in the Xizang plateau , it flows through the Xizang and Yunnan regions of China , forms the boundary between Laos and Burma as well as between Laos and Thailand , divides into two branches - - the Song Han Giang and Song Tien Giang - - below Phnom Penh , and continues through Cambodia and the Mekong basin before draining into the South China Sea through nine mouths or cuu long ( nine dragons ) . The river is heavily silted and is navigable by seagoing craft of shallow draft as far as Kompong Cham in Cambodia . A tributary entering the river at Phnom Penh drains the Tonle Sap , a shallow fresh - water lake that acts as a natural reservoir to stabilize the flow of water through the lower Mekong . When the river is in flood stage , its silted delta outlets are unable to carry off the high volume of water . Floodwaters back up into the Tonle Sap , causing the lake to inundate as The Mekong delta , covering about 40,000 square kilometers , is a low - level plain not more than three meters above sea level at any point and criss - crossed by a maze of canals and rivers . So much sediment is carried by the Mekong ' s various branches and tributaries that the delta advances sixty to eighty meters into the sea every year . An official Vietnamese source estimates the amount of sediment deposited annually to be about 1 billion cubic meters , or nearly 13 times the amount deposited by the Red River . About 10,000 Vietnam has a tropical monsoon climate , with humidity averaging 84 percent throughout the year . However , because of differences in latitude and the marked variety of topographical relief , the climate tends to vary considerably from place to place . During the winter or dry season , extending roughly from November to April , the monsoon winds usually blow from the northeast along the China coast and across the Gulf of Tonkin , picking up considerable moisture ; consequently the winter season in most parts of the country is dry only by comparison with the rainy or summer Annual rainfall is substantial in all regions and torrential in some , ranging from 120 centimeters to 300 centimeters . Nearly 90 percent of the precipitation occurs during the summer . The average annual temperature is generally higher in the plains than in the mountains and plateaus . Temperatures range from a low of 5 ° C in December and January , the coolest months , to more than 37 ° C in April , the hottest month . Seasonal divisions are more clearly marked in the northern half than in the southern half of the country , where , Source : U.S. Library of Congress
|
[
"GEOGRAPHY",
"Vietnam"
] |
http://county.milwaukee.gov/Courts/Civil/SmallClaims.htm
|
Civil Court Who We Are The Civil Division of the Milwaukee County Clerk of Circuit Court processes cases for the civil and family courts in Milwaukee County . Cases include matters regarding small claims ( for amounts less than $ 10,000 ) , large claims , garnishments , restraining orders , divorce , paternity , state tax liens and satisfactions . Contact Us Phone : ( 414 ) 278 - 5362 Fax : ( 414 ) 223 - 1256 Email Civil Courts are located in the Courthouse , 901 N . 9th St Large Claims Large claims are claims for money in excess of $ 10,000 or tort claims in excess of $ 5,000 . Large claims have to be personally drafted . If you are representing yourself and do not have a lawyer , and wish to file a large claims motion , you are required to draft your own documents . Notice of Motion and Motion to Reopen ( Large Claims ) Small Claims You can use the Milwaukee Justice Center website to assist you in filling out forms for a variety of legal issues . You can use the site to start a new small claims action or update the complaint of an existing small claims action . In addition , you can respond to a small claims action that has been filed against you . The most common types of small claims cases are : Claim for money : civil actions where the amount claimed is $ 10,000 or less , if the actions or proceedings are for money judgments or garnishment of wages Torts / personal injury : civil actions where the amount claimed is $ 5,000 or less Actions for eviction , regardless of the amount of back rent that is claimed Actions for replevin ( return of personal property ) if the property claimed is $ 10,000 or less Less common types of small claims cases are : Action on an arbitration award for the purchase of real estate Return of earnest money for the purchase of real estate Eviction action due to foreclosure File Now Evictions Here are the forms you need to deal with an eviction . Use the checklist to find forms you need to file , when to file and procedural information on how to file your case . Eviction Process Checklist Milwaukee County Forms 5 Day Notice to Pay Rent or Vacate Premises 5 Day Notice to Correct Violation of Lease or Vacate Premises ( other than nonpayment of rent ) 14 Day Notice to Vacate Premises for Nonpayment of Rent or other breach of tenant agreement 28 Day Notice : Terminating Tenancy Eviction Summons Form Eviction Complaint Form GF - 175 Affidavit of Non - Military Service Form Affidavit of Service for the Notice terminating the tenancy Foreclosures Use these forms to respond to a foreclosure complaint . You can also find important procedural information on how to file your case using the resources listed . Checklist & Forms Mediation Help Wisconsin Foreclosure Mediation Network Phone : ( 414 ) 939 - 8800 P.O. Box 633 , Milwaukee , WI 53201 Legal Help Legal Aid Society of Milwaukee Phone : ( 414 ) 727 - 5300 728 N . James Lovell St . , Milwaukee , WI 53233 About Civil Lawsuits What types of cases are filed in civil court ? The most common civil suits involve claims for money or property worth over $ 10,000 . If the claim involves money or property worth $ 10,000 or less , it must be filed in small claims court . Other types of civil suits are declaratory judgments and appeals from government agency decisions . How do I start a civil case ? A civil lawsuit is usually started with the filing of a summons and a complaint . A summons is a notice that informs the defendant ( the person being sued ) that a lawsuit has been filed . A complaint is a document in which the plaintiff ( the person who files the lawsuit ) says why they are suing the defendant and what they want the court to do . There is also a filing fee that must be paid , which varies by type of case . The fee is paid and the documents are filed in Room Does the court provide forms for the summons and complaint ? No . Summonses and complaints may be different in each case . The court ca n ’ t tell you what type of information it must contain , as the information must be specific to your case . See Chapter 801 , Wisconsin Statutes . The Milwaukee County Law Library ( room G8 of the courthouse ) may have formbooks that show you how to format your summons and complaint , but you must hire an attorney if you want information on what to write . What happens after I file ? Once you file , you must have the defendant personally served . If the defendant lives in Milwaukee County , you can use the Milwaukee County Sheriff ’ s Department , located on the First Floor in Room 102 of the Safety Building . The Sheriff ' s Department charges $ 60 for three attempts . You may also hire a private process server . You may not serve the defendant yourself . You may not mail the papers . When do I get to go to court ? A civil case has many court hearings . You must appear in person for each one . The first is generally a scheduling conference , where the judge sets deadlines for discovery and other things that the judge may order . What is discovery ? Wisconsin law allows each party to find out about the evidence and witnesses that the other party may use at trial . Some discovery is done in writing ( e.g. , interrogatories and requests for production of documents ) . Some discovery is done in person ( e.g. , depositions ) . The court can not help you with discovery . The Legal Resource Center may have more information about the various types of discovery . What happens at trial ? Do I get to tell the judge or jury my story ? Civil trials are formal events . If you do not have an attorney , you must act as your own attorney . The judge can not assist you , because he or she must remain neutral . You must prove your case to the judge or jury by submitting evidence and by having witnesses testify for you . You can also testify on your own behalf . The defendant ( or their attorney ) may question your witnesses and you can question the defendant ’ s witnesses . However , there are rules about what kinds of evidence and testimony If I need an attorney , how do I find one ? Can the court appoint one for me ? There are no court - appointed attorneys for civil cases . If you need an attorney , you can call the Milwaukee Bar Association Lawyer Referral Service at ( 414 ) 274 - 6768 . If income is an issue , you need to tell the Lawyer Referral Service that information . They may be able to help you find an attorney . How to Access Civil Records Civil case records are available online or by completing a request form If you use the request form , complete and save it to your computer , and then email it to : cticivil - milwaukee @ wicourts . gov Some information in court files is only available in the paper record . Call ( 414 ) 278 - 5362 or visit the Milwaukee County Clerk of Circuit Court ' s Civil Records Center in room G - 9 of the Milwaukee County Courthouse . Other Civil Court Services Amortization of Debt ( Chapter 128 ) For step - by - step instructions on how to file , general information and help finding a lawyer , visit the Milwaukee Justice Center Name Change For step - by - step instructions on serving papers , general information and help finding a lawyer , visit the Milwaukee Justice Center Correct / Amend Vital Records To correct or amend a Wisconsin Birth Certificate , fill out the form , sign it . Court Order to Amend a Wisconsin Birth Certificate Temporary Restraining Order or Injunction For more information on filing a temporary restrainign order or injuction , contact Sojurner Truth House Here is the form you need to apply for a waiver of fees . Fill out the form , sign it in front of a Notary Public , and take it and proof of your eligibility ( including proof of benefits currently being received , or the most recent month ' s worth of pay stubs / proof of income ) to Room 609 of the Milwaukee County Courthouse for consideration . Once approved , this waiver of fees is good for 30 days . Fee Waiver Form
|
[
"Civil Courts",
"Milwaukee"
] |
http://countyanimalhospitalmason.com/
|
Share HOME ABOUT US OUR DOCTORS SERVICES FORMS LINKS CONTACT US ONLINE STORE Request an Appointment Request a Refill Business Hours Mon . 7 : 30 AM - 9 : 00 PM Tue . 7 : 30 AM - 8 : 00 PM Wed . 7 : 30 AM - 6 : 00 PM Thu . 7 : 30 AM - 8 : 00 PM Fri . 7 : 30 AM - 6 : 00 PM Sat . 8 : 00 AM - 4 : 00 PM Sun . 8 : 00 AM - 3 : 00 PM 347 WE ARE NOW TAKING SCRATCHPAY https : / / scratchpay . com / Why Choose County Animal Hospital ? * Over 40 Years in Business What Other Are Saying ? We have taken our pets to CAH for years . Very compassionate and caring staff , convenient hours and knowledgable doctors . Love that they also board pets ! Laurie Champ Cawood · January 20 , 2015 · It ' s not always a pleasant visit when you have to take your fur babies to the vet . Our Princess was definitely not a lover of people other than myself and my mom , but we knew something was wrong . We could n ' t find anywhere to take her , everywhere was booked . However , the County Animal Hospital allowed us to bring her in even though they too were booked . Princess was everything but cooperative , however Dr . Kaptan and his staff were nothing but kind and professional . Unfortunately we did Ashlie Ryan · October 23 , 2016 · For over 2 years our 15 year old Pug , Gracie , has received laser therapy treatments for her arthritis at County Animal Hospital . Barb , one of the vet techs , gives her the treatments . Due to the laser treatments every 2 weeks , Gracie is not on any pain medications and walks ( and yes ) sometimes even runs like a much younger pug ! ! ! We highly recommend Dr . Gary Smith and his staff as well as laser treatments for your fur babies ! ! Cathy Knauer · January 1 , 2017 · I would like to thank county animal hospital for all they did for me today on this holiday , I ' m with HART Rescue and I called them this morning sobbing uncontrollably . The clerk waited patiently for me to be somewhat clear in what was happening . I was losing the 3 kittens I was fostering . I needed to get them there asap . She said to come in and they would be ready for me once I got there . I got there and they immediately took the kittens and me to the back room . Dawn Foyles · May 30 , 2016 · Thanks for the care and support you gave Dawn Foyles and the mother cat , Heaven and her babies that were entrusted in your care . Your compassion , professionalism and love for the mother cat and babies was so great to hear about . Thanks for your honesty and clear communication that allowed Dawn to make educated choices in all the care issues that emerged and still continue to shine brightly . Tina Hayes · June 1 , 2016 · I just wanted to Say thank you to the awesome staff that handled an emergency situation amazingly . . a 10min old puppy was born with her intestine on the outside . . The staff was fast to get her checked out and unfortunately Put to sleep . . she was still wet from birth and still had n ' t even nursed . . . the vet tech filled her belly with milk and made her comfy before putting her down . . how amazing are they knowing she was n ' t going to live but still gave Savannah Lewis · March 19 , 2016 · This wonderful place helped Dawn from HART rescue . they are currently taking excellent care of Heaven and provided such heart felt compassionate support of Gabrielle , Micah , and Raphael until the end , guiding and supporting Dawn in the terribly sad process . Anonymous · May 31 , 2016 · There are few places you visit where care is more important than convenience , and your vet ' s office should be at the top of that list . Dr . Smith and his staff are so devoted to caring about you and your fur kids that it does n ' t matter if you had to drive 5 , 15 , or 50 minutes to get there . Dr . Smith has been taking care of my kids for over 15 years and I could n ' t think of a better place for them to go when they Denise Dell ' Alba Bright · May 5 , 2014 · One of the standard poodles in my family ( Jourdain ) has suffered an ear infection for well over a year . Gary Smith DVM is the only vet among 3 others who has discovered the source of this issue which is a need to limit Jourdain ' s diet to fish & a potato - based kibble . Since this adjustment in Joudain ' s nutritional plan , the discharge in his ears has been clearing & he has no longer been shaking or tilting his head . We here are quite pleased with how Jourdain ' s health Kitty Gamble · January 6 , 2015 · Thank you Dr . Smith for taking such good care of our little Riley . He was attacked by a much bigger dog and seriously injured . As Riley began to heal Dr . Smith suggested we try laser therapy on Riley . Riley went from hardly walking to walking and running as if he had never been injured . Thank you Dr . Smith and staff for your care and compassion . Jennifer Hildebrandt Eshbaugh · June 17 , 2015 · We had to have our beloved Koko put to sleep recently , and we went to County Animal Hospital . Koko was almost 15 years old . . . and was an awesome girl . They were great at County Animal Hospital . I really wanted to thank you guys for being so compassionate during one of the most difficult times of our life . This picture was taken of Koko this past December . . . she loved the snow . Valerie Hughes Radcliffe · March 24 , 2014 · I love County Animal Hospital . The caring doctors and staff took care of my pugs for 16 + years . From routine care and kenneling through the years , and then even at their end of life , they were the epitome of love and care . Dr . Smith now cares for my current canine family as well . I would n ' t want to entrust my precious fur kids to anyone but County Animal Hospital . Rena Paragas · June 25 , 2014 · I wholeheartedly trust Dr . Kaptan to take care of our Oliver . .He is a wonderful and exceptional doctor ! ! ! ! His bedside manner is caring and gentle . . Dr . Kaptan . .always takes the time and never rushes our appointments . Not only is he the best veternarian , but a kind person . . .So glad I found this vet . Excellent service ; attentive doctors and staff . . We have found our new vet ! Patricia Miller - Gregg · September 14 , 2013 · Dr . Smith is by far THE BEST vet ever ! His knowledge of veterinary science and compassion for our furry family members knows no bounds ! The staff at CAH is always friendly and helpful as well ! Angie Esposito Reed · December 29 , 2014 · I just lost my 14yr old sheltie , killed me but was the best for him , i love senior animals too , i have since rescued a 3yr old cat . hes so much like my Jake , i think it was ment to be . much love to all of u that work there . keep up the great work . Katherine Sanders Berry · October 27 , 2011 · I have always trusted County Animal Hospital in Mason . I have been taking our pets their for over 30 years ! The doctors that I have been associated with is Dr . Gary Smith and Dr . Kaplan . They are excellent Doctors and wonderful people . Neta Morton · December 18 , 2013 · The staff are incredibly friendly , and Dr . Kaptan is absolutely wonderful ! Would n ' t trust my fur - babies with any other vet . Cindy Papale · March 2 , 2016 · We have taken our pets to CAH for years . Very compassionate and caring staff , convenient hours and knowledgable doctors . Love that they also board pets ! Laurie Champ Cawood · January 20 , 2015 · It ' s not always a pleasant visit when you have to take your fur babies to the vet . Our Princess was definitely not a lover of people other than myself and my mom , but we knew something was wrong . We could n ' t find anywhere to take her , everywhere was booked . However , the County Animal Hospital allowed us to bring her in even though they too were booked . Princess was everything but cooperative , however Dr . Kaptan and his staff were nothing but kind and professional . Unfortunately we did Ashlie Ryan · October 23 , 2016 ·
|
[
"County Animal Hospital"
] |
http://countyofriverside.us/AboutTheCounty/BoardofSupervisors.aspx
|
Home About the County » Board of Supervisors Calendar of Events Cities and Neighboring Communities County Agencies and Departments County Boards and Commissions Budget and Financial Information County Holidays County Ordinances E - Services Executive Office Property Tax Unclaimed Refunds Strategic Plan Supervisors and Elected Officials Voting Working with the County Successor Agency Investor Relations Financials Reporting Platform - OpenGov Legislative Affairs Government Compensation in California Countywide Oversight Board Forms and Templates Countywide Oversight Board Agendas County Organizational Chart News & Highlights Residents » Certificates , Licenses and Permits Children ' s Services Cities & Neighboring Communities Code Enforcement Court Facilities and Branches Criminal Justice Education Emergencies Events and Activities Environment Health Housing Human Services Libraries and Museums Local Newspapers Parks , Recreation and Travel Pets and Animal Services Property Information Public and Official Records Public Works Services Roads and Highways Seniors and Retirement Taxes Transportation Voting Working Here » Employment Assistance & Programs Finding a Job Labor Market Information Licensing and Credentials Other Employment Resources Roads and Highways Traffic Reports Transportation Volunteer Opportunities Youth Services Business » Certificates , Licenses and Permits Doing Business in Riverside County Education Employment and Career Resources Housing Starting a Business in the County V.A.L.O.R . Visitors » Cities and Neighboring Communities Maps of Riverside County Museums County of Riverside Information Events and Activities Parks , Recreation and Travel Media Gallery Contact Us
|
[
"Board of Supervisors",
"annual budget",
"Supervisorial Districts"
] |
http://countyveterinaryhospitalstchas.com/
|
HOME SERVICES OTHER SMALL PETS BOARDING docjimbobaolcom 6367241444 Address St Charles MO 63303 Business Hours Monday Friday 7am6pm Saturday 8amNoon Expert veterinary care for all your beloved pets Get the best medical dental and surgical care for your furry friends Experienced professional staff members provide your pets with top quality care Dogs and Cats From routine exams to specialized dental care County Veterinary Hospital of St Charles offers care for more than just the average pet Bring in all your small or exotic pets Small Animals Going on vacation Let your pet have their very own vacation at our boarding facility Theyll get to hang out with their favorite vet staff members and see their other animal friends Pet Boarding Come by the office to meet our friendly staff James Connoyer Doctor Lou Ann Office Manager Donna Receptionist Jess Vet Tech Jessie Vet Tech
|
[
"care",
"veterinary",
"pets"
] |
http://couponing.about.com/od/blackfridayshopping/a/blkfri_calif_outlt.htm
|
Tips Black Friday Black Friday and After - Thanksgiving Sales - California Outlet Malls What Time do the Outlet Malls Open ? Here is the Answer • • • By Donna L . Montaldo Updated November 17 , 2016 Below are the Thanksgiving and Black Friday events , sales and coupons and holiday hours at popular outlet malls in California . Premium Outlets in California ( Simon Mills Centers ) - Napa Premium Outlets in Nappa Featured stores : Ann Taylor Factory Store , Banana Republic Factory Store , Brooks Brothers Factory Store , Calvin Klein , Coach Outlet , Cole Haan Outlet Thanksgiving and Black Friday Hours : Thanksgiving : November 24 : 6 p.m. to 2 a.m . Black Friday : November 25 : 6 a.m. to 10 p.m . Saturday , November 26 : 8 a.m. to 10 p.m . Sunday , November 27 : 9 a.m. to 8 p.m . Black Friday Sales and Coupons : Visit the Napa Premium Outlets Deals page - Vacaville Premium Outlets in Vacaville Featured stores : Adidas , Ann Taylor , Calvin Klein , Coach , Cole Haan , Gap Outlet , Gucci , Nike , Puma , True Religion , Tommy Hilfiger . Thanksgiving and Black Friday Hours : Thanksgiving : November 24 : 6 p.m. to 12 a.m. ( Shop all night ! ) Black Friday : November 25 : 12 a.m. to 10 p.m . Saturday , November 26 : 8 a.m. to 10 p.m . Sunday , November 27 : 9 a.m. to 8 p.m . Black Friday Sales and Coupons : Visit the Vacaville Premium Outlets ' deals ' webpage - Folsom Premium Outlets in Folsom bebe , BCBG Max Azria , Calvin Klein , Chico ' s , Coach , Forever 21 , Gap Outlet , Guess , Kenneth Cole , Nautica , Nike , Saks Fifth Avenue Off 5th Thanksgiving : November 24 : 6 p.m. to 2 a.m . Black Friday : November 25 : 6 a.m. to 10 p.m . Folsom Premium Outlets ' deals ' webpage - Petaluma Village Premium Outlets in Sonoma County Banana Republic , Brooks Brothers , Coach , Nike , and Saks Fifth Avenue Off 5th . Petaluma Village Premium Outlets ' deals ' webpage - San Francisco Premium Outlets in Livermore Burberry , Cole Haan Outlet , DKNY , kate spade new york , Polo Ralph Lauren Factory Store , Prada , Saks Fifth Avenue OFF 5TH Thanksgiving : November 24 : 3 p.m. to 12 a.m. ( Shop all night ! ) Black Friday : November 25 : 12 a.m. to 10 p.m . San Francisco Premium Outlets ' deals ' webpage - Gilroy Premium Outlets in Gilroy 7 For All Mankind , Banana Republic , Columbia Sportswear , Kate Spade New York , Nike Thanksgiving : November 24 : 6 p.m. to 12 a.m. ( Shop all night ! ) Gilroy Premium Outlets ' deals ' webpage - Pismo Beach Premium Outlets in Pismo Beach Calvin Klein , Carter ' s , Coach Outlet , Polo Ralph Lauren Factory Store , Tommy Hilfiger , NIKE Factory Store Pismo Beach Premium Outlets ' deals ' webpage - Camarillo Premium Outlets in Camarillo Banana Republic Factory Store , Coach Outlet , Cole Haan Outlet , Neiman Marcus Last Call , Polo Ralph Lauren Factory Store , Tommy Hilfiger , Tory Burch Thanksgiving : November 24 : 6 p.m. to 12 a.m. ( Shop all night ! ) Camarillo Premium Outlets ' deals ' webpage - Desert Hills Premium Outlets in Cabazon Bally , Alexander McQueen , Dolce & Gabbana , Gucci , Jimmy Choo , Neiman Marcus Last Call , Polo Ralph Lauren Factory Store , Prada , Saint Laurent Paris , Saks Fifth Avenue OFF 5TH , Salvatore Ferragamo , Versace Thanksgiving : November 24 : 10 a.m. to 12 a.m. ( Shop all night ! ) Desert Hills Premium Outlets sales webpage - Carlsbad Premium Outlets in Carlsbad Calvin Klein , Cole Haan Outlet , Levi ' s Outlet Store , LACOSTE , Michael Kors , Polo Ralph Lauren Factory Store , Theory , Tommy Hilfiger , Disney Store Outlet , Kate Spade New York Sunday , November 27 : 9 a.m. to 9 p.m . Carlsbad Premium Outlets sales webpage - Las Americas Premium Outlets in San Diego adidas , Calvin Klein , Coach Outlet , J . Crew Factory , Kenneth Cole , Michael Kors , Polo Ralph Lauren Factory Store , Tommy Bahama , Tommy Hilfiger , Under Armour Thanksgiving : November 24 : 3 p.m. to 12 a.m. ( Shop all night ! ) Sunday , November 27 : 9 a.m. to 9 p.m . Las Americas Premium Outlets sales webpage - Simon Outlet and Value Malls in California - The Outlets at Orange in Orange H&M , Forever 21 , Calvin Klein Company Store , Steve Madden , Bose Factory Store , ECCO Thanksgiving : November 24 : 6 p.m. to 1 a.m . Saturday , November 26 : 9 a.m. to 10 p.m . Sunday , November 27 : 10 a.m. to 8 p.m . Outlets at Orange ' deals ' webpage - Ontario Mills in Ontario Featured Stores : Columbia Sportswear Outlet , Michael Kors , Coach , PINK , ASICS , Neiman Marcus Last Call , Saks Fifth Avenue OFF 5TH , H&M , Victoria ' s Secret , True Religion Saturday , November 26 : 10 a.m. to 9 p.m . Sunday , November 27 : 11 a.m. to 8 p.m . Ontario Mills Deals page - Great Mall in Milpitas Featured Stores : Uniqlo , Michael Kors , Coach , Saks Fifth Avenue OFF 5TH , Neiman Marcus Last Call , Cole Haan Outlet , H&M , Banana Republic Factory Store , bebe , Victoria ' s Secret Great Mall Stores ' Deals ' webpage - Craig Realty Group ( CRG ) California Outlet Malls - Cabazon Outlets in Cabazon Featured Stores : Adidas , CAbi Factory Store , Columbia Sportwear , Guess , Rip Curl , Under Armour Thanksgiving : November 24 : 8 p.m. to 12 a.m. ( Shop all night ! ) Cabazon Outlets ' Sales ' webpage - Citadel Outlets in Los Angeles Coach , DKNY , ECCO , H&M , Kate Spade , Michael Kors , Disney Outlet , Swarvoski Black Friday Event : Moonlight Madness Sale , 27 - hour shopping bonanza . Thanksgiving : November 24 : 8 p.m. to 12 a.m. ( Shop all night ! ) Black Friday : November 25 : 12 a.m. to 11 p.m . Saturday , November 26 : 9 a.m. to 10 p.m . Sunday , November 27 : 9 a.m. to 10 p.m . Citadel Factory Stores ' Sales ' webpage - Outlets at Barstow Coach , Coach Men ' s , Fossil , Kate Spade , Kipling , Lacoste , Michael Kors , Nike , Polo Ralph Lauren , Timberland , Ugg Event : " Black Friday All Day Party ! " Win one of five $ 1000 shopping spree giveaway starting at 6 a.m. on Black Friday . Thanksgiving : November 24 : 9 a.m. to 4 p.m . Black Friday : November 25 : 6 a.m. to 9 p.m . Saturday , November 26 : 9 a.m. to 9 p.m . Outlets at Barstow " Sales " webpage - Outlets at San Clemente Bass Factory Outlet , Calvin Klein , Cole Haan , Converse , Guess , H&M , Nike , Kitchen Collection , Tommy Hilfiger , White House | Black Market Event : Moonlight Madness Sale with Black Friday deals and door - busters . Thanksgiving : November 24 : 7 p.m. to Midnight Black Friday : November 25 : 7 a.m. to 10 p.m . Saturday , November 26 : 10 a.m. to 8 p.m . Sunday , November 27 : 10 a.m. to 8 p.m . San Clemente ' Sales ' webpage Continue Reading +
|
[
"Black Friday",
"Outlet Malls",
"California"
] |
http://course.wilkes.edu/microbio/stories/storyReader$4
|
Lecture Notes Lecture 2 Chemical Principles Bond types reactions organic compounds Lecture 2 handout Lecture 3 Macromolecules Carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids Lecture 3 handout Lecture 4 Prokaryotic Cell Biology Structures external to the cell membrane Lecture 4 handout Lecture 5 Prokaryotic Cell Biology Structures internal to the cell wall Lecture 5 handout Lecture 6 Microbial Metabolism Activities and regulation of enzymes Lecture 6 handout Lecture 7 Microbial Metabolism Oxidationreduction mechanisms of ATP generation glycolysis Krebs cycle Lecture 7 handout Lecture 8 Microbial Metabolism Electron transport chemiosmotic ATP production fermentation Lecture 8 handout Lecture 11 Microbial Genetics Structure and function of genetic material DNA replication Lecture 11 handout Lecture 12 Microbial Genetics RNA and protein synthesis the genetic code Lecture 12 handout Lecture 13 Microbial Genetics Regulation by repression induction and attenuation Lecture 13 handout Lecture 14 Microbial Genetics Types of mutations mutagenic agents identifying mutants and mutagens Lecture 14 handout Lecture 15 Microbial Genetics Genetic transfer and recombination in bacteria Lecture 15 handout Lecture 17 Viruses Characteristics and classification of viruses growth of viruses in the laboratory Lecture 17 handout Lecture 18 Viruses Viral multiplication strategies Lecture 18 handout Lecture 19 Viruses Effects of viruses on host cells viruses and cancer Lecture 19 handout Lecture 20 Epidemiology Normal flora Kochs postulates classifying infections Lecture 20 handout Lecture 21 Epidemiology Spread of infection chain of transmission patterns of infection Lecture 21 handout Lecture 22 Mechanisms of Pathogenicity Invasion virulence factors damage to host cells Lecture 22 handout Lecture 23 Nonspecific Host Defenses Barriers formed blood elements inflammation complement Lecture 23 handout Lecture 24 Specific Host Defenses Types of acquired immunity the nature of antibodies humoral immunity Lecture 24 handout Lecture 25 Specific Host Defenses T cells and cellmediated immunity Lecture 25 handout Applications of Immunology Vaccines diagnostic immunology Lecture 26 handout Lecture 27 Immunological Disorders Hypersensitivities autoimmunity Lecture 27 handout Lecture 28 Antimicrobial Drugs Mechanisms of action antibacterial drugs antiviral and antifungal drugs Lecture 28 handout Lecture 29 Microbial diseases of the skin and eye Lecture 29 handout Lecture 30 Microbial infections of nervous system Lecture 30 handout Lecture 31 Bacterial infections of the cardiovascular system Lecture 31 handout Lecture 32 Viral protozoal and helminthic infections of the cardiovascular system Lecture 32 handout Lecture 33 Microbial infections of hte upper respiratory tract Lecture 33 handout Lecture 34 Microbial infections of the lower respiratory tract Lecture 34 handout Lecture 35 Bacterial infections of the digestive system Lecture 35 handout Lecture 36 Viral and protozoal infections of the digestive system Lecture 36 handout Lecture 37 Microbial infections of the genital and urinary systems Lecture 37 handout Comment On This Page This Page was last update Tuesday April 11 2006 at 43053 PM This page was originally posted 11303 21744 PM Copyright 2018 Microbiology This site is using the Adult Contemporary grey theme
|
[
"Lecture Notes",
"Macromolecules",
"Chemical Principles"
] |
http://courses.leeds.ac.uk/h395/nursing-adult-bsc
|
Cookies We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience to help us improve our website and for targeted advertising By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies Settings Key facts B700 September 2019 36 months full time BBB specific subjects required Full entry requirements See fees section below per year 23250 per year Additional cost information Optional Mandatory School of Healthcare admissionshealthcareleedsacuk Midwifery BSc Nursing Child BSc Nursing Mental Health BSc Social Work BA Overview number 1 in England Gold by the Teaching Excellence Framework Leeds nurse 99 of our students are in professional or managerial jobs Clinical skills facilities St Jamess University Hospital Leeds General Infirmary cuttingedge practice amazing city countryside study nursing abroad admissionshealthcareleedsacuk Course content Please note that the programme curriculum is currently undergoing redevelopment for September 2019 entry to meet the new NMC Standards Terms and conditions For more information and a full list of typical modules available on this course please read Nursing Adult BSc in the course catalogue Biological Knowledge for Practice 30 credits Theory and Practice Module 1 40 credits Theory and Practice Module 2 20 credits Learning Together Working Together 30 credits Healthcare Ethics and Law 10 credits Nursing the Acutely Ill Adult 20 credits Theory and Practice Module 3 40 credits Theory and Practice Module 4 20 credits Nursing the Adult with a Long Term Condition 20 credits Research for Healthcare and Social Work Professionals 10 credits Pharmacology Applied to Practice 10 credits Theory and Practice Module 5 40 credits Theory and Practice Module 6 20 credits Pain Assessment and Management 10 credits Research Dissertation 30 credits European Nursing 10 credits New Perspectives on Child Protection 10 credits Challenges of Nursing the Critically Ill Individual 10 credits Fundamentals of Diabetes Care 10 credits International Healthcare 10 credits Media Depictions of Mental Health Online 10 credits International Study Healthcare Provision Outside the UK 10 credits International Study Healthcare Provision Outside the UK 26 weeks 10 credits Autistic Spectrum Disorder 10 credits Independent Study 10 credits Global Maternal Health 10 credits Dementia the Personal Journey 10 credits Broadening webpages Entry requirements fees and applying Other course specific tests accepted qualifications Access to Leeds and alternative admissions International Foundation Year programmes IELTS 70 overall with no less than 70 in any component For other English qualifications read English language equivalent qualifications UCAS website UCAS network of international representatives International students School of Healthcare Undergraduate School Policy 2019 paying fees and charges admissionshealthcareleedsacuk Additional costs for all students Additional Costs for HomeEU students Optional Undergraduate funding overview Career opportunities NHS careers Leeds for Life website Careers website Study abroad and work placements Midwifery BSc Nursing Child BSc Nursing Mental Health BSc Social Work BA This course is taught by School of Healthcare Contact us School of Healthcare Admissions Team Email admissionshealthcareleedsacuk Telephone 44 0113 343 1201 Share this page Print this page Course terms and conditions
|
[
"Nursing",
"Adult"
] |
http://courses.washington.edu/conj/bess/rtk/rtk.htm
|
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Regulatory molecules that stimulate cell proliferation are known as growth factors . Certain growth factors also guide the differentiation of cells into specialized cell types . Many growth factors signal via a signal transduction pathway involving receptor tyrosine kinases . Notable examples are : Vascular - endothelial growth factor VEGF ) This growth factor promotes new blood vessel growth , but is also important for maintenance of endothelial cells in the delicate filtration membrane of the kidney . Neurotrophins Neurotrophins promote the survival and differentiation of neurons . Insulin - like growth factor - 1 IGF - 1 ) This hormone / paracrine is produced in response to growth hormone , and is responsible for the majority of its growth - promoting effects . The steps involved in signaling are diagrammed in the figure below . The first step is that ligand binding causes receptor dimerization : that is , binding of the ligand brings together two receptors . The receptors , which are tyrosine kinases , can now phosphorylate each other ( receptor autophosphorylation ) . The phosphotyrosine on the phosphorylated receptor is a binding site for an adaptor protein that also binds a guanine - nucleotide exchange factor GEF protein ) . Binding to the phosphorylated receptor recruits these proteins to the membrane . The GEF protein activates Ras , a small monomeric G - binding protein by exchanging GTP for GDP ( GTP replaces GDP ) . Ras is one member of a large family of small monomeric G - proteins . G - proteins act as molecular switches : they are activated when they bind GTP . Ras controls cell proliferation , but other monomeric G - proteins are involved in regulating cell shape changes through effects on the cytoskeleton , or involved in membrane trafficking through exocytosis and endocytosis . Activated Ras turns on the first in a cascade of protein kinases , where each protein kinase phosphorylates and activates another protein kinase . The ultimate result is the phosphorylation of transcription factors that enter the nucleus and alter gene expression , turning on genes involved in growth and cellular differentiation . Ras is inactivated when GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP . Like the alpha subunit of a trimeric G - protein , monomeric G - proteins like Ras are GTPases . However , the rate of GTPase activity of Ras is greatly increased by another protein , the GTPase activating protein or GAP protein ( blue - green in figure ) . Unregulated growth results if there is alteration or over - expression of proteins in this pathway . Mutant genes for proteins in these growth regulatory pathways are called oncogenes , since their abnormal proteins convert normal cells into cancer cells . The term proto - oncogene is used to refer to the normal , unmutated form of the gene . Mutations that activate Ras are present in about a third of all human tumors . One type of cancer - causing mutation results from a defect in the GTPase activity of Ras . Quick Quiz Fill in Answer Correct False Correct Answer 1 . What occurs directly as a result of ligand binding and receptor dimerization ? 2 . The GEF protein activates Ras by causing ______ to replace ______ . 3 . Which protein helps to inactivate Ras by speeding GTP hydrolysis ? 5 . Name the term for the normal , unmutated Ras gene . ( Spelling must be correct )
|
[
"Receptor Tyrosine Kinases",
"VEGF"
] |
http://coursesite.uhcl.edu/hsh/whitec/terms/A/AmRenConcept.htm
|
Historically or culturally , the " American Renaissance " is the literary and cultural period from about 1820 to the 1860s or , the generation before the American Civil War ( 1861 - 65 ) , when the USA grew nearly to its present size and began to deal with some of the unsolved issues remaining from the American Revolution . In terms of literature or style , the American Renaissance is the Romantic Period in American Literature . " The period ' s rich mix of literary style and cultural history makes it widely regarded as the greatest era in American literature . * Major authors : Washington Irving , James Fenimore Cooper , Edgar Allan Poe Nathaniel Hawthorne , Harriet Beecher Stowe , Frederick Douglass , Ralph Waldo Emerson , Margaret Fuller , Henry David Thoreau , Herman Melville Abraham Lincoln , Harriet Jacobs , Walt Whitman , Emily Dickinson , and others . Classic scholarship , focusing on authors like Emerson , Hawthorne , and Whitman , identifies this period with American literature ' s first achievement of literary excellence and establishment of an American literary tradition in which European styles and standards were adapted to American subjects and voices . Scholarship since the 1970s extends the American Renaissance to include women , African American , and Native American authors with a related emphasis on cultural and historical issues that are compatible with Romantic ideals of equality , progress , individualism , idealism , etc . Literary and Cultural Studies of the American Renaissance ( many of these issues overlap or cross categories ) Literary or Intellectual Issues Cultural / Historical Issues Romantic period of American literature Romantic subtopics like the Gothic and Sublime Transcendentalism Development of the novel or romance development of Historical Fiction Free verse ( Whitman ) expansion of publishing industry increasing literacy Dynamic , expansive period of American national culture after American Revolution Rise of " the common man " ; " Jacksonian democracy " Manifest Destiny as American frontier / imperialism over Native American and Mexican lands ( US - Mexican War increasing urbanization ; population moving to cities Abolition of Slavery Women ' s Rights ; rise of first generation of urban women writers Apocalyptic and Utopian Movements Occult or mystical movements ( Spiritualism , Mesmerism , Swedenborgiansim ) Religion : rise of evangelical mass religion ( 2nd Great Awakening Religion : rise among elites of Unitarianism Transcendentalism Why is this period considered great ? American authors first appear on world stage as equals or near - equals to European writers . Many authors experiment in style and develop themes important to American identity and expression , adapting European styles and standards to American subjects . ( Examples : In Last of the Mohicans , Hawkeye , Chingachgook , and Uncas — like later cowboys — become equivalents of chivalrous knights in shining armor saving damsels in distress ; the haunted gothic castle of the European imagination becomes the haunted forest of the American mental landscape . ) Rising readership and literacy increase with development of industrial publishing . As with computer literacy today , basic literacy became essential for leisure , social engagement , and power in literature , culture , scholarship , and politics . 1820s - 60s as period of national greatness and tragedy : the USA grew enormously , expanding across North America via " Manifest Destiny , " generating a rising middle class in numerous new cities , falling into Civil War over slavery and reactionary " Gilded Age " of rich - and - poor culture . American Renaissance as “ Romantic period in American literature ” In literary scholarship , the decades before the American Civil War are also identified as “ the period in American literature . ” American Romanticism occurred about a generation after the Romantic movement in European literature . ( English Romanticism Blake , Wordsworth , Coleridge , Byron , Shelley , Keats , and others is traditionally defined as the period between 1789 and 1832 . ) Name and significance of " The American Renaissance " The term " American Renaissance " comes from a 1941 book , American Renaissance : Art and Expression in the Age of Emerson and Whitman by F . O . Matthiessen . ( PS 201 / M3 / 1968 in UHCL Neumann library ) Matthiessen ' s study of the period assumed its Romantic aspects but shifted focus to the development of a distinctly democratic American literature in which the individual represented the whole . American Renaissance defined the 1850s as the “ first maturity ” of American literature , when masterpieces of the USA achieved a status comparable to those of the " European Renaissance " of the 16 th & 17 th centuries . In Matthiessen ' s usage and popular usage , " Renaissance " means “ a cultural flowering " or a period when art and culture rise to new heights . Matthiessen limited the American Renaissance to the work of five central white male authors in a six - year period , 1850 - 1855 , though he also paid brief attention to Emily Dickinson ’ s work . Following are the time - frame and the major authors and works of Matthiessen ’ s American Renaissance 1850 Nathaniel Hawthorne , Scarlet Letter 1851 Herman Melville , Moby - Dick 1853 Ralph Waldo Emerson , Representative Men 1854 Henry David Thoreau , Walden 1855 Walt Whitman , Leaves of Grass ( first edition ) ( Poe , Dickinson , and other authors were mentioned by Matthiessen but for various reasons did n ' t fit the limits of his concept . ) “ Alternative ” American Renaissances Since the 1960s - 70s , American Renaissance studies cover a broader range of time ( 1820 - 1860 , even 1820 - 1900 ) and include more popular and representative authors . The American Renaissance " canon " or text - selection for classrooms remains dominated by classic male authors of European or Anglo - American descent . Such decisions are based on quality , tradition , and the American secondary school curriculum , but changes in American demographics and scholarship continue to propel changes in literary studies and what gets read and tested . American Renaissance and American Romanticism at UHCL work to integrate recent expansions of literary studies to include more women and minority authors . Thus far these expansions of the American Renaissance have taken two major forms . American Renaissance Women Writers The alternative tradition to the classical American Renaissance that has received the most scholarly attention has been the movement in popular women ’ s domestic romances that coincided with the classical American Renaissance period : 1850 Susan Warner , The Wide , Wide World 1851 - 2 Harriet Beecher Stowe , Uncle Tom ’ s Cabin 1854 Susan Maria Cummins , The Lamplighter 1855 Fanny Fern , Ruth Hall Examples of scholarship describing this alternative American Renaissance of women ’ s literature include Nina Baym , Woman ’ s Fiction ( Cornell UP , 1977 ) ; Cathy N . Davidson , Revolution and the Word ( 1985 ) ; Jane P . Tompkins , Sensational Designs ( 1984 ) . ( copies in UHCL ' s Neumann Library ) American Renaissance of African American literature ( not to be confused with Harlem Renaissance of 1910s - 20s ) 1845 Frederick Douglass , Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass , an American Slave , Written by Himself 1847 Frederick Douglass , The North Star ( weekly newspaper , later known as Frederick Douglass ' s Paper [ until 1860 ] ) 1847 William Wells Brown , Narrative of William W . Brown , A Fugitive Slave , Written by Himself 1850 Sojourner Truth , The Narrative of Sojourner Truth : A Bondwoman of Olden Time ( recorded by Olive Gilbert ) 1853 William Wells Brown , Clotel ; or the President ' s Daughter ( " first full - length African American novel " ) 1855 Frederick Douglass , My Bondage and My Freedom 1859 Frances E . W . Harper , " Two Offers " ( first short story by an African American woman ) 1859 Harriet Wilson , Our Nig ( first novel by an African American woman ) 1861 Harriet Jacobs , Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Plus many other " slave narratives " and abolitionist writings , speeches , poems , & songs Comparing the classic American Renaissance and the alternate American Renaissance ( All these descriptions may be questioned for oversimplifying categories that frequently overlap . ) Classic : “ excellence , ” refined style , appealed to elite tastes ( intellect , humanistic traditions , compositional integrity ) ; usually did n ’ t sell well on first publication , but eventually well - represented in libraries and reading lists , and stayed in print in school anthologies Alternative : “ representative ” or “ popular ” ; looser , freer style ; appealed to wide tastes ( sentiment , religion , sensation ) ; sold well on publication , but most ( except Uncle Tom ’ s Cabin ) fell out of print after nineteenth century until feminist scholarship rediscovered and republished them in the late twentieth century . Much of the African American tradition continued to be studied at historically black colleges and universities . See Classic , Popular , & Representative literature * * * * The American Renaissance ' s rich mix of literary style and cultural history makes it widely regarded as the greatest era in American literature . * Another great period of American literature is Modernism in the early to mid 20th century : Poetry : T.S. Eliot , Wallace Stevens , Ezra Pound , William Carlos Williams , H.D. , e e cummings , Elizabeth Bishop Fiction : William Faulkner , Ernest Hemingway , F . Scott Fitzgerald , Katherine Anne Porter , Eudora Welty Drama : Eugene O ' Neill , Clifford Odets , Arthur Miller , Tennessee Williams
|
[
"American Renaissance",
"Romantic Period"
] |
http://courts.ky.gov/courts/familycourt/Pages/boylemercer.aspx
|
Kentucky Court of Justice Courts Family Court Boyle & Mercer Family Court Boyle & Mercer Family Court Day Time Location Cases Monday 9 a.m . Boyle County Paternity Court Monday 10 : 30 a.m . Boyle County Child Support ( IV - D Motion Hour ) 1 p.m . Temporary Removal Hearing ( Initial Appearances ) , Pre - Trial Conferences , Dispositions 2 p.m . Removal Hearings , Adjudications , Motions , Reviews , Status Offenses Tuesday 9 a.m . Mercer County Domestic Violence Tuesday 1 : 15 p.m . Mercer County Domestic Motion Hour Wednesday Paternity Wednesday 10 : 30 a.m . Child Support ( IV - D Motion Hour ) 1 p.m . Temporary Removal Hearing ( Initial Appearances ) , Pre - Trial Conferences , Dispositions 2 p.m . Removal Hearings , Adjudications , Motions , Reviews , Status Offenses Thursday Domestic Violence Thursday 1 : 15 p.m . Divorce Motion Hour Friday - 1st & 3rd N / A Final Hearings Friday - 2nd & 4th N / A Final Hearings
|
[
"Mercer Family Court",
"Boyle County",
"Paternity Court"
] |
http://courts.mi.gov/Administration/admin/Pages/Fines,-Fees,-Costs,-and-Rates.aspx
|
