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networkx.generators.classic
path_graph
Returns the Path graph `P_n` of linearly connected nodes. .. plot:: >>> nx.draw(nx.path_graph(5)) Parameters ---------- n : int or iterable If an integer, nodes are 0 to n - 1. If an iterable of nodes, in the order they appear in the path. Warning: n is not checked for duplicates and if present the resulting graph may not be as desired. Make sure you have no duplicates. create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph) Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated.
def star_graph(n, create_using=None): """Return the star graph The star graph consists of one center node connected to n outer nodes. .. plot:: >>> nx.draw(nx.star_graph(6)) Parameters ---------- n : int or iterable If an integer, node labels are 0 to n with center 0. If an iterable of nodes, the center is the first. Warning: n is not checked for duplicates and if present the resulting graph may not be as desired. Make sure you have no duplicates. create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph) Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated. Notes ----- The graph has n+1 nodes for integer n. So star_graph(3) is the same as star_graph(range(4)). """ n, nodes = n if isinstance(n, numbers.Integral): nodes.append(int(n)) # there should be n+1 nodes G = empty_graph(nodes, create_using) if G.is_directed(): raise NetworkXError("Directed Graph not supported") if len(nodes) > 1: hub, *spokes = nodes G.add_edges_from((hub, node) for node in spokes) return G
(n, create_using=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,005
networkx.classes.function
path_weight
Returns total cost associated with specified path and weight Parameters ---------- G : graph A NetworkX graph. path: list A list of node labels which defines the path to traverse weight: string A string indicating which edge attribute to use for path cost Returns ------- cost: int or float An integer or a float representing the total cost with respect to the specified weight of the specified path Raises ------ NetworkXNoPath If the specified edge does not exist.
def path_weight(G, path, weight): """Returns total cost associated with specified path and weight Parameters ---------- G : graph A NetworkX graph. path: list A list of node labels which defines the path to traverse weight: string A string indicating which edge attribute to use for path cost Returns ------- cost: int or float An integer or a float representing the total cost with respect to the specified weight of the specified path Raises ------ NetworkXNoPath If the specified edge does not exist. """ multigraph = G.is_multigraph() cost = 0 if not nx.is_path(G, path): raise nx.NetworkXNoPath("path does not exist") for node, nbr in nx.utils.pairwise(path): if multigraph: cost += min(v[weight] for v in G._adj[node][nbr].values()) else: cost += G._adj[node][nbr][weight] return cost
(G, path, weight)
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31,008
networkx.algorithms.distance_measures
periphery
Returns the periphery of the graph G. The periphery is the set of nodes with eccentricity equal to the diameter. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph A graph e : eccentricity dictionary, optional A precomputed dictionary of eccentricities. weight : string, function, or None If this is a string, then edge weights will be accessed via the edge attribute with this key (that is, the weight of the edge joining `u` to `v` will be ``G.edges[u, v][weight]``). If no such edge attribute exists, the weight of the edge is assumed to be one. If this is a function, the weight of an edge is the value returned by the function. The function must accept exactly three positional arguments: the two endpoints of an edge and the dictionary of edge attributes for that edge. The function must return a number. If this is None, every edge has weight/distance/cost 1. Weights stored as floating point values can lead to small round-off errors in distances. Use integer weights to avoid this. Weights should be positive, since they are distances. Returns ------- p : list List of nodes in periphery Examples -------- >>> G = nx.Graph([(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (3, 4), (3, 5), (4, 5)]) >>> nx.periphery(G) [2, 5] See Also -------- barycenter center
def effective_graph_resistance(G, weight=None, invert_weight=True): """Returns the Effective graph resistance of G. Also known as the Kirchhoff index. The effective graph resistance is defined as the sum of the resistance distance of every node pair in G [1]_. If weight is not provided, then a weight of 1 is used for all edges. The effective graph resistance of a disconnected graph is infinite. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph A graph weight : string or None, optional (default=None) The edge data key used to compute the effective graph resistance. If None, then each edge has weight 1. invert_weight : boolean (default=True) Proper calculation of resistance distance requires building the Laplacian matrix with the reciprocal of the weight. Not required if the weight is already inverted. Weight cannot be zero. Returns ------- RG : float The effective graph resistance of `G`. Raises ------ NetworkXNotImplemented If `G` is a directed graph. NetworkXError If `G` does not contain any nodes. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.Graph([(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (3, 4), (3, 5), (4, 5)]) >>> round(nx.effective_graph_resistance(G), 10) 10.25 Notes ----- The implementation is based on Theorem 2.2 in [2]_. Self-loops are ignored. Multi-edges are contracted in one edge with weight equal to the harmonic sum of the weights. References ---------- .. [1] Wolfram "Kirchhoff Index." https://mathworld.wolfram.com/KirchhoffIndex.html .. [2] W. Ellens, F. M. Spieksma, P. Van Mieghem, A. Jamakovic, R. E. Kooij. Effective graph resistance. Lin. Alg. Appl. 435:2491-2506, 2011. """ import numpy as np if len(G) == 0: raise nx.NetworkXError("Graph G must contain at least one node.") # Disconnected graphs have infinite Effective graph resistance if not nx.is_connected(G): return float("inf") # Invert weights G = G.copy() if invert_weight and weight is not None: if G.is_multigraph(): for u, v, k, d in G.edges(keys=True, data=True): d[weight] = 1 / d[weight] else: for u, v, d in G.edges(data=True): d[weight] = 1 / d[weight] # Get Laplacian eigenvalues mu = np.sort(nx.laplacian_spectrum(G, weight=weight)) # Compute Effective graph resistance based on spectrum of the Laplacian # Self-loops are ignored return float(np.sum(1 / mu[1:]) * G.number_of_nodes())
(G, e=None, usebounds=False, weight=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,009
networkx.generators.small
petersen_graph
Returns the Petersen graph. The Peterson graph is a cubic, undirected graph with 10 nodes and 15 edges [1]_. Julius Petersen constructed the graph as the smallest counterexample against the claim that a connected bridgeless cubic graph has an edge colouring with three colours [2]_. Parameters ---------- create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph) Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated. Returns ------- G : networkx Graph Petersen graph References ---------- .. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersen_graph .. [2] https://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/drg/graphs/Petersen.html
def _raise_on_directed(func): """ A decorator which inspects the `create_using` argument and raises a NetworkX exception when `create_using` is a DiGraph (class or instance) for graph generators that do not support directed outputs. """ @wraps(func) def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): if kwargs.get("create_using") is not None: G = nx.empty_graph(create_using=kwargs["create_using"]) if G.is_directed(): raise NetworkXError("Directed Graph not supported") return func(*args, **kwargs) return wrapper
(create_using=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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0.01960831694304943, 0.04422605782747269, 0.05696430802345276 ]
31,011
networkx.drawing.layout
planar_layout
Position nodes without edge intersections. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph or list of nodes A position will be assigned to every node in G. If G is of type nx.PlanarEmbedding, the positions are selected accordingly. scale : number (default: 1) Scale factor for positions. center : array-like or None Coordinate pair around which to center the layout. dim : int Dimension of layout. Returns ------- pos : dict A dictionary of positions keyed by node Raises ------ NetworkXException If G is not planar Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(4) >>> pos = nx.planar_layout(G)
def planar_layout(G, scale=1, center=None, dim=2): """Position nodes without edge intersections. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph or list of nodes A position will be assigned to every node in G. If G is of type nx.PlanarEmbedding, the positions are selected accordingly. scale : number (default: 1) Scale factor for positions. center : array-like or None Coordinate pair around which to center the layout. dim : int Dimension of layout. Returns ------- pos : dict A dictionary of positions keyed by node Raises ------ NetworkXException If G is not planar Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(4) >>> pos = nx.planar_layout(G) """ import numpy as np if dim != 2: raise ValueError("can only handle 2 dimensions") G, center = _process_params(G, center, dim) if len(G) == 0: return {} if isinstance(G, nx.PlanarEmbedding): embedding = G else: is_planar, embedding = nx.check_planarity(G) if not is_planar: raise nx.NetworkXException("G is not planar.") pos = nx.combinatorial_embedding_to_pos(embedding) node_list = list(embedding) pos = np.vstack([pos[x] for x in node_list]) pos = pos.astype(np.float64) pos = rescale_layout(pos, scale=scale) + center return dict(zip(node_list, pos))
(G, scale=1, center=None, dim=2)
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31,013
networkx.generators.community
planted_partition_graph
Returns the planted l-partition graph. This model partitions a graph with n=l*k vertices in l groups with k vertices each. Vertices of the same group are linked with a probability p_in, and vertices of different groups are linked with probability p_out. Parameters ---------- l : int Number of groups k : int Number of vertices in each group p_in : float probability of connecting vertices within a group p_out : float probability of connected vertices between groups seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. directed : bool,optional (default=False) If True return a directed graph Returns ------- G : NetworkX Graph or DiGraph planted l-partition graph Raises ------ NetworkXError If `p_in`, `p_out` are not in `[0, 1]` Examples -------- >>> G = nx.planted_partition_graph(4, 3, 0.5, 0.1, seed=42) See Also -------- random_partition_model References ---------- .. [1] A. Condon, R.M. Karp, Algorithms for graph partitioning on the planted partition model, Random Struct. Algor. 18 (2001) 116-140. .. [2] Santo Fortunato 'Community Detection in Graphs' Physical Reports Volume 486, Issue 3-5 p. 75-174. https://arxiv.org/abs/0906.0612
def _generate_communities(degree_seq, community_sizes, mu, max_iters, seed): """Returns a list of sets, each of which represents a community. ``degree_seq`` is the degree sequence that must be met by the graph. ``community_sizes`` is the community size distribution that must be met by the generated list of sets. ``mu`` is a float in the interval [0, 1] indicating the fraction of intra-community edges incident to each node. ``max_iters`` is the number of times to try to add a node to a community. This must be greater than the length of ``degree_seq``, otherwise this function will always fail. If the number of iterations exceeds this value, :exc:`~networkx.exception.ExceededMaxIterations` is raised. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. The communities returned by this are sets of integers in the set {0, ..., *n* - 1}, where *n* is the length of ``degree_seq``. """ # This assumes the nodes in the graph will be natural numbers. result = [set() for _ in community_sizes] n = len(degree_seq) free = list(range(n)) for i in range(max_iters): v = free.pop() c = seed.choice(range(len(community_sizes))) # s = int(degree_seq[v] * (1 - mu) + 0.5) s = round(degree_seq[v] * (1 - mu)) # If the community is large enough, add the node to the chosen # community. Otherwise, return it to the list of unaffiliated # nodes. if s < community_sizes[c]: result[c].add(v) else: free.append(v) # If the community is too big, remove a node from it. if len(result[c]) > community_sizes[c]: free.append(result[c].pop()) if not free: return result msg = "Could not assign communities; try increasing min_community" raise nx.ExceededMaxIterations(msg)
(l, k, p_in, p_out, seed=None, directed=False, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,016
networkx.generators.random_graphs
powerlaw_cluster_graph
Holme and Kim algorithm for growing graphs with powerlaw degree distribution and approximate average clustering. Parameters ---------- n : int the number of nodes m : int the number of random edges to add for each new node p : float, Probability of adding a triangle after adding a random edge seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Notes ----- The average clustering has a hard time getting above a certain cutoff that depends on `m`. This cutoff is often quite low. The transitivity (fraction of triangles to possible triangles) seems to decrease with network size. It is essentially the Barabási–Albert (BA) growth model with an extra step that each random edge is followed by a chance of making an edge to one of its neighbors too (and thus a triangle). This algorithm improves on BA in the sense that it enables a higher average clustering to be attained if desired. It seems possible to have a disconnected graph with this algorithm since the initial `m` nodes may not be all linked to a new node on the first iteration like the BA model. Raises ------ NetworkXError If `m` does not satisfy ``1 <= m <= n`` or `p` does not satisfy ``0 <= p <= 1``. References ---------- .. [1] P. Holme and B. J. Kim, "Growing scale-free networks with tunable clustering", Phys. Rev. E, 65, 026107, 2002.
def dual_barabasi_albert_graph(n, m1, m2, p, seed=None, initial_graph=None): """Returns a random graph using dual Barabási–Albert preferential attachment A graph of $n$ nodes is grown by attaching new nodes each with either $m_1$ edges (with probability $p$) or $m_2$ edges (with probability $1-p$) that are preferentially attached to existing nodes with high degree. Parameters ---------- n : int Number of nodes m1 : int Number of edges to link each new node to existing nodes with probability $p$ m2 : int Number of edges to link each new node to existing nodes with probability $1-p$ p : float The probability of attaching $m_1$ edges (as opposed to $m_2$ edges) seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. initial_graph : Graph or None (default) Initial network for Barabási–Albert algorithm. A copy of `initial_graph` is used. It should be connected for most use cases. If None, starts from an star graph on max(m1, m2) + 1 nodes. Returns ------- G : Graph Raises ------ NetworkXError If `m1` and `m2` do not satisfy ``1 <= m1,m2 < n``, or `p` does not satisfy ``0 <= p <= 1``, or the initial graph number of nodes m0 does not satisfy m1, m2 <= m0 <= n. References ---------- .. [1] N. Moshiri "The dual-Barabasi-Albert model", arXiv:1810.10538. """ if m1 < 1 or m1 >= n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert must have m1 >= 1 and m1 < n, m1 = {m1}, n = {n}" ) if m2 < 1 or m2 >= n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert must have m2 >= 1 and m2 < n, m2 = {m2}, n = {n}" ) if p < 0 or p > 1: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert network must have 0 <= p <= 1, p = {p}" ) # For simplicity, if p == 0 or 1, just return BA if p == 1: return barabasi_albert_graph(n, m1, seed) elif p == 0: return barabasi_albert_graph(n, m2, seed) if initial_graph is None: # Default initial graph : empty graph on max(m1, m2) nodes G = star_graph(max(m1, m2)) else: if len(initial_graph) < max(m1, m2) or len(initial_graph) > n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Barabási–Albert initial graph must have between " f"max(m1, m2) = {max(m1, m2)} and n = {n} nodes" ) G = initial_graph.copy() # Target nodes for new edges targets = list(G) # List of existing nodes, with nodes repeated once for each adjacent edge repeated_nodes = [n for n, d in G.degree() for _ in range(d)] # Start adding the remaining nodes. source = len(G) while source < n: # Pick which m to use (m1 or m2) if seed.random() < p: m = m1 else: m = m2 # Now choose m unique nodes from the existing nodes # Pick uniformly from repeated_nodes (preferential attachment) targets = _random_subset(repeated_nodes, m, seed) # Add edges to m nodes from the source. G.add_edges_from(zip([source] * m, targets)) # Add one node to the list for each new edge just created. repeated_nodes.extend(targets) # And the new node "source" has m edges to add to the list. repeated_nodes.extend([source] * m) source += 1 return G
(n, m, p, seed=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,019
networkx.generators.trees
prefix_tree
Creates a directed prefix tree from a list of paths. Usually the paths are described as strings or lists of integers. A "prefix tree" represents the prefix structure of the strings. Each node represents a prefix of some string. The root represents the empty prefix with children for the single letter prefixes which in turn have children for each double letter prefix starting with the single letter corresponding to the parent node, and so on. More generally the prefixes do not need to be strings. A prefix refers to the start of a sequence. The root has children for each one element prefix and they have children for each two element prefix that starts with the one element sequence of the parent, and so on. Note that this implementation uses integer nodes with an attribute. Each node has an attribute "source" whose value is the original element of the path to which this node corresponds. For example, suppose `paths` consists of one path: "can". Then the nodes `[1, 2, 3]` which represent this path have "source" values "c", "a" and "n". All the descendants of a node have a common prefix in the sequence/path associated with that node. From the returned tree, the prefix for each node can be constructed by traversing the tree up to the root and accumulating the "source" values along the way. The root node is always `0` and has "source" attribute `None`. The root is the only node with in-degree zero. The nil node is always `-1` and has "source" attribute `"NIL"`. The nil node is the only node with out-degree zero. Parameters ---------- paths: iterable of paths An iterable of paths which are themselves sequences. Matching prefixes among these sequences are identified with nodes of the prefix tree. One leaf of the tree is associated with each path. (Identical paths are associated with the same leaf of the tree.) Returns ------- tree: DiGraph A directed graph representing an arborescence consisting of the prefix tree generated by `paths`. Nodes are directed "downward", from parent to child. A special "synthetic" root node is added to be the parent of the first node in each path. A special "synthetic" leaf node, the "nil" node `-1`, is added to be the child of all nodes representing the last element in a path. (The addition of this nil node technically makes this not an arborescence but a directed acyclic graph; removing the nil node makes it an arborescence.) Notes ----- The prefix tree is also known as a *trie*. Examples -------- Create a prefix tree from a list of strings with common prefixes:: >>> paths = ["ab", "abs", "ad"] >>> T = nx.prefix_tree(paths) >>> list(T.edges) [(0, 1), (1, 2), (1, 4), (2, -1), (2, 3), (3, -1), (4, -1)] The leaf nodes can be obtained as predecessors of the nil node:: >>> root, NIL = 0, -1 >>> list(T.predecessors(NIL)) [2, 3, 4] To recover the original paths that generated the prefix tree, traverse up the tree from the node `-1` to the node `0`:: >>> recovered = [] >>> for v in T.predecessors(NIL): ... prefix = "" ... while v != root: ... prefix = str(T.nodes[v]["source"]) + prefix ... v = next(T.predecessors(v)) # only one predecessor ... recovered.append(prefix) >>> sorted(recovered) ['ab', 'abs', 'ad']
def random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, *, number_of_trees=None, seed=None): """Returns a number of unlabeled rooted trees uniformly at random Returns one or more (depending on `number_of_trees`) unlabeled rooted trees with `n` nodes drawn uniformly at random. Parameters ---------- n : int The number of nodes number_of_trees : int or None (default) If not None, this number of trees is generated and returned. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Returns ------- :class:`networkx.Graph` or list of :class:`networkx.Graph` A single `networkx.Graph` (or a list thereof, if `number_of_trees` is specified) with nodes in the set {0, …, *n* - 1}. The "root" graph attribute identifies the root of the tree. Notes ----- The trees are generated using the "RANRUT" algorithm from [1]_. The algorithm needs to compute some counting functions that are relatively expensive: in case several trees are needed, it is advisable to use the `number_of_trees` optional argument to reuse the counting functions. Raises ------ NetworkXPointlessConcept If `n` is zero (because the null graph is not a tree). References ---------- .. [1] Nijenhuis, Albert, and Wilf, Herbert S. "Combinatorial algorithms: for computers and calculators." Academic Press, 1978. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-11243-3 """ if n == 0: raise nx.NetworkXPointlessConcept("the null graph is not a tree") cache_trees = [0, 1] # initial cache of number of rooted trees if number_of_trees is None: return _to_nx(*_random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, cache_trees, seed), root=0) return [ _to_nx(*_random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, cache_trees, seed), root=0) for i in range(number_of_trees) ]
(paths, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,020
networkx.generators.trees
prefix_tree_recursive
Recursively creates a directed prefix tree from a list of paths. The original recursive version of prefix_tree for comparison. It is the same algorithm but the recursion is unrolled onto a stack. Usually the paths are described as strings or lists of integers. A "prefix tree" represents the prefix structure of the strings. Each node represents a prefix of some string. The root represents the empty prefix with children for the single letter prefixes which in turn have children for each double letter prefix starting with the single letter corresponding to the parent node, and so on. More generally the prefixes do not need to be strings. A prefix refers to the start of a sequence. The root has children for each one element prefix and they have children for each two element prefix that starts with the one element sequence of the parent, and so on. Note that this implementation uses integer nodes with an attribute. Each node has an attribute "source" whose value is the original element of the path to which this node corresponds. For example, suppose `paths` consists of one path: "can". Then the nodes `[1, 2, 3]` which represent this path have "source" values "c", "a" and "n". All the descendants of a node have a common prefix in the sequence/path associated with that node. From the returned tree, ehe prefix for each node can be constructed by traversing the tree up to the root and accumulating the "source" values along the way. The root node is always `0` and has "source" attribute `None`. The root is the only node with in-degree zero. The nil node is always `-1` and has "source" attribute `"NIL"`. The nil node is the only node with out-degree zero. Parameters ---------- paths: iterable of paths An iterable of paths which are themselves sequences. Matching prefixes among these sequences are identified with nodes of the prefix tree. One leaf of the tree is associated with each path. (Identical paths are associated with the same leaf of the tree.) Returns ------- tree: DiGraph A directed graph representing an arborescence consisting of the prefix tree generated by `paths`. Nodes are directed "downward", from parent to child. A special "synthetic" root node is added to be the parent of the first node in each path. A special "synthetic" leaf node, the "nil" node `-1`, is added to be the child of all nodes representing the last element in a path. (The addition of this nil node technically makes this not an arborescence but a directed acyclic graph; removing the nil node makes it an arborescence.) Notes ----- The prefix tree is also known as a *trie*. Examples -------- Create a prefix tree from a list of strings with common prefixes:: >>> paths = ["ab", "abs", "ad"] >>> T = nx.prefix_tree(paths) >>> list(T.edges) [(0, 1), (1, 2), (1, 4), (2, -1), (2, 3), (3, -1), (4, -1)] The leaf nodes can be obtained as predecessors of the nil node. >>> root, NIL = 0, -1 >>> list(T.predecessors(NIL)) [2, 3, 4] To recover the original paths that generated the prefix tree, traverse up the tree from the node `-1` to the node `0`:: >>> recovered = [] >>> for v in T.predecessors(NIL): ... prefix = "" ... while v != root: ... prefix = str(T.nodes[v]["source"]) + prefix ... v = next(T.predecessors(v)) # only one predecessor ... recovered.append(prefix) >>> sorted(recovered) ['ab', 'abs', 'ad']
def random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, *, number_of_trees=None, seed=None): """Returns a number of unlabeled rooted trees uniformly at random Returns one or more (depending on `number_of_trees`) unlabeled rooted trees with `n` nodes drawn uniformly at random. Parameters ---------- n : int The number of nodes number_of_trees : int or None (default) If not None, this number of trees is generated and returned. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Returns ------- :class:`networkx.Graph` or list of :class:`networkx.Graph` A single `networkx.Graph` (or a list thereof, if `number_of_trees` is specified) with nodes in the set {0, …, *n* - 1}. The "root" graph attribute identifies the root of the tree. Notes ----- The trees are generated using the "RANRUT" algorithm from [1]_. The algorithm needs to compute some counting functions that are relatively expensive: in case several trees are needed, it is advisable to use the `number_of_trees` optional argument to reuse the counting functions. Raises ------ NetworkXPointlessConcept If `n` is zero (because the null graph is not a tree). References ---------- .. [1] Nijenhuis, Albert, and Wilf, Herbert S. "Combinatorial algorithms: for computers and calculators." Academic Press, 1978. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-11243-3 """ if n == 0: raise nx.NetworkXPointlessConcept("the null graph is not a tree") cache_trees = [0, 1] # initial cache of number of rooted trees if number_of_trees is None: return _to_nx(*_random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, cache_trees, seed), root=0) return [ _to_nx(*_random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, cache_trees, seed), root=0) for i in range(number_of_trees) ]
(paths, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,026
networkx.algorithms.distance_measures
radius
Returns the radius of the graph G. The radius is the minimum eccentricity. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph A graph e : eccentricity dictionary, optional A precomputed dictionary of eccentricities. weight : string, function, or None If this is a string, then edge weights will be accessed via the edge attribute with this key (that is, the weight of the edge joining `u` to `v` will be ``G.edges[u, v][weight]``). If no such edge attribute exists, the weight of the edge is assumed to be one. If this is a function, the weight of an edge is the value returned by the function. The function must accept exactly three positional arguments: the two endpoints of an edge and the dictionary of edge attributes for that edge. The function must return a number. If this is None, every edge has weight/distance/cost 1. Weights stored as floating point values can lead to small round-off errors in distances. Use integer weights to avoid this. Weights should be positive, since they are distances. Returns ------- r : integer Radius of graph Examples -------- >>> G = nx.Graph([(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (3, 4), (3, 5), (4, 5)]) >>> nx.radius(G) 2
def effective_graph_resistance(G, weight=None, invert_weight=True): """Returns the Effective graph resistance of G. Also known as the Kirchhoff index. The effective graph resistance is defined as the sum of the resistance distance of every node pair in G [1]_. If weight is not provided, then a weight of 1 is used for all edges. The effective graph resistance of a disconnected graph is infinite. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph A graph weight : string or None, optional (default=None) The edge data key used to compute the effective graph resistance. If None, then each edge has weight 1. invert_weight : boolean (default=True) Proper calculation of resistance distance requires building the Laplacian matrix with the reciprocal of the weight. Not required if the weight is already inverted. Weight cannot be zero. Returns ------- RG : float The effective graph resistance of `G`. Raises ------ NetworkXNotImplemented If `G` is a directed graph. NetworkXError If `G` does not contain any nodes. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.Graph([(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (3, 4), (3, 5), (4, 5)]) >>> round(nx.effective_graph_resistance(G), 10) 10.25 Notes ----- The implementation is based on Theorem 2.2 in [2]_. Self-loops are ignored. Multi-edges are contracted in one edge with weight equal to the harmonic sum of the weights. References ---------- .. [1] Wolfram "Kirchhoff Index." https://mathworld.wolfram.com/KirchhoffIndex.html .. [2] W. Ellens, F. M. Spieksma, P. Van Mieghem, A. Jamakovic, R. E. Kooij. Effective graph resistance. Lin. Alg. Appl. 435:2491-2506, 2011. """ import numpy as np if len(G) == 0: raise nx.NetworkXError("Graph G must contain at least one node.") # Disconnected graphs have infinite Effective graph resistance if not nx.is_connected(G): return float("inf") # Invert weights G = G.copy() if invert_weight and weight is not None: if G.is_multigraph(): for u, v, k, d in G.edges(keys=True, data=True): d[weight] = 1 / d[weight] else: for u, v, d in G.edges(data=True): d[weight] = 1 / d[weight] # Get Laplacian eigenvalues mu = np.sort(nx.laplacian_spectrum(G, weight=weight)) # Compute Effective graph resistance based on spectrum of the Laplacian # Self-loops are ignored return float(np.sum(1 / mu[1:]) * G.number_of_nodes())
(G, e=None, usebounds=False, weight=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,030
networkx.generators.degree_seq
random_degree_sequence_graph
Returns a simple random graph with the given degree sequence. If the maximum degree $d_m$ in the sequence is $O(m^{1/4})$ then the algorithm produces almost uniform random graphs in $O(m d_m)$ time where $m$ is the number of edges. Parameters ---------- sequence : list of integers Sequence of degrees seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. tries : int, optional Maximum number of tries to create a graph Returns ------- G : Graph A graph with the specified degree sequence. Nodes are labeled starting at 0 with an index corresponding to the position in the sequence. Raises ------ NetworkXUnfeasible If the degree sequence is not graphical. NetworkXError If a graph is not produced in specified number of tries See Also -------- is_graphical, configuration_model Notes ----- The generator algorithm [1]_ is not guaranteed to produce a graph. References ---------- .. [1] Moshen Bayati, Jeong Han Kim, and Amin Saberi, A sequential algorithm for generating random graphs. Algorithmica, Volume 58, Number 4, 860-910, DOI: 10.1007/s00453-009-9340-1 Examples -------- >>> sequence = [1, 2, 2, 3] >>> G = nx.random_degree_sequence_graph(sequence, seed=42) >>> sorted(d for n, d in G.degree()) [1, 2, 2, 3]
def generate(self): # remaining_degree is mapping from int->remaining degree self.remaining_degree = dict(enumerate(self.degree)) # add all nodes to make sure we get isolated nodes self.graph = nx.Graph() self.graph.add_nodes_from(self.remaining_degree) # remove zero degree nodes for n, d in list(self.remaining_degree.items()): if d == 0: del self.remaining_degree[n] if len(self.remaining_degree) > 0: # build graph in three phases according to how many unmatched edges self.phase1() self.phase2() self.phase3() return self.graph
(sequence, seed=None, tries=10, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,031
networkx.generators.geometric
random_geometric_graph
Returns a random geometric graph in the unit cube of dimensions `dim`. The random geometric graph model places `n` nodes uniformly at random in the unit cube. Two nodes are joined by an edge if the distance between the nodes is at most `radius`. Edges are determined using a KDTree when SciPy is available. This reduces the time complexity from $O(n^2)$ to $O(n)$. Parameters ---------- n : int or iterable Number of nodes or iterable of nodes radius: float Distance threshold value dim : int, optional Dimension of graph pos : dict, optional A dictionary keyed by node with node positions as values. p : float, optional Which Minkowski distance metric to use. `p` has to meet the condition ``1 <= p <= infinity``. If this argument is not specified, the :math:`L^2` metric (the Euclidean distance metric), p = 2 is used. This should not be confused with the `p` of an Erdős-Rényi random graph, which represents probability. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. pos_name : string, default="pos" The name of the node attribute which represents the position in 2D coordinates of the node in the returned graph. Returns ------- Graph A random geometric graph, undirected and without self-loops. Each node has a node attribute ``'pos'`` that stores the position of that node in Euclidean space as provided by the ``pos`` keyword argument or, if ``pos`` was not provided, as generated by this function. Examples -------- Create a random geometric graph on twenty nodes where nodes are joined by an edge if their distance is at most 0.1:: >>> G = nx.random_geometric_graph(20, 0.1) Notes ----- This uses a *k*-d tree to build the graph. The `pos` keyword argument can be used to specify node positions so you can create an arbitrary distribution and domain for positions. For example, to use a 2D Gaussian distribution of node positions with mean (0, 0) and standard deviation 2:: >>> import random >>> n = 20 >>> pos = {i: (random.gauss(0, 2), random.gauss(0, 2)) for i in range(n)} >>> G = nx.random_geometric_graph(n, 0.2, pos=pos) References ---------- .. [1] Penrose, Mathew, *Random Geometric Graphs*, Oxford Studies in Probability, 5, 2003.
def thresholded_random_geometric_graph( n, radius, theta, dim=2, pos=None, weight=None, p=2, seed=None, *, pos_name="pos", weight_name="weight", ): r"""Returns a thresholded random geometric graph in the unit cube. The thresholded random geometric graph [1] model places `n` nodes uniformly at random in the unit cube of dimensions `dim`. Each node `u` is assigned a weight :math:`w_u`. Two nodes `u` and `v` are joined by an edge if they are within the maximum connection distance, `radius` computed by the `p`-Minkowski distance and the summation of weights :math:`w_u` + :math:`w_v` is greater than or equal to the threshold parameter `theta`. Edges within `radius` of each other are determined using a KDTree when SciPy is available. This reduces the time complexity from :math:`O(n^2)` to :math:`O(n)`. Parameters ---------- n : int or iterable Number of nodes or iterable of nodes radius: float Distance threshold value theta: float Threshold value dim : int, optional Dimension of graph pos : dict, optional A dictionary keyed by node with node positions as values. weight : dict, optional Node weights as a dictionary of numbers keyed by node. p : float, optional (default 2) Which Minkowski distance metric to use. `p` has to meet the condition ``1 <= p <= infinity``. If this argument is not specified, the :math:`L^2` metric (the Euclidean distance metric), p = 2 is used. This should not be confused with the `p` of an Erdős-Rényi random graph, which represents probability. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. pos_name : string, default="pos" The name of the node attribute which represents the position in 2D coordinates of the node in the returned graph. weight_name : string, default="weight" The name of the node attribute which represents the weight of the node in the returned graph. Returns ------- Graph A thresholded random geographic graph, undirected and without self-loops. Each node has a node attribute ``'pos'`` that stores the position of that node in Euclidean space as provided by the ``pos`` keyword argument or, if ``pos`` was not provided, as generated by this function. Similarly, each node has a nodethre attribute ``'weight'`` that stores the weight of that node as provided or as generated. Examples -------- Default Graph: G = nx.thresholded_random_geometric_graph(50, 0.2, 0.1) Custom Graph: Create a thresholded random geometric graph on 50 uniformly distributed nodes where nodes are joined by an edge if their sum weights drawn from a exponential distribution with rate = 5 are >= theta = 0.1 and their Euclidean distance is at most 0.2. Notes ----- This uses a *k*-d tree to build the graph. The `pos` keyword argument can be used to specify node positions so you can create an arbitrary distribution and domain for positions. For example, to use a 2D Gaussian distribution of node positions with mean (0, 0) and standard deviation 2 If weights are not specified they are assigned to nodes by drawing randomly from the exponential distribution with rate parameter :math:`\lambda=1`. To specify weights from a different distribution, use the `weight` keyword argument:: :: >>> import random >>> import math >>> n = 50 >>> pos = {i: (random.gauss(0, 2), random.gauss(0, 2)) for i in range(n)} >>> w = {i: random.expovariate(5.0) for i in range(n)} >>> G = nx.thresholded_random_geometric_graph(n, 0.2, 0.1, 2, pos, w) References ---------- .. [1] http://cole-maclean.github.io/blog/files/thesis.pdf """ G = nx.empty_graph(n) G.name = f"thresholded_random_geometric_graph({n}, {radius}, {theta}, {dim})" # If no weights are provided, choose them from an exponential # distribution. if weight is None: weight = {v: seed.expovariate(1) for v in G} # If no positions are provided, choose uniformly random vectors in # Euclidean space of the specified dimension. if pos is None: pos = {v: [seed.random() for i in range(dim)] for v in G} # If no distance metric is provided, use Euclidean distance. nx.set_node_attributes(G, weight, weight_name) nx.set_node_attributes(G, pos, pos_name) edges = ( (u, v) for u, v in _geometric_edges(G, radius, p, pos_name) if weight[u] + weight[v] >= theta ) G.add_edges_from(edges) return G
(n, radius, dim=2, pos=None, p=2, seed=None, *, pos_name='pos', backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,035
networkx.generators.random_graphs
random_kernel_graph
Returns an random graph based on the specified kernel. The algorithm chooses each of the $[n(n-1)]/2$ possible edges with probability specified by a kernel $\kappa(x,y)$ [1]_. The kernel $\kappa(x,y)$ must be a symmetric (in $x,y$), non-negative, bounded function. Parameters ---------- n : int The number of nodes kernel_integral : function Function that returns the definite integral of the kernel $\kappa(x,y)$, $F(y,a,b) := \int_a^b \kappa(x,y)dx$ kernel_root: function (optional) Function that returns the root $b$ of the equation $F(y,a,b) = r$. If None, the root is found using :func:`scipy.optimize.brentq` (this requires SciPy). seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Notes ----- The kernel is specified through its definite integral which must be provided as one of the arguments. If the integral and root of the kernel integral can be found in $O(1)$ time then this algorithm runs in time $O(n+m)$ where m is the expected number of edges [2]_. The nodes are set to integers from $0$ to $n-1$. Examples -------- Generate an Erdős–Rényi random graph $G(n,c/n)$, with kernel $\kappa(x,y)=c$ where $c$ is the mean expected degree. >>> def integral(u, w, z): ... return c * (z - w) >>> def root(u, w, r): ... return r / c + w >>> c = 1 >>> graph = nx.random_kernel_graph(1000, integral, root) See Also -------- gnp_random_graph expected_degree_graph References ---------- .. [1] Bollobás, Béla, Janson, S. and Riordan, O. "The phase transition in inhomogeneous random graphs", *Random Structures Algorithms*, 31, 3--122, 2007. .. [2] Hagberg A, Lemons N (2015), "Fast Generation of Sparse Random Kernel Graphs". PLoS ONE 10(9): e0135177, 2015. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135177
def dual_barabasi_albert_graph(n, m1, m2, p, seed=None, initial_graph=None): """Returns a random graph using dual Barabási–Albert preferential attachment A graph of $n$ nodes is grown by attaching new nodes each with either $m_1$ edges (with probability $p$) or $m_2$ edges (with probability $1-p$) that are preferentially attached to existing nodes with high degree. Parameters ---------- n : int Number of nodes m1 : int Number of edges to link each new node to existing nodes with probability $p$ m2 : int Number of edges to link each new node to existing nodes with probability $1-p$ p : float The probability of attaching $m_1$ edges (as opposed to $m_2$ edges) seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. initial_graph : Graph or None (default) Initial network for Barabási–Albert algorithm. A copy of `initial_graph` is used. It should be connected for most use cases. If None, starts from an star graph on max(m1, m2) + 1 nodes. Returns ------- G : Graph Raises ------ NetworkXError If `m1` and `m2` do not satisfy ``1 <= m1,m2 < n``, or `p` does not satisfy ``0 <= p <= 1``, or the initial graph number of nodes m0 does not satisfy m1, m2 <= m0 <= n. References ---------- .. [1] N. Moshiri "The dual-Barabasi-Albert model", arXiv:1810.10538. """ if m1 < 1 or m1 >= n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert must have m1 >= 1 and m1 < n, m1 = {m1}, n = {n}" ) if m2 < 1 or m2 >= n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert must have m2 >= 1 and m2 < n, m2 = {m2}, n = {n}" ) if p < 0 or p > 1: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert network must have 0 <= p <= 1, p = {p}" ) # For simplicity, if p == 0 or 1, just return BA if p == 1: return barabasi_albert_graph(n, m1, seed) elif p == 0: return barabasi_albert_graph(n, m2, seed) if initial_graph is None: # Default initial graph : empty graph on max(m1, m2) nodes G = star_graph(max(m1, m2)) else: if len(initial_graph) < max(m1, m2) or len(initial_graph) > n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Barabási–Albert initial graph must have between " f"max(m1, m2) = {max(m1, m2)} and n = {n} nodes" ) G = initial_graph.copy() # Target nodes for new edges targets = list(G) # List of existing nodes, with nodes repeated once for each adjacent edge repeated_nodes = [n for n, d in G.degree() for _ in range(d)] # Start adding the remaining nodes. source = len(G) while source < n: # Pick which m to use (m1 or m2) if seed.random() < p: m = m1 else: m = m2 # Now choose m unique nodes from the existing nodes # Pick uniformly from repeated_nodes (preferential attachment) targets = _random_subset(repeated_nodes, m, seed) # Add edges to m nodes from the source. G.add_edges_from(zip([source] * m, targets)) # Add one node to the list for each new edge just created. repeated_nodes.extend(targets) # And the new node "source" has m edges to add to the list. repeated_nodes.extend([source] * m) source += 1 return G
(n, kernel_integral, kernel_root=None, seed=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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0.02065735124051571, 0.01592417247593403, 0.047140151262283325 ]
31,036
networkx.generators.trees
random_labeled_rooted_forest
Returns a labeled rooted forest with `n` nodes. The returned forest is chosen uniformly at random using a generalization of Prüfer sequences [1]_ in the form described in [2]_. Parameters ---------- n : int The number of nodes. seed : random_state See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Returns ------- :class:`networkx.Graph` A `networkx.Graph` with integer nodes 0 <= node <= `n` - 1. The "roots" graph attribute is a set of integers containing the roots. References ---------- .. [1] Knuth, Donald E. "Another Enumeration of Trees." Canadian Journal of Mathematics, 20 (1968): 1077-1086. https://doi.org/10.4153/CJM-1968-104-8 .. [2] Rubey, Martin. "Counting Spanning Trees". Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Magister der Naturwissenschaften an der Formal- und Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Wien. Wien, May 2000.
def random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, *, number_of_trees=None, seed=None): """Returns a number of unlabeled rooted trees uniformly at random Returns one or more (depending on `number_of_trees`) unlabeled rooted trees with `n` nodes drawn uniformly at random. Parameters ---------- n : int The number of nodes number_of_trees : int or None (default) If not None, this number of trees is generated and returned. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Returns ------- :class:`networkx.Graph` or list of :class:`networkx.Graph` A single `networkx.Graph` (or a list thereof, if `number_of_trees` is specified) with nodes in the set {0, …, *n* - 1}. The "root" graph attribute identifies the root of the tree. Notes ----- The trees are generated using the "RANRUT" algorithm from [1]_. The algorithm needs to compute some counting functions that are relatively expensive: in case several trees are needed, it is advisable to use the `number_of_trees` optional argument to reuse the counting functions. Raises ------ NetworkXPointlessConcept If `n` is zero (because the null graph is not a tree). References ---------- .. [1] Nijenhuis, Albert, and Wilf, Herbert S. "Combinatorial algorithms: for computers and calculators." Academic Press, 1978. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-11243-3 """ if n == 0: raise nx.NetworkXPointlessConcept("the null graph is not a tree") cache_trees = [0, 1] # initial cache of number of rooted trees if number_of_trees is None: return _to_nx(*_random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, cache_trees, seed), root=0) return [ _to_nx(*_random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, cache_trees, seed), root=0) for i in range(number_of_trees) ]
(n, *, seed=None, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,037
networkx.generators.trees
random_labeled_rooted_tree
Returns a labeled rooted tree with `n` nodes. The returned tree is chosen uniformly at random from all labeled rooted trees. Parameters ---------- n : int The number of nodes seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Returns ------- :class:`networkx.Graph` A `networkx.Graph` with integer nodes 0 <= node <= `n` - 1. The root of the tree is selected uniformly from the nodes. The "root" graph attribute identifies the root of the tree. Notes ----- This function returns the result of :func:`random_labeled_tree` with a randomly selected root. Raises ------ NetworkXPointlessConcept If `n` is zero (because the null graph is not a tree).
def random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, *, number_of_trees=None, seed=None): """Returns a number of unlabeled rooted trees uniformly at random Returns one or more (depending on `number_of_trees`) unlabeled rooted trees with `n` nodes drawn uniformly at random. Parameters ---------- n : int The number of nodes number_of_trees : int or None (default) If not None, this number of trees is generated and returned. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Returns ------- :class:`networkx.Graph` or list of :class:`networkx.Graph` A single `networkx.Graph` (or a list thereof, if `number_of_trees` is specified) with nodes in the set {0, …, *n* - 1}. The "root" graph attribute identifies the root of the tree. Notes ----- The trees are generated using the "RANRUT" algorithm from [1]_. The algorithm needs to compute some counting functions that are relatively expensive: in case several trees are needed, it is advisable to use the `number_of_trees` optional argument to reuse the counting functions. Raises ------ NetworkXPointlessConcept If `n` is zero (because the null graph is not a tree). References ---------- .. [1] Nijenhuis, Albert, and Wilf, Herbert S. "Combinatorial algorithms: for computers and calculators." Academic Press, 1978. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-11243-3 """ if n == 0: raise nx.NetworkXPointlessConcept("the null graph is not a tree") cache_trees = [0, 1] # initial cache of number of rooted trees if number_of_trees is None: return _to_nx(*_random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, cache_trees, seed), root=0) return [ _to_nx(*_random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, cache_trees, seed), root=0) for i in range(number_of_trees) ]
(n, *, seed=None, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,038
networkx.generators.trees
random_labeled_tree
Returns a labeled tree on `n` nodes chosen uniformly at random. Generating uniformly distributed random Prüfer sequences and converting them into the corresponding trees is a straightforward method of generating uniformly distributed random labeled trees. This function implements this method. Parameters ---------- n : int The number of nodes, greater than zero. seed : random_state Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>` Returns ------- :class:`networkx.Graph` A `networkx.Graph` with nodes in the set {0, …, *n* - 1}. Raises ------ NetworkXPointlessConcept If `n` is zero (because the null graph is not a tree).
