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who sings i loved you before i met you
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I Knew I Loved You
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i knew i loved you
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`` I Knew I Loved You '' Single by Savage Garden from the album Affirmation B - side `` Mine ( And You Could Be ) '' `` Universe '' Released 28 September 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 28 ) Format CD single Cassette Recorded 1999 Genre Pop adult contemporary Length 4 : 10 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Daniel Jones Darren Hayes Producer ( s ) Daniel Jones Darren Hayes Walter Afanasieff Savage Garden singles chronology `` The Animal Song '' ( 1999 ) `` I Knew I Loved You '' ( 1999 ) `` Crash and Burn '' ( 2000 ) `` The Animal Song '' ( 1999 ) `` I Knew I Loved You '' ( 1999 ) `` Crash and Burn '' ( 2000 ) Music video `` I Knew I Loved You '' on YouTube `` I Knew I Loved You '' is a song by Australian pop duo Savage Garden , released as the second single from their second studio album , Affirmation . The song went straight to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the band 's second number one in the United States after `` Truly Madly Deeply '' . After its third week at number one , the single was knocked off by Mariah Carey 's `` Thank God I Found You '' featuring Joe and 98 Degrees . It later returned to the top again the following week , for its fourth and final week at the top . It was the last song by an Australian artist to reach the top of the Billboard Hot 100 for over twelve years , until Gotye peaked at number one with his single `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' ( featuring Kimbra ) in 2012 . The music video featured then teen actress Kirsten Dunst as Darren Hayes ' love interest , and received a heavy rotation on MTV . Contents 1 Music video 2 Track listing 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Decade - end charts 3.4 All - time charts 4 Cover versions 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video was filmed by director Kevin Bray in August 1999 on a New York City Subway set that had previously been used on the sitcom Seinfeld . It features Hayes playing out a romantic plot on a subway train , with a female passenger ( played by American actress Kirsten Dunst ) as the object of his affections . At one point , the train comes to a stop due to a power outage ( at 2 : 24 ) ; red emergency lighting comes on and everyone in the carriage joins hands . Hayes , who is sitting opposite his aforementioned love interest , extends his hand to her . As they touch , the video cuts to a montage of the couple walking through a park , bathed in sunlight , laughing and holding hands . The video then cuts back to the carriage as the power comes back on and the train pulls into the station . Hayes and the woman exit with the other passengers , and share a fleeting glance before going their separate ways . Shots of the band performing alone on the subway platform and in the carriage are interspersed throughout the video . The video was uploaded on YouTube on 25 October 2009 . As of October 2017 , the video has received over 74 million views . Track listing ( edit ) United Kingdom CD1 `` I Knew I Loved You '' -- 4 : 12 `` I Knew I Loved You '' ( acoustic version ) -- 4 : 08 `` Mine ( And You Could Be ) '' -- 4 : 29 CD2 `` I Knew I Loved You '' ( radio version ) -- 3 : 49 `` I Knew I Loved You '' ( club mix ) -- 8 : 26 `` Universe '' -- 4 : 20 Cassette `` I Knew I Loved You '' -- 4 : 12 `` I Knew I Loved You '' ( acoustic version ) -- 4 : 08 America `` I Knew I Loved You '' -- 4 : 12 `` I Knew I Loved You '' ( 7 '' Mini-Me Remix ) -- 4 : 17 Australia `` I Knew I Loved You '' -- 4 : 12 `` I Knew I Loved You '' ( acoustic version ) -- 4 : 08 Japan Maxi - CD `` I Knew I Loved You '' -- 4 : 12 `` I Knew I Loved You '' ( radio version ) -- 3 : 49 `` I Knew I Loved You '' ( acoustic version ) -- 4 : 08 Double A-side `` Last Christmas '' -- 4 : 48 `` I Knew I Loved You '' -- 4 : 12 Europe CD1 `` I Knew I Loved You '' -- 4 : 12 `` I Knew I Loved You '' ( radio version ) -- 3 : 49 CD2 `` I Knew I Loved You '' -- 4 : 12 `` I Knew I Loved You '' ( extended instrumental version ) -- 5 : 06 `` I Knew I Loved You '' ( Daniel 's Remix ) -- 4 : 19 `` Mine ( And You Could Be ) '' -- 4 : 29 Charts ( edit ) The song was a huge success in the United States , on the Billboard Hot 100 , where it spent four weeks at the top , and an eventual 124 weeks on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart , breaking the record for 123 weeks set by another of the duo 's songs , `` Truly Madly Deeply '' ( which , in terms of sales and later time spent on the Recurrents chart , is still the # 1 AC song of all time ) . It ranked # 21 in the All Time Adult Contemporary Chart . The song was also certified Platinum by the RIAA and became the highest - played song on US radio of 2000 . Weekly charts ( edit ) Charts ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 36 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 9 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) 18 France ( SNEP ) 43 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 34 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) 15 Ireland ( IRMA ) 18 Italy ( FIMI ) 15 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 54 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 22 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 34 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Billboard Adult Top 40 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 27 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 56 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 Chart ( 2000 ) Position Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 56 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 7 Decade - end charts ( edit ) End - of - decade chart ( 2000 - 2009 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 54 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position US Billboard Adult Contemporary 21 Cover versions ( edit ) Country singer Daryle Singletary covered the song for his 2000 album , Now and Again . His version reached # 55 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 2000 . Cantopop singer Edison Chen covered the song for his 2002 album , Break Through . See also ( edit ) List of Romanian Top 100 number ones of the 2000s List of number - one singles of 2000 ( Canada ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2000 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1999 and 2000 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2000 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Savage Garden diary entry for 26 August 1999 Archived 19 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` CHART BEAT BONUS '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Savage Garden -- I Knew I Loved You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Savage Garden -- I Knew I Loved You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Savage Garden -- I Knew I Loved You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Eurochart Hot 100 Singles '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Savage Garden -- I Knew I Loved You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Savage Garden Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ( Vikuna 11.11 . - 19.11. 1999 46 . Vika ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Icelandic ) . Dagblaðið Vísir . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete : S '' . hitparadeitalia.it . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Savage Garden -- I Knew I Loved You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Savage Garden -- I Knew I Loved You '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Savage Garden -- I Knew I Loved You '' . VG - lista . ^ Jump up to : `` Romanian Top 100 : Top of the Year 2000 '' ( in Romanian ) . Romanian Top 100 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . officialcharts.com . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Savage Garden -- I Knew I Loved You '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Savage Garden -- I Knew I Loved You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Savage Garden Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 12 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 70 , No. 8 , December 13 , 1999 '' . RPM. 13 December 1999 . Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1999 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 's Top Adult Contemporary Songs of the 2000 's '' . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 100 Adult Contemporary Songs Ever '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Savage Garden Darren Hayes Daniel Jones Studio albums Savage Garden Affirmation Compilation albums The Future of Earthly Delites Truly Madly Deeply -- Ultra Rare Tracks Ultra Hit Tracks Affirmation : The B - Sides Truly Madly Completely : The Best of Savage Garden The Singles Singles `` I Want You '' `` To the Moon and Back '' `` Truly Madly Deeply '' `` Break Me Shake Me '' `` Universe '' `` All Around Me '' `` Santa Monica '' `` Tears of Pearls '' `` The Animal Song '' `` I Knew I Loved You '' `` Crash and Burn '' `` Affirmation '' `` Chained to You '' `` Hold Me '' `` The Best Thing '' Video releases Superstars and Cannonballs Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Affirmation World Tour Daryle Singletary Studio albums Daryle Singletary All Because of You Ai n't It the Truth Now and Again That 's Why I Sing This Way Straight from the Heart Rockin ' in the Country Notable singles `` I 'm Living Up to Her Low Expectations '' `` I Let Her Lie '' `` Too Much Fun '' `` Amen Kind of Love '' `` The Note '' `` I Knew I Loved You '' `` I 'd Love to Lay You Down '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Knew_I_Loved_You&oldid=855636114 '' Categories : 1999 singles APRA Award winners Savage Garden songs Daryle Singletary songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Romania Pop ballads RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Walter Afanasieff Songs written by Daniel Jones ( musician ) Songs written by Darren Hayes 1999 songs Columbia Records singles 1990s ballads Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) Use dmy dates from February 2012 Use Australian English from February 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Italiano Polski Português Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 19 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Knew%20I%20Loved%20You
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when did jennifer lopez released her first single
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Lopez 's debut single , `` If You Had My Love '' , was released in May 1999 , as she began to ready her first album . Lopez became the first artist to top the Billboard Hot 100 with a debut single since Britney Spears did so with her single `` ... Baby One More Time '' four months prior . During production of her debut album , On the 6 , Lopez was aware that she received her recording contract on the basis of her looks and an already established name in the entertainment industry , and she wanted to prove she had musical talent . Prior to the debut of her music , critics wondered why she would take the risk of launching a music career . It was noted that : `` If the album was a flop , not only would it embarrass Lopez , but it might even damage her career . '' `` Waiting for Tonight '' , the third single from On the 6 , is widely considered to be Lopez 's best song . Lopez 's musical success came as a surprise to critics ; its launch made the `` popular actor even more popular '' . Both the music industry and the public became intrigued by `` this woman who seemed to have so many different talents '' . By the end of 1999 , Lopez successfully converted herself from a film star to a pop star . She joined a select few in achieving this feat , becoming the first since Vanessa Williams ( 1992 ) and Martika ( 1989 ) .
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May 1999
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Jennifer Lopez
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jennifer lopez
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Jennifer Lynn Lopez ( born July 24 , 1969 ) is an American singer , actress , dancer and producer . In 1991 , Lopez began appearing as a Fly Girl dancer on In Living Color , where she remained a regular until she decided to pursue an acting career in 1993 . For her first leading role in the 1997 Selena biopic of the same name , Lopez received a Golden Globe nomination and became the first Latin actress to earn over US $1 million for a film . She went on to star in Anaconda ( 1997 ) and Out of Sight ( 1998 ) , later establishing herself as the highest - paid Latin actress in Hollywood .
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Lopez ventured into the music industry with her debut studio album On the 6 ( 1999 ) , which helped propel the Latin pop movement in American music . With the simultaneous release of her second studio album J. Lo and her romantic comedy The Wedding Planner in 2001 , Lopez became the first woman to have a number one album and film in the same week . Her 2002 remix album , J to tha L -- O ! The Remixes , became the first in history to debut at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 . Later that year , she released her third studio album This Is Me ... Then , and appeared in Maid in Manhattan . After starring in Gigli ( 2003 ) , a critical and commercial failure , Lopez subsequently starred in the successful romantic comedies Shall We Dance ? ( 2004 ) and Monster - in - Law ( 2005 ) . Her fifth studio album , Como Ama una Mujer ( 2007 ) , received the highest first - week sales for a debut Spanish album in the United States . Following an unsuccessful period , she returned to prominence in 2011 with her appearance as a judge on American Idol , and released her seventh studio album Love ? . In 2016 , she began starring in the crime drama series Shades of Blue and commenced a residency show , Jennifer Lopez : All I Have , at Planet Hollywood Las Vegas . Since 2017 , Lopez has produced and served as a judge on World of Dance . With a cumulative film gross of US $2.9 billion and global record sales exceeding 80 million , Lopez is regarded as the most influential Latin performer in the United States . In 2012 , Forbes ranked her as the most powerful celebrity in the world , as well as the 38th most powerful woman in the world . Time listed her among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2018 . Her most successful singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 include : `` If You Had My Love '' , `` I 'm Real '' , `` Ai n't It Funny '' , `` All I Have '' , and `` On the Floor '' , which is one of the best - selling singles of all time . For her contributions to the music industry , Lopez has received a landmark star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and the Billboard Icon Award among other honors . Her other ventures include clothing lines , fragrances , a production company , and a charitable foundation . She has been divorced three times and gave birth to twins in 2008 with then - husband Marc Anthony . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1991 -- 1996 : Career beginnings 2.2 1997 -- 1999 : Breakthrough with Selena and On the 6 2.3 2000 -- 2002 : Film success , J. Lo and This Is Me ... Then 2.4 2003 -- 2005 : Gigli and Rebirth 2.5 2006 -- 2009 : Career disappointments and Como Ama una Mujer 2.6 2010 -- 2012 : Career rejuvenation with American Idol and touring 2.7 2013 -- 2015 : Television ventures and A.K.A. 2.8 2016 -- present : Shades of Blue and residency show 2.8. 1 Upcoming projects 3 Personal life 4 Philanthropy and activism 5 Artistry 5.1 Musical style 5.2 Dance and stage 6 Public image 7 Legacy and cultural impact 8 Achievements 9 Discography 10 Filmography 11 Tours and concerts 11.1 Tours 11.2 Residency concerts 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Early Life Jennifer Lynn Lopez was born on July 24 , 1969 , in The Bronx borough of New York City , to Puerto Rican parents Guadalupe Rodríguez and David López . She has an older sister , Leslie , and a younger sister , Lynda , a journalist . David worked the night shift at the Guardian Insurance Company before becoming a computer technician at the firm , while Guadalupe was a homemaker . When Lopez was born , the family was living in a small apartment in the Castle Hill neighborhood . A few years later , her parents had saved up enough money to be able to purchase a two - story house , which was considered a big deal for the relatively poor family . At the age of five , Lopez began taking singing and dancing lessons . She toured New York with her school when she was seven years old . Her parents stressed the importance of work ethic and being able to speak English . They encouraged their three daughters to put on performances at home -- singing and dancing in front of each other and their friends so that they would stay `` out of trouble '' . Lopez spent her entire academic career in Catholic schools , finishing at Preston High School . In school , Lopez did gymnastics , ran track on a national level , and was a member of the school 's softball team . She excelled athletically rather than academically , competing in national track championships . While attending her final year of high school , Lopez learned about a film casting that was seeking several teenage girls for small roles . She auditioned and was cast in My Little Girl ( 1986 ) , a low - budget film co-written and directed by Connie Kaiserman . Lopez acted as Myra , a young woman at a center for troubled girls . After she finished filming her role in the film , Lopez realized that she wanted to become a `` famous movie star '' . To please her parents , though , she enrolled in Baruch College , only to drop out after one semester . She told her parents about her dream of becoming a movie star , but they insisted that it was a `` really stupid '' idea and that `` no Latinos did that '' . The differences in opinions led Lopez to move out of their family home and into an apartment in Manhattan . During this period , Lopez performed in regional productions of the musicals Jesus Christ Superstar and Oklahoma ! . From there , she was hired for the chorus in a Golden Musicals of Broadway , which toured Europe for five months . She was unhappy with the role , as she was the only member of the chorus not to have a solo . She later got a job on the show Synchronicity in Japan , where she acted as a dancer , singer , and choreographer . Career 1991 -- 1996 : career Beginnings Lopez was selected as a backup dancer for the New Kids on the Block in 1991 and performed with them during their performance of `` Games '' at the 18th Annual American Music Awards . Shortly after , Lopez gained her first regular high - profile job as a Fly Girl dancer on the television program In Living Color . She applied for the job after one of the cast members was unable to continue with the show . Out of 2,000 applicants , Lopez made it to the finals . She was the runner - up but eventually received the role when the winner was unable to accept the job . She moved to Los Angeles to film the series and remained a regular cast member until 1993 , when she decided to pursue a full - time acting career . Prior to leaving the show , Lopez briefly worked as a backup dancer for American recording artist Janet Jackson . Lopez was set to tour with Jackson on her Janet World Tour in late 1993 but backed out as she wanted to do her `` own thing '' . Lopez received her first professional acting gig in the direct - to - video drama film Lost in the Wild ( 1993 ) , co-starring with Lindsay Wagner and Robert Loggia . Later in 1993 , Lopez signed a deal with CBS to co-star in the television series Second Chances . Lopez received her first major big - screen role in Gregory Nava 's 1995 drama My Family portraying Young Maria . Although her role was uncredited , Lopez received an Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female nomination for her performance . In November 1995 , Lopez starred in Money Train alongside Wesley Snipes and Woody Harrelson as New York City transit cops . In August 1996 , Lopez had a supporting role in the comedy Jack . 1997 -- 1999 : breakthrough with Selena and on the 6 In February 1997 , Lopez starred alongside Jack Nicholson and Stephen Dorff in the neo-noir thriller Blood and Wine . Lopez starred as the title role of the Selena biopic of the same name in March . Despite having previously worked with the film 's director on My Family , Lopez was subjected to an intense auditioning process before she was cast in the film . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times stated that even in the `` forgettable films '' Money Train , and Jack , Lopez 's `` presence and ability made her seem just one role away from stardom '' and with Selena she 's `` seized the opportunity and turned in an incandescent presentation that is especially strong during the film 's numerous musical numbers '' . He concluded by calling the film not just a celebration of Selena 's life , but also of the actress who portrayed her . The announcement was described as the `` role of a lifetime . '' from news outlets and Lopez 's salary for the film was reported at $1 million , which made Lopez the highest - paid Hispanic actress in history . After filming Selena , Lopez was `` really feeling ( her ) Latin roots '' and cut a demo in Spanish . Lopez 's manager then sent the song , titled `` Vivir Sin Ti '' ( Living without You ) , to Sony Music Entertainment 's Work Group , who showed an interest in signing Lopez . Tommy Mottola , the head of the label suggested to her that she sing in English instead . In April , Lopez starred in the horror film Anaconda alongside Ice Cube and Jon Voight . Lopez starred alongside Sean Penn and Billy Bob Thornton in the crime film U Turn in October . The film , which is based on the novel Stray Dogs by John Ridley , received somewhat positive reviews from critics . In June , Lopez starred opposite George Clooney in Out of Sight , Steven Soderbergh 's adaptation of Elmore Leonard 's novel of the same name ( 1996 ) . Cast as a deputy federal marshal who falls for a charming criminal , Lopez won rave reviews for her performance . Lopez provided the voice of Azteca in the computer - animated film Antz in October . Lopez 's debut single , `` If You Had My Love '' , was released in May 1999 , as she began to ready her first album . Lopez became the first artist to top the Billboard Hot 100 with a debut single since Britney Spears did so with her single `` ... Baby One More Time '' four months prior . During production of her debut album , On the 6 , Lopez was aware that she received her recording contract on the basis of her looks and an already established name in the entertainment industry , and she wanted to prove she had musical talent . Prior to the debut of her music , critics wondered why she would take the risk of launching a music career . It was noted that : `` If the album was a flop , not only would it embarrass Lopez , but it might even damage her career . '' `` Waiting for Tonight '' , the third single from On the 6 , is widely considered to be Lopez 's best song . Lopez 's musical success came as a surprise to critics ; its launch made the `` popular actor even more popular '' . Both the music industry and the public became intrigued by `` this woman who seemed to have so many different talents '' . By the end of 1999 , Lopez successfully converted herself from a film star to a pop star . She joined a select few in achieving this feat , becoming the first since Vanessa Williams ( 1992 ) and Martika ( 1989 ) . 