Home Administration Trial Court Administration Print Fines , Fees , Costs , and Rates Filing and Other Fees The State Court Administrative Office has taken responsibility for updating trial court fee schedules that are issued by the Department of Treasury pursuant to MCL 21.41 et seq . and MCL 141.421 et seq . The latest fee schedules are below . Other fee schedules issued by the Department of Treasury deal with such matters as mileage rates for service of process , revisions to accounting procedures , and child care fund collection fee , etc . For more information about fee schedules , contact the Department of Treasury at ( 517 ) 373 3223 or see their site at www . michigan . gov / treasury The circuit court fee schedule clarifies that ancillary guardianship and conservatorship filing fees are $ 150 , as is the case with other civil filing fees for cases filed in the family division . There is no filing fee for a petition for subpoena to testify out - of - state . See the June 9 , 2011 memo on this Additional Filing Fee in Domestic Relations Cases What formerly was collected as a " judgment " or " order entry " fee in actions for which custody , parenting time , or child support was ordered or modified is now collected at the time of filing in addition to the filing fee . See the memo concerning Amendment of MCL 600.2529 [ 2014 PA 532 ] Filing Fees Circuit Court Fee Schedule District Court Fee Schedule Probate Court Fee Schedule Effective October 17 , 2014 , PA 352 amends MCL 769.1k governing the imposition of criminal fines , costs , and assessments Certification of Copies and Exemplifications of Records ; Fees These guidelines provide direction for certifying copies of records and for attestation ( exemplification ) when records are being sent out - of - state , including collection of associated fees . Crime Victim Rights Fee The Crime Victims Rights Act prescribes that persons convicted of any felony or misdemeanor pay a fee to the court which is transmitted to the state Crime Victims Rights Fund . The purpose of the fund is to both reimburse victims for expenses they incurred related to the crime which were not already reimbursed through insurance or restitution and fund a statewide trauma system . For an adult felony conviction , the defendant must pay $ 130 . For an adult misdemeanor conviction , the defendant must pay $ 75 . For a juvenile finding or determination , the juvenile See the statutory requirements regarding when and how much is required for the Crime Victim Assessment and Minimum State Costs See the Department of Treasury ' s Crime Victim Rights Fund / Criminal Assessment Instruction See Crime Victim Rights Assessment Report ( CVR - 606 , rev . 12 / 17 ) and instructions DNR Penalties The Michigan Department of Natural Resources maintains a helpful bench guide for courts to use in commonly encountered wildlife conservation law violations . See Judgment Fee Chart - Fish See Judgment Fee Chart - Wildlife See Wildlife Conservation & Wildlife Conservation Order Charge Codes - Penalties - Restitution - License Revocations Driver ' s License Clearance Fee for FOC Suspensions MCL 257.321c requires that circuit court clerks collect a $ 45 driver ' s license clearance fee from licensees seeking to remove friend of the court ( FOC ) - related driver ' s license suspensions . From each fee collected , MCL 552.321c ( 6 ) requires clerks to transmit $ 30 to the county treasurer for deposit into the Friend of the Court ( 215 ) Fund and $ 15 to the Secretary of State on a monthly basis . This fee should be remitted to the Department of State through the transmittal process and reported on the Instructions to Circuit Court Clerks for Remitting FOC Clearance Fee Payments to the Secretary of State ' s Cashier Unit Jury Demand Fees for Juvenile Delinquency Cases The Revised Judicature Act specifically exempts requiring payment of a jury demand fee by parties demanding a jury trial in the ( former ) juvenile division of the probate court [ MCL 600.857 ( 3 ) ] . Public Act 388 of 1996 indicates that a reference to the former juvenile division of the probate court shall be construed to be a reference to the family division of the circuit court [ MCL 600.1009 ] . Therefore , a jury demand fee should not be charged to a party demanding a jury trial in the family division of the circuit et seq Late Fees Under MCL 600.4801 and 600.4803 , a 20 % late penalty is applied to any total amount of costs , fees , penalty , or civil violation which has not been paid 56 days after the amount is due . See information regarding definitions , procedure for collecting the penalty , and the forms that apply to the procedure Motion Fees Under MCL 600.880b , 600.2529 , and 600.8371 , and MCR 2.119 ( G ) , a motion fee must be paid by the party filing the motion under most circumstances . A motion fee shall be paid whether the request is entitled " motion , " " petition , " " application , " or otherwise . See information regarding types of actions which require a motion fee Process Server fees Process server fees are prescribed by MCL 600.2559 . See a schedule of fees Request Issuance of Foreign Subpoena Effective April 1 , 2013 , 2012 PA 362 amends the Revised Judicature Act and incorprates the Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act at MCL 600.2201 et seq . This act establishes the process for requesting issuance of a discovery subpoena in Michigan for a case pending in another state . The request for a subpoena does not create a new case , so no case - type code should be assigned and no filing fee should be collected . Fines and Costs and Distribution Recommended Ranges of Civil Fines and Costs for First - Time Civil Infractions This document is published and distributed annually to each district court by the State Court Administrative Office pursuant to MCL 257.907 ( 8 ) . These recommendations are intended to act as a normative guide for judges and district court magistrates and as a basis for public evaluation of disparities in the imposition of civil fines and costs and other statutory assessments throughout the state . Shaded amounts are either statutory minimum or mandatory amounts , and must be imposed . Refer to the footnotes for direction . The law regarding the assessment of costs in civil infraction cases appears to limit costs to expenses , direct and indirect , to which the plaintiff has been put in connection with the civil infraction excluding expenses to support the day - to - day operations of the district court . Therefore , a range of costs has been recommended to allow for variable factors from court to court . Michigan Compiled Law 257.907 ( 4 ) allows the assessment of costs only if a fine has been ordered . Individual district courts are expected to prepare their own schedule of fines and cost ( including other statutory assessments ) , taking into account the variable factors within their jurisdiction affecting costs . Additional costs resulting from formal or informal hearings , multiple appearances , and enforcement proceedings for non - appearance should be computed and added , as applicable , by the individual court . Also , 56 days after the payment of the amount is due and owing Each court which establishes a schedule of fines and costs must prominently post it and make it readily available for public inspection pursuant to MCL 257.907 ( 7 ) . The State Court Administrative Office has published a distribution table for use by district and municipal courts to aid in distributing fines and costs in accordance with statutory provisions . See the table See the list of State Civil Infractions Driver Responsibility Fees Driver responsibility fees are assessed by the Michigan Secretary of State for drivers who accumulate seven or more ponts on their driving record or who are convicted of specific qualifying offenses . See more information Rates Cost of Living Allowance ( COLA ) Rates The Estate and Protected Individuals Code ( EPIC ) lists specific dollar amounts relevant to various aspects of decedents ' estate cases . It also provides for adjustment to those amounts to reflect changes in the cost of living . Statute directs the Department of Treasury to publish annually by February 1 a cost - of - living adjustment ( COLA ) factor which will determine the dollar amounts to be used in decedents ' estate cases for decedents who died in that calendar year . For the most recent COLA rates see Department of Treasury publication Interest Rates for Civil Judgments When a person receives a money judgment from a Michigan court , they are permitted to add interest to the unpaid balance in accordance with rates determined by the Michigan Legislature and the Department of Treasury . Rates are updated by the Department of Treasury January 1 and July 1 of each year . See more information Limitation on Recoverable Damages Cap on Noneconomic Damages : Statute directs the Department of Treasury to annually adjust the limitation on noneconomic damages in order to reflect the cumulative annual percentage change in the consumer price index . Product Liability Determination on Economic Damages : Statute provides that if damages for economic loss can not readily be ascertained by the trier of fact , then the trier of fact shall calculate damages for economic loss based on an amount that is equal to the state average median family income as reported in the immediately preceding federal decennial census and adjusted by the state treasurer . For the most recent adjustments to the cap on noneconomic damages and the state average mediate family income by the Department of Treasury , see this Department of Treasury publication Mileage Rates Mileage rates for jurors and witnesses and service of process . See the current mileage rates . Travel Rates Annually , in conjunction with the state fiscal year , the State Court Administrator establishes travel reimbursement rates for travel authorized and reimbursed by the State Court Administrative Office . See the current travel rates
|
[
"The Michigan Supreme Court",
"Fees",
"Fines"
] |
http://courts.state.va.us/courts/combined/buckingham/home.html
|
Buckingham General and Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Combined Courts 10th Judicial District of Virginia General District Courts Informational Pamphlet Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Courts Informational Pamphlet Clerk Ms Dana Lynn Franklin email DLFranklinvacourtsgov PhoneFax Phone 434 9694755 Fax 434 9691762 Clerks Office Hours 830 AM 430 PM Address P O Box 127 Courthouse Buckingham VA 23921 General District Judges Hon Robert G Woodson Jr Presiding Judge Hon Charles H Warren Chief Judge Hon J William Watson Jr Juvenile and Domestic Relations Judges Hon Marvin H Dunkum Jr Presiding Judge Chief Judge Hon Nora J Miller Hon Robert H Morrison Court Schedule Civil 4th Fri 100 pm Small Claims 4th Fri 200 pm Traffic Fri 900 am 1030 am Criminal Fri 100 pm Juvenile Domestic Relations 1st 3rd 4th Tues 930 am 2nd 4th Mon 930 am Continuance Policy One continuance granted by Clerk Others granted by Judge
|
[
"District Combined Courts",
"Judicial District of Virginia"
] |
http://coveringbusiness.com/2012/05/15/what-martha-stewart-did-wrong/
|
What Martha Stewart Did Wrong By Covering Business May 15 , 2012 By Julia Leite Columbia Journalism School ’ 12 On December 27 , 2001 , media mogul and celebrity homemaker Martha Stewart sold her stake in the biotech company ImClone . Two days later , the company ’ s stock dropped 16 percent when the Food and Drug Administration said it had rejected the ImClone ’ s main drug , Erbitux , for cancer treatment . Stewart had owned 4,000 shares of ImClone . By selling just before the FDA ’ s announcement , she avoided losses of $ 45,673 , a tiny fraction of her net worth , which Forbes had estimated at $ 700 million just six Stewart was not the only ImClone investor who avoided heavy losses ahead of the FDA ’ s decision . On the same day she placed her trade , Sam Waksal , ImClone ’ s chief executive , had sold a $ 5 million stake , along with his daughters ’ full holdings in the company . For regulators , catching Waksal for insider trading was simple . A CEO selling a large block of his company ’ s stock just days before a significant regulatory announcement is an obvious red flag . Waksal himself said later in an interview with “ Dateline ” that his case was easy and that “ the Securities and Exchange Commission had me . ” Stewart ’ s case was more complicated . She had made a timely sale , but that was n ’ t enough to accuse her of insider trading . To do that , the government would have show Stewart traded while in possession of information that was nonpublic and material – something that is not widely known and that a regular investor would consider important in making a decision about a trade . Of course , Stewart was n ’ t exactly a regular investor . She was a friend of Waksal , which could have meant he had told her about the FDA ’ s decision and that she had sold her stock based on that information . But Waksal had n ’ t told her about the decision . He had n ’ t spoken to Stewart at all that day . There was another link between Stewart and Waksal . They shared the same broker at Merrill Lynch , Peter Bacanovic . Although neither Bacanovic nor his assistant , Doug Faneuil , knew about the Erbitux decision , both knew that Waksal was trying to dump his stock . And they warned Stewart about it . That Stewart knew Waksal was selling his stock but not the reason behind the sale complicated the insider trading case against her . Knowing about the FDA decision would qualify as nonpublic and material . Just knowing the CEO was trying to sell $ 5 million worth of his shares was nonpublic information , but on its own , would it have made a difference to a run - of - the - mill investor ? For the SEC , the answer was yes . The agency requires insiders like CEOs to disclose trades of company ’ s stock to For the SEC to build an insider trading case against Stewart , it also would have to show that her transaction violated some duty to refrain from trading on the information in question . Stewart did not have such a duty herself . She was n ’ t on the Imclone board of directors and had no official ties to other insiders like Waksal . She had merely traded on a tip . However , she knew Bacanovic had breached his duty as a broker when he told her about Waksal ’ s trades . The nuances in Stewart ’ s case ultimately drove the government to back down from charging her with insider trading . Instead , it focused its case on the lies she told to cover the trade . When questioned by the SEC and the FBI in the months following her trade , Stewart said she had no knowledge of Waksal ’ s trade and that she had sold on a standing agreement with her broker to sell if shares traded below $ 60 . Bacanovic corroborated the story , but his assistant Faneuil eventually came forward and revealed the truth To the jury in Stewart ’ s trial , it seemed clear she had lied . “ This is a woman who pays attention to details … I mean that ’ s her life , to pay attention to a lot of details . And she knew what was going on with her portfolio , ” jury member Rosemary McMahon said in an interview with “ Dateline ” in 2004 . The defense argued that Stewart was too rich to worry about a few thousand dollars and that she and Bacanovic were too smart and sophisticated to make such obvious mistakes and get caught , but that argument failed to convince the jury . “ We thought there was going to be more from the defense , ” Jonathan Laskin , another jury member , told “ Dateline . ” “ We almost were hoping they would put up more of a fight or something or give us more to chew on , but it was n ’ t there . ” Stewart was sentenced to five months in prison , plus five months of house arrest and two years of probation for lying , obstruction of justice and conspiracy . Bacanovic was also found guilty on all charges , except forging a document as proof of the stop - loss agreement he had claimed to have with Stewart . It could have been worse . The U.S. attorney had also charged Stewart with securities fraud , claiming she had defrauded investors in her own company by repeatedly stating she was innocent . Securities fraud carries penalties of up to 20 years in jail . Stewart was fortunate the judge dismissed those charges . Insider trading , the charge ultimately dropped by the government , also carries a maximum penalty of 20 years in prison . With so much evidence and a jury so convinced of the guilt of the defendants , it is not clear why the government did not charge Stewart with insider trading . The government had proven Stewart had material , nonpublic information about the company and that she had traded her Imclone shares based on that information . The government had also made the case that Stewart knew she was doing something wrong . First , long before she became America ’ s most famous homemaker , Stewart had been a broker herself , so she knew Bacanovic could n ’ t inform her about what his other clients were doing . Second , she would not have had a reason to lie if she thought it was a cookie - cutter trade . One reason the government may have backed off is that the U.S. attorney ’ s office may not have wanted to risk setting a bad precedent for other insider trading cases based on tips . There was also no clear precedent for Stewart ’ s case , so charging her with insider trading would have meant testing new boundaries of the law . The extra media attention also could have helped Stewart dodge the extra charge . Stewart was an A - list celebrity , and the trial would be highly publicized and scrutinized . The U.S. attorney may not have wanted to risk an unusual case under those conditions . One of the defense ’ s arguments was that Stewart was being prosecuted only because she was a celebrity and that the prosecutors wanted to make their careers by taking her down . In fact , Stewart ’ s celebrity may have worked to her advantage , leaving prosecutors and the U.S . Although the Justice Department decided not to charge Stewart with insider trading , the SEC pursued a case against her . At the time , Stephen M . Cutler , the SEC ’ s director of enforcement , said “ it is fundamentally unfair for someone to have an edge on the market just because she has a stockbroker who is willing to break the rules and give her an illegal tip . ” Without admitting or denying the accusations , Stewart settled with the SEC in 2006 , agreeing to pay a fine of $ 195,000 ( four times the amount she had avoided in losses on ImClone ’ s stock , plus interest ) and stepping down as director of her company for five years . Bacanovic also settled , paying a little more than $ 75,000 in penalties . Lying to avoid losses of $ 50,000 – 0.007 percent of her estimate fortune – ended up costing Stewart much more . Although she made a comeback after her prison term , her incarceration remains a stain on her illustrious career . And had she been charged with insider trading and not just covering it up , the stain could have been much worse . For Sam Waksal , an insider trading conviction meant seven years in prison . “ Never break the law . Never lie to the U.S. government , ” Waksal said on “ Dateline . ” “ And if you ’ ve broken the law , do n ’ t talk to the U.S. government . ” That advice could have saved Martha Stewart from a forced hiatus . Instead , she had to learn from prison that even if the government does n ’ t charge you for breaking securities laws , it does not appreciate being lied to . This article was written for the Columbia Journalism School ’ s seminar on business journalism in the spring of 2012 . This entry was posted on Tuesday , May 15th , 2012 at 3 : 55 am . It is filed under news & features and tagged with DOJ fraud ImClone insider trading Justice Department Martha Stewart SEC . You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed . ← → Comments are closed .
|
[
"Martha Stewart",
"biotech company ImClone",
"cancer treatment"
] |
http://covington-oh.gov/utilities-department/
|
Utilities Department Village of Covington Water Plant VILLAGE OF COVINGTON UTILITY RATES AND POLICIES Effective 1 / 1 / 18 The following charges are combined on one monthly bill : Trash service : $ 16.50 Recycling service : $ 2.50 Monthly water capital charge to cover the debt payment for the 2005 water treatment plant : $ 26.16 Water meter maintenance fee to cover the cost of replacement and ongoing maintenance to water meters and meter reading system . $ 5.11 Monthly sewer capital charge used towards repairs of the 35 - year old wastewater treatment plant . $ 6.38 Commercial customer base charges vary based on the size of the water / sewer service . All water meters are read monthly with the water and sewer usage charges added to the base bill you receive . The following usage rates are currently in effect : Water usage is billed @ $ 3.75 per 1000 gallons for the first 6000 gallons usage per month . Water usage from 6000 gallons and up per month will be billed @ 3.41 per thousand gallons . Sewer Rates $ 3.45 per 1000 gallons WATER & SEWER ORDINANCES Water and Sewer Policy Water and Sewer Rates DOWNLOAD PDF DOWNLOAD PDF CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORTS 2016 Consumer Confidence Report DOWNLOAD CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORT The interior of the Water Treatment Facility The Village of Covington water supply is provided by a well - field on the north - west edge of town , treated at the 3.7 million dollar water plant constructed in 2005 and stored in the water towers with an 875,000 gallon storage capacity . The wastewater treatment facility was constructed in 1982 with a 25 - year estimated life and is located at 200 Bridge Street along the Stillwater River . The residential trash collection system was revised in 2010 to include recycling and a 96 - gallon covered storage container for every household . The village now Street Department “ . Covington Trash & Recycling Services Water Testing Utility bills are sent out monthly , the last week of each month . They may be paid without penalty by the 20th day of the month . Payments are accepted at the Government Center between 8 : 00 and 4 : 30 . A payment drop box is also located at the Village Government Center in front of the LED sign for check payments . Please do not put cash payments in the drop box . After the 20th of the month , bills will be considered delinquent and a 10 % late penalty will be charged . Customers Property owners are always liable for utility bills . Renters wishing to sign up for utilities my do so but a $ 100.00 deposit will be required at the village office . If an account goes unpaid and becomes subject to turn - off , the Village utility department is not required , but will attempt , to place a notification door hanger at the service address before the shutoff occurs . Delivery of a shutoff notice door hanger will cause a $ 5.00 charge to be added to the utility account . From time to time all residents will experience water problems caused by work to the system , hydrant flushing , water breaks , etc . If such problems persist , please contact the Village office at 473 - 3420 . For after hours water and sewer emergencies , call 911 . Sewage Plant
|
[
"Utilities Department",
"COVINGTON",
"Trash service"
] |
http://cowetaschools.org/index.php/en/31-general-information/general/877-lunch-menus-sp-25948
|
Lunch Menus Elementary Student Lunch 280 Middle Student Lunch 305 High Student Lunch 305 All Student Breakfast 100 All Student Reduced Lunch 040 All Student Reduced Breakfast 030 All CCSS Employee Lunch 400 All CCSS Employee Breakfast 225 All Adult Visitors Lunch 450 All Adult Visitors Breakfast 275 January Elementary Breakfast Lunch January Middle Breakfast January Middle Lunch January High Breakfast January High Lunch January High Pizza Line
|
[
"Lunch Menus"
] |
http://coxmath.pbworks.com/w/page/8034592/Geometry%20Definitions
|
Geometry Definitions Page history last edited by Venesa 9 years , 1 month ago Acute Angle - An angle who ' s measure is less than 90 degrees . Acute Triangle - A triangle with three acute angles . Adjacent Angles - Two angles that share a common vertex , side , or ray . Altitude of a Triangle - A perpendicular segment from a vertex that extends to the opposite side . Angle of Depression - When you look down at an object , the angle your line of sight makes with a line drawn horizontally . Angle of Elevation - When you look up at an object , the angle your line of sight makes with a line drawn horizontally . Alternate exterior angles - Two angles that are formed by two lines and a transversal and lie outside the two lines and on opposite sides of the transversal . Alternate interior angles - Two angles that are formed by two lines and a transversal and lie between two lines and on opposite sides of the transversal . Angle - Two different rays with the same endpoint . Angle Bisector - A ray that cuts in half an angle into two angles that are congruent . Area - The amount of surface covered by a figure . Axiom - A rule accepted without proof , also called a postulate . Bases of a trapezoid - the parallel sides of a trapezoid . Base Angles of a trapezoid - pair of angles whose common side is a base of a trapezoid Biconditional Statement - A statement that contains " if and only if " . Center of Dilation - In a dilation , it is a fixed point that a figure is enlarged or reduced with respect to it . Centroid - The point of concurrency when it is inside the triangle . Circle - Circumcenter of a triangle - The point of concurry of the three perpendicular bisectors of the triangle . Circumference - The distance around a circle . Collinear Points - Points that are on the same line . Complementary Angle - Two angles whose measures have the sum 90 degrees . Concave Polygon - A polygon that is not convex . Concurrent - Three or more lines , rays , or segments that intersect at the same point . Conditional Statement - A type of logical statement that has two parts , a hypothesis and a conclusion Congruent Angles - Angles that have the same measure . Congruent Segments - Line segments that have the same length . Conjecture - An unproven statement based on observations . Consecutive Interior Angles - Angles that lie between two lines and are on the same side of the transversal Constant - The number that you start out with in a problem . It does n ' t change . Converse - The statement formed by exchanging the hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement . Convex Polygon - A polygon if no line contains a side . Coordinate - The real number that corresponds to a point on a line . Coordinate Proof - involves placing geometric figures in a coordinate plane . Coplanar Points - Points that are on the same plane . Corollary to a Theorem - is a statement that can be proved easily using the Corollary to the Triangle Sum Theorem Cosine - A trigonometric ratio , abbreviated cos . For a right triangle ABC , the cosine of the acute < A is : Counterexample - A specific case for which the conjecture is false Deductive Reasoning - An argument that can be formed using facts , definitions , accepted properties and the laws of logic Defined term - Described as a point , line , segments , rays , etc . Diagonal - a segment within a polygon that joins two vertices that do not folllow each other . Diameter - the distance from one point of the circle to the other in which it bisects the circle . Dilation - A transformation that stretches or shrinks a figure to create a similar figure . A dilation is a type of similarity transformation . Distance - The absolute value of the difference between two coordinates . Distance from a point to a line - The length of the perpendicular segment from the point to the line . Endpoints - Two points on the end of the line , where all points on that line lie in between the endpoints . Equiangular - All angles in the interior of the polygon are congruent . Equidistant - The same distants from one figure as from another figure . Equilateral Polygon - All sides of a polygon are congruent . Equilateral Triangle - triangle with three congruent sides . Equivalent Statements - In general , when two statements are both true or both false , they are called equivalent statements Exterior Angles - angles that form linear pairs with the interior angles . It is the angle that is outside of the polygon . Extremes - a and d in the proportion Geometric Mean - for two positive numbers a and b , the positive number x that satisfies . So , and Heptagon - A seven sided polygon Hexagon - A six sided polygon Hypotenuse - The side that is opposite of the right angle in a right triangle . Hypothesis - The " if " part of a conditional statement Incenter The point of concurrency of the three angle bisectors of a triangle Included Angle - The angle that is in between the two given lines or rays . Indirect Proof - A proof in which you prove a statement is false by already assuming it ' s opposite is true Inductive Reasoning - When you find a pattern in specific cases and then write a conjecture for the general case Initial Condition - The number ( s ) that you start out with . They do n ' t change . Interior Angles - the original angles of the polygon . Intersection - Where two lines or planes meet Inverse - The statement formed by negating the hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement . Inverse Tangent If tan A = x , then tan - 1 x = measure of angle A . Inverse Sine - If sin A = y , then sin - 1 x = measure of angle A . Inverse Cosine - If cos A = z , then cos - 1 x = measure of angle A . Isosceles Trapezoid - A trapezoid with congruent legs . Is osceles Triangle triangle with at least two congruent sides . Kite - A quadrilateral that has 4 consecutive congruent sides , but the opposite sides ar n ' t congruent . Legs of a Right Triangle - The sides adjacent to the right angle . Legs of a Trapezoid - the nonparallel sides of a trapezoid . Line - Extends infinitely . Any two points create a line . Line Segment - Consists of a line with two endpoints . Linear Pair - Two adjacent angles whose noncommon sides are opposite rays . Line Perpendicular to plane - is a line that intersects the plane in a point and forms a 90 degree angle at the exact point including the rest of the intersections . Midpoint - A point that divides the segment into two congruent segments . Midsegment of a Trapezoid - A segment that connects the midpoints of the legs of a trapezoid . Midsegment of a triangle - is a segment that connects the midpoints of two sides of the triangle . Means - b and c in the proportion Negation - the opposite of the original statement n - gon - It is where n is the number of a polygon ' s sides . Obtuse Angle - An angle whose measure is greater than 90 degrees . Obtuse Triangle - triangle with one obtuse angle . Octagon - A polygon with eight sides . Opposite Rays - Two rays that share a common end point and point in different directions . Orthographic projection a two - dimensional drawing representing an object formed by the perpendicular intersections of lines Paragraph Proof - A proof written in the form of a paragraph . Parallelogram - A quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel and congruent . Its opposite angles are also congruent . Parallel li nes - Two lines in a plane that will continue forever and never intersect . Parallel planes - Two planes that will never intersect . Perimeter - The distance around a figure . Perpendicular Bisector - A segment , line , or ray that is perpendicular to a segment at its midpoint . Perpendicular Lines - Two lines that intersect to form a right angle . Plane - Has two dimensions . Any three points that are not on the same line is a plane . Point - Can not be measured in any dimension , Thus that has no part . It is a dot that is like a period . Point of Concurrency - The point of intersection of the concurrent lines , segments , or rays . Polygon - A closed - plane figure that has 3 or more sides that do not curve . Postulate - A rule accepted without proof . Proof - A logical argument to show a statement is true . Proportion - An equation that states that two ratios are equal where a and d are the extremes and b and c are the means . Pythagorean Triple A set of three positive integers a , b , c that satisfy the equation Quadrilateral - A four sided polygon Ratio - A comparison of two numbers using division . The ratio of a to b , where b can not equal 0 , can be written as a to b , a : b , or as Rate of Change - The number that is multiplied by the variable . Ray - A line that has a beginning but no end . Rectangle - A parallelogram with 4 right angles . Regular - A polygon is considered regular if it is equiangular and equilateral . Rhombus - A parallelogram with 4 congruent sides . Right Angle - An angle who ' s measure is equal to 90 degrees . Right Triangle - triangle with one right triangle . Same - Side Interior Angles - Another name fo consecutive interior angles . Scale Drawing - A drawing that is the same shape as the object it represents . Scale - A ratio that describes how the dimensions in the drawing are related to the actual dimensions of the object . Scale Factor - The ration of the lengths of two corresponding sides of two similar polygons Scale Factor of Dilation - The ratio of a side length of he image of the corresponding side length of the original figure . Scalene Triangle - triangle with no congruent sides . Segment Bisector - A point , ray , line , line segment , or a plane that intersects the segment at its midpoint . Sides - The rays of an angle . Similar polygons - Two polygons that have corresponding angles that are congruent and corresponding side lengths that are proportional Sine - A trigonometric ratio abbreviated as sin . For the right triangle ABC , the sine of the acute angle A is : Skew lines - Lines in different planes that will never intersect . Slope - The ratio of vertical change ( rise ) to horizontal change ( run ) between any two points of a nonvertical line . Slope Intercept Form - The general form of a linear equation , example : y = m x + b , where m is the slope and is the y intercept . Solve a Right Triangle - When solving a right triangle that means you need to find the measure of all the sides and angles . 2 methods used to solve right triangles : - Two side lengths - One side length and the measure of one acute angle Square - A parallelogram with 4 right angles & 4 congruent sides . Standard Form - An equation written as Ax + By = C , where A and B are not both zero . Straight Angle - An angle whose measure is 180 degrees . Supplementary Angles - Two angles whose measures have a sum of 180 degrees . Tangent - A trigonometric ratio , abbreviated as tan . For a right triangle ABC , the tangent of the acute angle A is : Theorem - A statement which can be proven . Transversal - A line that intersects more than one line . Trapezoid A quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides called bases and two nonparallel sides called legs . Transitional Words - Words such as so , then , and therefore , that are used in paragraph proofs to help to make the logic clear . Triangle - A three sided polygon Trigonometric Ratio - A ratio of the lengths of two sides in a right triangle . Two - Column Proof - Numbered statements and corresponding reasons that show an argument in logical order types of slope - Positive slope ( rising line ) , negative slope ( falling line ) , zero slope ( horizontal line ) , and undefined slope ( vertical line ) . Vertex - The endpoint of an angle . Vertical Angles - Two angles that their sides form two pairs of opposite rays . Volume of a solid - The number of cubic units contained in theinterior of a solid . X - intercept - is the x - coordinate of a point where a graph crosses the x - axis . Y - intercept - is the y - coordinate of a point where a graph crosses the y - axis . Comments ( 0 You do n ' t have permission to comment on this page . Printable version
|
[
"Geometry",
"Definitions"
] |
http://cozumelbuggy.com/
|
Welcome to Cozumelbuggy Join us live the experience and share it with your friends The best way to see the island is Buggy Style We invite you to join us for a fun and colorful ride around Cozumel Sun sand and beach sounds like a perfect combination for your family vacation Leave the stress behind and discover the island in this package we have put together for you to enjoy Follow your guide through the scenic views of the caribbean coast line and Visit el Cedral where you will about the culture and traditions of this magnificent land Designed to deliver a Safe and Relaxing experience Cozumel Buggy Mayan Heritage Snorkel allows you to drive a sweet colorful ride around Cozumel for breath taking views About Us Trip Advisor Contact Map Combos
|
[
"Cozumelbuggy"
] |
http://cp.cuyahogacounty.us/
|
Welcome " The mission of the Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court is to provide a forum for the fair , impartial and timely resolution of civil and criminal cases . " Judges Parking and Directions Jury Duty Information Court Docket Unlike the other divisions of the Common Pleas Court , the General Division , having " general jurisdiction " will hear civil matters with a value of greater than $ 15,000 , criminal matters where the crimes are defined by statute as felonies , and other certain criminal offenses . Community Outreach Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court offers educational opportunities to children throughout Cuyahoga County . Our Judges visit schools , welcome students into their courtrooms and even hold live Court sessions at middle schools . We encourage your school to contact Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court to see what kind of educational experience would best fit your curriculum . On The Record The Podcast of the Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court Subscribe
|
[
"Common Pleas Court",
"General Division",
"Cuyahoga County"
] |
http://cpag.org.uk/scotland/child-poverty-facts-and-figures
|
Home CPAG in Scotland Child poverty in Scotland Child poverty in Scotland Almost one in four ( 230,000 ) of Scotland ’ s children are officially recognised as living in poverty [ i ] . This is higher than in many other European countries [ ii ] . In the absence of significant policy change , this figure is likely to rise in the coming years with independent modelling by the Institute for Fiscal studies ( IFS ) forecasting that more than a third of children in the UK will be living in poverty by 2021 / 22 . [ iii ] This would reverse the fall in child poverty observed in There is hope that action will be taken to reverse this trend in Scotland where the Child Poverty ( Scotland ) Act 2017 places a duty on the Scottish Government to eradicate child poverty by 2030 . Watch our Poverty Matters film on child poverty in Scotland here What is child poverty ? Child poverty means growing up in families without the resources to ‘ obtain the type of diet , participate in the activities and have the living conditions and amenities ’ which are the norm in 21st century Scotland . Children are considered to be living in poverty if they live in households with less than 60 % of median household income . This is the key measure used by UK and Scottish Government . Using this measure the latest single year ( 2016 / 17 ) figures show ; • a lone parent family with two children ( aged 5 and 14 ) is living in poverty if they are living on less than £ 306 per week ( after housing costs have been deducted ) . [ v ] • A two parent family with two children ( aged 5 and 14 ) is living in poverty if they are living on less than £ 413 a week ( after housing costs have been deducted ) . [ vi ] What are the effects of child poverty ? The effects of child poverty should not be underestimated and experiencing child poverty can undermine the health , wellbeing and educational attainment of children . For example : • Children from higher income families significantly outperform those from low income households at ages 3 and 5 . By age 5 there is a gap of ten months in problem solving development and of 13 months in vocabulary [ vii ] . • Three year olds in households with incomes below £ 10,000 are two and a half times more likely to suffer chronic illness than children in households with incomes above £ 52,000 [ viii ] . • There are strong links between the experience of child poverty and poor mental health . One study shows that children living in low - income households are nearly three times as likely to suffer mental health problems than their more affluent peers [ ix ] . As well as being harmful to children and families child poverty has a wider cost for society . A 2013 study estimated that the high levels of child poverty in the UK are currently costing the country at least £ 29 billion a year . This includes the cost of policy interventions , long term losses to the economy , lower educational attainment and poorer mental and physical health . [ x ] What causes child poverty in Scotland ? Child poverty is caused by a range of factors which work together and result in inadequate household resources . Factors which contribute to insufficient income include : Low wages and underemployment : In 2016 / 17 , 61 % of children in poverty were living in households with at least one adult in employment [ xi ] , confirming that employment is by no means a guaranteed route out of poverty . While there is an upward trend in terms of rates of employment in Scotland [ xii ] , changes to the quality and nature of work [ xiii ] have driven up in - work poverty [ xiv ] . Worklessness : Households in which no - one is in paid employment are most likely to experience poverty , with 73 % of children in workless households in the UK experiencing poverty [ xv ] . Common barriers to work include a lack of suitable employment opportunities , a lack of suitable child care , caring responsibilities , ill health , disability and employer discrimination . Inadequate social security benefits : Despite being intended as a safety net against poverty , many families in receipt of social security benefits are living below the poverty line . Nearly three quarters of households with children in which no - one works experience poverty . Furthermore , ongoing welfare reforms are a major contributing factor to the dramatic increase in child poverty which is projected for Scotland [ xvi ] . The interaction of the factors above mean that children in households with certain characteristics are at greater risk of experiencing poverty . For example at UK level [ xvii ] : • Children living in households where someone is disabled have a 36 % risk of experiencing poverty . • Children living in lone parent families have a 49 % risk of experiencing poverty . • Children living in households where there are more than two children have a 42 % risk of experiencing poverty . What needs to be done ? There are many steps which could be taken to maximise family incomes , minimise essential outgoings and mitigate the effects of poverty on children , their families and the communities and services which support them . These include : Access to secure employment and decent pay : 61 % of children in poverty in Scotland live in families where at least one adult is in work [ xviii ] . Given that low pay and job insecurity are a key factor in the existence of in - work poverty it is essential that all working parents receive at least the real Living Wage a reasonable degree of security and opportunities to develop their skills and progress at work . Adequate social security benefits : Benefit rates should be increased to a level which ensures that children do not experience poverty whether their parents are in or out of work . An important step towards this would be increasing the rate of child benefit to reflect the increased cost of raising a child at the same time as re - instating the link between benefit uprating and inflation . Increased uptake of benefits : According to DWP figures , between 16 and 44 % of families in the UK are not claiming the means - tested benefits ( such as income support and employment support allowance ) which they are entitled to , meaning up to a million families are missing out [ xix ] . This highlights a need for more high quality information and advice . Affordable childcare : Overall , the average cost of part time ( 25 hours ) child care in Scotland for a child under two is £ 109.68 per week , while the average cost of an after school club is £ 56.74 per week [ xx ] . As well as easing pressure on family budgets , increased provision of affordable , high quality childcare would facilitate access to employment for parents and carers and improve outcomes and educational attainment for children , particularly those from deprived backgrounds . The removal of financial barriers to education : The provision of universal free school meals could save a family with two children more than £ 800 a year [ xxi ] . Providing adequate School Clothing Grants to low income families and reducing the cost of school transport and school trips would also help to ease the financial pressure experienced by families . For information , facts and figures on the extent , nature and causes of poverty in Scotland please see our publication Poverty in Scotland 2016 - tools for transformation . Order the book • Percentage of children living in poverty in Scotland by local authority and parliamentary consitutency [ i ] Latest 2016 / 17 Poverty and Income Inequality in Scotland figures , CH 15 , table showing : relative poverty in Scottish households with children ( AHC ) 1994 / 5 to 2016 / 17 , www . gov . scot / Publications / 2018 / 03 / 3017 / downloads ( See Associated tables ) [ ii ] The latest Eurostat figures ( 2016 ) show that rates of child poverty are higher in the UK than in Austria , Belgium , the Czech Republic , Denmark , France , the Netherlands , Hungary , Finland , Slovakia , Slovenia , Switzerland and Norway . http : / / ec . europa . eu / eurostat / tgm / refreshTableAction . do ? tab = table&plugin = . . . [ iii ] Living standards , poverty and inequality in the UK : 2017 - 18 to 2021 - 22 , ( Institute for Fiscal Studies ) page 15 , www . ifs . org . uk / uploads / publications / comms / R136 . pdf [ iv ] . ibid [ v ] Latest 2016 / 17 Poverty and Income Inequality in Scotland figures , Table T1 : Income Thresholds for Different Family Types ( AHC ) , 2015 / 16 www . gov . scot / Publications / 2018 / 03 / 3017 / downloads ( See Associated tables ) [ vi ] Latest 2016 / 17 Poverty and Income Inequality in Scotland figures , Table T1 : Income Thresholds for Different Family Types ( AHC ) , 2015 / 16 [ vii ] Joseph Rowntree Foundation ; Closing the Attainment Gap , Scotland 2014 www . jrf . org . uk / publications / closing - attainment - gap - scottish - education [ viii ] Unhealthy Live , Intergenerational Links between Child Poverty and Poor Health in the UK , page 3 , Donald Hirsch www . donaldhirsch . com / unhealthylives . pdf [ ix ] Joseph Rowntree Foundation , The cost of child poverty for individuals and society , 2008 www . jrf . org . uk / system / files / 2301 - child - poverty - costs . pdf [ x ] Estimate of the Cost of Child Poverty in 2013 , Donald Hirsch , Centre for Research and Social Policy , Loughborough University , www . cpag . org . uk / sites / default / files / Cost % 20of % 20child % 20poverty % 20resear . . . ( 2013 ) .pdf [ xi ] Poverty and Income Inequality in Scotland in 2016 / 17 , Table CH 18 People in relative poverty in households with at least one adult in employment ( in work poverty ) by age group ( 2016 / 17 ) ; ( see Associated tables ) [ xii ] See Scotland ’ s Labour Market statistics ( Nov - Jan 2018 ) www . gov . scot / Topics / Statistics / Browse / Labour - Market / LMTrendIbid [ xiii ] EMP17 : People in employment on zero hours contracts – Office for National Statistics , February 2018 www . ons . gov . uk / employmentandlabourmarket / peopleinwork / employmentandemplo . . . [ xiv ] Wages , the Labour Market and Low Pay , Stephen Boyd , page 211 , Poverty in Scotland 2014 , The Independence Referendum and Beyond , Edited by John McKendrick , Gerry Mooney , John Dickie , Gill Scott and Peter Kelly [ xv ] 2016 / 17 Households Below Average Income ( HBAI ) Table 4.5 db : Percentage of Children in low income groups by various family and household characteristics , detailed breakdowns UK www . gov . uk / government / statistics / hbai - 199495 - to - 201617 - children - data - tab . . . [ xvi ] Living standards , poverty and inequality in the UK : 2017 - 18 to 2021 - 22 , Institute for Fiscal Studies ( IFS ) www . ifs . org . uk / uploads / publications / comms / R136 . pdf [ xvii ] 2016 / 17 Households Below Average Income ( HBAI ) Table 4.5 db : Percentage of Children in low income groups by various family and household characteristics , UK www . gov . uk / government / statistics / hbai - 199495 - to - 201617 - children - data - tab . . . [ xviii ] Poverty and Income Inequality in Scotland in 2016 / 17 , Table CH 18 People in relative poverty in households with at least one adult in employment ( in work poverty ) by age group ( 2016 / 17 ) ; ( see Associated tables ) [ xix ] Income Related Benefits : Estimates of Take - up in Financial Year 2015 / 16 , Department of Work and Pensions ; https : / / assets . publishing . service . gov . uk / government / uploads / system / uploa . . . [ xx ] The 2018 Scottish Childcare Report , Family and Childcare Trust , www . familyandchildcaretrust . org / childcare - survey - 2018 [ xxi ] Edinburgh City Council , for example , charges £ 2.15 per day for a school lunch for a child in primary school and £ 2.55 per day for a child at secondary school . www . edinburgh . gov . uk / info / 20183 / food_and_clothing / 434 / lunches_and_milk_i . . .