def random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, *, number_of_trees=None, seed=None): """Returns a number of unlabeled rooted trees uniformly at random Returns one or more (depending on `number_of_trees`) unlabeled rooted trees with `n` nodes drawn uniformly at random. Parameters ---------- n : int The number of nodes number_of_trees : int or None (default) If not None, this number of trees is generated and returned. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Returns ------- :class:`networkx.Graph` or list of :class:`networkx.Graph` A single `networkx.Graph` (or a list thereof, if `number_of_trees` is specified) with nodes in the set {0, …, *n* - 1}. The "root" graph attribute identifies the root of the tree. Notes ----- The trees are generated using the "RANRUT" algorithm from [1]_. The algorithm needs to compute some counting functions that are relatively expensive: in case several trees are needed, it is advisable to use the `number_of_trees` optional argument to reuse the counting functions. Raises ------ NetworkXPointlessConcept If `n` is zero (because the null graph is not a tree). References ---------- .. [1] Nijenhuis, Albert, and Wilf, Herbert S. "Combinatorial algorithms: for computers and calculators." Academic Press, 1978. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-11243-3 """ if n == 0: raise nx.NetworkXPointlessConcept("the null graph is not a tree") cache_trees = [0, 1] # initial cache of number of rooted trees if number_of_trees is None: return _to_nx(*_random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, cache_trees, seed), root=0) return [ _to_nx(*_random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, cache_trees, seed), root=0) for i in range(number_of_trees) ]
(n, *, seed=None, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,039
networkx.drawing.layout
random_layout
Position nodes uniformly at random in the unit square. For every node, a position is generated by choosing each of dim coordinates uniformly at random on the interval [0.0, 1.0). NumPy (http://scipy.org) is required for this function. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph or list of nodes A position will be assigned to every node in G. center : array-like or None Coordinate pair around which to center the layout. dim : int Dimension of layout. seed : int, RandomState instance or None optional (default=None) Set the random state for deterministic node layouts. If int, `seed` is the seed used by the random number generator, if numpy.random.RandomState instance, `seed` is the random number generator, if None, the random number generator is the RandomState instance used by numpy.random. Returns ------- pos : dict A dictionary of positions keyed by node Examples -------- >>> G = nx.lollipop_graph(4, 3) >>> pos = nx.random_layout(G)
def spectral_layout(G, weight="weight", scale=1, center=None, dim=2): """Position nodes using the eigenvectors of the graph Laplacian. Using the unnormalized Laplacian, the layout shows possible clusters of nodes which are an approximation of the ratio cut. If dim is the number of dimensions then the positions are the entries of the dim eigenvectors corresponding to the ascending eigenvalues starting from the second one. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph or list of nodes A position will be assigned to every node in G. weight : string or None optional (default='weight') The edge attribute that holds the numerical value used for the edge weight. If None, then all edge weights are 1. scale : number (default: 1) Scale factor for positions. center : array-like or None Coordinate pair around which to center the layout. dim : int Dimension of layout. Returns ------- pos : dict A dictionary of positions keyed by node Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(4) >>> pos = nx.spectral_layout(G) Notes ----- Directed graphs will be considered as undirected graphs when positioning the nodes. For larger graphs (>500 nodes) this will use the SciPy sparse eigenvalue solver (ARPACK). """ # handle some special cases that break the eigensolvers import numpy as np G, center = _process_params(G, center, dim) if len(G) <= 2: if len(G) == 0: pos = np.array([]) elif len(G) == 1: pos = np.array([center]) else: pos = np.array([np.zeros(dim), np.array(center) * 2.0]) return dict(zip(G, pos)) try: # Sparse matrix if len(G) < 500: # dense solver is faster for small graphs raise ValueError A = nx.to_scipy_sparse_array(G, weight=weight, dtype="d") # Symmetrize directed graphs if G.is_directed(): A = A + np.transpose(A) pos = _sparse_spectral(A, dim) except (ImportError, ValueError): # Dense matrix A = nx.to_numpy_array(G, weight=weight) # Symmetrize directed graphs if G.is_directed(): A += A.T pos = _spectral(A, dim) pos = rescale_layout(pos, scale=scale) + center pos = dict(zip(G, pos)) return pos
(G, center=None, dim=2, seed=None)
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0.01696096360683441, 0.014869754202663898, 0.05928627774119377 ]
31,040
networkx.generators.random_graphs
random_lobster
Returns a random lobster graph. A lobster is a tree that reduces to a caterpillar when pruning all leaf nodes. A caterpillar is a tree that reduces to a path graph when pruning all leaf nodes; setting `p2` to zero produces a caterpillar. This implementation iterates on the probabilities `p1` and `p2` to add edges at levels 1 and 2, respectively. Graphs are therefore constructed iteratively with uniform randomness at each level rather than being selected uniformly at random from the set of all possible lobsters. Parameters ---------- n : int The expected number of nodes in the backbone p1 : float Probability of adding an edge to the backbone p2 : float Probability of adding an edge one level beyond backbone seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Raises ------ NetworkXError If `p1` or `p2` parameters are >= 1 because the while loops would never finish.
def dual_barabasi_albert_graph(n, m1, m2, p, seed=None, initial_graph=None): """Returns a random graph using dual Barabási–Albert preferential attachment A graph of $n$ nodes is grown by attaching new nodes each with either $m_1$ edges (with probability $p$) or $m_2$ edges (with probability $1-p$) that are preferentially attached to existing nodes with high degree. Parameters ---------- n : int Number of nodes m1 : int Number of edges to link each new node to existing nodes with probability $p$ m2 : int Number of edges to link each new node to existing nodes with probability $1-p$ p : float The probability of attaching $m_1$ edges (as opposed to $m_2$ edges) seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. initial_graph : Graph or None (default) Initial network for Barabási–Albert algorithm. A copy of `initial_graph` is used. It should be connected for most use cases. If None, starts from an star graph on max(m1, m2) + 1 nodes. Returns ------- G : Graph Raises ------ NetworkXError If `m1` and `m2` do not satisfy ``1 <= m1,m2 < n``, or `p` does not satisfy ``0 <= p <= 1``, or the initial graph number of nodes m0 does not satisfy m1, m2 <= m0 <= n. References ---------- .. [1] N. Moshiri "The dual-Barabasi-Albert model", arXiv:1810.10538. """ if m1 < 1 or m1 >= n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert must have m1 >= 1 and m1 < n, m1 = {m1}, n = {n}" ) if m2 < 1 or m2 >= n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert must have m2 >= 1 and m2 < n, m2 = {m2}, n = {n}" ) if p < 0 or p > 1: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert network must have 0 <= p <= 1, p = {p}" ) # For simplicity, if p == 0 or 1, just return BA if p == 1: return barabasi_albert_graph(n, m1, seed) elif p == 0: return barabasi_albert_graph(n, m2, seed) if initial_graph is None: # Default initial graph : empty graph on max(m1, m2) nodes G = star_graph(max(m1, m2)) else: if len(initial_graph) < max(m1, m2) or len(initial_graph) > n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Barabási–Albert initial graph must have between " f"max(m1, m2) = {max(m1, m2)} and n = {n} nodes" ) G = initial_graph.copy() # Target nodes for new edges targets = list(G) # List of existing nodes, with nodes repeated once for each adjacent edge repeated_nodes = [n for n, d in G.degree() for _ in range(d)] # Start adding the remaining nodes. source = len(G) while source < n: # Pick which m to use (m1 or m2) if seed.random() < p: m = m1 else: m = m2 # Now choose m unique nodes from the existing nodes # Pick uniformly from repeated_nodes (preferential attachment) targets = _random_subset(repeated_nodes, m, seed) # Add edges to m nodes from the source. G.add_edges_from(zip([source] * m, targets)) # Add one node to the list for each new edge just created. repeated_nodes.extend(targets) # And the new node "source" has m edges to add to the list. repeated_nodes.extend([source] * m) source += 1 return G
(n, p1, p2, seed=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,041
networkx.generators.community
random_partition_graph
Returns the random partition graph with a partition of sizes. A partition graph is a graph of communities with sizes defined by s in sizes. Nodes in the same group are connected with probability p_in and nodes of different groups are connected with probability p_out. Parameters ---------- sizes : list of ints Sizes of groups p_in : float probability of edges with in groups p_out : float probability of edges between groups directed : boolean optional, default=False Whether to create a directed graph seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Returns ------- G : NetworkX Graph or DiGraph random partition graph of size sum(gs) Raises ------ NetworkXError If p_in or p_out is not in [0,1] Examples -------- >>> G = nx.random_partition_graph([10, 10, 10], 0.25, 0.01) >>> len(G) 30 >>> partition = G.graph["partition"] >>> len(partition) 3 Notes ----- This is a generalization of the planted-l-partition described in [1]_. It allows for the creation of groups of any size. The partition is store as a graph attribute 'partition'. References ---------- .. [1] Santo Fortunato 'Community Detection in Graphs' Physical Reports Volume 486, Issue 3-5 p. 75-174. https://arxiv.org/abs/0906.0612
def _generate_communities(degree_seq, community_sizes, mu, max_iters, seed): """Returns a list of sets, each of which represents a community. ``degree_seq`` is the degree sequence that must be met by the graph. ``community_sizes`` is the community size distribution that must be met by the generated list of sets. ``mu`` is a float in the interval [0, 1] indicating the fraction of intra-community edges incident to each node. ``max_iters`` is the number of times to try to add a node to a community. This must be greater than the length of ``degree_seq``, otherwise this function will always fail. If the number of iterations exceeds this value, :exc:`~networkx.exception.ExceededMaxIterations` is raised. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. The communities returned by this are sets of integers in the set {0, ..., *n* - 1}, where *n* is the length of ``degree_seq``. """ # This assumes the nodes in the graph will be natural numbers. result = [set() for _ in community_sizes] n = len(degree_seq) free = list(range(n)) for i in range(max_iters): v = free.pop() c = seed.choice(range(len(community_sizes))) # s = int(degree_seq[v] * (1 - mu) + 0.5) s = round(degree_seq[v] * (1 - mu)) # If the community is large enough, add the node to the chosen # community. Otherwise, return it to the list of unaffiliated # nodes. if s < community_sizes[c]: result[c].add(v) else: free.append(v) # If the community is too big, remove a node from it. if len(result[c]) > community_sizes[c]: free.append(result[c].pop()) if not free: return result msg = "Could not assign communities; try increasing min_community" raise nx.ExceededMaxIterations(msg)
(sizes, p_in, p_out, seed=None, directed=False, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,042
networkx.generators.random_graphs
random_powerlaw_tree
Returns a tree with a power law degree distribution. Parameters ---------- n : int The number of nodes. gamma : float Exponent of the power law. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. tries : int Number of attempts to adjust the sequence to make it a tree. Raises ------ NetworkXError If no valid sequence is found within the maximum number of attempts. Notes ----- A trial power law degree sequence is chosen and then elements are swapped with new elements from a powerlaw distribution until the sequence makes a tree (by checking, for example, that the number of edges is one smaller than the number of nodes).
def dual_barabasi_albert_graph(n, m1, m2, p, seed=None, initial_graph=None): """Returns a random graph using dual Barabási–Albert preferential attachment A graph of $n$ nodes is grown by attaching new nodes each with either $m_1$ edges (with probability $p$) or $m_2$ edges (with probability $1-p$) that are preferentially attached to existing nodes with high degree. Parameters ---------- n : int Number of nodes m1 : int Number of edges to link each new node to existing nodes with probability $p$ m2 : int Number of edges to link each new node to existing nodes with probability $1-p$ p : float The probability of attaching $m_1$ edges (as opposed to $m_2$ edges) seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. initial_graph : Graph or None (default) Initial network for Barabási–Albert algorithm. A copy of `initial_graph` is used. It should be connected for most use cases. If None, starts from an star graph on max(m1, m2) + 1 nodes. Returns ------- G : Graph Raises ------ NetworkXError If `m1` and `m2` do not satisfy ``1 <= m1,m2 < n``, or `p` does not satisfy ``0 <= p <= 1``, or the initial graph number of nodes m0 does not satisfy m1, m2 <= m0 <= n. References ---------- .. [1] N. Moshiri "The dual-Barabasi-Albert model", arXiv:1810.10538. """ if m1 < 1 or m1 >= n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert must have m1 >= 1 and m1 < n, m1 = {m1}, n = {n}" ) if m2 < 1 or m2 >= n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert must have m2 >= 1 and m2 < n, m2 = {m2}, n = {n}" ) if p < 0 or p > 1: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert network must have 0 <= p <= 1, p = {p}" ) # For simplicity, if p == 0 or 1, just return BA if p == 1: return barabasi_albert_graph(n, m1, seed) elif p == 0: return barabasi_albert_graph(n, m2, seed) if initial_graph is None: # Default initial graph : empty graph on max(m1, m2) nodes G = star_graph(max(m1, m2)) else: if len(initial_graph) < max(m1, m2) or len(initial_graph) > n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Barabási–Albert initial graph must have between " f"max(m1, m2) = {max(m1, m2)} and n = {n} nodes" ) G = initial_graph.copy() # Target nodes for new edges targets = list(G) # List of existing nodes, with nodes repeated once for each adjacent edge repeated_nodes = [n for n, d in G.degree() for _ in range(d)] # Start adding the remaining nodes. source = len(G) while source < n: # Pick which m to use (m1 or m2) if seed.random() < p: m = m1 else: m = m2 # Now choose m unique nodes from the existing nodes # Pick uniformly from repeated_nodes (preferential attachment) targets = _random_subset(repeated_nodes, m, seed) # Add edges to m nodes from the source. G.add_edges_from(zip([source] * m, targets)) # Add one node to the list for each new edge just created. repeated_nodes.extend(targets) # And the new node "source" has m edges to add to the list. repeated_nodes.extend([source] * m) source += 1 return G
(n, gamma=3, seed=None, tries=100, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,043
networkx.generators.random_graphs
random_powerlaw_tree_sequence
Returns a degree sequence for a tree with a power law distribution. Parameters ---------- n : int, The number of nodes. gamma : float Exponent of the power law. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. tries : int Number of attempts to adjust the sequence to make it a tree. Raises ------ NetworkXError If no valid sequence is found within the maximum number of attempts. Notes ----- A trial power law degree sequence is chosen and then elements are swapped with new elements from a power law distribution until the sequence makes a tree (by checking, for example, that the number of edges is one smaller than the number of nodes).
def dual_barabasi_albert_graph(n, m1, m2, p, seed=None, initial_graph=None): """Returns a random graph using dual Barabási–Albert preferential attachment A graph of $n$ nodes is grown by attaching new nodes each with either $m_1$ edges (with probability $p$) or $m_2$ edges (with probability $1-p$) that are preferentially attached to existing nodes with high degree. Parameters ---------- n : int Number of nodes m1 : int Number of edges to link each new node to existing nodes with probability $p$ m2 : int Number of edges to link each new node to existing nodes with probability $1-p$ p : float The probability of attaching $m_1$ edges (as opposed to $m_2$ edges) seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. initial_graph : Graph or None (default) Initial network for Barabási–Albert algorithm. A copy of `initial_graph` is used. It should be connected for most use cases. If None, starts from an star graph on max(m1, m2) + 1 nodes. Returns ------- G : Graph Raises ------ NetworkXError If `m1` and `m2` do not satisfy ``1 <= m1,m2 < n``, or `p` does not satisfy ``0 <= p <= 1``, or the initial graph number of nodes m0 does not satisfy m1, m2 <= m0 <= n. References ---------- .. [1] N. Moshiri "The dual-Barabasi-Albert model", arXiv:1810.10538. """ if m1 < 1 or m1 >= n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert must have m1 >= 1 and m1 < n, m1 = {m1}, n = {n}" ) if m2 < 1 or m2 >= n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert must have m2 >= 1 and m2 < n, m2 = {m2}, n = {n}" ) if p < 0 or p > 1: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert network must have 0 <= p <= 1, p = {p}" ) # For simplicity, if p == 0 or 1, just return BA if p == 1: return barabasi_albert_graph(n, m1, seed) elif p == 0: return barabasi_albert_graph(n, m2, seed) if initial_graph is None: # Default initial graph : empty graph on max(m1, m2) nodes G = star_graph(max(m1, m2)) else: if len(initial_graph) < max(m1, m2) or len(initial_graph) > n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Barabási–Albert initial graph must have between " f"max(m1, m2) = {max(m1, m2)} and n = {n} nodes" ) G = initial_graph.copy() # Target nodes for new edges targets = list(G) # List of existing nodes, with nodes repeated once for each adjacent edge repeated_nodes = [n for n, d in G.degree() for _ in range(d)] # Start adding the remaining nodes. source = len(G) while source < n: # Pick which m to use (m1 or m2) if seed.random() < p: m = m1 else: m = m2 # Now choose m unique nodes from the existing nodes # Pick uniformly from repeated_nodes (preferential attachment) targets = _random_subset(repeated_nodes, m, seed) # Add edges to m nodes from the source. G.add_edges_from(zip([source] * m, targets)) # Add one node to the list for each new edge just created. repeated_nodes.extend(targets) # And the new node "source" has m edges to add to the list. repeated_nodes.extend([source] * m) source += 1 return G
(n, gamma=3, seed=None, tries=100, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,046
networkx.generators.random_graphs
random_regular_graph
Returns a random $d$-regular graph on $n$ nodes. A regular graph is a graph where each node has the same number of neighbors. The resulting graph has no self-loops or parallel edges. Parameters ---------- d : int The degree of each node. n : integer The number of nodes. The value of $n \times d$ must be even. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Notes ----- The nodes are numbered from $0$ to $n - 1$. Kim and Vu's paper [2]_ shows that this algorithm samples in an asymptotically uniform way from the space of random graphs when $d = O(n^{1 / 3 - \epsilon})$. Raises ------ NetworkXError If $n \times d$ is odd or $d$ is greater than or equal to $n$. References ---------- .. [1] A. Steger and N. Wormald, Generating random regular graphs quickly, Probability and Computing 8 (1999), 377-396, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0963548399003867 .. [2] Jeong Han Kim and Van H. Vu, Generating random regular graphs, Proceedings of the thirty-fifth ACM symposium on Theory of computing, San Diego, CA, USA, pp 213--222, 2003. http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=780542.780576
def dual_barabasi_albert_graph(n, m1, m2, p, seed=None, initial_graph=None): """Returns a random graph using dual Barabási–Albert preferential attachment A graph of $n$ nodes is grown by attaching new nodes each with either $m_1$ edges (with probability $p$) or $m_2$ edges (with probability $1-p$) that are preferentially attached to existing nodes with high degree. Parameters ---------- n : int Number of nodes m1 : int Number of edges to link each new node to existing nodes with probability $p$ m2 : int Number of edges to link each new node to existing nodes with probability $1-p$ p : float The probability of attaching $m_1$ edges (as opposed to $m_2$ edges) seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. initial_graph : Graph or None (default) Initial network for Barabási–Albert algorithm. A copy of `initial_graph` is used. It should be connected for most use cases. If None, starts from an star graph on max(m1, m2) + 1 nodes. Returns ------- G : Graph Raises ------ NetworkXError If `m1` and `m2` do not satisfy ``1 <= m1,m2 < n``, or `p` does not satisfy ``0 <= p <= 1``, or the initial graph number of nodes m0 does not satisfy m1, m2 <= m0 <= n. References ---------- .. [1] N. Moshiri "The dual-Barabasi-Albert model", arXiv:1810.10538. """ if m1 < 1 or m1 >= n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert must have m1 >= 1 and m1 < n, m1 = {m1}, n = {n}" ) if m2 < 1 or m2 >= n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert must have m2 >= 1 and m2 < n, m2 = {m2}, n = {n}" ) if p < 0 or p > 1: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert network must have 0 <= p <= 1, p = {p}" ) # For simplicity, if p == 0 or 1, just return BA if p == 1: return barabasi_albert_graph(n, m1, seed) elif p == 0: return barabasi_albert_graph(n, m2, seed) if initial_graph is None: # Default initial graph : empty graph on max(m1, m2) nodes G = star_graph(max(m1, m2)) else: if len(initial_graph) < max(m1, m2) or len(initial_graph) > n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Barabási–Albert initial graph must have between " f"max(m1, m2) = {max(m1, m2)} and n = {n} nodes" ) G = initial_graph.copy() # Target nodes for new edges targets = list(G) # List of existing nodes, with nodes repeated once for each adjacent edge repeated_nodes = [n for n, d in G.degree() for _ in range(d)] # Start adding the remaining nodes. source = len(G) while source < n: # Pick which m to use (m1 or m2) if seed.random() < p: m = m1 else: m = m2 # Now choose m unique nodes from the existing nodes # Pick uniformly from repeated_nodes (preferential attachment) targets = _random_subset(repeated_nodes, m, seed) # Add edges to m nodes from the source. G.add_edges_from(zip([source] * m, targets)) # Add one node to the list for each new edge just created. repeated_nodes.extend(targets) # And the new node "source" has m edges to add to the list. repeated_nodes.extend([source] * m) source += 1 return G
(d, n, seed=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,047
networkx.generators.random_graphs
random_shell_graph
Returns a random shell graph for the constructor given. Parameters ---------- constructor : list of three-tuples Represents the parameters for a shell, starting at the center shell. Each element of the list must be of the form `(n, m, d)`, where `n` is the number of nodes in the shell, `m` is the number of edges in the shell, and `d` is the ratio of inter-shell (next) edges to intra-shell edges. If `d` is zero, there will be no intra-shell edges, and if `d` is one there will be all possible intra-shell edges. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Examples -------- >>> constructor = [(10, 20, 0.8), (20, 40, 0.8)] >>> G = nx.random_shell_graph(constructor)
def dual_barabasi_albert_graph(n, m1, m2, p, seed=None, initial_graph=None): """Returns a random graph using dual Barabási–Albert preferential attachment A graph of $n$ nodes is grown by attaching new nodes each with either $m_1$ edges (with probability $p$) or $m_2$ edges (with probability $1-p$) that are preferentially attached to existing nodes with high degree. Parameters ---------- n : int Number of nodes m1 : int Number of edges to link each new node to existing nodes with probability $p$ m2 : int Number of edges to link each new node to existing nodes with probability $1-p$ p : float The probability of attaching $m_1$ edges (as opposed to $m_2$ edges) seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. initial_graph : Graph or None (default) Initial network for Barabási–Albert algorithm. A copy of `initial_graph` is used. It should be connected for most use cases. If None, starts from an star graph on max(m1, m2) + 1 nodes. Returns ------- G : Graph Raises ------ NetworkXError If `m1` and `m2` do not satisfy ``1 <= m1,m2 < n``, or `p` does not satisfy ``0 <= p <= 1``, or the initial graph number of nodes m0 does not satisfy m1, m2 <= m0 <= n. References ---------- .. [1] N. Moshiri "The dual-Barabasi-Albert model", arXiv:1810.10538. """ if m1 < 1 or m1 >= n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert must have m1 >= 1 and m1 < n, m1 = {m1}, n = {n}" ) if m2 < 1 or m2 >= n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert must have m2 >= 1 and m2 < n, m2 = {m2}, n = {n}" ) if p < 0 or p > 1: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert network must have 0 <= p <= 1, p = {p}" ) # For simplicity, if p == 0 or 1, just return BA if p == 1: return barabasi_albert_graph(n, m1, seed) elif p == 0: return barabasi_albert_graph(n, m2, seed) if initial_graph is None: # Default initial graph : empty graph on max(m1, m2) nodes G = star_graph(max(m1, m2)) else: if len(initial_graph) < max(m1, m2) or len(initial_graph) > n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Barabási–Albert initial graph must have between " f"max(m1, m2) = {max(m1, m2)} and n = {n} nodes" ) G = initial_graph.copy() # Target nodes for new edges targets = list(G) # List of existing nodes, with nodes repeated once for each adjacent edge repeated_nodes = [n for n, d in G.degree() for _ in range(d)] # Start adding the remaining nodes. source = len(G) while source < n: # Pick which m to use (m1 or m2) if seed.random() < p: m = m1 else: m = m2 # Now choose m unique nodes from the existing nodes # Pick uniformly from repeated_nodes (preferential attachment) targets = _random_subset(repeated_nodes, m, seed) # Add edges to m nodes from the source. G.add_edges_from(zip([source] * m, targets)) # Add one node to the list for each new edge just created. repeated_nodes.extend(targets) # And the new node "source" has m edges to add to the list. repeated_nodes.extend([source] * m) source += 1 return G
(constructor, seed=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,048
networkx.algorithms.tree.mst
random_spanning_tree
Sample a random spanning tree using the edges weights of `G`. This function supports two different methods for determining the probability of the graph. If ``multiplicative=True``, the probability is based on the product of edge weights, and if ``multiplicative=False`` it is based on the sum of the edge weight. However, since it is easier to determine the total weight of all spanning trees for the multiplicative version, that is significantly faster and should be used if possible. Additionally, setting `weight` to `None` will cause a spanning tree to be selected with uniform probability. The function uses algorithm A8 in [1]_ . Parameters ---------- G : nx.Graph An undirected version of the original graph. weight : string The edge key for the edge attribute holding edge weight. multiplicative : bool, default=True If `True`, the probability of each tree is the product of its edge weight over the sum of the product of all the spanning trees in the graph. If `False`, the probability is the sum of its edge weight over the sum of the sum of weights for all spanning trees in the graph. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Returns ------- nx.Graph A spanning tree using the distribution defined by the weight of the tree. References ---------- .. [1] V. Kulkarni, Generating random combinatorial objects, Journal of Algorithms, 11 (1990), pp. 185–207
def random_spanning_tree(G, weight=None, *, multiplicative=True, seed=None): """ Sample a random spanning tree using the edges weights of `G`. This function supports two different methods for determining the probability of the graph. If ``multiplicative=True``, the probability is based on the product of edge weights, and if ``multiplicative=False`` it is based on the sum of the edge weight. However, since it is easier to determine the total weight of all spanning trees for the multiplicative version, that is significantly faster and should be used if possible. Additionally, setting `weight` to `None` will cause a spanning tree to be selected with uniform probability. The function uses algorithm A8 in [1]_ . Parameters ---------- G : nx.Graph An undirected version of the original graph. weight : string The edge key for the edge attribute holding edge weight. multiplicative : bool, default=True If `True`, the probability of each tree is the product of its edge weight over the sum of the product of all the spanning trees in the graph. If `False`, the probability is the sum of its edge weight over the sum of the sum of weights for all spanning trees in the graph. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Returns ------- nx.Graph A spanning tree using the distribution defined by the weight of the tree. References ---------- .. [1] V. Kulkarni, Generating random combinatorial objects, Journal of Algorithms, 11 (1990), pp. 185–207 """ def find_node(merged_nodes, node): """ We can think of clusters of contracted nodes as having one representative in the graph. Each node which is not in merged_nodes is still its own representative. Since a representative can be later contracted, we need to recursively search though the dict to find the final representative, but once we know it we can use path compression to speed up the access of the representative for next time. This cannot be replaced by the standard NetworkX union_find since that data structure will merge nodes with less representing nodes into the one with more representing nodes but this function requires we merge them using the order that contract_edges contracts using. Parameters ---------- merged_nodes : dict The dict storing the mapping from node to representative node The node whose representative we seek Returns ------- The representative of the `node` """ if node not in merged_nodes: return node else: rep = find_node(merged_nodes, merged_nodes[node]) merged_nodes[node] = rep return rep def prepare_graph(): """ For the graph `G`, remove all edges not in the set `V` and then contract all edges in the set `U`. Returns ------- A copy of `G` which has had all edges not in `V` removed and all edges in `U` contracted. """ # The result is a MultiGraph version of G so that parallel edges are # allowed during edge contraction result = nx.MultiGraph(incoming_graph_data=G) # Remove all edges not in V edges_to_remove = set(result.edges()).difference(V) result.remove_edges_from(edges_to_remove) # Contract all edges in U # # Imagine that you have two edges to contract and they share an # endpoint like this: # [0] ----- [1] ----- [2] # If we contract (0, 1) first, the contraction function will always # delete the second node it is passed so the resulting graph would be # [0] ----- [2] # and edge (1, 2) no longer exists but (0, 2) would need to be contracted # in its place now. That is why I use the below dict as a merge-find # data structure with path compression to track how the nodes are merged. merged_nodes = {} for u, v in U: u_rep = find_node(merged_nodes, u) v_rep = find_node(merged_nodes, v) # We cannot contract a node with itself if u_rep == v_rep: continue nx.contracted_nodes(result, u_rep, v_rep, self_loops=False, copy=False) merged_nodes[v_rep] = u_rep return merged_nodes, result def spanning_tree_total_weight(G, weight): """ Find the sum of weights of the spanning trees of `G` using the appropriate `method`. This is easy if the chosen method is 'multiplicative', since we can use Kirchhoff's Tree Matrix Theorem directly. However, with the 'additive' method, this process is slightly more complex and less computationally efficient as we have to find the number of spanning trees which contain each possible edge in the graph. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX Graph The graph to find the total weight of all spanning trees on. weight : string The key for the weight edge attribute of the graph. Returns ------- float The sum of either the multiplicative or additive weight for all spanning trees in the graph. """ if multiplicative: return nx.total_spanning_tree_weight(G, weight) else: # There are two cases for the total spanning tree additive weight. # 1. There is one edge in the graph. Then the only spanning tree is # that edge itself, which will have a total weight of that edge # itself. if G.number_of_edges() == 1: return G.edges(data=weight).__iter__().__next__()[2] # 2. There are no edges or two or more edges in the graph. Then, we find the # total weight of the spanning trees using the formula in the # reference paper: take the weight of each edge and multiply it by # the number of spanning trees which include that edge. This # can be accomplished by contracting the edge and finding the # multiplicative total spanning tree weight if the weight of each edge # is assumed to be 1, which is conveniently built into networkx already, # by calling total_spanning_tree_weight with weight=None. # Note that with no edges the returned value is just zero. else: total = 0 for u, v, w in G.edges(data=weight): total += w * nx.total_spanning_tree_weight( nx.contracted_edge(G, edge=(u, v), self_loops=False), None ) return total if G.number_of_nodes() < 2: # no edges in the spanning tree return nx.empty_graph(G.nodes) U = set() st_cached_value = 0 V = set(G.edges()) shuffled_edges = list(G.edges()) seed.shuffle(shuffled_edges) for u, v in shuffled_edges: e_weight = G[u][v][weight] if weight is not None else 1 node_map, prepared_G = prepare_graph() G_total_tree_weight = spanning_tree_total_weight(prepared_G, weight) # Add the edge to U so that we can compute the total tree weight # assuming we include that edge # Now, if (u, v) cannot exist in G because it is fully contracted out # of existence, then it by definition cannot influence G_e's Kirchhoff # value. But, we also cannot pick it. rep_edge = (find_node(node_map, u), find_node(node_map, v)) # Check to see if the 'representative edge' for the current edge is # in prepared_G. If so, then we can pick it. if rep_edge in prepared_G.edges: prepared_G_e = nx.contracted_edge( prepa
(G, weight=None, *, multiplicative=True, seed=None, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,049
networkx.generators.trees
random_tree
Returns a uniformly random tree on `n` nodes. .. deprecated:: 3.2 ``random_tree`` is deprecated and will be removed in NX v3.4 Use ``random_labeled_tree`` instead. Parameters ---------- n : int A positive integer representing the number of nodes in the tree. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph) Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated. Returns ------- NetworkX graph A tree, given as an undirected graph, whose nodes are numbers in the set {0, …, *n* - 1}. Raises ------ NetworkXPointlessConcept If `n` is zero (because the null graph is not a tree). Notes ----- The current implementation of this function generates a uniformly random Prüfer sequence then converts that to a tree via the :func:`~networkx.from_prufer_sequence` function. Since there is a bijection between Prüfer sequences of length *n* - 2 and trees on *n* nodes, the tree is chosen uniformly at random from the set of all trees on *n* nodes. Examples -------- >>> tree = nx.random_tree(n=10, seed=0) >>> nx.write_network_text(tree, sources=[0]) ╙── 0 ├── 3 └── 4 ├── 6 │ ├── 1 │ ├── 2 │ └── 7 │ └── 8 │ └── 5 └── 9 >>> tree = nx.random_tree(n=10, seed=0, create_using=nx.DiGraph) >>> nx.write_network_text(tree) ╙── 0 ├─╼ 3 └─╼ 4 ├─╼ 6 │ ├─╼ 1 │ ├─╼ 2 │ └─╼ 7 │ └─╼ 8 │ └─╼ 5 └─╼ 9
def random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, *, number_of_trees=None, seed=None): """Returns a number of unlabeled rooted trees uniformly at random Returns one or more (depending on `number_of_trees`) unlabeled rooted trees with `n` nodes drawn uniformly at random. Parameters ---------- n : int The number of nodes number_of_trees : int or None (default) If not None, this number of trees is generated and returned. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Returns ------- :class:`networkx.Graph` or list of :class:`networkx.Graph` A single `networkx.Graph` (or a list thereof, if `number_of_trees` is specified) with nodes in the set {0, …, *n* - 1}. The "root" graph attribute identifies the root of the tree. Notes ----- The trees are generated using the "RANRUT" algorithm from [1]_. The algorithm needs to compute some counting functions that are relatively expensive: in case several trees are needed, it is advisable to use the `number_of_trees` optional argument to reuse the counting functions. Raises ------ NetworkXPointlessConcept If `n` is zero (because the null graph is not a tree). References ---------- .. [1] Nijenhuis, Albert, and Wilf, Herbert S. "Combinatorial algorithms: for computers and calculators." Academic Press, 1978. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-11243-3 """ if n == 0: raise nx.NetworkXPointlessConcept("the null graph is not a tree") cache_trees = [0, 1] # initial cache of number of rooted trees if number_of_trees is None: return _to_nx(*_random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, cache_trees, seed), root=0) return [ _to_nx(*_random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, cache_trees, seed), root=0) for i in range(number_of_trees) ]
(n, seed=None, create_using=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,051
networkx.generators.trees
random_unlabeled_rooted_forest
Returns a forest or list of forests selected at random. Returns one or more (depending on `number_of_forests`) unlabeled rooted forests with `n` nodes, and with no more than `q` nodes per tree, drawn uniformly at random. The "roots" graph attribute identifies the roots of the forest. Parameters ---------- n : int The number of nodes q : int or None (default) The maximum number of nodes per tree. number_of_forests : int or None (default) If not None, this number of forests is generated and returned. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Returns ------- :class:`networkx.Graph` or list of :class:`networkx.Graph` A single `networkx.Graph` (or a list thereof, if `number_of_forests` is specified) with nodes in the set {0, …, *n* - 1}. The "roots" graph attribute is a set containing the roots of the trees in the forest. Notes ----- This function implements the algorithm "Forest" of [1]_. The algorithm needs to compute some counting functions that are relatively expensive: in case several trees are needed, it is advisable to use the `number_of_forests` optional argument to reuse the counting functions. Raises ------ ValueError If `n` is non-zero but `q` is zero. References ---------- .. [1] Wilf, Herbert S. "The uniform selection of free trees." Journal of Algorithms 2.2 (1981): 204-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/0196-6774(81)90021-3
def random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, *, number_of_trees=None, seed=None): """Returns a number of unlabeled rooted trees uniformly at random Returns one or more (depending on `number_of_trees`) unlabeled rooted trees with `n` nodes drawn uniformly at random. Parameters ---------- n : int The number of nodes number_of_trees : int or None (default) If not None, this number of trees is generated and returned. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Returns ------- :class:`networkx.Graph` or list of :class:`networkx.Graph` A single `networkx.Graph` (or a list thereof, if `number_of_trees` is specified) with nodes in the set {0, …, *n* - 1}. The "root" graph attribute identifies the root of the tree. Notes ----- The trees are generated using the "RANRUT" algorithm from [1]_. The algorithm needs to compute some counting functions that are relatively expensive: in case several trees are needed, it is advisable to use the `number_of_trees` optional argument to reuse the counting functions. Raises ------ NetworkXPointlessConcept If `n` is zero (because the null graph is not a tree). References ---------- .. [1] Nijenhuis, Albert, and Wilf, Herbert S. "Combinatorial algorithms: for computers and calculators." Academic Press, 1978. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-11243-3 """ if n == 0: raise nx.NetworkXPointlessConcept("the null graph is not a tree") cache_trees = [0, 1] # initial cache of number of rooted trees if number_of_trees is None: return _to_nx(*_random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, cache_trees, seed), root=0) return [ _to_nx(*_random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, cache_trees, seed), root=0) for i in range(number_of_trees) ]
(n, *, q=None, number_of_forests=None, seed=None, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,052
networkx.generators.trees
random_unlabeled_rooted_tree
Returns a number of unlabeled rooted trees uniformly at random Returns one or more (depending on `number_of_trees`) unlabeled rooted trees with `n` nodes drawn uniformly at random. Parameters ---------- n : int The number of nodes number_of_trees : int or None (default) If not None, this number of trees is generated and returned. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Returns ------- :class:`networkx.Graph` or list of :class:`networkx.Graph` A single `networkx.Graph` (or a list thereof, if `number_of_trees` is specified) with nodes in the set {0, …, *n* - 1}. The "root" graph attribute identifies the root of the tree. Notes ----- The trees are generated using the "RANRUT" algorithm from [1]_. The algorithm needs to compute some counting functions that are relatively expensive: in case several trees are needed, it is advisable to use the `number_of_trees` optional argument to reuse the counting functions. Raises ------ NetworkXPointlessConcept If `n` is zero (because the null graph is not a tree). References ---------- .. [1] Nijenhuis, Albert, and Wilf, Herbert S. "Combinatorial algorithms: for computers and calculators." Academic Press, 1978. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-11243-3
def random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, *, number_of_trees=None, seed=None): """Returns a number of unlabeled rooted trees uniformly at random Returns one or more (depending on `number_of_trees`) unlabeled rooted trees with `n` nodes drawn uniformly at random. Parameters ---------- n : int The number of nodes number_of_trees : int or None (default) If not None, this number of trees is generated and returned. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Returns ------- :class:`networkx.Graph` or list of :class:`networkx.Graph` A single `networkx.Graph` (or a list thereof, if `number_of_trees` is specified) with nodes in the set {0, …, *n* - 1}. The "root" graph attribute identifies the root of the tree. Notes ----- The trees are generated using the "RANRUT" algorithm from [1]_. The algorithm needs to compute some counting functions that are relatively expensive: in case several trees are needed, it is advisable to use the `number_of_trees` optional argument to reuse the counting functions. Raises ------ NetworkXPointlessConcept If `n` is zero (because the null graph is not a tree). References ---------- .. [1] Nijenhuis, Albert, and Wilf, Herbert S. "Combinatorial algorithms: for computers and calculators." Academic Press, 1978. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-11243-3 """ if n == 0: raise nx.NetworkXPointlessConcept("the null graph is not a tree") cache_trees = [0, 1] # initial cache of number of rooted trees if number_of_trees is None: return _to_nx(*_random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, cache_trees, seed), root=0) return [ _to_nx(*_random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, cache_trees, seed), root=0) for i in range(number_of_trees) ]
(n, *, number_of_trees=None, seed=None, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,053
networkx.generators.trees
random_unlabeled_tree
Returns a tree or list of trees chosen randomly. Returns one or more (depending on `number_of_trees`) unlabeled trees with `n` nodes drawn uniformly at random. Parameters ---------- n : int The number of nodes number_of_trees : int or None (default) If not None, this number of trees is generated and returned. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Returns ------- :class:`networkx.Graph` or list of :class:`networkx.Graph` A single `networkx.Graph` (or a list thereof, if `number_of_trees` is specified) with nodes in the set {0, …, *n* - 1}. Raises ------ NetworkXPointlessConcept If `n` is zero (because the null graph is not a tree). Notes ----- This function generates an unlabeled tree uniformly at random using Wilf's algorithm "Free" of [1]_. The algorithm needs to compute some counting functions that are relatively expensive: in case several trees are needed, it is advisable to use the `number_of_trees` optional argument to reuse the counting functions. References ---------- .. [1] Wilf, Herbert S. "The uniform selection of free trees." Journal of Algorithms 2.2 (1981): 204-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/0196-6774(81)90021-3
def random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, *, number_of_trees=None, seed=None): """Returns a number of unlabeled rooted trees uniformly at random Returns one or more (depending on `number_of_trees`) unlabeled rooted trees with `n` nodes drawn uniformly at random. Parameters ---------- n : int The number of nodes number_of_trees : int or None (default) If not None, this number of trees is generated and returned. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Returns ------- :class:`networkx.Graph` or list of :class:`networkx.Graph` A single `networkx.Graph` (or a list thereof, if `number_of_trees` is specified) with nodes in the set {0, …, *n* - 1}. The "root" graph attribute identifies the root of the tree. Notes ----- The trees are generated using the "RANRUT" algorithm from [1]_. The algorithm needs to compute some counting functions that are relatively expensive: in case several trees are needed, it is advisable to use the `number_of_trees` optional argument to reuse the counting functions. Raises ------ NetworkXPointlessConcept If `n` is zero (because the null graph is not a tree). References ---------- .. [1] Nijenhuis, Albert, and Wilf, Herbert S. "Combinatorial algorithms: for computers and calculators." Academic Press, 1978. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-11243-3 """ if n == 0: raise nx.NetworkXPointlessConcept("the null graph is not a tree") cache_trees = [0, 1] # initial cache of number of rooted trees if number_of_trees is None: return _to_nx(*_random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, cache_trees, seed), root=0) return [ _to_nx(*_random_unlabeled_rooted_tree(n, cache_trees, seed), root=0) for i in range(number_of_trees) ]
(n, *, number_of_trees=None, seed=None, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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0.00029517116490751505, 0.011780845001339912, 0.02760840207338333, 0.0051718479953706264 ]
31,057
networkx.readwrite.gexf
read_gexf
Read graph in GEXF format from path. "GEXF (Graph Exchange XML Format) is a language for describing complex networks structures, their associated data and dynamics" [1]_. Parameters ---------- path : file or string File or file name to read. File names ending in .gz or .bz2 will be decompressed. node_type: Python type (default: None) Convert node ids to this type if not None. relabel : bool (default: False) If True relabel the nodes to use the GEXF node "label" attribute instead of the node "id" attribute as the NetworkX node label. version : string (default: 1.2draft) Version of GEFX File Format (see http://gexf.net/schema.html) Supported values: "1.1draft", "1.2draft" Returns ------- graph: NetworkX graph If no parallel edges are found a Graph or DiGraph is returned. Otherwise a MultiGraph or MultiDiGraph is returned. Notes ----- This implementation does not support mixed graphs (directed and undirected edges together). References ---------- .. [1] GEXF File Format, http://gexf.net/
def add_node(self, G, node_xml, node_attr, node_pid=None): # add a single node with attributes to the graph # get attributes and subattributues for node data = self.decode_attr_elements(node_attr, node_xml) data = self.add_parents(data, node_xml) # add any parents if self.VERSION == "1.1": data = self.add_slices(data, node_xml) # add slices else: data = self.add_spells(data, node_xml) # add spells data = self.add_viz(data, node_xml) # add viz data = self.add_start_end(data, node_xml) # add start/end # find the node id and cast it to the appropriate type node_id = node_xml.get("id") if self.node_type is not None: node_id = self.node_type(node_id) # every node should have a label node_label = node_xml.get("label") data["label"] = node_label # parent node id node_pid = node_xml.get("pid", node_pid) if node_pid is not None: data["pid"] = node_pid # check for subnodes, recursive subnodes = node_xml.find(f"{{{self.NS_GEXF}}}nodes") if subnodes is not None: for node_xml in subnodes.findall(f"{{{self.NS_GEXF}}}node"): self.add_node(G, node_xml, node_attr, node_pid=node_id) G.add_node(node_id, **data)
(path, node_type=None, relabel=False, version='1.2draft', *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,058
networkx.readwrite.gml
read_gml
Read graph in GML format from `path`. Parameters ---------- path : filename or filehandle The filename or filehandle to read from. label : string, optional If not None, the parsed nodes will be renamed according to node attributes indicated by `label`. Default value: 'label'. destringizer : callable, optional A `destringizer` that recovers values stored as strings in GML. If it cannot convert a string to a value, a `ValueError` is raised. Default value : None. Returns ------- G : NetworkX graph The parsed graph. Raises ------ NetworkXError If the input cannot be parsed. See Also -------- write_gml, parse_gml literal_destringizer Notes ----- GML files are stored using a 7-bit ASCII encoding with any extended ASCII characters (iso8859-1) appearing as HTML character entities. Without specifying a `stringizer`/`destringizer`, the code is capable of writing `int`/`float`/`str`/`dict`/`list` data as required by the GML specification. For writing other data types, and for reading data other than `str` you need to explicitly supply a `stringizer`/`destringizer`. For additional documentation on the GML file format, please see the `GML url <https://web.archive.org/web/20190207140002/http://www.fim.uni-passau.de/index.php?id=17297&L=1>`_. See the module docstring :mod:`networkx.readwrite.gml` for more details. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(4) >>> nx.write_gml(G, "test.gml") GML values are interpreted as strings by default: >>> H = nx.read_gml("test.gml") >>> H.nodes NodeView(('0', '1', '2', '3')) When a `destringizer` is provided, GML values are converted to the provided type. For example, integer nodes can be recovered as shown below: >>> J = nx.read_gml("test.gml", destringizer=int) >>> J.nodes NodeView((0, 1, 2, 3))
def generate_gml(G, stringizer=None): r"""Generate a single entry of the graph `G` in GML format. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph The graph to be converted to GML. stringizer : callable, optional A `stringizer` which converts non-int/non-float/non-dict values into strings. If it cannot convert a value into a string, it should raise a `ValueError` to indicate that. Default value: None. Returns ------- lines: generator of strings Lines of GML data. Newlines are not appended. Raises ------ NetworkXError If `stringizer` cannot convert a value into a string, or the value to convert is not a string while `stringizer` is None. See Also -------- literal_stringizer Notes ----- Graph attributes named 'directed', 'multigraph', 'node' or 'edge', node attributes named 'id' or 'label', edge attributes named 'source' or 'target' (or 'key' if `G` is a multigraph) are ignored because these attribute names are used to encode the graph structure. GML files are stored using a 7-bit ASCII encoding with any extended ASCII characters (iso8859-1) appearing as HTML character entities. Without specifying a `stringizer`/`destringizer`, the code is capable of writing `int`/`float`/`str`/`dict`/`list` data as required by the GML specification. For writing other data types, and for reading data other than `str` you need to explicitly supply a `stringizer`/`destringizer`. For additional documentation on the GML file format, please see the `GML url <https://web.archive.org/web/20190207140002/http://www.fim.uni-passau.de/index.php?id=17297&L=1>`_. See the module docstring :mod:`networkx.readwrite.gml` for more details. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_node("1") >>> print("\n".join(nx.generate_gml(G))) graph [ node [ id 0 label "1" ] ] >>> G = nx.MultiGraph([("a", "b"), ("a", "b")]) >>> print("\n".join(nx.generate_gml(G))) graph [ multigraph 1 node [ id 0 label "a" ] node [ id 1 label "b" ] edge [ source 0 target 1 key 0 ] edge [ source 0 target 1 key 1 ] ] """ valid_keys = re.compile("^[A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z_]*$") def stringize(key, value, ignored_keys, indent, in_list=False): if not isinstance(key, str): raise NetworkXError(f"{key!r} is not a string") if not valid_keys.match(key): raise NetworkXError(f"{key!r} is not a valid key") if not isinstance(key, str): key = str(key) if key not in ignored_keys: if isinstance(value, int | bool): if key == "label": yield indent + key + ' "' + str(value) + '"' elif value is True: # python bool is an instance of int yield indent + key + " 1" elif value is False: yield indent + key + " 0" # GML only supports signed 32-bit integers elif value < -(2**31) or value >= 2**31: yield indent + key + ' "' + str(value) + '"' else: yield indent + key + " " + str(value) elif isinstance(value, float): text = repr(value).upper() # GML matches INF to keys, so prepend + to INF. Use repr(float(*)) # instead of string literal to future proof against changes to repr. if text == repr(float("inf")).upper(): text = "+" + text else: # GML requires that a real literal contain a decimal point, but # repr may not output a decimal point when the mantissa is # integral and hence needs fixing. epos = text.rfind("E") if epos != -1 and text.find(".", 0, epos) == -1: text = text[:epos] + "." + text[epos:] if key == "label": yield indent + key + ' "' + text + '"' else: yield indent + key + " " + text elif isinstance(value, dict): yield indent + key + " [" next_indent = indent + " " for key, value in value.items(): yield from stringize(key, value, (), next_indent) yield indent + "]" elif isinstance(value, tuple) and key == "label": yield indent + key + f" \"({','.join(repr(v) for v in value)})\"" elif isinstance(value, list | tuple) and key != "label" and not in_list: if len(value) == 0: yield indent + key + " " + f'"{value!r}"' if len(value) == 1: yield indent + key + " " + f'"{LIST_START_VALUE}"' for val in value: yield from stringize(key, val, (), indent, True) else: if stringizer: try: value = stringizer(value) except ValueError as err: raise NetworkXError( f"{value!r} cannot be converted into a string" ) from err if not isinstance(value, str): raise NetworkXError(f"{value!r} is not a string") yield indent + key + ' "' + escape(value) + '"' multigraph = G.is_multigraph() yield "graph [" # Output graph attributes if G.is_directed(): yield " directed 1" if multigraph: yield " multigraph 1" ignored_keys = {"directed", "multigraph", "node", "edge"} for attr, value in G.graph.items(): yield from stringize(attr, value, ignored_keys, " ") # Output node data node_id = dict(zip(G, range(len(G)))) ignored_keys = {"id", "label"} for node, attrs in G.nodes.items(): yield " node [" yield " id " + str(node_id[node]) yield from stringize("label", node, (), " ") for attr, value in attrs.items(): yield from stringize(attr, value, ignored_keys, " ") yield " ]" # Output edge data ignored_keys = {"source", "target"} kwargs = {"data": True} if multigraph: ignored_keys.add("key") kwargs["keys"] = True for e in G.edges(**kwargs): yield " edge [" yield " source " + str(node_id[e[0]]) yield " target " + str(node_id[e[1]]) if multigraph: yield from stringize("key", e[2], (), " ") for attr, value in e[-1].items(): yield from stringize(attr, value, ignored_keys, " ") yield " ]" yield "]"
(path, label='label', destringizer=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,060
networkx.readwrite.graphml
read_graphml
Read graph in GraphML format from path. Parameters ---------- path : file or string File or filename to write. Filenames ending in .gz or .bz2 will be compressed. node_type: Python type (default: str) Convert node ids to this type edge_key_type: Python type (default: int) Convert graphml edge ids to this type. Multigraphs use id as edge key. Non-multigraphs add to edge attribute dict with name "id". force_multigraph : bool (default: False) If True, return a multigraph with edge keys. If False (the default) return a multigraph when multiedges are in the graph. Returns ------- graph: NetworkX graph If parallel edges are present or `force_multigraph=True` then a MultiGraph or MultiDiGraph is returned. Otherwise a Graph/DiGraph. The returned graph is directed if the file indicates it should be. Notes ----- Default node and edge attributes are not propagated to each node and edge. They can be obtained from `G.graph` and applied to node and edge attributes if desired using something like this: >>> default_color = G.graph["node_default"]["color"] # doctest: +SKIP >>> for node, data in G.nodes(data=True): # doctest: +SKIP ... if "color" not in data: ... data["color"] = default_color >>> default_color = G.graph["edge_default"]["color"] # doctest: +SKIP >>> for u, v, data in G.edges(data=True): # doctest: +SKIP ... if "color" not in data: ... data["color"] = default_color This implementation does not support mixed graphs (directed and unidirected edges together), hypergraphs, nested graphs, or ports. For multigraphs the GraphML edge "id" will be used as the edge key. If not specified then they "key" attribute will be used. If there is no "key" attribute a default NetworkX multigraph edge key will be provided. Files with the yEd "yfiles" extension can be read. The type of the node's shape is preserved in the `shape_type` node attribute. yEd compressed files ("file.graphmlz" extension) can be read by renaming the file to "file.graphml.gz".