2000 -- 2002 : film success , J. Lo and this is Me ... Then On February 23 , 2000 , Lopez , accompanied by then boyfriend Sean Combs , wore a plunging exotic green Versace silk chiffon dress on the red carpet of the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards . The dress `` had a low - cut neck that extended several inches below her navel , where it was loosely fastened with a sparkly brooch and then opened out again , '' exposing her midriff and then as cut along the front of the legs like a bath robe . The dress generated controversy and media attention , with images of Lopez in the dress being downloaded from the Grammy website over half a million times 24 hours after the event . Lopez was surprised by the enormous media coverage , declaring that she had no idea `` it was going to become such a big deal '' . Lopez returned to the big - screen in August , starring in the psychological thriller The Cell opposite Vincent D'Onofrio . During the process of recording her second album , Lopez decided to tweak her image as she began to develop into a sex symbol . She started going by J. Lo , something fans often called her . She subsequently named the album J. Lo . Released on January 23 , 2001 , it was a commercial success , debuting at number one on the US Billboard 200 . During the same week , her romantic comedy film The Wedding Planner in which she starred opposite Matthew McConaughey opened atop the box office . This made her the first woman to have a number one film and album simultaneously in the United States . The album was preceded by the release of its lead single , `` Love Do n't Cost a Thing '' , which reached number one on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart . It was followed by the single `` Play '' . In April 2001 , Lopez launched J. Lo by Jennifer Lopez , her own clothing and accessory company . Lopez felt that `` the voluptuous woman ( was ) almost ignored '' in the fashion industry , and therefore her company specialized in clothing women of all shapes . The following month , she starred in the romantic drama film Angel Eyes , which performed disappointingly at the box office and generated mixed reviews . After several months , J. Lo was declining on the charts ; this prompted Mottola to recruit rapper Ja Rule to create an urban - oriented remix of the song `` I 'm Real '' . This led to the release of `` I 'm Real ( Murder Remix ) '' , which quickly reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . Its success resulted in J. Lo being reissued to include the single , which was number one in the United States during the week of the September 11 attacks . J. Lo became the best - selling album of Lopez 's career , having sold 3.8 million copies in the US and moved over 12 million units worldwide . Having redefined Lopez 's sound with `` I 'm Real ( Murder Remix ) '' , Epic decided to release further remixes in order to `` keep the momentum going '' . A remix album entitled J to tha L -- O ! The Remixes was subsequently released on February 5 , 2002 . It debuted at the summit of the Billboard 200 , making it the first remix album to do so . Its lead single , `` Ai n't It Funny ( Murder Remix ) '' , featuring Ja Rule and Caddillac Tah , reached number one in the US . J to tha L -- O ! The Remixes became one of the best - selling remix albums of all time , selling 1.5 million copies in the US . It produced two more singles : `` I 'm Gonna Be Alright '' and `` Alive '' , a ballad co-written by her husband at the time , Cris Judd . In April 2002 , Lopez opened her restaurant , Madrè 's . The following month , she starred in the thriller film Enough , which was described by the Boston Herald as a `` kick - but , female empowerment '' film . While filming Enough , which required an overworked Lopez to practice Krav Maga , she suffered a nervous breakdown . She recalled feeling `` sick and weird '' , refusing therapeutic help or medication . She confessed , `` I was like -- I do n't want to move , I do n't want to talk , I do n't want to do anything . '' In September , she released her first fragrance , Glow by JLo . It performed strongly despite predictions that it would fail , and became the top - selling fragrance in the US . Lopez 's third studio album , This Is Me ... Then , was released on November 25 , 2002 . It was dedicated to actor Ben Affleck , her fiancé at the time . The album 's lead single `` Jenny from the Block '' , was later described by Sam Lansky of MTV News as her most iconic single . In the song , Lopez `` intones her modest childhood roots '' . The album itself performed strongly , selling 2.6 million copies in the US . Its second single , `` All I Have '' , peaked at number one in the US . That December , Lopez starred opposite Ralph Fiennes in the romantic comedy Maid in Manhattan , which became the highest - grossing film of her career . 2003 -- 2005 : Gigli and Rebirth Lopez arriving at the MTV Video Music Awards , August 2004 In August 2003 , Lopez starred opposite Affleck in the romantic comedy Gigli . The film was a box office bomb , and is considered one of the worst films of all time . The film 's poor reception was attributed to negative press preceding its release , as well as the media attention surrounding Lopez and Affleck 's engagement which largely overshadowed the film . Lopez would later describe this as the lowest point of her career , saying `` ( It ) was very tough '' , `` the tabloid press had just come into existence at the time , so I was like a poster child for that moment . '' In October of that year , she released her next fragrance , Still Jennifer Lopez . Lopez also launched her next fashion label , Sweetface . It was described by Andy Hilfiger as a `` more intellectual , more inspirational collection than J - Lo by Jennifer Lopez . Less sporty , more suede . '' Lopez 's clothing lines and two fragrances generated over $300 million in revenue throughout 2004 , which made her the 19th richest person under 40 . In March 2004 , Lopez had a minor role in the film Jersey Girl , alongside Affleck . Her character , Gertrude Steiney , dies during childbirth within the first 15 minutes of the film . From the intense media scrutiny following the couple 's break - up , it was noted that `` they may need to put Lopez in a coffin on the poster if they want anyone to come '' . In October , Lopez co-starred alongside Richard Gere in the drama Shall We Dance ? , a re-make of the 1996 Japanese film of the same title . The film was successful at the box office , and was considered a rebound for Lopez following Gigli . After placing her career on hiatus , Lopez released her fourth studio album , Rebirth , in February 2005 . According to Lopez , Rebirth `` came about because I was on such a roller - coaster ride , that was my career from my first album to my last album , and I did a bunch of movie projects in between . I finally took some time just for myself , and ( when ) I came back , this was the first project I did . I felt like it was a new beginning for me , like I was , in a way , reborn . '' Tracy Hopkins of NBC 's Today Music noted that after `` fawning '' over Affleck on This Is Me ... Then `` , Lopez `` wisely keeps her love life out of the spotlight '' on Rebirth and only references her relationship with Anthony on a few tracks . The album produced the single `` Get Right '' , which peaked at number one in the United Kingdom . In May , she starred alongside Jane Fonda in the romantic comedy Monster - in - Law , for which she received a salary of $15 million . The film 's marketing played up Lopez 's `` Gigli - and - tabloid tarnished image '' , and it became a box office success . In August , Lopez starred alongside Robert Redford and Morgan Freeman in An Unfinished Life , a drama film based on the novel of the same name . 2006 -- 2009 : career disappointments and Como Ama una Mujer Lopez in 2008 In April 2006 , Lopez reappeared on the Billboard Hot 100 as a featured artist on `` Control Myself '' , the lead single from LL Cool J 's twelfth studio album Todd Smith . The song peaked at number four on the chart following its release as a music download , making it the pair 's second collaboration to reach the top five . Bordertown , a film based on the Female homicides in Ciudad Juárez , made its premiere at the Cannes Film Festival on May 18 , 2006 . Lopez , who also acts as the film 's producer , stars as Lauren Adrian , an American news reporter for the Chicago Sentinel who wants to be assigned to the Iraq front - lines to cover the war . Bordertown received a direct - to - video release . DanceLife , a reality series following the lives of seven dancers trying to break into the world of professional dance , aired on MTV from January 15 to March 5 , 2007 . Lopez produced , created and was featured in the show . According to the album 's co-producer Estéfano , Lopez 's fifth studio album Como Ama una Mujer would `` prove critics wrong '' with its `` big songs that require a voice '' ; referring to the criticism of Lopez having a `` limited '' vocal tone . The album 's lead single `` Qué Hiciste '' reached number one on Billboard 's Hot Latin Songs chart . Lopez performed the song on the sixth season of American Idol on April 11 , 2007 , becoming the first person to perform a Spanish song on the series . The album received the highest first - week sales in the United States for a debut Spanish album and the highest digital sales . In September 2007 , Lopez starred in the biographical film El Cantante , which is based on the life of the late salsa singer Héctor Lavoe . In the film , Lavoe is portrayed by then - husband Marc Anthony while Lopez plays Lavoe 's wife Puchi . Lopez revealed that she felt her performance in the film El Cantante should have earned her an Oscar . `` I feel like I had that ( Oscar worthy role ) in ' El Cantante , ' but I do n't think the academy members saw it '' . El Cantante did not perform well at the box office , earning just $7.6 million . Lopez and Anthony also launched their co-headlining North American concert tour on September 28 . Lopez 's sixth studio album Brave , released in October , was her lowest - charting album worldwide . The album produced two singles , `` Do It Well '' and `` Hold It Do n't Drop It '' . The first peaked at number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , while the latter failed to make any significant impact on the charts . A five - part miniseries , Jennifer Lopez Presents : Como Ama una Mujer , based on the lyrics of Como Ama una Mujer aired on Univision from October 30 to November 27 , 2007 . She placed her career on hiatus after giving birth to twins in February 2008 . In late 2009 , Lopez released two songs for her seventh studio album , Love ? ( `` Louboutins '' and `` Fresh Out of the Oven '' ) ; however , the songs failed to make an appearance on the Billboard charts which led to her departure from Epic Records . 2010 -- 2012 : career rejuvenation with American Idol and touring Lopez parted ways with Epic Records in February 2010 , citing that she had fulfilled her contractual obligations and now wished to release her seventh studio album Love ? under a new label . Her departure from the label temporarily halted production on the album , which commenced in 2009 . Upon signing a new contract with Island Records , recording resumed on the album . The New York Daily News revealed that Lopez would be taking some of the records recorded under Sony Music Entertainment to her new label so that they could be included on the album . In April , Lopez starred in the romantic comedy The Back - up Plan , her first theatrical role in three years . In June , following the departure of Ellen DeGeneres from American Idol , it was reported that Lopez was in talks to join season ten 's judging panel . During this same time , Lopez and Anthony were being considered for a role on The X Factor for their appeal to Latin and International markets . It was officially announced in September that Lopez would be joining the tenth season of American Idol . MTV stated that the deal was `` mutually beneficial to all those involved '' , while CNN reported that Lopez was viewing it as a decision to revive her career , while American Idol producers believed that Lopez and Steven Tyler 's appointments would strengthen viewing figures . In October , Lopez released her fourteenth fragrance , Love and Glamour . The perfume was inspired by Lopez 's forthcoming `` return to the spotlight '' . `` On the Floor '' ( 2011 ) A 22 - second sample of `` On the Floor '' , which combines a sample of `` Llorando se fue '' by Los Kjarkas , with dance , house and Latin music . Problems playing this file ? See media help . L'Oreal Paris named Lopez their new Global Ambassador and the face of their brands , including EverPure hair care , Preference hair color and Youth Code skin care . Her EverSleek hair care ads made their debut in early 2011 , to coincide with the release of Love ? and her debut as a judge on American Idol . To further promote her comeback , in February , Venus chose Lopez as their new Global Ambassador . Lopez 's comeback single `` On the Floor '' was released later that same month . The song topped the charts across the globe , becoming one of the most successful singles of the year . The song also became her highest charting single commercially as a lead artist , as well as her most successful airplay hit on contemporary hit radio , since `` Jenny from the Block '' . Love ? , which was released in May , was a moderate commercial success , and was viewed as a humble comeback from Lopez , as many had considered her recording career over . Lopez launched her next fragrance Love and Light in July , exclusively on HSN . 51,000 bottles of the fragrance were sold at its premiere , becoming Lopez 's most successful fragrance launch to date , making over $2.9 million . In September , Lopez launched the Jennifer Lopez Collection , a clothing and accessories line for Kohl 's with Tommy Hilfiger . In addition to the clothing line , she also launched the Jennifer Lopez Home Collection , featuring bedding , towels and luggage . Later that same month Fiat , an Italian automobile manufacturer , enlisted Lopez to promote their products , including the 2012 Fiat 500 Cabrio . Olivier Francois , the Chrysler chief marketing officer , stated that she `` fits perfectly with the brand '' . Lopez performing during her Dance Again World Tour in Paris , France , October 2012 . In January 2012 , Lopez returned as a judge on the eleventh season of American Idol , earning a reported $20 million . Later that same month , a new talent show , ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen , created by Simon Fuller premiered on Univision and was a hit for the channel . It followed Lopez , Anthony and director - choeographer Jamie King as they travelled across 21 countries in Latin America to find new talent for a Las Vegas show . On May 18 , Lopez returned to the big screen starring alongside an ensemble cast consisting of Cameron Diaz , Elizabeth Banks , Matthew Morrison and Dennis Quaid in the film What to Expect When You 're Expecting , which is based on the novel of the same name . In late May , Lopez released her fragrance Glowing by JLo , which she described as an `` evolution '' of Glow by JLo . Lopez launched the Dance Again World Tour , her first headlining concert tour , on June 14 . It was a lucrative , grossing over $1 million per show . On July 12 , she launched Teeology , a luxury T - shirt e-commerce . Lopez voiced Shira , a saber tooth tiger , in the animated film , Ice Age : Continental Drift , the fourth film in the Ice Age franchise . The film became her highest opening weekend figure . Lopez 's first greatest hits album , Dance Again ... the Hits , was released on July 24 , 2012 in the United States . It was released by Epic Records , as Lopez owed them one final album to end her contract , despite previously announcing that she had fulfilled her contract with the label . Lopez , who was going through a divorce with Anthony and the `` breakup of a family '' , felt as if the album 's sole single , `` Dance Again '' , had come to her at the `` perfect moment '' . `` Dance Again '' and `` Goin ' In '' , a single from the soundtrack of the dance film Step Up Revolution , both reached the top of the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs , giving Lopez her twelfth and thirteenth number one on that chart , respectively . nuvoTV announced in September its premier partnership with Lopez , that will see her work on the creative side of the network , managing marketing and program production with her production company , Nuyorican Productions , as well as periodically appearing in network programming . 2013 -- 2015 : television ventures and A.K.A. Lopez performing during the 2014 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony in Brazil In January 2013 , Lopez starred alongside Jason Statham in the crime thriller Parker , in which she played Leslie . Her performance earned positive reviews , with Chicago Tribune commending the role for giving Lopez `` an opportunity to be dramatic , romantic , funny , depressed , euphoric and violent . The audience stays with her all the way '' . The following month , she gained widespread notoriety for wearing a daring black dress at the Grammy Awards , which revealed her entire right leg ; despite a conservative dress code which had been issued to celebrities in attendance . In May , Lopez was announced as the chief creative officer of nuvoTV . In addition , she founded the mobile phone retail brand Viva Móvil , which is catered specifically for Latinos . She lobbied for more Hispanic diversity on television , hoping to empower the Latin community in these media ventures , stating : `` There 's a big revolution going on , it 's like a media and cultural revolution of Latinos here in the United States . We 're realizing our power . We 're realizing that we matter here . '' Inspired by her gay aunt who had recently died , Lopez signed on as executive producer of the television series The Fosters , which is about a same - sex couple raising a family . The show premiered on ABC Family on June 3 , 2013 , and has since been a ratings success for the network . Later that June , Lopez performed at the birthday of Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov . Doing so , she garnered widespread backlash for performing for the leader of a `` repressive , authoritarian regime '' . Her publicist released an apology . Lopez returned as judge on American Idol for its thirteenth season for a reported salary of $17.5 million . She was ranked as the fifth highest - paid woman in music for 2013 , having earned $45 million . After the conclusion of her Dance Again World Tour , Lopez began recording her eighth studio album , A.K.A. , inspired by her travels . It was released in June 2014 through Capitol Records , experiencing lackluster sales . The album produced three singles : `` I Luh Ya Papi '' , which features French Montana , `` First Love '' , and `` Booty '' , featuring Pitbull or rapper Iggy Azalea . `` Booty '' debuted inside the top twenty in the United States , making it her second - highest debut on the Billboard Hot 100 after `` On the Floor '' . In April , the official song for the 2014 FIFA World Cup performed by Pitbull , Lopez and Brazilian recording artist Claudia Leitte , `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' , was released . She was ranked as the sixth highest - paid woman in music for the year , earning $37 million . In November 2014 , Lopez partnered with Endless Jewelry , designing a range of new jewelry products . That month , she also released first her book , True Love , which became a New York Times best - seller . January 2015 saw the release of The Boy Next Door , an erotic thriller that Lopez both co-produced and starred in as a high school teacher who becomes involved with a student , which eventually leads to his dangerous obsession with her . The film received negative reviews from critics . Despite this , it became her most successful opening at the box office for a live action film since Monster - in - Law , and ultimately grossed over $55 million at the global box office , against a production budget of $4 million . The following month , she unveiled her next fragrance , JLuxe . Lopez had a voice role in the animated feature Home , alongside Steve Martin , Jim Parsons , and Rihanna , and released in March 2015 . She contributed the single `` Feel the Light '' to the film 's official soundtrack . Lopez also starred in the independent drama film Lila & Eve , alongside Viola Davis . With annual earnings of $28.5 million , she was ranked as the seventh highest - paid woman in music for 2015 . 2016 -- present : Shades of Blue and residency show Lopez stars as Detective Harlee Santos in NBC 's crime drama series Shades of Blue ( also serving as an executive producer ) , a single mother and police detective who goes undercover for the FBI to investigate her own squad . It premiered on January 7 , 2016 , giving the network its most - watched Thursday debut in seven years with 8.6 million viewers . Lopez 's performance received positive reviews . Shades of Blue was renewed for a second season , which premiered in March 2017 . That same month , the series was renewed for a third season . In May 2015 , she announced her Las Vegas residency concert show , which commenced on January 20 , 2016 , the first of twenty initial dates . Titled All I Have , it takes place at Planet Hollywood 's The AXIS theater . The residency has been lucrative , and Lopez signed a three - year contract which will see her perform 120 shows . In March 2016 , six years after announcing her departure , she announced her return to Epic Records , signing a multi-album deal with the label . Her first single since returning to Epic , `` Ai n't Your Mama '' , was released the following month . With earnings of $39.5 million , she was among the highest - paid female artists from June 2015 to June 2016 . Lopez reprised her voice role as Shira in the animated film Ice Age : Collision Course , which was released in July 2016 . In collaboration with Giuseppe Zanotti , Lopez designed a capsule collection of shoes and jewelry . Giuseppe for Jennifer Lopez launched in January 2017 . In July 2016 , Lopez announced a new dance competition series entitled World of Dance , for which she serves as an executive producer and judge . Created in partnership with World of Dance , the series was greenlit by NBC with a straight - to - series order for ten episodes . World of Dance premiered on May 30 , 2017 ; with 9.7 million viewers , it became the most - watched premiere for a summer alternative series in nine years . According to Forbes , Lopez was the eleventh highest - paid female celebrity between June 2016 and June 2017 , with earnings of $38 million . Lopez is working on her second full length Spanish album , which is set to be released through Sony Music Latin ; Marc Anthony serves as an executive producer for the project . It is titled Por Primera Vez , which translates to For the First Time in English . The album 's lead single , `` Ni Tú Ni Yo '' ( featuring Cuban reggaeton group Gente de Zona ) , was released on in July 2017 . The second single `` Amor , Amor , Amor '' featuring Wisin followed in November 2017 . In April 2018 , Lopez launched her limited - edition makeup collection in collaboration with Inglot Cosmetics . That month , she was named one of Time 's 100 most influential people in the world , and released a new Spanish single , `` El Anillo '' . The following month she released a bilingual single titled `` Dinero '' , featuring DJ Khaled and Cardi B . Upcoming projects Lopez is set to star in the comedy film Mothers I 'd Like To ... , for which she will also serve as a producer through her production company . She will star as drug lord Griselda Blanco in a television film for HBO , which will focus on the `` rise and fall '' of Blanco . She will once more serve as an executive producer for the film , which is currently in development . She will also produce and star in a romantic comedy film Second Act , which will be directed by Peter Segal . As an executive producer , Lopez is also developing an untitled legal drama for CBS and futuristic drama series entitled C.R.I.S.P.R. for NBC . Sometime in 2019 , Lopez is set to executive produce and star in NBC 's Bye Bye Birdie Live ! , a live television production of the stage musical of the same name . Personal Life Lopez 's personal life has attracted widespread media attention . From February 22 , 1997 , to January 1998 , she was married to Cuban waiter Ojani Noa . Since their brief marriage , Lopez has endured many legal troubles regarding her relationship with Noa . In April 2006 , she sued to prevent him from publishing a book about their marriage , contending that it violated their confidentiality agreement . The following year , a court - appointed arbitrator issued a permanent injunction forbidding Noa from `` criticizing , denigrating , casting in a negative light or otherwise disparaging '' Lopez . She was awarded $545,000 in compensatory damages and Noa was ordered to hand over all copies of materials related to the book to Lopez or her attorney . A lawsuit regarding a compromising private honeymoon video in Noa 's possession is presently running . While working on her first album , On the 6 , Lopez began dating record producer and rapper Sean Combs . On December 27 , 1999 , the couple was arrested along with two others in connection with a shooting outside the Times Square Club in New York . They were charged with criminal possession of a weapon as well as stolen property . Lopez was soon exonerated , having had nothing to do with the crime . However , Combs was charged and indicted by a Manhattan grand jury . After leaving Combs , Lopez developed a relationship with former back - up dancer Cris Judd , to whom she was married from September 29 , 2001 , to June 2002 . Following her second divorce due to irreconcilable differences , she commenced a high - profile relationship with actor and director Ben Affleck , to whom she became engaged in November 2002 . The media began to refer to them as `` Bennifer '' , and they became a prominent supercouple in the media and popular culture . Bennifer became a popular term , which was eventually