|
[
"Child poverty",
"Scotland",
"Institute for Fiscal studies"
] |
http://cpc.ie/courses
|
We are driven . . . are you ? Courses at cpc . ie 99.9 % Of Our Courses Run Driver CPC The Driver CPC was established to set and maintain high standards of road safety , health and safety and driving among professional drivers ( those who drive for a living ) of buses and trucks and to ensure that all professional drivers have good driving and safety standards and that those standards are maintained throughout the professional driver ’ s career . Whilst attendance at Periodic Training is compulsory on a one day per year basis , there is no exam or assessment required . Please click HERE for more information or HERE for our driver CPC FAQ . Transport Manager CPC The Transport Manager CPC provides in depth training for anyone wishing to upskill , start or manage a haulage business or Bus Passenger Business . It is an internationally recognised formal qualification . Please click for more details or for the Transport Manager FAQ .
|
[
"cpc . ie",
"Driver CPC",
"Courses"
] |
http://cpfansite.com/history/cedar-point-history/
|
Cedar Point History Please Note : This timeline of Cedar Point History is not 100 % completed as we find out new information often . If you find any history out about Cedar Point , please let us know if you do n ’ t see it below ! Thanks ! 1870 Cedar Point ’ s 1st season . First use of Cedar Point as a bathing house . Beer garden built buy Louis Zistel that also included a bathhouse , a covered dance platform , refreshment stand , swings , see - saws and sliding boards . First passengers arrived at Cedar Point Resort by a steam boat . 1878 A group of bath houses were added near the beach . 1882 The First Dance Hall was built with 45,000 square feet of floor space . Cedar Point was leased by Benjamin F . Dwelle and William Slackford . Picnic tables , walkways and other improvements were added to the area . A Dock was built at Biemiller ’ s Cove area . Eight Bath Houses were built . Steam Boat “ Lutts ” services the Cedar Point Light House while “ R.B. Hayes ” services Biemiller ’ s Cove . A new dock was added between Biemiller ’ s Cove and the lighthouse . 1884 16 bath houses were a part of the resort . 1887 At the end of the season 4 local men announce great improvements to Cedar Point after Dewelle ’ s 5 year lease ended . Those four men were Adam J . Stoll , Jacob Kuebeler , B.F. Dwelle and Charles Baetz . 1888 The Grand Pavilion opens with an auditorium , three 66 foot bowling alleys and dining facilities . D.L. Stine of Toledo was the Architect and A.G. Fettle of Sandusky was the builder . New clearings are made and stagnant pools are filled up . A band stand was added in front of the Grand Pavilion for the Great Western Band . Steam Boat “ I.M. Weston ” was chartered . 1889 Cedar Point became leased to a company of five gentlemen , including Mr . Dwelle . The lease included having a building placed on the father shore to combine all the features of amusement and entertainment , the old pathway was to be replaced by a plank walk that is 12 feet wide and grounds were to be cleared and beautified . The company expected to make $ 20,000 the coming season . A ladies pavilion opened and provided refreshments suitable for ladies and children . Brush Electric Dynamo power plant was installed . It operated 20 arc lamps , frozen ice cream , crushed ice and did other chores . 1890 A water toboggan was built so guests could slide down a ramp into the lake . 1891 The first electricity was added to Cedar Point . The Steam Boat “ A.J. Wehrle , Jr . ” began service . 1892 The Switchback Railway , Cedar Point ’ s first roller coaster opened . 1894 Additions were made to the beach including a pony track , diving platform , water toboggan , horizontal bars , water trapeze and bicycle boats . 1897 Cedar Point was sold to the Cedar Point Pleasure Resort Company , headed by G.A. Boeckling for a total of $ 256,000 . Dwelle , A.j. Stoll , Louis Adolph were the five original holders while Stoll and Adolph appeared to be the owners of the peninsula . 1899 The first Cedar Point hotel was built , the Bay Shore Hotel . 1900 The Kinodrome opened . 1901 The White House hotel was built and designed by architect Oliver W . Marble . The Bay Shore Hotel becomes a house for boarding . 1902 The Three - Way Figure Eight Roller Toboggan opens . Pony Tracks opens . 1903 A 1,200 - seat Opera House opened . The White House hotel is expanded . Ohio State University ’ s lake laboratory is built for studies of insects and aquatic life toward the north end of Biemiller ’ s Cove . 1904 Crystal Rock Castle opened . The Sea Swings opened . Use of the Cedar Point Lighthouse is discontinued . The Bay Dock is covered and lighted . The Dance hall had landscapes painted on the walls by Mathew Armbruster . The dining hall ’ s capacity grew to 1,000 . A contract was made for $ 25,450 to Detroit Dredging Company . The contract would pursue digging 4 miles of lagoons , 10 feet deep and 60 to 150 feet wide . The lagoons would permit boating facilities for patrons , a convenient method for hauling supplies throughout the peninsula and elimination of a swamp that would reduce the insect hazards . The attractions this year were : Trip to Rockaway , House of Mirth , Chateau Alphonse , Auto Tour , Circle Swing , Electric Theatre , Illustrated Song Exhibition , Figure Eight Roller Toboggan , Merry - Go - Round , Miniature Railway , 12 Bowling Alleys , Boxball Game , Penny Arcade , Shooting Gallery and a Skating Rink . 1905 Hotel Breakers opened with 600 rooms on June the 12th . The rates ranged from $ 1 a day to $ 10 a week . Dredging of the lagoons began . The Boardwalk expanded Crystal Rock Palace built to serve food and beverages . The movie , “ The Great Train Robbery ” played during the season at the Cedar Point Theatre . A building was constructed to house the offices of Cedar Point Pleasure Resort Company . 1906 The Coliseum opened featuring a rathskeller on the first floor and a 45,000 sq foot ballroom on the second floor . More than 10,000 people could assemble under it ’ s roof . A new electric plant was built to provide power for 1 million eight - candle power lamps . The Steam Boat “ New York ” was purchased by Cedar Point . The Amusement Circle opened featuring the Circle Swing , Chateau Alphonse , Auto Tour , House of Mirth , Cascades , Box Ball , Shooting Gallery , A Trip to Rockaway , a skating rink , fortunetellers and the miniature railway . Over 1 million guests visited Cedar Point this season . 1907 A new dock opened allowing larger ships to come directly to Cedar Point without stopping in Sandusky . The United States Post Office Opened . The Steam Boat “ Eastland ” arrived . Cedar Point began steamship service from the park to Cleveland . This was the final season for the skating rink . There were accommodations for 50,000 people daily . The Breaker ’ s Annex opened immediately adjoining the Breakers Hotel . It contained nearly 100 nicely furnished rooms . The Historical Museum was noted to be an attraction at this point as well as a 3 mile boat ride and souvenir booths . 1908 The Scenic Railway opened . Regular steamship service from Detroit and Toledo to Cedar Point was added . The engines of the Steam Boat “ New York ” were removed and placed in the new Steam Boat , “ G.A. Boeckling . ” Mundy ’ s Trained Wild Animal Show opened . A few new attractions were added this year like Saddle Horses for ladies , Egyptian Palmistry , Lap Rolling Ball , Wave - the - Wave , Roller Charis , World in Wax , Infant Incubator , Southern Plantation and the House of Illusions . 1909 This was the Inaugural year for the G.A. Boeckling steam boat . It arrived on June 27th and was christened on the 28th by Lucile Dehnel . 1910 Glen Curtiss set a world record for the Longest Over - Water Flight , he flew from Euclid Beach to Cedar Point . Boeckling acquired controlling interest of Cedar Point . A new bath house opened as the largest of it ’ s kind in the world . The Figure - Eight Roller Toboggan was moved and rebuilt . It was rebranded as the Racer . 1911 Cedar Point announced that a roadway would be built to the resort where it could connect with the main arteries from the Sandusky area . 1912 Leap the Dips Scenic Railway opened at the current site of Blue Streak . 1914 G.A. Boeckling announced that a large AC generator would be built to extend lighting along the Cedar Point Chaussee , the first road to Cedar Point . The Cedar Point water tower was built . 1915 The White House hotel was renovated and reopened as Cedars Hotel . 1917 Leaving from Cedar Point with a big crowd aboard , the G.A. Boeckling hit the north end of the pier . It was quickly forgot about . 1918 The Scenic Railway was rebuilt and renamed the Leap Frog Railway . The Crystal Rock Palace was no longer used for food and drink due to prohibition laws . 1919 Eden Musee opened . 1920 The entrance and a portion of the Cedar Point Chausee battered by storms were relocated two miles west . 1921 An industrial exhibit of Sandusky - made products were arranged at the Crystal Rock Palace . 1923 A mile - long cement pathway was laid from the center of the park to the Cleveland boat docks . Auto - trains were used to carry passengers to the park as well as the “ street car ” boats through the lagoons . This continued until the steamer service ended . 1924 The first Kiddieland opened . The Caterpillar opened . A tornado destroyed the Cedar Point boat dock in downtown Sandusky . A 500 car garage was built within the Racer roller coaster . Construction of the Bon Air addition of 160 rooms to the Breakers Hotel had begun . 1925 The Bon Air wing of the Breakers Hotel opened . Hellen Keller spoke to the Lions Club at Cedar Point . Noah ’ s Ark opened . 1926 Talking pictures were shown at the park beginning this year . Cleminshaw Company of Cleveland appraised the park to $ 2,757,550 . 1928 This was the final year for the Racer . Plans were made to build a causeway over the bay to Sandusky . 1929 The Cyclone roller coaster opened . Legislation was approved for the causeway and property was acquired . Finances halted the project until later . The resort announced that it would spend about $ 1 million on the resort and Convention Center with half of it being spend before the opening of the 1930 season and the rest was spent during the season . 1931 G.A. Boeckling passed away at the age of 69 on July 24th . 1934 Leap Frog was rebuilt and renamed High Frolics . Tumble Bug opened . 1935 This was the final season for Leap The Dips Scenic railway . Tavern Terrace , an outdoor stage opened . It provided entertainment from bands and offered cocktails . 1939 The 2nd floor of the Coliseum was renovated into Art Deco ballroom . This was the final season for High Frolics . The dance floor and skating rink of the Coliseum was converted to a Ballroom and refreshment service was added . 1941 The Yankee Bullet Opened ( Date that it operated until has not been found ) . 1942 The Berardi family opened their first french fried potato stand . 1944 The Flying Skooters opened . 1946 The Midway Carousel ( Muller ) opened . Moon Rocket opened . 1948 A bronze plaque was placed on the beach , dedicated to the memory of the 1910 Curtiss flight . 1950 Cedar Point was leased to Torrence C . Melrose for 10 years . Cedar Point opened for the 80th season on June 16th . The first road to the Hotel Breakers main entrance opened . The roadway made it possible for guests to drive right up to the hotel where a porter would handle the baggage and a runner parked the car . 1951 Melrose conveyed interest in Cedar Point to D . M . Schneider . The G . A . Boeckling steam boat had it ’ s final run on September 3rd . 1952 10 new rides in Kiddieland open . This was the final season for the Cyclone . The regular steam boat service between Sandusky and Cedar Point was discontinued . The Steam Boat “ G.A. Boeckling ” was placed out of service , sold and removed to Sturgeon Bay , Wisconsin where it became a warehouse . 1955 Fascination opened . 1956 The controlling interest of Cedar Point from Boeckling went to a syndicate headed by George A . Roose and Emile A . Legros of Cleveland . They announced plans for the peninsula to turn into a housing development . A storm of public protest swept across Ohio . The State proposed acquiring Cedar Point and turning into a state park . The City of Sandusky opposed the idea as it would end the possibility of a resort . 1957 Boeckling ’ s options were contested by 3 heirs . The Erie County Common Please court approved the options . The owneres assured the public that they would undertake a vast redevelopment to restore Cedar Point to the previous status of a Showplace of America . The Cedar Point Causeway opened . 1958 Cadillac Cars opened . The cars are replicas of the 1910 Cadillac . Roose and Legros abandoned plans for a housing development and focused on turning Cedar Point to the Disneyland of the Midwest . 1959 The Causeway was linked to State Route 2 by a new access road . The Roose management negotiated termination of the original 10 year lease . Wild Mouse opened . Turnpike Cars opened . The Scrambler opened . The Cedar Point Marina opened . A monorail opened , that came from Summit Beach in Akron . It cost $ 125,000 to install . It was owned by Bob Burse who had the Satellite Jets and the Flying Coaster . The Million Dollar Marina opened . A new bath house opened . The Amusement section was redesigned while the midway was enlarged . Hotel Breakers was redecorated and had 100 rooms refurnished while a new cocktail lounge on the hotel beach veranda was added . New front and rear entrances were added as well as a 190 seat restaurant . This was the final season for Noah ’ s Ark . The Amusement Midway included 57 rides and attractions . 1960 Cedar Point celebrated it ’ s 90th season . An announcement of $ 16 million of capital improvements was made . The Cadillac Cars opened . The Tiki Twirl opened . Paving of the midway began this year . A new cafeteria opened . Hotel Breakers opened a newly renovated lobby . 400 more rooms of Hotel Breakers were fully modernized . A cocktail lounge , The Chart room , opened at the marina pier . A repair center opened at the marina as well with additional dockage planned . 1961 A million dollars was invested in new rides , midway , food , hotel rooms and personnel . Cedar Classic Mini Golf opened . The Rotor opened . The Sky Ride Opened . The Super Satellite Jets ( Star Voyager ) opened . This was the final season for Wild Mouse . 1962 The Western Cruise ( Paddlewheel Excursion ) opened . The Sky Wheel opened . Scamper opened . 1963 The Cedar Point and Lake Erie Railroad opened . 370,000 guests rode it during it ’ s Inaugural year . One of 6 authentic steam locomotives carry 300 people at a time . The Locomotives are “ Maud L . ” Baldwin 1902 , “ Albert ” Davenport 1911 , “ No . 22 ” Vulcan 1922 , “ Porter Bell ” 1878 , 2 vintage “ Porters . ” Mill Race opened . A giant fun house opened . 1964 The Roller Coaster Blue Streak opened . Calypso opens near the present day Ice Cream Parlor . Cedar Point bought the steam engine , Jennie K . This was the final season for the Rotor . 1965 Cedar Point opened for it ’ s 95th season . Over the past 10 years , Cedar Point invested $ 10 million into the park . Jungle Larry ’ s Safari Island opened . Space Spiral opened . The foundation consisted of 450 cubic yards of concrete . Bay Construction became Cedar Point ’ s principle contractor . San Francisco Earthquake opened . Calypso was relocated to the area adjacent to Silver Dollar Cafe . Cedar Point surpassed 2 million guests in attendance for the first time . 1966 The Pirate Ride opened . The Fun House Opened . The Live Show Department is formed . This was the final season for Eden Musse . The Monorail saw it ’ s last season and was scrapped . Cedar Gulch Stage Line stage coach ride opened . A 6,000 lot was added . 1967 Frontiertown opened this year with a new train station added . The station was added to transport guests to and from Frontiertown as the train was the only access to that part of the park . Cedar Downs Derby Ride opened this year . Sealand opened with eye - level windows for guests viewing of sharks , penguins and other aquatic animals . A Hollywood Wax Museum was opened this year as well . It featured numerous famous personalities . A new version of Rotor opened . Shoot the Rapids opened and reached speeds up to 50 miles per hour . Spin - a - Top ride opened . New Kiddieland rides opened . New animations for Western Cruise and Cedar Point & Lake Erie Rail Road were added . Another riverboat and an additional train were added . More Cadillac cars were added . A larger Dodgems attraction was added . More logs were added to Mill Race . San Fransisco Earthquake added a new animation . Safari Island expanded . Sky Ride switched from 2 seat buckets to 4 seat buckets . The marina received thousands of dollars in improvements including an air conditioned Steak House , evening dancing and improved shower facilities . The parking lot was widened and increased in size to accommodate 10,000 autos . More and brighter lights were added . 1968 The Lusty Lil ’ s Golden Palace Theatre opened . Town Hall Museum opened at the cost of $ 116,000 . The Frontier Lift opened at the height of 70 feet . The Sky Slide opened . Kiddieland Carousel ( Kiddy Kingdom Carousel ) opened . Calypso was relocated to the area adjacent to Sealand . An accident with the Cedar Gulch Stage Line that injured 13 passengers resulted in the closure of the ride . Parking was expanded to accommodate 12,000 autos . Parking was free this year . 1969 Cedar Creek Mine Ride opened . Antique Cars were opened as well . Sealand expanded . The Upside Down Fun House opened . This was the final season for the Hollywood Wax Museum , Scamper , Hippodrome and the Go Carts . Parking was free this year as well . 1970 Cedar Point opened for the 101st season , with the park celebrating with 100th year medallions given to guests . Centennial Theatre opened . WildCat opened on the former site of Calypso and Twister . Tiki Twirl opened on the former site of Scamper . Bayern Kurve opened near Western Cruise . Dodgem ( Dodgem II ) opened near Paddlewheel Cafe . Schwabinchen opened near Western Cruise . Himalaya ( Super Himalaya ) opened near the Marina Entrance . Monster opened near Western Cruise . Hofbrau Opened . Million Dollar Midway , now home to Celebration Plaza opened . Kiddieland was redesigned and enlarged . Miniature Golf was relocated near Sky Slide . Western Cruise ( Paddlewheel Excursions ) entrance was relocated near present day location of Iron Dragon . Cedar Point and Lake Erie station relocated to present day location . Calypso was relocated back adjacent to the Silver Dollar Cafe . Twister relocated next to Plantation Inn . Super Jets are relocated next to Blue Streak . 1971 Frontier Trail opened with several frontier themed shops . Twister was relocated behind Wildcat . America Sings is featured at the Centennial Theater . 1972 Giant Wheel opens at 15 stories high , carries over 200 people . It is North America ’ s Largest Ferris Wheel . Jumbo Jet opened . It featured 70 degree banked turns at speeds up to 60 miles per hour . Frontier Carousel ( 1940 Dentzel ) opened . Matterhorn opened on the former site of Zugspitze . This was Twister ’ s final season . 1974 Cedar Point opened for it ’ s 105th season . Tramway opens in parking lot . Bay Harbor Inn building is erected replacing an old Yacht Club building . This was the final season for Himalaya . 1975 Robert Munger , Jr . Becomes the president of Cedar Point . The Cedar Point Cinema opens . The Chartersphere Dome opened at Jungle Larry ’ s African Safari opened . 1976 Jungle Larry ’ s African Safari is re - designed and rebuilt , a midway is added around the attraction . Corkscrew opened as the first roller coaster to feature three inversions . Troika opened next to Corkscrew . 1977 The Corkscrew midway was extended . Witch ’ s Wheel opened this year . Dodgem I was relocated to the expanded Corkscrew Midway . Bay Harbor Inn opened . Eight people were injured by flying glass at the Marina Steak House when winds of 70 miles per hour moved across the park during a thunderstorm . A tornado struck the northwest tip of the Cedar Point peninsula . It struck mainly in Frontiertown and Camper Village . 5 riders were damaged including Shoot - the - Rapids , Cedar Point and Lake Erie Railroad and the Cedar Creek Mine ride . The park opened the next day with 50 of the 55 rides operating . Trees that were scheduled for removal for Gemini , were uprooted during the storm . 15 people were injured . The Directors of Cedar Point , Inc . approved a record of $ 5,200,000 capital improvements for the 1978 season . This includes a new midway , new rides and attractions . 1978 Gemini opened as the tallest , fastest and steepest roller coaster in the world . The Gemini Midway opened connecting the former Corkscrew Midway to Frontiertown . A crossing is added near stockade refreshments . Himalaya reopens next to Matterhorn and is renamed Super Himalaya . Cedar Point purchased Valleyfair ! in Shakopee , MN . Cedar Point hold the first CoasterMania . The 1979 capital improvement plan was announced with the highlights of the Wave Swinger , Jr . Gemini and a newer version of the WildCat . This was the final season for the Jumbo Jet . 1979 Cedar Point opened for it ’ s 110th season . Jr . Gemini , Wave Swinger and a new model of Wildcat ( placed near Space Spiral ) opened . 1980 A 5 story high , 1,600 - seat stadium named Ocean opened . Super Himalaya was relocated near Gemini . This was the final season for Sky Wheel . 1981 Ocean Motion opened this year . The Kiddieland Carousel was restored . This was the final season for Shoot - the - Rapids and the Fun House . 1982 White Water Landing opens as the longest hydro - flume ride ever built . 1983 Demon Drop opened . The Berenstain Bears were introduced to Cedar Point . Cedar Fair , L.P. is formed with Robert Munger as the first CEO . 1984 Cedar Point opened for the 115th season . Cedar Point celebrates the 100th year of the roller coaster . This was the final season for the Tiki Twirl , San Francisco Earthquake , Rotor and the Bayern Kurve . 1985 Avalanche Run opened at the former location of Wildcat . It ’ s was touted as the Mid - West ’ s only summertime bobsled run . Avalanche Eatery ( Transport Refreshments ) opened Berenstain Bear Country opens in former Earthquake building . Safari Canyon opened at Jungle Larry ’ s African Safari . WildCat was relocated to the Million Dollar Midway to accommodate Avalanche Run . Schwabinchen was relocated to the Million Dollar Midway to the former site of Rotor . Matterhorn relocated from near Space Spiral to the former site of Tiki Twirl . This was the final season for the Frontier Lift , Craft Building and Trading Post . 1986 Dick Kinzel becomes the President and CEO of Cedar Fair , L.P. after Robert Munger stepped down due to illness . Thunder Canyon opened . Sir Rub - A - Dub ’ s Tubs opened in Kiddy Kingdom . Dr . Gert Grizzly ’ s Office opened in a newly themed area in Berenstain Bear Country . Final season for Star Voyager ( Satellite Jets / Super Jets ) 1987 Cedar Fair , L.P. begins trading on the New York Stock Exchange . Iron Dragon opened . Monster relocated from Million Dollar Midway to an area near Gemini to accommodate Iron Dragon . Western Cruise relocated to Gemini Midway from Million Dollar Midway and renamed Paddlewheel Excursions to accommodate Iron Dragon . Hotel Breakers is named a National Historic Landmark . This was the final season for the bath house behind Kid Arthur ’ s Court . 1988 An off - season fire at Hotel Breakers caused $ 80,000 in damage . Soak City opened as $ 3.5 Million , 5 acre project . It consisted of 10 slides with heated water . A new bath house was built near Soak City . A Cedar Point carousel horse was featured on U.S. Postage stamps . 1989 Cedar Point opened for the 120th season . Magnum XL - 200 opened as the world ’ s tallest , fastest and steepest roller coaster . It was also the first roller coaster to top 200 feet . Avalanche Run at the end of the season was transformed into a new experience . 1990 Disaster Transport opened after transforming from Avalanche Run . Disaster Transport turned the bobsled coaster into an indoor dark ride . Avalanche Eatery was renamed Transport Refreshments . Sandcastle Suites opened with 96 suites . Soak City expanded to add more kid friendly attractions . This was the final season for the Trabant and for Pyramid Gifts . 1991 Mean Streak opens as the world ’ s tallest and fastest wooden roller coaster . It opened at 160 feet tall , goes 65 miles per hour and is over a mile long . A train crossing was added near Lusty Lil ’ s Palace . Breakwater Cafe opened . Park Plaza opened on the former site of Pyramid Gifts . This was the final season for the Sky Slide and Cedar Classic Miniature Golf . 1992 An expanded Berenstain Bear Country opens on the site of the former Sky Slide and Cedar Classic Miniature Golf . It included a Tree House , Spooky Old Tree , water play area , dinosaur bone dig up and a hallow log crawl through . Bear Country Railroad opened . Challenge Park opened near Magnum XL - 200 . It featured a small number of attractions . 4 × 4 ’ s opened in Kiddieland . Cedar Fair , L.P. announced the acquisition of Dorney Park in Allentown , PA . Cedar Point announced the world ’ s highest and fastest water ride for 1993 , Snake River Falls . Cedar Point also announced that it would open a Hardees on the corner of the Causeway and Fifth Street in Sandusky . Sandcastle Suites expanded with 91 additional suites . Cedar Point changes soft drink providers from Coke to Pepsi . Hotel Breakers is placed on the National Register of Historical Places . 1993 Cedar Point announced that Kiddieland would expand and be renamed Kiddy Kingdom . The area added a new bumper boat ride and a medieval theme . Snake River Falls opened as the world ’ s tallest , fastest and steepest water ride . Sir Bumpalot ’ s Boats opened . The Marina Steak house was renovated and renamed Boathouse Kiddieland Carousel was renamed Kiddy Kingdom Carousel . Monster was closed for the first portion of the season while the park awaited delivery of parts . Raptor was announced . This was the final season for the Mill Race and Taffy Box . 1994 Cedar Point celebrates it ’ s 125th season . Media Day was held for Raptor on May 6th and it opened to the public on the 7th . It opened as the world ’ s tallest and fastest inverted roller coaster . Raptor Photos opened . Midway Carousel was relocated to just inside the main gate to accommodate Raptor . Calypso relocated next to Blue Streak to accommodate Raptor . Turnpike Cars is reduced in size to accommodate Raptor . Trim brakes were installed on Mean Streak ’ s first drop . A portion of the Hotel Breakers is razed in preparation for a hotel expansion . This was the final season for the Frontier Carousel and Jungle Larry ’ s African Safari . Christmas in the Park was held for the first and only time . 1995 Cedar Fair , L . P . purchased Worlds of Fun , Kansas City , MO . The Cedar Point Summer Spectacular , a laser light and sound show debuts . The laser show is projected on a huge screen measuring 50 feet high by 72 feet wide . Soak City expanded to double it ’ s size with the addition of a new slide , lazy river and kids area . Cedar Point announced it ’ s plans for Banshee . Cedar Point confirms a week later that the new stand - up roller coaster will not be called Banshee , due to the connotation of the word ‘ banshee ’ but will be named Mantis . It was the final season for the Lunch Basket . Cedar Point launches it ’ s website www . cedarpoint . com 1996 Cedar Point announced that it purchased the Radisson Harbor Inn and T.G.I. Fridays . Mantis opened to the public as the world ’ s tallest , fastest and steepest stand - up roller coaster . RipCord opened in Challenge Park . Virtual Reality opened in the former Lunch Basket building . This was the final season for the Pirate Ride and the Chicken Patio . Cedar Point announced that Soak City would expand again . 1997 Hardee ’ s is renamed as Coasters Mid - Way Grill . Quarterdeck Arcade opened . New boats were installed on the Paddlewheel Excursions . Midway Market opened . Soak City ’ s newest expansion opened with a wave pool , slides , an adventure pool , a lazy river and a swim up refreshment center . Trim brakes were added to Mantis ’ first drop . Swan Boats opened . Plans were announced for Power Tower . Chaos opened . The first ever HalloWeekends was held . This was the final season for Oceana and for Safari Gifts . Cedar Point announced a 2 - year , $ 16,000,000 expansion to the Hotel Breakers . Cedar Fair , L.P. purchased Knott ’ s Berry Farm , Buena Park , CA . 1998 Power Tower opens as the world ’ s tallest drop ride . Frog Hopper opens . Safari Gifts was renovated and renamed Power Station . Sir Bumpalot ’ s Boats relocated from Kiddie Kingdom to the Gemini midway . Cedar Point announced Camp Snoopy will be built for the 1999 season . The new Hotel Breakers addition is named Breakers Tower . This was the final season for Berenstain Bear Country , Oceana Aquarium , Paddlewheel Cafe , and Sealand . 1999 Cedar Point opened for the 130th season . Breakers Tower , a 10 - story addition , opened with 230 rooms and suits including 17 Horizon Suites and 30 Peanuts themed Family rooms . The total number of rooms and suites at Breakers is no 650 . Cedar Point Grand Prix in Challenge Park was replaced by Triple Challenge Race Park . Oceana Stadium was renamed Cedar Point Aquatic Stadium . Coasters opens on the former site of Paddlewheel Cafe . Snoopy Boutique opens in the former indoor section of Berenstain Bear Country . Peanuts Playground opens on the former outdoor section of Berenstain Bear Country . Bear Country Railroad renamed Peanuts Express . TGI Friday ’ s opened on the Cedar Point Beach . Camp Snoopy opened . Charlie Brown ’ s Cookout opened . Woodstock Express opened . Camp Bus opened . Snoopy Bounce opened . Lolli Swings opened . Balloon Race opened . Tilt - a - Whirl opened . Camp Snoopy Photo opened . Peanuts 500 opened . Red Baron opened . Super Himalaya is relocated next to Power Tower to accommodate Camp Snoopy . Stadium Games opened . Sealand building is reopened as an arcade . Two year renovation of Cedar Point Marina began . Cedar Point announced the construction of Breakers Express . Cedar Point announced Millennium Force , a 310 - foot giga - coaster . Cedar Fair , L.P. announced the purchase of White Water Canyon in San Diego , CA . This was the final season for Kid Arthur ’ s Court as it was removed to make way for the new home of Giant Wheel . This was also the final season for Edison Learning Company and the former bath house building . 2000 Millennium Force opened as the world ’ s tallest , fastest , and steepest roller coaster . It was the first coaster in the world to exceed 300 feet in height . Breakers Express opens to the public with a 350 room capacity . Giant Wheel is relocated next to Disaster Transport to accommodate Millennium Force . Gemini Gifts is renamed Joe Cool ’ s Corner Store . The entrance to Mantis is relocated to the opposite side of the Cedar Point and Lake Erie Railroad . A climbing wall opens next to Dodgem I . This was the final season for Fascination . 2001 Lighthouse Point opens , featuring 50 cottages , 10 cabins and 59 luxury RV campsites . Johnny Rockets opens in the old Fascination location . Cedar Fair , L.P. announced plans to purchase Michigan ’ s Adventure in Muskegon , MI . VertiGo opens for it ’ s first and only season in Challenge Park . A lift cable on Millennium Force snaps during morning testing , the ride was down for several days . This was the final season for Dodgem I and Stadium Games . Construction begins on Wicked Twister . Stadium Games is razed . 2002 A 200 - foot section of one of VertiGo ’ s three towers collapses during the off - season . Cedar Point announces that VertiGo will be removed . Wicked Twister opened as the world ’ s tallest and fastest impulse roller coaster and is the world ’ s first double twist vertical coaster . Caves are removed from White Water Landing . Krispy Kreme doughnuts introduced . Roller Coaster track for Top Thrill Dragster was spotted on Perimeter Road near Mean Streak . This was the final season for Schwabinchen ( sold to Strickers Grove but never rebuilt ) , Power Station , Hats n ’ Such , Corkscrew Refreshments , and Quarterdeck Arcade . Lusty Lil ’ s Golden Palace was renamed Palace Theater . 2003 Cedar Point announced Top Thrill Dragster . Nearly 100 years after the Detroit Dredging Company dug the lagoons out , part of them were refilled to accommodate Top Thrill Dragster . Top Thrill Dragster opened . Speed Zone opens , replacing Power Station and Speed Freaks opens replacing Hats n ’ Such . Grandstand Refreshments opened . Dragster Photos opened . Corkscrew lawn reduced to make room for Grandstand Refreshments and new midway . Chaos relocated to Wicked Twister Midway on former site of Schwabinchen to accommodate Top Thrill Dragster . Troika relocated to Wicked Twister Midway near Space Spiral to accommodate Top Thrill Dragster . The ride also received new paint . WildCat received a new color scheme . Cedar Point celebrates Gemini ’ s 25th anniversary . Cedar Point announced a $ 10 million 2004 capital improvement plan which includes expansion of Lighthouse Point and the addition of Splash Zone at Soak City . Cedar Point announced Castaway Bay . This was the final season for Swan Boats , boat house , Silver Dollar Cafe , and Games of Skill . 2004 Cedar Point opens for it ’ s 135th season . Cedar Point announced Donut Time , Game Day Grille and Famous Dave ’ s Bar - B - Que . Splash Zone opens in Soak City . It included a Giant Splash Bucket . X - Treme Trampoline opens in Challenge Park . Lighthouse Point luxury camping complex expansion opens . Castaway Bay , indoor water park resort opens , after a $ 22 million investment . It includes a 38,000 sq . foot waterpark . Cedar Point announced maXair . 2005 maXair opened to the public . Games were relocated to the opposite side of Johnny Rockets to the Main Midway to accommodate maXair . This was the final season for White Water Landing and Fastpass . Demon Drop was put up for sale . 2006 Skyhawk opened this year . To accommodate Skyhawk , Snake River Falls ’ queue line was reworked . The lockers in that area were relocated next to the newly renovated bathrooms in the old Frontier Lift Station . The outside of the Town Hall Museum gets a face lift . Cedar Fair announced that is had acquired Kings Island , Kings Dominion , Carowinds , Great America , Gilroy Gardens in a management deal , and Canada ’ s Wonderland in a sale of the Paramount Park deal . 2007 Maverick opens on the former site of White Water Landing . It was determined before opening day that a Heart Line roll was causing too much stress on the trains so that element was replaced with an S - Curve . After retesting Maverick ended up opening on May 26th . The White Water Landing ’ s station was revamped to house the queue line and gift shop for Maverick . A 3 Point Shoot Out and a shooting gallery was added to Frontier Town . Frontier Inn is renovated and reopened as Chick - fil - a . Dastardly Dan ’ s and Coyote Cody ’ s are renovated and reopened as Panda Express . This was the final season for Peanuts Playground , Peanuts Express and X - Treme Trampoline . 2008 Planet Snoopy opens on the former site of Peanuts Playground . It added seven rides that were originally located at Geauga Lake . Sky Scraper ( formerly at Valleyfair ) opened in Challenge Park . Macaroni ’ s is renovated and reopens as Joe Cool Cafe , a Peanuts themed restaurant for kids . Inside Hotel Breakers , Dominics closed but reopened as Tomo Hibachi Japanese Sushi & Steak House . Subway opened next to Cedar Downs . Ben & Jerry ’ s was torn down and a new barn style / themed building was erected for Toft ’ s Ice Cream Parlor . Retractable seat belts were added to Blue Streak , Mean Streak and Corkscrew . Gemini celebrated it ’ s 30th anniversary while the Cedar Point and Lake Erie Railroad celebrated it ’ s 45th anniversary . All Wheels Extreme opened in the former Aquatica Stadium and is still to this day the longest running show in the park . 2009 Cedar Point celebrated it ’ s 140th season . The Starlight Experience in Frontiertown was introduced as a brand new themed lighted walkway along the Frontier Trail . This was the final season for Demon Drop as it was moved to Dorney Park before the 2010 season . 2010 Cedar Point added a new flume ride named after a past attraction , Shoot The Rapids . Shoot The Rapids was placed along the Frontier Trail . Due to unforeseen problems with the ride , Chaos is removed permanently . The backdrop of the ride is reused and the space is used for a 3 - Point Challenge Game . 2011 Ocean Motion was moved to the Main Midway near the front of the park in the former spot of Demon Drop . WindSeeker , a 30 - story - tall swing ride was unveiled at the park . It provided breathtaking views of Cedar Point , Lake Erie , and the Cedar Point Beach . Cedar Point announces the removal of Paddlewheel Excursions with a replacement of Dinosaurs Alive ! Dick Kinzel announces his retirement effective at the beginning of 2012 . 2012 Matt Ouimet is appointed as the President and CEO of Cedar Fair , L.P. after Dick Kinzel ’ s retirement . Cedar Point added Dinosaurs Alive ! , a walk through exhibit with 50 life - size animatronic dinosaurs . Soak City added a slide complex with a six - lane mat racer called Dragster H2O . The slides around Dragster H2O were repainted while the Speed Slides were taken out to accommodate the new complex . Cedar Point introduced Fast Lane , a version of a fast - pass system . WildCat was removed prior to opening day as Cedar Point decided to remove it for expansion of the new Celebration Plaza . The removal of WildCat was the first time a roller coaster was removed from the park since 1978 . Celebration Plaza was announced in March of this year with the addition of Luminosity – Ignite the Night ! , a new nighttime show . Cedar Point announced in the middle of July that Disaster Transport and Space Spiral were to be removed this year . In August , Cedar Point announced GateKeeper , the longest wing coaster in the world . Cedar Point also announced that a new main entrance would be constructed , replacing the current entrance . This new entrance was to feature two support columns that GateKeeper would fly through . Cedar Point also announced that it would invest $ 45 million – $ 60 million into it ’ s hotel resorts over the next three years . 2013 GateKeeper was opened ! The new entrance plaza was opened . Bumper Boats was retired Space Age and Rock , Spin and Turn were moved to Kiddy Kingdom . 2014 Pipe Scream opened Lake Erie Eagles opened SlingShot opened The Frog Hopper was renamed Woodstock ’ s Airmail and was relocated to Camp Snoopy . The Jr . Gemini entrance was moved to Camp Snoopy and renamed Wilderness Run . Cedar Point introduced the All Season Dining Plan . 2015 Mantis gets transformed into a floorless coaster , Rougarou ! The All Season Dining Plan now works at all Cedar Fair parks ! The TGI Friday ’ s near Castaway Bay will become a Quaker Steak & Lube restaurant in May 2015 . The Good Time Theatre is demolished for future expansion in the park . Hotel Breakers will have both interior and exterior renovations for a grand re - opening in 2015 . The rotunda in the historic breakers will feature a full - service Starbucks and Surf Lounge Bar ! There will also be two firepits outside facing Lake Erie . The Coral Courtyard will get a complete makeover and become the Lakeside Pavilion . Turnpike Cars has been removed for future park expansion . Calypso moves to the Wicked Twister Midway and is renamed Tiki Twirl . The Gazebo on the Wicked Twister Midway is demolished Krazy Kars moved from its former location in Kiddy Kingdom to the former site of the Gazebo on the Wicket Twister Midway . It has been renamed , “ Joe Cool ’ s Dodgem School . ” Sir Rub a Dub ’ s Tubs has been removed from the park . Dodgem moved from it ’ s former location near Luminosity to the former site of Sir Rub a Dub ’ s Tubs . Maverick will be getting brand new restraints that will be similar to the restraints on Intimidator 305 at Kings Dominion . 2016 Valravn was introduced as Cedar Point ’ s first dive coaster A new midway was introduced that connects Blue Streak to near where the Marina entrance is located The Marina entrance was redone The All Season Unlimited Drinks Cup was introduced Top Thrill Dragster and Raptor were repainted Chick Fil - A was removed from the park FunPix , which is a service offering unlimited pictures on roller coasters and throughout the park for one day or for the season , depending on what you purchase was introduced
|
[
"Cedar Point History"
] |
http://cpr-products.com/carbonfiber.html
|
SHOW ALL PRODUCTS 300 gsm Bi - Directional Carbon Fiber Fabric | More Detail Multi - purpose 0 / 90 degree fabric . More than twice the strength and versatility , yet thin and light enough for optimal bonding to vertical concrete . Available in 100 ' x 1 ' rolls and 8 ' x 1 ' straps . Carbon Weld 150 gsm | More Detail Install over stress cracks to keep them from widening . Available in packs of four 12 " x 24 " sheets . Click here to view the video Carbon Beam 150 gsm Available in 100 foot x 12 inch wide rolls . Used to reinforce bowing walls . Click here to view the video Heavy Duty Wall Angle Brace 0.25 " steel brace used in conjuction with Carbon Beam in order to eliminate wall movement and reinforcement . # 500 Bonding Epoxy Moisture insensitive epoxy that adds strength to concrete and affixes carbon fiber to walls . # 400 Structural Paste Low odor , non - sag , structural epoxy paste . # 400 has many structural applications , but is often used to fill cracks prior to carbon fiber overlay .