def add_graph_element(self, G): """ Serialize graph G in GraphML to the stream. """ if G.is_directed(): default_edge_type = "directed" else: default_edge_type = "undirected" graphid = G.graph.pop("id", None) if graphid is None: graph_element = self._xml.element("graph", edgedefault=default_edge_type) else: graph_element = self._xml.element( "graph", edgedefault=default_edge_type, id=graphid ) # gather attributes types for the whole graph # to find the most general numeric format needed. # Then pass through attributes to create key_id for each. graphdata = { k: v for k, v in G.graph.items() if k not in ("node_default", "edge_default") } node_default = G.graph.get("node_default", {}) edge_default = G.graph.get("edge_default", {}) # Graph attributes for k, v in graphdata.items(): self.attribute_types[(str(k), "graph")].add(type(v)) for k, v in graphdata.items(): element_type = self.get_xml_type(self.attr_type(k, "graph", v)) self.get_key(str(k), element_type, "graph", None) # Nodes and data for node, d in G.nodes(data=True): for k, v in d.items(): self.attribute_types[(str(k), "node")].add(type(v)) for node, d in G.nodes(data=True): for k, v in d.items(): T = self.get_xml_type(self.attr_type(k, "node", v)) self.get_key(str(k), T, "node", node_default.get(k)) # Edges and data if G.is_multigraph(): for u, v, ekey, d in G.edges(keys=True, data=True): for k, v in d.items(): self.attribute_types[(str(k), "edge")].add(type(v)) for u, v, ekey, d in G.edges(keys=True, data=True): for k, v in d.items(): T = self.get_xml_type(self.attr_type(k, "edge", v)) self.get_key(str(k), T, "edge", edge_default.get(k)) else: for u, v, d in G.edges(data=True): for k, v in d.items(): self.attribute_types[(str(k), "edge")].add(type(v)) for u, v, d in G.edges(data=True): for k, v in d.items(): T = self.get_xml_type(self.attr_type(k, "edge", v)) self.get_key(str(k), T, "edge", edge_default.get(k)) # Now add attribute keys to the xml file for key in self.xml: self._xml.write(key, pretty_print=self._prettyprint) # The incremental_writer writes each node/edge as it is created incremental_writer = IncrementalElement(self._xml, self._prettyprint) with graph_element: self.add_attributes("graph", incremental_writer, graphdata, {}) self.add_nodes(G, incremental_writer) # adds attributes too self.add_edges(G, incremental_writer) # adds attributes too
(path, node_type=<class 'str'>, edge_key_type=<class 'int'>, force_multigraph=False, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,069
networkx.algorithms.cycles
recursive_simple_cycles
Find simple cycles (elementary circuits) of a directed graph. A `simple cycle`, or `elementary circuit`, is a closed path where no node appears twice. Two elementary circuits are distinct if they are not cyclic permutations of each other. This version uses a recursive algorithm to build a list of cycles. You should probably use the iterator version called simple_cycles(). Warning: This recursive version uses lots of RAM! It appears in NetworkX for pedagogical value. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX DiGraph A directed graph Returns ------- A list of cycles, where each cycle is represented by a list of nodes along the cycle. Example: >>> edges = [(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 2), (2, 0), (2, 1), (2, 2)] >>> G = nx.DiGraph(edges) >>> nx.recursive_simple_cycles(G) [[0], [2], [0, 1, 2], [0, 2], [1, 2]] Notes ----- The implementation follows pp. 79-80 in [1]_. The time complexity is $O((n+e)(c+1))$ for $n$ nodes, $e$ edges and $c$ elementary circuits. References ---------- .. [1] Finding all the elementary circuits of a directed graph. D. B. Johnson, SIAM Journal on Computing 4, no. 1, 77-84, 1975. https://doi.org/10.1137/0204007 See Also -------- simple_cycles, cycle_basis
def recursive_simple_cycles(G): """Find simple cycles (elementary circuits) of a directed graph. A `simple cycle`, or `elementary circuit`, is a closed path where no node appears twice. Two elementary circuits are distinct if they are not cyclic permutations of each other. This version uses a recursive algorithm to build a list of cycles. You should probably use the iterator version called simple_cycles(). Warning: This recursive version uses lots of RAM! It appears in NetworkX for pedagogical value. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX DiGraph A directed graph Returns ------- A list of cycles, where each cycle is represented by a list of nodes along the cycle. Example: >>> edges = [(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 2), (2, 0), (2, 1), (2, 2)] >>> G = nx.DiGraph(edges) >>> nx.recursive_simple_cycles(G) [[0], [2], [0, 1, 2], [0, 2], [1, 2]] Notes ----- The implementation follows pp. 79-80 in [1]_. The time complexity is $O((n+e)(c+1))$ for $n$ nodes, $e$ edges and $c$ elementary circuits. References ---------- .. [1] Finding all the elementary circuits of a directed graph. D. B. Johnson, SIAM Journal on Computing 4, no. 1, 77-84, 1975. https://doi.org/10.1137/0204007 See Also -------- simple_cycles, cycle_basis """ # Jon Olav Vik, 2010-08-09 def _unblock(thisnode): """Recursively unblock and remove nodes from B[thisnode].""" if blocked[thisnode]: blocked[thisnode] = False while B[thisnode]: _unblock(B[thisnode].pop()) def circuit(thisnode, startnode, component): closed = False # set to True if elementary path is closed path.append(thisnode) blocked[thisnode] = True for nextnode in component[thisnode]: # direct successors of thisnode if nextnode == startnode: result.append(path[:]) closed = True elif not blocked[nextnode]: if circuit(nextnode, startnode, component): closed = True if closed: _unblock(thisnode) else: for nextnode in component[thisnode]: if thisnode not in B[nextnode]: # TODO: use set for speedup? B[nextnode].append(thisnode) path.pop() # remove thisnode from path return closed path = [] # stack of nodes in current path blocked = defaultdict(bool) # vertex: blocked from search? B = defaultdict(list) # graph portions that yield no elementary circuit result = [] # list to accumulate the circuits found # Johnson's algorithm exclude self cycle edges like (v, v) # To be backward compatible, we record those cycles in advance # and then remove from subG for v in G: if G.has_edge(v, v): result.append([v]) G.remove_edge(v, v) # Johnson's algorithm requires some ordering of the nodes. # They might not be sortable so we assign an arbitrary ordering. ordering = dict(zip(G, range(len(G)))) for s in ordering: # Build the subgraph induced by s and following nodes in the ordering subgraph = G.subgraph(node for node in G if ordering[node] >= ordering[s]) # Find the strongly connected component in the subgraph # that contains the least node according to the ordering strongcomp = nx.strongly_connected_components(subgraph) mincomp = min(strongcomp, key=lambda ns: min(ordering[n] for n in ns)) component = G.subgraph(mincomp) if len(component) > 1: # smallest node in the component according to the ordering startnode = min(component, key=ordering.__getitem__) for node in component: blocked[node] = False B[node][:] = [] dummy = circuit(startnode, startnode, component) return result
(G, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,072
networkx.readwrite.gexf
relabel_gexf_graph
Relabel graph using "label" node keyword for node label. Parameters ---------- G : graph A NetworkX graph read from GEXF data Returns ------- H : graph A NetworkX graph with relabeled nodes Raises ------ NetworkXError If node labels are missing or not unique while relabel=True. Notes ----- This function relabels the nodes in a NetworkX graph with the "label" attribute. It also handles relabeling the specific GEXF node attributes "parents", and "pid".
def relabel_gexf_graph(G): """Relabel graph using "label" node keyword for node label. Parameters ---------- G : graph A NetworkX graph read from GEXF data Returns ------- H : graph A NetworkX graph with relabeled nodes Raises ------ NetworkXError If node labels are missing or not unique while relabel=True. Notes ----- This function relabels the nodes in a NetworkX graph with the "label" attribute. It also handles relabeling the specific GEXF node attributes "parents", and "pid". """ # build mapping of node labels, do some error checking try: mapping = [(u, G.nodes[u]["label"]) for u in G] except KeyError as err: raise nx.NetworkXError( "Failed to relabel nodes: missing node labels found. Use relabel=False." ) from err x, y = zip(*mapping) if len(set(y)) != len(G): raise nx.NetworkXError( "Failed to relabel nodes: " "duplicate node labels found. " "Use relabel=False." ) mapping = dict(mapping) H = nx.relabel_nodes(G, mapping) # relabel attributes for n in G: m = mapping[n] H.nodes[m]["id"] = n H.nodes[m].pop("label") if "pid" in H.nodes[m]: H.nodes[m]["pid"] = mapping[G.nodes[n]["pid"]] if "parents" in H.nodes[m]: H.nodes[m]["parents"] = [mapping[p] for p in G.nodes[n]["parents"]] return H
(G)
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31,074
networkx.generators.community
relaxed_caveman_graph
Returns a relaxed caveman graph. A relaxed caveman graph starts with `l` cliques of size `k`. Edges are then randomly rewired with probability `p` to link different cliques. Parameters ---------- l : int Number of groups k : int Size of cliques p : float Probability of rewiring each edge. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. Returns ------- G : NetworkX Graph Relaxed Caveman Graph Raises ------ NetworkXError If p is not in [0,1] Examples -------- >>> G = nx.relaxed_caveman_graph(2, 3, 0.1, seed=42) References ---------- .. [1] Santo Fortunato, Community Detection in Graphs, Physics Reports Volume 486, Issues 3-5, February 2010, Pages 75-174. https://arxiv.org/abs/0906.0612
def _generate_communities(degree_seq, community_sizes, mu, max_iters, seed): """Returns a list of sets, each of which represents a community. ``degree_seq`` is the degree sequence that must be met by the graph. ``community_sizes`` is the community size distribution that must be met by the generated list of sets. ``mu`` is a float in the interval [0, 1] indicating the fraction of intra-community edges incident to each node. ``max_iters`` is the number of times to try to add a node to a community. This must be greater than the length of ``degree_seq``, otherwise this function will always fail. If the number of iterations exceeds this value, :exc:`~networkx.exception.ExceededMaxIterations` is raised. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. The communities returned by this are sets of integers in the set {0, ..., *n* - 1}, where *n* is the length of ``degree_seq``. """ # This assumes the nodes in the graph will be natural numbers. result = [set() for _ in community_sizes] n = len(degree_seq) free = list(range(n)) for i in range(max_iters): v = free.pop() c = seed.choice(range(len(community_sizes))) # s = int(degree_seq[v] * (1 - mu) + 0.5) s = round(degree_seq[v] * (1 - mu)) # If the community is large enough, add the node to the chosen # community. Otherwise, return it to the list of unaffiliated # nodes. if s < community_sizes[c]: result[c].add(v) else: free.append(v) # If the community is too big, remove a node from it. if len(result[c]) > community_sizes[c]: free.append(result[c].pop()) if not free: return result msg = "Could not assign communities; try increasing min_community" raise nx.ExceededMaxIterations(msg)
(l, k, p, seed=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,076
networkx.drawing.layout
rescale_layout
Returns scaled position array to (-scale, scale) in all axes. The function acts on NumPy arrays which hold position information. Each position is one row of the array. The dimension of the space equals the number of columns. Each coordinate in one column. To rescale, the mean (center) is subtracted from each axis separately. Then all values are scaled so that the largest magnitude value from all axes equals `scale` (thus, the aspect ratio is preserved). The resulting NumPy Array is returned (order of rows unchanged). Parameters ---------- pos : numpy array positions to be scaled. Each row is a position. scale : number (default: 1) The size of the resulting extent in all directions. Returns ------- pos : numpy array scaled positions. Each row is a position. See Also -------- rescale_layout_dict
def rescale_layout(pos, scale=1): """Returns scaled position array to (-scale, scale) in all axes. The function acts on NumPy arrays which hold position information. Each position is one row of the array. The dimension of the space equals the number of columns. Each coordinate in one column. To rescale, the mean (center) is subtracted from each axis separately. Then all values are scaled so that the largest magnitude value from all axes equals `scale` (thus, the aspect ratio is preserved). The resulting NumPy Array is returned (order of rows unchanged). Parameters ---------- pos : numpy array positions to be scaled. Each row is a position. scale : number (default: 1) The size of the resulting extent in all directions. Returns ------- pos : numpy array scaled positions. Each row is a position. See Also -------- rescale_layout_dict """ import numpy as np # Find max length over all dimensions pos -= pos.mean(axis=0) lim = np.abs(pos).max() # max coordinate for all axes # rescale to (-scale, scale) in all directions, preserves aspect if lim > 0: pos *= scale / lim return pos
(pos, scale=1)
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31,077
networkx.drawing.layout
rescale_layout_dict
Return a dictionary of scaled positions keyed by node Parameters ---------- pos : A dictionary of positions keyed by node scale : number (default: 1) The size of the resulting extent in all directions. Returns ------- pos : A dictionary of positions keyed by node Examples -------- >>> import numpy as np >>> pos = {0: np.array((0, 0)), 1: np.array((1, 1)), 2: np.array((0.5, 0.5))} >>> nx.rescale_layout_dict(pos) {0: array([-1., -1.]), 1: array([1., 1.]), 2: array([0., 0.])} >>> pos = {0: np.array((0, 0)), 1: np.array((-1, 1)), 2: np.array((-0.5, 0.5))} >>> nx.rescale_layout_dict(pos, scale=2) {0: array([ 2., -2.]), 1: array([-2., 2.]), 2: array([0., 0.])} See Also -------- rescale_layout
def rescale_layout_dict(pos, scale=1): """Return a dictionary of scaled positions keyed by node Parameters ---------- pos : A dictionary of positions keyed by node scale : number (default: 1) The size of the resulting extent in all directions. Returns ------- pos : A dictionary of positions keyed by node Examples -------- >>> import numpy as np >>> pos = {0: np.array((0, 0)), 1: np.array((1, 1)), 2: np.array((0.5, 0.5))} >>> nx.rescale_layout_dict(pos) {0: array([-1., -1.]), 1: array([1., 1.]), 2: array([0., 0.])} >>> pos = {0: np.array((0, 0)), 1: np.array((-1, 1)), 2: np.array((-0.5, 0.5))} >>> nx.rescale_layout_dict(pos, scale=2) {0: array([ 2., -2.]), 1: array([-2., 2.]), 2: array([0., 0.])} See Also -------- rescale_layout """ import numpy as np if not pos: # empty_graph return {} pos_v = np.array(list(pos.values())) pos_v = rescale_layout(pos_v, scale=scale) return dict(zip(pos, pos_v))
(pos, scale=1)
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31,078
networkx.algorithms.distance_measures
resistance_distance
Returns the resistance distance between pairs of nodes in graph G. The resistance distance between two nodes of a graph is akin to treating the graph as a grid of resistors with a resistance equal to the provided weight [1]_, [2]_. If weight is not provided, then a weight of 1 is used for all edges. If two nodes are the same, the resistance distance is zero. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph A graph nodeA : node or None, optional (default=None) A node within graph G. If None, compute resistance distance using all nodes as source nodes. nodeB : node or None, optional (default=None) A node within graph G. If None, compute resistance distance using all nodes as target nodes. weight : string or None, optional (default=None) The edge data key used to compute the resistance distance. If None, then each edge has weight 1. invert_weight : boolean (default=True) Proper calculation of resistance distance requires building the Laplacian matrix with the reciprocal of the weight. Not required if the weight is already inverted. Weight cannot be zero. Returns ------- rd : dict or float If `nodeA` and `nodeB` are given, resistance distance between `nodeA` and `nodeB`. If `nodeA` or `nodeB` is unspecified (the default), a dictionary of nodes with resistance distances as the value. Raises ------ NetworkXNotImplemented If `G` is a directed graph. NetworkXError If `G` is not connected, or contains no nodes, or `nodeA` is not in `G` or `nodeB` is not in `G`. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.Graph([(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (3, 4), (3, 5), (4, 5)]) >>> round(nx.resistance_distance(G, 1, 3), 10) 0.625 Notes ----- The implementation is based on Theorem A in [2]_. Self-loops are ignored. Multi-edges are contracted in one edge with weight equal to the harmonic sum of the weights. References ---------- .. [1] Wikipedia "Resistance distance." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_distance .. [2] D. J. Klein and M. Randic. Resistance distance. J. of Math. Chem. 12:81-95, 1993.
def effective_graph_resistance(G, weight=None, invert_weight=True): """Returns the Effective graph resistance of G. Also known as the Kirchhoff index. The effective graph resistance is defined as the sum of the resistance distance of every node pair in G [1]_. If weight is not provided, then a weight of 1 is used for all edges. The effective graph resistance of a disconnected graph is infinite. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph A graph weight : string or None, optional (default=None) The edge data key used to compute the effective graph resistance. If None, then each edge has weight 1. invert_weight : boolean (default=True) Proper calculation of resistance distance requires building the Laplacian matrix with the reciprocal of the weight. Not required if the weight is already inverted. Weight cannot be zero. Returns ------- RG : float The effective graph resistance of `G`. Raises ------ NetworkXNotImplemented If `G` is a directed graph. NetworkXError If `G` does not contain any nodes. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.Graph([(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (3, 4), (3, 5), (4, 5)]) >>> round(nx.effective_graph_resistance(G), 10) 10.25 Notes ----- The implementation is based on Theorem 2.2 in [2]_. Self-loops are ignored. Multi-edges are contracted in one edge with weight equal to the harmonic sum of the weights. References ---------- .. [1] Wolfram "Kirchhoff Index." https://mathworld.wolfram.com/KirchhoffIndex.html .. [2] W. Ellens, F. M. Spieksma, P. Van Mieghem, A. Jamakovic, R. E. Kooij. Effective graph resistance. Lin. Alg. Appl. 435:2491-2506, 2011. """ import numpy as np if len(G) == 0: raise nx.NetworkXError("Graph G must contain at least one node.") # Disconnected graphs have infinite Effective graph resistance if not nx.is_connected(G): return float("inf") # Invert weights G = G.copy() if invert_weight and weight is not None: if G.is_multigraph(): for u, v, k, d in G.edges(keys=True, data=True): d[weight] = 1 / d[weight] else: for u, v, d in G.edges(data=True): d[weight] = 1 / d[weight] # Get Laplacian eigenvalues mu = np.sort(nx.laplacian_spectrum(G, weight=weight)) # Compute Effective graph resistance based on spectrum of the Laplacian # Self-loops are ignored return float(np.sum(1 / mu[1:]) * G.number_of_nodes())
(G, nodeA=None, nodeB=None, weight=None, invert_weight=True, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,080
networkx.classes.function
restricted_view
Returns a view of `G` with hidden nodes and edges. The resulting subgraph filters out node `nodes` and edges `edges`. Filtered out nodes also filter out any of their edges. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX Graph nodes : iterable An iterable of nodes. Nodes not present in `G` are ignored. edges : iterable An iterable of edges. Edges not present in `G` are ignored. Returns ------- subgraph : SubGraph View A read-only restricted view of `G` filtering out nodes and edges. Changes to `G` are reflected in the view. Notes ----- To create a mutable subgraph with its own copies of nodes edges and attributes use `subgraph.copy()` or `Graph(subgraph)` If you create a subgraph of a subgraph recursively you may end up with a chain of subgraph views. Such chains can get quite slow for lengths near 15. To avoid long chains, try to make your subgraph based on the original graph. We do not rule out chains programmatically so that odd cases like an `edge_subgraph` of a `restricted_view` can be created. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(5) >>> H = nx.restricted_view(G, [0], [(1, 2), (3, 4)]) >>> list(H.nodes) [1, 2, 3, 4] >>> list(H.edges) [(2, 3)]
def restricted_view(G, nodes, edges): """Returns a view of `G` with hidden nodes and edges. The resulting subgraph filters out node `nodes` and edges `edges`. Filtered out nodes also filter out any of their edges. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX Graph nodes : iterable An iterable of nodes. Nodes not present in `G` are ignored. edges : iterable An iterable of edges. Edges not present in `G` are ignored. Returns ------- subgraph : SubGraph View A read-only restricted view of `G` filtering out nodes and edges. Changes to `G` are reflected in the view. Notes ----- To create a mutable subgraph with its own copies of nodes edges and attributes use `subgraph.copy()` or `Graph(subgraph)` If you create a subgraph of a subgraph recursively you may end up with a chain of subgraph views. Such chains can get quite slow for lengths near 15. To avoid long chains, try to make your subgraph based on the original graph. We do not rule out chains programmatically so that odd cases like an `edge_subgraph` of a `restricted_view` can be created. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(5) >>> H = nx.restricted_view(G, [0], [(1, 2), (3, 4)]) >>> list(H.nodes) [1, 2, 3, 4] >>> list(H.edges) [(2, 3)] """ nxf = nx.filters hide_nodes = nxf.hide_nodes(nodes) if G.is_multigraph(): if G.is_directed(): hide_edges = nxf.hide_multidiedges(edges) else: hide_edges = nxf.hide_multiedges(edges) else: if G.is_directed(): hide_edges = nxf.hide_diedges(edges) else: hide_edges = nxf.hide_edges(edges) return nx.subgraph_view(G, filter_node=hide_nodes, filter_edge=hide_edges)
(G, nodes, edges)
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31,085
networkx.generators.community
ring_of_cliques
Defines a "ring of cliques" graph. A ring of cliques graph is consisting of cliques, connected through single links. Each clique is a complete graph. Parameters ---------- num_cliques : int Number of cliques clique_size : int Size of cliques Returns ------- G : NetworkX Graph ring of cliques graph Raises ------ NetworkXError If the number of cliques is lower than 2 or if the size of cliques is smaller than 2. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.ring_of_cliques(8, 4) See Also -------- connected_caveman_graph Notes ----- The `connected_caveman_graph` graph removes a link from each clique to connect it with the next clique. Instead, the `ring_of_cliques` graph simply adds the link without removing any link from the cliques.
def _generate_communities(degree_seq, community_sizes, mu, max_iters, seed): """Returns a list of sets, each of which represents a community. ``degree_seq`` is the degree sequence that must be met by the graph. ``community_sizes`` is the community size distribution that must be met by the generated list of sets. ``mu`` is a float in the interval [0, 1] indicating the fraction of intra-community edges incident to each node. ``max_iters`` is the number of times to try to add a node to a community. This must be greater than the length of ``degree_seq``, otherwise this function will always fail. If the number of iterations exceeds this value, :exc:`~networkx.exception.ExceededMaxIterations` is raised. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. The communities returned by this are sets of integers in the set {0, ..., *n* - 1}, where *n* is the length of ``degree_seq``. """ # This assumes the nodes in the graph will be natural numbers. result = [set() for _ in community_sizes] n = len(degree_seq) free = list(range(n)) for i in range(max_iters): v = free.pop() c = seed.choice(range(len(community_sizes))) # s = int(degree_seq[v] * (1 - mu) + 0.5) s = round(degree_seq[v] * (1 - mu)) # If the community is large enough, add the node to the chosen # community. Otherwise, return it to the list of unaffiliated # nodes. if s < community_sizes[c]: result[c].add(v) else: free.append(v) # If the community is too big, remove a node from it. if len(result[c]) > community_sizes[c]: free.append(result[c].pop()) if not free: return result msg = "Could not assign communities; try increasing min_community" raise nx.ExceededMaxIterations(msg)
(num_cliques, clique_size, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,092
networkx.generators.small
sedgewick_maze_graph
Return a small maze with a cycle. This is the maze used in Sedgewick, 3rd Edition, Part 5, Graph Algorithms, Chapter 18, e.g. Figure 18.2 and following [1]_. Nodes are numbered 0,..,7 Parameters ---------- create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph) Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated. Returns ------- G : networkx Graph Small maze with a cycle References ---------- .. [1] Figure 18.2, Chapter 18, Graph Algorithms (3rd Ed), Sedgewick
def sedgewick_maze_graph(create_using=None): """ Return a small maze with a cycle. This is the maze used in Sedgewick, 3rd Edition, Part 5, Graph Algorithms, Chapter 18, e.g. Figure 18.2 and following [1]_. Nodes are numbered 0,..,7 Parameters ---------- create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph) Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated. Returns ------- G : networkx Graph Small maze with a cycle References ---------- .. [1] Figure 18.2, Chapter 18, Graph Algorithms (3rd Ed), Sedgewick """ G = empty_graph(0, create_using) G.add_nodes_from(range(8)) G.add_edges_from([[0, 2], [0, 7], [0, 5]]) G.add_edges_from([[1, 7], [2, 6]]) G.add_edges_from([[3, 4], [3, 5]]) G.add_edges_from([[4, 5], [4, 7], [4, 6]]) G.name = "Sedgewick Maze" return G
(create_using=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,093
networkx.classes.function
selfloop_edges
Returns an iterator over selfloop edges. A selfloop edge has the same node at both ends. Parameters ---------- G : graph A NetworkX graph. data : string or bool, optional (default=False) Return selfloop edges as two tuples (u, v) (data=False) or three-tuples (u, v, datadict) (data=True) or three-tuples (u, v, datavalue) (data='attrname') keys : bool, optional (default=False) If True, return edge keys with each edge. default : value, optional (default=None) Value used for edges that don't have the requested attribute. Only relevant if data is not True or False. Returns ------- edgeiter : iterator over edge tuples An iterator over all selfloop edges. See Also -------- nodes_with_selfloops, number_of_selfloops Examples -------- >>> G = nx.MultiGraph() # or Graph, DiGraph, MultiDiGraph, etc >>> ekey = G.add_edge(1, 1) >>> ekey = G.add_edge(1, 2) >>> list(nx.selfloop_edges(G)) [(1, 1)] >>> list(nx.selfloop_edges(G, data=True)) [(1, 1, {})] >>> list(nx.selfloop_edges(G, keys=True)) [(1, 1, 0)] >>> list(nx.selfloop_edges(G, keys=True, data=True)) [(1, 1, 0, {})]
def selfloop_edges(G, data=False, keys=False, default=None): """Returns an iterator over selfloop edges. A selfloop edge has the same node at both ends. Parameters ---------- G : graph A NetworkX graph. data : string or bool, optional (default=False) Return selfloop edges as two tuples (u, v) (data=False) or three-tuples (u, v, datadict) (data=True) or three-tuples (u, v, datavalue) (data='attrname') keys : bool, optional (default=False) If True, return edge keys with each edge. default : value, optional (default=None) Value used for edges that don't have the requested attribute. Only relevant if data is not True or False. Returns ------- edgeiter : iterator over edge tuples An iterator over all selfloop edges. See Also -------- nodes_with_selfloops, number_of_selfloops Examples -------- >>> G = nx.MultiGraph() # or Graph, DiGraph, MultiDiGraph, etc >>> ekey = G.add_edge(1, 1) >>> ekey = G.add_edge(1, 2) >>> list(nx.selfloop_edges(G)) [(1, 1)] >>> list(nx.selfloop_edges(G, data=True)) [(1, 1, {})] >>> list(nx.selfloop_edges(G, keys=True)) [(1, 1, 0)] >>> list(nx.selfloop_edges(G, keys=True, data=True)) [(1, 1, 0, {})] """ if data is True: if G.is_multigraph(): if keys is True: return ( (n, n, k, d) for n, nbrs in G._adj.items() if n in nbrs for k, d in nbrs[n].items() ) else: return ( (n, n, d) for n, nbrs in G._adj.items() if n in nbrs for d in nbrs[n].values() ) else: return ((n, n, nbrs[n]) for n, nbrs in G._adj.items() if n in nbrs) elif data is not False: if G.is_multigraph(): if keys is True: return ( (n, n, k, d.get(data, default)) for n, nbrs in G._adj.items() if n in nbrs for k, d in nbrs[n].items() ) else: return ( (n, n, d.get(data, default)) for n, nbrs in G._adj.items() if n in nbrs for d in nbrs[n].values() ) else: return ( (n, n, nbrs[n].get(data, default)) for n, nbrs in G._adj.items() if n in nbrs ) else: if G.is_multigraph(): if keys is True: return ( (n, n, k) for n, nbrs in G._adj.items() if n in nbrs for k in nbrs[n] ) else: return ( (n, n) for n, nbrs in G._adj.items() if n in nbrs for i in range(len(nbrs[n])) # for easy edge removal (#4068) ) else: return ((n, n) for n, nbrs in G._adj.items() if n in nbrs)
(G, data=False, keys=False, default=None)
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31,095
networkx.classes.function
set_edge_attributes
Sets edge attributes from a given value or dictionary of values. .. Warning:: The call order of arguments `values` and `name` switched between v1.x & v2.x. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX Graph values : scalar value, dict-like What the edge attribute should be set to. If `values` is not a dictionary, then it is treated as a single attribute value that is then applied to every edge in `G`. This means that if you provide a mutable object, like a list, updates to that object will be reflected in the edge attribute for each edge. The attribute name will be `name`. If `values` is a dict or a dict of dict, it should be keyed by edge tuple to either an attribute value or a dict of attribute key/value pairs used to update the edge's attributes. For multigraphs, the edge tuples must be of the form ``(u, v, key)``, where `u` and `v` are nodes and `key` is the edge key. For non-multigraphs, the keys must be tuples of the form ``(u, v)``. name : string (optional, default=None) Name of the edge attribute to set if values is a scalar. Examples -------- After computing some property of the edges of a graph, you may want to assign a edge attribute to store the value of that property for each edge:: >>> G = nx.path_graph(3) >>> bb = nx.edge_betweenness_centrality(G, normalized=False) >>> nx.set_edge_attributes(G, bb, "betweenness") >>> G.edges[1, 2]["betweenness"] 2.0 If you provide a list as the second argument, updates to the list will be reflected in the edge attribute for each edge:: >>> labels = [] >>> nx.set_edge_attributes(G, labels, "labels") >>> labels.append("foo") >>> G.edges[0, 1]["labels"] ['foo'] >>> G.edges[1, 2]["labels"] ['foo'] If you provide a dictionary of dictionaries as the second argument, the entire dictionary will be used to update edge attributes:: >>> G = nx.path_graph(3) >>> attrs = {(0, 1): {"attr1": 20, "attr2": "nothing"}, (1, 2): {"attr2": 3}} >>> nx.set_edge_attributes(G, attrs) >>> G[0][1]["attr1"] 20 >>> G[0][1]["attr2"] 'nothing' >>> G[1][2]["attr2"] 3 The attributes of one Graph can be used to set those of another. >>> H = nx.path_graph(3) >>> nx.set_edge_attributes(H, G.edges) Note that if the dict contains edges that are not in `G`, they are silently ignored:: >>> G = nx.Graph([(0, 1)]) >>> nx.set_edge_attributes(G, {(1, 2): {"weight": 2.0}}) >>> (1, 2) in G.edges() False For multigraphs, the `values` dict is expected to be keyed by 3-tuples including the edge key:: >>> MG = nx.MultiGraph() >>> edges = [(0, 1), (0, 1)] >>> MG.add_edges_from(edges) # Returns list of edge keys [0, 1] >>> attributes = {(0, 1, 0): {"cost": 21}, (0, 1, 1): {"cost": 7}} >>> nx.set_edge_attributes(MG, attributes) >>> MG[0][1][0]["cost"] 21 >>> MG[0][1][1]["cost"] 7 If MultiGraph attributes are desired for a Graph, you must convert the 3-tuple multiedge to a 2-tuple edge and the last multiedge's attribute value will overwrite the previous values. Continuing from the previous case we get:: >>> H = nx.path_graph([0, 1, 2]) >>> nx.set_edge_attributes(H, {(u, v): ed for u, v, ed in MG.edges.data()}) >>> nx.get_edge_attributes(H, "cost") {(0, 1): 7}
def set_edge_attributes(G, values, name=None): """Sets edge attributes from a given value or dictionary of values. .. Warning:: The call order of arguments `values` and `name` switched between v1.x & v2.x. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX Graph values : scalar value, dict-like What the edge attribute should be set to. If `values` is not a dictionary, then it is treated as a single attribute value that is then applied to every edge in `G`. This means that if you provide a mutable object, like a list, updates to that object will be reflected in the edge attribute for each edge. The attribute name will be `name`. If `values` is a dict or a dict of dict, it should be keyed by edge tuple to either an attribute value or a dict of attribute key/value pairs used to update the edge's attributes. For multigraphs, the edge tuples must be of the form ``(u, v, key)``, where `u` and `v` are nodes and `key` is the edge key. For non-multigraphs, the keys must be tuples of the form ``(u, v)``. name : string (optional, default=None) Name of the edge attribute to set if values is a scalar. Examples -------- After computing some property of the edges of a graph, you may want to assign a edge attribute to store the value of that property for each edge:: >>> G = nx.path_graph(3) >>> bb = nx.edge_betweenness_centrality(G, normalized=False) >>> nx.set_edge_attributes(G, bb, "betweenness") >>> G.edges[1, 2]["betweenness"] 2.0 If you provide a list as the second argument, updates to the list will be reflected in the edge attribute for each edge:: >>> labels = [] >>> nx.set_edge_attributes(G, labels, "labels") >>> labels.append("foo") >>> G.edges[0, 1]["labels"] ['foo'] >>> G.edges[1, 2]["labels"] ['foo'] If you provide a dictionary of dictionaries as the second argument, the entire dictionary will be used to update edge attributes:: >>> G = nx.path_graph(3) >>> attrs = {(0, 1): {"attr1": 20, "attr2": "nothing"}, (1, 2): {"attr2": 3}} >>> nx.set_edge_attributes(G, attrs) >>> G[0][1]["attr1"] 20 >>> G[0][1]["attr2"] 'nothing' >>> G[1][2]["attr2"] 3 The attributes of one Graph can be used to set those of another. >>> H = nx.path_graph(3) >>> nx.set_edge_attributes(H, G.edges) Note that if the dict contains edges that are not in `G`, they are silently ignored:: >>> G = nx.Graph([(0, 1)]) >>> nx.set_edge_attributes(G, {(1, 2): {"weight": 2.0}}) >>> (1, 2) in G.edges() False For multigraphs, the `values` dict is expected to be keyed by 3-tuples including the edge key:: >>> MG = nx.MultiGraph() >>> edges = [(0, 1), (0, 1)] >>> MG.add_edges_from(edges) # Returns list of edge keys [0, 1] >>> attributes = {(0, 1, 0): {"cost": 21}, (0, 1, 1): {"cost": 7}} >>> nx.set_edge_attributes(MG, attributes) >>> MG[0][1][0]["cost"] 21 >>> MG[0][1][1]["cost"] 7 If MultiGraph attributes are desired for a Graph, you must convert the 3-tuple multiedge to a 2-tuple edge and the last multiedge's attribute value will overwrite the previous values. Continuing from the previous case we get:: >>> H = nx.path_graph([0, 1, 2]) >>> nx.set_edge_attributes(H, {(u, v): ed for u, v, ed in MG.edges.data()}) >>> nx.get_edge_attributes(H, "cost") {(0, 1): 7} """ if name is not None: # `values` does not contain attribute names try: # if `values` is a dict using `.items()` => {edge: value} if G.is_multigraph(): for (u, v, key), value in values.items(): try: G._adj[u][v][key][name] = value except KeyError: pass else: for (u, v), value in values.items(): try: G._adj[u][v][name] = value except KeyError: pass except AttributeError: # treat `values` as a constant for u, v, data in G.edges(data=True): data[name] = values else: # `values` consists of doct-of-dict {edge: {attr: value}} shape if G.is_multigraph(): for (u, v, key), d in values.items(): try: G._adj[u][v][key].update(d) except KeyError: pass else: for (u, v), d in values.items(): try: G._adj[u][v].update(d) except KeyError: pass nx._clear_cache(G)
(G, values, name=None)
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31,096
networkx.classes.function
set_node_attributes
Sets node attributes from a given value or dictionary of values. .. Warning:: The call order of arguments `values` and `name` switched between v1.x & v2.x. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX Graph values : scalar value, dict-like What the node attribute should be set to. If `values` is not a dictionary, then it is treated as a single attribute value that is then applied to every node in `G`. This means that if you provide a mutable object, like a list, updates to that object will be reflected in the node attribute for every node. The attribute name will be `name`. If `values` is a dict or a dict of dict, it should be keyed by node to either an attribute value or a dict of attribute key/value pairs used to update the node's attributes. name : string (optional, default=None) Name of the node attribute to set if values is a scalar. Examples -------- After computing some property of the nodes of a graph, you may want to assign a node attribute to store the value of that property for each node:: >>> G = nx.path_graph(3) >>> bb = nx.betweenness_centrality(G) >>> isinstance(bb, dict) True >>> nx.set_node_attributes(G, bb, "betweenness") >>> G.nodes[1]["betweenness"] 1.0 If you provide a list as the second argument, updates to the list will be reflected in the node attribute for each node:: >>> G = nx.path_graph(3) >>> labels = [] >>> nx.set_node_attributes(G, labels, "labels") >>> labels.append("foo") >>> G.nodes[0]["labels"] ['foo'] >>> G.nodes[1]["labels"] ['foo'] >>> G.nodes[2]["labels"] ['foo'] If you provide a dictionary of dictionaries as the second argument, the outer dictionary is assumed to be keyed by node to an inner dictionary of node attributes for that node:: >>> G = nx.path_graph(3) >>> attrs = {0: {"attr1": 20, "attr2": "nothing"}, 1: {"attr2": 3}} >>> nx.set_node_attributes(G, attrs) >>> G.nodes[0]["attr1"] 20 >>> G.nodes[0]["attr2"] 'nothing' >>> G.nodes[1]["attr2"] 3 >>> G.nodes[2] {} Note that if the dictionary contains nodes that are not in `G`, the values are silently ignored:: >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_node(0) >>> nx.set_node_attributes(G, {0: "red", 1: "blue"}, name="color") >>> G.nodes[0]["color"] 'red' >>> 1 in G.nodes False
def set_node_attributes(G, values, name=None): """Sets node attributes from a given value or dictionary of values. .. Warning:: The call order of arguments `values` and `name` switched between v1.x & v2.x. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX Graph values : scalar value, dict-like What the node attribute should be set to. If `values` is not a dictionary, then it is treated as a single attribute value that is then applied to every node in `G`. This means that if you provide a mutable object, like a list, updates to that object will be reflected in the node attribute for every node. The attribute name will be `name`. If `values` is a dict or a dict of dict, it should be keyed by node to either an attribute value or a dict of attribute key/value pairs used to update the node's attributes. name : string (optional, default=None) Name of the node attribute to set if values is a scalar. Examples -------- After computing some property of the nodes of a graph, you may want to assign a node attribute to store the value of that property for each node:: >>> G = nx.path_graph(3) >>> bb = nx.betweenness_centrality(G) >>> isinstance(bb, dict) True >>> nx.set_node_attributes(G, bb, "betweenness") >>> G.nodes[1]["betweenness"] 1.0 If you provide a list as the second argument, updates to the list will be reflected in the node attribute for each node:: >>> G = nx.path_graph(3) >>> labels = [] >>> nx.set_node_attributes(G, labels, "labels") >>> labels.append("foo") >>> G.nodes[0]["labels"] ['foo'] >>> G.nodes[1]["labels"] ['foo'] >>> G.nodes[2]["labels"] ['foo'] If you provide a dictionary of dictionaries as the second argument, the outer dictionary is assumed to be keyed by node to an inner dictionary of node attributes for that node:: >>> G = nx.path_graph(3) >>> attrs = {0: {"attr1": 20, "attr2": "nothing"}, 1: {"attr2": 3}} >>> nx.set_node_attributes(G, attrs) >>> G.nodes[0]["attr1"] 20 >>> G.nodes[0]["attr2"] 'nothing' >>> G.nodes[1]["attr2"] 3 >>> G.nodes[2] {} Note that if the dictionary contains nodes that are not in `G`, the values are silently ignored:: >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_node(0) >>> nx.set_node_attributes(G, {0: "red", 1: "blue"}, name="color") >>> G.nodes[0]["color"] 'red' >>> 1 in G.nodes False """ # Set node attributes based on type of `values` if name is not None: # `values` must not be a dict of dict try: # `values` is a dict for n, v in values.items(): try: G.nodes[n][name] = values[n] except KeyError: pass except AttributeError: # `values` is a constant for n in G: G.nodes[n][name] = values else: # `values` must be dict of dict for n, d in values.items(): try: G.nodes[n].update(d) except KeyError: pass nx._clear_cache(G)
(G, values, name=None)
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31,097
networkx.drawing.layout
shell_layout
Position nodes in concentric circles. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph or list of nodes A position will be assigned to every node in G. nlist : list of lists List of node lists for each shell. rotate : angle in radians (default=pi/len(nlist)) Angle by which to rotate the starting position of each shell relative to the starting position of the previous shell. To recreate behavior before v2.5 use rotate=0. scale : number (default: 1) Scale factor for positions. center : array-like or None Coordinate pair around which to center the layout. dim : int Dimension of layout, currently only dim=2 is supported. Other dimension values result in a ValueError. Returns ------- pos : dict A dictionary of positions keyed by node Raises ------ ValueError If dim != 2 Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(4) >>> shells = [[0], [1, 2, 3]] >>> pos = nx.shell_layout(G, shells) Notes ----- This algorithm currently only works in two dimensions and does not try to minimize edge crossings.