entered into urban dictionaries and neologism dictionaries as notable , as the name blend started the trend of other celebrity couples being referred to by the combination of their first names . The couple postponed their nuptials indefinitely a day prior to the planned ceremony in September 2003 , citing the media 's interference with the event as the reason . Anthony and Lopez , 2006 Following her break - up with Affleck in January 2004 , Lopez began dating her longtime friend , Marc Anthony ( real name : Marco Antonio Muñiz ) . The couple wed that June , and lived in Brookville , New York . Two men attempted to ransom a private wedding video that was stolen from the couple for one million dollars ; however , they were arraigned in Manhattan Criminal Court on charges of conspiracy , attempted grand larceny and possession of stolen property . On November 7 , 2007 , during the final night of their co-headlining tour , Lopez and Anthony officially confirmed that they were expecting their first child . The announcement ended months of speculation over the pregnancy . Her father confirmed that the couple were expecting twins , revealing that it runs in the family : `` My sister also had twins , so it 's a hereditary thing . '' Lopez , who is a Roman Catholic , has stated that her faith discouraged her from pursuing in vitro fertilization treatment while trying to get pregnant . Lopez gave birth to a son , Maximilian David , and a daughter , Emme Maribel , in Long Island , New York , on February 22 , 2008 . The twins were introduced in the March 11 , 2008 , issue of People , for which the magazine paid a reported $6 million ; the photographs of the twins became the most expensive celebrity picture ever taken at the time . Three years later in July 2011 , the couple announced their split , with Anthony filing for divorce in April 2012 . Their divorce was finalized on June 16 , 2014 , with Lopez retaining primary physical custody of the two children . On December 31 , 2014 , she legally changed her name back to Jennifer Lopez , dropping Anthony 's last name ( Muñiz ) . Lopez had an on - off relationship with her former backup dancer Casper Smart from October 2011 to August 2016 . In February 2017 , she began dating former New York Yankees baseball player Alex Rodriguez . In March 2018 , Lopez opened up about her own Me Too movement story of being sexually harassed by a director early on in her career , when she was asked to take her top off during one of her first films . Lopez has also been an active advocate for the Time 's Up movement . Philanthropy and activism Lopez and First Lady Michelle Obama posing for a selfie at the League of United Latin American Citizens National Convention and Exposition in 2014 . Following the September 11 attacks , Lopez was heavily involved in charitable activities . Joining various other artists , she was featured on charitable singles such as `` What 's Going On '' and `` El Ultimo Adios ( The Last Goodbye ) '' , which benefited people affected by the tragedy . One dollar from each ticket sold at Lopez and Anthony 's co-headlining North American concert tour , which grossed an estimated $10 million , was donated to Run for Something Better -- a charitable organization supporting physical fitness programs for children . In February 2007 , Lopez was honored with the Artists for Amnesty prize by the human rights organisation Amnesty International , for her work in the film Bordertown , which shed light on the hundreds of female homicides in Ciudad Juárez . Lopez described it as `` one of the world 's most shocking and disturbing , underreported crimes against humanity . '' In 2009 , Lopez launched the Lopez Family Foundation ( originally known as the Maribel Foundation ) alongside her sister , Lynda . The nonprofit organization seeks to increase the availability of healthcare for underprivileged women and children , offering a telemedicine program supported by a partnership with the Children 's Hospital Los Angeles . The foundation has led to the expansion of medical facilities in Panama and Puerto Rico , and created the Center for a Healthy Childhood at the Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx . In December 2012 , Lopez held a charity drive that would affect her three favorite charities : the Gloria Wise Boys and Girls Club , the Children 's Hospital of Los Angeles as well as the American Red Cross , mainly benefiting victims of Hurricane Sandy , which devastated parts of her home town , New York City . In May 2015 , she became the first national celebrity spokesperson for the Children 's Miracle Network Hospitals and the BC Children 's Hospital Foundation ( BCCHF ) , appearing in a campaign entitled `` Put Your Money Where the Miracles Are '' . That September , Lopez was announced as the first Global Advocate for Girls and Women at the United Nations Foundation . This role sees her mobilizing action to address challenges faced by girls and women around the world , including maternal health care programs , education and violence against women . In September 2017 , following Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Maria , Lopez announced that she would be donating $1 million from the proceeds of her Las Vegas residency to humanitarian aid for Puerto Rico . Along with ex-husband Marc Anthony , she launched a humanitarian relief campaign entitled Somos Una Voz ( English : We Are One Voice ) , an effort supported by various celebrities to rush supplies to areas affected by Hurricane Maria . Lopez and Anthony presented a subsequent concert and telethon for disaster relief , `` One Voice : Somos Live ! '' , which raised over $35 million . She was also among various artists featured on Lin - Manuel Miranda 's charity single `` Almost Like Praying '' which benefits Puerto Rico . Lopez is an avid supporter of LGBT rights , and has raised millions of dollars for HIV / AIDS research . In June 2013 , amfAR presented Lopez with its humanitarian award for her philanthropic work . That September , she was awarded the Ally for Equality award presented by the Human Rights Campaign , for her support of the LGBT community . The following year , she received the GLAAD Vanguard Award . In July 2016 , Lopez released a single entitled `` Love Make the World Go Round '' , a collaboration with Lin - Manuel Miranda , which benefits victims of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting . She was also featured on the song `` Hands '' along with numerous other artists , also benefiting those affected by the Orlando shooting . Among numerous other artists , Lopez signed an open letter from Billboard magazine to the United States Congress in 2016 , which demanded action on gun control . Lopez endorsed President Barack Obama in his 2012 presidential campaign , speaking in television advertisements and attending a fundraising event for Obama in Paris . She endorsed Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton in 2016 , headlining a free concert in Florida in support of her that October . Artistry Musical style `` Waiting for Tonight '' A twenty - five - second sample of `` Waiting for Tonight '' . It is a dance - pop party song that incorporates Latin and European influences . Problems playing this file ? See media help . According to author Ed Morales in The Latin Beat : The Rhythms And Roots Of Latin Music From Bossa Nova To Salsa And Beyond ( 2003 ) , Lopez 's music explores the `` romantic innocence '' of Latin music , while strongly identifying with hip hop . Growing up , she was influenced by Latin styles ranging from salsa to bachata , but it was the 1979 hip hop song `` Rapper 's Delight '' by The Sugarhill Gang that she said changed her life . Her debut album On the 6 fuses the influence of Latin music with R&B and hip hop , which Lopez described as Latin soul . To the contrary , Morales described it as `` state - of - the - art dance pop '' . Dee Lockett , writing for the Chicago Tribune , stated that songs such as `` Waiting for Tonight '' made Lopez `` arguably the leading artist in the dance - pop movement at the time '' . While primarily sung in English , she speaks in Spanish and asserts her Latin heritage throughout the album , which is apparent in the song `` Let 's Get Loud '' . She has also recorded bilingual songs , including the Latin pop song `` Cariño '' , for her second album J. Lo . A departure from her previous albums , This Is Me ... Then blends 1970s soul with `` streetwise '' hip hop . `` Get Right '' , from Rebirth , is built around a sample of `` Soul Power 74 '' by Maceo and the Macks , and is characterized by a repetitive saxophone riff . The New York Times called it `` one of the year 's most unusual R&B songs '' which sounded `` like nothing else on the radio '' . Described as autobiographical , much of Lopez 's music has centered around the `` ups and downs '' of love . The lyrical content of This Is Me ... Then is largely focused on her relationship with Ben Affleck , with the song `` Dear Ben '' being described as the album 's `` glowing centerpiece '' . Her first full length Spanish - language album , Como Ama una Mujer features introspective lyrics about romance , heartache and self - loathing . When explaining her seventh studio album Love ? , Lopez stated : `` There 's still so much to learn and that 's why the question mark . '' Other recurrent themes in Lopez 's music have included her upbringing in the Bronx and women 's empowerment . Lopez has been influenced by artists such as Tina Turner , James Brown , Michael Jackson , Madonna and Barbra Streisand . She credited Rita Moreno 's performance in the 1961 musical film West Side Story as a major inspiration . Critics have considered Lopez 's voice to be limited , and obscured by the production of her music , while remaining `` radio - friendly '' . Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone observed : `` Instead of strained vocal pyrotechnics , Lopez sticks to the understated R&B murmur of a round - the - way superstar who does n't need to belt because she knows you 're already paying attention ( ... ) She makes a little va - va and a whole lot of voom go a long way . '' Meanwhile , AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine called her voice `` slight '' and wrote : `` Lopez was never , ever about singing ; she was about style '' . Entertainment Weekly criticized her vocal performance for lacking the trademark `` husky - voiced voluptuousness '' she has in her films . J.D. Considine of The Baltimore Sun regards Lopez as having a `` breathy '' stylistic range , but lacking personality . Dance and stage Considered one of dance 's `` greatest success stories '' , Lopez felt an emotional connection to dance since her youth , when she specialized in ballet , jazz and flamenco . Her career commenced on the variety television sketch comedy series In Living Color , where she was a part of an ethnically diverse dance group known as The Fly Girls . Janet Jackson , whom she briefly served as a backup dancer for , has been credited by Lopez as an inspiration for her own dance and videos . Since beginning her own recording career , Lopez has become known for her body - emphasizing music videos , which often include dance routines . Some of them have been the subject of controversy , including `` Jenny from the Block '' , `` Dance Again '' and `` Booty '' . Her provocatively choreographed music video for `` If You Had My Love '' allowed Lopez to become a dominant figure on MTV networks worldwide , while the accompanying video for `` Waiting for Tonight '' established her as a `` dance princess '' according to MTV . On stage , Lopez is recognized for her showmanship and sex appeal , and often includes costumes such as bodysuits as part of her performance . Author Priscilla Peña Ovalle stated in Dance and the Hollywood Latina : Race , Sex and Stardom ( 2011 ) that Lopez was one of the Latin stars who `` used dance to gain agency as working performers with mainstream careers , yet many of their roles paradoxically racialized and sexualized their bodies '' . Troy Patterson of Entertainment Weekly also observed that she used her body for emphasis on stage , `` She turned herself out as the fly girl hyperversion of postfeminist power , flaunting her control by toying with the threat of excess . In consequence , her star went supernova . '' Her signature movements include `` clock-wise pivoting with salsa hip circles and sequential torso undulations '' . While being noted to lip sync in the early stages of career , Lopez 's Dance Again World Tour was praised for showcasing live vocals and choreography synchronously . In a review of her Las Vegas residency All I Have , Los Angeles Times writer Nolan Feeney called her `` Queen of the Strip '' and remarked that her dancing is `` undoubtedly the centerpiece of the show '' . Lopez 's provocative stage performances have also drawn scrutiny at times . In May 2013 , her performance on the finale of the television series Britain 's Got Talent was deemed inappropriate for family - friendly television , and drew viewer complaints to Ofcom . Following her controversial performance at the musical festival Mawazine in 2015 , Moroccan Prime Minister Abdelilah Benkirane called it `` indecent '' and `` disgraceful '' , while an education group claimed that she `` disturbed public order and tarnished women 's honor and respect '' . Public image Lopez performing during her Dance Again World Tour , June 2012 . Speaking of Lopez 's image , Andrew Barker of Variety observed : `` Despite a carefully cultivated image as an imperious pop empress in ludicrously expensive outfits , her signature hits bear the titles `` I 'm Real '' and `` Jenny From the Block '' . She managed the perilous transition from actress to music star without ever seeming to pick either as a primary gig . She established herself as an oft - provocative sex symbol while her demeanor made it abundantly clear that she 's not asking you to come hither . '' In 2002 , Lynette Holloway of The New York Times described Lopez as overexposed . She wrote : `` Forgive yourself if you are seeing Jennifer Lopez in your sleep . She is everywhere . '' Holloway noted her image to be `` a dash of ghetto fabulousness '' and `` middle - class respectability '' for mass appeal . Entertainment Weekly observed a change in her public profile upon joining American Idol in 2011 , writing : `` Gone was her old cut - a-bitch swagger ; J. Lo 2.0 is an all - embracing , Oprahfied earth madre . '' Lopez is considered an icon of popular culture . Television presenter Ray Martin describes her as a `` showbiz phenomenon '' . Lopez has developed an image as a sex symbol and `` one of the most desirable women on the planet '' . She is widely celebrated for her callipygian figure , which was the inspiration for Sir Mix - a-Lot 's 1992 hit `` Baby Got Back '' . She has been credited with influencing a change in mainstream female body image . In Latin Sensations ( 2001 ) , Herón Marquez wrote : `` Because she was n't rail thin , Lopez had broken the mold and allowed millions of women to feel good about their bodies . Suddenly , it was okay for women to have hips , curves , and a big backside . '' Vanity Fair described her buttocks as `` in and of themselves , a cultural icon '' . Details magazine named Lopez the `` Sexiest Woman of the Year '' in 1998 , and she led FHM 's `` 100 Sexiest Women '' list twice . In 2011 , she was named `` The Most Beautiful Woman '' by People . The following year , VH1 ranked her the fourth on their list of `` 100 Sexiest Artists '' , while Vibe magazine named her the most `` lustable '' celebrity of the past twenty years . In 2014 , Lopez stated , `` There 's this funny notion in America that you ca n't be a mom and be sexy ( ... ) It 's the craziest thing I 've ever heard ... The truth is that women can be sexy until the day they die . '' Lopez is a tabloid fixture and has admitted to having a `` less - than - perfect '' public image . The media often draw comparisons between Lopez and actress Elizabeth Taylor , due to her numerous failed relationships . In fact , Lopez has been dubbed a `` modern - day Liz Taylor '' by the media . Lynn Hirschberg of W compared her glamorous public persona to that of Taylor . Her style is described by Billboard 's Lauren Savage as scantily clad . Lopez has been criticized by the animal rights organization PETA for inclusion of fur in her fashion lines and outfits . She has received a bad reputation as being a demanding `` diva '' , but she constantly refutes this . In 2003 , The Observer remarked that Lopez was `` the woman immortalised in a million headlines as ' Hollywood 's most demanding diva ' ... Lopez must wonder what heinous crime she has committed to become the most vilified woman in modern popular culture . '' Legacy and cultural impact Lopez waving the Puerto Rican flag in 2009 Lopez is regarded as the most influential Hispanic performer in the United States , credited with breaking racial barriers in the entertainment industry . In 1999 , The Record newspaper observed that she was responsible for the introduction of a Latina presence in the film industry , which was a `` whites - only preserve '' for much of its history . Described as a `` multidimensional artist who had turned into a financial powerhouse '' , Lopez became the highest - paid actress of Hispanic descent in history . Miriam Jiménez Román stated in The Afro - Latin Reader : History and Culture in the United States ( 2009 ) that `` ( she ) was able to traverse the difficult racial boundaries '' . In 2012 , business magazine Forbes suggested that Lopez `` may be the most powerful entertainer on the planet '' , and named her `` the world 's most powerful Latino celebrity '' . Upon launching her music career in the late 1990s , Lopez contributed to the `` Latin explosion '' occurring in entertainment at the time . Writing for The Recording Academy , Brian Haack described her as the `` breakout female star '' of the Latin pop movement in American music . She was featured on the cover of the first issue of Latina magazine in 1996 , with editor Galina Espinoza stating that there is `` no recounting of modern Latina history without Jennifer '' . Around the time her career began to burgeon , the emphasis on Lopez 's curvaceous figure grew ; scholar Sean Redmond wrote that this was a sign of her role and social power in the cultural changes occurring in the United States . In August 2005 , Time listed Lopez as one of the most influential Hispanics in America , remarking : `` Why ? Because over a decade ago , she was an anonymous background dancer on the second - rated sketch - comedy show . Today she 's known by two syllables . '' In February 2007 , People en Español named her the most influential Hispanic entertainer . In 2014 , scientists named a species of aquatic mite found in Puerto Rico , Litarachna lopezae , after Lopez . Lopez is considered a global icon , and is often described as a triple threat performer . VH1 ranked her at number 15 on their list of 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons , number 16 on 100 Greatest Women In Music , and number 21 on 50 Greatest Women of the Video Era . Lopez has been cited as an influence or inspiration by a range of entertainers , including Jessica Alba , Adrienne Bailon , Kat DeLuna , Mike Doughty , Fifth Harmony , Becky G , Selena Gomez , Ryan Guzman , Kelly Key , Q'orianka Kilcher , Demi Lovato , Normani , Pitbull , Francia Raisa , Naya Rivera , Bebe Rexha , Gwen Stefani , Stooshe , and Kerry Washington . Famed for her distinct style and fashion sense , Us Weekly named Lopez `` Style Icon '' of the 2000s decade . The Green Versace `` Jungle Dress '' that she wore at the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards in 2000 was voted the fifth most iconic red carpet dress of all time in a poll run by The Daily Telegraph . The images of Lopez wearing the dress became the most popular search query of all time at that point , and subsequently led to the creation of Google 's image search . Her style has influenced a range of celebrities , including Kelly Rowland , Kim Kardashian and Jennifer Love Hewitt . Her record - breaking fragrance line has become the most successful celebrity line in the world , with sales exceeding $2 billion as of 2012 . Her first fragrance , Glow by JLo , has been credited with influencing the rise of celebrity fragrances in the 2000s , with perfume critic Chandler Burr stating : `` Elizabeth Taylor was one of the first ( to have her own scent ) , but Glow kicked the whole thing into overdrive . '' Following the success of Lopez 's appointment as a judge on American Idol in 2010 , a trend of networks hiring `` big names '' for judging panels on reality shows ensued . The Hollywood Reporter branded this `` The J. Lo Effect '' . Achievements See also : List of awards and nominations received by Jennifer Lopez Lopez remains the only female entertainer to have a number one album and film simultaneously in the United States . With her second studio album J. Lo ( 2001 ) , Lopez became the first female solo recording artist under Epic Records to achieve a number one album in the United States since its inception in 1953 . Her album J to tha L-O ! The Remixes was acknowledged by the Guinness World Records as the first number one remix album in the United States . In 2010 , Lopez was honored by the World Music Awards with the Legend Award for her contribution to the arts . Lopez 's return to prominence the following year with her single `` On the Floor '' -- among the best - selling singles of all time , and its music video recognized as the `` Highest Viewed Female Music Video of All Time '' by Guinness World Records in 2012 -- is regarded as one of the greatest musical comebacks in history . In 2013 , she was presented with the prestigious landmark 2,500 th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her musical contributions , and Univision presented her with the World Icon Award in its Premios Juventud . In 2014 , she became the first female recipient of the Billboard Icon Award . Billboard magazine ranked her as the ninth greatest dance club artist of all time in 2016 . In 2017 , she was awarded the Telemundo Star Award . Discography Main article : Jennifer Lopez discography On the 6 ( 1999 ) J. Lo ( 2001 ) This Is Me ... Then ( 2002 ) Rebirth ( 2005 ) Como Ama una Mujer ( 2007 ) Brave ( 2007 ) Love ? ( 2011 ) A.K.A. ( 2014 ) Por Primera Vez ( 2018 ) Filmography Main article : Jennifer Lopez filmography Films My Little Girl ( 1986 ) Nurses on the Line : The Crash of Flight 7 ( 1993 ) My Family ( 1995 ) Money Train ( 1995 ) Jack ( 1996 ) Blood and Wine ( 1996 ) Selena ( 1997 ) Anaconda ( 1997 ) U Turn ( 1997 ) Out of Sight ( 1998 ) Antz ( 1998 ) The Cell ( 2000 ) The Wedding Planner ( 2001 ) Angel Eyes ( 2001 ) Enough ( 2002 ) Maid in Manhattan ( 2002 ) Gigli ( 2003 ) Jersey Girl ( 2004 ) Shall We Dance ? ( 2004 ) Monster - in - Law ( 2005 ) An Unfinished Life ( 2005 ) Bordertown ( 2006 ) El Cantante ( 2007 ) The Back - up Plan ( 2010 ) What to Expect When You 're Expecting ( 2012 ) Ice Age : Continental Drift ( 2012 ) Parker ( 2013 ) The Boy Next Door ( 2015 ) Home ( 2015 ) Lila & Eve ( 2015 ) Ice Age : Collision Course ( 2016 ) Second Act ( 2018 ) Television In Living Color ( 1991 -- 1993 ) Second Chances ( 1993 -- 1994 ) South Central ( 1994 ) Hotel Malibu ( 1994 ) Will & Grace ( 2004 , 2018 ) How I Met Your Mother ( 2010 ) American Idol ( 2011 -- 2012 , 2014 -- 2016 ) Q'Viva ! The Chosen ( 2012 ) Shades of Blue ( 2016 -- 2018 ) World of Dance ( 2017 -- ) Bye Bye Birdie Live ! ( 2019 ) Tours and concerts Tours Jennifer Lopez and Marc Anthony en Concierto ( 2007 ) Dance Again World Tour ( 2012 ) Residency concerts Let 's Get Loud ( 2001 ) ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen Live ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lopez : All I Have ( 2016 -- 18 ) See also Book : Jennifer Lopez Fashion portal Film portal Los Angeles portal New York City portal Puerto Rico portal History of women in Puerto Rico Jennifer Lopez videography List of artists who reached number one in the United States List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. dance chart List of best - selling music artists in the United States List of Puerto Ricans Mami ( hip hop ) References Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez 's Madison Square Park Manhattan Penthouse Duplex '' . iDesignArch . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Peter ( June 27 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez on being J. Lo : Hard times made me what I am '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Solid as a Rock '' . Vibe . Eldridge Industries : 96 . July 2003 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez Movie Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . 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Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lansky , Sam ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Is Back On Top With ' Love ? ' Which Is Exactly Where She Deserves To Be '' . MTV Buzzworthy . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` J - Lo disc declares her love '' . The Age . Melbourne , Australia . November 27 , 2002 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Brandon ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` Bankability Breakdown : Jennifer Lopez '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` A Look Back at ' Gigli , ' the Infamous Bennifer - Starring Film , on Its 10th Anniversary '' . The Daily Beast . IAC . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tess Katz , Emily ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Opens Up About ' The Gigli Era ' : ' It Was Very Tough ' '' . HuffPost . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Hadley ( February 11 , 2005 ) . `` No more velour : J - Lo label aims upmarket aims for high fashion cred '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marketing ' Jersey Girl ' in a post - ' Gigli ' world '' . MSNBC . March 29 , 2004 . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Abbey ( March 3 , 2005 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Calls Rebirth ' A New Beginning ' -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rebirth ' at its best on dance floor '' . MSNBC . February 3 , 2005 . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rodriguez , Priscilla ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez 's Chart Topping Hits '' . Latina . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lumenick , Lou ( March 13 , 2005 ) . `` So Fonda The Fight '' . New York Post . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Kinsey R. ( May 16 , 2005 ) . `` ' Monster - in - Law ' gets a cheery reception ; The comedy with Jane Fonda and Jennifer Lopez debuts at No. 1 on another weekend off the pace set in 2004 '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , California . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( April 29 , 2006 ) . `` LL Cool J Sees Historic Re-Entry '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 118 ( 18 ) : 46 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Summers , Chris ( September 10 , 2006 ) . `` Hollywood tackles Mexican mystery '' . BBC News . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dancelife Full Episodes , Photos , Episode Synopsis and Recaps '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez -- Rebirth -- Album Review '' . Contactmusic News . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez -- J. Lo To Prove Critics Wrong With Spanish Album '' . Contactmusic News . January 30 , 2006 . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez 's First Spanish - Language Album is an Instant No. 1 on the Billboard Latin Chart '' . New York : PRWeb. April 6 , 2007 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cobo , Leila ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez to Release Spanish Album , Executive Produced by Marc Anthony : Exclusive '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( August 3 , 2007 ) . `` When the Salsa Throbs , a Singer 's Soul Is Revealed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eisinger , Amy ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez : I deserved an Oscar nomination for my role in ' El Cantante ' '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kilgore , Kym ( August 13 , 2007 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez to drop ' Brave ' new album '' . LiveDaily . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Robert ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez : ' Love ? ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Persall , Steve ( April 21 , 2010 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez returns from 3 - year break in ' The Back - up Plan ' '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gatecrasher ( February 23 , 2010 ) . `` After ' Louboutins ' , ' Fresh Out of the Oven ' flop , Epic Records gives Jennifer Lopez the boot : source '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Concepcion , Mariel ; Ben - Yehuda , Ayala ; Caulfield , Kieth ( February 23 , 2010 ) . `` Updated : Jennifer Lopez Confirms Split With Epic Records '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sarah ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` Record Producer Spills Justin Bieber , Katy Perry and J. Lo 's Studio Secrets '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gatecrasher ( February 24 , 2010 ) . `` After ' Louboutins ' , ' Fresh Out of the Oven ' flop , Epic Records gives Jennifer Lopez the boot '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Jennifer Lopez to Be an American Idol Judge -- Celebrity News '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Bill ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` Ellen DeGeneres leaves ' American Idol ' ; Jennifer Lopez reportedly close to replacing her '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ `` Show Tracker '' . Los Angeles Times . July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US TV -- Lopez , Anthony linked to US ' X Factor ' '' . Digital Spy . May 13 , 2010 . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez : A reality TV revival ? '' . CNN . September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez Launches Love and Glamour '' . InStyle . June 7 , 2010 . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez Named L'Oreal Paris Global Ambassador '' . Real Style Network . December 3 , 2010 . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez Is The New Venus Global Ambassador '' . Real Style Network . February 3 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI digital music report 2012 -- key facts and figures '' ( PDF ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Beastie Boys Score No. 2 Debut on Billboard 200 , Adele Holds at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez HSN -- Love & Light '' . InStyle . July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez -- Jennifer Lopez 's Fashion Line To Go Ahead '' . Contactmusic News . July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez Previews Her Kohl 's Collection '' . Style News . August 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2012 . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lienert , Anita ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Fiat and Jennifer Lopez Hook Up '' . Insideline . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hannah Elliott ( April 18 , 2012 ) . `` The Real American Idol : How J. Lo Got Her Mojo Back '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Emily ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` ' Sometimes you do n't agree and I say be quiet ' : Jennifer Lopez admits it can be difficult working with estranged husband Marc Anthony '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez and Marc Anthony 's ' Q'Viva : The Chosen ' : First Broadcast Partners Announced '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez signs on for ' What to Expect When You 're Expecting ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Manetti , Michelle ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Launches ' Glowing ' Perfume With Naked Ad , Light - Up Bottle ( Photos ) '' . HuffPost . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` My Diary '' . Jennifer Lopez Website . May 3 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` No. 5 : Jennifer Lopez ( $45 million ) '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrea Huspeni ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez to Launch Teeology '' . Business Insider , Inc . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Jeremy . `` Ice Age : Continental Drift 3D -- Cast , Reviews , Summary , and Awards '' . AllRovi . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age movie tops box office with $46 million opening weekend ... but Batman is lurking to snatch the title '' . Daily Mail . Associated Press . July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez to release ' Dance Again : The Hits ' next month ? '' . Digital Spy . June 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez Talks About Her New Single `` Goin ' In '' `` . 925maxima Radio . May 28 , 2012 . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murray , Michael ( March 30 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Talks ' Dance Again ' & Her Upcoming ' Greatest Hits ' Album '' . Ryan Seacrest Productions . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gayles , Contessa ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez , Divorce : Real Reason Singer Went on World Tour ? '' . AOL Music Blog . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Music News , Band , Artist , Musician & Music Video News '' . Billboard . August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hooda , Samreen ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Partnering With NuvoTV , Takes Equity Stake In Cable Network '' . HuffPost . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez to Take Minority Stake in Cable 's Nuvo TV '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hackford 's ' Parker ' packs a big punch '' . Chicago Tribune . January 28 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2013 . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christie D'Zurilla ( February 11 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez vs. Angelina Jolie : Which leg do you love ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Roger ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez dishes on new Viva Movil shopping ( Q&A ) '' . Cnet Reviews . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Debbie Emery ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez makes a strong political stance in a power suit and spiked stilettos when she takes on Washington DC '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez Wants Latinos To Realize Their Power '' . Fox News Latino . June 13 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez 's Lesbian Aunt : Star Says ' The Fosters ' TV Show Inspired By Late Relative '' . HuffPost. April 24 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Longmire ' & More -- Ratings '' . The Numbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Jennifer Lopez apologizes for Turkmenistan performance '' . The Washington Post . June 30 , 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` J. Lo comes under attack after singing for leader of Turkmenistan '' . Twitchy.com . June 30 , 2013 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lopez to earn USD 17.5 million for American Idol return '' . Business Standard . September 1 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lopez did n't expect new album so soon '' . Yahoo ! News . June 11 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . 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The Wall Street Journal . January 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( January 24 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Box Office : Johnny Depp 's ' Mortdecai ' Flops , Jennifer Lopez 's ' Boy Next Door ' Scores '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Boy Next Door ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Parker , Heidi ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Now she 's just showing off ! Jennifer Lopez , 45 , reveals her impressive cleavage yet again for sexy new JLuxe perfume ad '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dickey , Josh ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez , Steve Martin Board DreamWorks Animation 's ' Home ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap News Inc . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pell , Michael ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive ! Watch Jennifer Lopez 's Cute ' Feel The Light ' Video '' . MTV . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` Viola Davis & Jennifer Lopez To Star In Indie Film ' Lila and Eve ' Produced By Lifetime Films & A + E Studios '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Falcone , Dana Rose . `` Katy Perry beats out Taylor Swift to become 2015 's highest - paid woman in music '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Orders Cop Drama Starring Jennifer Lopez to Series '' . Variety . February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony . `` Ratings : J Lo 's ' Shades of Blue ' Is Most - Watched NBC Thursday Debut in 7 Years '' . TheWrap . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Shades of Blue '' . Slate . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shades of Blue ' Review : J. Lo Gets Low - Down '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Lopez at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez 's ' Shades of Blue ' Renewed at NBC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Drama Shades of Blue Renewed for Season 3 at NBC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . United States : Eldridge Industries . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Cop Drama Shades Of Blue Renewed For Season 3 By NBC '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Announces Las Vegas Residency '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez Reveals Title and Artwork for Vegas Show '' . CBS Las Vegas . September 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift tops chart of highest paid female artists '' . The Guardian . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leach , Robin ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Review : J. Lo inks three - year contract ; Pitbull , Ne - Yo , Ja Rule join her onstage '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez teases new single ' Ai n't Your Mama ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age : Collision Course '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Underwood , Khalea ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Teams Up With Giuseppe Zanotti for ' Bad Ass High Heels ' Collection '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` NBC Greenlights Reality Dance Competition Series from Jennifer Lopez '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Ratings : J Lo 's ' World of Dance ' Scores Big Premiere After ' AGT ' '' . TheWrap . The Wrap News , Inc . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings : NBC 's ' World of Dance ' Scores a Big Post - ' Talent ' Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 11 . Jennifer Lopez ( $38 million ) -- Highest - Paid Female Celebrities Of 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cobo , Leila ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez to Premiere New Single at Macy 's 4th of July Celebration '' . Billboard . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kreps , Daniel ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` See Jennifer Lopez Throw Subway Dance Party in ' Amor , Amor , Amor ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Jennifer Lopez Talks ' World Of Dance ' & Her New Album ( Video ) '' . Access Hollywood . NBCUniversal . June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Releases New Song ' Ni Tu Ni Yo ' : Listen '' . Billboard . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inglot Cosmetics Announces Collaboration With Jennifer Lopez '' . PR Newswire. April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Machin , Jennifer ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Premieres ' El Anillo ' at the Billboard Latin Music Awards : Watch '' . Billboard . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Abby ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Drops Bilingual Banger ' Dinero ' With DJ Khaled & Cardi B : Listen '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Object Of ' Mothers I 'd Like To ... ' : Universal Buys Comedy Pitch '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez to Play Drug Lord Griselda Blanco in HBO TV Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez to Star in Romantic Comedy ' Second Act ' for STX '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Sets Futuristic Bio-Terror Drama at NBC ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez 's ' Bye Bye Birdie ' Pushed to 2019 at NBC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ redOrbit ( September 8 , 2005 ) . `` J - Lo wins mom 's approval by working with Redford -- Redorbit '' . Redorbit . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez 's ex-husband wins legal fight to release embarrassing home video '' . Daily Mail . May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chris Harris ( April 11 , 2006 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Sues First Husband To Block Tell - All Book '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` J - Lo Wins Payout From Ex '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . August 9 , 2007 . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez 's Ex Holding Out For More Money In Honeymoon Video Lawsuit '' . Fox News Latino . June 13 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Craig ( January 14 , 2000 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Not Down With Guns '' . Yahoo ! Music News . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Craig ( January 14 , 2000 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez ' Surprised And Saddened ' By Puffy Indictment '' . Yahoo ! Music News . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez , husband Cris Judd split after 8 months of marriage '' . San Jose Mercury News . California . June 8 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen ( November 11 , 2002 ) . `` Ben 's Proposal ' Beautiful , ' Says Lopez '' . People . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jeanne ( December 10 , 2002 ) . `` J. Lo , Ben make first appearance as fiances '' . USA Today . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Neologisms . These are neologisms collected by an undergraduate linguistics class at Rice University during the fall of 2003 '' . Rice University . Retrieved June 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Name Game '' . People . November 23 , 2005 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Media in frenzy over postponed ' Bennifer ' wedding '' . The Age . Los Angeles . September 13 , 2003 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andrew Dansby ( June 7 , 2004 ) . `` J. Lo , Marc Anthony Marry Music News '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wedding highlights J. Lo 's true talent : getting us talking '' . Austin American - Statesman . June 9 , 2004 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Lopez & Marc Anthony Own $5.75 Million Worth Of Property In New York : Who Will Get It ? . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Lopez - Anthony wedding video leads to arrests -- Entertainment -- Celebrities '' . MSNBC . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Singer Lopez confirms pregnancy '' . BBC News . November 8 , 2007 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Cavalli Confirms J. Lo 's Pregnancy -- Jennifer Lopez '' . Hollyscoop.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez expecting twins '' . NME . February 6 , 2008 . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McKay , Hollie ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Says Her Faith Stopped Her From ' Messing ' With IVF '' . Fox News Latino . Fox News Group . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez & Marc Anthony Welcome Twins ! '' . People . February 22 , 2008 . Retrieved February 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez & Marc Anthony Reveal Baby Names '' . People . Retrieved February 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey. `` Jackson Pic Wo n't Make List Of Priciest Celeb Photos '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez Divorce -- Marc Anthony Files Divorce From JLo '' . Hollywood Life . April 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez & Marc Anthony 's Divorce Has An Anti-Paparazzi Clause '' . TMZ.com . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . The divorce -- 2 years in the making -- became official Monday ( June 16 , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez gets her name changed Entertainment & Showbiz from CTV News '' . Ctvnews.ca . January 3 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez Requests Name Change In Divorce Documents '' . HuffPost . January 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nudd , Tim . `` Jennifer Lopez and Casper Smart Split -- Breakups , Casper Smart , Jennifer Lopez , which months later the two have rekindled '' . People . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Dave ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez and Beau ' Casper ' Smart Have Split , Says Source : ' It Was n't Anything Dramatic ' '' . People . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez and Alex Rodriguez ' Getting More Serious ' as Source Says Their Kids Have Met : ' Everyone Is Getting Along ' '' . April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CNN , Lisa Respers France . `` Alex Rodriguez talks dating Jennifer Lopez '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez on Her # MeToo Moment : `` I Was Terrified '' `` . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reed , Anika ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez reveals her own Me Too story : ' I was terrified ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jimenez , Ashley ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Delivers # TimesUp Speech In Puerto Rico In Honor of Golden Globes '' . Latina Magazine . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LL Cool J : LL Cool J , U2 's Edge , More Join ' What 's Going On ' Project -- Rhapsody Music Downloads '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ J Stone , Stephanie ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Complete list of ' El Ultimo Adios ' artists '' . discogs . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cobo , Leila ( June 7 , 2008 ) . `` Together Again '' . Billboard. 120 ( 23 ) . p. 10 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amnesty honour for Jennifer Lopez '' . BBC News . February 15 , 2007 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Reed ( February 14 , 2007 ) . `` Mexico 's murdered women find a voice in ` Bordertown ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tronc , Inc . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Aims to Improve Health Care Through Her Foundation '' . Variety . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosario , Mariela ( May 12 , 2009 ) . `` J. Lo 's Medical Scare with Baby Emme Leads Her to Charity '' . Latina . Latina Media Ventures . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moody , Nekesa ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez on Holiday Charity Drive and Jenni Rivera : ' It 's a Wake - Up Call ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez debuts as B.C. Children 's Hospital 's newest spokesperson '' . The Georgia Straight . Vancouver Free Press . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Foundation Announces Jennifer Lopez as Global Advocate for Girls and Women '' . PRWeb . September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Foundation Announces Jennifer Lopez as Global Advocate for Girls and Women '' . United Nations Foundation . September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cobo , Leila ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Donating $1 Million to Aid Hurricane Victims in Puerto Rico '' . Billboard . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connick , Tom ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez donates $1 million to Puerto Rico hurricane victims '' . NME . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Thatiana ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` J. Lo and Marc Anthony Form Alliance with Ed Sheeran and Bruno Mars to Help Puerto Rico '' . People . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' One Voice : Somos Live ! ' Disaster - Relief Telethon Raises $35 M In Pledges -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weldon , Sarah ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lin - Manuel Miranda debuts star - studded single for Puerto Rico , ' Almost Like Praying ' -- listen here '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lipke , David ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Honored at amfAR 's Inspiration Gala '' . Women 's Wear Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HRC to Honor Jennifer Lopez with Ally for Equality Award at 2013 National Dinner '' . HRC Blog . Human Rights Campaign . September 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez Honored at GLAAD Awards '' . Billboard. April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Getz , Dana ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez , Lin - Manuel Miranda team for Orlando tribute ' Love Make the World Go Round ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Quackenbush , Casey ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Listen to Britney Spears , Pink , Jennifer Lopez and Others Sing ' Hands ' for Orlando '' . Time . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` An Open Letter to Congress from the Music Industry '' . Billboard . June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez in New Obama TV Ad , Wears Hot High - Slit Dress at Fundraiser '' . Fox News Latino . Fox News Group . October 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Donelan , Loretta ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Joins Jennifer Lopez On Stage At The Star 's Concert & It 's A Great Show Of Support -- Video '' . Bustle . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mallenbaum , Carly ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` J. Lo takes stage for Hillary Clinton , samples Michelle Obama speech '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blumentrath , Jan ( July 24 , 2005 ) . `` Interview with Michael Garvin '' . Hitquarters.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Andrew ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Receives Star for Music on Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Variety . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morales , Ed ( 2003 ) . The Latin Beat : The Rhythms And Roots Of Latin Music From Bossa Nova To Salsa And Beyond . Da Capo Press . p. 163 . ISBN 078673020X . Jump up ^ Woog 2008 ^ Jump up to : Morales , Ed ( March 30 , 1999 ) . `` It 's Not La Vida Loca to Her '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lockett , Dee ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Once overrated , Jennifer Lopez is now underrated '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tarradell , Mario ( June 4 , 1999 ) . `` On the 6 '' . Orlando Sentinel . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Tarradell , Mario ( June 13 , 1999 ) . `` Pop go the Latin acts Do artists leave heritage behind for crossover success ? '' . The Dallas Morning News . A.H. Belo Corporation . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Phares , Heather . `` On the 6 '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corp . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Latest From Lopez Made for the Mass Market '' . The Miami Herald : 3 . January 26 , 2001 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Paoletta , Michael ( December 7 , 2002 ) . `` Reviews and Previews '' . Billboard . Neilsen Business Media . 114 ( 49 ) : 65 . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sanneh , Kelefa ( March 10 , 2005 ) . `` New R&B Sounds , Emanating From One Source '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Jennifer Lopez Turned Hitting ' Rock Bottom ' Into A Memoir '' . HuffPost . November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dinh , James ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` J. Lo Contemplates ' Love ' ( And Love ? ) Through The Years '' . MTV Newsroom . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cinquemani , Sal ( November 20 , 2002 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez : This Is Me ... Then '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reed , James ( March 27 , 2007 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez goes unabashedly romantic with ' Como Ama una Mujer ' '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Williott , Carl ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Reminds Us She 's The `` Same Girl '' In Music Video Teaser : Watch `` . Idolator . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ George , Kat ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` J - Lo is the feminist celebrity icon you never knew you had '' . Dazed . Waddell Limited . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Questions for Jennifer Lopez '' . Time . October 18 , 2007 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Prairie . `` NY Rock Interview with Jennifer Lopez '' . NY Rock . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2002 . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez -- Rebirth -- Album Review '' . Contactmusic News . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez finds her voice on new album '' . Rap - Up . SpinMedia . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Henderling , Lisa ( December 2007 ) . `` Revolutions '' . Vibe. 15 ( 12 ) . p. 107 . ISSN 1070 - 4701 . Jump up ^ Sheffield , Rob ( July 8 , 1999 ) . `` On the 6 Album Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Love ? -- Jennifer Lopez '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Browne , David ( June 4 , 1999 ) . `` On the 6 ( 1999 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Considine , J.D. ( June 3 , 1999 ) . `` Actress Jennifer Lopez can sing , but it is n't enough '' . The Baltimore Sun . ISSN 1930 - 8965 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez 's ' On The Floor ' Video Creates ' Dance Buzz ' -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV News . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boccard , Sophia ( January 28 , 2008 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Interview for Shall We Dance ? '' . The Cinema Source . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2011 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rajakumar , Mohanalakshmi ( 2012 ) . The American Dancefloor : Hip Hop Dance ( Illustrated ed . ) . Abc - Clio . pp. 78 , 79 . ISBN 0313378452 . Jump up ^ `` India is on my mind : Jennifer Lopez '' . The Times of India . Chowdary , Asa . August 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jane Delano Brown ; Jeanne R. Steele ; Kim Walsh - Childers ( 2002 ) . Sexual Teens , Sexual Media : Investigating Mediás Influence on Adolescent Sexuality . Routledge . p. 260 . ISBN 0805834907 . Jump up ^ Costanza , Ashley Justine ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez 's ' Dance Again ' Video Stirs Controversy : Her Five Trashiest Videos '' . International Business Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nobody Puts J. Lo 's Booty in a Box '' . ETOnline . October 1 , 2014 . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Asia Pacific '' . Billboard. 111 ( g32 ) . August 7 , 1999 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Says She ' Lucked Out ' With Lady Gaga Tracks '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : D. Kennery , Gerrick ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Review Jennifer Lopez gives all she 's got -- and more -- in Vegas '' . Los Angeles Times . Tronc . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Amelia Proud ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Cuts a Devastatingly Curvy Silhouette in Sheer Rhinestone - encrusted Bodysuit '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Christina ( November 21 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez ' Bodysuit At The 2011 American Music Awards ( Photos ) '' . HuffPost . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Solomons , Tarryn ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` In your face Marc '' . IOL Tonight . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peña Ovalle , Priscilla ( 2011 ) . Dance and the Hollywood Latina : Race , Sex , and Stardom . Rutgers University Press . pp. 3 -- 4 . ISBN 0813548802 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Troy ( December 19 , 2000 ) . `` Rock Frock '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Potuoglu - Cook , Oyku ( 2008 ) . Night Shifts : Moral , Economic , and Cultural Politics of Turkish Belly Dance . ProQuest . p. 167 . ISBN 0549541306 . Jump up ^ `` Lip syncing takes the fun out of seeing an artist live '' . Contra Costa Times . June 21 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Bonnie ( December 5 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez ' Dance Again ' Tour -- Why She Had to Divorce Marc Anthony '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Concepcion , Pocholo ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` JLo enchants capacity crowd at MOA Arena concert '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Flint , Hanna ; Saunders , Louise ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez 's raunchy Britain 's Got Talent performance blasted as ' inappropriate ' by viewers '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez : ' Britain 's Got Talent producers said to wear outfit ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez concert : Moroccan PM demands investigation into ' provocative ' performance '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Lynette ( December 9 , 2002 ) . `` Keeping J. Lo in Spotlight Has Risks for Her Career As Well as Rich Rewards '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Markovitz , Adam ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` Love ? review -- Jennifer Lopez '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Biggest Latin Vibe Sweeping America Is Up for Sale ? '' . PRWeb . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Ray ( October 11 , 2007 ) . `` J - Lo '' . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez divorce : Controlling Marc Anthony ' hated J - Lo being a sex symbol ' '' . Daily Mail . July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Katherine Ormerod ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` The Rise of the Super Bum : Kim Kardashian , Nicki Minaj & Jennifer Lopez Show How to Dress Your Booty Grazia Fashion '' . Grazia . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Mix - A-Lot Says ' Baby Got Back ' Is About Jennifer Lopez '' . Spin . SpinMedia . November 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrew Garrod ; Robert Kilkenny ; Christina Gómez ( 2007 ) . Mi Voz , Mi Vida / My Voice , My Life : Latino College Students Tell Their Life Stories . Cornwell University Press . p. 179 . ISBN 0801473861 . Jump up ^ `` Marisa Meltzer : For Posteriors ' Sake '' . The New York Times . September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Halza , George Halza ( November 16 , 1998 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez named sexiest woman of the year '' . Reading Eagle . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` FHM -- Jennifer Lopez '' . FHM . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Julie ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez : Being Beautiful Is ' Part of My Job ' '' . People . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bené Viera ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` VH1 ′ s 100 Sexiest Artists ( Complete List ) -- VH1 Tuner '' . VH - 1 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 19 Most Lustable Celebs Since ' 93 '' . Vibe. April 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lansky , Sam ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Is Back On Top With ' Love ? ' Which Is Exactly Where She Deserves To Be '' . MTV . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Steve ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` Will Lopez , Tyler be good for ' American Idol ' ? '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Saney , Daniel ( February 8 , 2005 ) . `` J. Lo blames films for bad public image '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vibe Media Group '' . Vibe. 11 ( 7 ) . July 2003 . ISSN 1070 - 4701 . Jump up ^ Hampson , Katie ( June 8 , 2004 ) . `` Is J - Lo the new Liz Taylor ? '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lopez does n't mind Liz link '' . The Age . December 27 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Hirschberg , Lynn ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez : Dream Girl '' . W. Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Savage , Lauren ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` J. Lo Plays Gender - Bending Boxer for V Magazine Cover '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PETA : How Low Will J - Lo Go ? '' . PETA.org . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Demanding diva Jennifer Lopez bans domestic staff from speaking to her '' . London Evening Standard . September 13 , 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' I started going grey at 23 , ' admits Jennifer Lopez as she is crowned World 's Most Beautiful Woman '' . Daily Mail . April 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's get loud , Latina and proud '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . April 16 , 2007 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` J. Lo tops list of most influential Hispanics '' . Reuters . January 4 , 2007 . Retrieved February 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pearlman , Cindy ( August 14 , 1999 ) . `` For the record ; Very hot and ambitious actress Jennifer Lopez has music on her mind '' . The Record . Kitchener , Ontario . ISSN 0824 - 5150 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez - Biography '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miriam Jiménez Román ; Juan Flores ( 2009 ) . The Afro - Latin @ Reader : History and Culture in the United States . Duke Press . p. 532 . ISBN 0822391317 . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Casserly , Meghan ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` The 10 Most Talked About Women of 2012 '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Antunes , Anderson ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` The World 's Most Powerful Latino Celebrities '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tarradell , Mario ( February 20 , 2000 ) . `` Latin aftershocks Music 's ethnic boom reshapes the Grammy landscape '' . The Dallas Morning News . Jump up ^ Haack , Brian ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` 1999 : The Year Latin Pop Conquered America '' . The Recording Academy . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Espinoza , Galina ( September 12 , 2011 ) . `` Lessons Learned From 15 Years of Jennifer Lopez '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Redmond 2007 , pp. 282 -- 283 Jump up ^ Harriet Gibsone ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` Scientists name new species of water mite after Jennifer Lopez '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Danica Coto ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` Puerto Rican water mite named after Jennifer Lopez '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez to Receive Icon Award and Perform at BBMAs '' . Billboard Music Awards . May 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Steiner , Amanda Michelle ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` PEOPLE Magazine Awards : Jennifer Lopez Wins Triple Threat Award '' . People . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Nolan ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Jennifer Lopez 's New Residency Turns Las Vegas Into Destination Diva '' . Time . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons Complete Ranked List '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham , Mark ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` VH1 's 100 Greatest Women In Music '' . VH1 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ep. 071 50 Greatest Women of the Video Era '' . VH1 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tewari , Nidhi ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Jessica Alba Talks About Her Entrepreneurial Side , Says She Considers Jennifer Lopez As Her Idol '' . International Business Times . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rodriguez , Priscilla ( August 31 , 2013 ) . `` 10 Stars J. Lo Influenced '' . Latina . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` J. Lo 's new song sounds suspiciously like one from Hispanic hottie Kat DeLuna '' . Daily News . New York . January 19 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Letkemman , Jessica ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` Mike Doughty Opens ' Book of Drugs , ' Says J. Lo & Music Thieves Saved His Life '' . Billboard . New York . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TeenNick Top 10 : An Interview With Fifth Harmony '' . Teen Nick . August 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Becky G Talks Working With Jennifer Lopez : ' I Still Get Goosebumps When I Watch The Video ' '' . Accesshollywood.com. April 14 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Gets Racy in ' Elle ' Photoshoot '' . Fox News Latino . June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Guzman pushed by ' inspirational ' Jennifer Lopez '' . The Belfast Telegraph . Independent News & Media . December 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Key busca o sucesso de Christina Aguilera , Jennifer Lopez , Britney Spears , Madonna e Janet Jackson '' . Universo Musical . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback : Q'orianka Kilcher Thanks J - Lo at the Alma Awards '' . Crushable . September 19 , 2008 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato inspired by Jennifer Lopez '' . The Indian Express . March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Viswanath , Jake ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Normani Is Finally Stepping Out On Her Own '' . V. Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Zorianna ( May 26 , 2013 ) . `` Pitbull on music , Jennifer Lopez and ' Epic ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cosgrove , Sheila . `` Naya Rivera Hopes to Follow in Jennifer Lopez 's Footsteps -- Glee , Jennifer Lopez , Naya Rivera '' . People . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schiller , Rebecca ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` Bebe Rexha Talks New Album ' Expectations , ' Her Love of Jennifer Lopez at Billboard Music Awards : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mahjouri , Shakiel ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` Gwen Stefani Admits ' I 'm Obviously At The End Of My Journey Of Being A Musician ' '' . Entertainment Tonight Canada . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` J - Lo trains in hair and make - up for an hour before shows , say Stooshe '' . Digital Spy . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kerry Washington : Lopez inspired me '' . The Belfast Telegraph . February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez : Us ' Style Icon of the Decade '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Urmee Khan ( October 9 , 2008 ) . `` Liz Hurley ' safety pin ' dress voted the greatest dress '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Eric ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` The Tinker 's Apprentice '' . Project-syndicate.org . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` J. Lo 's infamous green Grammys dress is the reason Google Images exists '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Rowland : Style Icons '' . Essence . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Coughlan , Maggie ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` Kim Kardashian Considers Jennifer Lopez a Style Icon '' . PopEater . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( April 6 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Love Hewitt : ' Jennifer Lopez 's style is amazing ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez and nuvoTV Announce Exclusive Creative , Production and Marketing Partnership '' . Los Angeles . PR Newswire . September 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stein , Sadie ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` A Brief History Of Celebrity Fragrances '' . Jezebel . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Steven ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Is this the end of celebrity fragrances ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lacey Rose , Shirley Halperin ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` The J. Lo Effect : $15 Million Becoming the New Standard as Reality Salaries Soar '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 '' . Billboard. 113 ( 6 ) . February 10 , 2001 . p. 88 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Karlin , Lily ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` 5 Things You Did n't Know About Jennifer Lopez '' . HuffPost . AOL . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 '' . Billboard. 113 ( 6 ) . February 10 , 2001 . p. 94 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diaz tops actress pay list '' . BBC News . August 27 , 2004 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Emily Sheridan ( May 19 , 2010 ) . `` World Music Awards : Jennifer Lopez shows her wild side in two animal - print dresses '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Gerrick D. ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez named ' world 's greatest musical comeback act ' -- seriously '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Priscilla ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` 7 Latino Celebrities With Guinness World Records '' . Latina . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Reed ( June 23 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez , new Walk of Famer , cites Fonda among role models '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baida , Aiyana ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Wins Premios Juventud 's World Icon Award ( Video ) '' . HuffPost . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Erika ( May 18 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Receives Icon Award , Performs ' First Love ' at the 2014 Billboard Music Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time Top Dance Club Artists '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nicky Jam Wins Big at Billboard Latin Music Awards : See the Full Winners List '' . April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marti , Diana ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Talks About Reinvention , Self - Acceptance and New Beginnings '' . E ! News . NBCUniversal . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nied , Mike ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` From Selena Gomez To Beyonce : The Most Anticipated Albums Of 2018 '' . Idolator . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Further reading Gallick , Sarah ( 2003 ) . National Enquirer , ed . J. Lo : The Secret Behind Jennifer Lopez 's Rise to the Top . From the Files of the National Enquirer Series . Ami Books . ISBN 1 - 932270 - 07 - 8 . Woog , Adam ( 2008 ) . Jennifer Lopez : The Great Hispanic Heritage Series . Infobase Publishing , Inc . ISBN 9781438106816 . Redmond , Sean ( 2007 ) . Su Holmes , ed . Stardom and Celebrity : A Reader . SAGE . pp. 282 -- 283 . ISBN 1446202380 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jennifer Lopez . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jennifer Lopez Official website Official beauty website Jennifer Lopez at AllMusic Jennifer Lopez at AllMovie Jennifer Lopez on IMDb hide Jennifer Lopez Accolades Discography Filmography Songs Videography Studio albums On the 6 J. Lo This Is Me ... Then Rebirth Como Ama una Mujer Brave Love ? A.K.A. Compilation albums J to tha L -- O ! The Remixes Dance Again ... the Hits Extended plays The Reel Me Video albums Jennifer Lopez : Feelin ' So Good Jennifer Lopez : Let 's Get Loud The Reel Me Concerts and tours Let 's Get Loud Jennifer Lopez and Marc Anthony en Concierto Dance Again World Tour ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen Live Jennifer Lopez : All I Have Clothing brands J. Lo by Jennifer Lopez Jennifer Lopez Collection Teeology Books True Love Fragrances Glow by JLo Still Jennifer Lopez Love and Glamour Glowing by JLo Companies Lopez Family Foundation Nuyorican Productions Viva Móvil Related topics Green Versace dress nuvoTV Book Category Jennifer Lopez songs Discography On the 6 `` If You Had My Love '' `` Feelin ' So Good '' `` Let 's Get Loud '' `` No Me Ames '' `` Waiting for Tonight '' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' J. Lo `` Love Do n't Cost a Thing '' `` I 'm Real '' `` Play '' `` Ai n't It Funny '' `` Cariño '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Alright '' `` I 'm Real ( Murder Remix ) '' J to tha L -- O ! The Remixes `` Ai n't It Funny ( Murder Remix ) '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Alright ( Track Masters Remix ) '' `` Alive '' This Is Me ... Then `` I 'm Glad '' `` All I Have '' `` Jenny from the Block '' `` You Belong to Me '' `` Baby I Love U ! '' Rebirth `` Get Right '' `` Hold You Down '' Como Ama una Mujer `` Qué Hiciste '' `` Me Haces Falta '' Brave `` Hold It Do n't Drop It '' `` Do It Well '' Love ? `` On the Floor '' `` I 'm Into You '' `` ( What Is ) Love ? '' `` Run the World '' `` Papi '' `` Until It Beats No More '' `` One Love '' `` Invading My Mind '' `` Hypnotico '' Dance Again ... the Hits `` Dance Again '' `` Goin ' In '' A.K.A. `` First Love '' `` I Luh Ya Papi '' `` Booty '' `` Same Girl '' `` Girls '' Por Primera Vez `` Ni Tú Ni Yo '' `` Amor , Amor , Amor '' Collaborations `` Adrenalina '' `` Back It Up '' `` Control Myself '' `` El Mismo Sol '' `` El Ultimo Adios ( The Last Goodbye ) '' `` Follow the Leader '' `` Quizás , Quizás , Quizás '' `` Se Acabó El Amor '' `` Sweet Spot '' `` T.H.E. ( The Hardest Ever ) '' `` This Boy 's Fire '' `` Try Me '' `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' `` What 's Going On '' Other songs `` A Selena Tribute '' `` Ai n't Your Mama '' `` Chegaste '' `` Dinero '' `` El Anillo '' `` Feel the Light '' `` Fresh Out the Oven '' `` Live It Up '' `` Louboutins '' `` Love Make the World Go Round '' `` Olvídame y Pega la Vuelta '' `` Us '' Book Category Premios Juventud for Girl of my Dreams Thalía ( 2004 ) Bárbara Mori ( 2005 ) Bárbara Mori ( 2006 ) Jennifer Lopez ( 2007 ) Jennifer Lopez ( 2008 ) Maite Perroni ( 2009 ) Jacqueline Bracamontes ( 2010 ) Maite Perroni ( 2011 ) Ana Brenda Contreras ( 2012 ) Blanca Soto ( 2013 ) Angelique Boyer ( 2014 ) Silvia Navarro ( 2015 ) Maite Perroni ( 2016 ) BIBSYS : 1095087 BNE : XX1266889 BNF : cb140175480 ( data ) GND : 122627121 ISNI : 0000 0001 2129 9281 LCCN : no97019851 MusicBrainz : f0602f55 - 1770 - 483d - 89bd - 4bae0d0ac086 SNAC : w6sf3rq3 SUDOC : 077446992 VIAF : 42038339 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Lopez&oldid=849074891 '' Categories : Jennifer Lopez 1969 births 20th - century American actresses 20th - century American singers 21st - century American actresses 21st - century American singers Actresses from New York City American actresses of Puerto Rican descent American businesspeople in retailing American choreographers American cosmetics businesspeople American dance musicians American fashion businesspeople American fashion designers American female dancers American dancers American female pop singers American female singer - songwriters American singer - songwriters American film producers American hip hop singers American Latin pop singers American sopranos American musicians of Puerto Rican descent American people of Puerto Rican descent American philanthropists Record producers from New York ( state ) American Roman Catholics American television actresses American voice actresses American women in business Businesspeople from New York City Capitol Records artists Epic Records artists Hispanic and Latino American actresses Hispanic and Latino American musicians Hispanic and Latino American writers Island Records artists Krav Maga practitioners LGBT rights activists from the United States Living people Notaries Participants in American reality television series People from Brookville , New York Entertainers from the Bronx People from Hidden Hills , California Singers from New York City Spanish - language singers of the United States Television producers from New York City Women company founders Writers from New York City 20th - century women singers 21st - century women singers American contemporary R&B singers Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2015 Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with hCards Biography with signature Articles with hAudio microformats Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Use mdy dates from April 2018 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली 86 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018 , at 10 : 17 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Lopez