|
[
"CPR Products , Inc",
"Carbon Beam 35 / 150",
"Heavy Duty Wall Angle Brace"
] |
http://cprr.org/Museum/
|
Faster Exhibits Chinese FAQs Rights Permissions Homework Choose Another Page Red Peach Blue Yellow Black Gray White A light car drawn by a single horse gallops up to the front with its load of rails Two men seize the end of a rail and start forward the rest of the gang taking hold by twos until it is clear of the car They come forward at a run At the word of command the rail is dropped in its place right side up with care while the same process goes on at the other side of the car Less than thirty seconds to a rail for each gang and so four rails go down to the minute close behind the first gang come the gaugers spikers and bolters and a lively time they make of anvil chorus It is played in triple time 3 strokes to the spike There are 10 spikes to a rail 400 rails to a mile 1800 miles to San Francisco 21000000 times those sledges to be swung 21000000 times are they to come down with their sharp punctuation before the great work of modern America is complete Dr William Abraham Bell Newspaper 1866 Completion of the Pacific Railroad May 10 1869 Harpers Weekly engraving based on the Charles R Savage photograph Joining of the Rails May 10 1869 Promontory Utah Detail of Savage and Ottinger Stereoview Engineers shaking hands Chief Engineers for CPRR Samuel Skerry Montague and UPRR Grenville M Dodge Courtesy David Wood Also see the AJ Russell image The first transcontinental railroad was completed when the rails of the Union Pacific reaching westward from Omaha Nebraska and those of the Central Pacific Railroad reaching eastward from Sacramento California were joined completing the coasttocoast connection The telegraph signaled a waiting nation Purchase a poster showing the famous AJ Russell photograph To bring out the 3D effect move your cursor back and forth across the pictures edge Did you know that punched railroad tickets were the forerunners of computers Logo from CPRR Ticket Did you know that supermarket bar code labels were originally just extended dots and dashes of printed Morse code and the first practical use was to identify railroad boxcars At Sacramento The Central Pacific company had thirty locomotives gayly decked ranged on the city front and at the signal of a gun announcing the driving of the last spike on the road the locomotives opened a chorus of whistles and all the bells and steam whistles in the city joined CPRR Depot Sacramento California detail of A A Hart Stereograph with Steamer Chrysopolis Courtesy Dana Scanlon Collection Pacific Railroad Construction 18631869 The Last Spike by Thomas Hill detail in gold rear cover Timelines CPRRUPRR Transcontinental RR Completions CPRR Photography RRs RR Events US RRs West SF Chinese The Central Pacific began laying track eastward from Sacramento California in 1863 and the Union Pacific started laying track westward from Omaha Nebraska two years later in July 1865 To meet its manpower needs the Central Pacific hired thousands of Chinese laborers including many recruited from farms in Canton The crew had the formidable task of laying the track crossing Californias rugged Sierra Nevada mountain range and had to blast fifteen tunnels to accomplish this The crew of the Union Pacific which was composed largely of Irish immigrants and Civil War veterans had to contend with Indian attacks and the Rocky Mountains On May 10 1869 after completing 1776 miles 4814 feet 285966 km of new track the two rail lines met at Promontory Summit Utah Courtesy Martin Gregor and Bruce C Cooper RAILROAD BOOKS ONLINE Locomotive on Turntable detail of A A Hart Stereograph 139 2018 CPRRorg Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited By clicking any image or link I acknowledge that I have read and agree to the CPRRorg User Agreement Great great great grandpa Lewis Metzler Clement 18371914 was the First Assistant Chief Engineer later the Acting Chief Engineer and also was the Chief Locating Engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad As second in command of the most formidable engineering project of the 19th century Lewis M Clement was in charge of locating and constructing the first transcontinental railroad over Californias Sierra Nevada Mountains including blasting the Summit Tunnel through 1660 feet of solid granite using black power and building 40 miles of Snowsheds to keep the track clear during winter blizzards Tunnel No 15 Muybridge Stereoview Lewis Metzler Clement was the engineer in direct charge of the final location design and construction of the CPRR Division between Colfax and Truckee miles 75 to 120 by far the most difficult section of the entire Pacific Railroad which included Cape Horn the Sierra tunnels and the snowsheds The crews worked round the clock Then at one in the morning on May 3 1867 a great noisy crumbling took place at the east facing and light from torches in the west could be seen flickering through the dust The Summit had been pierced The Sierras had been bested young Lewis Clement the engineer in charge of Summit Tunnel strode into the now widened bore a week after the breakthrough surveyors instruments in hand With torchbearers stationed every few yards in the 1659foot bore Clement began his first series of observations in the damp and eerie tunnel During the his assistants had been measuring under conditions never taught about in engineering schools They had made their calculations under poor visibility on a wildly uneven tunnel floor plotting a bore not only divided into four distinct parts but one that had to gradually rise descend and curve as it penetrated from west to east the expected margin of error was large and if the various bores were seriously misaligned many months of expensive remedial work would have to be done delaying the Central Pacific Railroads progress east As Clement finished his measurements and worked out the geometric statistics at a rude desk A Great And Shining Road By Professor John Hoyt Williams In addition he had similar charge of the final 200 miles of the line across Nevada and Utah ending at Promontory Summit In February 1869 Clement was appointed as one of four members of the Special US Pacific Railroad Commission to inspect and approve the railroads location and construction and help to determine the very sticky issue of where the CPRR and UPRR would finally meet Once the line opened in 1869 Clement added the duties of CPRR Superintendent of Track a position he held until 1881 L M Clement went on to design and build also using Chinese laborers the Southern Pacific Railroad line from Sacramento to Los Angeles via the San Joaquin Valley and also worked on many urban and cable car lines Among his works in the area was the design of the cable car turntable at the foot of Market Street in San Francisco Leland Stanford also sought Clements help to set up the Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Departments at Stanford University Theodore D Judah Chief Engineer Watkins Portrait Daniel W Strong Found Sierra Route Logo from CPRR Bank Check Lewis M Clement First Assistant Chief Engineer Samuel S Montague Chief Engineer In an 1887 statement submitted to the US Pacific Railway Commission Lewis M Clement summarized the challenges and great obstacles both physical and financial which had to be overcome to build the CPRR At the beginning of the construction the company knowing the political and commercial necessities demanding the rapid completion of the railroad determined that nothing which was in their power to prevent should for a single day arrest its progress With this determination in view all energies were bent fully realizing the physical obstacles and financial difficulties to be overcome The financial difficulties were not lessened by the opinions circulated to the effect that the obstacles were insurmountable that the railroads then constructed in Europe were as bagatelles compared with the difficulties to be met in constructing the Central Pacific Railroad and failure was clearly written on the rocky sides of the cañons and the bold granite walls of the Sierra Nevada mountains Not only was it impossible to construct a railroad across the Sierras via Donner Pass but owing to the great depth of snow some years reaching an aggregate fall of nearly 50 feet would be impracticable to operate and if built must be closed to traffic in the winter months which would have been the case had not the road been protected at great cost by snow sheds Against these utterances from men of railroad experience the company had to battle in financial circles forcing them to show that they were not attempting an impossibility though always realizing the great difficulties Read about Transcontinental Railroad History INTRODUCTION Eastward to Promontory A Brief History of the CPRR Construction Riding the Transcontinental Rails Overland Travel on the Pacific Railroad Introduction The Story of the Central Pacific The Rise of the Big Four Huntington Stanford Crocker and Hopkins by W F Bailey The Pacific Monthly January 1908 Building the Central Pacific RailroadA Narrative History 14 The First Transcontinental Railroad Part 1 Part II by Elizabeth Gibson 5 American Experience Transcontinental Railroad 22 Explore Learn The Transcontinental Railroad 36 The Transcontinental Railroad The Pathway that United a Nation by Brendan Nee and Preston Theler Historical Overview Building a Road Financing Construction Post Construction Sources Courtesy UPRR Railroads Shipped by Sea by Wendell W Huffman Railroad History 1999 25 When Railroads Were New The First Transcontinental Railroad by CF Carter 1910 Railroad Maps of the United States by AM Modelski 1975 3 The Workmen of the Pacific Railway by John Sutton NPS 1978 Transcontinental Railroad Different Faces Behind The Work of the Age by Dawn Emord David Bushong 9 Steel Rails and Iron Horses Bureau of Land Management 1995 Virtual Field Trip Promontory Utah Golden Spike National Historic Site by Tom Allen Old Dominion University The West and the Railroads by Sidney Dillon 1891 1 History of California Book IV Ch VVI Pacific Railroads by Theodore Henry Hittell NJ Stone Co 1897 37 Building the Union Pacific Parts 1 2 3 4 5 20 People Asa Whitney 17911874 CPRR Theodore Judah 18261863 Big Five Leland Stanford 18241893 Collis P Huntington 18211900 Mark Hopkins 18131878 Charles Crocker 18221885 Edwin Bryant Crocker 18181875 UPRR Thomas Clark Durant 18201885 Oakes Ames 18041873 Grenville Dodge 18311916 Jack Casement 18291909 and Frances Jennings Casement 18401928 22 Railroads America 1927 The Last Spike is Driven Utah Historical Quarterly 371 Winter 1969 Epic of the Overland by Robert Lardin Fulton San Francisco A M Robertson 1924 Railroad Stories a Pinnacle Webs fiction anthology railroad literature of a past era President Abraham Lincolns Gettysburg Address Powerpoint Presentation 11191863 The History of the Universe in 200 Words or Less by Eric Schulman PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE 19th CENTURY and STEREOSCOPY The Railroad Photographs of Alfred A Hart Artist by Mead B Kibbey California State Library Foundation 1995 Alfred Hart Photographer of the Central Pacific Railroad by Glenn Willumson History of Photography 1988 Stereoviews of Carleton Watkins Courtesy of Steve Heselton The Great West Illustrated in a series of photographic views across the continent taken along the line of the Union Pacific Railroad west from Omaha Nebraska by AJ Russell 1869 35 Contributions to the Physiology of Vision Binocular Vision by Charles Wheatstone 1838 29 The Silver Sunbeam Photographic Collodion Albumen Stereography 1864 The Eye and the Camera Harpers Monthly September 1869 1 Nineteenth Century Photography Stereo and Albumen Prints Scovill 1888 Wet Plate Photography PBS The American Experience Oliver Wendell Holmes His pioneer Stereoscope and the later Industry by George E Hamilton Newcomen Society 1949 Double Exposure A Visual History of the Stereoscope by Del Phillips Albumen Photographs history science and preservation Stanford University The Albumen Salted Paper Book The History and Practice of Photographic Printing 18401895 by James M Reilly 1980 Alfred A Hart Biography from Mary Blessings essay Alfred A Hart Frontier Photographer 1979 24 Stereo Photography by Fritz G Waack 1985 29 Photographs from the 19th Century A Process Identification Guide by William E Leyshon 2001 NATIONAL STEREOSCOPIC ASSOCIATION STEREO WORLD Alfred A Hart and the Illustrated Travelers Map of the Central Pacific Railroad by Peter E Palmquist 1980 Review of Alfred A Hart Photographer of the Transcontinental Railroad Thesis by Glenn G Willumson 1984 JJ Reilly Photographer Views of American Scenery by Paul Hickman and Peter Palmquist 1985 Carbutt and the Union Pacifics Grand Excursion to the 100th Meridian by William Brey 1980 Carleton E Watkins by Eric Hill 1977 Charles Weitfle Colorado Entrepreneur by Thomas Waldsmith 1978 PLANS FOR A RAILROAD TO THE PACIFIC Something New by SW Dexter The Ann Arbor Emigrant Washtenaw County Michigan February 8 1832 Courtesy Larry Mullaly Dr Hartwell Carvers Proposal to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean Memorial of Asa Whitney Praying for a Grant of Land to Enable Him to Construct a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean 1848 RailRoad to the Pacific The United States Democratic Review 1848 1 Memorial of the Legislature of Missouri to Congress on the Central Pacific Railroad 1849 Memorial of the Memphis Convention House of Representatives Committee on Naval Affairs 1850 Memorial of Robert Mills Proposing a Plan for a Railroad and Telegraphic Communication with the Pacific Ocean US Senate 1852 The Pacific Railroad and How it is to be Built Putnams Magazine November 1853 1 Report of the House Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph 1856 A Practical Plan for Building the Pacific Railroad By TD Judah 1857 Courtesy Virtual Museum of San Francisco The Origin of the Idea for a Pacific Railroad Overland Journey from New York to San Francisco Ch 34 Railroad to the Pacific by Horace Greeley 1859 Courtesy The Yosemite Web Summary 21 Pacific Railroad Convention San Francisco February 1860 Extract of minutes Abraham Lincoln Papers 3 An Act to Incorporate the Peoples Pacific Railroad Company of the State of Maine March 1860 Railroad Communication with the Pacific Central Pacific Railroad The Galaxy 48 1867 1 The Policy of Extending Government Aid to Additional Railroads to the Pacific by Guaranteeing Interest on their Bonds Report of the Majority of the Senate Committee on Pacific Railroad 1869 EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS c 1853 Westward Expansion Railroad Surveys National Park Service 18 Pacific Railroad Survey Reports Twelve Volumes Online 1 3 18531854 Pacific Railroad Surveys by Jack Petree IngersollRand Official Explorations for Pacific Railroads 18531855 By George Leslie Albright 1921 Jefferson Davis George McClellan the Pacific RR Explorations Surveys War Dept Instructions 1853 Report to the President Secretary of War 1854 From the Library of T D Judah An Expedition to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah by Capt Howard Stansbury US Army Corps of Topographical Engineers Philadelphia Lippincott Grambo and Co 1855 1 1852 1 Biography Geographical Memoir Upon Upper California in Illustration of his Map of Oregon and California by John Charles Frémont 1849 Col Fremonts Exploration of the Central Railroad Route to the Pacific 1854 A Report Relative to Captain Gunnisons Survey c War Department 1854 Report of Explorations Across the Great Basin on the Territory of Utah by James H Simpson 1859 1 Steel Engravings Lithographed Maps 41st Parallel Utah Nevada and California 1861 Reports of explorations and surveys to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean United States War Dept 1855 3 Pacific RR Surveys Beckwith Report UtahNevadaCalifornia 1854 The Great Reconnaissance Later Western Surveys National Park Service 18 THE ENGINEERS Lewis Metzler Clement A Pioneer of the Central Pacific Railroad Lewis M Clements Statement to the US Pacific Railway Commission 1887 Samuel Skerry Montague 18301883 CPRR Chief Engineer 12 Diary of Stephen Allen Curry 18641865 13 Theodore Dehone Judah M Am Soc C E Died November 2D 1863 Trans Am Soc Civil Engineers nd 30 36 Theodore Dehone JudahRailroad Pioneer by John D Galloway Civil Engineering 1941 Courtesy ASCE A Sketch of the Life of Theodore D Judah by Carl I Wheat California Historical Society Quarterly 1925 13 In Memoriam Theodore D Judah CPRR Chief Engineer Died November 2 1863 Grenville Mullen Dodge 18311916 UPRR Chief Engineer 23 Portraits CPRR Biographical Notes from the Lynn D Farrar Collection THE FIRST TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD by civil engineer John Debo Galloway Builders of the Central Pacific Railroad Lewis M Clement Locating the Central Pacific Railroad Constructing the Central Pacific Railroad NPS HISTORICAL HANDBOOK GOLDEN SPIKE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE by RM Utley FA Ketterson Jr 1969 18 Cover Contents Origin of the Pacific Railroad Early Sentiment Organization of the Central Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 Organization of the Union Pacific Railroad Act of 1864 Building the Pacific Railroad The Builders The Construction Companies Methods of Construction Progress of the Central Pacific Progress of the Union Pacific The Dash to Promontory The Great Railroad Race Climbing the Promontory The Last Month Driving the Last Spike Promontory After May 10 1869 Significance of the Pacific Railroad LEGISLATION LITIGATION Pacific Railroad Acts 1862 1864 1874 Pacific Telegraph Act of 1860 The General Railroad Law of California enacted May 20 1861 Land Grants and Mineral Rights under the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 General Land Office 1862 California Supreme Court California Pacific Railroad Company v Central Pacific Railroad Company of California 1870 37 In Re Sinking Fund Cases UPRR Company v US CPRR Company v Gallatin US Supreme Court 99 US 700 1878 Pacific Railroad Officially Completed on November 6 1869 US Supreme Court 99 US 402 1879 The Separation unmerger of the Central Pacific and Southern Pacific Railroads by Fred G Athearn Esq UPRR 1922 PACIFIC RAILROAD CONSTRUCTION INCLUDING 19th CENTURY ACCOUNTS Building the Central Pacific Rail Road of California18631869 from The Governor The Life and Legacy of Leland Stanford A California Colossus by Norman E Tutorow PhD Ch 6 pp 213303 2004 Chapter Contents Courtesy NE Tutorow and The Arthur H Clark Company The First Rail Laid Sacramento Daily Union October 27 1863 CPRR Report of George E Gray upon the Constructed Road and the Located Route made July 31 1865 California Newspaper Articles 18651866 The Big Four and the Dutch Flat swindle by Mark McLaughlin Sierra Sun July 29 2004 The Central Pacific Railroad Debows Review 44383384 Oct 1867 1 Autobiography of James Abram Kleiser 1818 1906 Manuscript 1885 Courtesy Harry A Kleiser the Cloverdale Historical Society Barker Collection Their Man in Omaha UPRR Letters 18661871 edited by D Weber B Combs and D Snoddy Book excerpt Newspaper account of Going to the Front August 1868 Nitroglycerine and the Central Pacific Terrible Explosion in San Francisco by G J Graves Newspaper Accounts of Track Laying 18 Battling blazes on the Central Pacific Railroad Truckee roundhouse fire March 29 1869 by By Gordon Richards Sierra Sun April 8 2005 Tunnels of the Pacific Railroad Van Nostrands Eclectic Engineering Magazine 1870 The Story of the First Transcontinental Railroad Its Projectors Construction and History by William Francis Bailey Pittsburgh Printing Co 1906 37 A Railroad Record That Defies Defeat How Central Pacific laid ten miles of track in one day back in 1869 by Erle Heath Southern Pacific Bulletin 1928 Tracklaying Record of the Central Pacific by Days 18681869 by Lynn D Farrar Reminiscenses of Alexander Toponce Autobiography c 1919 Utah construction on Promontory Summit accounts from newspaper articles 1869 Notes courtesy of Robert L Spude PhD NPS Dates CPRR Opened for Traffic Data from ICC Report 1916 The Building of the Iron Road Overland Monthly May 1869 The Pacific Railroad Unopen Overland Monthly September 1869 Magnificent Celebrations Universal Rejoicing Enthusiasm and Jubilee May 9 1869 Joining the Rails East West New York Times May 10 1869 Pacific Railroad The Last Spike New York Times May 11 1869 The Pacific RR Finished Salt Lake Daily Telegraph May 11 1869 18 San Francisco News Letter and California Advertiser Describing the second gold spike May 1869 Grand Railroad Celebration in Honor of the Completion of the National Railway Across the Continent 1869 Courtesy California State Library The Completion of the Pacific Railroad Harpers New Monthly Magazine July 1869 pp 292295 1 The Last Tieby Dr JDB Stillman Overland Monthly July 1869 1 18 Tents at Promontory May 10 1869 by Paul L Hedren 18 Promontory Summit May 10 1869 by Robert L Spude 2005 18 David Lemon Old Timer Fired Engine at Golden Spike Driving May 10 1869 Union Pacific Magazine 1924 Eye Witness Tells of Last Spike Driving by Erle Heath Southern Pacific Bulletin May 1926 The Last Spikes 18 The Railroads Are Coming 18601873 chapter ten of Vanished Waters A History of San Franciscos Mission Bay by Nancy J Olmsted Beyond the Mississippi by Albert D Richardson 1869 Where to Emigrate and Why by Frederick R Goddard 1869 Our First Century Completion of the Pacific Railroad The Pacific Railroad by Henry V Poor The North American Review 128271664681 June 1879 1 The Last Spike A Painting by Thomas Hill 1881 Description by the Artist The Last Spike Part 1 January 29 1881 Part 2 and Hills Last SpikeHistorical InaccuraciesHumors and Minor Incidents February 5 1881 San Francisco News Letter and California Advertiser 34 Historic Moments Driving the Last Spike Scribners Magazine August 1892 1 CPRR Depot in Sacramento Newspaper articles 18791880 Railroad Reorganization Union Pacific By Stuart Daggett PhD Harvard Economic Studies 1908 How We Built the Union Pacific Railway by Grenville Mellen Dodge Chief Enginer c 1910 The Lucin CutOff by Frederick M Huchel History of Box Elder County Utah 26 The Railroad Builders by John Moody 1919 Chapter VI Linking the Oceans The Way Pioneer Builders Met Difficulties by J O Wilder Southern Pacific Bulletin November 1920 From Trail to Rail A History of the Southern Pacific Company Southern Pacific Bulletin 19261928 The Frontier Index Newspaper Chronicle of a World on Wheels by Scott B Eckberg 18 Henry Root Surveyor Engineer Personal History and Reminiscences 1921 SeventyFive Years of Progress An Historical Sketch of the Southern Pacific 18691944 by Erle Heath The Sacramento General Shops Southern Pacific Company Pacific Lines by DL Joslyn 1948 The Sacramento Locomotive Works of the Central Pacific and Southern Pacific Railroads 18641999 by Gordon Chappell CRM 10 1999 Driving the Last Spike at Promontory 1869 by J N Bowman 1957 13 Comments Rendezvous at Promontorry A New Look at the Golden Spike Ceremony by Michael W Johnson UP Locomotive 119 CP 60 Jupiter at Promontory Summit Utah May 10 1869 by Roy E Appleman 1966 18 Utahs Role in the Pacific Railroad by John J Stewart 1969 Mormons and the Transcontinental Railroad by Bill Bingham 18 Ogden Rails Ogden Union Railway Depot Company by Don Strack 1997 31 Ogden Rails Central Pacific and Southern Pacific by Don Strack 19972002 Building Materials on the Pacific Railway by John Sutton 18 Railroad Construction Scene by John Sutton 18 Central Pacific Railroad Elevations Railroad Waterworks at Argenta Nevada by James DAngelo Nevada Archaeologist 1993 Courtesy of the author The Central Pacific Railroad and the Legend of Cape Horn by Edson T Strobridge 2001 6 Another Theory or Myth on Cape Horn April 19 2004 Overland Route Stations and Mileage Introduction 18661903 SacramentoReno 18661903 RenoOgden 19041996 SacramentoReno 19041996 RenoOgden Sources by Lynn D Farrar Station Book Southern Pacific System List of Officers Agencies and Stations 1899 Courtesy Lynn D Farrar PACIFIC RAILROAD TRAVEL 19th CENTURY ACCOUNTS Our Pacific Railroads Atlantic Monthly December 1867 1 Central Pacific Railroad Debows Review 1867 1 Incidents af a Trip Through The Great Platte Valley To The Rocky Mountains And Laramie Plains by Silas Seymour 1867 33 Personal Diary Account by Capt John Charles Currier of the 21st US Infantry at Promontory on May 10 1869 18 Across the Continent George M Pullman Excursion June 18 1869 letter to The New York Times Through to the Pacific by Albert D Richardson New York Tribune MayJune 1869 The Pacific Railroad Open How to Go What to See Samuel Bowles 1869 Our New West Records of Travel between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean Samuel Bowles 1869 3 TransContinental 1870 Excursion Onboard Newspaper Transcontinental Excursion of Railroad Agents 1870 History of the Promontory Area 18 Roughing It Mark Twain 1871 3 10 Index to railroad passages Map Papers Gretchen Schafers 1871 Diary Travel on the Transcontinental Railroad California How to Go There and What to See by the Way Harpers Monthly May 1872 California For Health Pleasure and Residence A Book for Travellers and Settlers Charles Nordhoff 1872 The Most Eventful Journey in the History of Railroading 36day blizzardfilled transcontinental adventure Walter Scott Fitz letter 1872 A Few Hints on the California Journey by Susan Coolidge Scribners Monthly May 1873 Pacific Railroad Travelers Letter San Francisco California William Smith 1875 Californian Overland Railways Overland Monthly January 1875 1 Pleasure of Overland TravelPalace Car Life on the Pacific Railroad from Williams Pacific Tourist 1876 1 Emigrant Womans First Person Account of Travel on the Transcontinental Railroad Letter 1877 The Transcontinental Tourist The Writings and Travels of Miriam F Leslie 1877 18 Across the Continent Frank Leslies Illustrated Newspaper February 9 1878 Between the Gates by Benjamin F Taylor 1878 A Few Hints To Overland Travelers from The Illustrated Railroad Guide of the Union and Central Pacific Railroads Adams 1879 Robert Louis Stevensons 1879 transcontinental railroad trip Across the Plains 11 iTunes audio Stanford Faculty lecture by David M Kennedy The Railroad A Stanford Romance Daily Notes of a Tour across the Continent 1883 The 1883 Emigrant Train From the journals of Per Gustav Nancy Leanore Vaughn Hindorff Transcribed by Teddie Anne Driggs Transcontinental Railways Harpers Monthly November 1883 1 Passenger Travel and Rest Stops by John Sutton 18 Bits of Travel at Home 1887 From Chicago to Ogden From Ogden to San Francisco SAN FRANCISCO THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD City Views of 19th Century San Francisco Photographs and Stereoviews Historical Souvenir of San Francisco Cal View Book by C P Heininger San Francisco Cal c 1887 Pacific Railroad Bond City and County of San Francisco 1865 San Francisco Bay Area Railroad Map Rand McNally c 1878 Map of Railroads from San Francisco to Sacramento from the Specimen Book of Electrotypes 1885 Guide Map of the Rail and Stage Routes to the Yosemite Big Trees and the Geysers from the Specimen Book of Electrotypes 1885 Map of Oakland California including the CPRR Long Wharf from the Specimen Book of Electrotypes 1885 Engraving of View on S P R R from the Specimen Book of Electrotypes 1885 Market Street Railway Map of San Francisco including cable cars 1943 Souvenir of the Palace Hotel An Illustrated Booklet published by the Palace Hotel San Francisco c 1895 Autograph Letter Signed on Palace Hotel Stationary by Sen Aaron A Sargent1884 CPRR San Francisco to Reno Round Trip Excursion Ticket 1881 Market Street Railway Company Stock Certificate A Few Hints on the California Journey by Susan Coolidge Scribners Monthly May 1873 Panoramic View of The Golden Gate Fort Point and San Francisco Bay as seen from Lands End near Sutro Heights c 1895 STEAMERS OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY THE SACRAMENTO RIVER California Steam Navigation Co Sacramento River Steamers Chrysopolis and Yosemite Central Pacific and Leased Railroads Locomotives Cars Steamers and Barges 1878 The Railroad Ferry Steamer Solano by Robert L Harris Trans Am Soc Civil Engineers 1890 Modeling the Worlds Largest Ferry Boat the CPRR Solano Courtesy Thomas Rubarth Model of the Worlds Largest Ferry Boat the CPRR Solano by T Rubarth W Rubarth and J Turner 2003 Steamer Highway Route Map Connections to Steamers Ticket Agencies Schedule of Service Rates of Fares and Accomodations 1932 SONGS MUSIC POEMS Passage to India from Leaves of Grass Poem by Walt Whitman What the Engines Said Opening of the Pacific Railroad Poem by Francis Bret Harte 1869 Gungls railroad galop as played by Willis Band at the Mechanics Industrial Fair Score 1869 Courtesy Sacramento Archives and Museum Collection Center I will go West Song by J P Barrett 1875 3 Song Sheet American Popular Music before 1900 Railroad Lesson Plan The Railroad Galop by Joseph Gungl Sacramento 1869 Sound Recording The Age of Progress Poem 1860 3 Railroads in California Sheet Music Silver Palace Car Transcontinental Railroad Sheet Music Cover 1868 RAILROAD TIMETABLES TRAVEL GUIDES SCHEDULES VIEW BOOKS Railway Travel Guides and the Pacific Railroad Pacific Coast Railroad Gazetteer HS Crocker Co Sacramento May 1870 Nelsons Pictorial GuideBooks Central Pacific Railroad 1871 Travelers Official Railway Guide for the United States and Canada June 1870 Nelsons Pictorial Guide Books Scenery of the Union Pacific Railroad 1871 Nelsons Pictorial GuideBooks The Yosemite Valley and The Mammoth Trees and Geysers of California c 1871 The Union Pacific Railroad A Trip Across the North American Continent from Omaha to Ogden Nelsons Pictorial GuideBooks 1871 33 Crofutts TransContinental Tourists Guide by George A Crofutt 1871 33 Crofutts TransContinental Tourists Guide by George A Crofutt 1872 How to Go West Horton Leonard Railroad Printers Chicago 1872 The Atlantic to the Pacific What to See and How to See It by John Erastus Lester 1873 Courtesy The Yosemite Web Chicago Rock Island Pacific Railroad Timetable c 1873 Williams Pacific Tourist 1876 1 CPRR CA NV UT UPRR UT WY NE 16 CPRR Sacramento to Newcastle Timetable 1864 Central Pacific Railroad Schedule with Timetable and Route Map 1869 14 Central Pacific Railroad Timetable Map May 1869 30 36 Union Pacific Railroad Timetable Map 1869 30 36 Courtesy CSRM CPRRUPRR Timetables from the Travelers Official Railway Guide for the United States and Canada October 1878 Courtesy Douglas van Veelen Great Overland Route via Central Pacific Western Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad Timetable May 1870 30 36 Central Pacific RR Union Pacific RR Timetable May 1879 30 36 CPRRSPRR Timetables from the Travellers Official Guide of the Railway and Steam Navigation Lines in the United States and Canada 1880 pp 180181 30 36 CPRRUPRR Overland Route Timetable Transcontinental Railroad Map 1881 Central Pacific Railroad Timetable Travellers Guide May 15 1882 Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad Timetable 1882 with fare schedule and route map Souvenir of Pennsylvania Railroad Sceneries Pacific Coast Souvenir View Book by ES Denison Oakland California 1888 The Overland Trail From The Golden Gate to The Great Salt Lake Along the Southern Pacific The Road of a Thousand Wonders The Official Guide of the Railways 1910 The Official Guide of the Railways 1921 New The Official Guide of Railways for 1868 1870 1877 1878 1881 1889 1891 and 1895 on DVD courtesy of David Hensley Jr Tap Lines SPRR Station List 1889 Southern Pacific Lines Overland Route Time Tables Pullman Rates December 1945 GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS REPORTS State of Railroads including the Prospects for a Pacific Railroad Seventh US Census 1852 Annual Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office to the Secretary of the Interior 1861 Abstract from the 1862 Annual Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office to the Secretary of the Interior relating to Government Land Grants made under the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 First CPRR Annual Report with Theodore D Judahs Chief Engineers Report 1863 Executive Order Fixing the Point of Commencement of the Pacific Railroad at Council Bluffs Iowa 1864 Report of Board Convened to Determine on a Standard for Construction of the Pacific Railroad Interior Department 1866 US Commissioners Reports Sacramento to Promontory 1864 1869 Courtesy of Lynn D Farrar Report of the Special Commissioners upon the Central Pacific Railroad February 27 1869 Also as Credit Mobilier Congressional testimony of C P Huntington 1873 Condition of the Union Pacific Railroad 1869 Report of the Survey of the Central and Union Pacific Railways 1877 Report of the Government Directors of the Union Pacific Railroad for the Year Ending June 30 1877 Transcontinental Railroads History of Construction Commissioner of Railroads 1883 Report on Transcontinental Railways Secretary of War 1883 Lease of Central Pacific Railroad Company to Southern Pacific Company Original Lease February 17 1885 modifications Legislative History of the First Transcontinental Railroad from the Congressional Globe 3 Report of the United States Pacific Railway Commission 1887 37 Volume I II III IV V VI VII VIII Index IX Historic American Engineering Record CPRR National Park Service c 1998 3 Historic American Engineering Record Southern Pacific Company Sacramento Shops Cultural Landscape Report Golden Spike National Historic Site by C Homstad J Caywood and P Nelson NPS 16 2000 18 Promontory Map The Unheralded Resources of Golden Spike National Historic Site by AB Anderson R Wilson CRM 10 1999 pp1214 18 CPRR UPRR REPORTS ByLaws of the Central Pacific Railroad Company of California Incorporated June 28 1861 Report of the Chief Engineer on the preliminary survey cost of construction and estimated revenue of the Central Pacific Railroad of California across the Sierra Nevada Mountains from Sacramento to the eastern boundary of California October 22 1862 CPRR Annual Reports 18631866 Routes Explored Surveys T D Judah et al 18631868 Also see Judahs Survey Map 14 Central Pacific Railroad Company November 30 1864 Resolutions Abraham Lincoln Papers 3 Pacific Railroad Speech of Hon Leland Stanford in the Constitutional Convention of Nevada 1864 The Pacific Railroad A Defense Against its Enemies with Report to San Francisco 1864 Report of Receipts and Expenses and Estimated Revenue CPRR 1865 Statement made to Senate Committee of the Nevada Legislature CPRR 1865 Central Pacific Railroad Statement Made to the President of the United States and Secretary of the Interior on the Progress of the Work October 10th 1865 HS Crocker Co Printers 92 J Street Sacramento Courtesy Sacramento Archives and Museum Collection Center Report of the Chief Engineer upon Recent Surveys and Progress of Construction of the Central Pacific Railroad of California December 1865 Courtesy LD Farrar A Statement Made by the Central Pacific Railroad of California for the Consideration of Capitalists by CP Huntington 1865 First Mortgage Bonds of the CPRR Business Prospects Fisk Hatch NY 1867 Railroad Communication Across the Continent CPRR Bond Prospectus 1868 Progress of the Union Pacific Railroad West from Omaha Nebraska Across the Continent 1868 1 Manual of the Railroad of the United States UPRRCPRR by Henry V Poor 1868 Courtesy Douglas van Veelen UPRR Annual Report 1869 reporting joining of the rails 2 Guide to the Union Pacific Railroad Lands Union Pacific Railroad Company 1870 33 Report to the Stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad 1871 Rail Cars UPRR Locomotives To the Bondholders of the Central and Western Pacific Railroad Companies Fisk Hatch Bankers 1871 37 Manual of Railroads of the United States for 187374 by Henry V Poor with CPRR Status Dec 1872 Rules and Regulations to be Observed by the Locomotive Engineers in the Employ of the Central Pacific Railroad Company 1874 30 36 Union Pacific Railroad Annual Report 1876 Passengers Carried Freight Map Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the Central Pacific Railroad Co to the Stockholders For the Year ending December 31st 1878 Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the Central Pacific Railroad Co to the Stockholders For the Year ending December 31st 1883 Annual Report of the Directors of the Union Pacific Railway Company to the Stockholders For the Year ending December 31st 1883 37 CPRR Rules for the Government of the Baggage Department 1883 30 36 Central Pacific Railroad and Leased Lines Official List of Officers Stations Agents Table of Distances Etc Etc General Auditors Office San Francisco 1884 HS Crocker Co 30 Courtesy S acramento History Online MANUSCRIPTS FROM THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Executive order setting the gauge of track on Pacific railroad 1863 2 UPRRs letter of acceptance to the Pacific Railroad Act of 1863 2 Executive order appointing directors of the Union Pacific Railroad 1864 2 Executive order appointing commissioners to examine the UPRR 1864 2 Executive order appointing directors of the Union Pacific Railroad 1864 2 Letter from Thomas Durant asking for approval of location for the first 100 miles of UP track 1864 2 Report from the Commissioners of the Pacific Railroad Commission January 1869 2 Report of the Engineers Office CPRR July 1869 2 Statement of Operations of the Chief Engineer UPRR 1869 2 Annual report of Central Pacific Railroad to stockholders July 1869 2 UPRR Annual Report 1869 announcing the connection of its rails with those of CPRR 2 Annual report of the Union Pacific Railroad sent to Secretary of Interior September 1869 2 Index to The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress Pacific Railroad 3 Abraham Lincoln signature courtesy of Annual Report of Central Pacific Railroad to the Secretary of Interior December 1869 2 CHINESE RAILROAD WORKERS Chinese Contribution to the First Transcontinental Railroad A History of the Chinese in California The Railroads Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific Utah Historical Quarterly 1969 Chinese by the Numbers Chapter 4 from Nameless Builders of the Transcontinental Railroad by William F Chew 2004 Courtesy of the author Fusang The Chinese Who Built America The Chinese Railroad Men California A Book for Travellers and Settlers by Charles Nordhoff 1873 The Chinese at Promontory Utah April 30 May 10 1869 by Edson T Strobridge Report of the Joint Special Committee to Investigate Chinese Immigration US Senate 1877 Chinese Immigration The Social Moral and Political Effect of Chinese Immigration Senate Testimony by Creed Haymond c 1876 37 CPRR The Workmen of the Pacific Railway by John Sutton 18 Chinese Laborers In The West 17 Cathay in Eldorado The Chinese in California Keepsake Series 1972 CPRR Courtesy The Book Club Of California The Chinese in Winnemucca Nevada by JP Marden The Chinese in America Transcontinental Railroad by Iris Chang 2003 The First Railway in China Engineering News and American Railway Journal 1896 WILD WEST Train Robbery Outside Verdi Nevada November 4 1870 OVERLAND TRAVEL SETTLEMENT BEFORE THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD The First Emigrant Wagon Train to California 1841 The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine 411 1890 Gazetteer California Travel via Nicaragua Panama Cape Horn Overland by John Hayward 1851 Gazetteer A Physical Political Economic Description of the Utah Territory and Salt Lake City by John Hayward 1851 The Travellers and Tourists Guide Through the United States of America Canada Etc by Wellington Williams 1851 Horns Overland Guide from Council Bluffs Iowa to Sacramento California 1852 The Prairie Traveler A Handbook for Overland Expeditions Capt Marcy 1859 Riding the Overland Stage Mark Twain 1861 4 Dutch Flat Donner Lake Toll Wagon Road 1864 by Jack E Duncan Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Wagon Road Co toll house report Courtesy Sacramento Archives and Museum Collection Center Crossing the Plains Diary of Sarah Raymond 1865 4 Trails of Hope Overland Diaries and Letters 18461869 Utah Academic Library Consortium Search Across the Continent by Overland Stage Schuyler Colfax April 18 1865 Letter 3 GENERAL RAILROAD TOPICS Catechism of the Locomotive by M N Forney Railroad Gazette 1875 1 Railroad History Online Guide to 19th Century and Scholarly Sources by Richard