def shell_layout(G, nlist=None, rotate=None, scale=1, center=None, dim=2): """Position nodes in concentric circles. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph or list of nodes A position will be assigned to every node in G. nlist : list of lists List of node lists for each shell. rotate : angle in radians (default=pi/len(nlist)) Angle by which to rotate the starting position of each shell relative to the starting position of the previous shell. To recreate behavior before v2.5 use rotate=0. scale : number (default: 1) Scale factor for positions. center : array-like or None Coordinate pair around which to center the layout. dim : int Dimension of layout, currently only dim=2 is supported. Other dimension values result in a ValueError. Returns ------- pos : dict A dictionary of positions keyed by node Raises ------ ValueError If dim != 2 Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(4) >>> shells = [[0], [1, 2, 3]] >>> pos = nx.shell_layout(G, shells) Notes ----- This algorithm currently only works in two dimensions and does not try to minimize edge crossings. """ import numpy as np if dim != 2: raise ValueError("can only handle 2 dimensions") G, center = _process_params(G, center, dim) if len(G) == 0: return {} if len(G) == 1: return {nx.utils.arbitrary_element(G): center} if nlist is None: # draw the whole graph in one shell nlist = [list(G)] radius_bump = scale / len(nlist) if len(nlist[0]) == 1: # single node at center radius = 0.0 else: # else start at r=1 radius = radius_bump if rotate is None: rotate = np.pi / len(nlist) first_theta = rotate npos = {} for nodes in nlist: # Discard the last angle (endpoint=False) since 2*pi matches 0 radians theta = ( np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, len(nodes), endpoint=False, dtype=np.float32) + first_theta ) pos = radius * np.column_stack([np.cos(theta), np.sin(theta)]) + center npos.update(zip(nodes, pos)) radius += radius_bump first_theta += rotate return npos
(G, nlist=None, rotate=None, scale=1, center=None, dim=2)
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31,101
networkx.algorithms.simple_paths
shortest_simple_paths
Generate all simple paths in the graph G from source to target, starting from shortest ones. A simple path is a path with no repeated nodes. If a weighted shortest path search is to be used, no negative weights are allowed. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph source : node Starting node for path target : node Ending node for path weight : string or function If it is a string, it is the name of the edge attribute to be used as a weight. If it is a function, the weight of an edge is the value returned by the function. The function must accept exactly three positional arguments: the two endpoints of an edge and the dictionary of edge attributes for that edge. The function must return a number. If None all edges are considered to have unit weight. Default value None. Returns ------- path_generator: generator A generator that produces lists of simple paths, in order from shortest to longest. Raises ------ NetworkXNoPath If no path exists between source and target. NetworkXError If source or target nodes are not in the input graph. NetworkXNotImplemented If the input graph is a Multi[Di]Graph. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.cycle_graph(7) >>> paths = list(nx.shortest_simple_paths(G, 0, 3)) >>> print(paths) [[0, 1, 2, 3], [0, 6, 5, 4, 3]] You can use this function to efficiently compute the k shortest/best paths between two nodes. >>> from itertools import islice >>> def k_shortest_paths(G, source, target, k, weight=None): ... return list( ... islice(nx.shortest_simple_paths(G, source, target, weight=weight), k) ... ) >>> for path in k_shortest_paths(G, 0, 3, 2): ... print(path) [0, 1, 2, 3] [0, 6, 5, 4, 3] Notes ----- This procedure is based on algorithm by Jin Y. Yen [1]_. Finding the first $K$ paths requires $O(KN^3)$ operations. See Also -------- all_shortest_paths shortest_path all_simple_paths References ---------- .. [1] Jin Y. Yen, "Finding the K Shortest Loopless Paths in a Network", Management Science, Vol. 17, No. 11, Theory Series (Jul., 1971), pp. 712-716.
def _bidirectional_dijkstra( G, source, target, weight="weight", ignore_nodes=None, ignore_edges=None ): """Dijkstra's algorithm for shortest paths using bidirectional search. This function returns the shortest path between source and target ignoring nodes and edges in the containers ignore_nodes and ignore_edges. This is a custom modification of the standard Dijkstra bidirectional shortest path implementation at networkx.algorithms.weighted Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph source : node Starting node. target : node Ending node. weight: string, function, optional (default='weight') Edge data key or weight function corresponding to the edge weight ignore_nodes : container of nodes nodes to ignore, optional ignore_edges : container of edges edges to ignore, optional Returns ------- length : number Shortest path length. Returns a tuple of two dictionaries keyed by node. The first dictionary stores distance from the source. The second stores the path from the source to that node. Raises ------ NetworkXNoPath If no path exists between source and target. Notes ----- Edge weight attributes must be numerical. Distances are calculated as sums of weighted edges traversed. In practice bidirectional Dijkstra is much more than twice as fast as ordinary Dijkstra. Ordinary Dijkstra expands nodes in a sphere-like manner from the source. The radius of this sphere will eventually be the length of the shortest path. Bidirectional Dijkstra will expand nodes from both the source and the target, making two spheres of half this radius. Volume of the first sphere is pi*r*r while the others are 2*pi*r/2*r/2, making up half the volume. This algorithm is not guaranteed to work if edge weights are negative or are floating point numbers (overflows and roundoff errors can cause problems). See Also -------- shortest_path shortest_path_length """ if ignore_nodes and (source in ignore_nodes or target in ignore_nodes): raise nx.NetworkXNoPath(f"No path between {source} and {target}.") if source == target: if source not in G: raise nx.NodeNotFound(f"Node {source} not in graph") return (0, [source]) # handle either directed or undirected if G.is_directed(): Gpred = G.predecessors Gsucc = G.successors else: Gpred = G.neighbors Gsucc = G.neighbors # support optional nodes filter if ignore_nodes: def filter_iter(nodes): def iterate(v): for w in nodes(v): if w not in ignore_nodes: yield w return iterate Gpred = filter_iter(Gpred) Gsucc = filter_iter(Gsucc) # support optional edges filter if ignore_edges: if G.is_directed(): def filter_pred_iter(pred_iter): def iterate(v): for w in pred_iter(v): if (w, v) not in ignore_edges: yield w return iterate def filter_succ_iter(succ_iter): def iterate(v): for w in succ_iter(v): if (v, w) not in ignore_edges: yield w return iterate Gpred = filter_pred_iter(Gpred) Gsucc = filter_succ_iter(Gsucc) else: def filter_iter(nodes): def iterate(v): for w in nodes(v): if (v, w) not in ignore_edges and (w, v) not in ignore_edges: yield w return iterate Gpred = filter_iter(Gpred) Gsucc = filter_iter(Gsucc) push = heappush pop = heappop # Init: Forward Backward dists = [{}, {}] # dictionary of final distances paths = [{source: [source]}, {target: [target]}] # dictionary of paths fringe = [[], []] # heap of (distance, node) tuples for # extracting next node to expand seen = [{source: 0}, {target: 0}] # dictionary of distances to # nodes seen c = count() # initialize fringe heap push(fringe[0], (0, next(c), source)) push(fringe[1], (0, next(c), target)) # neighs for extracting correct neighbor information neighs = [Gsucc, Gpred] # variables to hold shortest discovered path # finaldist = 1e30000 finalpath = [] dir = 1 while fringe[0] and fringe[1]: # choose direction # dir == 0 is forward direction and dir == 1 is back dir = 1 - dir # extract closest to expand (dist, _, v) = pop(fringe[dir]) if v in dists[dir]: # Shortest path to v has already been found continue # update distance dists[dir][v] = dist # equal to seen[dir][v] if v in dists[1 - dir]: # if we have scanned v in both directions we are done # we have now discovered the shortest path return (finaldist, finalpath) wt = _weight_function(G, weight) for w in neighs[dir](v): if dir == 0: # forward minweight = wt(v, w, G.get_edge_data(v, w)) vwLength = dists[dir][v] + minweight else: # back, must remember to change v,w->w,v minweight = wt(w, v, G.get_edge_data(w, v)) vwLength = dists[dir][v] + minweight if w in dists[dir]: if vwLength < dists[dir][w]: raise ValueError("Contradictory paths found: negative weights?") elif w not in seen[dir] or vwLength < seen[dir][w]: # relaxing seen[dir][w] = vwLength push(fringe[dir], (vwLength, next(c), w)) paths[dir][w] = paths[dir][v] + [w] if w in seen[0] and w in seen[1]: # see if this path is better than the already # discovered shortest path totaldist = seen[0][w] + seen[1][w] if finalpath == [] or finaldist > totaldist: finaldist = totaldist revpath = paths[1][w][:] revpath.reverse() finalpath = paths[0][w] + revpath[1:] raise nx.NetworkXNoPath(f"No path between {source} and {target}.")
(G, source, target, weight=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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0.029521740972995758, 0.08961209654808044 ]
31,104
networkx.algorithms.cycles
simple_cycles
Find simple cycles (elementary circuits) of a graph. A `simple cycle`, or `elementary circuit`, is a closed path where no node appears twice. In a directed graph, two simple cycles are distinct if they are not cyclic permutations of each other. In an undirected graph, two simple cycles are distinct if they are not cyclic permutations of each other nor of the other's reversal. Optionally, the cycles are bounded in length. In the unbounded case, we use a nonrecursive, iterator/generator version of Johnson's algorithm [1]_. In the bounded case, we use a version of the algorithm of Gupta and Suzumura[2]_. There may be better algorithms for some cases [3]_ [4]_ [5]_. The algorithms of Johnson, and Gupta and Suzumura, are enhanced by some well-known preprocessing techniques. When G is directed, we restrict our attention to strongly connected components of G, generate all simple cycles containing a certain node, remove that node, and further decompose the remainder into strongly connected components. When G is undirected, we restrict our attention to biconnected components, generate all simple cycles containing a particular edge, remove that edge, and further decompose the remainder into biconnected components. Note that multigraphs are supported by this function -- and in undirected multigraphs, a pair of parallel edges is considered a cycle of length 2. Likewise, self-loops are considered to be cycles of length 1. We define cycles as sequences of nodes; so the presence of loops and parallel edges does not change the number of simple cycles in a graph. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX DiGraph A directed graph length_bound : int or None, optional (default=None) If length_bound is an int, generate all simple cycles of G with length at most length_bound. Otherwise, generate all simple cycles of G. Yields ------ list of nodes Each cycle is represented by a list of nodes along the cycle. Examples -------- >>> edges = [(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 2), (2, 0), (2, 1), (2, 2)] >>> G = nx.DiGraph(edges) >>> sorted(nx.simple_cycles(G)) [[0], [0, 1, 2], [0, 2], [1, 2], [2]] To filter the cycles so that they don't include certain nodes or edges, copy your graph and eliminate those nodes or edges before calling. For example, to exclude self-loops from the above example: >>> H = G.copy() >>> H.remove_edges_from(nx.selfloop_edges(G)) >>> sorted(nx.simple_cycles(H)) [[0, 1, 2], [0, 2], [1, 2]] Notes ----- When length_bound is None, the time complexity is $O((n+e)(c+1))$ for $n$ nodes, $e$ edges and $c$ simple circuits. Otherwise, when length_bound > 1, the time complexity is $O((c+n)(k-1)d^k)$ where $d$ is the average degree of the nodes of G and $k$ = length_bound. Raises ------ ValueError when length_bound < 0. References ---------- .. [1] Finding all the elementary circuits of a directed graph. D. B. Johnson, SIAM Journal on Computing 4, no. 1, 77-84, 1975. https://doi.org/10.1137/0204007 .. [2] Finding All Bounded-Length Simple Cycles in a Directed Graph A. Gupta and T. Suzumura https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.10094 .. [3] Enumerating the cycles of a digraph: a new preprocessing strategy. G. Loizou and P. Thanish, Information Sciences, v. 27, 163-182, 1982. .. [4] A search strategy for the elementary cycles of a directed graph. J.L. Szwarcfiter and P.E. Lauer, BIT NUMERICAL MATHEMATICS, v. 16, no. 2, 192-204, 1976. .. [5] Optimal Listing of Cycles and st-Paths in Undirected Graphs R. Ferreira and R. Grossi and A. Marino and N. Pisanti and R. Rizzi and G. Sacomoto https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.2766 See Also -------- cycle_basis chordless_cycles
def recursive_simple_cycles(G): """Find simple cycles (elementary circuits) of a directed graph. A `simple cycle`, or `elementary circuit`, is a closed path where no node appears twice. Two elementary circuits are distinct if they are not cyclic permutations of each other. This version uses a recursive algorithm to build a list of cycles. You should probably use the iterator version called simple_cycles(). Warning: This recursive version uses lots of RAM! It appears in NetworkX for pedagogical value. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX DiGraph A directed graph Returns ------- A list of cycles, where each cycle is represented by a list of nodes along the cycle. Example: >>> edges = [(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 2), (2, 0), (2, 1), (2, 2)] >>> G = nx.DiGraph(edges) >>> nx.recursive_simple_cycles(G) [[0], [2], [0, 1, 2], [0, 2], [1, 2]] Notes ----- The implementation follows pp. 79-80 in [1]_. The time complexity is $O((n+e)(c+1))$ for $n$ nodes, $e$ edges and $c$ elementary circuits. References ---------- .. [1] Finding all the elementary circuits of a directed graph. D. B. Johnson, SIAM Journal on Computing 4, no. 1, 77-84, 1975. https://doi.org/10.1137/0204007 See Also -------- simple_cycles, cycle_basis """ # Jon Olav Vik, 2010-08-09 def _unblock(thisnode): """Recursively unblock and remove nodes from B[thisnode].""" if blocked[thisnode]: blocked[thisnode] = False while B[thisnode]: _unblock(B[thisnode].pop()) def circuit(thisnode, startnode, component): closed = False # set to True if elementary path is closed path.append(thisnode) blocked[thisnode] = True for nextnode in component[thisnode]: # direct successors of thisnode if nextnode == startnode: result.append(path[:]) closed = True elif not blocked[nextnode]: if circuit(nextnode, startnode, component): closed = True if closed: _unblock(thisnode) else: for nextnode in component[thisnode]: if thisnode not in B[nextnode]: # TODO: use set for speedup? B[nextnode].append(thisnode) path.pop() # remove thisnode from path return closed path = [] # stack of nodes in current path blocked = defaultdict(bool) # vertex: blocked from search? B = defaultdict(list) # graph portions that yield no elementary circuit result = [] # list to accumulate the circuits found # Johnson's algorithm exclude self cycle edges like (v, v) # To be backward compatible, we record those cycles in advance # and then remove from subG for v in G: if G.has_edge(v, v): result.append([v]) G.remove_edge(v, v) # Johnson's algorithm requires some ordering of the nodes. # They might not be sortable so we assign an arbitrary ordering. ordering = dict(zip(G, range(len(G)))) for s in ordering: # Build the subgraph induced by s and following nodes in the ordering subgraph = G.subgraph(node for node in G if ordering[node] >= ordering[s]) # Find the strongly connected component in the subgraph # that contains the least node according to the ordering strongcomp = nx.strongly_connected_components(subgraph) mincomp = min(strongcomp, key=lambda ns: min(ordering[n] for n in ns)) component = G.subgraph(mincomp) if len(component) > 1: # smallest node in the component according to the ordering startnode = min(component, key=ordering.__getitem__) for node in component: blocked[node] = False B[node][:] = [] dummy = circuit(startnode, startnode, component) return result
(G, length_bound=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,106
networkx.algorithms.similarity
simrank_similarity
Returns the SimRank similarity of nodes in the graph ``G``. SimRank is a similarity metric that says "two objects are considered to be similar if they are referenced by similar objects." [1]_. The pseudo-code definition from the paper is:: def simrank(G, u, v): in_neighbors_u = G.predecessors(u) in_neighbors_v = G.predecessors(v) scale = C / (len(in_neighbors_u) * len(in_neighbors_v)) return scale * sum( simrank(G, w, x) for w, x in product(in_neighbors_u, in_neighbors_v) ) where ``G`` is the graph, ``u`` is the source, ``v`` is the target, and ``C`` is a float decay or importance factor between 0 and 1. The SimRank algorithm for determining node similarity is defined in [2]_. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph A NetworkX graph source : node If this is specified, the returned dictionary maps each node ``v`` in the graph to the similarity between ``source`` and ``v``. target : node If both ``source`` and ``target`` are specified, the similarity value between ``source`` and ``target`` is returned. If ``target`` is specified but ``source`` is not, this argument is ignored. importance_factor : float The relative importance of indirect neighbors with respect to direct neighbors. max_iterations : integer Maximum number of iterations. tolerance : float Error tolerance used to check convergence. When an iteration of the algorithm finds that no similarity value changes more than this amount, the algorithm halts. Returns ------- similarity : dictionary or float If ``source`` and ``target`` are both ``None``, this returns a dictionary of dictionaries, where keys are node pairs and value are similarity of the pair of nodes. If ``source`` is not ``None`` but ``target`` is, this returns a dictionary mapping node to the similarity of ``source`` and that node. If neither ``source`` nor ``target`` is ``None``, this returns the similarity value for the given pair of nodes. Raises ------ ExceededMaxIterations If the algorithm does not converge within ``max_iterations``. NodeNotFound If either ``source`` or ``target`` is not in `G`. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.cycle_graph(2) >>> nx.simrank_similarity(G) {0: {0: 1.0, 1: 0.0}, 1: {0: 0.0, 1: 1.0}} >>> nx.simrank_similarity(G, source=0) {0: 1.0, 1: 0.0} >>> nx.simrank_similarity(G, source=0, target=0) 1.0 The result of this function can be converted to a numpy array representing the SimRank matrix by using the node order of the graph to determine which row and column represent each node. Other ordering of nodes is also possible. >>> import numpy as np >>> sim = nx.simrank_similarity(G) >>> np.array([[sim[u][v] for v in G] for u in G]) array([[1., 0.], [0., 1.]]) >>> sim_1d = nx.simrank_similarity(G, source=0) >>> np.array([sim[0][v] for v in G]) array([1., 0.]) References ---------- .. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimRank .. [2] G. Jeh and J. Widom. "SimRank: a measure of structural-context similarity", In KDD'02: Proceedings of the Eighth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 538--543. ACM Press, 2002.
def optimize_edit_paths( G1, G2, node_match=None, edge_match=None, node_subst_cost=None, node_del_cost=None, node_ins_cost=None, edge_subst_cost=None, edge_del_cost=None, edge_ins_cost=None, upper_bound=None, strictly_decreasing=True, roots=None, timeout=None, ): """GED (graph edit distance) calculation: advanced interface. Graph edit path is a sequence of node and edge edit operations transforming graph G1 to graph isomorphic to G2. Edit operations include substitutions, deletions, and insertions. Graph edit distance is defined as minimum cost of edit path. Parameters ---------- G1, G2: graphs The two graphs G1 and G2 must be of the same type. node_match : callable A function that returns True if node n1 in G1 and n2 in G2 should be considered equal during matching. The function will be called like node_match(G1.nodes[n1], G2.nodes[n2]). That is, the function will receive the node attribute dictionaries for n1 and n2 as inputs. Ignored if node_subst_cost is specified. If neither node_match nor node_subst_cost are specified then node attributes are not considered. edge_match : callable A function that returns True if the edge attribute dictionaries for the pair of nodes (u1, v1) in G1 and (u2, v2) in G2 should be considered equal during matching. The function will be called like edge_match(G1[u1][v1], G2[u2][v2]). That is, the function will receive the edge attribute dictionaries of the edges under consideration. Ignored if edge_subst_cost is specified. If neither edge_match nor edge_subst_cost are specified then edge attributes are not considered. node_subst_cost, node_del_cost, node_ins_cost : callable Functions that return the costs of node substitution, node deletion, and node insertion, respectively. The functions will be called like node_subst_cost(G1.nodes[n1], G2.nodes[n2]), node_del_cost(G1.nodes[n1]), node_ins_cost(G2.nodes[n2]). That is, the functions will receive the node attribute dictionaries as inputs. The functions are expected to return positive numeric values. Function node_subst_cost overrides node_match if specified. If neither node_match nor node_subst_cost are specified then default node substitution cost of 0 is used (node attributes are not considered during matching). If node_del_cost is not specified then default node deletion cost of 1 is used. If node_ins_cost is not specified then default node insertion cost of 1 is used. edge_subst_cost, edge_del_cost, edge_ins_cost : callable Functions that return the costs of edge substitution, edge deletion, and edge insertion, respectively. The functions will be called like edge_subst_cost(G1[u1][v1], G2[u2][v2]), edge_del_cost(G1[u1][v1]), edge_ins_cost(G2[u2][v2]). That is, the functions will receive the edge attribute dictionaries as inputs. The functions are expected to return positive numeric values. Function edge_subst_cost overrides edge_match if specified. If neither edge_match nor edge_subst_cost are specified then default edge substitution cost of 0 is used (edge attributes are not considered during matching). If edge_del_cost is not specified then default edge deletion cost of 1 is used. If edge_ins_cost is not specified then default edge insertion cost of 1 is used. upper_bound : numeric Maximum edit distance to consider. strictly_decreasing : bool If True, return consecutive approximations of strictly decreasing cost. Otherwise, return all edit paths of cost less than or equal to the previous minimum cost. roots : 2-tuple Tuple where first element is a node in G1 and the second is a node in G2. These nodes are forced to be matched in the comparison to allow comparison between rooted graphs. timeout : numeric Maximum number of seconds to execute. After timeout is met, the current best GED is returned. Returns ------- Generator of tuples (node_edit_path, edge_edit_path, cost) node_edit_path : list of tuples (u, v) edge_edit_path : list of tuples ((u1, v1), (u2, v2)) cost : numeric See Also -------- graph_edit_distance, optimize_graph_edit_distance, optimal_edit_paths References ---------- .. [1] Zeina Abu-Aisheh, Romain Raveaux, Jean-Yves Ramel, Patrick Martineau. An Exact Graph Edit Distance Algorithm for Solving Pattern Recognition Problems. 4th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods 2015, Jan 2015, Lisbon, Portugal. 2015, <10.5220/0005209202710278>. <hal-01168816> https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01168816 """ # TODO: support DiGraph import numpy as np import scipy as sp @dataclass class CostMatrix: C: ... lsa_row_ind: ... lsa_col_ind: ... ls: ... def make_CostMatrix(C, m, n): # assert(C.shape == (m + n, m + n)) lsa_row_ind, lsa_col_ind = sp.optimize.linear_sum_assignment(C) # Fixup dummy assignments: # each substitution i<->j should have dummy assignment m+j<->n+i # NOTE: fast reduce of Cv relies on it # assert len(lsa_row_ind) == len(lsa_col_ind) indexes = zip(range(len(lsa_row_ind)), lsa_row_ind, lsa_col_ind) subst_ind = [k for k, i, j in indexes if i < m and j < n] indexes = zip(range(len(lsa_row_ind)), lsa_row_ind, lsa_col_ind) dummy_ind = [k for k, i, j in indexes if i >= m and j >= n] # assert len(subst_ind) == len(dummy_ind) lsa_row_ind[dummy_ind] = lsa_col_ind[subst_ind] + m lsa_col_ind[dummy_ind] = lsa_row_ind[subst_ind] + n return CostMatrix( C, lsa_row_ind, lsa_col_ind, C[lsa_row_ind, lsa_col_ind].sum() ) def extract_C(C, i, j, m, n): # assert(C.shape == (m + n, m + n)) row_ind = [k in i or k - m in j for k in range(m + n)] col_ind = [k in j or k - n in i for k in range(m + n)] return C[row_ind, :][:, col_ind] def reduce_C(C, i, j, m, n): # assert(C.shape == (m + n, m + n)) row_ind = [k not in i and k - m not in j for k in range(m + n)] col_ind = [k not in j and k - n not in i for k in range(m + n)] return C[row_ind, :][:, col_ind] def reduce_ind(ind, i): # assert set(ind) == set(range(len(ind))) rind = ind[[k not in i for k in ind]] for k in set(i): rind[rind >= k] -= 1 return rind def match_edges(u, v, pending_g, pending_h, Ce, matched_uv=None): """ Parameters: u, v: matched vertices, u=None or v=None for deletion/insertion pending_g, pending_h: lists of edges not yet mapped Ce: CostMatrix of pending edge mappings matched_uv: partial vertex edit path list of tuples (u, v) of previously matched vertex mappings u<->v, u=None or v=None for deletion/insertion Returns: list of (i, j): indices of edge mappings g<->h localCe: local CostMatrix of edge mappings (basically submatrix of Ce at cross of rows i, cols j) """ M = len(pending_g) N = len(pending_h) # assert Ce.C.shape == (M + N, M + N) # only attempt to match edges after one node match has been made # this will stop self-edges on the first node being automatically deleted # even when a substitution is the better option if matched_uv is None or len(matched_uv) == 0: g_ind = [] h_ind = [] else:
(G, source=None, target=None, importance_factor=0.9, max_iterations=1000, tolerance=0.0001, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,108
networkx.algorithms.shortest_paths.weighted
single_source_bellman_ford
Compute shortest paths and lengths in a weighted graph G. Uses Bellman-Ford algorithm for shortest paths. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph source : node label Starting node for path target : node label, optional Ending node for path weight : string or function If this is a string, then edge weights will be accessed via the edge attribute with this key (that is, the weight of the edge joining `u` to `v` will be ``G.edges[u, v][weight]``). If no such edge attribute exists, the weight of the edge is assumed to be one. If this is a function, the weight of an edge is the value returned by the function. The function must accept exactly three positional arguments: the two endpoints of an edge and the dictionary of edge attributes for that edge. The function must return a number. Returns ------- distance, path : pair of dictionaries, or numeric and list If target is None, returns a tuple of two dictionaries keyed by node. The first dictionary stores distance from one of the source nodes. The second stores the path from one of the sources to that node. If target is not None, returns a tuple of (distance, path) where distance is the distance from source to target and path is a list representing the path from source to target. Raises ------ NodeNotFound If `source` is not in `G`. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(5) >>> length, path = nx.single_source_bellman_ford(G, 0) >>> length[4] 4 >>> for node in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]: ... print(f"{node}: {length[node]}") 0: 0 1: 1 2: 2 3: 3 4: 4 >>> path[4] [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] >>> length, path = nx.single_source_bellman_ford(G, 0, 1) >>> length 1 >>> path [0, 1] Notes ----- Edge weight attributes must be numerical. Distances are calculated as sums of weighted edges traversed. See Also -------- single_source_dijkstra single_source_bellman_ford_path single_source_bellman_ford_path_length
def _dijkstra_multisource( G, sources, weight, pred=None, paths=None, cutoff=None, target=None ): """Uses Dijkstra's algorithm to find shortest weighted paths Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph sources : non-empty iterable of nodes Starting nodes for paths. If this is just an iterable containing a single node, then all paths computed by this function will start from that node. If there are two or more nodes in this iterable, the computed paths may begin from any one of the start nodes. weight: function Function with (u, v, data) input that returns that edge's weight or None to indicate a hidden edge pred: dict of lists, optional(default=None) dict to store a list of predecessors keyed by that node If None, predecessors are not stored. paths: dict, optional (default=None) dict to store the path list from source to each node, keyed by node. If None, paths are not stored. target : node label, optional Ending node for path. Search is halted when target is found. cutoff : integer or float, optional Length (sum of edge weights) at which the search is stopped. If cutoff is provided, only return paths with summed weight <= cutoff. Returns ------- distance : dictionary A mapping from node to shortest distance to that node from one of the source nodes. Raises ------ NodeNotFound If any of `sources` is not in `G`. Notes ----- The optional predecessor and path dictionaries can be accessed by the caller through the original pred and paths objects passed as arguments. No need to explicitly return pred or paths. """ G_succ = G._adj # For speed-up (and works for both directed and undirected graphs) push = heappush pop = heappop dist = {} # dictionary of final distances seen = {} # fringe is heapq with 3-tuples (distance,c,node) # use the count c to avoid comparing nodes (may not be able to) c = count() fringe = [] for source in sources: seen[source] = 0 push(fringe, (0, next(c), source)) while fringe: (d, _, v) = pop(fringe) if v in dist: continue # already searched this node. dist[v] = d if v == target: break for u, e in G_succ[v].items(): cost = weight(v, u, e) if cost is None: continue vu_dist = dist[v] + cost if cutoff is not None: if vu_dist > cutoff: continue if u in dist: u_dist = dist[u] if vu_dist < u_dist: raise ValueError("Contradictory paths found:", "negative weights?") elif pred is not None and vu_dist == u_dist: pred[u].append(v) elif u not in seen or vu_dist < seen[u]: seen[u] = vu_dist push(fringe, (vu_dist, next(c), u)) if paths is not None: paths[u] = paths[v] + [u] if pred is not None: pred[u] = [v] elif vu_dist == seen[u]: if pred is not None: pred[u].append(v) # The optional predecessor and path dictionaries can be accessed # by the caller via the pred and paths objects passed as arguments. return dist
(G, source, target=None, weight='weight', *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,109
networkx.algorithms.shortest_paths.weighted
single_source_bellman_ford_path
Compute shortest path between source and all other reachable nodes for a weighted graph. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph source : node Starting node for path. weight : string or function (default="weight") If this is a string, then edge weights will be accessed via the edge attribute with this key (that is, the weight of the edge joining `u` to `v` will be ``G.edges[u, v][weight]``). If no such edge attribute exists, the weight of the edge is assumed to be one. If this is a function, the weight of an edge is the value returned by the function. The function must accept exactly three positional arguments: the two endpoints of an edge and the dictionary of edge attributes for that edge. The function must return a number. Returns ------- paths : dictionary Dictionary of shortest path lengths keyed by target. Raises ------ NodeNotFound If `source` is not in `G`. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(5) >>> path = nx.single_source_bellman_ford_path(G, 0) >>> path[4] [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] Notes ----- Edge weight attributes must be numerical. Distances are calculated as sums of weighted edges traversed. See Also -------- single_source_dijkstra, single_source_bellman_ford
def _dijkstra_multisource( G, sources, weight, pred=None, paths=None, cutoff=None, target=None ): """Uses Dijkstra's algorithm to find shortest weighted paths Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph sources : non-empty iterable of nodes Starting nodes for paths. If this is just an iterable containing a single node, then all paths computed by this function will start from that node. If there are two or more nodes in this iterable, the computed paths may begin from any one of the start nodes. weight: function Function with (u, v, data) input that returns that edge's weight or None to indicate a hidden edge pred: dict of lists, optional(default=None) dict to store a list of predecessors keyed by that node If None, predecessors are not stored. paths: dict, optional (default=None) dict to store the path list from source to each node, keyed by node. If None, paths are not stored. target : node label, optional Ending node for path. Search is halted when target is found. cutoff : integer or float, optional Length (sum of edge weights) at which the search is stopped. If cutoff is provided, only return paths with summed weight <= cutoff. Returns ------- distance : dictionary A mapping from node to shortest distance to that node from one of the source nodes. Raises ------ NodeNotFound If any of `sources` is not in `G`. Notes ----- The optional predecessor and path dictionaries can be accessed by the caller through the original pred and paths objects passed as arguments. No need to explicitly return pred or paths. """ G_succ = G._adj # For speed-up (and works for both directed and undirected graphs) push = heappush pop = heappop dist = {} # dictionary of final distances seen = {} # fringe is heapq with 3-tuples (distance,c,node) # use the count c to avoid comparing nodes (may not be able to) c = count() fringe = [] for source in sources: seen[source] = 0 push(fringe, (0, next(c), source)) while fringe: (d, _, v) = pop(fringe) if v in dist: continue # already searched this node. dist[v] = d if v == target: break for u, e in G_succ[v].items(): cost = weight(v, u, e) if cost is None: continue vu_dist = dist[v] + cost if cutoff is not None: if vu_dist > cutoff: continue if u in dist: u_dist = dist[u] if vu_dist < u_dist: raise ValueError("Contradictory paths found:", "negative weights?") elif pred is not None and vu_dist == u_dist: pred[u].append(v) elif u not in seen or vu_dist < seen[u]: seen[u] = vu_dist push(fringe, (vu_dist, next(c), u)) if paths is not None: paths[u] = paths[v] + [u] if pred is not None: pred[u] = [v] elif vu_dist == seen[u]: if pred is not None: pred[u].append(v) # The optional predecessor and path dictionaries can be accessed # by the caller via the pred and paths objects passed as arguments. return dist
(G, source, weight='weight', *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,110
networkx.algorithms.shortest_paths.weighted
single_source_bellman_ford_path_length
Compute the shortest path length between source and all other reachable nodes for a weighted graph. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph source : node label Starting node for path weight : string or function (default="weight") If this is a string, then edge weights will be accessed via the edge attribute with this key (that is, the weight of the edge joining `u` to `v` will be ``G.edges[u, v][weight]``). If no such edge attribute exists, the weight of the edge is assumed to be one. If this is a function, the weight of an edge is the value returned by the function. The function must accept exactly three positional arguments: the two endpoints of an edge and the dictionary of edge attributes for that edge. The function must return a number. Returns ------- length : dictionary Dictionary of shortest path length keyed by target Raises ------ NodeNotFound If `source` is not in `G`. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(5) >>> length = nx.single_source_bellman_ford_path_length(G, 0) >>> length[4] 4 >>> for node in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]: ... print(f"{node}: {length[node]}") 0: 0 1: 1 2: 2 3: 3 4: 4 Notes ----- Edge weight attributes must be numerical. Distances are calculated as sums of weighted edges traversed. See Also -------- single_source_dijkstra, single_source_bellman_ford
def _dijkstra_multisource( G, sources, weight, pred=None, paths=None, cutoff=None, target=None ): """Uses Dijkstra's algorithm to find shortest weighted paths Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph sources : non-empty iterable of nodes Starting nodes for paths. If this is just an iterable containing a single node, then all paths computed by this function will start from that node. If there are two or more nodes in this iterable, the computed paths may begin from any one of the start nodes. weight: function Function with (u, v, data) input that returns that edge's weight or None to indicate a hidden edge pred: dict of lists, optional(default=None) dict to store a list of predecessors keyed by that node If None, predecessors are not stored. paths: dict, optional (default=None) dict to store the path list from source to each node, keyed by node. If None, paths are not stored. target : node label, optional Ending node for path. Search is halted when target is found. cutoff : integer or float, optional Length (sum of edge weights) at which the search is stopped. If cutoff is provided, only return paths with summed weight <= cutoff. Returns ------- distance : dictionary A mapping from node to shortest distance to that node from one of the source nodes. Raises ------ NodeNotFound If any of `sources` is not in `G`. Notes ----- The optional predecessor and path dictionaries can be accessed by the caller through the original pred and paths objects passed as arguments. No need to explicitly return pred or paths. """ G_succ = G._adj # For speed-up (and works for both directed and undirected graphs) push = heappush pop = heappop dist = {} # dictionary of final distances seen = {} # fringe is heapq with 3-tuples (distance,c,node) # use the count c to avoid comparing nodes (may not be able to) c = count() fringe = [] for source in sources: seen[source] = 0 push(fringe, (0, next(c), source)) while fringe: (d, _, v) = pop(fringe) if v in dist: continue # already searched this node. dist[v] = d if v == target: break for u, e in G_succ[v].items(): cost = weight(v, u, e) if cost is None: continue vu_dist = dist[v] + cost if cutoff is not None: if vu_dist > cutoff: continue if u in dist: u_dist = dist[u] if vu_dist < u_dist: raise ValueError("Contradictory paths found:", "negative weights?") elif pred is not None and vu_dist == u_dist: pred[u].append(v) elif u not in seen or vu_dist < seen[u]: seen[u] = vu_dist push(fringe, (vu_dist, next(c), u)) if paths is not None: paths[u] = paths[v] + [u] if pred is not None: pred[u] = [v] elif vu_dist == seen[u]: if pred is not None: pred[u].append(v) # The optional predecessor and path dictionaries can be accessed # by the caller via the pred and paths objects passed as arguments. return dist
(G, source, weight='weight', *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,111
networkx.algorithms.shortest_paths.weighted
single_source_dijkstra
Find shortest weighted paths and lengths from a source node. Compute the shortest path length between source and all other reachable nodes for a weighted graph. Uses Dijkstra's algorithm to compute shortest paths and lengths between a source and all other reachable nodes in a weighted graph. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph source : node label Starting node for path target : node label, optional Ending node for path cutoff : integer or float, optional Length (sum of edge weights) at which the search is stopped. If cutoff is provided, only return paths with summed weight <= cutoff. weight : string or function If this is a string, then edge weights will be accessed via the edge attribute with this key (that is, the weight of the edge joining `u` to `v` will be ``G.edges[u, v][weight]``). If no such edge attribute exists, the weight of the edge is assumed to be one. If this is a function, the weight of an edge is the value returned by the function. The function must accept exactly three positional arguments: the two endpoints of an edge and the dictionary of edge attributes for that edge. The function must return a number or None to indicate a hidden edge. Returns ------- distance, path : pair of dictionaries, or numeric and list. If target is None, paths and lengths to all nodes are computed. The return value is a tuple of two dictionaries keyed by target nodes. The first dictionary stores distance to each target node. The second stores the path to each target node. If target is not None, returns a tuple (distance, path), where distance is the distance from source to target and path is a list representing the path from source to target. Raises ------ NodeNotFound If `source` is not in `G`. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(5) >>> length, path = nx.single_source_dijkstra(G, 0) >>> length[4] 4 >>> for node in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]: ... print(f"{node}: {length[node]}") 0: 0 1: 1 2: 2 3: 3 4: 4 >>> path[4] [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] >>> length, path = nx.single_source_dijkstra(G, 0, 1) >>> length 1 >>> path [0, 1] Notes ----- Edge weight attributes must be numerical. Distances are calculated as sums of weighted edges traversed. The weight function can be used to hide edges by returning None. So ``weight = lambda u, v, d: 1 if d['color']=="red" else None`` will find the shortest red path. Based on the Python cookbook recipe (119466) at https://code.activestate.com/recipes/119466/ This algorithm is not guaranteed to work if edge weights are negative or are floating point numbers (overflows and roundoff errors can cause problems). See Also -------- single_source_dijkstra_path single_source_dijkstra_path_length single_source_bellman_ford
def _dijkstra_multisource( G, sources, weight, pred=None, paths=None, cutoff=None, target=None ): """Uses Dijkstra's algorithm to find shortest weighted paths Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph sources : non-empty iterable of nodes Starting nodes for paths. If this is just an iterable containing a single node, then all paths computed by this function will start from that node. If there are two or more nodes in this iterable, the computed paths may begin from any one of the start nodes. weight: function Function with (u, v, data) input that returns that edge's weight or None to indicate a hidden edge pred: dict of lists, optional(default=None) dict to store a list of predecessors keyed by that node If None, predecessors are not stored. paths: dict, optional (default=None) dict to store the path list from source to each node, keyed by node. If None, paths are not stored. target : node label, optional Ending node for path. Search is halted when target is found. cutoff : integer or float, optional Length (sum of edge weights) at which the search is stopped. If cutoff is provided, only return paths with summed weight <= cutoff. Returns ------- distance : dictionary A mapping from node to shortest distance to that node from one of the source nodes. Raises ------ NodeNotFound If any of `sources` is not in `G`. Notes ----- The optional predecessor and path dictionaries can be accessed by the caller through the original pred and paths objects passed as arguments. No need to explicitly return pred or paths. """ G_succ = G._adj # For speed-up (and works for both directed and undirected graphs) push = heappush pop = heappop dist = {} # dictionary of final distances seen = {} # fringe is heapq with 3-tuples (distance,c,node) # use the count c to avoid comparing nodes (may not be able to) c = count() fringe = [] for source in sources: seen[source] = 0 push(fringe, (0, next(c), source)) while fringe: (d, _, v) = pop(fringe) if v in dist: continue # already searched this node. dist[v] = d if v == target: break for u, e in G_succ[v].items(): cost = weight(v, u, e) if cost is None: continue vu_dist = dist[v] + cost if cutoff is not None: if vu_dist > cutoff: continue if u in dist: u_dist = dist[u] if vu_dist < u_dist: raise ValueError("Contradictory paths found:", "negative weights?") elif pred is not None and vu_dist == u_dist: pred[u].append(v) elif u not in seen or vu_dist < seen[u]: seen[u] = vu_dist push(fringe, (vu_dist, next(c), u)) if paths is not None: paths[u] = paths[v] + [u] if pred is not None: pred[u] = [v] elif vu_dist == seen[u]: if pred is not None: pred[u].append(v) # The optional predecessor and path dictionaries can be accessed # by the caller via the pred and paths objects passed as arguments. return dist
(G, source, target=None, cutoff=None, weight='weight', *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,112
networkx.algorithms.shortest_paths.weighted
single_source_dijkstra_path
Find shortest weighted paths in G from a source node. Compute shortest path between source and all other reachable nodes for a weighted graph. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph source : node Starting node for path. cutoff : integer or float, optional Length (sum of edge weights) at which the search is stopped. If cutoff is provided, only return paths with summed weight <= cutoff. weight : string or function If this is a string, then edge weights will be accessed via the edge attribute with this key (that is, the weight of the edge joining `u` to `v` will be ``G.edges[u, v][weight]``). If no such edge attribute exists, the weight of the edge is assumed to be one. If this is a function, the weight of an edge is the value returned by the function. The function must accept exactly three positional arguments: the two endpoints of an edge and the dictionary of edge attributes for that edge. The function must return a number or None to indicate a hidden edge. Returns ------- paths : dictionary Dictionary of shortest path lengths keyed by target. Raises ------ NodeNotFound If `source` is not in `G`. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(5) >>> path = nx.single_source_dijkstra_path(G, 0) >>> path[4] [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] Notes ----- Edge weight attributes must be numerical. Distances are calculated as sums of weighted edges traversed. The weight function can be used to hide edges by returning None. So ``weight = lambda u, v, d: 1 if d['color']=="red" else None`` will find the shortest red path. See Also -------- single_source_dijkstra, single_source_bellman_ford