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who is the democrat running for governor in ohio
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Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Richard Cordray 423,264 62.3 Democratic Dennis Kucinich 155,694 22.9 Democratic Joe Schiavoni 62,315 9.2 Democratic Bill O'Neill 22,196 3.3 Democratic Paul Ray 9,373 1.4 Democratic Larry Ealy 6,896 1.0 Total votes 679,738 100 %
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Richard Cordray
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Ohio gubernatorial election , 2018
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ohio gubernatorial election, 2018
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John Kasich Republican
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Elections in Ohio Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 2016 Republican 2008 2012 U.S. Senate elections 1898 1914 1932 1934 1964 1976 1980 1986 1988 1992 1994 1998 2000 2006 2012 2016 2018 U.S. House of Representatives elections 1858 1860 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1964 2000 2002 2006 2nd 13th 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special elections 2nd district , 1993 2nd district , 2005 5th district , 2007 11th district , 2008 8th district , 2016 12th district , 2018 State government ( show ) General elections 1964 2014 2016 2018 Gubernatorial elections 1822 1824 1855 1986 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Complete List Lieutenant Governor elections Complete list Secretary of State elections Complete list Attorney General elections Complete list State Auditor elections Complete list State Treasurer elections Complete list State Supreme Court elections Complete list Ballot measures ( show ) Issue 1 2011 Issue 2 Cincinnati ( show ) Mayoral elections 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 City Council elections List of elections Cleveland ( show ) Mayoral elections 1978 ( recall ) 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 Columbus ( show ) Mayoral elections 1899 1903 1905 1907 1919 1951 1963 1967 1971 1991 1999 2011 2015 The 2018 Ohio gubernatorial election will take place on November 6 , 2018 , to elect the next Governor of Ohio , concurrently with the election of Ohio 's Class I U.S. Senate seat , as well as other elections to the United States Senate in other states and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various Ohio and local elections . Incumbent Republican Governor John Kasich is term - limited and can not seek re-election to a third consecutive term . Attorney General Mike DeWine and former Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Director and Attorney General Richard Cordray will face off in the general election . This is a rematch election for the two of them , as they faced off against each other for State Attorney General in 2010 , in which DeWine won by a narrow 48 % - 46 % . Constance Gadell - Newton is the Ohio Green Party candidate for governor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Republican primary 1.1 Candidates 1.1. 1 Declared 1.1. 2 Withdrew 1.2 Endorsements 1.3 Polling 1.4 Results 2 Democratic primary 2.1 Candidates 2.1. 1 Declared 2.1. 2 Failed to qualify for ballot 2.1. 3 Withdrew 2.2 Endorsements 2.3 Polling 2.4 Results 3 Green primary 3.1 Candidates 3.1. 1 Declared 4 Independents 4.1 Candidates 4.1. 1 Declared 4.1. 2 Failed to qualify for ballot 4.2 Notes 5 General election 5.1 Endorsements 5.2 Predictions 5.3 Polling 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Republican primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Mike DeWine , Ohio Attorney General and former U.S. Senator Running mate : Jon A. Husted , Ohio Secretary of State Mary Taylor , Lieutenant Governor of Ohio Running mate : Nathan Estruth , businessman Withdrew ( edit ) Jon A. Husted , Ohio Secretary of State ( running for Lieutenant Governor ) Jim Renacci , U.S. Representative ( running for the U.S. Senate ) Endorsements ( edit ) show Mike DeWine U.S. Presidents Donald Trump , 45th President of the United States Mike Pence , 48th Vice President of the United States Notable individuals Julie Jakmides , Alliance Councilwoman David Johnson , Chair of the Columbiana County Republican Party Richard K. Jones , Butler County Sheriff Dave Levacy , Fairfield County Commissioner Amy Murray , Cincinnati City Council member Gerard Neugebauer , Green Mayor Rick Santorum , former United States Senator from Pennsylvania and candidate for President of the United States in 2012 and 2016 Zachary Hall , Chairman of the Lucas County Teenage Republicans U.S. Representatives Steve Stivers ( OH - 15 ) Mike Turner ( OH - 10 ) State Senators Larry Obhof ( President ) Bob Peterson ( President pro tempore ) Randy Gardner ( Majority Leader ) Gayle Manning ( Majority Whip ) Kevin Bacon Troy Balderson Bill Beagle David Burke Matt Dolan John Eklund Bob Hackett Frank Hoagland Jay Hottinger Stephanie Kunze Peggy Lehner Rob McColley Scott Oelslager Joe Uecker State Representatives Cliff Rosenberger ( Speaker ) Kirk Schuring ( Speaker pro tempore ) Sarah LaTourette ( Assistant Majority Leader ) Tom Patton ( Majority Whip ) Bill Reineke ( Assistant Majority Whip ) Gary Scherer County parties Adams County Republican Party Belmont County Republican Party Brown County Republican Party Clinton County Republican Party Columbiana County Republican Party Cuyahoga County Republican Party Franklin County Republican Party Fulton County Republican Party Greene County Republican Party Highland County Republican Party Holmes County Republican Party Knox County Republican Party Lucas County Republican Party Mahoning County Republican Party Montgomery County Republican Party Morgan County Republican Party Perry County Republican Party Pike County Republican Party Preble County Republican Party Scioto County Republican Party Summit County Republican Party State parties Ohio Republican Party Organizations Buckeye Firearms Association Ohio Right to Life Newspapers The Plain Dealer Akron Beacon Journal show Jim Renacci ( withdrawn ) Organizations Asian American GOP Coalition Bikers for Trump Citizens for Trump Notable individuals Corey Lewandowski , former campaign manager of Donald Trump 's 2016 presidential campaign show Mary Taylor U.S. Senators Mike Lee , U.S. Senator ( R - UT ) Steve Daines , U.S. Senator ( R - MT ) Rand Paul , U.S. Senator ( R - KY ) Ted Cruz , U.S. Senator ( R - TX ) Governors John Kasich , Ohio Governor and 2016 presidential candidate Lieutenant Governors Billy Nungesser , Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana Statewide Officials Ken Blackwell , former Secretary of State of Ohio Notable Individuals Michele Bachmann , former U.S. Representative from Minnesota 's 6th Congressional District Mike Huckabee , former Governor of Arkansas , former Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas Seth Morgan , former Ohio State Representative Jill Stanek , Pro Life Leader State Senators Louis Terhar State Representatives Tom Brinkman Mark Romanchuk Bill Seitz Andy Thompson County Parties Miami County Republican Party Party leaders Matt Gilmore , Chair of Mercer County Republican Party Organizations Ohioans for Concealed Carry Republican Liberty Caucus of Ohio Totaly Endangered Americans Family Research Council Ohio Tea Party Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mike DeWine Mary Taylor Other Undecided Baldwin Wallace University April 24 -- May 2 , 2018 323 -- 52 % 24 % -- 25 % Remington Research Group ( R - Taylor ) April 10 , 2018 1,064 ± 3.1 % 42 % 32 % -- 26 % Fallon Research April 4 -- 7 , 2018 502 ± 4.4 % 43 % 26 % -- 31 % SurveyUSA March 16 -- 20 , 2018 541 ± 5.8 % 50 % 18 % -- 31 % TRZ Communications Services , Inc . ( R - We the People Convention ) February 17 , 2018 1,152 ± 3.0 % 61 % 39 % -- -- 35 % 16 % 15 % 33 % Fallon Research January 16 -- 19 , 2018 286 -- 54 % 14 % -- 32 % Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mike DeWine Jon Husted Jim Renacci Mary Taylor Undecided Axis Research ( R - Taylor ) August 13 -- 15 , 2017 602 ± 4.1 % 36 % 20 % 8 % 17 % 19 % The Tarrance Group ( R ) July 24 -- 26 , 2017 800 ± 3.5 % 42 % 18 % 5 % 11 % 24 % 49 % 29 % -- -- 21 % Luntz Global June 12 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % 27 % 13 % 3 % 8 % -- Gravis Marketing April 27 -- May 2 , 2017 686 ± 2.7 % 31 % 14 % 6 % 10 % 40 % The Tarrance Group ( R ) January 23 -- 26 , 2017 800 ± 3.5 % 47 % 18 % 4 % 10 % 22 % Results ( edit ) Results by county : DeWine -- 70 -- 80 % DeWine -- 60 -- 70 % DeWine -- 50 -- 60 % Taylor -- 50 -- 60 % Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Mike DeWine 494,766 59.8 Republican Mary Taylor 332,273 40.2 Total votes 827,039 100 % Democratic primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Richard Cordray , former Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and former Ohio Attorney General Running mate : Betty Sutton , former U.S. Representative Larry Ealy , former male stripper and candidate for Governor in 2014 Running mate : Jeffrey Lynn Dennis Kucinich , former U.S. Representative , former Mayor of Cleveland , and candidate for President of the United States in 2004 and 2008 Running mate : Tara Samples , Akron City Councilwoman Bill O'Neill , Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court and nominee for OH - 14 in 2008 and 2010 Running mate : Chantelle Lewis , elementary school principal and former East Cleveland City Councilwoman Paul Ray Running mate : Jerry Schroeder Joe Schiavoni , state senator and former Minority Leader of the Ohio Senate Running mate : Stephanie Dodd , State Board of Education Member Failed to qualify for ballot ( edit ) Jon Heavey , physician Dave Kiefer , former Wayne County Commissioner and Republican candidate for state representative in 2016 Withdrew ( edit ) Connie Pillich , former state representative and nominee for Ohio State Treasurer in 2014 ( endorsed Richard Cordray ) Betty Sutton , former U.S. Representative ( running for Lieutenant Governor ) Nan Whaley , Mayor of Dayton ( endorsed Richard Cordray ) Endorsements ( edit ) show Richard Cordray U.S. Senators Elizabeth Warren , Massachusetts U.S. Representatives Steve Driehaus , U.S. Representative from Ohio ( former ) Marcia Fudge , U.S Representative from Ohio Marcy Kaptur , U.S. Representative from Ohio Governors Ted Strickland , former Governor of Ohio State Representatives Peter Lawson Jones ( former ) Matt Lundy ( former ) Connie Pillich , ( former ) nominee for Ohio State Treasurer in 2014 , candidate for Governor in 2018 Stephen Slesnick ( former ) Fred Strahorn , Minority Leader of the Ohio House of Representatives Mayors John Cranley , Cincinnati Tim DeGeeter , Parma Dean DePiero , Parma ( former ) Carty Finkbeiner , Toledo ( former ) Andrew Ginther , Columbus Don Walters , Cuyahoga Falls Nan Whaley , Dayton County officials Dallas Baldwin , Franklin County Sheriff Steve Barry , Summit County Sheriff Willis Blackshear , Montgomery County Recorder John Donofrio , Summit County Treasurer ( former ) John Ferraro , Stark County Prosecutor Ted Kalo , Lorain County Commissioner Lori Kokoski , Lorain County Commissioner Sandra Kurt , Summit County Clerk Judy Nedwick , Lorain County Recorder Tom Orlando , Lorain County Clerk Aftab Pureval , Hamilton County Clerk Sherri Bevan Walsh , Summit County Prosecuting Attorney Dennis Will , Lorain County Prosecutor City Council members Paul Colavecchio , Cuyahoga Falls Jeff Fusco , Akron Mary Nichols - Rhodes , Cuyahoga Falls P.G. Sittenfeld , Cincinnati Margo Somerville , Akron Labor unions and organizations AFL -- CIO Ohio Federation of Teachers Ohio State Association Union of Plumbers and Pipefitters NARAL Pro-Choice Ohio Lorain County Democratic Party Notable individuals Valerie Jarrett , Senior Advisor to President Barack Obama Jerry Springer , talk show host , former Mayor of Cincinnati , nominee for OH - 02 in 1970 and candidate for governor in 1982 Mary Ellen Withrow , Former U.S. Treasurer Newspapers Akron Beacon Journal Kenyon Collegian The Vindicator show Dennis Kucinich Organizations Our Revolution , progressive organization started from Bernie Sanders ' 2016 presidential campaign National Nurses United Cuyahoga County Progressive Caucus Governors Jesse Ventura , ( former ) Governor of Minnesota U.S. Representatives Alan Grayson ( former ) Tulsi Gabbard State Senators Nina Turner ( former ) County officials Todd Portune , Hamilton County Commissioner City Council Members Chris Seelbach , Cincinnati Notable individuals Danny Glover , actor , film director and political activist Jimmy Dore , comedian and political commentator Josh Fox , filmmaker and environmental activist Robert F. Kennedy Jr , environmental attorney , activist , and son of Robert F. Kennedy Dave Matthews , musician and actor Newspapers The Plain Dealer show Joe Schiavoni Political organizations Democratic Progressives of Ohio Mahoning County Democratic Party Trumbull County Democratic Party Labor unions Canton Professional Educators ' Association Pickaway Dems - Citizens in Action UWUA - Utility Workers Union of America Western Reserve Building & Construction Trades Council Notable individuals Ed O'Neill , actor show Connie Pillich ( withdrawn ) Governors Ed Rendell , ( former ) Governor of Pennsylvania and ( former ) Democratic National Committee Chairman State Representatives Kathleen Chandler ( former ) Catherine Ingram Brigid Kelly Mayors Jim Brown , Lockland Charles Johnson , Forest Park Dick Mavis , Mount Vernon LaVerne Mitchell , Lincoln Heights ( former ) Earl Schmidt , Reading ( former ) John Smith , Silverton James C. Wolf , Mount Healthy Notable individuals Denise Driehaus , Hamilton County Commissioner and former State Representative David S. Mann , Vice Mayor of Cincinnati , former Mayor of Cincinnati , and former U.S. Representative Alice Robie Resnick , former Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio Labor unions Cincinnati Building Trades UNITE HERE Local 24 Organizations VoteVets.org EMILY 's List show Betty Sutton ( withdrawn ) U.S. Representatives Marcy Kaptur , Ohio Marcia Fudge , Ohio Labor unions Akron Education Association Cleveland Building & Construction Trades Council IAFF - International Association of Fire Fighters Local 1690 IBEW - International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 38 International Brotherhood of Boilermakers Local Lodge 900 International Longshoremen 's Association , AFL - CIO Local 1768 IUPAT - International Union of Painters and Allied Trades District Council 6 Laborers Local 860 , Cleveland Lorain Professional Firefighters Local 267 Plumbers & Pipefitters Local Union # 219 Teamsters Local 436 show Nan Whaley ( withdrawn ) Mayors Dick Church , Jr. , Miamisburg Warren Copeland , Springfield John Cranley , Cincinnati Steven Patterson , Athens Luke Feeney , Chillicothe Ben Kessler , Bexley David Seagraves , Brookville Cheryl Stephens , Cleveland Heights City Council members Elizabeth Brown , Columbus Jaiza Page , Columbus Lindsay Webb , Toledo County officials Judy Dodge , Montgomery County Commissioner Dan Foley , Montgomery County Commissioner Paul Gruner , Montgomery County Engineer Larry Hartlaub , Ottawa County Auditor Mat Heck , Jr. , Montgomery County Prosecuting Attorney Karl Keith , Montgomery County Auditor Debbie Lieberman , Montgomery County Commissioner Carolyn Rice , Montgomery County Treasurer Liz Walters , Summit County Council Labor unions Dayton Building & Construction Trades Council IUE - CWA - International Union of Electronic , Electrical , Salaried , Machine and Furniture Workers Ohio State Council of Machinists Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Richard Cordray Dennis Kucinich Bill O'Neill Connie Pillich Joe Schiavoni Betty Sutton Nan Whaley Other Undecided Baldwin Wallace University April 24 -- May 2 , 2018 333 -- 31 % 15 % 6 % -- 6 % -- -- -- 41 % Fallon Research April 4 -- 7 , 2018 500 ± 4.4 % 28 % 13 % 3 % -- 5 % -- -- 1 % 51 % SurveyUSA March 16 -- 20 , 2018 509 ± 5.3 % 21 % 21 % 4 % 5 % -- -- -- 3 % 46 % Fallon Research January 16 -- 19 , 2018 248 -- 23 % 16 % 3 % 2 % 4 % -- -- -- 52 % Luntz Global June 12 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % 17 % -- -- 9 % 20 % 21 % 10 % -- -- Gravis Marketing April 27 -- May 2 , 2017 558 ± 2.7 % -- -- -- 8 % 12 % 13 % -- -- 67 % Results ( edit ) Results by county : Cordray -- 70 -- 80 % Cordray -- 60 -- 70 % Cordray -- 50 -- 60 % Cordray -- 40 -- 50 % Schiavoni -- 40 -- 50 % Schiavoni -- 60 -- 70 % Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Richard Cordray 423,264 62.3 Democratic Dennis Kucinich 155,694 22.9 Democratic Joe Schiavoni 62,315 9.2 Democratic Bill O'Neill 22,196 3.3 Democratic Paul Ray 9,373 1.4 Democratic Larry Ealy 6,896 1.0 Total votes 679,738 100 % Green primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Constance Gadell Newton , attorney , co-chair of the Ohio Green Party and nominee for the State House in 2016 Running mate : Brett Joseph Independents ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Travis Irvine , comedian ( Libertarian ) Bruce Jaynes ( Libertarian ) Failed to qualify for ballot ( edit ) Collin Hill Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Libertarian Party does not have ballot access . Appears on ballot as `` Independent . '' General election ( edit ) Democratic nominee Richard Cordray Running mate : Betty Sutton , former U.S. Representative Republican nominee Mike DeWine Running mate : Jon A. Husted , Secretary of State of Ohio Green nominee Constance Gadell - Newton Running mate : Brett R. Joseph Results General election results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Richard Cordray Republican Mike DeWine Green Constance Gadell - Newton Total votes Endorsements ( edit ) show Mike DeWine Federal officials Donald Trump , President of the United States Mike Pence , Vice President of the United States Notable individuals Julie Jakmides , Alliance Councilwoman David Johnson , Chair of the Columbiana County Republican Party Richard K. Jones , Butler County Sheriff Dave Levacy , Fairfield County Commissioner Amy Murray , Cincinnati City Council member Gerard Neugebauer , Green Mayor Rick Santorum , former United States Senator from Pennsylvania and candidate for President of the United States in 2012 and 2016 Zachary Hall , Chairman of the Lucas County Teenage Republicans U.S. Representatives Steve Stivers ( OH - 15 ) Mike Turner ( OH - 10 ) State Senators Larry Obhof ( President ) Bob Peterson ( President pro tempore ) Randy Gardner ( Majority Leader ) Gayle Manning ( Majority Whip ) Kevin Bacon Troy Balderson Bill Beagle David Burke Matt Dolan John Eklund Bob Hackett Frank Hoagland Jay Hottinger Stephanie Kunze Peggy Lehner Rob McColley Scott Oelslager Joe Uecker State Representatives Cliff Rosenberger ( Speaker ) Kirk Schuring ( Speaker pro tempore ) Sarah LaTourette ( Assistant Majority Leader ) Tom Patton ( Majority Whip ) Bill Reineke ( Assistant Majority Whip ) Gary Scherer County parties Adams County Republican Party Belmont County Republican Party Brown County Republican Party Clinton County Republican Party Columbiana County Republican Party Cuyahoga County Republican Party Franklin County Republican Party Fulton County Republican Party Greene County Republican Party Highland County Republican Party Holmes County Republican Party Knox County Republican Party Lucas County Republican Party Mahoning County Republican Party Montgomery County Republican Party Morgan County Republican Party Perry County Republican Party Pike County Republican Party Preble County Republican Party Scioto County Republican Party Summit County Republican Party State parties Ohio Republican Party Organizations Buckeye Firearms Association Ohio Right to Life Newspapers The Plain Dealer Akron Beacon Journal show Richard Cordray Federal officials Joe Biden , former Vice President of the United States U.S. Senators Elizabeth Warren , Massachusetts U.S. Representatives Steve Driehaus , U.S. Representative from Ohio ( former ) Marcia Fudge , U.S Representative from Ohio Marcy Kaptur , U.S. Representative from Ohio Governors Ted Strickland , former Governor of Ohio State Representatives Peter Lawson Jones ( former ) Matt Lundy ( former ) Connie Pillich ( former ) , nominee for Ohio State Treasurer in 2014 , candidate for Governor in 2018 Stephen Slesnick ( former ) Fred Strahorn , Minority Leader of the Ohio House of Representatives Mayors John Cranley , Cincinnati Tim DeGeeter , Parma Dean DePiero , Parma ( former ) Carty Finkbeiner , Toledo ( former ) Andrew Ginther , Columbus Don Walters , Cuyahoga Falls Nan Whaley , Dayton County officials Dallas Baldwin , Franklin County Sheriff Steve Barry , Summit County Sheriff Willis Blackshear , Montgomery County Recorder John Donofrio , Summit County Treasurer ( former ) John Ferraro , Stark County Prosecutor Ted Kalo , Lorain County Commissioner Lori Kokoski , Lorain County Commissioner Sandra Kurt , Summit County Clerk Judy Nedwick , Lorain County Recorder Tom Orlando , Lorain County Clerk Aftab Pureval , Hamilton County Clerk Sherri Bevan Walsh , Summit County Prosecuting Attorney Dennis Will , Lorain County Prosecutor City Council members Paul Colavecchio , Cuyahoga Falls Jeff Fusco , Akron Mary Nichols - Rhodes , Cuyahoga Falls P.G. Sittenfeld , Cincinnati Margo Somerville , Akron Labor unions and organizations AFL -- CIO Ohio Federation of Teachers Ohio State Association Union of Plumbers and Pipefitters NARAL Pro-Choice Ohio Lorain County Democratic Party Notable individuals Valerie Jarrett , Senior Advisor to President Barack Obama Jerry Springer , talk show host , former Mayor of Cincinnati , nominee for OH - 02 in 1970 and candidate for governor in 1982 Mary Ellen Withrow , Former U.S. Treasurer Newspapers Akron Beacon Journal Kenyon Collegian The Vindicator Predictions ( edit ) Source Ranking As of The Cook Political Report 102 ! Lean R January 26 , 2018 Rothenberg Political Report 101 ! Tilt R April 6 , 2018 Sabato 's Crystal Ball 102 ! Lean R April 5 , 2018 Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mike DeWine ( R ) Richard Cordray ( D ) Undecided Public Policy Polling ( D - Ohio Democratic Party ) May 6 -- 7 , 2018 618 ± 3.9 % 39 % 44 % 17 % Public Policy Polling ( D - Ohio Democratic Party ) April 25 -- 26 , 2018 770 ± 3.5 % 38 % 47 % 14 % SurveyUSA March 16 -- 20 , 2018 1,408 ± 3.5 % 47 % 39 % 14 % Public Policy Polling ( D - Ohio Democratic Party ) January 22 -- 23 , 2018 585 ± 4.1 % 45 % 44 % 11 % Fallon Research January 16 -- 19 , 2018 801 ± 3.5 % 49 % 28 % 23 % Luntz Global June 12 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % 55 % 31 % 14 % Hypothetical polling with DeWine and Kucinich Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mike DeWine ( R ) Dennis Kucinich ( D ) Undecided SurveyUSA March 16 -- 20 , 2018 1,408 ± 3.5 % 51 % 38 % 12 % Public Policy Polling ( D - Ohio Democratic Party ) January 22 -- 23 , 2018 585 ± 4.1 % 48 % 37 % 14 % with DeWine and Pillich Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mike DeWine ( R ) Connie Pillich ( D ) Undecided Public Policy Polling ( D - Ohio Democratic Party ) January 22 -- 23 , 2018 585 ± 4.1 % 47 % 35 % 18 % with Jon Husted Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Jon Husted ( R ) Richard Cordray ( D ) Undecided Luntz Global June 12 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % 47 % 35 % 18 % Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paul Ray 1 % , Larry Ealy 0 % Jump up ^ Paul Ray 2 % , Larry Ealy 1 % References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Garbe , Will ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` DeWine confirms run for governor in 2018 '' . Dayton Daily News . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pelzer , Jeremy ( June 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mike DeWine enters GOP race for Ohio governor '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pelzer , Jeremy ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Jon Husted officially ends campaign for Ohio governor , becomes Mike DeWine 's running mate '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Henry J. ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Mary Taylor for Governor launches '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio governor 's race : Mary Taylor to pick former P&G executive as her running mate '' . Cincinnati.com . January 9 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Andrew J. ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` Jon Husted becomes latest Republican to enter Ohio governor 's race '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seipel , Brooke ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) . `` GOP Rep. Jim Renacci announces Ohio Senate bid '' . TheHill . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Donald J. Trump . `` Congratulations to Mike Dewine on his big win in the Great State of Ohio . He will be a great Governor with a heavy focus on HealthCare and Jobs . His Socialist opponent in November should not do well , a big failure in last job ! '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gomez , Henry J. ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Key Ohio Republican activist calls for party to rally around Mike DeWine for governor in 2018 '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pitman , Michael ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Butler County sheriff endorses DeWine for governor , and they talked about ... something '' . Toledo Blade . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Former Renacci running mate endorses DeWine '' . Toledo Blade . January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : @ DeWineHustedOH . `` Very pleased to receive the endorsement of Green Mayor Gerard Neugebauer . @ JonHusted and I are happy to have such strong support in NE Ohio ! '' . Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Daily Call , Piqua OH - www.dailycall.com '' . www.DailyCall.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gibbons For Ohio - United States Senate '' . Gibbons For Ohio - United States Senate . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Congressman Steve Stivers and Congressman Mike Turner endorse Mike DeWine for Governor '' . DeWine Husted for Ohio . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Turner . ``. @ MikeDeWine has a wealth of experience that has prepared him to be one of Ohio 's greatest governors . In every job he has had , Mike has solved problems and focused on a brighter future . I enthusiastically endorse Mike DeWine for governor '' . Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Ludlow , Randy ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Ohio Senate president endorses DeWine for governor '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ludlow , Randy ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Three - fourths of Ohio Senate Republicans endorse DeWine '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ohio legislator un-endorses Mary Taylor for governor , citing her criticism of fellow Republicans '' . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Morgan County Republicans endorse DeWine '' . Zanesville Times Recorder . November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mike DeWine '' . www.Facebook.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : @ DeWineHustedOH . `` It 's official , the @ CuyahogaGOP endorses @ MikeDeWine and @ JonHusted for Governor and Lt. Governor ! '' . Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Woods , Jim ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Newcomer Gibbons upsets Mandel for Franklin County GOP nod '' . stagenc.build.dispatch.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mike DeWine . `` Great to see another county supporting @ JonHusted and me for governor . Thanks for your support Highland County ! '' . Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Mike DeWine . `` Holmes County becomes the latest county party to endorse the DeWine Husted team ! '' . Facebook . ^ Jump up to : Ludlow , Randy ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Lucas County GOP endorses DeWine for governor '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Montgomery and Preble County Republican Parties Endorse Mike DeWine for Governor '' . DeWine Husted for Ohio . February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : @ DeWineHustedOH ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` RELEASE : Perry County Republican Party unanimously endorses DeWine for Governor '' . Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Pike County Republican Party endorses Mike DeWine for governor '' . newswatchman.com . January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mike DeWine ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Happy to announce that we received the unanimous endorsement of the Scioto County Republican Party ! '' . Facebook . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Remington , Kaylee ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` Summit County Republican Party endorses Mike DeWine for governor '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ohio GOP endorses Mike DeWine in governor 's race '' . 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew J. Tobias ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Republican governor candidates Mike DeWine and Mary Taylor announce dueling endorsements from gun - rights groups '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Franklin , Katie ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Ohio Pro-Life Group Endorses Pro-Life Candidate Mike DeWine for Governor '' . LifeNews.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Editorial Board ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` Mike DeWine in the Republican primary for Ohio governor : endorsement editorial '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beacon Journal / Ohio.com editorial board : Ready for the governor 's office , Richard Cordray and Mike Dewine '' . Akron Beacon Journal . April 21 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Asian American GOP Coalition Endorses Renacci for Governor '' . 31 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gomez , Henry J. ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Pro-Trump Groups Take A Stand In Ohio 's Crowded Race for Governor '' . Buzzfeed . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Henry J. ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Corey Lewandowski To Raise Money For Pro-Trump Ohio Gubernatorial Candidate '' . Buzzfeed . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Lee : `` Lt. Governor Mary Taylor '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Taylor claims endorsement of Rand Paul '' . Blade Slices . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Taylor '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Bischoff , Laura ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Kasich says he backs Taylor for governor in ' 18 '' . Dayton Daily News . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Blackwell endorses Mary Taylor for Ohio governor '' . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor : I am the true conservative '' . Jump up ^ `` Can Mary Taylor Pull Off the Upset ? - News - Talk 1480 WHBC '' . 2 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Seth Morgan Endorses Mary Taylor for Governor '' . Myemail.constantcontact.com. 2018 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ https://scontent-iad3-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/fr/cp0/e15/q65/31416872_2010585679015822_6404335256731648000_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=06b9b11544c2baca20eaefd1d5490864&oe=5B51697B Jump up ^ `` Mary Taylor '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` Mary Taylor '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` Mary Taylor '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` Mary Taylor '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ Patterson , Janelle ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Thompson endorses Taylor for Ohio gubernatorial race '' . The Parkersburg News and Sentinel . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor snags Miami County GOP endorsement over DeWine '' . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Taylor '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` Ohio Republican Party - Ohio - Republican Liberty Caucus of Ohio '' . Ohio Republican Party - Ohio - Republican Liberty Caucus of Ohio . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Totally Engaged Americans ® '' . totallyengagedamericans.org . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FRC Action PAC '' . www.frcaction.org . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ohio Primary Election Results '' . The New York Times . May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Seth A. ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Richard Cordray to enter governor 's race Tuesday '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Balmert , Jessie ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Ex-Ohio AG , CFPB leader Richard Cordray announces run for Ohio governor '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Betty Sutton to become Richard Cordray 's running mate in Ohio governor 's race , AP reports '' . Cleveland.com . January 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Former male stripper from Dayton makes another run for Ohio governor '' . daytondailynews . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Laura A. Bischoff ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Dennis Kucinich is running for Ohio governor against 6 other Democrats '' . Dayton Daily News . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Seth ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Dennis Kucinich chooses Akron city councilwoman as running mate '' . cleveland.com . Jump up ^ Schladen , Marty . `` Democratic justice joins race for governor ; Kasich will pick replacement '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pelzer , Jeremy ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Democrat Bill O'Neill chooses Lorain principal Chantelle Lewis as his running mate '' . cleveland.com . Jump up ^ `` Dusty Rhodes has a serious opponent and other takeaways from Ohio election filing day '' . Cincinnati.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Henry J. ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Joe Schiavoni makes run for governor official '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rowland , Darrel ; Ludlow , Randy ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Joe Schiavoni running for governor , says he 's ' in it to win it ' '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Schiavoni picks state board of education member as running mate '' . Cleveland.com . January 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Heavey says he will challenge decision to keep him off governor 's ballot '' . Cleveland.com. 2018 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` One - legged former county commissioner announces run for Ohio governor '' . The Vindicator . March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pelzer , Jeremy ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Former lawmaker Connie Pillich enters race for Ohio governor '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Chris ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Democrat Connie Pillich announces she 's running for governor '' . WSYX . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Balmert , Jessie ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Connie Pillich to end gubernatorial bid ; endorse Cordray . Was the lone female Democrat in the race '' . Cincinnati.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nan Whaley to drop out of Ohio governor 's race Friday '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Schladen , Marty ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. Elizabeth Warren , Valerie Jarrett endorse Cordray for governor '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Richardson , Seth A. ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Richard Cordray is getting a boost from Elizabeth Warren , other national figures '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rich Cordray ( @ RichCordray ) ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` High - energy event just now . Sparkling young officeholders from @ HamiltonCntyOH @ PGSittenfeld and @ AftabPureval , bot ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Richardson , Seth A. ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Marcia Fudge backs Richard Cordray for governor '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Richardson , Seth A. ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Marcy Kaptur endorses Richard Cordray for governor '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Former Gov. Ted Strickland lays into Dennis Kucinich for $20 k speech payment from pro-Syrian government group '' . The Plain Dealer. April 18 , 2018 . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rich Cordray ( @ RichCordray ) ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` Outstanding event - Old Courthouse in Dayton where Lincoln once spoke . Grateful to @ RepFredStrahorn and Willis Blac ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Wetterich , Chris ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Two of Cincinnati 's rising Democratic stars back Cordray in governor 's race '' . Cincinnati Business Courier . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Provance , Jim ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Cordray wins backing of big labor '' . The Blade . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` # NeverKucinich : A time for Ohio Democrats to take a stand '' . Kenyon Collegian. April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cordray is obvious choice in Dem race for Governor '' . The Vindicator. April 29 , 2018 . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nurses ' Union Endorses Dennis Kucinich for Ohio Gov. , Welcomes His Health Care Plan for the State '' . National Nurses United . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The One Percent 's Least - Favorite Word '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Tulsi Gabbard ( 2 May 2018 ) . `` Tulsi Gabbard endorses Dennis Kucinich for OH Governor '' . Retrieved 21 May 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Wartman , Scott ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` Dennis Kucinich and Todd Portune have something to tell you today '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kucinich Archives ( 27 March 2018 ) . `` Chris Seelbach , Cincinnati City Councilman 's surprise endorsement of Dennis Kucinich '' . Retrieved 21 May 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Danny Glover urges support for historic Kucinich - Samples ticket -- Dennis Kucinich for Governor '' . 6 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ The Jimmy Dore Show ( 20 January 2018 ) . `` Kucinich Running For Governor ! NPR Sh * ts On Him '' . Retrieved 21 May 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sandusky Register '' . www.sanduskyregister.com . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Niesel , Jeff . `` Dave Matthews to Perform at Kucinich Fundraiser at the Agora '' . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Editorial Board ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` Dennis Kucinich in the Democratic primary for Ohio governor : endorsement editorial '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schiavoni picks up progressive group 's endorsement for governor '' . Jump up ^ Skolnick , David ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Schiavoni gets the Mahoning Democratic endorsement for governor '' . The Vindicator . Jump up ^ Senator Joe Schiavoni . `` The Trumbull County Democratic Party has voted to endorse my campaign for # Ohio Governor ! '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ `` Senator Joe Schiavoni '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` Log In or Sign Up to View '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Andrew ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` National utility workers union endorses Joe Schiavoni for Ohio governor '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pelzer , Jeremy ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Whaley scores local union endorsement '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allard , Sam ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Latest Celebrity Endorsement in Ohio Governor 's Race : ' Modern Family ' Actor Ed O'Neill '' . Cleveland Scene . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Connie Pillich for Governor - endorsements '' . October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Pillich '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ Pelzer , Jeremy ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` First union endorsement of Ohio 's 2018 gubernatorial race goes to Connie Pillich '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VoteVets PAC Endorses Connie Pillich for Governor '' . VoteVets.org . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carr Smyth , Julie ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Governor 's race : Connie Pillich gets boost from EMILY 's List PAC '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Jump up ^ Nix , Katie ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` Rep. Kaptur backs Betty Sutton for governor '' . The Chronicle - Telegram . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Seth A. ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Marcia Fudge endorses Betty Sutton in governor 's race ; backs Issue 2 '' . cleveland.com . Jump up ^ `` Betty Sutton '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ Miluk , Jerry ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Parma Hts Fire IAFF Local 1690 unanimously voted to endorse @ BettySutton for Govenor ( sic ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Betty Sutton '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` Betty Sutton '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ Senko , Cheryl ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Betty Sutton for Ohio Receives Endorsement of International Union of Painters and Allied Trades District Council 6 '' . IUPAT DC - 6 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Betty Sutton '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` Betty Sutton '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Local leaders from around Ohio endorse Nan Whaley for Governor '' . Nan Whaley for Governor . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jason ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` PX : John Cranley takes sides in Ohio governor 's race '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athens Mayor Steven Patterson endorses Nan Whaley for Governor '' . Nan Whaley for Governor . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ison , Jona ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Whaley : Ohio opioid response ' flat - footed ' '' . Chillicothe Gazette . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rowland , Darrel ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` 2 Columbus council members endorse Nan Whaley for governor '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Troy , Tom ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Governor candidate Nan Whaley garners local endorsements '' . The Blade . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IUE - CWA union backs Dayton Mayor Nan Whaley for governor '' . Dayton Daily News . June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Council of Machinists Endorses Nan Whaley for Governor '' . Ohio State Council of Machinists . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ludlow , Randy ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Columbus lawyer , trapeze performer will run for governor as Green Party candidate '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Candidates - Libertarian Party '' . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's Get the LP back on the ballot ! '' . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Unioto grad seeks gubernatorial run '' . Chillicothe Gazette. 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Pence . `` A GREAT night for the # MAGA agenda and the people of Ohio . Congrats to @ MikeDeWine on his primary victory ! Mike will put the needs of the people of Ohio FIRST and @ RealDonaldTrump & I look forward to working with him '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Ludlow , Randy . `` Former VP Joe Biden endorses Cordray for governor '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Race ratings The Cook Political Report '' . The Cook Political Report . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Gubernatorial Ratings Inside Elections '' . insideelections.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Larry J. Sabato 's Crystal Ball '' 2018 Governor `` . www.centerforpolitics.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Official campaign websites Richard Cordray ( D ) for Governor Mike DeWine ( R ) for Governor Constance A. Gadell - Newton ( G ) for Governor Travis Irvine ( L ) for Governor ( 2017 ← ) 2018 United States elections ( → 2019 ) U.S. Senate Arizona California Connecticut Delaware Florida Hawaii Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota special Mississippi special Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S. House Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona 8th , special Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 13th , special Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York 25th , special North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 12th , special Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania 18th , special Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas 27th , special Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Mayoral Louisville Newark Oakland Phoenix San Francisco ( special ) San Jose Shreveport Washington , D.C. States and territories Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohio_gubernatorial_election,_2018&oldid=843578231 '' Categories : Ohio elections , 2018 Ohio gubernatorial elections United States gubernatorial elections , 2018 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 02 : 11 . 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what is the contribution made to the development of the microscope by anton van leeuwenhoek
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By placing the middle of a small rod of soda lime glass in a hot flame , van Leeuwenhoek could pull the hot section apart to create two long whiskers of glass . Then , by reinserting the end of one whisker into the flame , he could create a very small , high - quality glass sphere . These spheres became the lenses of his microscopes , with the smallest spheres providing the highest magnifications .