Jensen The Transfer of Pioneering British Railroad Technology to North America by Frederick C Gamst What the Railroad Will Bring Us Overland Monthly 1868 1 The Future of American Railways Atlantic Monthly 1860 1 The History of the First Locomotives In America by William H Brown 1871 Railroad articles from Scribners Magazine 18881889 Buyers Guide and Mechanics Manual for the use of Railway Officials 1874 The Comparative Merits of Iron Steel Rails London Quarterly Review July 1866 Effect of Railroads on the Weather Credit Where Credit is Due Boston Traveller 1869 List of Rail Mills from the Directory of the Iron and Steel Works of the United States American Iron and Steel Institute 1876 Reminiscences of a Veteran Conductor Forty Years On The Rail by Charles B George 1887 37 Broken Rail 1892 The Evolution of the American Locomotive Part 1 Part II Part III by Herbert T Walker 1897 8 Railroad Story Book A Thousand Miles by Rail McLoughlin Bros New York 1907 Childrens Book Juvenile How a Baldwin Locomotive is Built The Railroad Mans Magazine c 1907 15 Railroad Fiction A Thrilling Tale Running a Time Table A Brakemans Story 1873 Favorite Railroad Fiction The Night Operator by Frank L Packard 1919 RELATED RAILROAD HISTORY Protection of Trains on the Overland Route War Department 1867 Behind the Scenes in Washington the Crédit Mobilier Investigation by EW Martin 1873 Observations on the Report of the Committee of the Senate of the United States Respecting the Credit Mobilier of America by JW Patterson 1873 The Railroads and the Centennial Exhibition of 1876 Information for Travelers by Rail 1876 The Future of California Railroads San Francisco News Letter and California Advertiser January 31 1880 34 The Sacramento Locomotive Works of the Central Pacific and Southern Pacific Railroads 18641999 18 Statement of the Workings of the Railroad Hospital at Sacramento Cal 1883 Courtesy CSRM Sechrists Official Railway Equipment Register CPRR UPRR June 1885 Marvels of the New West Railroads Over Mountains by William M Thayer 1887 8 Extracts from the Report of the US Pacific Railway Commission 1888 By Robt E Pattison The Octopus by Frank Norris 1901 27 Californians resentment of the Southern Pacific Railroad The Building of the Central Pacific Railroad by A J Wells from A History of the New California Its Resources and People 1905 Courtesy USGenNet A Surviving Shortline Contemporary of the CPRR The Belfast Moosehead Lake Railroad by Bruce C Cooper Corporate Family Tree for the Union Pacific Railroad including the Southern Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads Refunding of the Pacific Railroad Debts to the US Government Congressman James G Maguire 1895 Pacific Railroad Debts by John T Doyle 1896 David Hewes An Autobiography Chapter from Lieutenant Joshua Hewes A New England Pioneer and Some of His Descendants by Eben Putnam 1913 The Man Who Gave the Golden Spike David Hewes By Robin Lampson 1969 California Men and Events 17691890 by George H Tinkham 1915 32 Chinese Railroad Age The Winning of the West Chapter 4 from The Robber Barons by Matthew Josephson 1934 Orphan Train Movement A history of the Orphan Trains Era in American History by Mary Ellen Johnson OTHSA Inc The Old Central Pacific Hospital By J Roy Jones MD Fifty Years at the Throttle by Earl Heath Southern Pacific Bulletin 1926 The Case of the Stranded Streamliner The rescue of SPs snowbound City of San Franciscoat Yuba Pass January 1319 1952 by Howard W Bull Trains Travel Vol 13 3 January 1953 Windows on history From glaciers to fire Truckee Histsory by Gordon Richards Sierra Sun 2004 All Aboard The Role of the Railroads in Protecting Promoting and Selling Yellowstone and Yosemite National Parks Masters Thesis Univ Virginia POSTAL HISTORY Postal History of the First Transcontinental Railroad by Bruce C Cooper By Train and by Stagecoach Transporting the Mail along the Transcontinental Railroad by JW Milgram Courtesy The American Philatelist 2003 MODERN ARTICLES Today News Stories about the Transcontinental Railroad Current News Headlines from Google News Making Tracks Big Railroads Race to Cross US Again Wall Street Journal 12282004 Encyclopedia of Western Railroad History Central Pacific Railroad by Donald B Robertson The Golden Spike is Missing by Robin Lampson The Pacific Historian 1970 Courtesy University of the Pacific The Last Gold Spikes at Promontory Utah May 10 1869 by Edson T Strobridge 2005 Snowball Express Brings First of Winter Tourists by Mark McLaughlin Sierra Sun 2005 Directory of Published Photographs of Central Pacific Railroad Locomotives from data gathered by Eugene Lewis 25 J B Silvis the Union Pacifics Nomadic Photographer by Barry A Swackhamer Iron Horse Along the Truckee The Central Pacific Reaches Nevada by Wendell W Huffman The Iron Horse and The Talking Wire searching for telegraph insulators in Wyoming by Mike Green Reign of the Sierra Storm King A Weather History of Donner Pass by Mark McLaughlin 28 Surveys of Nature and Distant Connections The Transcontinental Railroad Revisited The Doric Column Ogden Utah History from Ogden Anecdotes Stories and Photos from Our First 50 Years by Irene Woodhouse Native Americans Indians and the Transcontinental Railroad Transition of Southern Pacific Company 18901901 Timeline by Kyle Wyatt 2008 CPRR Railroadiana Collectibles Dan Richins with CPRR Corporate History by Charles Sweet Railroadiana Express 1998 19 Central Pacific Locks by Dan Getts Railroadiana Express 2002 19 The Placer County Railroad War by GJ Graves Rail Wear on a Sharp Curve Explained by Travis S Johnson 2004 Historic Landmarks relating to the First Transcontinental Railroad Railroad Track Standards US Army Technical Manual 5628 1991 Railroad Terms and Definitions by Ed and Lara Golden Looking at the Transcontinental Railroad as the Internet of 1869 by Edward Rothstein New York Times December 11 1999 Economic History Throttling the Railroads Part I Part II Part III Part IV 7 Steam fires underwater jet engine Firefighting from Pursuit Dynamics HISTORIC LIBRARY BOOKS NEWS AVAILABLE ONLINE More Books about the Central Pacific Railroad 37 Full view only New Books Work in Progress Open Content Alliance Internet Archive books Pacific Railroads CPRR and UPRR More Historic News Articles about the Central Pacific Railroad 37 Courtesy 1 Making of America University of Michigan Cornell University Digital Library Historical Magazines Online 2 National Archives and Records Administration 3 Library of Congress 4 Eyewitness 5 Suite101 The Old West 6 Edson T Strobridge 7 Liberty Haven 8 Railroad Extra 9 Bushongnet 10 University of Virginia 11 Berkeley Digital Library SunSITE 12 Montague Millennium 13 California Historicial Society 14 State of California 15 Carolwood Pacific Historical Society 16 America Hurrah 17 Smithsonian 18 National Park Service 19 Railroadiana Collectors Association Incorporated 20 Wyoming Tales and Trails 21 Pearson Education 22 American Experience 23 Find a Grave 24 California Digital Library 25 Railway Locomotive Historical Society 26 Utah State Historical Society 27 Classic Reader 28 Mic Mac Publishing 29 Stereoscopycom 30 Sacramento History Online 31 Utah Rails 32 American History Genealogy Project 33 University of Nebraska Lincoln 34 Museum of the City of San Francisco 35 New York Public Library 36 California State Railroad Museum 37 Google Library Project News Archive PDF Help Laying Last Rail Promontory Utah May 10 1869 detail of A J Russell Stereograph 540 Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Currier Ives 18701871 Truckee River Sierra Nevadas California CPRR timetable map 1871 Historic Contour Map of the Sierra Nevada Summit and CPRR Modern USGS Topo Map Aerial Photo MAPS OF THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD ROUTE Theres to see VISIT THE EXHIBITS that show the Central Pacific Railroad as it was during the 1860s Articles to Read Biography Reading List 19th Century Books Magazines Online Recent Transcontinental Railroad Books In Print Videotapes and Games Hopkins Railroad Library Catalog Pacific Railroad Stanford University 1896 Details of all CPRR locomotives including those shipped by sea Chinese Railroad Workers Catalogs listing all the railroad stereographs CPRR Manuscript Collections Index to CPRR images at The Bancroft Library California Heritage Collection Index to CPRR images at Stanford University Online Archive of California AA Hart Stanford Album Interactive Railroad Project Elementary Education Computer Assisted Instruction Also see our Frequently Asked Questions Technical Notes User Agreement and Help us to Expand this Website to visit the Help with your support to other websites for viewing and collecting Top Search this site powered by FreeFind CPRRorg All of us live better than John D Rockefeller Warren Buffett Historical perspective that you wont get on the nightly news ITS GETTING BETTER ALL THE TIME Prosperity is accelerating worldwide Real incomes have tripled since 1950 globally The filth from horses polluting 19th century cities is gone hydraulic mining is obsolete there is more oldgrowth forest in California today than there was in 1850 forest lands are increasing New Hampshire 50 86 in a century because efficient farming needs less land and factories and locomotives etc no longer burn wood as fuel with net sequestration of carbon now by America while global food prices declined 75 in 50 years the cost of meals fell from 19 8 of income from 1959 to 2000 a century ago Americans spent 43 of their incomes on food and 14 on clothing by 2002 those shares were 13 and 4 and men are 3 inches taller than in 1900 the belching smoke stacks have all but disappeared and the air is dramatically and increasingly cleaner over the last half century air pollution emissions have declined by 3 annually relative to output since the 1970s ozone particulates 31 sulfur dioxides 71 carbon monoxide 75 nitrogen dioxide 41 lead 98 dioxin 90 in the past decade secondhand smoke exposure 75 productivity is soaring 25x since 1776 because of innovations such as the transcontinental railroad and the internet since WW II US railroad freight hauling has doubled with productivity up 1200 a single companys often misunderstood management innovations doubled retail productivity compared to competitors saves customers 1525 on food purchases accounted for over half of increased US productivity 199599 and is doing more to alleviate third world poverty than any other organization due to growing Economic Freedom the World Bank reports 2004 that this is the most prosperous year in human history with 4 global growth world poverty 108day is rapidly decreasing 65 20 in a century and the US poverty rate halved since 1960 and the poor are able to vastly outspend their supposed income while in the US with the fastestgrowing growth rate of major developed countries household net wealth increased to now reach a record high Reaganomics a supply side march toward freedom on average halved tax rates in the United States a policy copied by almost every other nation resulting in 43 million additional US jobs and 30 trillion wealth creation more wealth has been created in the United States in the last quartercentury than in the previous 200 years energy is not in short supply because new knowledge and methods make energy and limited natural resources ever cheaper and ever plentiful ie in the past 30 years US personal income has risen 8x twice as fast as gasoline prices cheap oil actually saved the whales by making it uneconomic by 1860 to continue slaughtering them for the whale oil used for illumination and to lubricate locomotives oil reserves are nearly at a record high nuclear energy can supply needed electricity as it does for 20 in US 76 in France global literacy 5281 from 19501999 Americans over 25 with college degrees up 77 25 from 1960 to 2000 employment in US managerial and specialized professional jobs nearly doubled from 1983 to 2002 with total US employment 1970 2002 75 violent crime declined dramatically with the murder rate halved since 1980 9698 since the middle ages cures for most of the diseases of poverty have long been available and longevity is rapidly increasing with our dramatically improved environment US 49 77 years in a century requiring 10 the income in 1999 to achieve the same life expectancy as it took in 1870 Welfare reform has almost doubled the earnings of poor families Even the eighth of Americans below the poverty line now live as the well off did in earlier generations 46 of poor Americans 2003 own their own homes 76 have air conditioning 34 own a car with 30 owning two or more 97 have color TV 78 a VCR or DVD and 62 receive cable or satellite TV But real environmental protection is not easy or intuitive and since a jungle became a rain forest and a swamp became a wetland wasteful scientifically illiterate environmentalism litigation intimidation dubious conclusions overconfidence misleading and incompetent reporting scare stories or propaganda is neither nice nor benign being instead a deadly prejudice that puts people in jeopardy for example A child dies needlessly every thirty seconds from malaria because irrational fear of insecticides prevents mosquito abatement About half of all humans who have ever lived have died from malaria 50 million have died unnecessarily 1 million die annually killing one out of every 20 subSaharan Africa children age of 5 this could be easily prevented Millions starved in a famine while nations refused UN donated corn in 2002 because of misguided hatred of bioengineered seeds actually all crops farm animals are genetically modified Debunking An Astounding Fantasy Climate variation is natural even the concept of global temperature is meaningless Your comments please Policy Resources NCPA Cato Institute Policybot Improving World Worry vs Reality Junk Science Economics Pessimism America Politics Justice Volition Energy Independence Greenpeace Founder Michael Crichtons speech on Environmentalism MODERN BOOKS ABOUT THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD Riding the Transcontinental Rails Overland Travel on the Pacific Railroad 18651881 Edited by Bruce C Cooper with content from the CPRR Museum 2004 An anthology of Nineteenth century first person accounts of overland travel on the Pacific railroad between 1865 and 1881 with fourteen sections in the book each of which can easily be read in one sitting Also includes 93 period engravings and other illustrations eleven maps and another sixty pages of appendicies The Classic Western American Railroad Routes Bruce C Cooper Editor 2010 A Study of Cape Horn Construction on the Central Pacific Railroad 18651866 by Jack E Duncan 2005 Book summary The Governor The Life and Legacy of Leland Stanford by Norman E Tutorow Chapter 6 Building the Central Pacific Rail Road of California18631869 Courtesy Norman E Tutorow and The Arthur H Clark Company 2004 about this Outstanding 2Volume Biography on one of the 19th Centurys most Important Figures Table of Contents Wonderful Book about Building the First Transcontinental Railroad Author David Bain reports that Empire Express was the main selection of the Book of the Month Club CSpan BOOKNOTES Interview The definitive story of the heroism and heartbreak that produced a railroad changed the landscape of the country and altered the horizon of the nation The Wall Street Journal CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD ACROSS NEVADA 1868 1997 Photographic Comparatives Then and Now NEVADA RR PHOTO EXHIBIT 1 New York Times Best Sellers List Author Stephen Ambroses book EXCERPT NPR Interview NOTHING LIKE IT IN THE WORLD The Men Who Built The Transcontinental Railroad 1863 1869 Read the corrected paperback edition not the hardcover first edition to CPRRorg Website Other New Books Transcontinental Railroad Video HistoricalMedical Political perspective THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROADS LESSON FOR TODAYS HEALTH CARE CRISIS THE HOSPITAL Belonging to the Railroad Company is a large airy and comfortable building located near the shops where their men are taken care of when sick or disabled It is well conducted a credit to the company and of incalculable benefit to those unfortunates who are obliged to seek its shelter The company grounds cover 15 acres Crofutts Guide 1872 Be careful about reading health books You may die of a misprint Mark Twain Why are health insurance premiums rising so much faster than workers earnings The Central Pacific Railroad Hospital photo left directly provided health care to its workers for 50month starting in 1868 and the monthly cost was still exactly the same in 1948 In contrast health care costs are spiraling out of control 1000x today because ignoring the first do no harm principle the federal government made a mess out of financial incentives when it eliminated marketbased health care and made American healthcare consist of playing with other peoples money by imposing wage controls during World War II that were promptly circumvented with nontaxable employee benefits paid for by reduced salaries causing takehome pay to be stagnant This has resulted in the current unworkable system driven by politics of bureaucratic third party reimbursement of health care costs by balkanized insurance companies or the government with endless regulations and paperwork causing a huge overhead and that hides the true costs from patients and prevents them from expressing their true preferences and so defeats the market forces needed for health care providers to be able to provide health care according to patients actual choices needs ie Wanna Fix Health Care Stop Hiding the Cost The out of control cost increases also result in large numbers of people being uninsured which is worsened because insurance is further overpriced by as much as 600 due to costly governmentmandated coverages and outofcontrol malpractice litigation and leads to a quarter of all bankruptcies This also produces job lock preventing people from changing jobs to avoid losing their health plan Patients paying directly for their health care first party see the expense directly and wont allow costs to rise out of control as has NOT happened with unreimbursed cosmetic and LASIK vision correction surgery prices The Central Pacific Railroad Hospital experience the worlds first multilocation HMO shows that with direct employer provided second party health care costs can also be stable over long time periods for eighty years at 6year because the costs are not hidden However when insurance company or government meddling makes medical care not provided directly by the employer appear almost free to patients low copayments and deductibles US consumers pay just 14 cents on every health dollar spent the demand escalates rapidly and the bill for such a plan with hidden indirect costs as expected rises uncontrollably unless needed health care is denied by rationing under inferior socialized medicine under socialized medicine in England only about 50 of women with breast cancer and men with prostate cancer survive but in the US 80 survive or HMO type plans with either draconian rules or unconscionable delays in 2004 Canadians waited 113 million weeks for delayed treatment with half waiting more than 177 weeks for treatment or controlled by regulations which result in lifethreatening shortages and are so complex and dysfunctional that for example the US Governments Medicare Hotline could only answer a billing or policy question correctly 4 of the time By analogy buying your own meals or like the CPRR medical plan buying a prepaid monthly meal plan at the company cafeteria is workable but meal cards entitling you to unlimited free or almost free meals at any restaurants of your choice will be completely unaffordable ie theres no such thing as a free lunch Recognizing this patient empowering portable Health Savings Accounts have recently been enacted into US law in an attempt to reintroduce financial sanity to health care as affordable consumer driven health care even for highcost patients where patients get to keep the health care dollars that they decide not to waste while retaining low cost major medical insurance coverage for catastrophic illnesses Consumers then can make the treatment choices that are right for them without the third party disconnect that divorces the consumer from costs Your comments please Policy Resources NCPA Cato Institute Medical Progress CPRR Hospital Report 1883 CPRR Hospital Statement 1883 The Old CPRR Hospital Central Pacific Railroad Hospital What Ails Health Care Solution to Health Care Reform Bookmark the CPRR Museum Google Digg delicious StumbleUpon This site is part of the and Entire Website and Images Copyright 19882018 CPRRorg All rights reserved Last updated 09132018 Permission to browse this website is contingent on acceptance of the User Agreement All images for private noncommercial viewing purposes only Any unauthorized duplication or republication of the text andor graphics on these pages is strictly prohibited Photo Credits We thank the Collections that have generously permitted the display of their photographs on this website for your personal viewing Not affiliated with the Union Pacific Railroad or the California State Railroad Museum About the CPRR Museum Frequently Asked Questions CPRR Discussion Group Kudos What visitors liked best about the CPRR Museum How you can help future plans How to receive update notices Technical Notes GreatGrandfathers Special Requests FOR PERSONAL USE WEB VIEWING ONLY NO COPYING NO WARRANTY Use of this Web site constitutes acceptance of the USER AGREEMENT Click on any image or link to indicate I ACCEPT the terms of service CPRRorg does not endorse external websites which should open in a new browser window RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS for publication or other use All use of this website and any related activity including browsing and sending us messages is governed by the CPRRorg User Agreement so you should read the terms and conditions carefully because you are bound by them Caution acknowledgements links etc are not merchant endorsements not responsible for content on external web sites THIS WEBSITE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS LICENSORS AND CONTRIBUTORS AS IS ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER LICENSORS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT INDIRECT INCIDENTAL SPECIAL EXEMPLARY OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES LOSS OF USE DATA OR PROFITS OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY WHETHER IN CONTRACT STRICT LIABILITY OR TORT INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE ARISING IN ANY
|
[
"Central Pacific Railroad",
"Photographic History",
"Museum"
] |
http://cpuboss.com/cpus/Intel-Pentium-N3540-vs-Intel-Core-i7-2617M
|
Intel Pentium N3540 vs Core i7 2617M older Released July 2014 Intel Pentium N3540 216 GHz Quad core 62 Out of 10 HP 4 GB RAM 15 screen Intel Pentium N3540 Buy now 239 VS older Released February 2011 Intel Core i7 2617M 15 GHz Dual core 57 Out of 10 So some of the key aspects of the Broadwell microarchitecture would be to be suitable for fanless devices deliver on core performance improvements and feature enhanced graphics media display capabilities by hassanmujtaba Sep 2014 Review Differences Benchmarks Specifications Comments CPUBoss Review Our evaluation of N3540 vs 2617M among laptop CPUs Performance Benchmark performance using all cores Pentium N3540 57 Core i7 2617M 62 Core i5 4200U 64 PCMark 8 Home 30 Accelerated PassMark Singlecore Performance Individual core benchmark performance Pentium N3540 54 Core i7 2617M 66 Core i5 4200U 78 PassMark Single Core Geekbench 3 Single Core Integrated Graphics Integrated GPU performance for graphics Pentium N3540 nd Core i7 2617M nd Core i5 4200U 70 Sky Diver and Cloud Gate Integrated Graphics OpenCL Integrated GPU performance for parallel computing Pentium N3540 56 Core i7 2617M 50 Core i5 4200U 75 CompuBench 15 Bitcoin mining Performance per Watt How efficiently does the processor use electricity Pentium N3540 61 Core i7 2617M 54 Core i5 4200U 56 Sky Diver Cloud Gate CompuBench 15 Bitcoin mining Value Are you paying a premium for performance Pentium N3540 62 Core i7 2617M 50 Core i5 4200U 53 Sky Diver Cloud Gate CompuBench 15 Bitcoin mining 62 CPUBoss Score Combination of all six facets Pentium N3540 62 Core i7 2617M 57 Core i5 4200U 75 Winner Intel Core i7 2617M CPUBoss recommends the Intel Core i7 2617M based on its features Cast your vote Do you agree or disagree with CPUBoss Thanks for adding your opinion VS Intel Pentium N3540 Intel Core i7 2617M Differences What are the advantages of each Reasons to consider the Intel Pentium N3540 HP 4 GB RAM 15 screen Intel Pentium N3540 Buy now 239 Report a correction CPUBoss is not aware of any important advantages of the Pentium N3540 vs the Core i7 2617M Reasons to consider the Intel Core i7 2617M Report a correction CPUBoss is not aware of any important advantages of the Core i7 2617M vs the Pentium N3540 Benchmarks Real world tests of Pentium N3540 vs Core i7 2617M CompuBench 15 Ocean surface simulation Data courtesy CompuBench Pentium N3540 3492 fps Core i7 2617M 2468 fps GeekBench 3 Multicore Data courtesy Primate Labs Pentium N3540 3135 Core i7 2617M 4517 GeekBench 3 Single core Data courtesy Primate Labs Pentium N3540 976 Core i7 2617M 22895 GeekBench 3 AES single core Data courtesy Primate Labs Pentium N3540 62600 MBs Core i7 2617M 1950 MBs 3D Mark 06 CPU Pentium N3540 257 Core i7 2617M 40 PassMark Data courtesy Passmark Pentium N3540 1947 Core i7 2617M 2803 PassMark Single Core Pentium N3540 578 Core i7 2617M 1154 Specifications Full list of technical specs summary Pentium N3540 vs Core i7 2617M Clock speed 216 GHz 15 GHz Turbo clock speed 266 GHz 26 GHz Cores Quad core Dual core Is unlocked No No features Has a NX bit Yes Yes Has virtualization support Yes Yes Instruction set extensions SSE2 MMX AVX SSE3 EM64T SSE SSE41 SSE42 Supplemental SSE3 AES Supports dynamic frequency scaling Yes Yes power consumption TDP 75W 17W Annual home energy cost 181 year 41 year Performance per watt 83 ptW 591 ptW Typical power consumption 609W 1381W bus Architecture FSB DMI Number of links 1 1 details Pentium N3540 vs Core i7 2617M Architecture x8664 x8664 Threads 4 4 L2 cache 2 MB 1 MB L2 cache per core 05 MBcore 05 MBcore Manufacture process 22 nm 32 nm Max CPUs 1 1 overclocking Overclocked clock speed 265 GHz 15 GHz Overclocked clock speed Water 217 GHz 15 GHz Overclocked clock speed Air 265 GHz 15 GHz integrated graphics GPU GPU GPU Label Intel HD Graphics Intel HD Graphics 3000 Number of displays supported 2 2 GPU clock speed 313 MHz 350 MHz Turbo clock speed 896 MHz 950 MHz memory controller Memory controller Builtin Builtin Memory type DDR31333 DDR31066 DDR3 Channels Dual Channel Dual Channel Supports ECC No No Maximum bandwidth 12800 MBs 2133332 MBs Maximum memory size 8192 MB 820224 MB Intel Pentium N3540 Report a correction Intel Core i7 2617M Report a correction Follow us Compare vs Popular Comparisons VS 300 305 Intel Core i5 2500 vs Xeon W3520 VS 281 AMD A9 7th Gen A99410 vs Intel Core i5 6200U VS 350 272 Intel Core i7 6700K vs 4790K VS 350 AMD A12 7th Gen A129700P vs Intel Core i7 6700K VS 281 AMD A9 7th Gen A99420 vs Intel Core i5 6200U VS 281 AMD A8 6410 vs Intel Core i5 4200U VS 180 AMD A6 5200 vs Intel Core i5 3470 Read more VS Intel Core i3 4005U vs Pentium N3540 VS Intel Pentium G860 vs Core i7 2617M Comments
|
[
"Intel Pentium N3540",
"Intel Core i7 2617M"
] |
http://cr4.globalspec.com/thread/32641/Hot-water-heater-elements-keep-burning-out
|
HOME | CR4 | General General Discussion Previous in Forum : Smooth finish inside Dia 1.1mm Next in Forum : Reciprocating Compressors Comments Format : Indented / nested by replies Flat / chronological Save setting as my default Change Mode Subscribe to Discussion CR4 allows you to " subscribe " to a discussion so that you can be notified of new comments to the discussion via email . Rating Vote : Score 1 Score 2 Score 3 Score 4 Score 5 Add Vote 60 comments Subscribe Rate this Comments : Nested Cartman069 Active Contributor Join Date : Jan 2009 Location : Tri Cities Washington in the good old USA Posts : 13 Hot water heater elements keep burning out . 01 / 30 / 2009 11 : 31 PM I have a 3 year old water heater that has burned out 7 or 8 elements . Why is it doing this ? It is a RUUD Pacemaker self cleaning , model # PE3R - 52 - 2 . 50 gallon , 240 / 208 volt 1 - ph . Upper element 4500w / 3380 , lower 4500w / 3380 . I have changed both upper and lower thermostats and elements . I have replaced the elements with both a 4500 watt and a 3380 watt element . It is a self cleaning model and when I have changed the John Register to Reply User - tagged by 1 user Interested in this topic ? By joining CR4 you can " subscribe " to this discussion and receive notification when new comments are added . Join CR4 , The Engineer ' s Place for News and Discussion ! Comments rated to be Good Answers : These comments received enough positive ratings to make them " good answers " . # 18 Re : Hot water heater elements keep burning out . " by Tom D on 02 / 01 / 2009 7 : 40 AM ( score 2 ) # 26 Re : Hot water heater elements keep burning out . " by Doogleass on 02 / 01 / 2009 1 : 40 PM ( score 2 ) Comments rated to be " almost " Good Answers : Check out these comments that do n ' t yet have enough votes to be " official " good answers and , if you agree with them , rate them ! # 10 " by Anonymous Poster on 01 / 31 / 2009 10 : 58 PM ( score 1 ) # 14 " by bubbapebi on 02 / 01 / 2009 2 : 42 AM ( score 1 ) # 19 " by Andy Germany on 02 / 01 / 2009 8 : 19 AM ( score 1 ) Hendrik Guru Join Date : Jan 2007 Location : Centurion , South Africa Posts : 3920 Good Answers : 97 1 Re : Hot water heater elements keep burning out . 01 / 31 / 2009 1 : 19 AM Is the water supply not restricted or with insufficient pressure to replace the outflow fast enough ? Never do today what you can put of until tomorrow - Student motto Register to Reply Cartman069 Active Contributor Join Date : Jan 2009 Location : Tri Cities Washington in the good old USA Posts : 13 4 In reply to # 1 Re : Hot water heater elements keep burning out . 01 / 31 / 2009 2 : 28 PM It has adequate water flow and pressure . The tank is full and air is bled off before turning the power on . sb Guru Join Date : Mar 2007 Posts : 2525 Good Answers : 103 2 7 : 31 AM Additionally is the oil level able to keep the heating element well covered ? Are you changing the thermostats every time ? if not are the thermostats malfunctioning / not properly picking the temperature ? Are you sure that the elements are not rated for 110V ? ( though you have already said it is 240 / 208V still check ) Fantastic ideas for a Fantastic World , I make the illogical logical . They put me in cars , they put me in yer tv . They put me in stereos and those little radios you stick in your ears . They even put me in watches , they have teeny gremlins for your watches 5 In reply to # 2 2 : 33 PM Not sure but I do n ' t think the tank uses oil ? I have n ' t changed the thermostats out every time only once . I changed them out about 3 or 4 elements ago . The elements are rated for the 240 / 208V . I have used both the 4500w and the 3300w and both seemed to last about the same time . sb Join Date : Mar 2007 Posts : 2525 Good Answers : 103 12 # 5 02 / 01 / 2009 12 : 03 AM Sorry meant water ( working in industry with so many types of furnaces and heaters has their own disadvantages , and you always have wardrobe malfunctions - things slip out what should not ) Fantastic ideas for a Fantastic World , I make the illogical logical . They put me in cars , they put me in yer tv . They put me in stereos and those little radios you stick in your ears . They even put me in watches , they have teeny gremlins for your watches not so smart Join Date : Dec 2008 Location : nj , usa Posts : 1115 Good Answers : 28 3 9 : 43 AM What size are your supply lines ? On a 50 gal water heater you should have no less than a 3 / 4 " supply line . If the upper element is burning out first then your tank is not refilling fast enough and your element is " overheating " . If it ' s getting to the point where the lower element is going also then you may have a blockage in your supply . When does this occur most often ? Early in the day , just after all the showers ? Soon after the 2nd or 3rd load of laundry ( in a row ) ? You may want to remove the supply and return lines and check for blockages both in the lines and in the tank connections . If the supply is 1 / 2 " , then you need to change it to 3 / 4 " . The only other obvious thing , as mentioned by Hendrik , would be poor pressure . Good luck . CARPE CRUSTULORUM ! 6 # 3 2 : 42 PM The are 3 / 4 " . I have n ' t noticed a pattern with which element is going out first . I change the top first but sometimes it is ok ( but I change it out anyway ) and then I change the bottom and it was bad . I am on city water and have never noticed having low flow or pressure . I will check the lines for restrictions . I have turned up the temp from the " A " setting to the " B " setting to help the dishwasher clean better . 7 # 6 2 : 50 PM I forgot to answer the question about when the elements burn out . We notice the hot water problem in the evenings usually after dishes . Someone will go take a shower and they run out of hot water . When the heater is working properly we do n ' t ever run out of hot water even there is 3 showers in a row . Thank you all for your replies . SolarEagle Location : at the beach in Florida Posts : 22852 Good Answers : 1306 8 3 : 41 PM You need to check the voltage with a voltmeter , both under no load and then fully loaded . . .Then check the amp draw . . . .The watt rating should equal the voltage reading times the amp draw . . .You could have a loose connection or damaged connection at the circuit breaker . . . .The water heater could have been upgraded to a larger capacity than the original , requiring a larger wire size and breaker . . . .this setup should be on a 50 amp circuit with # 8 wire size . . .In Life is like riding a bicycle . To keep your balance you must keep moving . A.E . 9 # 8 3 : 56 PM Thanks for the reply . This is a new house ( 2005 ) and it is the original water heater . I checked the breaker and it is 50 amp . Not sure about the wire size , I need to take the cover off the panel to see . I will check the wire connections and when my friend gets here with his multi meter I will do the other checks . Thanks for the great advise . Anonymous Poster 10 10 : 58 PM My experience here with those kind of problems is NOT the amperage or the voltage . There ' s a town in southern Minnesota that absolutely can not keep water heaters working for more than a few years . ( electric or gas ) It all " boils " down ( scuze the pun ) to the chemicals in the water . Water softeners seem to have no effect either . Try having your water analyzed and see if anything is found . Score 1 for Good Answer Go to Next " Almost " Good Answer Isti80 Join Date : Feb 2007 Location : Next to the Prime Merridian ( 51 ° 29 ' 34.50 " N 0 ° 13 ' 32.85 " W ) Posts : 781 Good Answers : 1 16 # 10 02 / 01 / 2009 6 : 12 AM I tend to go with your comment 100 % because as he put it in his posting ' the elements are clean except for the burnt out ones ' . This is already means that the clean ones probably never get switched on while the damaged ones take on all the loads and naturally , if the water is hard then he will have scale build ups which result in premature failures of some of the elements . Waters in many places are just hard and I do not know what the self cleaning is about but , if that includes a softener to put in then he probably does n ' t or that part is faulty . Making mistake is part of learning . artonpaper Join Date : Apr 2007 Location : Los Angeles , CA Posts : 19 11 11 : 21 PM When you say the " elements are burned out " what does this mean ? Look at the surface of the element . is it scaled ? Is is " orange peeled " This means the element has overheated and the inner coil has opened and contacted the SST sheath . This acts as a welder . Change the element to a Inconel sheath , has a higher working temperature , 1100 F . good luck , Art 28 # 11 2 : 26 PM When I say the elements are burned out I mean that they usually are burned clean through or a piece of the element is missing . One time the element burned out on the flange part and it was leaking water . The elements have a slight coating of the white calcium looking stuff but I think that is pretty normal . I will look for Inconel elements and give them a try . I will also do the electrical checks . I have been buying the replacement elements at Home Depot . Maybe they are selling junk ? Thanks Andy Germany Join Date : Sep 2006 Location : Near Frankfurt am Main , Germany . 50.390866N , 8.884827E Posts : 17946 Good Answers : 198 34 # 28 2 : 47 PM The home depot units have a high possibility of being totally " Chinese junk " or commonly called , a sailing ship . . . . . . ! Buy quality , your time is also worthwhile and valuable . . . . . " What others say about you reveals more about them , than it does you . " Anon . Morepower Join Date : Dec 2008 Location : Southwestern Ohio Posts : 24 Good Answers : 3 13 12 : 44 AM Do you live in Rochester , NY , by any chance ? That gave me all sorts of issues . Even East of Rochester you might have the same issue , but Buffalo and West or SouthWest you ' re fine . But Hemlock Lake is small and unchanging , rich in minerals from when the glaciers last waved goodbye . Unfortunately , I do not know what you can do about it . If you do n ' t see mineral buildup , it probably is n ' t the hardness , right ? You can filter drinking water but how do you stay ahead of a 50 gallon hot water heater ? Here is one idea . I AM ONLY GUESSING . But if you think your issue is at least compounded by high temperatures , you might try running two hot water heaters in parallel ( perhaps the first one could be a simpler affair , just getting the water warm enough to never tax your final system and maybe even giving you a built - in pressure boost ) . They do say such a setup can pay for itself over many years , due to both lower energy use and lower maintenance / replacme nt costs . Just a thought - remember that I am only speculating that reduced loading could help , and only because of that other town that had gremlins in their hot water heaters . Again , if you ' re in Rochester , ask someone to hit the Xerox " Services Forum " for you . It has been running just like this one since the late ' 70 ' s , but it ' s local . Someone on that forum will know the scoop , I suspect . Good Luck . Sometimes " It is better to remain silent and be thought a fool . . than to speak out and remove all doubt . " 29 # 13 2 : 31 PM I live in the Tri - Cities , Washington state . The funny thing is my neighbors and friends do n ' t have these issues . The water here is pretty hard though . Mikerho Join Date : Jan 2007 Location : Moses Lake , WA , USA , Thulcandra - The Silent Planet ( C.S. Lewis ) Posts : 4100 Good Answers : 186 49 # 29 02 / 02 / 2009 4 : 37 PM Hi Cartman , I used to live in Kennewick - worked at Battelle . Had to leave there for the humid East coast and am now in freezing Ohio . I have n ' t read all the posts here , but I ' m placing my money on the dip - tube issue . Hope you get the problem solved . Mike " Reason is not automatic . Those who deny it can not be conquered by it . Do not count on them . Leave them alone . " - Ayn Rand bubbapebi Power - User Join Date : Apr 2007 Posts : 414 Good Answers : 19 14 2 : 42 AM I agree with guest ' s reply . It ' s almost certainly the water . The nichrome elements in really old electric water heaters could overheat even while fully immersed , but the jacket temperature of the calrod elements in newer water heaters never exceeds the boiling temperature of water . The elevated temperatures in a water heater accelerate corrosion . Water heaters are equipped with a sacrificial anode to forestall corrosion . Have you replaced yours ? If it is n ' t corrosion , it may be excessive aeration , or mechanical stresses from the installation process may be causing premature failure . It ' s also possible that the new elements are defective or poorly designed . You might find this company ' s catalog to be informative . They have been selling appliance repair parts for decades . http : / / www . johnstone supply . com / corp / Defa ult . aspx Have any of your neighbors experienced a similar problem ? They might have discovered a less costly and inconvenient way of dealing with it than the frequent replacement of heating elements . Good luck ! Score 1 for Good Answer Go to Next " Almost " Good Answer 30 # 14 2 : 33 PM I will check into the anode . Thanks for the info . sceptic Join Date : Oct 2008 Location : Cairns , Qld , Australia Posts : 953 Good Answers : 65 15 4 : 11 AM Like some of the others , my first thought was chemicals in the water , especially lime . You mention that elements and tank are clean when the elements burn out . This would make water chemicals less likely . Are the thermostats of the type which press against the heater shell or are they immersed in the water ? If pressed against the shell , corrosion underneath could make them cut out at a higher temp than you would expect and cut in at a much lower temp . The difference should n ' t drastically affect element life , just your power bill . When working , do you get periods of very hot water ? This could indicate an insulating build up under the thermostat . Chemical corrosion still seems the most likely . A good start would be a water analysis , which the water supply authority should be able to provide . Next look for potential galvanic corrosion locations which may affect your elements . Once you have a clearer idea of what you are facing , you should be able to work out a solution . Please keep us posted . Regards dadw5boys Join Date : Feb 2006 Location : Piney Flats , Tennessee Posts : 1740 Good Answers : 22 17 6 : 20 AM Are the heating elements coats with a white hard coating ? If so then you need to clean out the water heater you have hard water and the lime in the water is causing your problem . In case you have never seen the damage hard water can do to water heater ask a plumber or look it up on the net . If you never do anything you never have problems . 