def _dijkstra_multisource( G, sources, weight, pred=None, paths=None, cutoff=None, target=None ): """Uses Dijkstra's algorithm to find shortest weighted paths Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph sources : non-empty iterable of nodes Starting nodes for paths. If this is just an iterable containing a single node, then all paths computed by this function will start from that node. If there are two or more nodes in this iterable, the computed paths may begin from any one of the start nodes. weight: function Function with (u, v, data) input that returns that edge's weight or None to indicate a hidden edge pred: dict of lists, optional(default=None) dict to store a list of predecessors keyed by that node If None, predecessors are not stored. paths: dict, optional (default=None) dict to store the path list from source to each node, keyed by node. If None, paths are not stored. target : node label, optional Ending node for path. Search is halted when target is found. cutoff : integer or float, optional Length (sum of edge weights) at which the search is stopped. If cutoff is provided, only return paths with summed weight <= cutoff. Returns ------- distance : dictionary A mapping from node to shortest distance to that node from one of the source nodes. Raises ------ NodeNotFound If any of `sources` is not in `G`. Notes ----- The optional predecessor and path dictionaries can be accessed by the caller through the original pred and paths objects passed as arguments. No need to explicitly return pred or paths. """ G_succ = G._adj # For speed-up (and works for both directed and undirected graphs) push = heappush pop = heappop dist = {} # dictionary of final distances seen = {} # fringe is heapq with 3-tuples (distance,c,node) # use the count c to avoid comparing nodes (may not be able to) c = count() fringe = [] for source in sources: seen[source] = 0 push(fringe, (0, next(c), source)) while fringe: (d, _, v) = pop(fringe) if v in dist: continue # already searched this node. dist[v] = d if v == target: break for u, e in G_succ[v].items(): cost = weight(v, u, e) if cost is None: continue vu_dist = dist[v] + cost if cutoff is not None: if vu_dist > cutoff: continue if u in dist: u_dist = dist[u] if vu_dist < u_dist: raise ValueError("Contradictory paths found:", "negative weights?") elif pred is not None and vu_dist == u_dist: pred[u].append(v) elif u not in seen or vu_dist < seen[u]: seen[u] = vu_dist push(fringe, (vu_dist, next(c), u)) if paths is not None: paths[u] = paths[v] + [u] if pred is not None: pred[u] = [v] elif vu_dist == seen[u]: if pred is not None: pred[u].append(v) # The optional predecessor and path dictionaries can be accessed # by the caller via the pred and paths objects passed as arguments. return dist
(G, source, cutoff=None, weight='weight', *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,113
networkx.algorithms.shortest_paths.weighted
single_source_dijkstra_path_length
Find shortest weighted path lengths in G from a source node. Compute the shortest path length between source and all other reachable nodes for a weighted graph. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph source : node label Starting node for path cutoff : integer or float, optional Length (sum of edge weights) at which the search is stopped. If cutoff is provided, only return paths with summed weight <= cutoff. weight : string or function If this is a string, then edge weights will be accessed via the edge attribute with this key (that is, the weight of the edge joining `u` to `v` will be ``G.edges[u, v][weight]``). If no such edge attribute exists, the weight of the edge is assumed to be one. If this is a function, the weight of an edge is the value returned by the function. The function must accept exactly three positional arguments: the two endpoints of an edge and the dictionary of edge attributes for that edge. The function must return a number or None to indicate a hidden edge. Returns ------- length : dict Dict keyed by node to shortest path length from source. Raises ------ NodeNotFound If `source` is not in `G`. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(5) >>> length = nx.single_source_dijkstra_path_length(G, 0) >>> length[4] 4 >>> for node in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]: ... print(f"{node}: {length[node]}") 0: 0 1: 1 2: 2 3: 3 4: 4 Notes ----- Edge weight attributes must be numerical. Distances are calculated as sums of weighted edges traversed. The weight function can be used to hide edges by returning None. So ``weight = lambda u, v, d: 1 if d['color']=="red" else None`` will find the shortest red path. See Also -------- single_source_dijkstra, single_source_bellman_ford_path_length
def _dijkstra_multisource( G, sources, weight, pred=None, paths=None, cutoff=None, target=None ): """Uses Dijkstra's algorithm to find shortest weighted paths Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph sources : non-empty iterable of nodes Starting nodes for paths. If this is just an iterable containing a single node, then all paths computed by this function will start from that node. If there are two or more nodes in this iterable, the computed paths may begin from any one of the start nodes. weight: function Function with (u, v, data) input that returns that edge's weight or None to indicate a hidden edge pred: dict of lists, optional(default=None) dict to store a list of predecessors keyed by that node If None, predecessors are not stored. paths: dict, optional (default=None) dict to store the path list from source to each node, keyed by node. If None, paths are not stored. target : node label, optional Ending node for path. Search is halted when target is found. cutoff : integer or float, optional Length (sum of edge weights) at which the search is stopped. If cutoff is provided, only return paths with summed weight <= cutoff. Returns ------- distance : dictionary A mapping from node to shortest distance to that node from one of the source nodes. Raises ------ NodeNotFound If any of `sources` is not in `G`. Notes ----- The optional predecessor and path dictionaries can be accessed by the caller through the original pred and paths objects passed as arguments. No need to explicitly return pred or paths. """ G_succ = G._adj # For speed-up (and works for both directed and undirected graphs) push = heappush pop = heappop dist = {} # dictionary of final distances seen = {} # fringe is heapq with 3-tuples (distance,c,node) # use the count c to avoid comparing nodes (may not be able to) c = count() fringe = [] for source in sources: seen[source] = 0 push(fringe, (0, next(c), source)) while fringe: (d, _, v) = pop(fringe) if v in dist: continue # already searched this node. dist[v] = d if v == target: break for u, e in G_succ[v].items(): cost = weight(v, u, e) if cost is None: continue vu_dist = dist[v] + cost if cutoff is not None: if vu_dist > cutoff: continue if u in dist: u_dist = dist[u] if vu_dist < u_dist: raise ValueError("Contradictory paths found:", "negative weights?") elif pred is not None and vu_dist == u_dist: pred[u].append(v) elif u not in seen or vu_dist < seen[u]: seen[u] = vu_dist push(fringe, (vu_dist, next(c), u)) if paths is not None: paths[u] = paths[v] + [u] if pred is not None: pred[u] = [v] elif vu_dist == seen[u]: if pred is not None: pred[u].append(v) # The optional predecessor and path dictionaries can be accessed # by the caller via the pred and paths objects passed as arguments. return dist
(G, source, cutoff=None, weight='weight', *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,123
networkx.generators.geometric
soft_random_geometric_graph
Returns a soft random geometric graph in the unit cube. The soft random geometric graph [1] model places `n` nodes uniformly at random in the unit cube in dimension `dim`. Two nodes of distance, `dist`, computed by the `p`-Minkowski distance metric are joined by an edge with probability `p_dist` if the computed distance metric value of the nodes is at most `radius`, otherwise they are not joined. Edges within `radius` of each other are determined using a KDTree when SciPy is available. This reduces the time complexity from :math:`O(n^2)` to :math:`O(n)`. Parameters ---------- n : int or iterable Number of nodes or iterable of nodes radius: float Distance threshold value dim : int, optional Dimension of graph pos : dict, optional A dictionary keyed by node with node positions as values. p : float, optional Which Minkowski distance metric to use. `p` has to meet the condition ``1 <= p <= infinity``. If this argument is not specified, the :math:`L^2` metric (the Euclidean distance metric), p = 2 is used. This should not be confused with the `p` of an Erdős-Rényi random graph, which represents probability. p_dist : function, optional A probability density function computing the probability of connecting two nodes that are of distance, dist, computed by the Minkowski distance metric. The probability density function, `p_dist`, must be any function that takes the metric value as input and outputs a single probability value between 0-1. The scipy.stats package has many probability distribution functions implemented and tools for custom probability distribution definitions [2], and passing the .pdf method of scipy.stats distributions can be used here. If the probability function, `p_dist`, is not supplied, the default function is an exponential distribution with rate parameter :math:`\lambda=1`. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. pos_name : string, default="pos" The name of the node attribute which represents the position in 2D coordinates of the node in the returned graph. Returns ------- Graph A soft random geometric graph, undirected and without self-loops. Each node has a node attribute ``'pos'`` that stores the position of that node in Euclidean space as provided by the ``pos`` keyword argument or, if ``pos`` was not provided, as generated by this function. Examples -------- Default Graph: G = nx.soft_random_geometric_graph(50, 0.2) Custom Graph: Create a soft random geometric graph on 100 uniformly distributed nodes where nodes are joined by an edge with probability computed from an exponential distribution with rate parameter :math:`\lambda=1` if their Euclidean distance is at most 0.2. Notes ----- This uses a *k*-d tree to build the graph. The `pos` keyword argument can be used to specify node positions so you can create an arbitrary distribution and domain for positions. For example, to use a 2D Gaussian distribution of node positions with mean (0, 0) and standard deviation 2 The scipy.stats package can be used to define the probability distribution with the .pdf method used as `p_dist`. :: >>> import random >>> import math >>> n = 100 >>> pos = {i: (random.gauss(0, 2), random.gauss(0, 2)) for i in range(n)} >>> p_dist = lambda dist: math.exp(-dist) >>> G = nx.soft_random_geometric_graph(n, 0.2, pos=pos, p_dist=p_dist) References ---------- .. [1] Penrose, Mathew D. "Connectivity of soft random geometric graphs." The Annals of Applied Probability 26.2 (2016): 986-1028. .. [2] scipy.stats - https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/tutorial/stats.html
def thresholded_random_geometric_graph( n, radius, theta, dim=2, pos=None, weight=None, p=2, seed=None, *, pos_name="pos", weight_name="weight", ): r"""Returns a thresholded random geometric graph in the unit cube. The thresholded random geometric graph [1] model places `n` nodes uniformly at random in the unit cube of dimensions `dim`. Each node `u` is assigned a weight :math:`w_u`. Two nodes `u` and `v` are joined by an edge if they are within the maximum connection distance, `radius` computed by the `p`-Minkowski distance and the summation of weights :math:`w_u` + :math:`w_v` is greater than or equal to the threshold parameter `theta`. Edges within `radius` of each other are determined using a KDTree when SciPy is available. This reduces the time complexity from :math:`O(n^2)` to :math:`O(n)`. Parameters ---------- n : int or iterable Number of nodes or iterable of nodes radius: float Distance threshold value theta: float Threshold value dim : int, optional Dimension of graph pos : dict, optional A dictionary keyed by node with node positions as values. weight : dict, optional Node weights as a dictionary of numbers keyed by node. p : float, optional (default 2) Which Minkowski distance metric to use. `p` has to meet the condition ``1 <= p <= infinity``. If this argument is not specified, the :math:`L^2` metric (the Euclidean distance metric), p = 2 is used. This should not be confused with the `p` of an Erdős-Rényi random graph, which represents probability. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. pos_name : string, default="pos" The name of the node attribute which represents the position in 2D coordinates of the node in the returned graph. weight_name : string, default="weight" The name of the node attribute which represents the weight of the node in the returned graph. Returns ------- Graph A thresholded random geographic graph, undirected and without self-loops. Each node has a node attribute ``'pos'`` that stores the position of that node in Euclidean space as provided by the ``pos`` keyword argument or, if ``pos`` was not provided, as generated by this function. Similarly, each node has a nodethre attribute ``'weight'`` that stores the weight of that node as provided or as generated. Examples -------- Default Graph: G = nx.thresholded_random_geometric_graph(50, 0.2, 0.1) Custom Graph: Create a thresholded random geometric graph on 50 uniformly distributed nodes where nodes are joined by an edge if their sum weights drawn from a exponential distribution with rate = 5 are >= theta = 0.1 and their Euclidean distance is at most 0.2. Notes ----- This uses a *k*-d tree to build the graph. The `pos` keyword argument can be used to specify node positions so you can create an arbitrary distribution and domain for positions. For example, to use a 2D Gaussian distribution of node positions with mean (0, 0) and standard deviation 2 If weights are not specified they are assigned to nodes by drawing randomly from the exponential distribution with rate parameter :math:`\lambda=1`. To specify weights from a different distribution, use the `weight` keyword argument:: :: >>> import random >>> import math >>> n = 50 >>> pos = {i: (random.gauss(0, 2), random.gauss(0, 2)) for i in range(n)} >>> w = {i: random.expovariate(5.0) for i in range(n)} >>> G = nx.thresholded_random_geometric_graph(n, 0.2, 0.1, 2, pos, w) References ---------- .. [1] http://cole-maclean.github.io/blog/files/thesis.pdf """ G = nx.empty_graph(n) G.name = f"thresholded_random_geometric_graph({n}, {radius}, {theta}, {dim})" # If no weights are provided, choose them from an exponential # distribution. if weight is None: weight = {v: seed.expovariate(1) for v in G} # If no positions are provided, choose uniformly random vectors in # Euclidean space of the specified dimension. if pos is None: pos = {v: [seed.random() for i in range(dim)] for v in G} # If no distance metric is provided, use Euclidean distance. nx.set_node_attributes(G, weight, weight_name) nx.set_node_attributes(G, pos, pos_name) edges = ( (u, v) for u, v in _geometric_edges(G, radius, p, pos_name) if weight[u] + weight[v] >= theta ) G.add_edges_from(edges) return G
(n, radius, dim=2, pos=None, p=2, p_dist=None, seed=None, *, pos_name='pos', backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,129
networkx.drawing.layout
spectral_layout
Position nodes using the eigenvectors of the graph Laplacian. Using the unnormalized Laplacian, the layout shows possible clusters of nodes which are an approximation of the ratio cut. If dim is the number of dimensions then the positions are the entries of the dim eigenvectors corresponding to the ascending eigenvalues starting from the second one. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph or list of nodes A position will be assigned to every node in G. weight : string or None optional (default='weight') The edge attribute that holds the numerical value used for the edge weight. If None, then all edge weights are 1. scale : number (default: 1) Scale factor for positions. center : array-like or None Coordinate pair around which to center the layout. dim : int Dimension of layout. Returns ------- pos : dict A dictionary of positions keyed by node Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(4) >>> pos = nx.spectral_layout(G) Notes ----- Directed graphs will be considered as undirected graphs when positioning the nodes. For larger graphs (>500 nodes) this will use the SciPy sparse eigenvalue solver (ARPACK).
def spectral_layout(G, weight="weight", scale=1, center=None, dim=2): """Position nodes using the eigenvectors of the graph Laplacian. Using the unnormalized Laplacian, the layout shows possible clusters of nodes which are an approximation of the ratio cut. If dim is the number of dimensions then the positions are the entries of the dim eigenvectors corresponding to the ascending eigenvalues starting from the second one. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph or list of nodes A position will be assigned to every node in G. weight : string or None optional (default='weight') The edge attribute that holds the numerical value used for the edge weight. If None, then all edge weights are 1. scale : number (default: 1) Scale factor for positions. center : array-like or None Coordinate pair around which to center the layout. dim : int Dimension of layout. Returns ------- pos : dict A dictionary of positions keyed by node Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(4) >>> pos = nx.spectral_layout(G) Notes ----- Directed graphs will be considered as undirected graphs when positioning the nodes. For larger graphs (>500 nodes) this will use the SciPy sparse eigenvalue solver (ARPACK). """ # handle some special cases that break the eigensolvers import numpy as np G, center = _process_params(G, center, dim) if len(G) <= 2: if len(G) == 0: pos = np.array([]) elif len(G) == 1: pos = np.array([center]) else: pos = np.array([np.zeros(dim), np.array(center) * 2.0]) return dict(zip(G, pos)) try: # Sparse matrix if len(G) < 500: # dense solver is faster for small graphs raise ValueError A = nx.to_scipy_sparse_array(G, weight=weight, dtype="d") # Symmetrize directed graphs if G.is_directed(): A = A + np.transpose(A) pos = _sparse_spectral(A, dim) except (ImportError, ValueError): # Dense matrix A = nx.to_numpy_array(G, weight=weight) # Symmetrize directed graphs if G.is_directed(): A += A.T pos = _spectral(A, dim) pos = rescale_layout(pos, scale=scale) + center pos = dict(zip(G, pos)) return pos
(G, weight='weight', scale=1, center=None, dim=2)
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31,132
networkx.drawing.layout
spiral_layout
Position nodes in a spiral layout. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph or list of nodes A position will be assigned to every node in G. scale : number (default: 1) Scale factor for positions. center : array-like or None Coordinate pair around which to center the layout. dim : int, default=2 Dimension of layout, currently only dim=2 is supported. Other dimension values result in a ValueError. resolution : float, default=0.35 The compactness of the spiral layout returned. Lower values result in more compressed spiral layouts. equidistant : bool, default=False If True, nodes will be positioned equidistant from each other by decreasing angle further from center. If False, nodes will be positioned at equal angles from each other by increasing separation further from center. Returns ------- pos : dict A dictionary of positions keyed by node Raises ------ ValueError If dim != 2 Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(4) >>> pos = nx.spiral_layout(G) >>> nx.draw(G, pos=pos) Notes ----- This algorithm currently only works in two dimensions.
def spiral_layout(G, scale=1, center=None, dim=2, resolution=0.35, equidistant=False): """Position nodes in a spiral layout. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph or list of nodes A position will be assigned to every node in G. scale : number (default: 1) Scale factor for positions. center : array-like or None Coordinate pair around which to center the layout. dim : int, default=2 Dimension of layout, currently only dim=2 is supported. Other dimension values result in a ValueError. resolution : float, default=0.35 The compactness of the spiral layout returned. Lower values result in more compressed spiral layouts. equidistant : bool, default=False If True, nodes will be positioned equidistant from each other by decreasing angle further from center. If False, nodes will be positioned at equal angles from each other by increasing separation further from center. Returns ------- pos : dict A dictionary of positions keyed by node Raises ------ ValueError If dim != 2 Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(4) >>> pos = nx.spiral_layout(G) >>> nx.draw(G, pos=pos) Notes ----- This algorithm currently only works in two dimensions. """ import numpy as np if dim != 2: raise ValueError("can only handle 2 dimensions") G, center = _process_params(G, center, dim) if len(G) == 0: return {} if len(G) == 1: return {nx.utils.arbitrary_element(G): center} pos = [] if equidistant: chord = 1 step = 0.5 theta = resolution theta += chord / (step * theta) for _ in range(len(G)): r = step * theta theta += chord / r pos.append([np.cos(theta) * r, np.sin(theta) * r]) else: dist = np.arange(len(G), dtype=float) angle = resolution * dist pos = np.transpose(dist * np.array([np.cos(angle), np.sin(angle)])) pos = rescale_layout(np.array(pos), scale=scale) + center pos = dict(zip(G, pos)) return pos
(G, scale=1, center=None, dim=2, resolution=0.35, equidistant=False)
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31,135
networkx.generators.classic
star_graph
Return the star graph The star graph consists of one center node connected to n outer nodes. .. plot:: >>> nx.draw(nx.star_graph(6)) Parameters ---------- n : int or iterable If an integer, node labels are 0 to n with center 0. If an iterable of nodes, the center is the first. Warning: n is not checked for duplicates and if present the resulting graph may not be as desired. Make sure you have no duplicates. create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph) Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated. Notes ----- The graph has n+1 nodes for integer n. So star_graph(3) is the same as star_graph(range(4)).
def star_graph(n, create_using=None): """Return the star graph The star graph consists of one center node connected to n outer nodes. .. plot:: >>> nx.draw(nx.star_graph(6)) Parameters ---------- n : int or iterable If an integer, node labels are 0 to n with center 0. If an iterable of nodes, the center is the first. Warning: n is not checked for duplicates and if present the resulting graph may not be as desired. Make sure you have no duplicates. create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph) Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated. Notes ----- The graph has n+1 nodes for integer n. So star_graph(3) is the same as star_graph(range(4)). """ n, nodes = n if isinstance(n, numbers.Integral): nodes.append(int(n)) # there should be n+1 nodes G = empty_graph(nodes, create_using) if G.is_directed(): raise NetworkXError("Directed Graph not supported") if len(nodes) > 1: hub, *spokes = nodes G.add_edges_from((hub, node) for node in spokes) return G
(n, create_using=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,137
networkx.generators.community
stochastic_block_model
Returns a stochastic block model graph. This model partitions the nodes in blocks of arbitrary sizes, and places edges between pairs of nodes independently, with a probability that depends on the blocks. Parameters ---------- sizes : list of ints Sizes of blocks p : list of list of floats Element (r,s) gives the density of edges going from the nodes of group r to nodes of group s. p must match the number of groups (len(sizes) == len(p)), and it must be symmetric if the graph is undirected. nodelist : list, optional The block tags are assigned according to the node identifiers in nodelist. If nodelist is None, then the ordering is the range [0,sum(sizes)-1]. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. directed : boolean optional, default=False Whether to create a directed graph or not. selfloops : boolean optional, default=False Whether to include self-loops or not. sparse: boolean optional, default=True Use the sparse heuristic to speed up the generator. Returns ------- g : NetworkX Graph or DiGraph Stochastic block model graph of size sum(sizes) Raises ------ NetworkXError If probabilities are not in [0,1]. If the probability matrix is not square (directed case). If the probability matrix is not symmetric (undirected case). If the sizes list does not match nodelist or the probability matrix. If nodelist contains duplicate. Examples -------- >>> sizes = [75, 75, 300] >>> probs = [[0.25, 0.05, 0.02], [0.05, 0.35, 0.07], [0.02, 0.07, 0.40]] >>> g = nx.stochastic_block_model(sizes, probs, seed=0) >>> len(g) 450 >>> H = nx.quotient_graph(g, g.graph["partition"], relabel=True) >>> for v in H.nodes(data=True): ... print(round(v[1]["density"], 3)) 0.245 0.348 0.405 >>> for v in H.edges(data=True): ... print(round(1.0 * v[2]["weight"] / (sizes[v[0]] * sizes[v[1]]), 3)) 0.051 0.022 0.07 See Also -------- random_partition_graph planted_partition_graph gaussian_random_partition_graph gnp_random_graph References ---------- .. [1] Holland, P. W., Laskey, K. B., & Leinhardt, S., "Stochastic blockmodels: First steps", Social networks, 5(2), 109-137, 1983.
def _generate_communities(degree_seq, community_sizes, mu, max_iters, seed): """Returns a list of sets, each of which represents a community. ``degree_seq`` is the degree sequence that must be met by the graph. ``community_sizes`` is the community size distribution that must be met by the generated list of sets. ``mu`` is a float in the interval [0, 1] indicating the fraction of intra-community edges incident to each node. ``max_iters`` is the number of times to try to add a node to a community. This must be greater than the length of ``degree_seq``, otherwise this function will always fail. If the number of iterations exceeds this value, :exc:`~networkx.exception.ExceededMaxIterations` is raised. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. The communities returned by this are sets of integers in the set {0, ..., *n* - 1}, where *n* is the length of ``degree_seq``. """ # This assumes the nodes in the graph will be natural numbers. result = [set() for _ in community_sizes] n = len(degree_seq) free = list(range(n)) for i in range(max_iters): v = free.pop() c = seed.choice(range(len(community_sizes))) # s = int(degree_seq[v] * (1 - mu) + 0.5) s = round(degree_seq[v] * (1 - mu)) # If the community is large enough, add the node to the chosen # community. Otherwise, return it to the list of unaffiliated # nodes. if s < community_sizes[c]: result[c].add(v) else: free.append(v) # If the community is too big, remove a node from it. if len(result[c]) > community_sizes[c]: free.append(result[c].pop()) if not free: return result msg = "Could not assign communities; try increasing min_community" raise nx.ExceededMaxIterations(msg)
(sizes, p, nodelist=None, seed=None, directed=False, selfloops=False, sparse=True, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,145
networkx.classes.function
subgraph
Returns the subgraph induced on nodes in nbunch. Parameters ---------- G : graph A NetworkX graph nbunch : list, iterable A container of nodes that will be iterated through once (thus it should be an iterator or be iterable). Each element of the container should be a valid node type: any hashable type except None. If nbunch is None, return all edges data in the graph. Nodes in nbunch that are not in the graph will be (quietly) ignored. Notes ----- subgraph(G) calls G.subgraph()
def subgraph(G, nbunch): """Returns the subgraph induced on nodes in nbunch. Parameters ---------- G : graph A NetworkX graph nbunch : list, iterable A container of nodes that will be iterated through once (thus it should be an iterator or be iterable). Each element of the container should be a valid node type: any hashable type except None. If nbunch is None, return all edges data in the graph. Nodes in nbunch that are not in the graph will be (quietly) ignored. Notes ----- subgraph(G) calls G.subgraph() """ return G.subgraph(nbunch)
(G, nbunch)
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31,155
networkx.generators.classic
tadpole_graph
Returns the (m,n)-tadpole graph; ``C_m`` connected to ``P_n``. This graph on m+n nodes connects a cycle of size `m` to a path of length `n`. It looks like a tadpole. It is also called a kite graph or a dragon graph. .. plot:: >>> nx.draw(nx.tadpole_graph(3, 5)) Parameters ---------- m, n : int or iterable container of nodes If an integer, nodes are from ``range(m)`` and ``range(m,m+n)``. If a container of nodes, those nodes appear in the graph. Warning: `m` and `n` are not checked for duplicates and if present the resulting graph may not be as desired. The nodes for `m` appear in the cycle graph $C_m$ and the nodes for `n` appear in the path $P_n$. create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph) Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated. Returns ------- Networkx graph A cycle of size `m` connected to a path of length `n`. Raises ------ NetworkXError If ``m < 2``. The tadpole graph is undefined for ``m<2``. Notes ----- The 2 subgraphs are joined via an edge ``(m-1, m)``. If ``n=0``, this is a cycle graph. `m` and/or `n` can be a container of nodes instead of an integer.
def star_graph(n, create_using=None): """Return the star graph The star graph consists of one center node connected to n outer nodes. .. plot:: >>> nx.draw(nx.star_graph(6)) Parameters ---------- n : int or iterable If an integer, node labels are 0 to n with center 0. If an iterable of nodes, the center is the first. Warning: n is not checked for duplicates and if present the resulting graph may not be as desired. Make sure you have no duplicates. create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph) Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated. Notes ----- The graph has n+1 nodes for integer n. So star_graph(3) is the same as star_graph(range(4)). """ n, nodes = n if isinstance(n, numbers.Integral): nodes.append(int(n)) # there should be n+1 nodes G = empty_graph(nodes, create_using) if G.is_directed(): raise NetworkXError("Directed Graph not supported") if len(nodes) > 1: hub, *spokes = nodes G.add_edges_from((hub, node) for node in spokes) return G
(m, n, create_using=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,157
networkx.generators.small
tetrahedral_graph
Returns the 3-regular Platonic Tetrahedral graph. Tetrahedral graph has 4 nodes and 6 edges. It is a special case of the complete graph, K4, and wheel graph, W4. It is one of the 5 platonic graphs [1]_. Parameters ---------- create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph) Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated. Returns ------- G : networkx Graph Tetrahedral Graph References ---------- .. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron#Tetrahedral_graph
def sedgewick_maze_graph(create_using=None): """ Return a small maze with a cycle. This is the maze used in Sedgewick, 3rd Edition, Part 5, Graph Algorithms, Chapter 18, e.g. Figure 18.2 and following [1]_. Nodes are numbered 0,..,7 Parameters ---------- create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph) Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated. Returns ------- G : networkx Graph Small maze with a cycle References ---------- .. [1] Figure 18.2, Chapter 18, Graph Algorithms (3rd Ed), Sedgewick """ G = empty_graph(0, create_using) G.add_nodes_from(range(8)) G.add_edges_from([[0, 2], [0, 7], [0, 5]]) G.add_edges_from([[1, 7], [2, 6]]) G.add_edges_from([[3, 4], [3, 5]]) G.add_edges_from([[4, 5], [4, 7], [4, 6]]) G.name = "Sedgewick Maze" return G
(create_using=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,159
networkx.generators.geometric
thresholded_random_geometric_graph
Returns a thresholded random geometric graph in the unit cube. The thresholded random geometric graph [1] model places `n` nodes uniformly at random in the unit cube of dimensions `dim`. Each node `u` is assigned a weight :math:`w_u`. Two nodes `u` and `v` are joined by an edge if they are within the maximum connection distance, `radius` computed by the `p`-Minkowski distance and the summation of weights :math:`w_u` + :math:`w_v` is greater than or equal to the threshold parameter `theta`. Edges within `radius` of each other are determined using a KDTree when SciPy is available. This reduces the time complexity from :math:`O(n^2)` to :math:`O(n)`. Parameters ---------- n : int or iterable Number of nodes or iterable of nodes radius: float Distance threshold value theta: float Threshold value dim : int, optional Dimension of graph pos : dict, optional A dictionary keyed by node with node positions as values. weight : dict, optional Node weights as a dictionary of numbers keyed by node. p : float, optional (default 2) Which Minkowski distance metric to use. `p` has to meet the condition ``1 <= p <= infinity``. If this argument is not specified, the :math:`L^2` metric (the Euclidean distance metric), p = 2 is used. This should not be confused with the `p` of an Erdős-Rényi random graph, which represents probability. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. pos_name : string, default="pos" The name of the node attribute which represents the position in 2D coordinates of the node in the returned graph. weight_name : string, default="weight" The name of the node attribute which represents the weight of the node in the returned graph. Returns ------- Graph A thresholded random geographic graph, undirected and without self-loops. Each node has a node attribute ``'pos'`` that stores the position of that node in Euclidean space as provided by the ``pos`` keyword argument or, if ``pos`` was not provided, as generated by this function. Similarly, each node has a nodethre attribute ``'weight'`` that stores the weight of that node as provided or as generated. Examples -------- Default Graph: G = nx.thresholded_random_geometric_graph(50, 0.2, 0.1) Custom Graph: Create a thresholded random geometric graph on 50 uniformly distributed nodes where nodes are joined by an edge if their sum weights drawn from a exponential distribution with rate = 5 are >= theta = 0.1 and their Euclidean distance is at most 0.2. Notes ----- This uses a *k*-d tree to build the graph. The `pos` keyword argument can be used to specify node positions so you can create an arbitrary distribution and domain for positions. For example, to use a 2D Gaussian distribution of node positions with mean (0, 0) and standard deviation 2 If weights are not specified they are assigned to nodes by drawing randomly from the exponential distribution with rate parameter :math:`\lambda=1`. To specify weights from a different distribution, use the `weight` keyword argument:: :: >>> import random >>> import math >>> n = 50 >>> pos = {i: (random.gauss(0, 2), random.gauss(0, 2)) for i in range(n)} >>> w = {i: random.expovariate(5.0) for i in range(n)} >>> G = nx.thresholded_random_geometric_graph(n, 0.2, 0.1, 2, pos, w) References ---------- .. [1] http://cole-maclean.github.io/blog/files/thesis.pdf
def thresholded_random_geometric_graph( n, radius, theta, dim=2, pos=None, weight=None, p=2, seed=None, *, pos_name="pos", weight_name="weight", ): r"""Returns a thresholded random geometric graph in the unit cube. The thresholded random geometric graph [1] model places `n` nodes uniformly at random in the unit cube of dimensions `dim`. Each node `u` is assigned a weight :math:`w_u`. Two nodes `u` and `v` are joined by an edge if they are within the maximum connection distance, `radius` computed by the `p`-Minkowski distance and the summation of weights :math:`w_u` + :math:`w_v` is greater than or equal to the threshold parameter `theta`. Edges within `radius` of each other are determined using a KDTree when SciPy is available. This reduces the time complexity from :math:`O(n^2)` to :math:`O(n)`. Parameters ---------- n : int or iterable Number of nodes or iterable of nodes radius: float Distance threshold value theta: float Threshold value dim : int, optional Dimension of graph pos : dict, optional A dictionary keyed by node with node positions as values. weight : dict, optional Node weights as a dictionary of numbers keyed by node. p : float, optional (default 2) Which Minkowski distance metric to use. `p` has to meet the condition ``1 <= p <= infinity``. If this argument is not specified, the :math:`L^2` metric (the Euclidean distance metric), p = 2 is used. This should not be confused with the `p` of an Erdős-Rényi random graph, which represents probability. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. pos_name : string, default="pos" The name of the node attribute which represents the position in 2D coordinates of the node in the returned graph. weight_name : string, default="weight" The name of the node attribute which represents the weight of the node in the returned graph. Returns ------- Graph A thresholded random geographic graph, undirected and without self-loops. Each node has a node attribute ``'pos'`` that stores the position of that node in Euclidean space as provided by the ``pos`` keyword argument or, if ``pos`` was not provided, as generated by this function. Similarly, each node has a nodethre attribute ``'weight'`` that stores the weight of that node as provided or as generated. Examples -------- Default Graph: G = nx.thresholded_random_geometric_graph(50, 0.2, 0.1) Custom Graph: Create a thresholded random geometric graph on 50 uniformly distributed nodes where nodes are joined by an edge if their sum weights drawn from a exponential distribution with rate = 5 are >= theta = 0.1 and their Euclidean distance is at most 0.2. Notes ----- This uses a *k*-d tree to build the graph. The `pos` keyword argument can be used to specify node positions so you can create an arbitrary distribution and domain for positions. For example, to use a 2D Gaussian distribution of node positions with mean (0, 0) and standard deviation 2 If weights are not specified they are assigned to nodes by drawing randomly from the exponential distribution with rate parameter :math:`\lambda=1`. To specify weights from a different distribution, use the `weight` keyword argument:: :: >>> import random >>> import math >>> n = 50 >>> pos = {i: (random.gauss(0, 2), random.gauss(0, 2)) for i in range(n)} >>> w = {i: random.expovariate(5.0) for i in range(n)} >>> G = nx.thresholded_random_geometric_graph(n, 0.2, 0.1, 2, pos, w) References ---------- .. [1] http://cole-maclean.github.io/blog/files/thesis.pdf """ G = nx.empty_graph(n) G.name = f"thresholded_random_geometric_graph({n}, {radius}, {theta}, {dim})" # If no weights are provided, choose them from an exponential # distribution. if weight is None: weight = {v: seed.expovariate(1) for v in G} # If no positions are provided, choose uniformly random vectors in # Euclidean space of the specified dimension. if pos is None: pos = {v: [seed.random() for i in range(dim)] for v in G} # If no distance metric is provided, use Euclidean distance. nx.set_node_attributes(G, weight, weight_name) nx.set_node_attributes(G, pos, pos_name) edges = ( (u, v) for u, v in _geometric_edges(G, radius, p, pos_name) if weight[u] + weight[v] >= theta ) G.add_edges_from(edges) return G
(n, radius, theta, dim=2, pos=None, weight=None, p=2, seed=None, *, pos_name='pos', weight_name='weight', backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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0.03326792269945145, 0.005502964835613966, 0.05095052719116211 ]
31,162
networkx.convert
to_dict_of_dicts
Returns adjacency representation of graph as a dictionary of dictionaries. Parameters ---------- G : graph A NetworkX graph nodelist : list Use only nodes specified in nodelist edge_data : scalar, optional If provided, the value of the dictionary will be set to `edge_data` for all edges. Usual values could be `1` or `True`. If `edge_data` is `None` (the default), the edgedata in `G` is used, resulting in a dict-of-dict-of-dicts. If `G` is a MultiGraph, the result will be a dict-of-dict-of-dict-of-dicts. See Notes for an approach to customize handling edge data. `edge_data` should *not* be a container. Returns ------- dod : dict A nested dictionary representation of `G`. Note that the level of nesting depends on the type of `G` and the value of `edge_data` (see Examples). See Also -------- from_dict_of_dicts, to_dict_of_lists Notes ----- For a more custom approach to handling edge data, try:: dod = { n: {nbr: custom(n, nbr, dd) for nbr, dd in nbrdict.items()} for n, nbrdict in G.adj.items() } where `custom` returns the desired edge data for each edge between `n` and `nbr`, given existing edge data `dd`. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(3) >>> nx.to_dict_of_dicts(G) {0: {1: {}}, 1: {0: {}, 2: {}}, 2: {1: {}}} Edge data is preserved by default (``edge_data=None``), resulting in dict-of-dict-of-dicts where the innermost dictionary contains the edge data: >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_edges_from( ... [ ... (0, 1, {"weight": 1.0}), ... (1, 2, {"weight": 2.0}), ... (2, 0, {"weight": 1.0}), ... ] ... ) >>> d = nx.to_dict_of_dicts(G) >>> d # doctest: +SKIP {0: {1: {'weight': 1.0}, 2: {'weight': 1.0}}, 1: {0: {'weight': 1.0}, 2: {'weight': 2.0}}, 2: {1: {'weight': 2.0}, 0: {'weight': 1.0}}} >>> d[1][2]["weight"] 2.0 If `edge_data` is not `None`, edge data in the original graph (if any) is replaced: >>> d = nx.to_dict_of_dicts(G, edge_data=1) >>> d {0: {1: 1, 2: 1}, 1: {0: 1, 2: 1}, 2: {1: 1, 0: 1}} >>> d[1][2] 1 This also applies to MultiGraphs: edge data is preserved by default: >>> G = nx.MultiGraph() >>> G.add_edge(0, 1, key="a", weight=1.0) 'a' >>> G.add_edge(0, 1, key="b", weight=5.0) 'b' >>> d = nx.to_dict_of_dicts(G) >>> d # doctest: +SKIP {0: {1: {'a': {'weight': 1.0}, 'b': {'weight': 5.0}}}, 1: {0: {'a': {'weight': 1.0}, 'b': {'weight': 5.0}}}} >>> d[0][1]["b"]["weight"] 5.0 But multi edge data is lost if `edge_data` is not `None`: >>> d = nx.to_dict_of_dicts(G, edge_data=10) >>> d {0: {1: 10}, 1: {0: 10}}
def to_dict_of_dicts(G, nodelist=None, edge_data=None): """Returns adjacency representation of graph as a dictionary of dictionaries. Parameters ---------- G : graph A NetworkX graph nodelist : list Use only nodes specified in nodelist edge_data : scalar, optional If provided, the value of the dictionary will be set to `edge_data` for all edges. Usual values could be `1` or `True`. If `edge_data` is `None` (the default), the edgedata in `G` is used, resulting in a dict-of-dict-of-dicts. If `G` is a MultiGraph, the result will be a dict-of-dict-of-dict-of-dicts. See Notes for an approach to customize handling edge data. `edge_data` should *not* be a container. Returns ------- dod : dict A nested dictionary representation of `G`. Note that the level of nesting depends on the type of `G` and the value of `edge_data` (see Examples). See Also -------- from_dict_of_dicts, to_dict_of_lists Notes ----- For a more custom approach to handling edge data, try:: dod = { n: {nbr: custom(n, nbr, dd) for nbr, dd in nbrdict.items()} for n, nbrdict in G.adj.items() } where `custom` returns the desired edge data for each edge between `n` and `nbr`, given existing edge data `dd`. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(3) >>> nx.to_dict_of_dicts(G) {0: {1: {}}, 1: {0: {}, 2: {}}, 2: {1: {}}} Edge data is preserved by default (``edge_data=None``), resulting in dict-of-dict-of-dicts where the innermost dictionary contains the edge data: >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_edges_from( ... [ ... (0, 1, {"weight": 1.0}), ... (1, 2, {"weight": 2.0}), ... (2, 0, {"weight": 1.0}), ... ] ... ) >>> d = nx.to_dict_of_dicts(G) >>> d # doctest: +SKIP {0: {1: {'weight': 1.0}, 2: {'weight': 1.0}}, 1: {0: {'weight': 1.0}, 2: {'weight': 2.0}}, 2: {1: {'weight': 2.0}, 0: {'weight': 1.0}}} >>> d[1][2]["weight"] 2.0 If `edge_data` is not `None`, edge data in the original graph (if any) is replaced: >>> d = nx.to_dict_of_dicts(G, edge_data=1) >>> d {0: {1: 1, 2: 1}, 1: {0: 1, 2: 1}, 2: {1: 1, 0: 1}} >>> d[1][2] 1 This also applies to MultiGraphs: edge data is preserved by default: >>> G = nx.MultiGraph() >>> G.add_edge(0, 1, key="a", weight=1.0) 'a' >>> G.add_edge(0, 1, key="b", weight=5.0) 'b' >>> d = nx.to_dict_of_dicts(G) >>> d # doctest: +SKIP {0: {1: {'a': {'weight': 1.0}, 'b': {'weight': 5.0}}}, 1: {0: {'a': {'weight': 1.0}, 'b': {'weight': 5.0}}}} >>> d[0][1]["b"]["weight"] 5.0 But multi edge data is lost if `edge_data` is not `None`: >>> d = nx.to_dict_of_dicts(G, edge_data=10) >>> d {0: {1: 10}, 1: {0: 10}} """ dod = {} if nodelist is None: if edge_data is None: for u, nbrdict in G.adjacency(): dod[u] = nbrdict.copy() else: # edge_data is not None for u, nbrdict in G.adjacency(): dod[u] = dod.fromkeys(nbrdict, edge_data) else: # nodelist is not None if edge_data is None: for u in nodelist: dod[u] = {} for v, data in ((v, data) for v, data in G[u].items() if v in nodelist): dod[u][v] = data else: # nodelist and edge_data are not None for u in nodelist: dod[u] = {} for v in (v for v in G[u] if v in nodelist): dod[u][v] = edge_data return dod
(G, nodelist=None, edge_data=None)
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31,164
networkx.classes.function
to_directed
Returns a directed view of the graph `graph`. Identical to graph.to_directed(as_view=True) Note that graph.to_directed defaults to `as_view=False` while this function always provides a view.