2 Tom D Participant Posts : 3 Good Answers : 1 18 7 : 40 AM I have a lot of on - the - job experience . Here is how I would approach this problem . Install a vacuum breaker on the cold supply to the water heater somewhere above the heater itself . In the industry , there are small little vacuum breakers that are designed for water heaters and that is the type you want . They are reasonably priced . The fact that the upper element is going out , points to the fact that somehow you are back siphoning the water and burning out the element . I have seen this happen to other heaters when the local water purveyors turn off the main for a repair . When they crack into the line it creates a vaccuum and can easily start to syphon out your heater ( and your whole house ) unless you have a vaccuum breaker in line . Try that first . If that does not work then look for a wiring issue on your heater . Maybe there was a bad ground or a cut wire which could end up at the heater , shorting out the upper element . That is a long shot so try the vaccuum breaker first . Tom D ' Good Answer ( Score 2 ) Go to Next Good Answer Andy Germany Join Date : Sep 2006 Location : Near Frankfurt am Main , Germany . 50.390866N , 8.884827E Posts : 17946 Good Answers : 198 19 8 : 19 AM Simply turn the temperature down at least 10 ° C for the heater and see if that helps the lifespan of the elements . . . . . They could simply be overheating , in spite of the water around them . See if there is another supplier for the same element type . Ask at the manufacturer for any tips with regard to this problem . Get the thermostat checked out for problems . . . Have a great day . " What others say about you reveals more about them , than it does you . " Anon . No more " Almost " Good Answers . 31 # 19 2 : 38 PM I will try that . I had turned it up one notch to help the dishwasher clean better . Maybe that is the problem . Thanks for the reply . Anonymous Poster 36 # 31 3 : 43 PM It ' s an unusual dishwasher if that would help . If the dishwasher has an internal heater , you nearly always get cleaner dishes if you start with cold water - and as your water is electrically heated in the first place , there is no financial saving in feeding hot water to the dishwasher in the first place . 41 # 36 02 / 02 / 2009 3 : 27 AM In his case , your comment : - " and as your water is electrically heated in the first place , there is no financial saving in feeding hot water to the dishwasher in the first place . " . . .was correct , but I ( as many others do ) heat water with cheap Gas , so it is worthwhile using hot water in such cases . Some old style machines get a short cycle with hot water , but still clean well in my experience , but modern ones do not seem to change the cycle time when using hot instead of cold . . . . .but still I find that I can take a shorter program and still get everything sparkling , including saucepans , even on a short 40 minute " Glass " program . . . . My advice is to try it out , especially if you have cheap ( not electrical ) heated water . . . . .you will dramatically reduce the amount of electricity the washing machine uses in heating water . . . . . .eg . save money . 39 # 19 8 : 45 PM I will try that . Thanks Andy . It will be the simpliest thing to try and now I suspect it to be the culprit since I originally turned the temp up a notch . So obvious that I missed it . GA to go along with your collection . ckartson Commentator Join Date : Mar 2008 Location : Strongsville , Ohio USA Posts : 62 20 9 : 38 AM Hi Cartman , Along with all the other good advice such as checking for : proper supply voltage actual current sacrificial rod you may want to check for the dip tube location . It should be in the cold water supply connection inside the tank . They also can break off in the tank . Also verify though you schematic on the tank ' s control cover That the upper thermostat is controlling the upper element and lower t / stat is controlling the lower element Good Luck Floram Power - User Join Date : Feb 2008 Posts : 341 Good Answers : 8 22 # 20 10 : 57 AM I have just read the whole thread and I fully agree with the likelihood of the dip tube not delivering the cold water to the bottom if the tank . It could be disintegrated , broken or it simply has fallen off . It is a simple matter to check this possibility and I would try that one for sure . That was the problem with my water heater I ones faced . ' The devil is in the detail ' . Yes , but if the details are right the devil is on vacation . Morepower Location : Southwestern Ohio Posts : 24 Good Answers : 3 27 # 20 1 : 44 PM Sorry if this has been mentioned already - lots to catch up on . If you installed this yourself and you are n ' t an expert , there is a good chance that when you soldered on the unit you melted off the dip tube . Just a bit too much heat and this can happen quite easily . A chatty plumber once bent my ear on that longer than any of you would imagine - - it was a huge pet peeve of his ( the design issue , I mean , not the DIY ' ers ) . If he were on this forum we would know it ; he was Rochester water is n ' t just hard or lime , and it is n ' t all bad . It has those issues but many other less explainable phenomena that might not have observable symptoms . Conductivity perhaps ? I must emphasize that I am just speculating here , trying to offer insights that might inspire those more knowlegable . yet this water issue also was one of my plummer ' s favorite subjects . Sometimes " It is better to remain silent and be thought a fool . . than to speak out and remove all doubt . " 35 # 27 3 : 36 PM I suppose I ' m just an ignorant Brit , but I was unaware that there was a Rochester in the Tri Cities region of Washington 40 # 35 3 : 18 AM . . .and in new England , many , many " Eppings " believe it or not ! ! ! 45 # 40 6 : 07 AM I know of a Rochester in the west of Washington state - but the Tri Cities area is SE Washington . Is there a second Rochester in Washington - if so , where ? 21 9 : 55 AM Garthh Join Date : Dec 2005 Location : Mariposa Ca Posts : 5804 Good Answers : 114 23 12 : 04 PM What sort of material were the original elements made of ? I ca n ' t seem to find a source here on the web , but you need to use elements that are made from inconel & can be run dry . I ' ve bought them at homedepot when I was making biodiesel , they could be run totaly dry unlike the copper or ss versions . You need a burper to purge the air , when you heat water air is released . . . 24 12 : 18 PM Talk to the neighbours - if they do n ' t have the same problem that means it ' s your set - up . Here are some semi - random notes : Your comment " I try to make sure that the water level is full in the tank before I turn the power on " sounds like a possible clue . I hope that you are talking about a header tank , and not the hot water cylinder that you are heating - because the cylinder should never be other than full . But , in any case , if the header tank becoming empty could cause a problem , the critical timing is when you run the water from an already hot tank . Of course the header tank should It is usual to set the thermostat for the upper heater about 5 O C ( 9 O F ) lower than than the setting for the lower one . That will allow the upper heater to help get the water up to temperature without the risk of temperature variations in the water ( due to the heating of the lower immersion heater ) causing parts of the upper element to overheat . If you run the hot water without mixing any cold , can you hold hand in it the stream for 5 - seconds without without being burned ? If not , you can afford to reduce the temperature of the thermostats . Alternatively , hold a thermometer under the stream - it should be between 54 C ( 130 F ) and 60 C ( 140 F ) Does your tank ever make a noise when the heaters are active ? That would suggest there ' s a problem with their location or orientation in the tank . Similarly , any bubbling or thumping noise from the tank or overflow when you run water would indicate a plumbing problem as discussed above ( but you can have a problem without this sort of indication ) . Is the failure at the position on the element that is highest when it is in situ ? That too would suggest that it may not be continually immersed . Finally , if the failure cause is lack of immersion , I think you are wasting money and effort changing the lower heater on the occasions that only the upper heater has failed . RJAGIELSKI1 Participant Join Date : Feb 2009 Posts : 2 25 1 : 29 PM Sounds like your ' e only getting 110 volts to the water heater , instead of the 220 needed . Check for a loose wire , and make sure both legs of the house circuit breaker are connected properly . Low voltage will increase amperage to the point of burning out the elements . 32 # 25 2 : 44 PM RJAGIELSKI1 WRONG . Heating elements are basically 99.99 % resistive , so a doubling of the voltage will simultaneously double the current ( amps ) . With heating , there will be a slight change in resistance ( increase ) but it is unlikely that the metal used will cause a dramatic change of resistance through heating up to the boiling point of water . So let us say , " Do n ' t count on it ! ! " Simple Ohm ' s law , nothing more , nothing less . . . . .will suffice for the comparison . I = V / R Where I = amps . V = Voltage and R = Resistance . Assuming for example that the Heater has a resistance of 11 Ohms and is connected to 110 Volts . This give I = 110 / 11 = 10 Amps . If we now connect to 220 Volts , this gives I = 220 / 11 = 20 amps . . . . . . Sad to say but with your electrical knowledge level YOU ARE DANGEROUS TO OTHERS AND PROBABLY YOURSELF AS WELL , keep well away from all forms of electricity ! ! ! Safety first at all times , even on CR4 please . . . . . . . . . . Doogleass Posts : 186 Good Answers : 22 26 1 : 40 PM This may sound like a dumb answer , but have you considered changing to a gas water heater , assuming that you have gas in your mechanical room ? In my opinion , gas water heaters are not only more efficient , but require less maintenance . I replaced my 50 - gal gas heater with a tankless gas water heater a few years ago and I could n ' t be happier because there is no recovery time and I am only paying to heat water when I use it , not when it is just sitting in the Good Answer ( Score 2 ) No more Good Answers . Go to first " Almost " Good Answer 33 # 26 2 : 45 PM GA from me . I would also expect smaller bills for the gas used as well . . . . . . 37 # 26 8 : 24 PM I would switch to gas if I could but we have no gas service here . I would have to get a tank and have it plumbed . Would n ' t be cost effective for me and I would have to deal with having the tank filled and risk running out . Good suggestion though . 38 8 : 41 PM Thanks for the links . I am pouring through them now . For now I replaced the elements with the ones available at the hardware store . Turned out to be the bottom element this time but I changed both . I turned down the temp . to " A " instead of " B " like I had it . Thanks Andy for the tip . I am checking the wiring with the help of a buddy . So far no issues . The plumbing was screwed type not soldered except further down the line it was copper . 42 # 38 3 : 30 AM A further thought , I believe you mentioned that the heater had a header tank . If yes , add a float switch to cut off electricity ( or sound an alarm ! ) , just before the header runs dry ! ! ! 44 # 42 6 : 04 AM If , as is more likely , the flow is choked and the system is sucking air in from the vent line , that would merely provide false reassurance . babybear Join Date : Jun 2008 Location : USA / Europe Posts : 4547 Good Answers : 67 50 # 38 02 / 03 / 2009 12 : 03 AM Hello : , Just a thought but , with the elements you have already bought and , the other stuff you plan to get , would it not be Worth getting a new heater , it would pay for itself in no time . I would get a better quality make ! And before you fit it check the electric cable to see the power is as it should be . You may have said but I ca n ' t read it from here , how long have you had the heater ? And , is it a heater or boiler feeding hot water and rads ? Please you sort of found this site a help . And thanks for the feedback ! Take care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Take it easy , bb . > " HEAR & you FORGET < > SEE & you REMEMBER < > DO & you UNDERSTAND " < = $ = | O | = $ = > " Common Sense is Genius dressed in its Working Clothes " < > [ Ralph Waldo Emerson ] Mr . Guy Join Date : May 2007 Location : Los Angeles area , California , USA Posts : 202 Good Answers : 9 59 09 / 10 / 2009 5 : 10 PM Cartman069 Two questions : 1 . is the copper plumbing properly isolated via a dieltric fitting from the non copper plumbing ? 2 . Ph meter anyone ? ( litmus paper ) You may have a highly or partially . . . ( may vary with season or different well / suuply souce . . . . . depends on who else is on the system . ) . . . conduct water feeding current from the element to a grounding source . MR . GUY If you are looking for a positive answer . .it ' s YUP . . . . . . dadw5boys Join Date : Feb 2006 Location : Piney Flats , Tennessee Posts : 1740 43 3 : 51 AM Check the Anode Rod . Anode rods corrode predictably , usually starting at the top or bottom of the rod . If the steel wire is exposed more than six inches from the top or bottom , the rod should be replaced . If the steel core wire in the middle of the rod is exposed , it should be replaced . Also , if the present diameter of the entire rod is less than half the original ¾ inch diameter ( this is approximately ⅜ inch ) , it should be replaced . Sometimes the calcium carbonate build - up on the rod can become hard . When this happens , it prevents the anode rod from doing its job and the lining of the tank will begin to corrode . This calcium carbonate build - up is called passivation . Unfortunately , if the anode rod is passivated , you will not be able to tell just by looking at it . Bend the rod by hand and check for flaking at the bend . If flaking does occur , replace the rod . Also , if the rod has split along I have the same problem with elements burning out . One rental house has a well drilled 900 ft deep into limestone . Instead of a water softener I just tear down the water heater about every 3 years and sit the tank , a steel tank , over a fire pit and the calicum in the bottom turns to a dust . with a long steel rod I bang loose all the junk and then begin emptying it . We put it back togeather and it will lost about 3 to 4 years vefore the heater elements blow again . But this is still much cheaper than a water softener system with all that monthly cost and replacement junk . Plus we can add a lot of insulation inside making more efficient . If you never do anything you never have problems . user - deleted - 13 Posts : 4516 Good Answers : 88 46 9 : 51 AM " Hot water heater elements keep burning out . " Just curious , but if the water ' s already hot , why does it need a heater ? Score 1 for Off Topic not so smart Location : nj , usa Posts : 1115 Good Answers : 28 48 # 46 2 : 00 PM Oh , thank you sooooo much for saying that ! I have been biting my tongue since I first read the thread . It got so bad that I had to get someone else to bite it for a while . ( yes , a vegetarian ) CARPE CRUSTULORUM ! Circuit Breaker Join Date : Jul 2006 Location : CA ( Central Arkansas , USA ) Posts : 578 Good Answers : 10 47 12 : 37 PM My guess is high voltage . Since the elements are purely resistive the " Voltage Rating " is simply a statement the element should run at a certain temp at a certain voltage . Even marginally high voltage , 245 volts , will make the element run hot , possible boiling the water away from the element , causing it to over heat . I would measure the voltage and if near or above the upper end of the rating add a bucking transformer to get the voltage down . Also measure the water temperature as the thermostat cycles to If it ' s too good to be true , it probably is n ' t 51 # 47 02 / 03 / 2009 12 : 30 AM Too many variables to pin point the preceise problem . Most answers to your problem about loosing heater elements are valid , it will be very difficult to diagnose correctly . The biggest cause for failure of an electric heating element to fail is , of course , overheating - no matter what the medium being heated . In the case of water ; the water is not in constant contact with the element . 1 . from aeration ( too hot of element for the amount water exposure ) , 2 . Get a plumber to check for proper Emjay4119 Join Date : Dec 2005 Location : Queensland Coalfields Australia . Posts : 697 Good Answers : 11 52 2 : 08 AM Your symptoms sound like the anode has failed . Usually the anode needs inspection each 5 years but some types of water eat it out faster then start on the elements and the tank itself . The anode is usually inserted from the top and centre of the tank . I will be due to check mine this year but will ensure I have a spare on hand first . Not checking it could prove expensive as I ' m using a heat pump system and I do n ' t want the condensor ( heater part in this case sceptic Join Date : Oct 2008 Location : Cairns , Qld , Australia Posts : 953 Good Answers : 65 53 # 52 6 : 12 AM If the anode has failed , the heater elements , being SS or inconel sheathed should n ' t corrode fast enough to be a problem . The shell of the water heater will go fairlly quickly though . It has to be overheating - the real question is why ? Lime deposits can lead to the element getting far hotter than it should . Although lime is an excellent insulator , deposits thick enough to cause an element failure would be obvious . If , in addition , the upper element is heating while part of the time it is out of the water , it will fail quickly , unless you use one of the high temperature elements like inconel sheathed . Incidently , on the question of voltage ; if the voltage is high , the heater will deliver more power , basically rising with the square of the voltage . If the thermostat is working properly , the element will stop heating earlier than it otherwise would . In any case , the temp of the element will be limited to about 100C because it is in contact with the water . If voltage rises too high , the circuit breaker will trip because of the excess current drawn . The result is that high voltage alone is unlikely to burn out your element . The only mechanisms available seem to be corrosion , leading to sheath failure , insulation failure and burnout ; or running out of water sufficiently often to allow the element to burn out . Inconel sheathed elements are likely to fix both problems . If you are burning both elements out , corrosion would seem the most likely , but if the water itself is that corrosive , the supply authority would be having big problems with their main distribution pipes . ( These are usually cement lined steel , whereas smaller pipes are often PVC ) . The culprit is then likely to be some way in which galvanic corrosion can cut out the elements . I once heard of a boat which chopped out it ' s copper exhaust at a great rate . Turned out that instead of brazing a joint , the installer had used silver solder , making the copper anodic and subject to rapid corrosion . A plumber would think he was doing a better job if he substituted silver solder for ordinary brazing , and in most cases it would be fine . Perhaps you can look at your installation with a view to how this type of situation could have arisen . If this is the case , none of the solutions suggested so far will stop the problem , short of using platinum sheathed elements ! Good Luck ! Emjay4119 Location : Queensland Coalfields Australia . Posts : 697 Good Answers : 11 56 # 53 02 / 10 / 2009 11 : 18 PM Improper bonding of the element and tank , element sheath setting up an anodic half cell voltage ? Manganese in the water ? Like your copper pipe story , copper earth mat strips ( in large installations ) can be a problem causing other metals to become anodic via the equipotential bonds under some soil condition circumstances . Overheating is pretty obvious especially when calcuim deposits are involved . The element bursts and there is calcium remains everywhere . One more thing , is a water softener involved ? Del the cat Join Date : May 2007 Location : Harlow England Posts : 16420 Good Answers : 647 54 02 / 05 / 2009 5 : 50 AM Someone has already suggested the thermostats , it could be the prob . At the instant of switch on the element is cold and probably lower than it ' s working resitance , you will get a big current surge and rapid heating with associated stresses on the element . If the ' stat contacts are bouncing a lot or switching too frequently ( insufficient hysteresis ) this could maybe be the prob . This could be just the wild ramblings of a dissorientated cat . . .what da ya think guys ? Del health warning : These posts may contain traces of nut . CUTiger Location : US - NC Posts : 317 Good Answers : 9 55 02 / 05 / 2009 8 : 43 AM There has been a huge amount of great input on this - and as some have said . . . ARGH - too many variables . . .but everything was covered here Cartman - i hope you get this fixed ' cause Hot Water is Good Stuff ! Best of Luck 57 03 / 30 / 2009 10 : 55 PM I have a similar problem . My electric hot water tank stopped working a few days ago . After a bit of internet research , I replaced the top heating element and got hot water for a few hours , but now it ' s cold again . I purged the tank of air before turning it back on , the inflow of cold water is fine , I replaced the element with the same 3000w 240v element . Is this a problem with my wiring perhaps ? The breaker box in line before my water heater has some black corrosion around the negative lead - kinda looks like oil sludge . 58 # 57 03 / 31 / 2009 9 : 28 PM Check your non return valve . upnorthguy55 Join Date : Apr 2014 Posts : 1 60 04 / 11 / 2014 3 : 09 AM Hi im late in this but just wanted to say i work with a plumbing heating contractor . We had similar issue with a hotwater heater issue in beauty salon . First off like otgers keep it simple and eleminate esady causes . 1 check for proper voltage at top incoming . Our was 208 / 240 elements and we had 209 v incoming and had 4500 / 3500 elements . If u had only 120 volts at 4500 watts u have a amp reading of around 38 amps . If u had 240volts at 4500 u see a reading 60 comments Back to top Interested in this topic ? By joining CR4 you can " subscribe " to this discussion and receive notification when new comments are added . Join CR4 , The Engineer ' s Place for News and Discussion ! Comments rated to be Good Answers : These comments received enough positive ratings to make them " good answers " . # 18 " by Tom D on 02 / 01 / 2009 7 : 40 AM ( score 2 ) # 26 " by Doogleass on 02 / 01 / 2009 1 : 40 PM ( score 2 ) Comments rated to be " almost " Good Answers : Check out these comments that do n ' t yet have enough votes to be " official " good answers and , if you agree with them , rate them ! # 10 " by Anonymous Poster on 01 / 31 / 2009 10 : 58 PM ( score 1 ) # 14 " by bubbapebi on 02 / 01 / 2009 2 : 42 AM ( score 1 ) # 19 " by Andy Germany on 02 / 01 / 2009 8 : 19 AM ( score 1 ) Copy to Clipboard Users who posted comments : ( 7 ) ; Anonymous Poster ( 9 ) ; artonpaper ( 1 ) ; babybear ( 1 ) ; bubbapebi ( 12 ) ; Circuit Breaker ckartson CUTiger ( 2 ) ; Del the cat Doogleass ( 3 ) ; Floram Garthh Hendrik Isti80 Mikerho ( 2 ) ; Mr . Guy SolarEagle Tom D upnorthguy55 user - deleted - 13 ( 1 ) Previous in Forum : Smooth finish inside Dia 1.1mm Next in Forum : Reciprocating Compressors You might be interested in : Radiant Heater Elements Finite Element Analysis Software Water Jetting Equipment and Water Blasters Advertisement
|
[
"heater elements",
"burned",
"Pacemaker self cleaning"
] |
http://cr4.globalspec.com/thread/37192/Pressure-Vessel-and-Storage-Tanks
|
HOME | CR4 | Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Previous in Forum : Next number Next in Forum : Experimental Modal Analysis - Hammer Test Comments Format : Indented / nested by replies Flat / chronological Save setting as my default Change Mode Subscribe to Discussion CR4 allows you to " subscribe " to a discussion so that you can be notified of new comments to the discussion via email . Rating Vote : Score 1 Score 2 Score 3 Score 4 Score 5 Add Vote 2 comments Subscribe Rate this Comments : Nested rajasekar_be Active Contributor Join Date : May 2009 Location : India Posts : 19 Pressure Vessel and Storage Tanks 05 / 03 / 2009 2 : 12 PM Hi , please anyone help me on difference between Pressure Vessels and Storage Tanks in detail . Regards Rajasekar Register to Reply Interested in this topic ? By joining CR4 you can " subscribe " to this discussion and receive notification when new comments are added . Join CR4 , The Engineer ' s Place for News and Discussion ! Comments rated to be Good Answers : These comments received enough positive ratings to make them " good answers " . # 1 Re : Pressure Vessel and Storage Tanks " by XMech on 05 / 03 / 2009 5 : 27 PM ( score 2 ) 2 XMech Power - User Join Date : Jan 2009 Location : Western Canada Posts : 295 Good Answers : 51 1 Re : Pressure Vessel and Storage Tanks 05 / 03 / 2009 5 : 27 PM Regarding American codes / standards : The most basic difference between pressure vessels and storage tanks is the internal design pressure : Pressure vessels above 15 psi . Storage tanks below 15 psi . Generally storage tanks are also much larger than pressure vessels . Design codes : Pressure Vessels : ASME Section VIII Division 1 , 2 , & 3 Storage Tanks : API 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage - often specified for service other than oil - Max pressure 2.5 psig / max temperature 90 ° C / nonrefrigerated API 620 Design and Construction of Large , Welded , Low - Pressure Storage Tanks - Max pressure 15 psig / Max temperature 250 ° F AWWA D100 Welded Steel Tanks for Water Storage Transport Tanks ASME Section XII DOT 46 A little knowledge is a dangerous thing . Register to Reply Good Answer ( Score 2 ) No more Good Answers . rajasekar_be Active Contributor Join Date : May 2009 Location : India Posts : 19 2 In reply to # 1 Re : Pressure Vessel and Storage Tanks 05 / 04 / 2009 1 : 10 PM Thanks for the reply 2 comments Back to top Interested in this topic ? By joining CR4 you can " subscribe " to this discussion and receive notification when new comments are added . Join CR4 , The Engineer ' s Place for News and Discussion ! Comments rated to be Good Answers : These comments received enough positive ratings to make them " good answers " . # 1 Re : Pressure Vessel and Storage Tanks " by XMech on 05 / 03 / 2009 5 : 27 PM ( score 2 ) Previous in Forum : Next number Next in Forum : Experimental Modal Analysis - Hammer Test You might be interested in : Storage Tanks and Process Tanks Gas Pressure Regulators Advertisement Got Something to Say ? Ask a Question Start a Discussion Search this Forum Mechanical Engineering : Go CR4 Sections Aerospace BioMech & BioMed Chemical & Material Science Civil Engineering Communications & Electronics Education and Engineering Careers Electrical Engineering General Instrumentation Manufacturing New Technologies & Research Software & Programming Sustainable Engineering Transportation Site Directories Forum Directory Blog Directory User Group Directory RSS Feeds CR4 Rules of Conduct CR4 FAQ Site Glossary Who ' s Online ( 56 right now ) Show Members Advertisement
|
[
"Experimental Modal Analysis-Hammer Test"
] |
http://cr4.globalspec.com/thread/3757/Maximum-Demand-KVA-Calculation-Formula
|
HOME | CR4 | Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering Previous in Forum : Phase - Phase Compensation Next in Forum : Fault Voltage Comments Format : Indented / nested by replies Flat / chronological Save setting as my default Change Mode Subscribe to Discussion CR4 allows you to " subscribe " to a discussion so that you can be notified of new comments to the discussion via email . Rating Vote : Score 1 Score 2 Score 3 Score 4 Score 5 Add Vote 19 comments Subscribe Rate this Comments : Nested renjith2008 Participant Join Date : Nov 2006 Posts : 2 Maximum Demand ( KVA ) Calculation Formula 11 / 23 / 2006 5 : 07 AM In India the maximum demand cycle is of 30 min . The instant values of the load is said to be integrated for the 30 min period . The clocked highest integrated Maximum Demand ( MD ) is considered for billing by the energy suppliers . Can any one suggest a formula by which we can integrate the MD value by some measurable inputs from the system . Please discuss Register to Reply Pathfinder Tags : formula maximum demand MD calculation Interested in this topic ? By joining CR4 you can " subscribe " to this discussion and receive notification when new comments are added . Join CR4 , The Engineer ' s Place for News and Discussion ! Anonymous Poster 1 Re : Maximum Demand ( KVA ) Calculation Formula 11 / 24 / 2006 3 : 04 AM First what is the end objective ? One obvious covariant is fuel consumption at the power generator . Register to Reply renjith2008 Participant Join Date : Nov 2006 Posts : 2 4 In reply to # 1 Re : Maximum Demand ( KVA ) Calculation Formula 11 / 26 / 2006 11 : 03 PM The objective is to monitor the KVA value in RTClock and get a predicted KVA ( MD ) value at the end of the cycle of 30 min . I should be able to set the value of KVA at which I can control it . Anonymous Poster 7 In reply to # 1 09 / 25 / 2007 2 : 40 AM ok , please in design of electrical machine , is maximum demand equal 0.75 of total connected load Best Regard Mohammad Arf ALABBADI Analysis section , Dubai 14 03 / 24 / 2010 7 : 52 AM First what is the end objective ? One obvious covariant is fuel consumption at the power generator 2 11 / 24 / 2006 5 : 09 AM XM = KB / 2ND Leyonsa Member Join Date : Dec 2006 Posts : 5 6 # 2 12 / 11 / 2006 1 : 11 PM This formulae is interesting , but could you please define the terms ? i.e the meaning of those parameters used . Thanks a million . Regards Leyonsa 3 5 : 44 AM Power consumed is measured as KVA * power factor . In this case max . demand is given in KVA . If max demand sanctioned is 100 KVA , then , √ 3V * I = 100,000 V * A . Hence current , I = 131 amps . In a month there are 30 days , and if one is permitted to use only 100 kva as MD then , assuming each day if he exceeds the line current by 131 amps for One minute at any point of the day , then cumulatively on a 30 day contiunous working he may just be in the border line . The consumer has to restrict the power consumed not to go beyond 131 amps for one minute continously in a day You can have an alarm mounted to warn you , if the line current exceeds 131 amps . 8 # 3 02 / 09 / 2008 3 : 27 AM Excellent explanation & idea . Really appreciate your effort to answer this in such a descriptive manner . Aathi , UAE 18 # 8 07 / 03 / 2010 1 : 00 AM KVA CAICULATION 11 # 3 08 / 28 / 2008 2 : 41 AM What influence will the PF have on the monitored kVA , if your equipment still need 86kW to do the work in the example below ? P = √ 3 . V . I . cos @ kW = v3 supply V I cos @ 86 = 1.73 380 131 1.00 86 1.73 380 137 0.96 146 0.90 153 0.85 164 0.80 Jo inderjeet singh Join Date : Dec 2011 19 12 / 08 / 2011 2 : 38 AM I am not able to understand the formula you have given . For the max demand sanctioned 100kva how does this 3V * I = 100,000V * Ais getting converted in to 131amps . Explaining how to calculate the formula in detail would really help me in understanding it . Thanking you Inderjeet singh Howetwo Power - User Join Date : Jun 2005 Posts : 394 Good Answers : 1 5 11 / 27 / 2006 4 : 41 PM They probably do the same thing as in the USA . Here they measure the power consumed for 30 minutes and then multiply it by two to get the demand rate - - note that if you integrate the demand over an interval of time you are in essence measuring consumption for that interval . We also have power companies that have 15 minute demand windows . In that case they measure the usage for each 15 minutes and then multiply by 4 to get the demand rate for that interval . I have not seen a utility company that uses less than a 15 minute " average " for calculating the billing demand . The demand charge for the month is typically the maximum demand measured during all the demand intervals in the billing period . Normally the demand intervals coincide with the top of the hour . However different utilities do things differently . Some may take the peak usage occuring each week and average teh 4 or 5 values for the past month . Many employ ratchet charges where the lowest possible demand charge is perhaps 80 % of the maximum demand for the past 11 months . Most electric utilities use electronic demand meters that keep track of a facility ' s energy consumption per demand interval ( a demand profile ) . This is downloaded and stored by the utility for a few years and is usually available on request in a graphic and / or digital printout . A small fee may be required . 9 02 / 17 / 2008 12 : 56 AM 10 07 / 22 / 2008 6 : 15 AM My load 10 Minute 2500 KVA forward power and 10 Minute 1000 KVA reverse power and then 10 Minute 500 KVA then what is my Max Demand for integration period 30 Minute ? 12 # 10 08 / 28 / 2008 4 : 47 AM kVA min kWh used 2500 10 417 imported - 1000 - 167 exported 500 83 imported 333 kWh imp 667 kW Dem 15 # 12 03 / 24 / 2010 7 : 59 AM Sir We want how to calcaulate maxium demand . 13 06 / 24 / 2009 5 : 56 AM I want to know the formula for rise in maximum demand for motor starting current . Thanks Krawler Join Date : Aug 2008 Location : Potch , SA 16 11 : 02 AM Can the demand be predicted by the average measured kVA of the first few minutes ? So for example , if you had a 5min integration period , it would look something like this : Minute Start Minute End eg . Instantaneous kVA Predicted Maximum Demand 0 1 1,000 1,000 2 800 900 3 600 800 4 400 700 5 200 600 Ave = 5min demand 17 05 / 05 / 2010 6 : 37 AM the formula should be 1 / T ( ∫ p ( t ) dt ) for the time duration of the cycle . . . 19 comments Back to top Interested in this topic ? By joining CR4 you can " subscribe " to this discussion and receive notification when new comments are added . Join CR4 , The Engineer ' s Place for News and Discussion ! Copy to Clipboard Users who posted comments : Anonymous Poster ( 14 ) ; Howetwo ( 1 ) ; inderjeet singh ( 1 ) ; Krawler ( 1 ) Previous in Forum : Phase - Phase Compensation Next in Forum : Fault Voltage You might be interested in : Integrated Development Environment ( IDE ) Application Specific Integrated Circuits ( ASIC ) Power Quality Analyzers Advertisement
|
[
"demand cycle",
"Calculation Formula",
"energy suppliers"
] |
http://cr4.globalspec.com/thread/88060/What-is-the-easiest-way-to-thaw-out-frozen-ground
|
HOME | CR4 | Civil Engineering Civil Engineering Previous in Forum : Rotating Skyscraper ? ? Next in Forum : Autocad Plugin to Make Reinforced Concrete Detailing Comments Format : Indented / nested by replies Flat / chronological Save setting as my default Change Mode Subscribe to Discussion CR4 allows you to " subscribe " to a discussion so that you can be notified of new comments to the discussion via email . Rating Vote : Score 1 Score 2 Score 3 Score 4 Score 5 Add Vote 96 comments Subscribe Rate this Comments : Nested tcmtech Guru Join Date : Jun 2009 Location : South of Minot North Dakota Posts : 8378 Good Answers : 772 What is the Easiest Way to Thaw Out Frozen Ground ? 01 / 25 / 2014 11 : 34 AM I need to add a workshed to our old house but being its the middle of winter and the ground is frozen about 3 - 4 feet deep now I ca n ' t dig out the ground to put in the foundations . What is the most practical way of thawing out hard frozen ground for an area of roughly 14 ' x 24 ' next to an existing structure ? I have hot water heat in the house so I was thinking of just paying pex pipe on the ground and putting a good layer of insulation over it and letting it cook for a week . Once I have the ground thawed out it would only take me a good day to get the dirt out and the poles for the foundation in place plus set and backfill the skirting . I ' m just asking being that this is an experiment I have yet to ever try myself . Normally I do n ' t try and do earth work in the dead of winter but you know how it is when you need your own space in your own house plus really need to shut the wife up . Register to Reply Interested in this topic ? By joining CR4 you can " subscribe " to this discussion and receive notification when new comments are added . Join CR4 , The Engineer ' s Place for News and Discussion ! Comments rated to be Good Answers : These comments received enough positive ratings to make them " good answers " . # 3 Re : What is the easiest way to thaw out frozen ground ? " by redfred on 01 / 25 / 2014 11 : 50 AM ( score 2 ) Comments rated to be " almost " Good Answers : Check out these comments that do n ' t yet have enough votes to be " official " good answers and , if you agree with them , rate them ! # 8 Re : What is the easiest way to thaw out frozen ground ? " by tcmtech on 01 / 25 / 2014 12 : 05 PM ( score 1 ) # 18 Re : What is the Easiest Way to Thaw Out Frozen Ground ? " by truth is not a compromise on 01 / 25 / 2014 4 : 55 PM ( score 1 ) # 23 Re : What is the Easiest Way to Thaw Out Frozen Ground ? " by dvmdsc on 01 / 26 / 2014 12 : 17 AM ( score 1 ) WJMFIRE Guru Join Date : Apr 2009 Location : USA , Florida Posts : 1474 Good Answers : 115 1 Re : What is the easiest way to thaw out frozen ground ? 01 / 25 / 2014 11 : 46 AM If you can get some sawdust from a local mill , dump a pile of it on the frozen spot . The sawdust will generate lots of heat and thaw the ground . I used to do this in Virginia , and kept a large pile of it just for this purpose . An obstacle is something you see when you take your eyes off the goal . Register to Reply lyn Join Date : Oct 2008 Posts : 41757 Good Answers : 1644 2 Re : What is the easiest way to thaw out frozen ground ? 11 : 49 AM Are you sure you are n ' t really just going to dig a 2x5x6 foot deep hole to shut the wife up , permanently ? Build a fire proof frame the shape of the foundation and fill it up with used motor oil and old tires and set it on fire . I think you ' re on the right track with the hot water and insulation . Hay bales ? I have no idea what the thermal conductivity of your dirt is , but you can probably find out from a local college . Excavating a foundation wo n ' t be as hard as digging the entire area out . tcmtech Join Date : Jun 2009 Location : South of Minot North Dakota Posts : 8378 Good Answers : 772 7 In reply to # 2 12 : 03 PM Did n ' t think of the hay bales . We have hundreds of square bales over in the old hay shed . All I need to do is dig down about 30 inches for the skirting and take the middle down about a foot so I can set the 12 treated 8 " poles four feet in the ground . " Are you sure you are n ' t really just going to dig a 2x5x6 foot deep hole to shut the wife up , permanently ? I ' d never bury her that shallow or that close to the house . Too much of a possibility that I could still hear her complain at those depths and distance . G&R covers the ramifications of that lack of foresight in this song . Guns & Roses - I used to lover her but I had to kill her . 2 redfred Join Date : Dec 2008 Location : Long Island NY Posts : 13409 Good Answers : 821 3 11 : 50 AM The easiest method is to wait for spring but I guess that ' s not what you ' re willing to do . There ' s always the all day bonfire approach that has been used for centuries . " Do n ' t disturb my circles . " translation of Archimedes last words Good Answer ( Score 2 ) No more Good Answers . Go to first " Almost " Good Answer 8 In reply to # 3 12 : 05 PM Problem is the area is right next to the house . The bonfire approach would n ' t end so well . Score 1 for Good Answer Go to Next " Almost " Good Answer kevinm Join Date : May 2009 Location : Wolfe Island , ON Posts : 1359 Good Answers : 109 19 # 3 5 : 27 PM I give you a GA for wait till spring . That is the only answer if there is 4 feet of frost . You will not thaw the ground with a bonfire and you may need more energy to attempt a thaw than it is worth waiting a couple or three months . Piling material on the area will insulate the ice and delay the thaw . We do n ' t normally build when excavation is required but you can get other components together so delays are minimum once the spring thaw occurs . Jack hammers , hoe rams If they want holy water , tell them to boil the hell out of it . kramarat Join Date : Jun 2008 Location : Raleigh , NC USA Posts : 13528 Good Answers : 467 4 11 : 51 AM I ' d build a tent over it , with pvc and 6 mil plastic . . .maybe a foot off the ground . Then I ' d find a different heat source than you are using for the house . You could even build it so you could slide it out of the way , do some work , and put it back . Maybe a kerosene heater like they use on construction sites and piping the heat in . Those who would give up essential Liberty , to purchase a little temporary Safety , deserve neither Liberty nor Safety . Ben Franklin 9 # 4 12 : 09 PM I have several of those heaters so that could be done that way but the house heat comes off the shop boiler system which is fueled by used oil I get for free plus the heating circuit for the house has more than enough capacity to handle an extra loop of pipe without problems . I ' m thinking the loops of pex under a layer of hay bales might just do what I need ! PeterT Join Date : May 2010 Location : Liverpool , NY Posts : 894 Good Answers : 122 82 # 9 02 / 18 / 2014 1 : 41 PM Your pex tubing and hay bales idea is basically similar to what a building contractor just did on a job of mine . They had to finish the excavation and preparation for pouring the floor slab in a building foundation . The foundation had been poured earlier in the fall , and the building framed on it . But the extremely cold weather had so set up the soil within the foundation that they could n ' t easily excavate it to install our in - floor facilities ( cable trench , conduits , etc . ) . They brought in a trailer with a heating & pumping system for ethylene glycol solution . A network of flexible hose was laid out on the ground surface , and insulating " blankets " were spread over the top . Then they ran it over the weekend to get the ground thawed enough to start digging and leveling on Monday . Ultimately , though , they also put some temporary heaters in the shell to add more heat , so I think the suggestion to tent it up and run a " salamander " is a good idea too . To get the right answers , first you need to ask the right questions . OlympiaWA Power - User Join Date : May 2008 Location : Olympia , WA Posts : 123 Good Answers : 5 36 # 4 01 / 26 / 2014 10 : 29 AM Greetings . Absolutely right on . I would use a propane heater because it would not have or leave a kerosene smell and is easier to keep fueled . A friend came home late about 10 : 30 PM in Enumclaw , WA to find that the power was off because of a fierce winter storm , and all the pipes in his house were frozen . He was tired , hungry and wanted a shower and was blown away with the situation which also faced all of his neighbors . He was standing in his garage and saw his propane heater and his generator and you guessed it he and his neighbor dragged the generator and the propane heater over to his crawl space . He opened all the faucets and turned on the heater into the crawl space after he made sure he was n ' t going to start the insulation under the house on fire . About 25 minutes later the faucets started to drip , and 10 minutes later the pipes were all thawed and no smell under the house . A good idea is noticed immediately . His neighbor , and then his neighbor , and then his neighbor , until all in his small neighborhood had used his idea and their pipes were thawed . I would possibly use a heavier blue tarp or the such and make it at least 6 feet high to keep from burning up the cover and going about 4 feet beyond the perimeter of the planned foundation . Be sure to monitor the temp inside to make sure that it does n ' t get to hot . Have a Great Day , Let us know how you do , Olie 5 Re : What is the Easiest Way to Thaw Out Frozen Ground ? 11 : 53 AM I dont have much for sawdust here . What I was thinking was to build the floor for the shed and insulate it then set up up on blocks a few inches above the pex pipe with a blanket of insulation going another 2 or so feet out around it . I sort of have to work with whats available at hand . I have all of the structural and insulation plus steel siding here for the shed . It just never got built last fall due to our month long trip to Turkey . SolarEagle Join Date : Mar 2007 Location : at the beach in Florida Posts : 22944 Good Answers : 1306 6 11 : 55 AM It seems to me the most expensive part would be the insulation . . . .rottin g vegetation can provide heat , maybe a half doz old electric blankets , thick plastic sheet . . . .wait do n ' t you get free gas or something ? Gas water heater with recirculating antifreeze mix . . . . ? Life is like riding a bicycle . To keep your balance you must keep moving . A.E . 10 # 6 12 : 11 PM I have all the insulation for the shed already so there is no added expense in using it and yes I have basically all the free heat I can use coming off the shop boiler . PWSlack Join Date : Jan 2007 Location : In the bothy , 7 chains down the line from Dodman ' s Lane level crossing , in the nation formerly known as Great Britain , and now disconnecting [ " brexit " - ugh ] as Little England and Wales ( not too sure about Wales bit , either ) . Kettle ' s on . Posts : 28002 Good Answers : 750 77 # 10 01 / 29 / 2014 4 : 27 AM Then that is the easiest way apart from waiting for warmer weather . " Did you get my e - mail ? " - " The biggest problem in communication is the illusion that it has taken place " - George Bernard Shaw , 1856 Usbport Join Date : Apr 2010 Location : Trantor Posts : 5352 Good Answers : 643 11 Re : What is the Easiest Way to Thaw Out Frozen Ground ? 12 : 19 PM The dirt ( clay ) here in GA is like concrete by mid - summer . When I needed to dig some holes I first rented a power auger , but it would n ' t go deeper than about a foot . I needed to go 3 feet deep . I ended up digging the holes using a 6 - foot iron bar I got from Home Depot , then removing the dirt with a phd . If you have access to a fireworks store , some M - 80s might help . Dig a small hole , drop in the lit M - 80 , then block the hole with a heavy stone . Whiskey , women - - and astrophysics . Because sometimes a problem ca n ' t be solved with just whiskey and women . 13 # 11 2 : 35 PM Were I need to thaw out is all fill dirt I dredged from our stream channel so it ' s a fair mix of sand , fine silt and black dirt . The down side is with the wet fall we had it ' s more than likely nearly saturated and as hard as concrete until it thaws out . After that the stuff is not so bad to work with . artsmith Join Date : Dec 2008 Location : Canada Posts : 3217 Good Answers : 136 12 1 : 09 PM Maybe a workshed is too ambitious . . . bet you could heat enough area to build a doghouse in just a day or so . incus opella dvmdsc Join Date : Mar 2010 Location : In the pool because it is too hot . Posts : 3038 Good Answers : 141 14 3 : 16 PM We have that problem here all year round . Only it is rock we dig through . Why not use a rock bucket on your machine . We dig Red Rock with it and this is a lot tougher than frozen ground . While the ground is frozen it will easily shape up for the walls . When pouring concrete make sure to keep frost free also . Freezing soil is often used for tunneling where soil instability is expected . So your house will be safe doing it in winter . Plenty of room here 15 # 14 3 : 26 PM My tractor backhoe does n ' t have the digging power to go through frozen ground or at least not presently with the dirt bucket I have on it . The best it will do now is make a clean scraped cut to remove the snow , ice and grass on the surface . As far as the house is concerned its sitting on its own pillars and I would only be digging down to the depth of the skirting which is not primary load bearing . I dont need to pour concrete either . It ' s my old trailer house we are still living in until the new house is built so a wood pillar type foundation for a work shed is more than sufficient . I really would rather just wait until April until things thaw on its own but if I can get the ground thawed out I really do n ' t mind doing the work now . dvmdsc Join Date : Mar 2010 Location : In the pool because it is too hot . Posts : 3038 Good Answers : 141 17 # 15 4 : 53 PM In this case post # 3 , part 1 is a temptation . Cheap and easy . I thought you had the machinery . Once you borrow , use , make a narrow trench bucket and fit it on your backhoe , you are in business again . I have seen some 6 " models with 2 hard metal teeth . Best Regards . D Plenty of room here 21 # 17 7 : 53 PM I have summertime earth moving equipment . That said I do need to make a narrow trenching bucket for putting wiring and shallow yard sprinkler lines in next spring . JNB Join Date : Aug 2012 Posts : 984 Good Answers : 83 16 4 : 49 PM Use your Pex ( I ' ll refrain from any jokes on " deer Cr4 , how many pecks can I pump through Pex . . . ) spread about 8 " between the pipes , with a tarp over top to hold the pipes against the ground and direct the heat , then spread the hay loose over top of that about 2 ' deep . Make sure to cover at least 2 ' beyond each side of the anticipated excavation . You should be able to take out 8 - 12 " of frost a day , so The hardest part for you is probably clearing the snow off first and figuring out how to excavate a stable base in the muck you ' ll be digging afterwards truth is not a compromise Join Date : Apr 2011 Posts : 7395 Good Answers : 258 18 4 : 55 PM Applying some salt to the surface and driving heavy equipment over the area could help to get things less solid . The salt also does n ' t have to be table salt , so it does n ' t have to make the dirt unusable for growing . Eternal vigilance is the price of knowledge . - George Santayana Score 1 for Good Answer Go to Next " Almost " Good Answer passingtongreen Join Date : Aug 2009 Location : Glen Mills , PA . Posts : 2385 Good Answers : 114 20 7 : 07 PM You really need radiant heat , You have the hot water , if you have the pipe , the addition of some of these might work . Back when fuel got very expensive , we tried one on our mattress . My wife , who was always cold took it off after a couple of hours . Nothing seemed to get by it . In a time of universal deceit , telling the truth is a revolutionary act . George Orwell Jimh77 Join Date : Feb 2009 Location : West Coxsackie , NY Posts : 533 Good Answers : 10 22 11 : 45 PM I have a similar dilemma . I have to run drain lines and use PVC glue and all I can find are glues for 40 - 110 ' F . Well it ' s - 5 ' F or lower right now with this deep freeze we are experiencing . so how do I do that ? In your case , I ' d build a temporary enclosure a few feet larger than the size of your footing . Put in the backhoe or excavator and enclose it to 10 feet high . Add 2 salamanders and heat the area for a week and start digging . My backhoe requires at min 10Ft head room . Does n ' t help with my drain problems as there is no way to heat the area I am working in . I do have a salamander and will probably try to use in on this job . I need Good Luck . " Real Bass Players " do not use picks old salt Join Date : Feb 2007 Location : Stronger Than The Storm Posts : 2379 Good Answers : 201 24 # 22 01 / 26 / 2014 12 : 27 AM Jimh77 - Get a heated storage area for storing the pipes , some fiberglass insulation encased fully in plastic sheet , some plastic garbage bags and a couple of old heating pads ( the type for humans . Only as you need it , wrap the ends of the pipe in the insulation and take it out of the storage area to where it is used . Take the insulation off , glue the ends and fittings , put the plastic bag over all this , put the heating pad over the plastic at the glue joint and rewrap the insulation on the glued area and heating pads . Let sit for a couple of hours , the longer the better . Large growers / greenhouses do it this way if they must install plastic PVC outdoor piping Check with a good plumbing supply house , someone out there whose name I do n ' t recall makes a very low temp PVC glue . Perhaps goggle it . Oatey makes some for down to - 10 F . Try Home Depot , they sell Oatey pipe glues . Good Luck , Old Salt Any day on the green side of the grass is a GREAT DAY ! , - - - me + + + + + + + + + . I believe creativity is an inherent part of everyone . - - - Kermit T . Frog Jimh77 28 # 24 1 : 14 AM old salt Join Date : Feb 2007 Location : Stronger Than The Storm Posts : 2379 Good Answers : 201 32 # 28 9 : 39 AM Jimh77 - Yes , HD has limited stock . Mine carries it only in the winter . Except for evenings and most of the week - end I use the plumbing supply house . They definitely have it . They gave it to me in error once but it worked fine . Good Luck , Old Salt Any day on the green side of the grass is a GREAT DAY ! , - - - me + + + + + + + + + . I believe creativity is an inherent part of everyone . - - - Kermit T . Frog 30 # 22 8 : 18 AM You can heat up your pipes with a air gun up to warm . ( bit warmer than lookwarm ) , apply the glue and let it cure . Here in the tropics the glue is set after 10 minutes . Once cured , the glue can withstand the variations , unless otherwise specified . 33 # 30 9 : 57 AM This works most of the time . Unfortunately though the person doing it must be extremely careful about where and how it is done . I came across the following headline : Contractor started Roxbury house fire Saturday while thawing frozen pipes , police say . Although the first floor is still intact the house is a total loss . Be carefull . 34 # 33 10 : 10 AM 40 # 34 2 : 26 PM dvmdsc - Apparently the heat gun was one of the electric paint stripper types . A portion of the newspaper described it as : While using a heat gun inside the wall to thaw the frozen pipes , one of the contractors ignited combustible material within the wall , Pellek said . The fire climbed up the wall through the wall space and devastated the attic , he said . I have never had that type of problem with those guns but then again I have n ' t and would n ' t use it in that close proximity to combustibles . It only has to go to 451 o F to ignite the paper on fiberglass insulation I have burnt myself on the hot nozzles but that was carelessness or stupidity . I ' m not from Roxbury ; a friend e - mailed the article to me . The fire started in the wall behind a 2nd floor bathroom . Unless there is something unusual , such as gasoline or highly combustibles stored in the attic , this type of fire generally goes up and towards the attic while it is going along the ceiling of the 2nd floor . Since fire usually goes up and the 1st floor ignites from embers or burning materials falling into it , the 1st floor is usually the last to ignite . Apparently that is what happened in this one . The picture shows the roof fallen and extensive damage to the 2nd floor walls . It also states the most of the 1st floor damage was water and smoke . The underlines are for what generally happens . When a fire starts in the upper interior and the fire dept gets there soon the lower exterior walls are the last things to go . I have worked somewhere 2 or more walls are standing but go around to opposite location and only those walls are standing Fire Dept got there in 4 minutes and used copious amounts of water applied from the interior and exterior . A lot depends upon how long until the fire was noticed , what the people were doing prior to calling 9 1 1 , the response of the fire dept and the availability of water . They have hydrants there but many areas must haul water in because of no hydrants . Thanks for your interest and the opportunity to explain a little about fires and how some of them can get started from ordinary type tasks going wrong . How many people have unknowingly started fires in their basement workshops that destroyed the whole house ? I know I ' m more conscience of it than most but it is n ' t the loss of the physical things that bothers me . It ' s the tragic toll it takes on the morale of the people who have lost it that bothers me . 41 # 40 7 : 56 PM 23 12 : 17 AM If you have access to a pressure water pump ( fire truck , Exhaust truck or tank on your tractor as accessory ) and some water to spill , You can erode yourself some deep holes or even a pool area , provided you work in sandy soil . Just remove the water after the work is done before it freezes . You can use the spilled water area to skate on also . No more " Almost " Good Answers . ormondotvos Power - User Join Date : Jan 2010 Location : Atchison Village Posts : 383 Good Answers : 39 26 # 23 12 : 34 AM You ' ve got heat , you ' ve got pressurized water . Use a garden hose and extend the nozzle with a piece of brazed or soldered copper pipe . Water has a very high specific heat . Removal might be fun . Maybe a mud pump or shop vacuum head stuck on a steel drum ? Align culture with nature . . . bakerjohn Join Date : Dec 2006 Location : Scottsdale , AZ Posts : 1014 Good Answers : 12 25 12 : 28 AM Directional charges ; or a Cat 375 excavator with a hydrolic drill ; or a jack hammer . John J Baker sawmilleng Join Date : Dec 2006 Location : In the sticks of the Central Kootenays , BC , Canada Posts : 266 Good Answers : 20 27 12 : 55 AM I ' ve never had much luck thawing frozen ground for foundations . An idea for making the holes for the posts : If the soil is as rock - free as your description suggests , try using a hammer drill ( one of the decent ones that are made to drill concrete , not the glorified hand drill types that buzz a lot ) to make a hole large enough to put a pipe down with hot water circulating through it . Or you could use several in close proximity to thaw a circular area large enough to start pulling dirt out of , either by hand or by hoe . Your friendly neighborhood rental store might be able to find you an air powered rock drill that you could use to chain drill the openings in the soil , pretty much breaking it up so you can do the rest with the hoe . A hydraulic hammer on the hoe would do this , too , but renting one of those would be quite a bit more costly . Chain drilling might even work well with a hammer drill if the soil is n ' t too rocky . ( def . " chain drilling " : drilling along a line with multiple holes spaced slightly further apart than the hole diameter . ) How about just building the shed on timbers or steel beams and plan on moving it whenever your house is built ? You can relevel the shed periodically if it shifts much in the spring when the frost goes out . Best of all , because it is on timbers or steel , your building inspector may not have a lot to say about it because a moveable building , at least in some jurisdictions is classed as " temporary " and they turn a more lenient eye to how you construct it . Jon . scotchdrnkr Join Date : Apr 2007 Location : Latitude 38.701979 Longitude - 90.439540 Coordinates 38.701979 , - 90.439540 N38 ° 42.11874 , W090 ° 26.3724 Posts : 654 Good Answers : 15 29 5 : 50 AM Saw this about a week ago . You could build your own . Its a grave defroster ! http : / / www . enterpris epub . com / dakotacount ystar / news / dakota - ci ty - purchases - grave - w armer / article_c7c111 1e - 7601 - 11e2 - 97bd - 00 19bb30f31a . html scotchdrnkr Wwwheaty Active Contributor Join Date : Aug 2009 Posts : 17 31 8 : 38 AM A jack hammer , chipping hammer and a shop vac . Bob Sullivan Commentator Join Date : Oct 2012 Location : Located in South eastern North Carolina , I am a retired Supt of Public Works . also I am wheelchair confined due to an INdustrial accident of the Bends ( Caissone Disease ) from a construction Diver / underwater mechanic . Posts : 64 Good Answers : 2 35 10 : 12 AM I have had various reasons to have to excavate frozen ground . I always used hydraulic Hoe Rams , they are hydraulicly powered paving breakers that mount on your backhoe or excavator boom . In this borrowed backfill that sounds like it has good drainage qualities , this may go fairly fast . The hoe rams can usually be rented from almost any equipment rental company , or equpiment supplier . Earth thaws primarily from the bottom up , not from the top down , so permanent piers set into frozen earth will very likely heave up after a few years . This is why large rocks come to the surface after a time . It is a very slow process . But I would not set piers on a frozen bottom of any hole , get down below the frost level where ever that level occurs , not to a predetermined depth . roy hammy Location : Ontario Canada Posts : 881 Good Answers : 30 37 11 : 30 AM When I found this necessary I always used a tent or fabricated a structure and heated it with cheapest fuel I could find along with a couple of fans to keep hot air moving down . Wood of any sort , used oil , great low cost fuels . A barrel stove with proper chimney protection is great and needs minimum tending . The fans are important to get heat into the ground and the structure is nice to work in as ground conditions permit . In the Oil fields even at 45 below we had shrouding and heaters , The fine line between cuddling and holding one down to prevent escape must be learned 38 11 : 47 AM I am planing on going with the pex and hot water heating method with a layer of square bales of it for insulation . As far as the area being dug out goes my backhoe tractor can reach about 10 feet and I am not all that worried about sinking in any way . I have other machines that can pull it out if it gets stuck . No worries there . Foundation wise being its only a 12 ' by 20 ' wood framed shed addition to the house it will be sitting on 12 4 ' long 8 " dia treated posts that go down to the hard pan clay layer I put down for the base for the house to sit on before all of the this area was filled in . Also below the shed will be open to the underside of the house which is heated so I am not worried about frost heaving . The outer skirting is 3 feet tall and is insulated with 2 " pink foam sheeting that is backfilled about 30 inches . 39 12 : 06 PM tcmtech - Large florists and nurseries use a variation of the normal " hot house " which might be suitable for your application . They take lengths of rigid conduit , rigid tubing or steel tubing and bend them in a semi - circle arc . The length depends upon the height and width that is chosen . Spikes or tubing near the size of the arcs are placed in rows for each side of the hoop and the arcs placed on them . Plastic sheeting , either clear or black is then pulled along the tops of the arcs ( preferably The picture is an big and elaborate one . No need to go live it . Just an example . garyrich2000 Join Date : Jun 2013 Posts : 144 Good Answers : 5 42 8 : 24 PM Build a cofferdam around the area you want to excavate , mix a solution of concentrated salt water , rig up a stirrer to circulate the mix , and add a heat source that can keep the solution luke warm but not much warmer for better heat transfer . Once the salty mixture works it ' s way into the ground , the salty soil may be repurposed along areas where pesky weeds or grass is unwanted and not a runoff problem for growth you do want . 43 8 : 43 PM garyrich2000 Join Date : Jun 2013 Posts : 144 44 8 : 46 PM I like the idea of putting up a temporary tent with a heater blower inside to work in a comfortable climate . This heater can also blow directly on stirred salty water . If stirred fast enough at center , it should concentrate thawing downward . The stirring needs to be strong enough to handle mud as well . bakerjohn Location : Scottsdale , AZ Posts : 1014 Good Answers : 12 45 # 44 8 : 55 PM Just how the salt does n ' t get into the ground water . Its a major pain to get it out . I ' ve been on two phase II project were salt got in to ground water in a development cost the state millions to clean it up . John J Baker 46 # 45 9 : 09 PM I do n ' t see it as much of a problem because it is a small area that is excavated and much more salt than this is introduced to thaw roads for driving on . 47 # 46 9 : 22 PM One of the phase II was caused by road salt . The salt got into a craked stormwater drain pipe and right into the ground water . The excavation could act like an injection well . Just saying to be careful . Might be cheaper and easier just to get a jackhammer and do it . There about $ 45 / hr plus your labor you put into it . I know its not as much fun as designing some crash salt water or warm contraption . ; ) 49 # 47 9 : 50 PM You have me interested , please send details for study … . 52 # 49 10 : 28 PM You ' ll have to contact PENNDOT happened about 10 years ago so not sure if they still have the records . Most records are only kept for 6 years then purged . Some details are it was Carbon County . The storm water drains where over 50 years old and ceramic . The water in the street seemed to settle right at the drain and acted like an injection well . The ground water level was at 24 ft . Six houses had wells tied to the ground water . The state replaced all the hot water pipes water 48 # 46 9 : 43 PM garyrich2000 - Really does n ' t matter how much you see it as or as not a problem . It ' s how much the EPA ' s , DEP ' s , DEC ' s , etc . see it as a problem . One guy can get away with more than you can ever imagine and the next guy ca n ' t get by with " spitting on the street " . What ' s just as problematic about it is that everything can be completed and done with when big brother comes knocking on your door and Good Luck , Old Salt 50 # 48 9 : 55 PM I ' m looking more at you may have to replace all your pipes , hot water heater , and go on high blood pressure medication . That ' s all I ' m trying to point out that salt is a pain once it hits your ground water . There are n ' t any EPA regulations for salt but there maybe some local . Some states have out lawed the use of salt in winter like Washington and I heard parts of Canada . But that is here nor there . Does n ' t matter to me 53 # 50 10 : 43 PM bakerjohn - Yes , very true . Besides the equipment there is also big daddy potentially looking over your shoulder either now or in the future looking back to now . There are a whole set of tiers that you have to be aware of and be prepared to defend your actions to in the future as you know . EPA might not be the place that gets a bug up their butt between the agencies down to the local civic group . There are usually at least a half - dozen of others ready to jump on the property owners or Typical example - 30 - 35 years ago I was involved with the water supply / sewage discharge modifications of an adhesives plant in Ohio . Discharges were fine while handling process wastes but high pH when not operating production . Discharge limits had to somewhere around 6.5 - - > 7.5 pH but were hitting 8 + when tested . Come to find out that the incoming city water was 8.5 pH . They made us treat all incoming city water before we could discharge it . So if we ran a hose from the slop sink to the With the regulatory agencies its sometimes like shooting craps with the dice loaded in the other guy ' s favor ! 55 # 48 01 / 27 / 2014 4 : 11 AM Ok , I understand what you mean . redfred Location : Long Island NY Posts : 13409 Good Answers : 821 51 10 : 11 PM Wow ! The wide variety of perspectives and ideas you ' ve spurred here makes me think that you are both in the everglades on a cool day and the depths of Antarctica all at the same time . I still like the idea of piping in heated water under bales of hay to thaw your ground as a second best effort . Excavating periodically to , at the very least , lower the heating coils elevation and replace the bales . Trying and responding to any engineering approach will always be the best plan . My preference is still to wait until spring . At the same time my proximity to an ocean , warps my perspective of spring compared to those away from an ocean . Spring will likely happen to me in just four to six weeks . I have nothing so pressing at my house that a four week delay will make a hill of beans difference . I will not presume to grasp why you need several holes in North Dakota ground now . I wish you the best , my friend . Do n ' t burn the house down . " Do n ' t disturb my circles . " translation of Archimedes last words 54 # 51 11 : 10 PM redfred - These have not been the preferred methods of most answerers . Just a variety to select from depending upon what he thinks is best for him . Personally , if I was doing the construction I would wait until May , make sure there was enough brew in the ice box and invite others over to do the actual work . I have plenty of things to do till then . Just remember though , Big Brother may be watching . 56 01 / 27 / 2014 4 : 18 AM I was curious to know if an array of high wattage infrared lamps would do a good job of penetrating the frozen soil effectively . I could see a set of warm pipes working if water is added as a heat bridge to speed up the process . As long as it is covered and water is added to keep the pipes submerged . lonster Join Date : Nov 2005 Location : Hamburg NY ( just south of buffalo ) pre - Hamburg ( 1998 ) home was the Yukon territory of Canada Posts : 486 Good Answers : 27 57 7 : 21 AM I do n ' t know if it would be economical on such a small scale but miners in the Klondike gold fields drill holes and use steam from a boiler to thaw frozen ground . The steam is routed into the holes one at a time via a wand . Nothing is fool - proof to a talented fool Rorschach Join Date : Jan 2008 Location : Spring , Texas Posts : 3403 Good Answers : 148 58 7 : 58 AM there are very few problems that can not be managed with the proper application of high explosives . . . Who is John Galt ? Score 1 for Off Topic 59 # 58 8 : 06 AM Rorschach Join Date : Jan 2008 Location : Spring , Texas Posts : 3403 Good Answers : 148 61 # 59 11 : 18 AM All joking aside , small holes filled with small explosive charges could easily break up the frozen soil and enable you to work the soil . Who is John Galt ? 63 # 61 11 : 53 AM Yes but with the home foundation nearby , explosives can produce trouble , too . 64 # 63 12 : 00 PM depends on the size of the charges of course . . . . im thinking rather small charges . roughly the size of about four 12 gauge shotgun shells worth of gunpowder or equivalent . 65 # 64 12 : 05 PM To be fair my brother does so pretty impressive pyrotechnics work and to be honest our ground is surprisingly difficult to break up even when not frozen . We have tried . Not say when or where but a hole drilled in our frozen ground just makes for a vertical cannon . Blasting is out . 67 # 65 12 : 10 PM then you would need to use shaped charges . . . . not saying it would be economical , but possible . . . lyn Join Date : Oct 2008 Posts : 41757 Good Answers : 1644 68 # 67 12 : 24 PM I think you just like to blow things up ! Nail guns and explosive charges are hardly in the same category . 71 # 68 1 : 00 PM No , they can be , it is all a matter of scale . Explosives are explosives , it is a continuum of applications , but yes , I do like blowing things up , who does n ' t ? your point ? The nice thing about using shaped charges in this manner is the fairly surgical way in which forces can be focused . Anyone who has seen a wireline explosive pipe cutter or a perf gun in action can appreciate how precise they can be in the right hands . AND from a equipment perspective , they are fairly cheap and fast too . perf guns can plow a hole from about 3 / 4 " to four inches in diameter ( depending on the gun ) through the side of steel casing , cement , and hard rock for up truth is not a compromise Join Date : Apr 2011 Posts : 7395 Good Answers : 258 74 # 71 4 : 11 PM ' . . . . Explosives are explosives . . . . ' I also have a healthy appreciation for energetic materials . I do have to partially disagree with you on the above comment though . Important difference exist between ' high explosives ' ( which you mentioned starting this line off the discussion ) and ' low explosives ' such as the gunpowder you mention in subsequent comments . The major important difference being the VOD being above the speed of sound in the material with high explosives , and below for low explosives . This leads to the functional difference of detonation or deflagration , respectively . AFAIK , shaped charges are made with high explosives , exclusively , I ' ve never heard of any being made with low explosives . If you know otherwise , enlighten me please . If ammonium nitrate is available , it would probably be more effective to heat up a supersaturated brine to near boiling and pour it on the area needing thawing , rather than attempts to detonate ANFO . Eternal vigilance is the price of knowledge . - George Santayana 78 # 74 01 / 29 / 2014 7 : 31 AM eh , fair point . 79 # 74 9 : 12 AM That said , many , perhaps even most , smokeless powders can transition from deflagration to detonation simply based on the containment vessel they are in . If the containment is strong and rigid enough , then the overpressure can get quite high causing a transition from subsonic to supersonic flame front propagation . engineered " flaws " in the containment vessel can then be used to direct the forces . 66 # 63 12 : 07 PM Who would have though of using a .22 short blank cartridge to drive masonry nails into concrete ? but it is done hundreds of thousands of times a day . tribefan1952 Join Date : Jan 2014 Posts : 206 60 10 : 56 AM This reminds me of a project I got sucked into about 20 years ago . ( Has it really been that long ? ) It was a pretty big expansion of an existing manufacturing facility . After a beautiful summer and fall , during which there were endless discussions and meetings , the money was finally approved in about November . Of course , we were already behind schedule . The next 3 - 4 months were spent doing the excavation , tying rebar , and pouring foundations in one of the coldest , snowiest winters I can ever remember There are 10 kinds of people in the world . . . . Those who use binary code , and those who do n ' t . 62 11 : 52 AM Since I so so much speculation here is the conditions I have to work in . 1 : The average daytime temperature here is around 0 - 15 F at best with - 20 - 0 F night temps and normal winds of 10 - 40 MPH . Tenting is n ' t a real option plus costs money to buy . 2 : I am about 80 feet from an active stream so . . . . . . . . 3 : The ground is frozen about 3 - 4 feet down and was fairly water soaked when it happened . 4 : this is a 12 ' x 20 ' entryway / work / storag e shed going on an old trailer house so basic wood pillar support is more than adequate . However due to the depth the ground freezes here I prefer to have a 36 " insulated skirting around the edge of the structure . That however gets backfilled about 30 inches in depth . 5 : I have the materials for the shed plus the machinery to dig the ground out but do not want to waste any more money than necessary . 6 : The house is heated with hot water from my shop boiler some ~ 325 feet way that burns used oil that I get for free . Basically I have all the free heat I need as long as it ' s hot water based . 7 : Typically the frost does not come out of our ground here until late April to mid May . I do n ' t want to put up with my wifes whining that much longer . 8 : I am a rural homeowner and around here I do not need permits and there are no building codes I have to deal with to any great extent so I can do as I please regarding the construction process . 9 : I would prefer to do this in the spring as others have suggested but this is more of a keep me busy for the remaining winter and largely it ' s just something to help keep my wife off my butt . 10 : I have lots of free time and my materials are already here and paid for . 69 # 62 12 : 25 PM You might need a NDSWPP permit depending on the 303d listing of your stream . Also depending on flood zone and near by wetlands could have some 404 / 401 issues . Do n ' t shot the messenger . Just pointing out some possible problems in the future in case you or your family try to sell or refinance . If you are interested I can steer you in the right direction . 72 # 69 3 : 49 PM It looks like , the NDSWPP permit template is to projects which disturb one or more acre of land or less if it is part of a larger common development plan . Therefore , local codes can be the exception . 73 # 72 3 : 54 PM You forgot if there is a stream on the 303d list that could be impacted than a NDSWPP is required as the third criteria . 