def to_directed(graph): """Returns a directed view of the graph `graph`. Identical to graph.to_directed(as_view=True) Note that graph.to_directed defaults to `as_view=False` while this function always provides a view. """ return graph.to_directed(as_view=True)
(graph)
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31,167
networkx.drawing.nx_latex
to_latex
Return latex code to draw the graph(s) in `Gbunch` The TikZ drawing utility in LaTeX is used to draw the graph(s). If `Gbunch` is a graph, it is drawn in a figure environment. If `Gbunch` is an iterable of graphs, each is drawn in a subfigure environment within a single figure environment. If `as_document` is True, the figure is wrapped inside a document environment so that the resulting string is ready to be compiled by LaTeX. Otherwise, the string is ready for inclusion in a larger tex document using ``\include`` or ``\input`` statements. Parameters ========== Gbunch : NetworkX graph or iterable of NetworkX graphs The NetworkX graph to be drawn or an iterable of graphs to be drawn inside subfigures of a single figure. pos : string or list of strings The name of the node attribute on `G` that holds the position of each node. Positions can be sequences of length 2 with numbers for (x,y) coordinates. They can also be strings to denote positions in TikZ style, such as (x, y) or (angle:radius). If a dict, it should be keyed by node to a position. If an empty dict, a circular layout is computed by TikZ. If you are drawing many graphs in subfigures, use a list of position dicts. tikz_options : string The tikzpicture options description defining the options for the picture. Often large scale options like `[scale=2]`. default_node_options : string The draw options for a path of nodes. Individual node options override these. node_options : string or dict The name of the node attribute on `G` that holds the options for each node. Or a dict keyed by node to a string holding the options for that node. node_label : string or dict The name of the node attribute on `G` that holds the node label (text) displayed for each node. If the attribute is "" or not present, the node itself is drawn as a string. LaTeX processing such as ``"$A_1$"`` is allowed. Or a dict keyed by node to a string holding the label for that node. default_edge_options : string The options for the scope drawing all edges. The default is "[-]" for undirected graphs and "[->]" for directed graphs. edge_options : string or dict The name of the edge attribute on `G` that holds the options for each edge. If the edge is a self-loop and ``"loop" not in edge_options`` the option "loop," is added to the options for the self-loop edge. Hence you can use "[loop above]" explicitly, but the default is "[loop]". Or a dict keyed by edge to a string holding the options for that edge. edge_label : string or dict The name of the edge attribute on `G` that holds the edge label (text) displayed for each edge. If the attribute is "" or not present, no edge label is drawn. Or a dict keyed by edge to a string holding the label for that edge. edge_label_options : string or dict The name of the edge attribute on `G` that holds the label options for each edge. For example, "[sloped,above,blue]". The default is no options. Or a dict keyed by edge to a string holding the label options for that edge. caption : string The caption string for the figure environment latex_label : string The latex label used for the figure for easy referral from the main text sub_captions : list of strings The sub_caption string for each subfigure in the figure sub_latex_labels : list of strings The latex label for each subfigure in the figure n_rows : int The number of rows of subfigures to arrange for multiple graphs as_document : bool Whether to wrap the latex code in a document environment for compiling document_wrapper : formatted text string with variable ``content``. This text is called to evaluate the content embedded in a document environment with a preamble setting up TikZ. figure_wrapper : formatted text string This text is evaluated with variables ``content``, ``caption`` and ``label``. It wraps the content and if a caption is provided, adds the latex code for that caption, and if a label is provided, adds the latex code for a label. subfigure_wrapper : formatted text string This text evaluate variables ``size``, ``content``, ``caption`` and ``label``. It wraps the content and if a caption is provided, adds the latex code for that caption, and if a label is provided, adds the latex code for a label. The size is the vertical size of each row of subfigures as a fraction. Returns ======= latex_code : string The text string which draws the desired graph(s) when compiled by LaTeX. See Also ======== write_latex to_latex_raw
def to_latex( Gbunch, pos="pos", tikz_options="", default_node_options="", node_options="node_options", node_label="node_label", default_edge_options="", edge_options="edge_options", edge_label="edge_label", edge_label_options="edge_label_options", caption="", latex_label="", sub_captions=None, sub_labels=None, n_rows=1, as_document=True, document_wrapper=_DOC_WRAPPER_TIKZ, figure_wrapper=_FIG_WRAPPER, subfigure_wrapper=_SUBFIG_WRAPPER, ): """Return latex code to draw the graph(s) in `Gbunch` The TikZ drawing utility in LaTeX is used to draw the graph(s). If `Gbunch` is a graph, it is drawn in a figure environment. If `Gbunch` is an iterable of graphs, each is drawn in a subfigure environment within a single figure environment. If `as_document` is True, the figure is wrapped inside a document environment so that the resulting string is ready to be compiled by LaTeX. Otherwise, the string is ready for inclusion in a larger tex document using ``\\include`` or ``\\input`` statements. Parameters ========== Gbunch : NetworkX graph or iterable of NetworkX graphs The NetworkX graph to be drawn or an iterable of graphs to be drawn inside subfigures of a single figure. pos : string or list of strings The name of the node attribute on `G` that holds the position of each node. Positions can be sequences of length 2 with numbers for (x,y) coordinates. They can also be strings to denote positions in TikZ style, such as (x, y) or (angle:radius). If a dict, it should be keyed by node to a position. If an empty dict, a circular layout is computed by TikZ. If you are drawing many graphs in subfigures, use a list of position dicts. tikz_options : string The tikzpicture options description defining the options for the picture. Often large scale options like `[scale=2]`. default_node_options : string The draw options for a path of nodes. Individual node options override these. node_options : string or dict The name of the node attribute on `G` that holds the options for each node. Or a dict keyed by node to a string holding the options for that node. node_label : string or dict The name of the node attribute on `G` that holds the node label (text) displayed for each node. If the attribute is "" or not present, the node itself is drawn as a string. LaTeX processing such as ``"$A_1$"`` is allowed. Or a dict keyed by node to a string holding the label for that node. default_edge_options : string The options for the scope drawing all edges. The default is "[-]" for undirected graphs and "[->]" for directed graphs. edge_options : string or dict The name of the edge attribute on `G` that holds the options for each edge. If the edge is a self-loop and ``"loop" not in edge_options`` the option "loop," is added to the options for the self-loop edge. Hence you can use "[loop above]" explicitly, but the default is "[loop]". Or a dict keyed by edge to a string holding the options for that edge. edge_label : string or dict The name of the edge attribute on `G` that holds the edge label (text) displayed for each edge. If the attribute is "" or not present, no edge label is drawn. Or a dict keyed by edge to a string holding the label for that edge. edge_label_options : string or dict The name of the edge attribute on `G` that holds the label options for each edge. For example, "[sloped,above,blue]". The default is no options. Or a dict keyed by edge to a string holding the label options for that edge. caption : string The caption string for the figure environment latex_label : string The latex label used for the figure for easy referral from the main text sub_captions : list of strings The sub_caption string for each subfigure in the figure sub_latex_labels : list of strings The latex label for each subfigure in the figure n_rows : int The number of rows of subfigures to arrange for multiple graphs as_document : bool Whether to wrap the latex code in a document environment for compiling document_wrapper : formatted text string with variable ``content``. This text is called to evaluate the content embedded in a document environment with a preamble setting up TikZ. figure_wrapper : formatted text string This text is evaluated with variables ``content``, ``caption`` and ``label``. It wraps the content and if a caption is provided, adds the latex code for that caption, and if a label is provided, adds the latex code for a label. subfigure_wrapper : formatted text string This text evaluate variables ``size``, ``content``, ``caption`` and ``label``. It wraps the content and if a caption is provided, adds the latex code for that caption, and if a label is provided, adds the latex code for a label. The size is the vertical size of each row of subfigures as a fraction. Returns ======= latex_code : string The text string which draws the desired graph(s) when compiled by LaTeX. See Also ======== write_latex to_latex_raw """ if hasattr(Gbunch, "adj"): raw = to_latex_raw( Gbunch, pos, tikz_options, default_node_options, node_options, node_label, default_edge_options, edge_options, edge_label, edge_label_options, ) else: # iterator of graphs sbf = subfigure_wrapper size = 1 / n_rows N = len(Gbunch) if isinstance(pos, str | dict): pos = [pos] * N if sub_captions is None: sub_captions = [""] * N if sub_labels is None: sub_labels = [""] * N if not (len(Gbunch) == len(pos) == len(sub_captions) == len(sub_labels)): raise nx.NetworkXError( "length of Gbunch, sub_captions and sub_figures must agree" ) raw = "" for G, pos, subcap, sublbl in zip(Gbunch, pos, sub_captions, sub_labels): subraw = to_latex_raw( G, pos, tikz_options, default_node_options, node_options, node_label, default_edge_options, edge_options, edge_label, edge_label_options, ) cap = f" \\caption{{{subcap}}}" if subcap else "" lbl = f"\\label{{{sublbl}}}" if sublbl else "" raw += sbf.format(size=size, content=subraw, caption=cap, label=lbl) raw += "\n" # put raw latex code into a figure environment and optionally into a document raw = raw[:-1] cap = f"\n \\caption{{{caption}}}" if caption else "" lbl = f"\\label{{{latex_label}}}" if latex_label else "" fig = figure_wrapper.format(content=raw, caption=cap, label=lbl) if as_document: return document_wrapper.format(content=fig) return fig
(Gbunch, pos='pos', tikz_options='', default_node_options='', node_options='node_options', node_label='node_label', default_edge_options='', edge_options='edge_options', edge_label='edge_label', edge_label_options='edge_label_options', caption='', latex_label='', sub_captions=None, sub_labels=None, n_rows=1, as_document=True, document_wrapper='\\documentclass{{report}}\n\\usepackage{{tikz}}\n\\usepackage{{subcaption}}\n\n\\begin{{document}}\n{content}\n\\end{{document}}', figure_wrapper='\\begin{{figure}}\n{content}{caption}{label}\n\\end{{figure}}', subfigure_wrapper=' \\begin{{subfigure}}{{{size}\\textwidth}}\n{content}{caption}{label}\n \\end{{subfigure}}')
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31,170
networkx.convert
to_networkx_graph
Make a NetworkX graph from a known data structure. The preferred way to call this is automatically from the class constructor >>> d = {0: {1: {"weight": 1}}} # dict-of-dicts single edge (0,1) >>> G = nx.Graph(d) instead of the equivalent >>> G = nx.from_dict_of_dicts(d) Parameters ---------- data : object to be converted Current known types are: any NetworkX graph dict-of-dicts dict-of-lists container (e.g. set, list, tuple) of edges iterator (e.g. itertools.chain) that produces edges generator of edges Pandas DataFrame (row per edge) 2D numpy array scipy sparse array pygraphviz agraph create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph) Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated. multigraph_input : bool (default False) If True and data is a dict_of_dicts, try to create a multigraph assuming dict_of_dict_of_lists. If data and create_using are both multigraphs then create a multigraph from a multigraph.
def to_networkx_graph(data, create_using=None, multigraph_input=False): """Make a NetworkX graph from a known data structure. The preferred way to call this is automatically from the class constructor >>> d = {0: {1: {"weight": 1}}} # dict-of-dicts single edge (0,1) >>> G = nx.Graph(d) instead of the equivalent >>> G = nx.from_dict_of_dicts(d) Parameters ---------- data : object to be converted Current known types are: any NetworkX graph dict-of-dicts dict-of-lists container (e.g. set, list, tuple) of edges iterator (e.g. itertools.chain) that produces edges generator of edges Pandas DataFrame (row per edge) 2D numpy array scipy sparse array pygraphviz agraph create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph) Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated. multigraph_input : bool (default False) If True and data is a dict_of_dicts, try to create a multigraph assuming dict_of_dict_of_lists. If data and create_using are both multigraphs then create a multigraph from a multigraph. """ # NX graph if hasattr(data, "adj"): try: result = from_dict_of_dicts( data.adj, create_using=create_using, multigraph_input=data.is_multigraph(), ) # data.graph should be dict-like result.graph.update(data.graph) # data.nodes should be dict-like # result.add_node_from(data.nodes.items()) possible but # for custom node_attr_dict_factory which may be hashable # will be unexpected behavior for n, dd in data.nodes.items(): result._node[n].update(dd) return result except Exception as err: raise nx.NetworkXError("Input is not a correct NetworkX graph.") from err # pygraphviz agraph if hasattr(data, "is_strict"): try: return nx.nx_agraph.from_agraph(data, create_using=create_using) except Exception as err: raise nx.NetworkXError("Input is not a correct pygraphviz graph.") from err # dict of dicts/lists if isinstance(data, dict): try: return from_dict_of_dicts( data, create_using=create_using, multigraph_input=multigraph_input ) except Exception as err1: if multigraph_input is True: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"converting multigraph_input raised:\n{type(err1)}: {err1}" ) try: return from_dict_of_lists(data, create_using=create_using) except Exception as err2: raise TypeError("Input is not known type.") from err2 # Pandas DataFrame try: import pandas as pd if isinstance(data, pd.DataFrame): if data.shape[0] == data.shape[1]: try: return nx.from_pandas_adjacency(data, create_using=create_using) except Exception as err: msg = "Input is not a correct Pandas DataFrame adjacency matrix." raise nx.NetworkXError(msg) from err else: try: return nx.from_pandas_edgelist( data, edge_attr=True, create_using=create_using ) except Exception as err: msg = "Input is not a correct Pandas DataFrame edge-list." raise nx.NetworkXError(msg) from err except ImportError: warnings.warn("pandas not found, skipping conversion test.", ImportWarning) # numpy array try: import numpy as np if isinstance(data, np.ndarray): try: return nx.from_numpy_array(data, create_using=create_using) except Exception as err: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Failed to interpret array as an adjacency matrix." ) from err except ImportError: warnings.warn("numpy not found, skipping conversion test.", ImportWarning) # scipy sparse array - any format try: import scipy if hasattr(data, "format"): try: return nx.from_scipy_sparse_array(data, create_using=create_using) except Exception as err: raise nx.NetworkXError( "Input is not a correct scipy sparse array type." ) from err except ImportError: warnings.warn("scipy not found, skipping conversion test.", ImportWarning) # Note: most general check - should remain last in order of execution # Includes containers (e.g. list, set, dict, etc.), generators, and # iterators (e.g. itertools.chain) of edges if isinstance(data, Collection | Generator | Iterator): try: return from_edgelist(data, create_using=create_using) except Exception as err: raise nx.NetworkXError("Input is not a valid edge list") from err raise nx.NetworkXError("Input is not a known data type for conversion.")
(data, create_using=None, multigraph_input=False)
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31,171
networkx.convert_matrix
to_numpy_array
Returns the graph adjacency matrix as a NumPy array. Parameters ---------- G : graph The NetworkX graph used to construct the NumPy array. nodelist : list, optional The rows and columns are ordered according to the nodes in `nodelist`. If `nodelist` is ``None``, then the ordering is produced by ``G.nodes()``. dtype : NumPy data type, optional A NumPy data type used to initialize the array. If None, then the NumPy default is used. The dtype can be structured if `weight=None`, in which case the dtype field names are used to look up edge attributes. The result is a structured array where each named field in the dtype corresponds to the adjacency for that edge attribute. See examples for details. order : {'C', 'F'}, optional Whether to store multidimensional data in C- or Fortran-contiguous (row- or column-wise) order in memory. If None, then the NumPy default is used. multigraph_weight : callable, optional An function that determines how weights in multigraphs are handled. The function should accept a sequence of weights and return a single value. The default is to sum the weights of the multiple edges. weight : string or None optional (default = 'weight') The edge attribute that holds the numerical value used for the edge weight. If an edge does not have that attribute, then the value 1 is used instead. `weight` must be ``None`` if a structured dtype is used. nonedge : array_like (default = 0.0) The value used to represent non-edges in the adjacency matrix. The array values corresponding to nonedges are typically set to zero. However, this could be undesirable if there are array values corresponding to actual edges that also have the value zero. If so, one might prefer nonedges to have some other value, such as ``nan``. Returns ------- A : NumPy ndarray Graph adjacency matrix Raises ------ NetworkXError If `dtype` is a structured dtype and `G` is a multigraph ValueError If `dtype` is a structured dtype and `weight` is not `None` See Also -------- from_numpy_array Notes ----- For directed graphs, entry ``i, j`` corresponds to an edge from ``i`` to ``j``. Entries in the adjacency matrix are given by the `weight` edge attribute. When an edge does not have a weight attribute, the value of the entry is set to the number 1. For multiple (parallel) edges, the values of the entries are determined by the `multigraph_weight` parameter. The default is to sum the weight attributes for each of the parallel edges. When `nodelist` does not contain every node in `G`, the adjacency matrix is built from the subgraph of `G` that is induced by the nodes in `nodelist`. The convention used for self-loop edges in graphs is to assign the diagonal array entry value to the weight attribute of the edge (or the number 1 if the edge has no weight attribute). If the alternate convention of doubling the edge weight is desired the resulting NumPy array can be modified as follows: >>> import numpy as np >>> G = nx.Graph([(1, 1)]) >>> A = nx.to_numpy_array(G) >>> A array([[1.]]) >>> A[np.diag_indices_from(A)] *= 2 >>> A array([[2.]]) Examples -------- >>> G = nx.MultiDiGraph() >>> G.add_edge(0, 1, weight=2) 0 >>> G.add_edge(1, 0) 0 >>> G.add_edge(2, 2, weight=3) 0 >>> G.add_edge(2, 2) 1 >>> nx.to_numpy_array(G, nodelist=[0, 1, 2]) array([[0., 2., 0.], [1., 0., 0.], [0., 0., 4.]]) When `nodelist` argument is used, nodes of `G` which do not appear in the `nodelist` and their edges are not included in the adjacency matrix. Here is an example: >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_edge(3, 1) >>> G.add_edge(2, 0) >>> G.add_edge(2, 1) >>> G.add_edge(3, 0) >>> nx.to_numpy_array(G, nodelist=[1, 2, 3]) array([[0., 1., 1.], [1., 0., 0.], [1., 0., 0.]]) This function can also be used to create adjacency matrices for multiple edge attributes with structured dtypes: >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_edge(0, 1, weight=10) >>> G.add_edge(1, 2, cost=5) >>> G.add_edge(2, 3, weight=3, cost=-4.0) >>> dtype = np.dtype([("weight", int), ("cost", float)]) >>> A = nx.to_numpy_array(G, dtype=dtype, weight=None) >>> A["weight"] array([[ 0, 10, 0, 0], [10, 0, 1, 0], [ 0, 1, 0, 3], [ 0, 0, 3, 0]]) >>> A["cost"] array([[ 0., 1., 0., 0.], [ 1., 0., 5., 0.], [ 0., 5., 0., -4.], [ 0., 0., -4., 0.]]) As stated above, the argument "nonedge" is useful especially when there are actually edges with weight 0 in the graph. Setting a nonedge value different than 0, makes it much clearer to differentiate such 0-weighted edges and actual nonedge values. >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_edge(3, 1, weight=2) >>> G.add_edge(2, 0, weight=0) >>> G.add_edge(2, 1, weight=0) >>> G.add_edge(3, 0, weight=1) >>> nx.to_numpy_array(G, nonedge=-1.0) array([[-1., 2., -1., 1.], [ 2., -1., 0., -1.], [-1., 0., -1., 0.], [ 1., -1., 0., -1.]])
def to_numpy_array( G, nodelist=None, dtype=None, order=None, multigraph_weight=sum, weight="weight", nonedge=0.0, ): """Returns the graph adjacency matrix as a NumPy array. Parameters ---------- G : graph The NetworkX graph used to construct the NumPy array. nodelist : list, optional The rows and columns are ordered according to the nodes in `nodelist`. If `nodelist` is ``None``, then the ordering is produced by ``G.nodes()``. dtype : NumPy data type, optional A NumPy data type used to initialize the array. If None, then the NumPy default is used. The dtype can be structured if `weight=None`, in which case the dtype field names are used to look up edge attributes. The result is a structured array where each named field in the dtype corresponds to the adjacency for that edge attribute. See examples for details. order : {'C', 'F'}, optional Whether to store multidimensional data in C- or Fortran-contiguous (row- or column-wise) order in memory. If None, then the NumPy default is used. multigraph_weight : callable, optional An function that determines how weights in multigraphs are handled. The function should accept a sequence of weights and return a single value. The default is to sum the weights of the multiple edges. weight : string or None optional (default = 'weight') The edge attribute that holds the numerical value used for the edge weight. If an edge does not have that attribute, then the value 1 is used instead. `weight` must be ``None`` if a structured dtype is used. nonedge : array_like (default = 0.0) The value used to represent non-edges in the adjacency matrix. The array values corresponding to nonedges are typically set to zero. However, this could be undesirable if there are array values corresponding to actual edges that also have the value zero. If so, one might prefer nonedges to have some other value, such as ``nan``. Returns ------- A : NumPy ndarray Graph adjacency matrix Raises ------ NetworkXError If `dtype` is a structured dtype and `G` is a multigraph ValueError If `dtype` is a structured dtype and `weight` is not `None` See Also -------- from_numpy_array Notes ----- For directed graphs, entry ``i, j`` corresponds to an edge from ``i`` to ``j``. Entries in the adjacency matrix are given by the `weight` edge attribute. When an edge does not have a weight attribute, the value of the entry is set to the number 1. For multiple (parallel) edges, the values of the entries are determined by the `multigraph_weight` parameter. The default is to sum the weight attributes for each of the parallel edges. When `nodelist` does not contain every node in `G`, the adjacency matrix is built from the subgraph of `G` that is induced by the nodes in `nodelist`. The convention used for self-loop edges in graphs is to assign the diagonal array entry value to the weight attribute of the edge (or the number 1 if the edge has no weight attribute). If the alternate convention of doubling the edge weight is desired the resulting NumPy array can be modified as follows: >>> import numpy as np >>> G = nx.Graph([(1, 1)]) >>> A = nx.to_numpy_array(G) >>> A array([[1.]]) >>> A[np.diag_indices_from(A)] *= 2 >>> A array([[2.]]) Examples -------- >>> G = nx.MultiDiGraph() >>> G.add_edge(0, 1, weight=2) 0 >>> G.add_edge(1, 0) 0 >>> G.add_edge(2, 2, weight=3) 0 >>> G.add_edge(2, 2) 1 >>> nx.to_numpy_array(G, nodelist=[0, 1, 2]) array([[0., 2., 0.], [1., 0., 0.], [0., 0., 4.]]) When `nodelist` argument is used, nodes of `G` which do not appear in the `nodelist` and their edges are not included in the adjacency matrix. Here is an example: >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_edge(3, 1) >>> G.add_edge(2, 0) >>> G.add_edge(2, 1) >>> G.add_edge(3, 0) >>> nx.to_numpy_array(G, nodelist=[1, 2, 3]) array([[0., 1., 1.], [1., 0., 0.], [1., 0., 0.]]) This function can also be used to create adjacency matrices for multiple edge attributes with structured dtypes: >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_edge(0, 1, weight=10) >>> G.add_edge(1, 2, cost=5) >>> G.add_edge(2, 3, weight=3, cost=-4.0) >>> dtype = np.dtype([("weight", int), ("cost", float)]) >>> A = nx.to_numpy_array(G, dtype=dtype, weight=None) >>> A["weight"] array([[ 0, 10, 0, 0], [10, 0, 1, 0], [ 0, 1, 0, 3], [ 0, 0, 3, 0]]) >>> A["cost"] array([[ 0., 1., 0., 0.], [ 1., 0., 5., 0.], [ 0., 5., 0., -4.], [ 0., 0., -4., 0.]]) As stated above, the argument "nonedge" is useful especially when there are actually edges with weight 0 in the graph. Setting a nonedge value different than 0, makes it much clearer to differentiate such 0-weighted edges and actual nonedge values. >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_edge(3, 1, weight=2) >>> G.add_edge(2, 0, weight=0) >>> G.add_edge(2, 1, weight=0) >>> G.add_edge(3, 0, weight=1) >>> nx.to_numpy_array(G, nonedge=-1.0) array([[-1., 2., -1., 1.], [ 2., -1., 0., -1.], [-1., 0., -1., 0.], [ 1., -1., 0., -1.]]) """ import numpy as np if nodelist is None: nodelist = list(G) nlen = len(nodelist) # Input validation nodeset = set(nodelist) if nodeset - set(G): raise nx.NetworkXError(f"Nodes {nodeset - set(G)} in nodelist is not in G") if len(nodeset) < nlen: raise nx.NetworkXError("nodelist contains duplicates.") A = np.full((nlen, nlen), fill_value=nonedge, dtype=dtype, order=order) # Corner cases: empty nodelist or graph without any edges if nlen == 0 or G.number_of_edges() == 0: return A # If dtype is structured and weight is None, use dtype field names as # edge attributes edge_attrs = None # Only single edge attribute by default if A.dtype.names: if weight is None: edge_attrs = dtype.names else: raise ValueError( "Specifying `weight` not supported for structured dtypes\n." "To create adjacency matrices from structured dtypes, use `weight=None`." ) # Map nodes to row/col in matrix idx = dict(zip(nodelist, range(nlen))) if len(nodelist) < len(G): G = G.subgraph(nodelist).copy() # Collect all edge weights and reduce with `multigraph_weights` if G.is_multigraph(): if edge_attrs: raise nx.NetworkXError( "Structured arrays are not supported for MultiGraphs" ) d = defaultdict(list) for u, v, wt in G.edges(data=weight, default=1.0): d[(idx[u], idx[v])].append(wt) i, j = np.array(list(d.keys())).T # indices wts = [multigraph_weight(ws) for ws in d.values()] # reduced weights else: i, j, wts = [], [], [] # Special branch: multi-attr adjacency from structured dtypes if edge_attrs: # Extract edges with all data for u, v, data in G.edges(data=True): i.append(idx[u]) j.append(idx[v]) wts.append(data) # Map each attribute to the appropriate named field in the # structured dtype for attr in edge_attrs: attr_data = [wt.get(attr, 1.0) for wt in wts] A[attr][i, j] = attr_data if not G.is_directed(): A[attr][j, i] = attr_data return A for u, v, wt in G.edges(data=weight, default=1.0): i.append(idx[u]) j.append(idx[v]) wts.append(wt) # Set array values with advanced indexing A[i, j]
(G, nodelist=None, dtype=None, order=None, multigraph_weight=<built-in function sum>, weight='weight', nonedge=0.0, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,172
networkx.convert_matrix
to_pandas_adjacency
Returns the graph adjacency matrix as a Pandas DataFrame. Parameters ---------- G : graph The NetworkX graph used to construct the Pandas DataFrame. nodelist : list, optional The rows and columns are ordered according to the nodes in `nodelist`. If `nodelist` is None, then the ordering is produced by G.nodes(). multigraph_weight : {sum, min, max}, optional An operator that determines how weights in multigraphs are handled. The default is to sum the weights of the multiple edges. weight : string or None, optional The edge attribute that holds the numerical value used for the edge weight. If an edge does not have that attribute, then the value 1 is used instead. nonedge : float, optional The matrix values corresponding to nonedges are typically set to zero. However, this could be undesirable if there are matrix values corresponding to actual edges that also have the value zero. If so, one might prefer nonedges to have some other value, such as nan. Returns ------- df : Pandas DataFrame Graph adjacency matrix Notes ----- For directed graphs, entry i,j corresponds to an edge from i to j. The DataFrame entries are assigned to the weight edge attribute. When an edge does not have a weight attribute, the value of the entry is set to the number 1. For multiple (parallel) edges, the values of the entries are determined by the 'multigraph_weight' parameter. The default is to sum the weight attributes for each of the parallel edges. When `nodelist` does not contain every node in `G`, the matrix is built from the subgraph of `G` that is induced by the nodes in `nodelist`. The convention used for self-loop edges in graphs is to assign the diagonal matrix entry value to the weight attribute of the edge (or the number 1 if the edge has no weight attribute). If the alternate convention of doubling the edge weight is desired the resulting Pandas DataFrame can be modified as follows:: >>> import pandas as pd >>> G = nx.Graph([(1, 1), (2, 2)]) >>> df = nx.to_pandas_adjacency(G) >>> df 1 2 1 1.0 0.0 2 0.0 1.0 >>> diag_idx = list(range(len(df))) >>> df.iloc[diag_idx, diag_idx] *= 2 >>> df 1 2 1 2.0 0.0 2 0.0 2.0 Examples -------- >>> G = nx.MultiDiGraph() >>> G.add_edge(0, 1, weight=2) 0 >>> G.add_edge(1, 0) 0 >>> G.add_edge(2, 2, weight=3) 0 >>> G.add_edge(2, 2) 1 >>> nx.to_pandas_adjacency(G, nodelist=[0, 1, 2], dtype=int) 0 1 2 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 4
def to_numpy_array( G, nodelist=None, dtype=None, order=None, multigraph_weight=sum, weight="weight", nonedge=0.0, ): """Returns the graph adjacency matrix as a NumPy array. Parameters ---------- G : graph The NetworkX graph used to construct the NumPy array. nodelist : list, optional The rows and columns are ordered according to the nodes in `nodelist`. If `nodelist` is ``None``, then the ordering is produced by ``G.nodes()``. dtype : NumPy data type, optional A NumPy data type used to initialize the array. If None, then the NumPy default is used. The dtype can be structured if `weight=None`, in which case the dtype field names are used to look up edge attributes. The result is a structured array where each named field in the dtype corresponds to the adjacency for that edge attribute. See examples for details. order : {'C', 'F'}, optional Whether to store multidimensional data in C- or Fortran-contiguous (row- or column-wise) order in memory. If None, then the NumPy default is used. multigraph_weight : callable, optional An function that determines how weights in multigraphs are handled. The function should accept a sequence of weights and return a single value. The default is to sum the weights of the multiple edges. weight : string or None optional (default = 'weight') The edge attribute that holds the numerical value used for the edge weight. If an edge does not have that attribute, then the value 1 is used instead. `weight` must be ``None`` if a structured dtype is used. nonedge : array_like (default = 0.0) The value used to represent non-edges in the adjacency matrix. The array values corresponding to nonedges are typically set to zero. However, this could be undesirable if there are array values corresponding to actual edges that also have the value zero. If so, one might prefer nonedges to have some other value, such as ``nan``. Returns ------- A : NumPy ndarray Graph adjacency matrix Raises ------ NetworkXError If `dtype` is a structured dtype and `G` is a multigraph ValueError If `dtype` is a structured dtype and `weight` is not `None` See Also -------- from_numpy_array Notes ----- For directed graphs, entry ``i, j`` corresponds to an edge from ``i`` to ``j``. Entries in the adjacency matrix are given by the `weight` edge attribute. When an edge does not have a weight attribute, the value of the entry is set to the number 1. For multiple (parallel) edges, the values of the entries are determined by the `multigraph_weight` parameter. The default is to sum the weight attributes for each of the parallel edges. When `nodelist` does not contain every node in `G`, the adjacency matrix is built from the subgraph of `G` that is induced by the nodes in `nodelist`. The convention used for self-loop edges in graphs is to assign the diagonal array entry value to the weight attribute of the edge (or the number 1 if the edge has no weight attribute). If the alternate convention of doubling the edge weight is desired the resulting NumPy array can be modified as follows: >>> import numpy as np >>> G = nx.Graph([(1, 1)]) >>> A = nx.to_numpy_array(G) >>> A array([[1.]]) >>> A[np.diag_indices_from(A)] *= 2 >>> A array([[2.]]) Examples -------- >>> G = nx.MultiDiGraph() >>> G.add_edge(0, 1, weight=2) 0 >>> G.add_edge(1, 0) 0 >>> G.add_edge(2, 2, weight=3) 0 >>> G.add_edge(2, 2) 1 >>> nx.to_numpy_array(G, nodelist=[0, 1, 2]) array([[0., 2., 0.], [1., 0., 0.], [0., 0., 4.]]) When `nodelist` argument is used, nodes of `G` which do not appear in the `nodelist` and their edges are not included in the adjacency matrix. Here is an example: >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_edge(3, 1) >>> G.add_edge(2, 0) >>> G.add_edge(2, 1) >>> G.add_edge(3, 0) >>> nx.to_numpy_array(G, nodelist=[1, 2, 3]) array([[0., 1., 1.], [1., 0., 0.], [1., 0., 0.]]) This function can also be used to create adjacency matrices for multiple edge attributes with structured dtypes: >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_edge(0, 1, weight=10) >>> G.add_edge(1, 2, cost=5) >>> G.add_edge(2, 3, weight=3, cost=-4.0) >>> dtype = np.dtype([("weight", int), ("cost", float)]) >>> A = nx.to_numpy_array(G, dtype=dtype, weight=None) >>> A["weight"] array([[ 0, 10, 0, 0], [10, 0, 1, 0], [ 0, 1, 0, 3], [ 0, 0, 3, 0]]) >>> A["cost"] array([[ 0., 1., 0., 0.], [ 1., 0., 5., 0.], [ 0., 5., 0., -4.], [ 0., 0., -4., 0.]]) As stated above, the argument "nonedge" is useful especially when there are actually edges with weight 0 in the graph. Setting a nonedge value different than 0, makes it much clearer to differentiate such 0-weighted edges and actual nonedge values. >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_edge(3, 1, weight=2) >>> G.add_edge(2, 0, weight=0) >>> G.add_edge(2, 1, weight=0) >>> G.add_edge(3, 0, weight=1) >>> nx.to_numpy_array(G, nonedge=-1.0) array([[-1., 2., -1., 1.], [ 2., -1., 0., -1.], [-1., 0., -1., 0.], [ 1., -1., 0., -1.]]) """ import numpy as np if nodelist is None: nodelist = list(G) nlen = len(nodelist) # Input validation nodeset = set(nodelist) if nodeset - set(G): raise nx.NetworkXError(f"Nodes {nodeset - set(G)} in nodelist is not in G") if len(nodeset) < nlen: raise nx.NetworkXError("nodelist contains duplicates.") A = np.full((nlen, nlen), fill_value=nonedge, dtype=dtype, order=order) # Corner cases: empty nodelist or graph without any edges if nlen == 0 or G.number_of_edges() == 0: return A # If dtype is structured and weight is None, use dtype field names as # edge attributes edge_attrs = None # Only single edge attribute by default if A.dtype.names: if weight is None: edge_attrs = dtype.names else: raise ValueError( "Specifying `weight` not supported for structured dtypes\n." "To create adjacency matrices from structured dtypes, use `weight=None`." ) # Map nodes to row/col in matrix idx = dict(zip(nodelist, range(nlen))) if len(nodelist) < len(G): G = G.subgraph(nodelist).copy() # Collect all edge weights and reduce with `multigraph_weights` if G.is_multigraph(): if edge_attrs: raise nx.NetworkXError( "Structured arrays are not supported for MultiGraphs" ) d = defaultdict(list) for u, v, wt in G.edges(data=weight, default=1.0): d[(idx[u], idx[v])].append(wt) i, j = np.array(list(d.keys())).T # indices wts = [multigraph_weight(ws) for ws in d.values()] # reduced weights else: i, j, wts = [], [], [] # Special branch: multi-attr adjacency from structured dtypes if edge_attrs: # Extract edges with all data for u, v, data in G.edges(data=True): i.append(idx[u]) j.append(idx[v]) wts.append(data) # Map each attribute to the appropriate named field in the # structured dtype for attr in edge_attrs: attr_data = [wt.get(attr, 1.0) for wt in wts] A[attr][i, j] = attr_data if not G.is_directed(): A[attr][j, i] = attr_data return A for u, v, wt in G.edges(data=weight, default=1.0): i.append(idx[u]) j.append(idx[v]) wts.append(wt) # Set array values with advanced indexing A[i, j]
(G, nodelist=None, dtype=None, order=None, multigraph_weight=<built-in function sum>, weight='weight', nonedge=0.0, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,173
networkx.convert_matrix
to_pandas_edgelist
Returns the graph edge list as a Pandas DataFrame. Parameters ---------- G : graph The NetworkX graph used to construct the Pandas DataFrame. source : str or int, optional A valid column name (string or integer) for the source nodes (for the directed case). target : str or int, optional A valid column name (string or integer) for the target nodes (for the directed case). nodelist : list, optional Use only nodes specified in nodelist dtype : dtype, default None Use to create the DataFrame. Data type to force. Only a single dtype is allowed. If None, infer. edge_key : str or int or None, optional (default=None) A valid column name (string or integer) for the edge keys (for the multigraph case). If None, edge keys are not stored in the DataFrame. Returns ------- df : Pandas DataFrame Graph edge list Examples -------- >>> G = nx.Graph( ... [ ... ("A", "B", {"cost": 1, "weight": 7}), ... ("C", "E", {"cost": 9, "weight": 10}), ... ] ... ) >>> df = nx.to_pandas_edgelist(G, nodelist=["A", "C"]) >>> df[["source", "target", "cost", "weight"]] source target cost weight 0 A B 1 7 1 C E 9 10 >>> G = nx.MultiGraph([("A", "B", {"cost": 1}), ("A", "B", {"cost": 9})]) >>> df = nx.to_pandas_edgelist(G, nodelist=["A", "C"], edge_key="ekey") >>> df[["source", "target", "cost", "ekey"]] source target cost ekey 0 A B 1 0 1 A B 9 1
def to_numpy_array( G, nodelist=None, dtype=None, order=None, multigraph_weight=sum, weight="weight", nonedge=0.0, ): """Returns the graph adjacency matrix as a NumPy array. Parameters ---------- G : graph The NetworkX graph used to construct the NumPy array. nodelist : list, optional The rows and columns are ordered according to the nodes in `nodelist`. If `nodelist` is ``None``, then the ordering is produced by ``G.nodes()``. dtype : NumPy data type, optional A NumPy data type used to initialize the array. If None, then the NumPy default is used. The dtype can be structured if `weight=None`, in which case the dtype field names are used to look up edge attributes. The result is a structured array where each named field in the dtype corresponds to the adjacency for that edge attribute. See examples for details. order : {'C', 'F'}, optional Whether to store multidimensional data in C- or Fortran-contiguous (row- or column-wise) order in memory. If None, then the NumPy default is used. multigraph_weight : callable, optional An function that determines how weights in multigraphs are handled. The function should accept a sequence of weights and return a single value. The default is to sum the weights of the multiple edges. weight : string or None optional (default = 'weight') The edge attribute that holds the numerical value used for the edge weight. If an edge does not have that attribute, then the value 1 is used instead. `weight` must be ``None`` if a structured dtype is used. nonedge : array_like (default = 0.0) The value used to represent non-edges in the adjacency matrix. The array values corresponding to nonedges are typically set to zero. However, this could be undesirable if there are array values corresponding to actual edges that also have the value zero. If so, one might prefer nonedges to have some other value, such as ``nan``. Returns ------- A : NumPy ndarray Graph adjacency matrix Raises ------ NetworkXError If `dtype` is a structured dtype and `G` is a multigraph ValueError If `dtype` is a structured dtype and `weight` is not `None` See Also -------- from_numpy_array Notes ----- For directed graphs, entry ``i, j`` corresponds to an edge from ``i`` to ``j``. Entries in the adjacency matrix are given by the `weight` edge attribute. When an edge does not have a weight attribute, the value of the entry is set to the number 1. For multiple (parallel) edges, the values of the entries are determined by the `multigraph_weight` parameter. The default is to sum the weight attributes for each of the parallel edges. When `nodelist` does not contain every node in `G`, the adjacency matrix is built from the subgraph of `G` that is induced by the nodes in `nodelist`. The convention used for self-loop edges in graphs is to assign the diagonal array entry value to the weight attribute of the edge (or the number 1 if the edge has no weight attribute). If the alternate convention of doubling the edge weight is desired the resulting NumPy array can be modified as follows: >>> import numpy as np >>> G = nx.Graph([(1, 1)]) >>> A = nx.to_numpy_array(G) >>> A array([[1.]]) >>> A[np.diag_indices_from(A)] *= 2 >>> A array([[2.]]) Examples -------- >>> G = nx.MultiDiGraph() >>> G.add_edge(0, 1, weight=2) 0 >>> G.add_edge(1, 0) 0 >>> G.add_edge(2, 2, weight=3) 0 >>> G.add_edge(2, 2) 1 >>> nx.to_numpy_array(G, nodelist=[0, 1, 2]) array([[0., 2., 0.], [1., 0., 0.], [0., 0., 4.]]) When `nodelist` argument is used, nodes of `G` which do not appear in the `nodelist` and their edges are not included in the adjacency matrix. Here is an example: >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_edge(3, 1) >>> G.add_edge(2, 0) >>> G.add_edge(2, 1) >>> G.add_edge(3, 0) >>> nx.to_numpy_array(G, nodelist=[1, 2, 3]) array([[0., 1., 1.], [1., 0., 0.], [1., 0., 0.]]) This function can also be used to create adjacency matrices for multiple edge attributes with structured dtypes: >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_edge(0, 1, weight=10) >>> G.add_edge(1, 2, cost=5) >>> G.add_edge(2, 3, weight=3, cost=-4.0) >>> dtype = np.dtype([("weight", int), ("cost", float)]) >>> A = nx.to_numpy_array(G, dtype=dtype, weight=None) >>> A["weight"] array([[ 0, 10, 0, 0], [10, 0, 1, 0], [ 0, 1, 0, 3], [ 0, 0, 3, 0]]) >>> A["cost"] array([[ 0., 1., 0., 0.], [ 1., 0., 5., 0.], [ 0., 5., 0., -4.], [ 0., 0., -4., 0.]]) As stated above, the argument "nonedge" is useful especially when there are actually edges with weight 0 in the graph. Setting a nonedge value different than 0, makes it much clearer to differentiate such 0-weighted edges and actual nonedge values. >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_edge(3, 1, weight=2) >>> G.add_edge(2, 0, weight=0) >>> G.add_edge(2, 1, weight=0) >>> G.add_edge(3, 0, weight=1) >>> nx.to_numpy_array(G, nonedge=-1.0) array([[-1., 2., -1., 1.], [ 2., -1., 0., -1.], [-1., 0., -1., 0.], [ 1., -1., 0., -1.]]) """ import numpy as np if nodelist is None: nodelist = list(G) nlen = len(nodelist) # Input validation nodeset = set(nodelist) if nodeset - set(G): raise nx.NetworkXError(f"Nodes {nodeset - set(G)} in nodelist is not in G") if len(nodeset) < nlen: raise nx.NetworkXError("nodelist contains duplicates.") A = np.full((nlen, nlen), fill_value=nonedge, dtype=dtype, order=order) # Corner cases: empty nodelist or graph without any edges if nlen == 0 or G.number_of_edges() == 0: return A # If dtype is structured and weight is None, use dtype field names as # edge attributes edge_attrs = None # Only single edge attribute by default if A.dtype.names: if weight is None: edge_attrs = dtype.names else: raise ValueError( "Specifying `weight` not supported for structured dtypes\n." "To create adjacency matrices from structured dtypes, use `weight=None`." ) # Map nodes to row/col in matrix idx = dict(zip(nodelist, range(nlen))) if len(nodelist) < len(G): G = G.subgraph(nodelist).copy() # Collect all edge weights and reduce with `multigraph_weights` if G.is_multigraph(): if edge_attrs: raise nx.NetworkXError( "Structured arrays are not supported for MultiGraphs" ) d = defaultdict(list) for u, v, wt in G.edges(data=weight, default=1.0): d[(idx[u], idx[v])].append(wt) i, j = np.array(list(d.keys())).T # indices wts = [multigraph_weight(ws) for ws in d.values()] # reduced weights else: i, j, wts = [], [], [] # Special branch: multi-attr adjacency from structured dtypes if edge_attrs: # Extract edges with all data for u, v, data in G.edges(data=True): i.append(idx[u]) j.append(idx[v]) wts.append(data) # Map each attribute to the appropriate named field in the # structured dtype for attr in edge_attrs: attr_data = [wt.get(attr, 1.0) for wt in wts] A[attr][i, j] = attr_data if not G.is_directed(): A[attr][j, i] = attr_data return A for u, v, wt in G.edges(data=weight, default=1.0): i.append(idx[u]) j.append(idx[v]) wts.append(wt) # Set array values with advanced indexing A[i, j]