75 # 69 4 : 50 PM Not even remotely close to an issue here . This is North Dakota . We do n ' t need no stinking permits ! Last summer we did a major stream channel relocation plus filled in the old channel with the material we moved to make the new canal . when we were done we relocated about 1200 feet of channel and moved around 100,000 cubic yards of dirt . The State water board plus County civil engineers looked it over and said it was on private land and they had no jurisdiction over it or what we did and we did n ' t need any permits . We also dredged and widened the stream right in front of my house so that I would have a nice pond and that to was not questioned as well being it was on private land . tribefan1952 Join Date : Jan 2014 Posts : 206 70 # 62 12 : 42 PM With an unlimited supply of flowing hot water , I think your best option would probably be to make a small , insulated air - space above the frozen ground you need to dig . You could probably use one course of 8 " cinder - blocks for the walls . Lay boards and / or plywood on top of the cinder - blocks . Put bales of straw and / or other insulation on top of the boards . Use plastic sheeting or whatever is available to seal up the little room and minimize air leaks . Run some There are 10 kinds of people in the world . . . . Those who use binary code , and those who do n ' t . Common cents Associate Join Date : Jan 2009 Location : Rocky mountains U.S . Posts : 50 Good Answers : 4 76 01 / 28 / 2014 5 : 59 AM well one of the ways in the past we have done this was to auger holes in the ground with a post hole digger on a farm tractor . Then use loaf bales down the outside edges of the work area to make the sides stretch a reflective tarp over the hole thing and set up a salamander heater . Usually it took about 1 1 / 2 day to thaw out about 3 feet so we were able to dig . As soon as we were done digging we replaced the setup for our foundation work and concrete . Most problems have simple low tech solutions topturner Active Contributor Location : Sunny ( NOT ! ) Rockford , Illinois Posts : 12 80 10 : 04 AM Well this situation reminds me of my military days . We had to set up Command Posts in all weathers . Boring I know but this is the " good " part . Where ever we set up would thaw and DRY the ground . If you have ever been to Germany it get VERY Cold in the Mountainous areas of Bavaria so this works ! Put a canvas tent over the area and use either a wood burner ( or petroleum fueled ) stove . OR if no one is around all the time used a Electric Resistance type ~ Ole Sarge ~ I am older ( at least than I was Yesterday ) and I am retired Military Gavilan Join Date : Sep 2007 Location : East Texas Posts : 1270 Good Answers : 32 81 02 / 01 / 2014 12 : 09 AM Is resistive heating an efficient way of inputting thermal energy ? Something that might look like the design Grandpa had for making fishing worms come to the top of the ground with some iron pipe , some wire , and some electricity . If you were an electrical engineer type could you figure out a way of doing it at low voltage ? Perhaps using old pieces of drill pipe driven a foot or so deeper than your planned excavation depth as cathodes and anodes . Estimate the specific heat and volume of the dirt and estimate how many KWH you ' d have to pump into it to warm the dirt and phase the ice to water . Cover everything up good to keep in the heat . " The greater danger for most of us lies not in setting our aim too high and falling short ; but in setting our aim too low , and achieving our mark . " - - Michelangelo Andrew Westman Join Date : Dec 2016 Posts : 2914 Good Answers : 115 83 01 / 18 / 2017 3 : 27 AM Assuming a worst - case scenario : 14 ' x 24 ' x 4 ' pure ice frozen at 12.2 F ( your average daily temperature in January ) , you would need 730,637 Btu ( ~ 214 kWh ) to bring it to 32 F . Actual heat value may vary depending on actual ground temp , how fast heat is lost to surroundings , that the ground is not pure ice but contains a significant amount of lower - specific - heat materials ( this is good ) , etc . dQ = m · c · dt where dQ = amount of heat energy m = mass of ice c = specific heat of ice dt = temperature rise m = 14 ' * 24 ' * 4 ' * 57.2 lb / ft 3 = 76876.8 lb c = 0.48 Btu / lb · F ( for ice at 14 F ) dt = 32 - 12.2 = 19.8 F dQ = m · c · dt = 76876.8 * 0.48 * 19.8 = 730,637 Btu Yeah , I know you posted this nearly three years ago and you may have even built your shed by now ( did you ? Did you wait til spring ? ) but I wanted to know for myself how much energy it might take . I ' m curious like that . 84 # 83 01 / 18 / 2017 7 : 06 AM Is 32 ° F ice really that much better than 12 ° F ice ? That calculation missed the biggest part f the required heat and so falls short of the total required by more than an order of magnitude . To change 76,876 lbs of 32 ° F ice into 32 ° F water requires a little over 11,000,000 additional BTUs . Yeah , I know this was just for your curiosity . I just want to know your curiousity is being satiated with the right stuff . Andrew Westman Join Date : Dec 2016 Posts : 2914 87 # 84 11 : 19 AM This post has been here for three years , so where have you been all this time , Einstein ? He spoke of thawing out his ground with hot - water pipes , so why not lend him a hand then ? An estimate then of how much energy it might take , if you knew how to do it correctly ? Why now ? Or is it less risky on your part to simply wait in the shadows for someone else to comment first and then slip in behind and whip out the ol ' spray can ? Not to help when help is needed , but to edify yourself ? You must be proud of your work ; especially the timing . Now that takes guts . Score 1 for Off Topic Gavilan Join Date : Sep 2007 Location : East Texas Posts : 1270 Good Answers : 32 88 # 87 11 : 02 PM I kind of like his post at number 18 back in 2014 . In terms of logistics and cost its on top ; hands down . " The greater danger for most of us lies not in setting our aim too high and falling short ; but in setting our aim too low , and achieving our mark . " - - Michelangelo 90 # 88 01 / 19 / 2017 10 : 28 PM Thank you , Gavilan . 89 # 87 01 / 19 / 2017 10 : 27 PM I did not expect that response from you . I did make suggestions back when the OP was fresh . In a similar way , I am now responding to your comment . Why so defensive ? Good on you for providing an example of a calculation . No one can fault you too heavily for overlooking a critical component of the calculation . I will fault you for not graciously accepting the offered correction , but instead assuming a combative stance . Your calculation resulted in an answer that would not have come close , given your assumptions to melting the ice . On the order of 15 times more heat would be needed . 15 times ! That is not trivial . I commend you on being the type of person with the curiosity to drive them to preform calculations certain calculations . All the better that you enjoy sharing such calulations with others . I will suggest that ego needs to be put into check if these discoveries are to be reliable . The correction was an offer , not a personal attack , until you made it such . 92 # 83 01 / 20 / 2017 11 : 18 PM You forgot to include the phase energy from solid to liquid . Phase changes are generally quite energetic . roy hammy Location : Ontario Canada Posts : 881 Good Answers : 30 85 8 : 23 AM Rent or hire a trencher to cut a 3 - 6 inch trench lay in some pex or poly pipe then cover with straw or other good insulation and run the free hot water through it . It may take a week it may not but you get the heat down low and it will work its way up . Once thawed if kept covered it may stay un frozen for sometime . Of course the intake end will thaw quicker then the exit but does it matter . The fine line between cuddling and holding one down to prevent escape must be learned 86 11 : 17 AM Often times the simplest solutions are the best . Wait until late June . Join Date : Feb 2009 Location : West Coxsackie , NY Posts : 533 Good Answers : 10 91 11 : 04 PM Have you considered drilled pilings through the frozen tundra instead of pouring a foundation and have a raised structure off the ground ? You can insulate and do a FPSF to eliminate future frost heave and build up . We did this with our last addition last year and have radiant in floor heat , 10 zones now . I still need that work shop though . . . . Next year for the shop . Wife took over the new 61 ft x 11 ft addition . But also , ca n ' t move heavy equipment in there anyways . Just another option to consider . " Real Bass Players " do not use picks 93 04 / 18 / 2017 11 : 22 PM I did n ' t know this thread was still active but anyway . Summer of 2014 the entry way shed went on as planned . It was to become my hobby work area but the not yet Ex took it over for more of her space so basically I gained nothing but her mess to have to work around . Summer 2015 I added a 14 ' 20 ' shed about 25 feet from this one to be my official workplace to solve the ' me space ' issue . Heated concrete floor and AC too ! Then in January of 2016 we got divorced and she moved out so I finally got everything back as my own ! God , I wasted a lot of time , effort and money on things ( ~ 2.5 years of spare time and a couple 10 ' s of thousands of dollars , Enough that it would have gotten the new house basement done , the house set on it and basic heating in too ) that she wanted instead of working on the new house project ( she wanted done ASAP ) that started this whole mess . 94 # 93 04 / 20 / 2017 12 : 05 AM For some reason I can understand why anyone who would use a low thermal conductive material as a thermal radiator would have marriage problems . 95 # 94 04 / 20 / 2017 10 : 31 AM Are you referring to the radiant floor , Gavilan ? It ' s different for those that live so close to one of the poles . Their winters are n ' t like pseudowinters in Florida or Texas . The water outside gets so cold it turns solid , just like in ice cube trays in the freezer . More importantly , if they do n ' t have radiant floor heating and someone opens an outside door to enter , without making sure everyone has two sets of thermal socks on , the exposed toes of any bare feet snap freeze , shear off and clink across the floor and fall into the igloo pit . 96 # 95 04 / 21 / 2017 1 : 27 AM " Are you referring to the radiant floor , Gavilan ? " It seems concrete would be a poor conductor of thermal energy ; and therefore a poor thermal transfer medium . 96 comments Back to top Interested in this topic ? By joining CR4 you can " subscribe " to this discussion and receive notification when new comments are added . Join CR4 , The Engineer ' s Place for News and Discussion ! Comments rated to be Good Answers : These comments received enough positive ratings to make them " good answers " . # 3 " by redfred on 01 / 25 / 2014 11 : 50 AM ( score 2 ) Comments rated to be " almost " Good Answers : Check out these comments that do n ' t yet have enough votes to be " official " good answers and , if you agree with them , rate them ! # 8 " by tcmtech on 01 / 25 / 2014 12 : 05 PM ( score 1 ) # 18 " by truth is not a compromise on 01 / 25 / 2014 4 : 55 PM ( score 1 ) # 23 " by dvmdsc on 01 / 26 / 2014 12 : 17 AM ( score 1 ) Copy to Clipboard Users who posted comments : ( 2 ) ; artsmith ( 1 ) ; ( 7 ) ; Bob Sullivan ( 1 ) ; Common cents ( 7 ) ; ( 6 ) ; ( 3 ) ; JNB kevinm kramarat lonster ( 2 ) ; ( 8 ) ; OlympiaWA ormondotvos passingtongreen PeterT PWSlack ( 4 ) ; ( 8 ) ; sawmilleng scotchdrnkr SolarEagle ( 13 ) ; topturner ( 6 ) ; Usbport WJMFIRE Wwwheaty ( 1 ) Previous in Forum : Rotating Skyscraper ? ? Next in Forum : Autocad Plugin to Make Reinforced Concrete Detailing Advertisement
|
[
"Frozen Ground",
"Thaw"
] |
http://crabapplepoodles.com/puppies/faq-about-puppies.html
|
Crabapple Poodles FAQ about Puppies Previous Next List 1 . What is a Moyenne or Moyen ? We are often asked , " what is a moyen " ? Technically , it is a small standard poodle in the 17 " to 20 " height at the shoulders and 25 to 35 lb in weight . Moyenne , French for " middle " , is a designated size in the poodle breed in France and describes the middle poodle in weight and height . In this country we shorten the word to Moyen and here , in the US , it is a slang term only denoting a very small standard poodle . In Germany , the 2 . Puppy Information : Spay / Neuter Suggestions . All our pups go out with the " limited , not for breeding , AKC registration . We do suggest spaying for the females but not until after two heats and full adulthood is reached . More open heats , ( unbred ) than two can raise the Estrogen Dependent breast cancer rate and risks in the female , unspayed canine . We have seen the tumors ourselves in our older breeders who do not get bred each heat . So we do suggest late spay after full growth and full maturity . Our males should not be neutered until 3 . Prices and Method of Payment , Deposits etc . As of July 1st , 2017 , MOYEN , ( very small standards ) are $ 1200 . Medium , large and very large , full size STANDARDS are $ 1500 . We are re - doing our puppy bags and each pup will go home with a full bag of all the puppy necessities ! We are trying to supply more of the staple items that you will need for good puppy care right from day one . . . . with the exception of a crate . . I am not a " crate training " advocate . Deposits , ( we ask $ 200 to hold a pup in your name until pup is old enough to leave home ) may be sent via personal checks and snail mailed to us . Puppy balance or full price is due in cash on the day the pup goes to its new home . We do not accept credit / debit cards or PayPal . We accept personal checks or cash only for the deposits . We take deposits , once a litter has been born , to hold a pup in a particular color and sex from that litter , in your name . We do not suggest sending a deposit until after the birth of a litter when we know what we have . Deposits are not refundable but can be moved to another available pup in that or another litter . Puppies may be visited , by appointment , after they reach 5 weeks and have had their first Parvo vaccine . 4 . Applying for a Puppy The first step is to carefully read this entire website . You will not find an application form . I do not like cold , rigid , impersonal applications . They tell me nothing about you . I get no sense of who you are and how you feel about your life . In lieu of an application , I love to see an email telling me all about you , your family , ages of any children , other pets , your home , where you live and most importantly , I need to know who will be at So , tell me your story and why you want a poodle and how you plan to raise this most incredible canine . Email me at crabapplepoodles @ yahoo . com
|
[
"Puppies"
] |
http://crabcakecentral.com/cooking_crabcakes.php
|
Home Order Online Contact Us Cooking Instructions About Us Crab Cake Cooking Instructions for Jumbo Lump Crab Cakes & Crab Balls Preheat oven to 450 ° Place on baking pan and cook for 12 to 15 minutes . Each container contains one 1 / 2 pound Crab Cake . Feel free to spoon out into 2 or 3 cakes . Crab Balls are cooked the same way . They are packed in 2oz containers . When fully cooked the outside should be a light golden brown color — internal temperature between 140 ° F and 160 ° F . Enjoy ! ! ! Reminder : Remove Crab Cakes from plastic containers prior to cooking . Crab Mixtures can be kept refrigerated for 2 - 3 days after shipment is received . You can freeze them as well . To thaw out , place in refrigerator overnight . Cook the same way as when fresh . Info @ ChickandRuths . com 165 Main Street · Annapolis , MD 21401 ( 410 ) 269 - 6737 · fax ( 410 ) 268 - 1098
|
[
"Jumbo Lump Crab Cakes",
"Crab Balls",
"Cooking Instructions"
] |
http://crabcapital.com/
|
Welcome to the Crab Capital of the world Were happy you found us and we cant wait for you to come and enjoy our little piece of heaven at the end of the road Just follow Route 413 to its end at the water park your car and dive in Not literally of course See ya round
|
[
"Crab Capital"
] |
http://crafting-guide.com/browse/railcraft/firestone_ore/
|
Minecraft Crafting Guide Firestone Ore Railcraft View Crafting Plan Description Please help by adding a description ! Confused ? Click here to ask a question ! edit Used to Make Raw Firestone Other Minerals Block of Coal Coke Block of Copper Block of Lead Block of Steel Block of Tin Charcoal Dust Coal Coke Copper Ingot Copper Nugget Cracked Firestone Crushed Obsidian Cut Firestone Dark Diamond Ore Dark Emerald Ore Dark Lapis Lazuli Ore Firestone Ore Iron Nugget Lead Ingot Lead Nugget Obsidian Dust Poor Copper Ore Poor Gold Ore Poor Iron Ore Poor Lead Ore Poor Tin Ore Raw Firestone Refined Firestone Saltpeter Saltpeter Ore Steel Ingot Steel Nugget Strengthened Glass Sulfur Sulfur Ore Tin Ingot Tin Nugget
|
[
"Firestone Ore"
] |
http://craftingagreenworld.com/2009/10/14/helping-you-craft-green-translation-of-sheet-sizes-to-fabric-yardage/
|
Translating Standard Sheet Sizes to Fabric Yardage Trying to decide if your next sewing project will need a twin or full - sized sheet ? Here ’ s how to convert standard sheet sizes into yardage . I thrift a lot , and I sew a lot . When I sew , I try to use primarily thrifted or recycled or otherwise unwanted materials , and when I thrift , a large part of what I ’ m searching for is material to sew with – T - shirts , button - down shirts , pants , sweaters , pillowcases , curtains , sheets , etc . If I find any of these items in good shape and at a good price , and if they sport an especially appealing pattern or image , then I add One of the trickier components of sewing using these thrifted items , however , is knowing how much fabric there actually is there , and therefore what you can sew with it . I know from experience that I can sew one skirt and and one pair of matching leggings for my three - year - old from one adult - sized stretchy cotton or acrylic sweater , but is the queen - sized sheet that I picked up at a yard sale last summer enough to make matching pajama pants for me , my husband , and both our girls ? How do standard sheet sizes translate when you ’ re looking at a sewing pattern ? Questions like that are much easier to answer when you know the standard yardages for standard sheet sizes . Here are the standard sheet sizes for flat sheets ( easier to work with and always less worn than the fitted sheet ) and their translations into yardages : Crib Flat Sheet : 42 ″ 72 ″ . This equals two yards of 42 ″ - wide fabric . Twin Flat Sheet : 66 ″ x96 ″ . This equals a smidge over two and two - third yards of 66 ″ - wide fabric . Twin Extra Long Flat Sheet : 66 ″ x102 ″ . This equals a little over two and three - quarter yards of 66 ″ - wide fabric . Full or Double Flat Sheet : 81 ″ x96 ″ . This equals , lengthwise , a smidge over two and two - third yards of 81 ″ fabric . The fabric is wide enough , however , that you can turn it the other way if the print works sideways . Widthwise , the fabric equals 2.25 yards of 96 ″ - wide fabric . Queen Flat Sheet : 90 ″ x102 ″ . This equals a little over two and three - quarter yards of 90 ″ - wide fabric . Used sideways , widthwise , the fabric equals 2.5 yards of 102 ″ - wide fabric . King Flat Sheet : 108 ″ x102 ″ . This fabric is longest when turned sideways . Widthwise , the fabric equals three yards of 102 ″ - wide fabric . Used lengthwise , the fabric equals a little over two and three - quarter yards of 108 ″ - wide fabric . California King Flat Sheet : 102 ″ x110 ″ . This equals a smidge over three yards of 102 ″ - wide fabric . Widthwise , the fabric equals a little over two and three - quarter yards of 110 ″ - wide fabric . Whew ! Now you can invent your own projects using sheets , or apply this yardage to an existing pattern to see if your sheet will work . P.S. A queen - sized flat sheet turned out to be enough to make one adult and two children ’ s pairs of pajama pants , although one child ’ s pants had to have the pattern turned sideways on one side to fit . I made the children ’ s pants very roomy , however – with a better - fitting pattern , I might be able to squeeze in all three pants going the right way . Keep up with the latest in the world of green crafts by signing up for our free newsletter . CLICK HERE to sign up ! About the Author Julie Finn I ' m a writer , crafter , Zombie Preparedness Planner , and homeschooling momma of two kids who will hopefully someday transition into using their genius for good , not the evil machinations and mess - making in which they currently indulge . I ' m interested in recycling and nature crafts , food security , STEM education , and the DIY lifestyle , however it ' s manifested - - making myself some underwear out of T - shirts ? Done it . Teaching myself guitar ? Doing it right now . Visit my blog Craft Knife for a peek at our very weird handmade homeschool life ; my etsy shop Pumpkin + Bear for a truly odd number of rainbow - themed beeswax pretties ; and my Google + for links to articles about poverty , educational politics , and this famous cat who lives in my neighborhood . 21 Responses to Translating Standard Sheet Sizes to Fabric Yardage Esther Gregory says : October 14 , 2009 at 11 : 39 am I ’ m bookmarking this post ! Awesome info thanks ! Reply karen robinson says : November 25 , 2017 at 4 : 55 pm I need to know how many yards of 45 ″ fabric to buy to make a fitted twin size sheet . Reply Pingback : Helping You Craft Green : Translation of Sheet Sizes to Fabric Yardage - Zidee . com Pingback : Helping You Craft Green : Translation of Sheet Sizes to Fabric Yardage Becky Striepe October 14 , 2009 at 2 : 44 pm This is so helpful ! ! Thanks , Julie ! How much yardage is in a thrifted sheet ? · Sewing @ CraftGossip julie k October 15 , 2009 at 6 : 48 am I ’ ll be bookmarking this , too . Thanks ! Nikki MacCallum October 15 , 2009 at 7 : 11 am Great chart , thanks for doing all the work figuring out those yardages ! Deborah October 15 , 2009 at 8 : 51 am Thx so much for this info ! I just pulled out a CA King topsheet to repurpose into lounge pants for my husband and me , and was wondering about how much fabric it translated to . Your info was spot on , right when I needed . Thx again , Deborah Rachel October 15 , 2009 at 11 : 58 am Whoa ! This is awesome information , thanks SO much for posting this ! I ’ ll be linking . Stacy October 19 , 2009 at 5 : 32 am Thanks for the great info . This will definitely make thrift shopping a little easier for this crafter ! Ask Netfah from J&O Fabrics October 21 , 2009 at 6 : 59 am Yardage conversion is often times a tricky thing , so any kind of quick reference is awesome ! For a more detailed chart of measurement conversions , feel free to visit us at http : / / www . jofabrics . com Interesting Reducing , Reusing and Recycling links Mrdthmy April 22 , 2011 at 12 : 36 am Thank you so much for listing the translations ! They are super helpful ! Crafting a Green World | How - to : Resize a Fitted Sheet to Fit a Smaller Bed | Page : 1 | Crafting a Green World Diane H . July 31 , 2013 at 11 : 59 pm THANK YOU ! ! ! Anita Oliver March 8 , 2016 at 11 : 29 am how many standard pillow cases out of twin flat sheet Ramandeep August 4 , 2016 at 9 : 07 pm Where u can buy fabrics for king fitted sheet ? katrina michels November 11 , 2016 at 3 : 03 am i am trying to make my own california king size sheet set with flat fitted and pillow cases could please tell me how many yards i need and all of the material and how much of it i need i cant find it any where on line for the california king size fitted sheet or the materials i need Translating Standard Sheet Sizes to Fabric Yardage – Global Business Alliance Dani J Schultz July 8 , 2018 at 9 : 51 pm Hi I got 3 yards of fabric to do a twin bed is that okay ? Leave a Reply
|
[
"Fabric Yardage"
] |
http://crafts.tutsplus.com/tutorials/make-a-gorgeous-designer-style-geo-necklace-with-paper--craft-11467
|
Crafts & DIY Jewellery Make a Gorgeous Designer - Style Geo Necklace - With Paper by Eleanna Kotsikou 20 Aug 2013 Difficulty : Beginner Length : Medium Languages : Statement necklaces are the accessory of the season . In this tutorial , you ' ll learn how to make your own gorgeous geometric statement necklace - just about from scratch . All you will need is a few sheets of paper and some jewelry supplies . The end result will be big and beautiful and at the same time super - light and comfortable to wear . I am absolutely in love with mine . So what are you waiting for ? Let ' s start rolling some paper beads ! Supplies Striped or patterned paper 4 squares 15cm x 15cm ( 6in x 6in ) Pencil Ruler Cutter or scissors Cutting surface Glue stick Awl 55 eye pins 29 large jump rings Clasp 24cm ( 10in ) of chain Pliers Round - nosed pliers Wire cutters 1 . Create the Paper Beads Advertisement Step 1 First , make the beads out of paper . Make sure you have four sheets of your square papers 15cm x 15cm ( 6in x 6 in ) with the same pattern . Place the first sheet of paper on a flat surface with the patterned side facing down . If you ' re using a striped paper , make sure the lines are oriented vertically . Using a ruler , mark on the top edge of your paper every 2cm ( 0.8 in ) . So mark at 2cm , 4cm , 6cm , 8cm , 10cm , 12cm and 14cm . On the bottom edge of the paper , mark every 2cm ( 0.8 in ) distance but starting from 1 . So here you need to mark the odd numbers : 1cm , 3cm , 5cm , 7cm , 9cm , 11cm , 13cm , and 15cm . Using a pencil , draw the lines between the points you ' ve marked . You will end up with a design of triangles , as pictured below . Each of the triangles will be used to create one bead . Do n ' t use the first and the last triangle of the paper , because they will be smaller . You need to create 55 beads in total . Each sheet of paper generates 14 beads . Therefore , you will need four sheets of paper to make all the beads you need . So , repeat this process on all four sheets of papers . Step 2 Using a cutter and a ruler , cut carefully along the lines . If you prefer , you can use scissors for this step , but a cutter is more precise for straight lines . Repeat the process for all four sheets of paper until you have 55 triangles . Step 3 Using a glue stick , add some glue to the white side of one triangle . Leave the wide top edge of the triangle unglued . Step 4 Wrap tightly from the top edge of the paper triangle around the blade of an awl or an upholstery needle . Generally , you could also use a wooden skewer to make paper beads . However for this specific project , I suggest you use an awl as it ' s thinner and the holes of the beads will be smaller . Roll the paper , pressing with your fingers to glue in place . Take care to roll the paper symmetrically . Press the end of your triangle firmly to the bead in order to glue it in place . Now slide the bead carefully off the awl . Keep on rolling all of your triangles into paper beads . Your beads should look like the ones pictured below - they look great , do n ' t they ? Now you should have a total of 55 beads to create your necklace . 2 . String the Beads Step 1 String the first bead onto an eye pin . Then clip the end of the wire using wire cutters , leaving slightly less than 1cm ( 0.4in ) in length . You will use this length to create a small circle at the open end of the eye pin . Step 2 Using your round nose pliers , bend the excess end of the wire to a 90 degree angle directly after the bead . Still using your round nose pliers , carefully bend the wire towards the opposite direction to form a loop . Just make sure the loop is big enough to keep the bead on the eye pin . It ' s important that you ' re really gentle with your paper beads , as they ' re rather delicate . Keep on stringing the beads on the eye pins , trimming the excess ends and bending the wire into loops . Repeat this process until all 55 beads are prepared on the eye pins . 3 . Join the Beads in a Geometric Structure In this step we join the beads to form the gorgeous geometric structure of the necklace . First , insert three of the beads on to a jump ring . You actually insert the loops of the eye pins . Now , using two flat nose pliers and pushing the two ends of the jump ring towards one another , close the jump ring . Lay your beads on to your working surface as pictured below . From the three beads joined in the first jump ring , leave one separate on top . Join each of the other two beads with three more beads using two jump rings ( 2 and 3 ) . So jump rings 2 and 3 have four beads each and one of these beads is linked on both jump rings . For the following steps , make sure you insert the beads in the correct order into the jump rings . You might find it useful to lay them out the design on the table first . Step 3 Now that we ' ve done the first three jump rings , it ' s time to add a fourth jump ring linking the first bead from jump ring 2 with three more . Then link in a fifth jump ring from the two central beads of the previous step with the second bead from the fourth jump ring and three more new beads . Now , join the lower bead from the third jump ring with one bead of the fifth jump ring and one new bead . Always use your pliers to close the jump rings . The fourth jump ring has four beads , the fifth jump ring links six beads together ( of which one in common with the fourth and one in common with the sixth ) and the sixth jump ring joins three beads . Got it ? Check out our diagram below . Step 4 Insert a seventh jump ring one bead from the fourth jump ring and one bead from the fifth , together with four new beads . Then , take one bead from each of jump rings six , five and seven ( in this order ) and two new beads and link them altogether in an eighth jump ring . Join one bead from the eighth and one from the seventh ring with four new beads in a ninth jump ring . Link one bead from the eighth jump ring and one from the ninth with a tenth jump ring . Lastly , join one bead of the ninth ring with one new bead in an eleventh jump ring . It sounds a bit confusing , but it ' s easier in practice ! Now the left part of the necklace is done . Phew ! So just check that the seventh jump ring has six beads , the eighth ring links five beads , the ninth jump ring has six beads and jump rings ten and eleven have just two beads each . At this point , make sure that you ' ve used 26 beads in total . Step 5 All you need to do now is repeat the same process ( steps 1 to 4 ) for the right part of your necklace . Just create the same pattern but mirrored . Take your time . Step 6 Now bring both parts of the necklace together and add three more jump rings and three vertical beads in - between the two structures to join them . The top jump ring should have five beads linked to it and the other two rings should connect six beads each . The bottom central bead is left alone hanging . Your necklace is almost ready ! 4 . Add the Chain and the Closing First , cut your chain in two parts of equal length using the wire cutter . Wear the chain around your neck to figure out how long you want it to be and decide the length of your chain . I made each chain about 10cm ( 4 in ) long , as I wanted a short fit . Insert one end of a chain in a jump ring and then insert the clasp . Close the jump ring using the flat nose pliers . Now , take the other chain and add one jump ring at one end . Attach both chains to the main structure of the necklace using jump rings . One chain goes on the left side and the other on the right . Wear to Impress ! Your necklace is ready to wear - and it will certainly make a statement . You ' ll wow everyone even more when you say that you made it yourself . Well done ! In this tutorial you learned how to create your own paper beads . You can use this technique to make simple stranded necklaces or bracelets as well . You also learned how to string beads onto eye pins and how to join the beads together with jump rings to form a complicated geometric structure . Now tyou can improvise and create your own designs ! Do you like creating your own jewelry ? Please feel free to comment below . Questions , tips and ideas are welcome ! Advertisement Eleanna Kotsikou Hello there ! My name is Eleanna Kotsikou aka zdrop and sockool for the crafting world . I come from Greece . I have lived in France , Italy , the Netherlands and the UK , but I ' ve never traveled outside Europe . I have studied architecture and urbanism . The creative process from concept to end result is really important for me . I love color . I love design . I dance . I laugh ( too ) loud . Translations Envato Tuts+ tutorials are translated into other languages by our community members — you can be involved too ! Translate this post Powered by Watch any course now Subscribe to Access Sorry , the browser you are using is not currently supported . Disqus actively supports the following browsers : Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11 + Safari Pjbfromstaten • 4 years ago Love this idea , and no sealing or glazing . Sasha Salvatore • 4 years ago woooow so amazing . http : / / tinygoldengirl . com / Melissa Jupiter • 5 years ago added this to my to - do list ! Patricia • 5 years ago Took me a of tear ' s and set back ' s but I DID IT ! ! eleanna - zdrop Well Done Patricia ! ! disqus_6tD67rO88O I like this type of necklace , and it is easy to make . I wish I had a creative nature , and the only thing I created for the first time was making my banoffee pie . This is an excellent tutorial , and I hope to see more tutorial on other projects . Ca n ' t wait . eleanna - zdrop Thank you for your kind words ! Banoffee pie is an excellent start ! Keep on trying and I am sure you can nurture your creative nature . Mary Winkler this is gorgeous . : D Have loved the look of paper beads since I was a kid , but have never been good at making them . Lauren This necklace and tutorial looks really similar to this blogger ' s tutorial : http : / / www . owlswakeup . com / 2 . . . Pjbfromstaten Yes , it is similar in design , but much lighter in weight , and you probably some half as much . Plus the blogger said it was really heavy , which is n ' t a problem with paper . disqus_6tD67rO88O I love the necklace , and I need get some jumprings . Hey Thanks You are welcome ! Glad you like it ! : ) craftysou gorgeous ! Thank you ! : ) BlackRedDots Very elegant ! ! ! ! Good job ! : - ) Thank you dear ! : ) WakulaWorks This paper bead necklace looks a lot like the ones I have seen on Samantha B ' s Etsy shop - - http : / / www . etsy . com / listing . . . Patricia Wow ! Another one to cry over . I have the bead ' s ( paper ) I ' ve made that I did n ' t know what to do with , now I do . You are right , they are similar . The design was inspired by a J . Crew necklace and I thought I could make a lighter version with paper beads . Sharon Milne So unique looking ! I ' ve not seen paper beads . Thank you ! : )
|
[
"Geo Necklace",
"DIY"
] |
http://craftyjournal.com/homemade-graduation-gifts/
|
You are here : Home Gift Wrap Camo Gift Wraps Homemade Graduation Gifts Homemade Graduation Gifts By Noreen Leave a Comment Homemade graduation gifts are a personal way to let a graduate know how much he or she is loved . You can make a unique gift that is personalized for the recipient . If you stitch a gift , you can choose a fabric that is meaningful to the person receiving it , or monogram it , or use the school colors . Dollar Bill Graduation Cap Fold a fun easy Dollar Bill Graduation Cap as a gift or for table favors . Grungy Grad Jewelry Jewelry with the class year on it is a great gift – especially if given at the beginning of the Senior year so it can be worn during the year . There are several ideas for grungy grad jewelry here . Grungy Grad Jewelry Adjustable Class Ring Create a simple adjustable class ring with the date of graduation . Adjustable Class Ring Dollar Bill Gift Box Origami Dollar Bill Gift Box An origami dollar bill gift box is a fun way to give a grad a gift of money . Dollar Bill Wallet Create an easy dollar bill wallet by folding two dollar bills . Creative Ways to Give Graduation Money There are several unique ideas here for creative ways to give graduation money . Money Graduation Lei Gather dollar bills in the center and tie with curling ribbon and attach them all to a ribbon large enough to make a money graduation lei . Add candy in between the money . Candy Graduation Lei Fashion an easy candy graduation lei with candy , saran wrap and ribbon , for the new graduate to wear . Graduation Cap Card / Gift Card Holder Craft an easy graduation cap card that has a pocket for a gift card or money . Graduation Cap Gift Card / Money Holder Make a graduation cap card that has a place to hold a gift card or money . Tech Toys Gifts that can be used with cameras , cell phones , iPods , iPads and other electronic Tech toys Graduation Goodie Can Decorate a clear gallon can with school colors , and fill with treats . Include money or a gift card in your graduation goodie can . If the grad is college bound , fill with items he / she can use in a dorm or apartment . Graduation Can Wrap Printable Print a graduation can wrap for a guy and attach it to a pull tab can . Add a gift card or cash to the can before re - attaching the bottom . Graduation Can Wrap Printable for a female . Class of * * * * Washer Necklace Make a class necklace . Stamp the class year on one washer and the grad ’ s name on a smaller washer and hang them together on a ribbon or cord . Nice idea . Graduation Cap Gift Box Quickly make a graduation cap gift box with a paper mache box and cardstock . Vary the size of the box to the size of your gift . Paint black or in school colors . Grad Cap Boxes Create these grad cap boxes to use as a way to give a gift card or money to the new grad . Fold the money to fit inside the box . Graduation Memory Box Mod Podge a special graduation memory box to hold the special mementos from this important day . Dry Erase Frame Craft an easy dry erase frame using a regular picture frame with glass . It will be handy in a dorm or an apartment . Graduation Souvenir Journal graduation souvenir journal for the graduate to commemorate his / her graduation . Slip a gift card or cash inside . Graduation Mini - Book graduation mini - book for the new graduate to preserve memories of his / her graduation . Gifts for the Graduate T een gift ideas have lots of ideas that can be used for graduates Thrifty Fun Homemade Graduation Gift Ideas Thriftyfun . com has several pages of ideas . Here are a few : Graduation Gift Ideas Thrifty Graduation Gifts Thrifty Gifts for High School Seniors Gift Ideas for High School Graduation High School Graduation Gift Ideas Enjoy making creative homemade graduation gifts . College Bound Homemade Graduation Gifts College Survival Kit Ideas for Grads Going to College Here are several good ideas for college survival kits to put together for high school grads who will be going on to college . Small Tool Kit My niece received a tool kit as a graduation gift , which she took to college with her . She told me how useful that tool kit was , and that several of her friends borrowed her tools , too . You could get a plastic shoebox at the dollar store , and fill it with a hammer , wrench , pliers , screwdrivers , duct tape , a ball of twine , glue , and perhaps a container of various sizes of nails and screws . Target and Walmart carry pre - made tool kits if you do n ’ t want to assemble it yourself . Fleece Blanket , Lap Rug , or Scarf in School Colors Make a quick and easy fleece blanket , lap rug , fleece scarf , or other nice warm fleece gift in school colors . Laundry Sack For a graduate going away to college , a laundry sack filled with detergent , fabric softener or dryer sheets , and a roll of quarters for the washer and dryer is a useful gift idea . Graduation Towel Cake Create a graduation towel cake with a bath towel , hand towel , washcloth , popcorn and other useful items . It ’ s sure to please ! Graduation Gift Ideas These are not all homemade graduation gift ideas , but as we all know , graduates tend to need money . Most of these ideas would help a graduate getting set up on his own , or one going off to college – who will need many of these items , too . These gifts would help the graduate save money , or are clever ways to wrap a gift card or cash . Either money or gift card could be slipped into most of these gifts . A heartfelt note accompanying any of these gifts would let the recipient know he is well appreciated . * Wallet or Money Clip with money . * Gift Card * Phone Card * Computer Flash Drive or Memory Stick * Luggage or Duffle Bag * Backpack or Briefcase * iPad Cozy * Fleece blanket or lap robe * Tool Set or Tool Box with basic tools , duct tape , glue , and twine * Microwave * Toaster * Sandwich Press – can also be used to make pancakes , heat pizza and warm waffles . * Electric Skillet could be used instead of sandwich press * Crockpot * Coffee Maker * Iron * First Aid Kit – Make one yourself . * Sewing Kit – add 2 or 3 needles in a felt folder , and thread in common colors : black , white , tan . Finish with a small pair of scissors . * DVD Player * Camera * Cookbook * Handmade Cookbook with easy recipes & family recipes * Towels with Name or Initials added * Address Book with addresses and phone numbers of family and friends . * Desk Accessories * Journal * Umbrella Enjoy these great homemade graduation gifts ideas . Noreen Doll Crafty Journal Filed Under : Camo Gift Wraps Graduation Graduation Graduation Gifts Kindergarden Graduation Money Gift Money Gifts Teens Tagged With : gift idea graduation Links Crafty Journal Featured Link Parties
|
[
"Homemade Graduation Gifts",
"Grungy Grad Jewelry",
"Dollar Bill Wallet"
] |
http://craigranchtexas.com/location/
|
Location The right place . The right time . Craig Ranch is a 2,200 - acre master - planned , mixed - use development positioned at the northeast quadrant of Collin County , Texas , where the cities of McKinney , Allen , Plano and Frisco converge . Conveniently located at S.H. 121 and Custer Road , Craig Ranch lies at the crossroads of one of the most exciting real estate growth corridors in America . Metroplex Map Craig Ranch Get Directions Location Relocation Information Craig Ranch Community Map Sam Rayburn Tollway Information Center What ' s Nearby City of Allen TX City of Dallas TX City of Frisco TX City of McKinney TX City of Plano TX
|
[
"Craig Ranch",
"Collin County , Texas",
"America"
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.