(G, source='source', target='target', nodelist=None, dtype=None, edge_key=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,175
networkx.convert_matrix
to_scipy_sparse_array
Returns the graph adjacency matrix as a SciPy sparse array. Parameters ---------- G : graph The NetworkX graph used to construct the sparse matrix. nodelist : list, optional The rows and columns are ordered according to the nodes in `nodelist`. If `nodelist` is None, then the ordering is produced by G.nodes(). dtype : NumPy data-type, optional A valid NumPy dtype used to initialize the array. If None, then the NumPy default is used. weight : string or None optional (default='weight') The edge attribute that holds the numerical value used for the edge weight. If None then all edge weights are 1. format : str in {'bsr', 'csr', 'csc', 'coo', 'lil', 'dia', 'dok'} The type of the matrix to be returned (default 'csr'). For some algorithms different implementations of sparse matrices can perform better. See [1]_ for details. Returns ------- A : SciPy sparse array Graph adjacency matrix. Notes ----- For directed graphs, matrix entry i,j corresponds to an edge from i to j. The matrix entries are populated using the edge attribute held in parameter weight. When an edge does not have that attribute, the value of the entry is 1. For multiple edges the matrix values are the sums of the edge weights. When `nodelist` does not contain every node in `G`, the adjacency matrix is built from the subgraph of `G` that is induced by the nodes in `nodelist`. The convention used for self-loop edges in graphs is to assign the diagonal matrix entry value to the weight attribute of the edge (or the number 1 if the edge has no weight attribute). If the alternate convention of doubling the edge weight is desired the resulting SciPy sparse array can be modified as follows: >>> G = nx.Graph([(1, 1)]) >>> A = nx.to_scipy_sparse_array(G) >>> print(A.todense()) [[1]] >>> A.setdiag(A.diagonal() * 2) >>> print(A.toarray()) [[2]] Examples -------- >>> G = nx.MultiDiGraph() >>> G.add_edge(0, 1, weight=2) 0 >>> G.add_edge(1, 0) 0 >>> G.add_edge(2, 2, weight=3) 0 >>> G.add_edge(2, 2) 1 >>> S = nx.to_scipy_sparse_array(G, nodelist=[0, 1, 2]) >>> print(S.toarray()) [[0 2 0] [1 0 0] [0 0 4]] References ---------- .. [1] Scipy Dev. References, "Sparse Matrices", https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/sparse.html
def to_numpy_array( G, nodelist=None, dtype=None, order=None, multigraph_weight=sum, weight="weight", nonedge=0.0, ): """Returns the graph adjacency matrix as a NumPy array. Parameters ---------- G : graph The NetworkX graph used to construct the NumPy array. nodelist : list, optional The rows and columns are ordered according to the nodes in `nodelist`. If `nodelist` is ``None``, then the ordering is produced by ``G.nodes()``. dtype : NumPy data type, optional A NumPy data type used to initialize the array. If None, then the NumPy default is used. The dtype can be structured if `weight=None`, in which case the dtype field names are used to look up edge attributes. The result is a structured array where each named field in the dtype corresponds to the adjacency for that edge attribute. See examples for details. order : {'C', 'F'}, optional Whether to store multidimensional data in C- or Fortran-contiguous (row- or column-wise) order in memory. If None, then the NumPy default is used. multigraph_weight : callable, optional An function that determines how weights in multigraphs are handled. The function should accept a sequence of weights and return a single value. The default is to sum the weights of the multiple edges. weight : string or None optional (default = 'weight') The edge attribute that holds the numerical value used for the edge weight. If an edge does not have that attribute, then the value 1 is used instead. `weight` must be ``None`` if a structured dtype is used. nonedge : array_like (default = 0.0) The value used to represent non-edges in the adjacency matrix. The array values corresponding to nonedges are typically set to zero. However, this could be undesirable if there are array values corresponding to actual edges that also have the value zero. If so, one might prefer nonedges to have some other value, such as ``nan``. Returns ------- A : NumPy ndarray Graph adjacency matrix Raises ------ NetworkXError If `dtype` is a structured dtype and `G` is a multigraph ValueError If `dtype` is a structured dtype and `weight` is not `None` See Also -------- from_numpy_array Notes ----- For directed graphs, entry ``i, j`` corresponds to an edge from ``i`` to ``j``. Entries in the adjacency matrix are given by the `weight` edge attribute. When an edge does not have a weight attribute, the value of the entry is set to the number 1. For multiple (parallel) edges, the values of the entries are determined by the `multigraph_weight` parameter. The default is to sum the weight attributes for each of the parallel edges. When `nodelist` does not contain every node in `G`, the adjacency matrix is built from the subgraph of `G` that is induced by the nodes in `nodelist`. The convention used for self-loop edges in graphs is to assign the diagonal array entry value to the weight attribute of the edge (or the number 1 if the edge has no weight attribute). If the alternate convention of doubling the edge weight is desired the resulting NumPy array can be modified as follows: >>> import numpy as np >>> G = nx.Graph([(1, 1)]) >>> A = nx.to_numpy_array(G) >>> A array([[1.]]) >>> A[np.diag_indices_from(A)] *= 2 >>> A array([[2.]]) Examples -------- >>> G = nx.MultiDiGraph() >>> G.add_edge(0, 1, weight=2) 0 >>> G.add_edge(1, 0) 0 >>> G.add_edge(2, 2, weight=3) 0 >>> G.add_edge(2, 2) 1 >>> nx.to_numpy_array(G, nodelist=[0, 1, 2]) array([[0., 2., 0.], [1., 0., 0.], [0., 0., 4.]]) When `nodelist` argument is used, nodes of `G` which do not appear in the `nodelist` and their edges are not included in the adjacency matrix. Here is an example: >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_edge(3, 1) >>> G.add_edge(2, 0) >>> G.add_edge(2, 1) >>> G.add_edge(3, 0) >>> nx.to_numpy_array(G, nodelist=[1, 2, 3]) array([[0., 1., 1.], [1., 0., 0.], [1., 0., 0.]]) This function can also be used to create adjacency matrices for multiple edge attributes with structured dtypes: >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_edge(0, 1, weight=10) >>> G.add_edge(1, 2, cost=5) >>> G.add_edge(2, 3, weight=3, cost=-4.0) >>> dtype = np.dtype([("weight", int), ("cost", float)]) >>> A = nx.to_numpy_array(G, dtype=dtype, weight=None) >>> A["weight"] array([[ 0, 10, 0, 0], [10, 0, 1, 0], [ 0, 1, 0, 3], [ 0, 0, 3, 0]]) >>> A["cost"] array([[ 0., 1., 0., 0.], [ 1., 0., 5., 0.], [ 0., 5., 0., -4.], [ 0., 0., -4., 0.]]) As stated above, the argument "nonedge" is useful especially when there are actually edges with weight 0 in the graph. Setting a nonedge value different than 0, makes it much clearer to differentiate such 0-weighted edges and actual nonedge values. >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_edge(3, 1, weight=2) >>> G.add_edge(2, 0, weight=0) >>> G.add_edge(2, 1, weight=0) >>> G.add_edge(3, 0, weight=1) >>> nx.to_numpy_array(G, nonedge=-1.0) array([[-1., 2., -1., 1.], [ 2., -1., 0., -1.], [-1., 0., -1., 0.], [ 1., -1., 0., -1.]]) """ import numpy as np if nodelist is None: nodelist = list(G) nlen = len(nodelist) # Input validation nodeset = set(nodelist) if nodeset - set(G): raise nx.NetworkXError(f"Nodes {nodeset - set(G)} in nodelist is not in G") if len(nodeset) < nlen: raise nx.NetworkXError("nodelist contains duplicates.") A = np.full((nlen, nlen), fill_value=nonedge, dtype=dtype, order=order) # Corner cases: empty nodelist or graph without any edges if nlen == 0 or G.number_of_edges() == 0: return A # If dtype is structured and weight is None, use dtype field names as # edge attributes edge_attrs = None # Only single edge attribute by default if A.dtype.names: if weight is None: edge_attrs = dtype.names else: raise ValueError( "Specifying `weight` not supported for structured dtypes\n." "To create adjacency matrices from structured dtypes, use `weight=None`." ) # Map nodes to row/col in matrix idx = dict(zip(nodelist, range(nlen))) if len(nodelist) < len(G): G = G.subgraph(nodelist).copy() # Collect all edge weights and reduce with `multigraph_weights` if G.is_multigraph(): if edge_attrs: raise nx.NetworkXError( "Structured arrays are not supported for MultiGraphs" ) d = defaultdict(list) for u, v, wt in G.edges(data=weight, default=1.0): d[(idx[u], idx[v])].append(wt) i, j = np.array(list(d.keys())).T # indices wts = [multigraph_weight(ws) for ws in d.values()] # reduced weights else: i, j, wts = [], [], [] # Special branch: multi-attr adjacency from structured dtypes if edge_attrs: # Extract edges with all data for u, v, data in G.edges(data=True): i.append(idx[u]) j.append(idx[v]) wts.append(data) # Map each attribute to the appropriate named field in the # structured dtype for attr in edge_attrs: attr_data = [wt.get(attr, 1.0) for wt in wts] A[attr][i, j] = attr_data if not G.is_directed(): A[attr][j, i] = attr_data return A for u, v, wt in G.edges(data=weight, default=1.0): i.append(idx[u]) j.append(idx[v]) wts.append(wt) # Set array values with advanced indexing A[i, j]
(G, nodelist=None, dtype=None, weight='weight', format='csr', *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,176
networkx.readwrite.sparse6
to_sparse6_bytes
Convert an undirected graph to bytes in sparse6 format. Parameters ---------- G : Graph (undirected) nodes: list or iterable Nodes are labeled 0...n-1 in the order provided. If None the ordering given by ``G.nodes()`` is used. header: bool If True add '>>sparse6<<' bytes to head of data. Raises ------ NetworkXNotImplemented If the graph is directed. ValueError If the graph has at least ``2 ** 36`` nodes; the sparse6 format is only defined for graphs of order less than ``2 ** 36``. Examples -------- >>> nx.to_sparse6_bytes(nx.path_graph(2)) b'>>sparse6<<:An\n' See Also -------- to_sparse6_bytes, read_sparse6, write_sparse6_bytes Notes ----- The returned bytes end with a newline character. The format does not support edge or node labels. References ---------- .. [1] Graph6 specification <https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/data/formats.html>
def to_sparse6_bytes(G, nodes=None, header=True): """Convert an undirected graph to bytes in sparse6 format. Parameters ---------- G : Graph (undirected) nodes: list or iterable Nodes are labeled 0...n-1 in the order provided. If None the ordering given by ``G.nodes()`` is used. header: bool If True add '>>sparse6<<' bytes to head of data. Raises ------ NetworkXNotImplemented If the graph is directed. ValueError If the graph has at least ``2 ** 36`` nodes; the sparse6 format is only defined for graphs of order less than ``2 ** 36``. Examples -------- >>> nx.to_sparse6_bytes(nx.path_graph(2)) b'>>sparse6<<:An\\n' See Also -------- to_sparse6_bytes, read_sparse6, write_sparse6_bytes Notes ----- The returned bytes end with a newline character. The format does not support edge or node labels. References ---------- .. [1] Graph6 specification <https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/data/formats.html> """ if nodes is not None: G = G.subgraph(nodes) G = nx.convert_node_labels_to_integers(G, ordering="sorted") return b"".join(_generate_sparse6_bytes(G, nodes, header))
(G, nodes=None, header=True)
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31,177
networkx.classes.function
to_undirected
Returns an undirected view of the graph `graph`. Identical to graph.to_undirected(as_view=True) Note that graph.to_undirected defaults to `as_view=False` while this function always provides a view.
def to_undirected(graph): """Returns an undirected view of the graph `graph`. Identical to graph.to_undirected(as_view=True) Note that graph.to_undirected defaults to `as_view=False` while this function always provides a view. """ return graph.to_undirected(as_view=True)
(graph)
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31,178
networkx.algorithms.dag
topological_generations
Stratifies a DAG into generations. A topological generation is node collection in which ancestors of a node in each generation are guaranteed to be in a previous generation, and any descendants of a node are guaranteed to be in a following generation. Nodes are guaranteed to be in the earliest possible generation that they can belong to. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX digraph A directed acyclic graph (DAG) Yields ------ sets of nodes Yields sets of nodes representing each generation. Raises ------ NetworkXError Generations are defined for directed graphs only. If the graph `G` is undirected, a :exc:`NetworkXError` is raised. NetworkXUnfeasible If `G` is not a directed acyclic graph (DAG) no topological generations exist and a :exc:`NetworkXUnfeasible` exception is raised. This can also be raised if `G` is changed while the returned iterator is being processed RuntimeError If `G` is changed while the returned iterator is being processed. Examples -------- >>> DG = nx.DiGraph([(2, 1), (3, 1)]) >>> [sorted(generation) for generation in nx.topological_generations(DG)] [[2, 3], [1]] Notes ----- The generation in which a node resides can also be determined by taking the max-path-distance from the node to the farthest leaf node. That value can be obtained with this function using `enumerate(topological_generations(G))`. See also -------- topological_sort
def transitive_closure_dag(G, topo_order=None): """Returns the transitive closure of a directed acyclic graph. This function is faster than the function `transitive_closure`, but fails if the graph has a cycle. The transitive closure of G = (V,E) is a graph G+ = (V,E+) such that for all v, w in V there is an edge (v, w) in E+ if and only if there is a non-null path from v to w in G. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX DiGraph A directed acyclic graph (DAG) topo_order: list or tuple, optional A topological order for G (if None, the function will compute one) Returns ------- NetworkX DiGraph The transitive closure of `G` Raises ------ NetworkXNotImplemented If `G` is not directed NetworkXUnfeasible If `G` has a cycle Examples -------- >>> DG = nx.DiGraph([(1, 2), (2, 3)]) >>> TC = nx.transitive_closure_dag(DG) >>> TC.edges() OutEdgeView([(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3)]) Notes ----- This algorithm is probably simple enough to be well-known but I didn't find a mention in the literature. """ if topo_order is None: topo_order = list(topological_sort(G)) TC = G.copy() # idea: traverse vertices following a reverse topological order, connecting # each vertex to its descendants at distance 2 as we go for v in reversed(topo_order): TC.add_edges_from((v, u) for u in nx.descendants_at_distance(TC, v, 2)) return TC
(G, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,179
networkx.algorithms.dag
topological_sort
Returns a generator of nodes in topologically sorted order. A topological sort is a nonunique permutation of the nodes of a directed graph such that an edge from u to v implies that u appears before v in the topological sort order. This ordering is valid only if the graph has no directed cycles. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX digraph A directed acyclic graph (DAG) Yields ------ nodes Yields the nodes in topological sorted order. Raises ------ NetworkXError Topological sort is defined for directed graphs only. If the graph `G` is undirected, a :exc:`NetworkXError` is raised. NetworkXUnfeasible If `G` is not a directed acyclic graph (DAG) no topological sort exists and a :exc:`NetworkXUnfeasible` exception is raised. This can also be raised if `G` is changed while the returned iterator is being processed RuntimeError If `G` is changed while the returned iterator is being processed. Examples -------- To get the reverse order of the topological sort: >>> DG = nx.DiGraph([(1, 2), (2, 3)]) >>> list(reversed(list(nx.topological_sort(DG)))) [3, 2, 1] If your DiGraph naturally has the edges representing tasks/inputs and nodes representing people/processes that initiate tasks, then topological_sort is not quite what you need. You will have to change the tasks to nodes with dependence reflected by edges. The result is a kind of topological sort of the edges. This can be done with :func:`networkx.line_graph` as follows: >>> list(nx.topological_sort(nx.line_graph(DG))) [(1, 2), (2, 3)] Notes ----- This algorithm is based on a description and proof in "Introduction to Algorithms: A Creative Approach" [1]_ . See also -------- is_directed_acyclic_graph, lexicographical_topological_sort References ---------- .. [1] Manber, U. (1989). *Introduction to Algorithms - A Creative Approach.* Addison-Wesley.
def transitive_closure_dag(G, topo_order=None): """Returns the transitive closure of a directed acyclic graph. This function is faster than the function `transitive_closure`, but fails if the graph has a cycle. The transitive closure of G = (V,E) is a graph G+ = (V,E+) such that for all v, w in V there is an edge (v, w) in E+ if and only if there is a non-null path from v to w in G. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX DiGraph A directed acyclic graph (DAG) topo_order: list or tuple, optional A topological order for G (if None, the function will compute one) Returns ------- NetworkX DiGraph The transitive closure of `G` Raises ------ NetworkXNotImplemented If `G` is not directed NetworkXUnfeasible If `G` has a cycle Examples -------- >>> DG = nx.DiGraph([(1, 2), (2, 3)]) >>> TC = nx.transitive_closure_dag(DG) >>> TC.edges() OutEdgeView([(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3)]) Notes ----- This algorithm is probably simple enough to be well-known but I didn't find a mention in the literature. """ if topo_order is None: topo_order = list(topological_sort(G)) TC = G.copy() # idea: traverse vertices following a reverse topological order, connecting # each vertex to its descendants at distance 2 as we go for v in reversed(topo_order): TC.add_edges_from((v, u) for u in nx.descendants_at_distance(TC, v, 2)) return TC
(G, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,182
networkx.algorithms.dag
transitive_closure
Returns transitive closure of a graph The transitive closure of G = (V,E) is a graph G+ = (V,E+) such that for all v, w in V there is an edge (v, w) in E+ if and only if there is a path from v to w in G. Handling of paths from v to v has some flexibility within this definition. A reflexive transitive closure creates a self-loop for the path from v to v of length 0. The usual transitive closure creates a self-loop only if a cycle exists (a path from v to v with length > 0). We also allow an option for no self-loops. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX Graph A directed/undirected graph/multigraph. reflexive : Bool or None, optional (default: False) Determines when cycles create self-loops in the Transitive Closure. If True, trivial cycles (length 0) create self-loops. The result is a reflexive transitive closure of G. If False (the default) non-trivial cycles create self-loops. If None, self-loops are not created. Returns ------- NetworkX graph The transitive closure of `G` Raises ------ NetworkXError If `reflexive` not in `{None, True, False}` Examples -------- The treatment of trivial (i.e. length 0) cycles is controlled by the `reflexive` parameter. Trivial (i.e. length 0) cycles do not create self-loops when ``reflexive=False`` (the default):: >>> DG = nx.DiGraph([(1, 2), (2, 3)]) >>> TC = nx.transitive_closure(DG, reflexive=False) >>> TC.edges() OutEdgeView([(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3)]) However, nontrivial (i.e. length greater than 0) cycles create self-loops when ``reflexive=False`` (the default):: >>> DG = nx.DiGraph([(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1)]) >>> TC = nx.transitive_closure(DG, reflexive=False) >>> TC.edges() OutEdgeView([(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 1), (2, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)]) Trivial cycles (length 0) create self-loops when ``reflexive=True``:: >>> DG = nx.DiGraph([(1, 2), (2, 3)]) >>> TC = nx.transitive_closure(DG, reflexive=True) >>> TC.edges() OutEdgeView([(1, 2), (1, 1), (1, 3), (2, 3), (2, 2), (3, 3)]) And the third option is not to create self-loops at all when ``reflexive=None``:: >>> DG = nx.DiGraph([(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1)]) >>> TC = nx.transitive_closure(DG, reflexive=None) >>> TC.edges() OutEdgeView([(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3), (2, 1), (3, 1), (3, 2)]) References ---------- .. [1] https://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/PADS/PartialOrder.py
def transitive_closure_dag(G, topo_order=None): """Returns the transitive closure of a directed acyclic graph. This function is faster than the function `transitive_closure`, but fails if the graph has a cycle. The transitive closure of G = (V,E) is a graph G+ = (V,E+) such that for all v, w in V there is an edge (v, w) in E+ if and only if there is a non-null path from v to w in G. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX DiGraph A directed acyclic graph (DAG) topo_order: list or tuple, optional A topological order for G (if None, the function will compute one) Returns ------- NetworkX DiGraph The transitive closure of `G` Raises ------ NetworkXNotImplemented If `G` is not directed NetworkXUnfeasible If `G` has a cycle Examples -------- >>> DG = nx.DiGraph([(1, 2), (2, 3)]) >>> TC = nx.transitive_closure_dag(DG) >>> TC.edges() OutEdgeView([(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3)]) Notes ----- This algorithm is probably simple enough to be well-known but I didn't find a mention in the literature. """ if topo_order is None: topo_order = list(topological_sort(G)) TC = G.copy() # idea: traverse vertices following a reverse topological order, connecting # each vertex to its descendants at distance 2 as we go for v in reversed(topo_order): TC.add_edges_from((v, u) for u in nx.descendants_at_distance(TC, v, 2)) return TC
(G, reflexive=False, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,183
networkx.algorithms.dag
transitive_closure_dag
Returns the transitive closure of a directed acyclic graph. This function is faster than the function `transitive_closure`, but fails if the graph has a cycle. The transitive closure of G = (V,E) is a graph G+ = (V,E+) such that for all v, w in V there is an edge (v, w) in E+ if and only if there is a non-null path from v to w in G. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX DiGraph A directed acyclic graph (DAG) topo_order: list or tuple, optional A topological order for G (if None, the function will compute one) Returns ------- NetworkX DiGraph The transitive closure of `G` Raises ------ NetworkXNotImplemented If `G` is not directed NetworkXUnfeasible If `G` has a cycle Examples -------- >>> DG = nx.DiGraph([(1, 2), (2, 3)]) >>> TC = nx.transitive_closure_dag(DG) >>> TC.edges() OutEdgeView([(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3)]) Notes ----- This algorithm is probably simple enough to be well-known but I didn't find a mention in the literature.
def transitive_closure_dag(G, topo_order=None): """Returns the transitive closure of a directed acyclic graph. This function is faster than the function `transitive_closure`, but fails if the graph has a cycle. The transitive closure of G = (V,E) is a graph G+ = (V,E+) such that for all v, w in V there is an edge (v, w) in E+ if and only if there is a non-null path from v to w in G. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX DiGraph A directed acyclic graph (DAG) topo_order: list or tuple, optional A topological order for G (if None, the function will compute one) Returns ------- NetworkX DiGraph The transitive closure of `G` Raises ------ NetworkXNotImplemented If `G` is not directed NetworkXUnfeasible If `G` has a cycle Examples -------- >>> DG = nx.DiGraph([(1, 2), (2, 3)]) >>> TC = nx.transitive_closure_dag(DG) >>> TC.edges() OutEdgeView([(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3)]) Notes ----- This algorithm is probably simple enough to be well-known but I didn't find a mention in the literature. """ if topo_order is None: topo_order = list(topological_sort(G)) TC = G.copy() # idea: traverse vertices following a reverse topological order, connecting # each vertex to its descendants at distance 2 as we go for v in reversed(topo_order): TC.add_edges_from((v, u) for u in nx.descendants_at_distance(TC, v, 2)) return TC
(G, topo_order=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,184
networkx.algorithms.dag
transitive_reduction
Returns transitive reduction of a directed graph The transitive reduction of G = (V,E) is a graph G- = (V,E-) such that for all v,w in V there is an edge (v,w) in E- if and only if (v,w) is in E and there is no path from v to w in G with length greater than 1. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX DiGraph A directed acyclic graph (DAG) Returns ------- NetworkX DiGraph The transitive reduction of `G` Raises ------ NetworkXError If `G` is not a directed acyclic graph (DAG) transitive reduction is not uniquely defined and a :exc:`NetworkXError` exception is raised. Examples -------- To perform transitive reduction on a DiGraph: >>> DG = nx.DiGraph([(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)]) >>> TR = nx.transitive_reduction(DG) >>> list(TR.edges) [(1, 2), (2, 3)] To avoid unnecessary data copies, this implementation does not return a DiGraph with node/edge data. To perform transitive reduction on a DiGraph and transfer node/edge data: >>> DG = nx.DiGraph() >>> DG.add_edges_from([(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)], color="red") >>> TR = nx.transitive_reduction(DG) >>> TR.add_nodes_from(DG.nodes(data=True)) >>> TR.add_edges_from((u, v, DG.edges[u, v]) for u, v in TR.edges) >>> list(TR.edges(data=True)) [(1, 2, {'color': 'red'}), (2, 3, {'color': 'red'})] References ---------- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitive_reduction
def transitive_closure_dag(G, topo_order=None): """Returns the transitive closure of a directed acyclic graph. This function is faster than the function `transitive_closure`, but fails if the graph has a cycle. The transitive closure of G = (V,E) is a graph G+ = (V,E+) such that for all v, w in V there is an edge (v, w) in E+ if and only if there is a non-null path from v to w in G. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX DiGraph A directed acyclic graph (DAG) topo_order: list or tuple, optional A topological order for G (if None, the function will compute one) Returns ------- NetworkX DiGraph The transitive closure of `G` Raises ------ NetworkXNotImplemented If `G` is not directed NetworkXUnfeasible If `G` has a cycle Examples -------- >>> DG = nx.DiGraph([(1, 2), (2, 3)]) >>> TC = nx.transitive_closure_dag(DG) >>> TC.edges() OutEdgeView([(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3)]) Notes ----- This algorithm is probably simple enough to be well-known but I didn't find a mention in the literature. """ if topo_order is None: topo_order = list(topological_sort(G)) TC = G.copy() # idea: traverse vertices following a reverse topological order, connecting # each vertex to its descendants at distance 2 as we go for v in reversed(topo_order): TC.add_edges_from((v, u) for u in nx.descendants_at_distance(TC, v, 2)) return TC
(G, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,191
networkx.readwrite.json_graph.tree
tree_data
Returns data in tree format that is suitable for JSON serialization and use in JavaScript documents. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph G must be an oriented tree root : node The root of the tree ident : string Attribute name for storing NetworkX-internal graph data. `ident` must have a different value than `children`. The default is 'id'. children : string Attribute name for storing NetworkX-internal graph data. `children` must have a different value than `ident`. The default is 'children'. Returns ------- data : dict A dictionary with node-link formatted data. Raises ------ NetworkXError If `children` and `ident` attributes are identical. Examples -------- >>> from networkx.readwrite import json_graph >>> G = nx.DiGraph([(1, 2)]) >>> data = json_graph.tree_data(G, root=1) To serialize with json >>> import json >>> s = json.dumps(data) Notes ----- Node attributes are stored in this format but keys for attributes must be strings if you want to serialize with JSON. Graph and edge attributes are not stored. See Also -------- tree_graph, node_link_data, adjacency_data
def tree_data(G, root, ident="id", children="children"): """Returns data in tree format that is suitable for JSON serialization and use in JavaScript documents. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph G must be an oriented tree root : node The root of the tree ident : string Attribute name for storing NetworkX-internal graph data. `ident` must have a different value than `children`. The default is 'id'. children : string Attribute name for storing NetworkX-internal graph data. `children` must have a different value than `ident`. The default is 'children'. Returns ------- data : dict A dictionary with node-link formatted data. Raises ------ NetworkXError If `children` and `ident` attributes are identical. Examples -------- >>> from networkx.readwrite import json_graph >>> G = nx.DiGraph([(1, 2)]) >>> data = json_graph.tree_data(G, root=1) To serialize with json >>> import json >>> s = json.dumps(data) Notes ----- Node attributes are stored in this format but keys for attributes must be strings if you want to serialize with JSON. Graph and edge attributes are not stored. See Also -------- tree_graph, node_link_data, adjacency_data """ if G.number_of_nodes() != G.number_of_edges() + 1: raise TypeError("G is not a tree.") if not G.is_directed(): raise TypeError("G is not directed.") if not nx.is_weakly_connected(G): raise TypeError("G is not weakly connected.") if ident == children: raise nx.NetworkXError("The values for `id` and `children` must be different.") def add_children(n, G): nbrs = G[n] if len(nbrs) == 0: return [] children_ = [] for child in nbrs: d = {**G.nodes[child], ident: child} c = add_children(child, G) if c: d[children] = c children_.append(d) return children_ return {**G.nodes[root], ident: root, children: add_children(root, G)}
(G, root, ident='id', children='children')
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31,201
networkx.generators.classic
trivial_graph
Return the Trivial graph with one node (with label 0) and no edges. .. plot:: >>> nx.draw(nx.trivial_graph(), with_labels=True)
def star_graph(n, create_using=None): """Return the star graph The star graph consists of one center node connected to n outer nodes. .. plot:: >>> nx.draw(nx.star_graph(6)) Parameters ---------- n : int or iterable If an integer, node labels are 0 to n with center 0. If an iterable of nodes, the center is the first. Warning: n is not checked for duplicates and if present the resulting graph may not be as desired. Make sure you have no duplicates. create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph) Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated. Notes ----- The graph has n+1 nodes for integer n. So star_graph(3) is the same as star_graph(range(4)). """ n, nodes = n if isinstance(n, numbers.Integral): nodes.append(int(n)) # there should be n+1 nodes G = empty_graph(nodes, create_using) if G.is_directed(): raise NetworkXError("Directed Graph not supported") if len(nodes) > 1: hub, *spokes = nodes G.add_edges_from((hub, node) for node in spokes) return G
(create_using=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,206
networkx.generators.small
truncated_cube_graph
Returns the skeleton of the truncated cube. The truncated cube is an Archimedean solid with 14 regular faces (6 octagonal and 8 triangular), 36 edges and 24 nodes [1]_. The truncated cube is created by truncating (cutting off) the tips of the cube one third of the way into each edge [2]_. Parameters ---------- create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph) Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated. Returns ------- G : networkx Graph Skeleton of the truncated cube References ---------- .. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated_cube .. [2] https://www.coolmath.com/reference/polyhedra-truncated-cube
def _raise_on_directed(func): """ A decorator which inspects the `create_using` argument and raises a NetworkX exception when `create_using` is a DiGraph (class or instance) for graph generators that do not support directed outputs. """ @wraps(func) def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): if kwargs.get("create_using") is not None: G = nx.empty_graph(create_using=kwargs["create_using"]) if G.is_directed(): raise NetworkXError("Directed Graph not supported") return func(*args, **kwargs) return wrapper
(create_using=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,207
networkx.generators.small
truncated_tetrahedron_graph
Returns the skeleton of the truncated Platonic tetrahedron. The truncated tetrahedron is an Archimedean solid with 4 regular hexagonal faces, 4 equilateral triangle faces, 12 nodes and 18 edges. It can be constructed by truncating all 4 vertices of a regular tetrahedron at one third of the original edge length [1]_. Parameters ---------- create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph) Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated. Returns ------- G : networkx Graph Skeleton of the truncated tetrahedron References ---------- .. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated_tetrahedron
def sedgewick_maze_graph(create_using=None): """ Return a small maze with a cycle. This is the maze used in Sedgewick, 3rd Edition, Part 5, Graph Algorithms, Chapter 18, e.g. Figure 18.2 and following [1]_. Nodes are numbered 0,..,7 Parameters ---------- create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph) Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated. Returns ------- G : networkx Graph Small maze with a cycle References ---------- .. [1] Figure 18.2, Chapter 18, Graph Algorithms (3rd Ed), Sedgewick """ G = empty_graph(0, create_using) G.add_nodes_from(range(8)) G.add_edges_from([[0, 2], [0, 7], [0, 5]]) G.add_edges_from([[1, 7], [2, 6]]) G.add_edges_from([[3, 4], [3, 5]]) G.add_edges_from([[4, 5], [4, 7], [4, 6]]) G.name = "Sedgewick Maze" return G
(create_using=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,208
networkx.generators.classic
turan_graph
Return the Turan Graph The Turan Graph is a complete multipartite graph on $n$ nodes with $r$ disjoint subsets. That is, edges connect each node to every node not in its subset. Given $n$ and $r$, we create a complete multipartite graph with $r-(n \mod r)$ partitions of size $n/r$, rounded down, and $n \mod r$ partitions of size $n/r+1$, rounded down. .. plot:: >>> nx.draw(nx.turan_graph(6, 2)) Parameters ---------- n : int The number of nodes. r : int The number of partitions. Must be less than or equal to n. Notes ----- Must satisfy $1 <= r <= n$. The graph has $(r-1)(n^2)/(2r)$ edges, rounded down.
def star_graph(n, create_using=None): """Return the star graph The star graph consists of one center node connected to n outer nodes. .. plot:: >>> nx.draw(nx.star_graph(6)) Parameters ---------- n : int or iterable If an integer, node labels are 0 to n with center 0. If an iterable of nodes, the center is the first. Warning: n is not checked for duplicates and if present the resulting graph may not be as desired. Make sure you have no duplicates. create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph) Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated. Notes ----- The graph has n+1 nodes for integer n. So star_graph(3) is the same as star_graph(range(4)). """ n, nodes = n if isinstance(n, numbers.Integral): nodes.append(int(n)) # there should be n+1 nodes G = empty_graph(nodes, create_using) if G.is_directed(): raise NetworkXError("Directed Graph not supported") if len(nodes) > 1: hub, *spokes = nodes G.add_edges_from((hub, node) for node in spokes) return G
(n, r, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,209
networkx.generators.small
tutte_graph
Returns the Tutte graph. The Tutte graph is a cubic polyhedral, non-Hamiltonian graph. It has 46 nodes and 69 edges. It is a counterexample to Tait's conjecture that every 3-regular polyhedron has a Hamiltonian cycle. It can be realized geometrically from a tetrahedron by multiply truncating three of its vertices [1]_. Parameters ---------- create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph) Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated. Returns ------- G : networkx Graph Tutte graph References ---------- .. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutte_graph
def _raise_on_directed(func): """ A decorator which inspects the `create_using` argument and raises a NetworkX exception when `create_using` is a DiGraph (class or instance) for graph generators that do not support directed outputs. """ @wraps(func) def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): if kwargs.get("create_using") is not None: G = nx.empty_graph(create_using=kwargs["create_using"]) if G.is_directed(): raise NetworkXError("Directed Graph not supported") return func(*args, **kwargs) return wrapper
(create_using=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,217
networkx.algorithms.isomorphism.vf2pp
vf2pp_all_isomorphisms
Yields all the possible mappings between G1 and G2. Parameters ---------- G1, G2 : NetworkX Graph or MultiGraph instances. The two graphs to check for isomorphism. node_label : str, optional The name of the node attribute to be used when comparing nodes. The default is `None`, meaning node attributes are not considered in the comparison. Any node that doesn't have the `node_label` attribute uses `default_label` instead. default_label : scalar Default value to use when a node doesn't have an attribute named `node_label`. Default is `None`. Yields ------ dict Isomorphic mapping between the nodes in `G1` and `G2`.
def _consistent_PT(u, v, graph_params, state_params): """Checks the consistency of extending the mapping using the current node pair. Parameters ---------- u, v: Graph node The two candidate nodes being examined. graph_params: namedtuple Contains all the Graph-related parameters: G1,G2: NetworkX Graph or MultiGraph instances. The two graphs to check for isomorphism or monomorphism G1_labels,G2_labels: dict The label of every node in G1 and G2 respectively state_params: namedtuple Contains all the State-related parameters: mapping: dict The mapping as extended so far. Maps nodes of G1 to nodes of G2 reverse_mapping: dict The reverse mapping as extended so far. Maps nodes from G2 to nodes of G1. It's basically "mapping" reversed T1, T2: set Ti contains uncovered neighbors of covered nodes from Gi, i.e. nodes that are not in the mapping, but are neighbors of nodes that are. T1_out, T2_out: set Ti_out contains all the nodes from Gi, that are neither in the mapping nor in Ti Returns ------- True if the pair passes all the consistency checks successfully. False otherwise. """ G1, G2 = graph_params.G1, graph_params.G2 mapping, reverse_mapping = state_params.mapping, state_params.reverse_mapping for neighbor in G1[u]: if neighbor in mapping: if G1.number_of_edges(u, neighbor) != G2.number_of_edges( v, mapping[neighbor] ): return False for neighbor in G2[v]: if neighbor in reverse_mapping: if G1.number_of_edges(u, reverse_mapping[neighbor]) != G2.number_of_edges( v, neighbor ): return False if not G1.is_directed(): return True for predecessor in G1.pred[u]: if predecessor in mapping: if G1.number_of_edges(predecessor, u) != G2.number_of_edges( mapping[predecessor], v ): return False for predecessor in G2.pred[v]: if predecessor in reverse_mapping: if G1.number_of_edges( reverse_mapping[predecessor], u ) != G2.number_of_edges(predecessor, v): return False return True
(G1, G2, node_label=None, default_label=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,218
networkx.algorithms.isomorphism.vf2pp
vf2pp_is_isomorphic
Examines whether G1 and G2 are isomorphic. Parameters ---------- G1, G2 : NetworkX Graph or MultiGraph instances. The two graphs to check for isomorphism. node_label : str, optional The name of the node attribute to be used when comparing nodes. The default is `None`, meaning node attributes are not considered in the comparison. Any node that doesn't have the `node_label` attribute uses `default_label` instead. default_label : scalar Default value to use when a node doesn't have an attribute named `node_label`. Default is `None`. Returns ------- bool True if the two graphs are isomorphic, False otherwise.
def _consistent_PT(u, v, graph_params, state_params): """Checks the consistency of extending the mapping using the current node pair. Parameters ---------- u, v: Graph node The two candidate nodes being examined. graph_params: namedtuple Contains all the Graph-related parameters: G1,G2: NetworkX Graph or MultiGraph instances. The two graphs to check for isomorphism or monomorphism G1_labels,G2_labels: dict The label of every node in G1 and G2 respectively state_params: namedtuple Contains all the State-related parameters: mapping: dict The mapping as extended so far. Maps nodes of G1 to nodes of G2 reverse_mapping: dict The reverse mapping as extended so far. Maps nodes from G2 to nodes of G1. It's basically "mapping" reversed T1, T2: set Ti contains uncovered neighbors of covered nodes from Gi, i.e. nodes that are not in the mapping, but are neighbors of nodes that are. T1_out, T2_out: set Ti_out contains all the nodes from Gi, that are neither in the mapping nor in Ti Returns ------- True if the pair passes all the consistency checks successfully. False otherwise. """ G1, G2 = graph_params.G1, graph_params.G2 mapping, reverse_mapping = state_params.mapping, state_params.reverse_mapping for neighbor in G1[u]: if neighbor in mapping: if G1.number_of_edges(u, neighbor) != G2.number_of_edges( v, mapping[neighbor] ): return False for neighbor in G2[v]: if neighbor in reverse_mapping: if G1.number_of_edges(u, reverse_mapping[neighbor]) != G2.number_of_edges( v, neighbor ): return False if not G1.is_directed(): return True for predecessor in G1.pred[u]: if predecessor in mapping: if G1.number_of_edges(predecessor, u) != G2.number_of_edges( mapping[predecessor], v ): return False for predecessor in G2.pred[v]: if predecessor in reverse_mapping: if G1.number_of_edges( reverse_mapping[predecessor], u ) != G2.number_of_edges(predecessor, v): return False return True
(G1, G2, node_label=None, default_label=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,219
networkx.algorithms.isomorphism.vf2pp
vf2pp_isomorphism
Return an isomorphic mapping between `G1` and `G2` if it exists. Parameters ---------- G1, G2 : NetworkX Graph or MultiGraph instances. The two graphs to check for isomorphism. node_label : str, optional The name of the node attribute to be used when comparing nodes. The default is `None`, meaning node attributes are not considered in the comparison. Any node that doesn't have the `node_label` attribute uses `default_label` instead. default_label : scalar Default value to use when a node doesn't have an attribute named `node_label`. Default is `None`. Returns ------- dict or None Node mapping if the two graphs are isomorphic. None otherwise.
def _consistent_PT(u, v, graph_params, state_params): """Checks the consistency of extending the mapping using the current node pair. Parameters ---------- u, v: Graph node The two candidate nodes being examined. graph_params: namedtuple Contains all the Graph-related parameters: G1,G2: NetworkX Graph or MultiGraph instances. The two graphs to check for isomorphism or monomorphism G1_labels,G2_labels: dict The label of every node in G1 and G2 respectively state_params: namedtuple Contains all the State-related parameters: mapping: dict The mapping as extended so far. Maps nodes of G1 to nodes of G2 reverse_mapping: dict The reverse mapping as extended so far. Maps nodes from G2 to nodes of G1. It's basically "mapping" reversed T1, T2: set Ti contains uncovered neighbors of covered nodes from Gi, i.e. nodes that are not in the mapping, but are neighbors of nodes that are. T1_out, T2_out: set Ti_out contains all the nodes from Gi, that are neither in the mapping nor in Ti Returns ------- True if the pair passes all the consistency checks successfully. False otherwise. """ G1, G2 = graph_params.G1, graph_params.G2 mapping, reverse_mapping = state_params.mapping, state_params.reverse_mapping for neighbor in G1[u]: if neighbor in mapping: if G1.number_of_edges(u, neighbor) != G2.number_of_edges( v, mapping[neighbor] ): return False for neighbor in G2[v]: if neighbor in reverse_mapping: if G1.number_of_edges(u, reverse_mapping[neighbor]) != G2.number_of_edges( v, neighbor ): return False if not G1.is_directed(): return True for predecessor in G1.pred[u]: if predecessor in mapping: if G1.number_of_edges(predecessor, u) != G2.number_of_edges( mapping[predecessor], v ): return False for predecessor in G2.pred[v]: if predecessor in reverse_mapping: if G1.number_of_edges( reverse_mapping[predecessor], u ) != G2.number_of_edges(predecessor, v): return False return True
(G1, G2, node_label=None, default_label=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,228
networkx.generators.random_graphs
watts_strogatz_graph
Returns a Watts–Strogatz small-world graph. Parameters ---------- n : int The number of nodes k : int Each node is joined with its `k` nearest neighbors in a ring topology. p : float The probability of rewiring each edge seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. See Also -------- newman_watts_strogatz_graph connected_watts_strogatz_graph Notes ----- First create a ring over $n$ nodes [1]_. Then each node in the ring is joined to its $k$ nearest neighbors (or $k - 1$ neighbors if $k$ is odd). Then shortcuts are created by replacing some edges as follows: for each edge $(u, v)$ in the underlying "$n$-ring with $k$ nearest neighbors" with probability $p$ replace it with a new edge $(u, w)$ with uniformly random choice of existing node $w$. In contrast with :func:`newman_watts_strogatz_graph`, the random rewiring does not increase the number of edges. The rewired graph is not guaranteed to be connected as in :func:`connected_watts_strogatz_graph`. References ---------- .. [1] Duncan J. Watts and Steven H. Strogatz, Collective dynamics of small-world networks, Nature, 393, pp. 440--442, 1998.
def dual_barabasi_albert_graph(n, m1, m2, p, seed=None, initial_graph=None): """Returns a random graph using dual Barabási–Albert preferential attachment A graph of $n$ nodes is grown by attaching new nodes each with either $m_1$ edges (with probability $p$) or $m_2$ edges (with probability $1-p$) that are preferentially attached to existing nodes with high degree. Parameters ---------- n : int Number of nodes m1 : int Number of edges to link each new node to existing nodes with probability $p$ m2 : int Number of edges to link each new node to existing nodes with probability $1-p$ p : float The probability of attaching $m_1$ edges (as opposed to $m_2$ edges) seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. initial_graph : Graph or None (default) Initial network for Barabási–Albert algorithm. A copy of `initial_graph` is used. It should be connected for most use cases. If None, starts from an star graph on max(m1, m2) + 1 nodes. Returns ------- G : Graph Raises ------ NetworkXError If `m1` and `m2` do not satisfy ``1 <= m1,m2 < n``, or `p` does not satisfy ``0 <= p <= 1``, or the initial graph number of nodes m0 does not satisfy m1, m2 <= m0 <= n. References ---------- .. [1] N. Moshiri "The dual-Barabasi-Albert model", arXiv:1810.10538. """ if m1 < 1 or m1 >= n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert must have m1 >= 1 and m1 < n, m1 = {m1}, n = {n}" ) if m2 < 1 or m2 >= n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert must have m2 >= 1 and m2 < n, m2 = {m2}, n = {n}" ) if p < 0 or p > 1: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Dual Barabási–Albert network must have 0 <= p <= 1, p = {p}" ) # For simplicity, if p == 0 or 1, just return BA if p == 1: return barabasi_albert_graph(n, m1, seed) elif p == 0: return barabasi_albert_graph(n, m2, seed) if initial_graph is None: # Default initial graph : empty graph on max(m1, m2) nodes G = star_graph(max(m1, m2)) else: if len(initial_graph) < max(m1, m2) or len(initial_graph) > n: raise nx.NetworkXError( f"Barabási–Albert initial graph must have between " f"max(m1, m2) = {max(m1, m2)} and n = {n} nodes" ) G = initial_graph.copy() # Target nodes for new edges targets = list(G) # List of existing nodes, with nodes repeated once for each adjacent edge repeated_nodes = [n for n, d in G.degree() for _ in range(d)] # Start adding the remaining nodes. source = len(G) while source < n: # Pick which m to use (m1 or m2) if seed.random() < p: m = m1 else: m = m2 # Now choose m unique nodes from the existing nodes # Pick uniformly from repeated_nodes (preferential attachment) targets = _random_subset(repeated_nodes, m, seed) # Add edges to m nodes from the source. G.add_edges_from(zip([source] * m, targets)) # Add one node to the list for each new edge just created. repeated_nodes.extend(targets) # And the new node "source" has m edges to add to the list. repeated_nodes.extend([source] * m) source += 1 return G
(n, k, p, seed=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,229
networkx.generators.geometric
waxman_graph
Returns a Waxman random graph. The Waxman random graph model places `n` nodes uniformly at random in a rectangular domain. Each pair of nodes at distance `d` is joined by an edge with probability .. math:: p = \beta \exp(-d / \alpha L). This function implements both Waxman models, using the `L` keyword argument. * Waxman-1: if `L` is not specified, it is set to be the maximum distance between any pair of nodes. * Waxman-2: if `L` is specified, the distance between a pair of nodes is chosen uniformly at random from the interval `[0, L]`. Parameters ---------- n : int or iterable Number of nodes or iterable of nodes beta: float Model parameter alpha: float Model parameter L : float, optional Maximum distance between nodes. If not specified, the actual distance is calculated. domain : four-tuple of numbers, optional Domain size, given as a tuple of the form `(x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max)`. metric : function A metric on vectors of numbers (represented as lists or tuples). This must be a function that accepts two lists (or tuples) as input and yields a number as output. The function must also satisfy the four requirements of a `metric`_. Specifically, if $d$ is the function and $x$, $y$, and $z$ are vectors in the graph, then $d$ must satisfy 1. $d(x, y) \ge 0$, 2. $d(x, y) = 0$ if and only if $x = y$, 3. $d(x, y) = d(y, x)$, 4. $d(x, z) \le d(x, y) + d(y, z)$. If this argument is not specified, the Euclidean distance metric is used. .. _metric: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_%28mathematics%29 seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. pos_name : string, default="pos" The name of the node attribute which represents the position in 2D coordinates of the node in the returned graph. Returns ------- Graph A random Waxman graph, undirected and without self-loops. Each node has a node attribute ``'pos'`` that stores the position of that node in Euclidean space as generated by this function. Examples -------- Specify an alternate distance metric using the ``metric`` keyword argument. For example, to use the "`taxicab metric`_" instead of the default `Euclidean metric`_:: >>> dist = lambda x, y: sum(abs(a - b) for a, b in zip(x, y)) >>> G = nx.waxman_graph(10, 0.5, 0.1, metric=dist) .. _taxicab metric: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicab_geometry .. _Euclidean metric: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_distance Notes ----- Starting in NetworkX 2.0 the parameters alpha and beta align with their usual roles in the probability distribution. In earlier versions their positions in the expression were reversed. Their position in the calling sequence reversed as well to minimize backward incompatibility. References ---------- .. [1] B. M. Waxman, *Routing of multipoint connections*. IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun. 6(9),(1988) 1617--1622.
def thresholded_random_geometric_graph( n, radius, theta, dim=2, pos=None, weight=None, p=2, seed=None, *, pos_name="pos", weight_name="weight", ): r"""Returns a thresholded random geometric graph in the unit cube. The thresholded random geometric graph [1] model places `n` nodes uniformly at random in the unit cube of dimensions `dim`. Each node `u` is assigned a weight :math:`w_u`. Two nodes `u` and `v` are joined by an edge if they are within the maximum connection distance, `radius` computed by the `p`-Minkowski distance and the summation of weights :math:`w_u` + :math:`w_v` is greater than or equal to the threshold parameter `theta`. Edges within `radius` of each other are determined using a KDTree when SciPy is available. This reduces the time complexity from :math:`O(n^2)` to :math:`O(n)`. Parameters ---------- n : int or iterable Number of nodes or iterable of nodes radius: float Distance threshold value theta: float Threshold value dim : int, optional Dimension of graph pos : dict, optional A dictionary keyed by node with node positions as values. weight : dict, optional Node weights as a dictionary of numbers keyed by node. p : float, optional (default 2) Which Minkowski distance metric to use. `p` has to meet the condition ``1 <= p <= infinity``. If this argument is not specified, the :math:`L^2` metric (the Euclidean distance metric), p = 2 is used. This should not be confused with the `p` of an Erdős-Rényi random graph, which represents probability. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. pos_name : string, default="pos" The name of the node attribute which represents the position in 2D coordinates of the node in the returned graph. weight_name : string, default="weight" The name of the node attribute which represents the weight of the node in the returned graph. Returns ------- Graph A thresholded random geographic graph, undirected and without self-loops. Each node has a node attribute ``'pos'`` that stores the position of that node in Euclidean space as provided by the ``pos`` keyword argument or, if ``pos`` was not provided, as generated by this function. Similarly, each node has a nodethre attribute ``'weight'`` that stores the weight of that node as provided or as generated. Examples -------- Default Graph: G = nx.thresholded_random_geometric_graph(50, 0.2, 0.1) Custom Graph: Create a thresholded random geometric graph on 50 uniformly distributed nodes where nodes are joined by an edge if their sum weights drawn from a exponential distribution with rate = 5 are >= theta = 0.1 and their Euclidean distance is at most 0.2. Notes ----- This uses a *k*-d tree to build the graph. The `pos` keyword argument can be used to specify node positions so you can create an arbitrary distribution and domain for positions. For example, to use a 2D Gaussian distribution of node positions with mean (0, 0) and standard deviation 2 If weights are not specified they are assigned to nodes by drawing randomly from the exponential distribution with rate parameter :math:`\lambda=1`. To specify weights from a different distribution, use the `weight` keyword argument:: :: >>> import random >>> import math >>> n = 50 >>> pos = {i: (random.gauss(0, 2), random.gauss(0, 2)) for i in range(n)} >>> w = {i: random.expovariate(5.0) for i in range(n)} >>> G = nx.thresholded_random_geometric_graph(n, 0.2, 0.1, 2, pos, w) References ---------- .. [1] http://cole-maclean.github.io/blog/files/thesis.pdf """ G = nx.empty_graph(n) G.name = f"thresholded_random_geometric_graph({n}, {radius}, {theta}, {dim})" # If no weights are provided, choose them from an exponential # distribution. if weight is None: weight = {v: seed.expovariate(1) for v in G} # If no positions are provided, choose uniformly random vectors in # Euclidean space of the specified dimension. if pos is None: pos = {v: [seed.random() for i in range(dim)] for v in G} # If no distance metric is provided, use Euclidean distance. nx.set_node_attributes(G, weight, weight_name) nx.set_node_attributes(G, pos, pos_name) edges = ( (u, v) for u, v in _geometric_edges(G, radius, p, pos_name) if weight[u] + weight[v] >= theta ) G.add_edges_from(edges) return G
(n, beta=0.4, alpha=0.1, L=None, domain=(0, 0, 1, 1), metric=None, seed=None, *, pos_name='pos', backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,235
networkx.generators.classic
wheel_graph
Return the wheel graph The wheel graph consists of a hub node connected to a cycle of (n-1) nodes. .. plot:: >>> nx.draw(nx.wheel_graph(5)) Parameters ---------- n : int or iterable If an integer, node labels are 0 to n with center 0. If an iterable of nodes, the center is the first. Warning: n is not checked for duplicates and if present the resulting graph may not be as desired. Make sure you have no duplicates. create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph) Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated. Node labels are the integers 0 to n - 1.
def star_graph(n, create_using=None): """Return the star graph The star graph consists of one center node connected to n outer nodes. .. plot:: >>> nx.draw(nx.star_graph(6)) Parameters ---------- n : int or iterable If an integer, node labels are 0 to n with center 0. If an iterable of nodes, the center is the first. Warning: n is not checked for duplicates and if present the resulting graph may not be as desired. Make sure you have no duplicates. create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph) Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated. Notes ----- The graph has n+1 nodes for integer n. So star_graph(3) is the same as star_graph(range(4)). """ n, nodes = n if isinstance(n, numbers.Integral): nodes.append(int(n)) # there should be n+1 nodes G = empty_graph(nodes, create_using) if G.is_directed(): raise NetworkXError("Directed Graph not supported") if len(nodes) > 1: hub, *spokes = nodes G.add_edges_from((hub, node) for node in spokes) return G
(n, create_using=None, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,238
networkx.generators.community
windmill_graph
Generate a windmill graph. A windmill graph is a graph of `n` cliques each of size `k` that are all joined at one node. It can be thought of as taking a disjoint union of `n` cliques of size `k`, selecting one point from each, and contracting all of the selected points. Alternatively, one could generate `n` cliques of size `k-1` and one node that is connected to all other nodes in the graph. Parameters ---------- n : int Number of cliques k : int Size of cliques Returns ------- G : NetworkX Graph windmill graph with n cliques of size k Raises ------ NetworkXError If the number of cliques is less than two If the size of the cliques are less than two Examples -------- >>> G = nx.windmill_graph(4, 5) Notes ----- The node labeled `0` will be the node connected to all other nodes. Note that windmill graphs are usually denoted `Wd(k,n)`, so the parameters are in the opposite order as the parameters of this method.
def _generate_communities(degree_seq, community_sizes, mu, max_iters, seed): """Returns a list of sets, each of which represents a community. ``degree_seq`` is the degree sequence that must be met by the graph. ``community_sizes`` is the community size distribution that must be met by the generated list of sets. ``mu`` is a float in the interval [0, 1] indicating the fraction of intra-community edges incident to each node. ``max_iters`` is the number of times to try to add a node to a community. This must be greater than the length of ``degree_seq``, otherwise this function will always fail. If the number of iterations exceeds this value, :exc:`~networkx.exception.ExceededMaxIterations` is raised. seed : integer, random_state, or None (default) Indicator of random number generation state. See :ref:`Randomness<randomness>`. The communities returned by this are sets of integers in the set {0, ..., *n* - 1}, where *n* is the length of ``degree_seq``. """ # This assumes the nodes in the graph will be natural numbers. result = [set() for _ in community_sizes] n = len(degree_seq) free = list(range(n)) for i in range(max_iters): v = free.pop() c = seed.choice(range(len(community_sizes))) # s = int(degree_seq[v] * (1 - mu) + 0.5) s = round(degree_seq[v] * (1 - mu)) # If the community is large enough, add the node to the chosen # community. Otherwise, return it to the list of unaffiliated # nodes. if s < community_sizes[c]: result[c].add(v) else: free.append(v) # If the community is too big, remove a node from it. if len(result[c]) > community_sizes[c]: free.append(result[c].pop()) if not free: return result msg = "Could not assign communities; try increasing min_community" raise nx.ExceededMaxIterations(msg)
(n, k, *, backend=None, **backend_kwargs)
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31,242
networkx.readwrite.gexf
write_gexf
Write G in GEXF format to path. "GEXF (Graph Exchange XML Format) is a language for describing complex networks structures, their associated data and dynamics" [1]_. Node attributes are checked according to the version of the GEXF schemas used for parameters which are not user defined, e.g. visualization 'viz' [2]_. See example for usage. Parameters ---------- G : graph A NetworkX graph path : file or string File or file name to write. File names ending in .gz or .bz2 will be compressed. encoding : string (optional, default: 'utf-8') Encoding for text data. prettyprint : bool (optional, default: True) If True use line breaks and indenting in output XML. version: string (optional, default: '1.2draft') The version of GEXF to be used for nodes attributes checking Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(4) >>> nx.write_gexf(G, "test.gexf") # visualization data >>> G.nodes[0]["viz"] = {"size": 54} >>> G.nodes[0]["viz"]["position"] = {"x": 0, "y": 1} >>> G.nodes[0]["viz"]["color"] = {"r": 0, "g": 0, "b": 256} Notes ----- This implementation does not support mixed graphs (directed and undirected edges together). The node id attribute is set to be the string of the node label. If you want to specify an id use set it as node data, e.g. node['a']['id']=1 to set the id of node 'a' to 1. References ---------- .. [1] GEXF File Format, http://gexf.net/ .. [2] GEXF schema, http://gexf.net/schema.html
def add_node(self, G, node_xml, node_attr, node_pid=None): # add a single node with attributes to the graph # get attributes and subattributues for node data = self.decode_attr_elements(node_attr, node_xml) data = self.add_parents(data, node_xml) # add any parents if self.VERSION == "1.1": data = self.add_slices(data, node_xml) # add slices else: data = self.add_spells(data, node_xml) # add spells data = self.add_viz(data, node_xml) # add viz data = self.add_start_end(data, node_xml) # add start/end # find the node id and cast it to the appropriate type node_id = node_xml.get("id") if self.node_type is not None: node_id = self.node_type(node_id) # every node should have a label node_label = node_xml.get("label") data["label"] = node_label # parent node id node_pid = node_xml.get("pid", node_pid) if node_pid is not None: data["pid"] = node_pid # check for subnodes, recursive subnodes = node_xml.find(f"{{{self.NS_GEXF}}}nodes") if subnodes is not None: for node_xml in subnodes.findall(f"{{{self.NS_GEXF}}}node"): self.add_node(G, node_xml, node_attr, node_pid=node_id) G.add_node(node_id, **data)
(G, path, encoding='utf-8', prettyprint=True, version='1.2draft')
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31,243
networkx.readwrite.gml
write_gml
Write a graph `G` in GML format to the file or file handle `path`. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph The graph to be converted to GML. path : filename or filehandle The filename or filehandle to write. Files whose names end with .gz or .bz2 will be compressed. stringizer : callable, optional A `stringizer` which converts non-int/non-float/non-dict values into strings. If it cannot convert a value into a string, it should raise a `ValueError` to indicate that. Default value: None. Raises ------ NetworkXError If `stringizer` cannot convert a value into a string, or the value to convert is not a string while `stringizer` is None. See Also -------- read_gml, generate_gml literal_stringizer Notes ----- Graph attributes named 'directed', 'multigraph', 'node' or 'edge', node attributes named 'id' or 'label', edge attributes named 'source' or 'target' (or 'key' if `G` is a multigraph) are ignored because these attribute names are used to encode the graph structure. GML files are stored using a 7-bit ASCII encoding with any extended ASCII characters (iso8859-1) appearing as HTML character entities. Without specifying a `stringizer`/`destringizer`, the code is capable of writing `int`/`float`/`str`/`dict`/`list` data as required by the GML specification. For writing other data types, and for reading data other than `str` you need to explicitly supply a `stringizer`/`destringizer`. Note that while we allow non-standard GML to be read from a file, we make sure to write GML format. In particular, underscores are not allowed in attribute names. For additional documentation on the GML file format, please see the `GML url <https://web.archive.org/web/20190207140002/http://www.fim.uni-passau.de/index.php?id=17297&L=1>`_. See the module docstring :mod:`networkx.readwrite.gml` for more details. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(4) >>> nx.write_gml(G, "test.gml") Filenames ending in .gz or .bz2 will be compressed. >>> nx.write_gml(G, "test.gml.gz")
def generate_gml(G, stringizer=None): r"""Generate a single entry of the graph `G` in GML format. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph The graph to be converted to GML. stringizer : callable, optional A `stringizer` which converts non-int/non-float/non-dict values into strings. If it cannot convert a value into a string, it should raise a `ValueError` to indicate that. Default value: None. Returns ------- lines: generator of strings Lines of GML data. Newlines are not appended. Raises ------ NetworkXError If `stringizer` cannot convert a value into a string, or the value to convert is not a string while `stringizer` is None. See Also -------- literal_stringizer Notes ----- Graph attributes named 'directed', 'multigraph', 'node' or 'edge', node attributes named 'id' or 'label', edge attributes named 'source' or 'target' (or 'key' if `G` is a multigraph) are ignored because these attribute names are used to encode the graph structure. GML files are stored using a 7-bit ASCII encoding with any extended ASCII characters (iso8859-1) appearing as HTML character entities. Without specifying a `stringizer`/`destringizer`, the code is capable of writing `int`/`float`/`str`/`dict`/`list` data as required by the GML specification. For writing other data types, and for reading data other than `str` you need to explicitly supply a `stringizer`/`destringizer`. For additional documentation on the GML file format, please see the `GML url <https://web.archive.org/web/20190207140002/http://www.fim.uni-passau.de/index.php?id=17297&L=1>`_. See the module docstring :mod:`networkx.readwrite.gml` for more details. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_node("1") >>> print("\n".join(nx.generate_gml(G))) graph [ node [ id 0 label "1" ] ] >>> G = nx.MultiGraph([("a", "b"), ("a", "b")]) >>> print("\n".join(nx.generate_gml(G))) graph [ multigraph 1 node [ id 0 label "a" ] node [ id 1 label "b" ] edge [ source 0 target 1 key 0 ] edge [ source 0 target 1 key 1 ] ] """ valid_keys = re.compile("^[A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z_]*$") def stringize(key, value, ignored_keys, indent, in_list=False): if not isinstance(key, str): raise NetworkXError(f"{key!r} is not a string") if not valid_keys.match(key): raise NetworkXError(f"{key!r} is not a valid key") if not isinstance(key, str): key = str(key) if key not in ignored_keys: if isinstance(value, int | bool): if key == "label": yield indent + key + ' "' + str(value) + '"' elif value is True: # python bool is an instance of int yield indent + key + " 1" elif value is False: yield indent + key + " 0" # GML only supports signed 32-bit integers elif value < -(2**31) or value >= 2**31: yield indent + key + ' "' + str(value) + '"' else: yield indent + key + " " + str(value) elif isinstance(value, float): text = repr(value).upper() # GML matches INF to keys, so prepend + to INF. Use repr(float(*)) # instead of string literal to future proof against changes to repr. if text == repr(float("inf")).upper(): text = "+" + text else: # GML requires that a real literal contain a decimal point, but # repr may not output a decimal point when the mantissa is # integral and hence needs fixing. epos = text.rfind("E") if epos != -1 and text.find(".", 0, epos) == -1: text = text[:epos] + "." + text[epos:] if key == "label": yield indent + key + ' "' + text + '"' else: yield indent + key + " " + text elif isinstance(value, dict): yield indent + key + " [" next_indent = indent + " " for key, value in value.items(): yield from stringize(key, value, (), next_indent) yield indent + "]" elif isinstance(value, tuple) and key == "label": yield indent + key + f" \"({','.join(repr(v) for v in value)})\"" elif isinstance(value, list | tuple) and key != "label" and not in_list: if len(value) == 0: yield indent + key + " " + f'"{value!r}"' if len(value) == 1: yield indent + key + " " + f'"{LIST_START_VALUE}"' for val in value: yield from stringize(key, val, (), indent, True) else: if stringizer: try: value = stringizer(value) except ValueError as err: raise NetworkXError( f"{value!r} cannot be converted into a string" ) from err if not isinstance(value, str): raise NetworkXError(f"{value!r} is not a string") yield indent + key + ' "' + escape(value) + '"' multigraph = G.is_multigraph() yield "graph [" # Output graph attributes if G.is_directed(): yield " directed 1" if multigraph: yield " multigraph 1" ignored_keys = {"directed", "multigraph", "node", "edge"} for attr, value in G.graph.items(): yield from stringize(attr, value, ignored_keys, " ") # Output node data node_id = dict(zip(G, range(len(G)))) ignored_keys = {"id", "label"} for node, attrs in G.nodes.items(): yield " node [" yield " id " + str(node_id[node]) yield from stringize("label", node, (), " ") for attr, value in attrs.items(): yield from stringize(attr, value, ignored_keys, " ") yield " ]" # Output edge data ignored_keys = {"source", "target"} kwargs = {"data": True} if multigraph: ignored_keys.add("key") kwargs["keys"] = True for e in G.edges(**kwargs): yield " edge [" yield " source " + str(node_id[e[0]]) yield " target " + str(node_id[e[1]]) if multigraph: yield from stringize("key", e[2], (), " ") for attr, value in e[-1].items(): yield from stringize(attr, value, ignored_keys, " ") yield " ]" yield "]"
(G, path, stringizer=None)
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31,245
networkx.readwrite.graphml
write_graphml_lxml
Write G in GraphML XML format to path This function uses the LXML framework and should be faster than the version using the xml library. Parameters ---------- G : graph A networkx graph path : file or string File or filename to write. Filenames ending in .gz or .bz2 will be compressed. encoding : string (optional) Encoding for text data. prettyprint : bool (optional) If True use line breaks and indenting in output XML. infer_numeric_types : boolean Determine if numeric types should be generalized. For example, if edges have both int and float 'weight' attributes, we infer in GraphML that both are floats. named_key_ids : bool (optional) If True use attr.name as value for key elements' id attribute. edge_id_from_attribute : dict key (optional) If provided, the graphml edge id is set by looking up the corresponding edge data attribute keyed by this parameter. If `None` or the key does not exist in edge data, the edge id is set by the edge key if `G` is a MultiGraph, else the edge id is left unset. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(4) >>> nx.write_graphml_lxml(G, "fourpath.graphml") Notes ----- This implementation does not support mixed graphs (directed and unidirected edges together) hyperedges, nested graphs, or ports.
def add_graph_element(self, G): """ Serialize graph G in GraphML to the stream. """ if G.is_directed(): default_edge_type = "directed" else: default_edge_type = "undirected" graphid = G.graph.pop("id", None) if graphid is None: graph_element = self._xml.element("graph", edgedefault=default_edge_type) else: graph_element = self._xml.element( "graph", edgedefault=default_edge_type, id=graphid ) # gather attributes types for the whole graph # to find the most general numeric format needed. # Then pass through attributes to create key_id for each. graphdata = { k: v for k, v in G.graph.items() if k not in ("node_default", "edge_default") } node_default = G.graph.get("node_default", {}) edge_default = G.graph.get("edge_default", {}) # Graph attributes for k, v in graphdata.items(): self.attribute_types[(str(k), "graph")].add(type(v)) for k, v in graphdata.items(): element_type = self.get_xml_type(self.attr_type(k, "graph", v)) self.get_key(str(k), element_type, "graph", None) # Nodes and data for node, d in G.nodes(data=True): for k, v in d.items(): self.attribute_types[(str(k), "node")].add(type(v)) for node, d in G.nodes(data=True): for k, v in d.items(): T = self.get_xml_type(self.attr_type(k, "node", v)) self.get_key(str(k), T, "node", node_default.get(k)) # Edges and data if G.is_multigraph(): for u, v, ekey, d in G.edges(keys=True, data=True): for k, v in d.items(): self.attribute_types[(str(k), "edge")].add(type(v)) for u, v, ekey, d in G.edges(keys=True, data=True): for k, v in d.items(): T = self.get_xml_type(self.attr_type(k, "edge", v)) self.get_key(str(k), T, "edge", edge_default.get(k)) else: for u, v, d in G.edges(data=True): for k, v in d.items(): self.attribute_types[(str(k), "edge")].add(type(v)) for u, v, d in G.edges(data=True): for k, v in d.items(): T = self.get_xml_type(self.attr_type(k, "edge", v)) self.get_key(str(k), T, "edge", edge_default.get(k)) # Now add attribute keys to the xml file for key in self.xml: self._xml.write(key, pretty_print=self._prettyprint) # The incremental_writer writes each node/edge as it is created incremental_writer = IncrementalElement(self._xml, self._prettyprint) with graph_element: self.add_attributes("graph", incremental_writer, graphdata, {}) self.add_nodes(G, incremental_writer) # adds attributes too self.add_edges(G, incremental_writer) # adds attributes too
(G, path, encoding='utf-8', prettyprint=True, infer_numeric_types=False, named_key_ids=False, edge_id_from_attribute=None)
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31,247
networkx.readwrite.graphml
write_graphml_xml
Write G in GraphML XML format to path Parameters ---------- G : graph A networkx graph path : file or string File or filename to write. Filenames ending in .gz or .bz2 will be compressed. encoding : string (optional) Encoding for text data. prettyprint : bool (optional) If True use line breaks and indenting in output XML. infer_numeric_types : boolean Determine if numeric types should be generalized. For example, if edges have both int and float 'weight' attributes, we infer in GraphML that both are floats. named_key_ids : bool (optional) If True use attr.name as value for key elements' id attribute. edge_id_from_attribute : dict key (optional) If provided, the graphml edge id is set by looking up the corresponding edge data attribute keyed by this parameter. If `None` or the key does not exist in edge data, the edge id is set by the edge key if `G` is a MultiGraph, else the edge id is left unset. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.path_graph(4) >>> nx.write_graphml(G, "test.graphml") Notes ----- This implementation does not support mixed graphs (directed and unidirected edges together) hyperedges, nested graphs, or ports.
def add_graph_element(self, G): """ Serialize graph G in GraphML to the stream. """ if G.is_directed(): default_edge_type = "directed" else: default_edge_type = "undirected" graphid = G.graph.pop("id", None) if graphid is None: graph_element = self._xml.element("graph", edgedefault=default_edge_type) else: graph_element = self._xml.element( "graph", edgedefault=default_edge_type, id=graphid ) # gather attributes types for the whole graph # to find the most general numeric format needed. # Then pass through attributes to create key_id for each. graphdata = { k: v for k, v in G.graph.items() if k not in ("node_default", "edge_default") } node_default = G.graph.get("node_default", {}) edge_default = G.graph.get("edge_default", {}) # Graph attributes for k, v in graphdata.items(): self.attribute_types[(str(k), "graph")].add(type(v)) for k, v in graphdata.items(): element_type = self.get_xml_type(self.attr_type(k, "graph", v)) self.get_key(str(k), element_type, "graph", None) # Nodes and data for node, d in G.nodes(data=True): for k, v in d.items(): self.attribute_types[(str(k), "node")].add(type(v)) for node, d in G.nodes(data=True): for k, v in d.items(): T = self.get_xml_type(self.attr_type(k, "node", v)) self.get_key(str(k), T, "node", node_default.get(k)) # Edges and data if G.is_multigraph(): for u, v, ekey, d in G.edges(keys=True, data=True): for k, v in d.items(): self.attribute_types[(str(k), "edge")].add(type(v)) for u, v, ekey, d in G.edges(keys=True, data=True): for k, v in d.items(): T = self.get_xml_type(self.attr_type(k, "edge", v)) self.get_key(str(k), T, "edge", edge_default.get(k)) else: for u, v, d in G.edges(data=True): for k, v in d.items(): self.attribute_types[(str(k), "edge")].add(type(v)) for u, v, d in G.edges(data=True): for k, v in d.items(): T = self.get_xml_type(self.attr_type(k, "edge", v)) self.get_key(str(k), T, "edge", edge_default.get(k)) # Now add attribute keys to the xml file for key in self.xml: self._xml.write(key, pretty_print=self._prettyprint) # The incremental_writer writes each node/edge as it is created incremental_writer = IncrementalElement(self._xml, self._prettyprint) with graph_element: self.add_attributes("graph", incremental_writer, graphdata, {}) self.add_nodes(G, incremental_writer) # adds attributes too self.add_edges(G, incremental_writer) # adds attributes too
(G, path, encoding='utf-8', prettyprint=True, infer_numeric_types=False, named_key_ids=False, edge_id_from_attribute=None)
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31,250
networkx.readwrite.text
write_network_text
Creates a nice text representation of a graph This works via a depth-first traversal of the graph and writing a line for each unique node encountered. Non-tree edges are written to the right of each node, and connection to a non-tree edge is indicated with an ellipsis. This representation works best when the input graph is a forest, but any graph can be represented. Parameters ---------- graph : nx.DiGraph | nx.Graph Graph to represent path : string or file or callable or None Filename or file handle for data output. if a function, then it will be called for each generated line. if None, this will default to "sys.stdout.write" with_labels : bool | str If True will use the "label" attribute of a node to display if it exists otherwise it will use the node value itself. If given as a string, then that attribute name will be used instead of "label". Defaults to True. sources : List Specifies which nodes to start traversal from. Note: nodes that are not reachable from one of these sources may not be shown. If unspecified, the minimal set of nodes needed to reach all others will be used. max_depth : int | None The maximum depth to traverse before stopping. Defaults to None. ascii_only : Boolean If True only ASCII characters are used to construct the visualization end : string The line ending character vertical_chains : Boolean If True, chains of nodes will be drawn vertically when possible. Examples -------- >>> graph = nx.balanced_tree(r=2, h=2, create_using=nx.DiGraph) >>> nx.write_network_text(graph) ╙── 0 ├─╼ 1 │ ├─╼ 3 │ └─╼ 4 └─╼ 2 ├─╼ 5 └─╼ 6 >>> # A near tree with one non-tree edge >>> graph.add_edge(5, 1) >>> nx.write_network_text(graph) ╙── 0 ├─╼ 1 ╾ 5 │ ├─╼ 3 │ └─╼ 4 └─╼ 2 ├─╼ 5 │ └─╼ ... └─╼ 6 >>> graph = nx.cycle_graph(5) >>> nx.write_network_text(graph) ╙── 0 ├── 1 │ └── 2 │ └── 3 │ └── 4 ─ 0 └── ... >>> graph = nx.cycle_graph(5, nx.DiGraph) >>> nx.write_network_text(graph, vertical_chains=True) ╙── 0 ╾ 4 ╽ 1 ╽ 2 ╽ 3 ╽ 4 └─╼ ... >>> nx.write_network_text(graph, vertical_chains=True, ascii_only=True) +-- 0 <- 4 ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 L-> ... >>> graph = nx.generators.barbell_graph(4, 2) >>> nx.write_network_text(graph, vertical_chains=False) ╙── 4 ├── 5 │ └── 6 │ ├── 7 │ │ ├── 8 ─ 6 │ │ │ └── 9 ─ 6, 7 │ │ └── ... │ └── ... └── 3 ├── 0 │ ├── 1 ─ 3 │ │ └── 2 ─ 0, 3 │ └── ... └── ... >>> nx.write_network_text(graph, vertical_chains=True) ╙── 4 ├── 5 │ │ │ 6 │ ├── 7 │ │ ├── 8 ─ 6 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 9 ─ 6, 7 │ │ └── ... │ └── ... └── 3 ├── 0 │ ├── 1 ─ 3 │ │ │ │ │ 2 ─ 0, 3 │ └── ... └── ... >>> graph = nx.complete_graph(5, create_using=nx.Graph) >>> nx.write_network_text(graph) ╙── 0 ├── 1 │ ├── 2 ─ 0 │ │ ├── 3 ─ 0, 1 │ │ │ └── 4 ─ 0, 1, 2 │ │ └── ... │ └── ... └── ... >>> graph = nx.complete_graph(3, create_using=nx.DiGraph) >>> nx.write_network_text(graph) ╙── 0 ╾ 1, 2 ├─╼ 1 ╾ 2 │ ├─╼ 2 ╾ 0 │ │ └─╼ ... │ └─╼ ... └─╼ ...
def _parse_network_text(lines): """Reconstructs a graph from a network text representation. This is mainly used for testing. Network text is for display, not serialization, as such this cannot parse all network text representations because node labels can be ambiguous with the glyphs and indentation used to represent edge structure. Additionally, there is no way to determine if disconnected graphs were originally directed or undirected. Parameters ---------- lines : list or iterator of strings Input data in network text format Returns ------- G: NetworkX graph The graph corresponding to the lines in network text format. """ from itertools import chain from typing import Any, NamedTuple, Union class ParseStackFrame(NamedTuple): node: Any indent: int has_vertical_child: int | None initial_line_iter = iter(lines) is_ascii = None is_directed = None ############## # Initial Pass ############## # Do an initial pass over the lines to determine what type of graph it is. # Remember what these lines were, so we can reiterate over them in the # parsing pass. initial_lines = [] try: first_line = next(initial_line_iter) except StopIteration: ... else: initial_lines.append(first_line) # The first character indicates if it is an ASCII or UTF graph first_char = first_line[0] if first_char in { UtfBaseGlyphs.empty, UtfBaseGlyphs.newtree_mid[0], UtfBaseGlyphs.newtree_last[0], }: is_ascii = False elif first_char in { AsciiBaseGlyphs.empty, AsciiBaseGlyphs.newtree_mid[0], AsciiBaseGlyphs.newtree_last[0], }: is_ascii = True else: raise AssertionError(f"Unexpected first character: {first_char}") if is_ascii: directed_glyphs = AsciiDirectedGlyphs.as_dict() undirected_glyphs = AsciiUndirectedGlyphs.as_dict() else: directed_glyphs = UtfDirectedGlyphs.as_dict() undirected_glyphs = UtfUndirectedGlyphs.as_dict() # For both directed / undirected glyphs, determine which glyphs never # appear as substrings in the other undirected / directed glyphs. Glyphs # with this property unambiguously indicates if a graph is directed / # undirected. directed_items = set(directed_glyphs.values()) undirected_items = set(undirected_glyphs.values()) unambiguous_directed_items = [] for item in directed_items: other_items = undirected_items other_supersets = [other for other in other_items if item in other] if not other_supersets: unambiguous_directed_items.append(item) unambiguous_undirected_items = [] for item in undirected_items: other_items = directed_items other_supersets = [other for other in other_items if item in other] if not other_supersets: unambiguous_undirected_items.append(item) for line in initial_line_iter: initial_lines.append(line) if any(item in line for item in unambiguous_undirected_items): is_directed = False break elif any(item in line for item in unambiguous_directed_items): is_directed = True break if is_directed is None: # Not enough information to determine, choose undirected by default is_directed = False glyphs = directed_glyphs if is_directed else undirected_glyphs # the backedge symbol by itself can be ambiguous, but with spaces around it # becomes unambiguous. backedge_symbol = " " + glyphs["backedge"] + " " # Reconstruct an iterator over all of the lines. parsing_line_iter = chain(initial_lines, initial_line_iter) ############## # Parsing Pass ############## edges = [] nodes = [] is_empty = None noparent = object() # sentinel value # keep a stack of previous nodes that could be parents of subsequent nodes stack = [ParseStackFrame(noparent, -1, None)] for line in parsing_line_iter: if line == glyphs["empty"]: # If the line is the empty glyph, we are done. # There shouldn't be anything else after this. is_empty = True continue if backedge_symbol in line: # This line has one or more backedges, separate those out node_part, backedge_part = line.split(backedge_symbol) backedge_nodes = [u.strip() for u in backedge_part.split(", ")] # Now the node can be parsed node_part = node_part.rstrip() prefix, node = node_part.rsplit(" ", 1) node = node.strip() # Add the backedges to the edge list edges.extend([(u, node) for u in backedge_nodes]) else: # No backedge, the tail of this line is the node prefix, node = line.rsplit(" ", 1) node = node.strip() prev = stack.pop() if node in glyphs["vertical_edge"]: # Previous node is still the previous node, but we know it will # have exactly one child, which will need to have its nesting level # adjusted. modified_prev = ParseStackFrame( prev.node, prev.indent, True, ) stack.append(modified_prev) continue # The length of the string before the node characters give us a hint # about our nesting level. The only case where this doesn't work is # when there are vertical chains, which is handled explicitly. indent = len(prefix) curr = ParseStackFrame(node, indent, None) if prev.has_vertical_child: # In this case we know prev must be the parent of our current line, # so we don't have to search the stack. (which is good because the # indentation check wouldn't work in this case). ... else: # If the previous node nesting-level is greater than the current # nodes nesting-level than the previous node was the end of a path, # and is not our parent. We can safely pop nodes off the stack # until we find one with a comparable nesting-level, which is our # parent. while curr.indent <= prev.indent: prev = stack.pop() if node == "...": # The current previous node is no longer a valid parent, # keep it popped from the stack. stack.append(prev) else: # The previous and current nodes may still be parents, so add them # back onto the stack. stack.append(prev) stack.append(curr) # Add the node and the edge to its parent to the node / edge lists. nodes.append(curr.node) if prev.node is not noparent: edges.append((prev.node, curr.node)) if is_empty: # Sanity check assert len(nodes) == 0 # Reconstruct the graph cls = nx.DiGraph if is_directed else nx.Graph new = cls() new.add_nodes_from(nodes) new.add_edges_from(edges) return new
(graph, path=None, with_labels=True, sources=None, max_depth=None, ascii_only=False, end='\n', vertical_chains=False)
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31,253
networkx.readwrite.edgelist
write_weighted_edgelist
Write graph G as a list of edges with numeric weights. Parameters ---------- G : graph A NetworkX graph path : file or string File or filename to write. If a file is provided, it must be opened in 'wb' mode. Filenames ending in .gz or .bz2 will be compressed. comments : string, optional The character used to indicate the start of a comment delimiter : string, optional The string used to separate values. The default is whitespace. encoding: string, optional Specify which encoding to use when writing file. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_edge(1, 2, weight=7) >>> nx.write_weighted_edgelist(G, "test.weighted.edgelist") See Also -------- read_edgelist write_edgelist read_weighted_edgelist
def write_weighted_edgelist(G, path, comments="#", delimiter=" ", encoding="utf-8"): """Write graph G as a list of edges with numeric weights. Parameters ---------- G : graph A NetworkX graph path : file or string File or filename to write. If a file is provided, it must be opened in 'wb' mode. Filenames ending in .gz or .bz2 will be compressed. comments : string, optional The character used to indicate the start of a comment delimiter : string, optional The string used to separate values. The default is whitespace. encoding: string, optional Specify which encoding to use when writing file. Examples -------- >>> G = nx.Graph() >>> G.add_edge(1, 2, weight=7) >>> nx.write_weighted_edgelist(G, "test.weighted.edgelist") See Also -------- read_edgelist write_edgelist read_weighted_edgelist """ write_edgelist( G, path, comments=comments, delimiter=delimiter, data=("weight",), encoding=encoding, )
(G, path, comments='#', delimiter=' ', encoding='utf-8')
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31,254
quandl.api_config
ApiConfig
null
class ApiConfig: api_key = None api_protocol = 'https://' api_base = '{}data.nasdaq.com/api/v3'.format(api_protocol) api_version = None # This is not used but keeping for backwards compatibility page_limit = 100 use_retries = True number_of_retries = 5 retry_backoff_factor = 0.5 max_wait_between_retries = 8 retry_status_codes = [429] + list(range(500, 512)) verify_ssl = True
()
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31,255
quandl.errors.quandl_error
AuthenticationError
null
class AuthenticationError(QuandlError): pass
(quandl_message=None, http_status=None, http_body=None, http_headers=None, quandl_error_code=None, response_data=None)
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31,256
quandl.errors.quandl_error
__init__
null
def __init__(self, quandl_message=None, http_status=None, http_body=None, http_headers=None, quandl_error_code=None, response_data=None): self.http_status = http_status self.http_body = http_body self.http_headers = http_headers if http_headers is not None else {} self.quandl_error_code = quandl_error_code self.quandl_message = quandl_message if quandl_message is not None \ else self.GENERIC_ERROR_MESSAGE self.response_data = response_data
(self, quandl_message=None, http_status=None, http_body=None, http_headers=None, quandl_error_code=None, response_data=None)
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31,257
quandl.errors.quandl_error
__str__
null
def __str__(self): if self.http_status is None: status_string = '' else: status_string = "(Status %(http_status)s) " % {"http_status": self.http_status} if self.quandl_error_code is None: quandl_error_string = '' else: quandl_error_string = "(Quandl Error %(quandl_error_code)s) " % { "quandl_error_code": self.quandl_error_code} return "%(ss)s%(qes)s%(qm)s" % { "ss": status_string, "qes": quandl_error_string, "qm": self.quandl_message }
(self)
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