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
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antonie van leeuwenhoek
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek A portrait of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632 -- 1723 ) by Jan Verkolje ( 1632 - 10 - 24 ) 24 October 1632 Delft , Dutch Republic 26 August 1723 ( 1723 - 08 - 26 ) ( aged 90 ) Delft , Dutch Republic Nationality Dutch Known for The first acknowledged microscopist and microbiologist Microscopic discovery of microorganisms ( animalcule ) Scientific career Fields Microscopy Microbiology Influences Robert Hooke Regnier de Graaf Influenced History of biology and life sciences Natural history Scientific Revolution Age of Reason Signature Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek FRS ( / ˈleɪvənhʊk / ; Dutch : ( ɑnˈtoːni vɑn ˈleːuə ( n ) ˌɦuk ) ( listen ) ; 24 October 1632 -- 26 August 1723 ) was a Dutch businessman and scientist in the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology . A largely self - taught man in science , he is commonly known as `` the Father of Microbiology '' , and one of the first microscopists and microbiologists . Van Leeuwenhoek is best known for his pioneering work in microscopy and for his contributions toward the establishment of microbiology as a scientific discipline . Raised in Delft , Dutch Republic , van Leeuwenhoek worked as a draper in his youth and founded his own shop in 1654 . He became well recognized in municipal politics and developed an interest in lensmaking . In the 1670s , he started to explore microbial life with his microscope . This was one of the notable achievements of the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery ( c. 1590s -- 1720s ) . Using single - lensed microscopes of his own design , van Leeuwenhoek was the first to experiment with microbes , which he originally referred to as animalcules ( from Latin animalculum = `` tiny animal '' ) . Through his experiments , he was the first to relatively determine their size . Most of the `` animalcules '' are now referred to as unicellular organisms , although he observed multicellular organisms in pond water . He was also the first to document microscopic observations of muscle fibers , bacteria , spermatozoa , red blood cells , crystals in gouty tophi , and blood flow in capillaries . Although van Leeuwenhoek did not write any books , his discoveries came to light through correspondence with the Royal Society , which published his letters . Contents 1 Early life and career 2 Microscopic study 2.1 Recognition by the Royal Society 2.2 Scientific fame 3 Techniques and discoveries 4 Legacy and recognition 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links Early life and career van Leeuwenhoek 's birth house in Delft , in the Netherlands , in 1926 before it was demolished Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was born in Delft , Dutch Republic , on 24 October 1632 . On 4 November , he was baptized as Thonis . His father , Philips Antonisz van Leeuwenhoek , was a basket maker who died when Antonie was only five years old . His mother , Margaretha ( Bel van den Berch ) , came from a well - to - do brewer 's family . She remarried Jacob Jansz Molijn , a painter . Antonie had four older sisters : Margriet , Geertruyt , Neeltje , and Catharina . When he was around ten years old his step - father died . He attended school in Warmond for a short time before being sent to live in Benthuizen with his uncle , an attorney . At the age of 16 he became a bookkeeper 's apprentice at a linen - draper 's shop in Amsterdam , which was owned by the Scot William Davidson . Van Leeuwenhoek left there after six years . Van Leeuwenhoek married Barbara de Mey in July 1654 , with whom he fathered one surviving daughter , Maria ( four other children died in infancy ) . That same year he returned to Delft , where he would live and study for the rest of his life . He opened a draper 's shop , which he ran throughout the 1650s . His wife died in 1666 , and in 1671 , Van Leeuwenhoek remarried to Cornelia Swalmius with whom he had no children . His status in Delft had grown throughout the years . In 1660 he received a lucrative job as chamberlain for the assembly chamber of the Delft sheriffs in the city hall , a position which he would hold for almost 40 years . In 1669 he was appointed as a land surveyor by the court of Holland ; at some time he combined it with another municipal job , being the official `` wine - gauger '' of Delft and in charge of the city wine imports and taxation . The Geographer by Johannes Vermeer Van Leeuwenhoek was a contemporary of another famous Delft citizen , the painter Johannes Vermeer , who was baptized just four days earlier . It has been suggested that he is the man portrayed in two Vermeer paintings of the late 1660s , The Astronomer and The Geographer , but others argue that there appears to be little physical similarity . Because they were both relatively important men in a city with only 24,000 inhabitants , it is likely that they were at least acquaintances ; Van Leeuwenhoek acted as the executor of Vermeer 's will after the painter died in 1675 . Microscopic study See also : Microscopic discovery of microorganisms While running his draper shop , van Leeuwenhoek wanted to see the quality of the thread better than what was possible using the magnifying lenses of the time . He developed an interest in lensmaking , although few records exist of his early activity . Van Leeuwenhoek 's interest in microscopes and a familiarity with glass processing led to one of the most significant , and simultaneously well - hidden , technical insights in the history of science . By placing the middle of a small rod of soda lime glass in a hot flame , van Leeuwenhoek could pull the hot section apart to create two long whiskers of glass . Then , by reinserting the end of one whisker into the flame , he could create a very small , high - quality glass sphere . These spheres became the lenses of his microscopes , with the smallest spheres providing the highest magnifications . A microscopic section of a one - year - old ash tree ( Fraxinus ) wood , drawing made by van Leeuwenhoek Recognition by the Royal Society After developing his method for creating powerful lenses and applying them to the study of the microscopic world , van Leeuwenhoek introduced his work to his friend , the prominent Dutch physician Reinier de Graaf . When the Royal Society in London published the groundbreaking work of an Italian lensmaker in their journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society , de Graaf wrote to the editor of the journal , Henry Oldenburg , with a ringing endorsement of van Leeuwenhoek 's microscopes which , he claimed , `` far surpass those which we have hitherto seen '' . In response , in 1673 the society published a letter from van Leeuwenhoek that included his microscopic observations on mold , bees , and lice . A 1677 letter from van Leeuwenhoek to Oldenburg , with the latter 's English translation behind , the full correspondence remains in the Royal Society Library Van Leeuwenhoek 's work fully captured the attention of the Royal Society , and he began corresponding regularly with the society regarding his observations . At first he had been reluctant to publicize his findings , regarding himself as a businessman with little scientific , artistic , or writing background , but de Graaf urged him to be more confident in his work . By the time van Leeuwenhoek died in 1723 , he had written some 190 letters to the Royal Society , detailing his findings in a wide variety of fields , centered on his work in microscopy . He only wrote letters in his own colloquial Dutch ; he never published a proper scientific paper in Latin . He strongly preferred to work alone , distrusting the sincerity of those who offered their assistance . The letters were translated into Latin or English by Henry Oldenburg , who had learned Dutch for this very purpose . Despite the initial success of van Leeuwenhoek 's relationship with the Royal Society , soon relations became severely strained . In 1676 , his credibility was questioned when he sent the Royal Society a copy of his first observations of microscopic single - celled organisms . Previously , the existence of single - celled organisms was entirely unknown . Thus , even with his established reputation with the Royal Society as a reliable observer , his observations of microscopic life were initially met with some skepticism . Eventually , in the face of van Leeuwenhoek 's insistence , the Royal Society arranged for Alexander Petrie , minister to the English Reformed Church in Delft ; Benedict Haan , at that time Lutheran minister at Delft ; and Henrik Cordes , then Lutheran minister at the Hague , accompanied by Sir Robert Gordon and four others , to determine whether it was in fact van Leeuwenhoek 's ability to observe and reason clearly , or perhaps , the Royal Society 's theories of life that might require reform . Finally in 1677 , van Leeuwenhoek 's observations were fully acknowledged by the Royal Society . Illustration of critique of Observationes microscopicae Antonii Levvenhoeck ... published in Acta Eruditorum , 1682 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was elected to the Royal Society in February 1680 on the nomination of William Croone , a then - prominent physician . Van Leeuwenhoek was `` taken aback '' by the nomination , which he considered a high honor , although he did not attend the induction ceremony in London , nor did he ever attend a Royal Society meeting . Scientific fame By the end of the seventeenth century , van Leeuwenhoek had a virtual monopoly on microscopic study and discovery . His contemporary Robert Hooke , an early microscope pioneer , bemoaned that the field had come to rest entirely on one man 's shoulders . He was visited over the years by many notable individuals , such as the Russian Tsar Peter the Great . To the disappointment of his guests , van Leeuwenhoek refused to reveal the cutting - edge microscopes he relied on for his discoveries , instead showing visitors a collection of average - quality lenses . An experienced businessman , van Leeuwenhoek believed that if his simple method for creating the critically important lens was revealed , the scientific community of his time would likely disregard or even forget his role in microscopy . He therefore allowed others to believe that he was laboriously spending most of his nights and free time grinding increasingly tiny lenses to use in microscopes , even though this belief conflicted both with his construction of hundreds of microscopes and his habit of building a new microscope whenever he chanced upon an interesting specimen that he wanted to preserve . He made about 200 microscopes with a different magnification . Van Leeuwenhoek was visited by Leibniz , William III of Orange and his wife , Mary II of England , and the burgemeester ( mayor ) Johan Huydecoper of Amsterdam , the latter being very interested in collecting and growing plants for the Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam , and all gazed at the tiny creatures . In 1698 , van Leeuwenhoek was invited to visit the Tsar Peter the Great on his boat . On this occasion van Leeuwenhoek presented the Tsar an `` eel - viewer '' , so Peter could study blood circulation whenever he wanted . Techniques and discoveries van Leeuwenhoek 's microscopes by Henry Baker Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made more than 500 optical lenses . He also created at least 25 single - lens microscopes , of differing types , of which only nine have survived . These microscopes were made of silver or copper frames , holding hand - made lenses . Those that have survived are capable of magnification up to 275 times . It is suspected that van Leeuwenhoek possessed some microscopes that could magnify up to 500 times . Although he has been widely regarded as a dilettante or amateur , his scientific research was of remarkably high quality . The single - lens microscopes of van Leeuwenhoek were relatively small devices , the largest being about 5 cm long . They are used by placing the lens very close in front of the eye , while looking in the direction of the sun . The other side of the microscope had a pin , where the sample was attached in order to stay close to the lens . There were also three screws to move the pin and the sample along three axes : one axis to change the focus , and the two other axes to navigate through the sample . Van Leeuwenhoek maintained throughout his life that there are aspects of microscope construction `` which I only keep for myself '' , in particular his most critical secret of how he made the lenses . For many years no - one was able to reconstruct van Leeuwenhoek 's design techniques , however , in 1957 , C.L. Stong used thin glass thread fusing instead of polishing , and successfully created some working samples of a van Leeuwenhoek design microscope . Such a method was also discovered independently by A. Mosolov and A. Belkin at the Russian Novosibirsk State Medical Institute . A replica of a microscope by van Leeuwenhoek Van Leeuwenhoek used samples and measurements to estimate numbers of microorganisms in units of water . He also made good use of the huge advantage provided by his method . He studied a broad range of microscopic phenomena , and shared the resulting observations freely with groups such as the British Royal Society . Such work firmly established his place in history as one of the first and most important explorers of the microscopic world . Van Leeuwenhoek was one of the first people to observe cells , much like Robert Hooke . Van Leeuwenhoek 's main discoveries are : infusoria ( protists in modern zoological classification ) , in 1674 bacteria , ( e.g. , large Selenomonads from the human mouth ) , in 1683 the vacuole of the cell spermatozoa , in 1677 the banded pattern of muscular fibers , in 1682 In 1687 , van Leeuwenhoek reported his research on the coffee bean . He roasted the bean , cut it into slices and saw a spongy interior . The bean was pressed , and an oil appeared . He boiled the coffee with rain water twice and set it aside . Like Robert Boyle and Nicolaas Hartsoeker , van Leeuwenhoek was interested in dried cochineal , trying to find out if the dye came from a berry or an insect . Van Leeuwenhoek 's religion was `` Dutch Reformed '' Calvinist . He often referred with reverence to the wonders God designed in making creatures great and small , and believed that his discoveries were merely further proof of the wonder of creation . Legacy and recognition Memorial of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in Oude Kerk ( Delft ) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is buried in the Oude Kerk in Delft . A cluster of Escherichia coli bacteria magnified 10,000 times . In the early modern period , Leeuwenhoek 's discovery and study of the microscopic world , like the Dutch discovery and mapping of largely unknown lands and skies , is considered one of the most notable achievements of the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery ( c. 1590s -- 1720s ) . By the end of his life , van Leeuwenhoek had written approximately 560 letters to the Royal Society and other scientific institutions concerning his observations and discoveries . Even during the last weeks of his life , van Leeuwenhoek continued to send letters full of observations to London . The last few contained a precise description of his own illness . He suffered from a rare disease , an uncontrolled movement of the midriff , which now is named van Leeuwenhoek 's disease . He died at the age of 90 , on 26 August 1723 , and was buried four days later in the Oude Kerk in Delft . In 1981 , the British microscopist Brian J. Ford found that van Leeuwenhoek 's original specimens had survived in the collections of the Royal Society of London . They were found to be of high quality , and all were well preserved . Ford carried out observations with a range of single - lens microscopes , adding to our knowledge of van Leeuwenhoek 's work . In Ford 's opinion , Leeuwenhoek remained imperfectly understood , the popular view that his work was crude and undisciplined at odds with the evidence of conscientious and painstaking observation . He constructed rational and repeatable experimental procedures and was willing to oppose received opinion , such as spontaneous generation , and he changed his mind in the light of evidence . On his importance in the history of microbiology and science in general , the British biochemist Nick Lane wrote that he was `` the first even to think of looking -- certainly , the first with the power to see . '' His experiments were ingenious and he was `` a scientist of the highest calibre '' , attacked by people who envied him or `` scorned his unschooled origins '' , not helped by his secrecy about his methods . The Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital in Amsterdam , named after van Leeuwenhoek , is specialized in oncology . In 2004 , a public poll in the Netherlands to determine the greatest Dutchman ( `` De Grootste Nederlander '' ) named van Leeuwenhoek the 4th - greatest Dutchman of all time . On 24 October 2016 , Google commemorated the 384th anniversary of van Leeuwenhoek 's birth with a Doodle that depicted his discovery of `` little animals '' or animalcules , now known as bacteria . The Leeuwenhoek Medal , Leeuwenhoek Lecture , Leeuwenhoek ( crater ) , Leeuwenhoeckia , Levenhookia ( a genus in the family Stylidiaceae ) , and Leeuwenhoekiella ( an aerobic bacterial genus ) are named after him . See also Antonie van Leeuwenhoek portal Timeline of microscope technology History of the microscope History of microscopy History of microbiology Science and technology in the Dutch Republic Scientific Revolution Microscopic scale Animalcule Microscopic discovery of microorganisms Microscopic organisms described by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field Regnier de Graaf Jan Swammerdam Nicolas Steno Robert Hooke Johannes Vermeer Dutch Golden Age Notes ( p ) ^ The name `` Antonie van Leeuwenhoek '' is pronounced / Ahn - ton - ee vahn Lay - ven - hooke / , Dutch : ( ɑnˈtoːni vɑn ˈleːuə ( n ) ˌɦuk ) ( listen ) . Jump up ^ Van Leeuwenhoek is universally acknowledged as the father of microbiology because he was the first to undisputedly discover / observe , describe , study , conduct scientific experiments with microscopic organisms ( microbes ) , and relatively determine their size , using single - lensed microscopes of his own design . Leeuwenhoek is also considered to be the father of bacteriology and protozoology ( recently known as protistology ) . Jump up ^ The spelling of van Leeuwenhoek 's name is exceptionally varied . He was christened as Thonis , but always went by Antonj ( corresponding with the English Antony ) . The final j of his given name is the Dutch tense i . Until 1683 he consistently used the spelling Antonj Leeuwenhoeck ( ending in -- oeck ) when signing his letters . Throughout the mid-1680s he experimented with the spelling of his surname , and after 1685 settled on the most recognized spelling , van Leeuwenhoek . Jump up ^ Note that the existence of microscopic organisms ( microbes , microorganisms ) was predicted or hypothesized many centuries before they were first observed by van Leeuwenhoek . Jump up ^ In A Short History of Nearly Everything ( p. 236 ) Bill Bryson alludes to rumors that Vermeer 's mastery of light and perspective came from use of a camera obscura produced by Van Leeuwenhoek . This is one of the examples of the controversial Hockney -- Falco thesis , which claims that some of the Old Masters used optical aids to produce their masterpieces . Jump up ^ He was also nominated as a `` corresponding member '' of the French Academy of Sciences in 1699 , but there is no evidence that the nomination was accepted , nor that he was ever aware of it . Jump up ^ The `` Lens on Leeuwenhoek '' site , which is exhaustively researched and annotated , prints this letter in the original Dutch and in English translation , with the date 17 September 1683 . Assuming that the date of 1676 is accurately reported from Pommerville ( 2014 ) , that book seems more likely to be in error than the intensely detailed , scholarly researched website focused entirely on van Leeuwenhoek . Jump up ^ Sixty - two years later , in 1745 , a physician correctly attributed a diarrhea epidemic to van Leeuwenhoek 's `` bloodless animals '' ( Valk 1745 , cited by Moll 2003 ) . References Jump up ^ Lane , Nick ( 6 March 2015 ) . `` The Unseen World : Reflections on Leeuwenhoek ( 1677 ) ' Concerning Little Animal ' . '' Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015 Apr ; 370 ( 1666 ) : 20140344 . ( doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2014.0344 ) Jump up ^ Dobell , Clifford ( 1923 ) . `` A Protozoological Bicentenary : Antony van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632 -- 1723 ) and Louis Joblot ( 1645 -- 1723 ) '' . Parasitology. 15 ( 3 ) : 308 -- 19 . doi : 10.1017 / s0031182000014797 . Jump up ^ Corliss , John O ( 1975 ) . `` Three Centuries of Protozoology : A Brief Tribute to its Founding Father , A. van Leeuwenhoek of Delft '' . The Journal of Protozoology. 22 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 7 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1550 - 7408.1975. tb00934. x . PMID 1090737 . Jump up ^ Dobell , pp. 300 -- 305 . Jump up ^ Chung , King - thom ; Liu , Jong - kang : Pioneers in Microbiology : The Human Side of Science . ( World Scientific Publishing , 2017 , ISBN 978 - 9813202948 ) . `` We may fairly call Leeuwenhoek `` The first microbiologist '' because he was the first individual to actually culture , see , and describe a large array of microbial life . He actually measured the multiplication of the bugs . What is more amazing is that he published his discoveries . '' Jump up ^ `` Life at the Edge of Sight -- Scott Chimileski , Roberto Kolter Harvard University Press '' . www.hup.harvard.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Dobell , pp. 19 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Dobell , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ The curious observer . Events of the first half of van Leeuwenhoek 's life . Lens on Leeuwenhoek ( 1 September 2009 ) . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Huerta , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Dobell , pp. 27 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Dobell , pp. 33 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Van Berkel , K. ( 24 February 1996 ) . Vermeer , Van Leeuwenhoek en De Astronoom . Vrij Nederland ( Dutch magazine ) , p. 62 -- 67 . Jump up ^ `` Anton van Leeuwenhoek -- History of the compound microscope '' . www.history-of-the-microscope.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Observationes microscopicae Antonii Lewenhoeck , circa particulas liquorum globosa et animalia . Acta Eruditorum . Leipzig . 1682 . p. 321 . Jump up ^ Dobell , pp. 37 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Dobell , pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Dobell , pp. 43 -- 44 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Nick ( 6 Mar 2015 ) . `` The Unseen World : Reflections on Leeuwenhoek ( 1677 ) ' Concerning Little Animal ' '' . Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015 Apr 19 ; 370 ( 1666 ) . Retrieved 16 Jan 2017 . Jump up ^ Schierbeek , A. : `` The Disbelief of the Royal Society . '' Measuring the Invisible World . London and New York : Abelard - Schuman , 1959 . N. pag . Print . Jump up ^ Full text of `` Antony van Leeuwenhoek and his `` Little animals '' ; being some account of the father of protozoology and bacteriology and his multifarious discoveries in these disciplines ; `` . Recall.archive.org . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Dobell , pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Dobell , pp. 46 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Dobell , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Dobell , pp. 54 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Mesler , Bill ; Cleaves , H. James ( 7 December 2015 ) . A Brief History of Creation : Science and the Search for the Origin of Life . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 24854 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Brian J. Ford ( 1992 ) . `` From Dilettante to Diligent Experimenter : a Reappraisal of Leeuwenhoek as microscopist and investigator '' . Biology History . 5 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Anderson , Douglas . `` Tiny Microscopes '' . Lens on Leeuwenhoek . Archived from the original on 2 May 2015 . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lens on Leeuwenhoek : How he made his tiny microscopes . Lensonleeuwenhoek.net . Retrieved 15 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A glass - sphere microscope '' . Funsci.com . Archived from the original on 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ A. Mosolov & A. Belkin ( 1980 ) . `` Secret of Antony van Leeuwenhoek ? '' . Nauka i Zhizn ( Science and Life ) . 09 - 1980 : 80 -- 82 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2008 . Jump up ^ F.N. Egerton ( 1967 ) . `` Leeuwenhoek as a founder of animal demography '' . Journal of the History of Biology . 1 : 1 -- 22 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00149773 . JSTOR 4330484 . Jump up ^ Frank N. Egerton ( 2006 ) . `` A History of the Ecological Sciences , Part 19 : Leeuwenhoek 's Microscopic Natural History '' . Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America . 87 : 47 . doi : 10.1890 / 0012 - 9623 ( 2006 ) 87 ( 47 : AHOTES ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Robert Hooke ( 1635 -- 1703 ) '' . Ucmp.berkeley.edu . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Life at the Edge of Sight -- Scott Chimileski , Roberto Kolter Harvard University Press '' . www.hup.harvard.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Douglas . `` Wrote Letter 39 of 1683 - 09 - 17 ( AB 76 ) to Francis Aston '' . Lens on Leeuwenhoek . Archived from the original on 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Pommerville , Jeffrey ( 2014 ) . Fundamentals of microbiology . Burlington , MA : Jones & Bartlett Learning . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4496 - 8861 - 5 . Jump up ^ 9 May 1687 , Missive 54 . Jump up ^ Antoni van Leeuwenhoek ; Samuel Hoole ( 1800 ) . The Select Works of Antony van Leeuwenhoek , Containing His Microscopical Discoveries in Many of the Works of Nature . G. Sidney . pp. 213 -- . Jump up ^ Rocky Road : Leeuwenhoek . Strangescience.net ( 22 November 2012 ) . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenfield , Amy Butler ( 2005 ) . A Perfect Red : Empire , Espionage , and the Quest for the Color of Desire . New York : Harper Collins Press . ISBN 0 - 06 - 052276 - 3 Jump up ^ `` The religious affiliation of Biologist A. van Leeuwenhoek '' . Adherents.com. 8 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2010 . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Religion of Antony van Leeuwenhoek '' . 2006 . Archived from the original on 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 23 April 2006 . Jump up ^ A. Schierbeek , Editor - in - Chief of the Collected Letters of A. van Leeuwenhoek , Measuring the Invisible World : The Life and Works of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek FRS , Abelard - Schuman ( London and New York , 1959 ) , QH 31 L55 S3 , LC 59 - 13233 . This book contains excerpts of van Leeuwenhoek 's letters and focuses on his priority in several new branches of science , but makes several important references to his spiritual life and motivation . Jump up ^ Life and work of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek of Delft in Holland ; 1632 -- 1723 ( 1980 ) Published by the Municipal Archives Delft , p. 9 Jump up ^ van Leeuwenhoek , Antoni ( 1962 ) . On the circulation of the blood : Latin text of his 65th letter to the Royal Society , Sept. 7th , 1688 . Brill Hes & De Graaf . p. 28 . ISBN 9789060040980 . Jump up ^ Biology History vol 5 ( 3 ) , December 1992 Jump up ^ The Microscope vol 43 ( 2 ) pp 47 -- 57 Jump up ^ Spektrum der Wissenschaft pp 68 -- 71 , June 1998 Jump up ^ `` The discovery by Brian J Ford of Leeuwenhoek 's original specimens , from the dawn of microscopy in the 16th century '' . Brianjford.com . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Antoni van Leeuwenhoek ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ New Google Doodle Celebrates Antoni van Leeuwenhoek , Inventor of Microbiology , Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to pronounce Anton van Leeuvenhoek '' . howtopronounce.com. 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 12 . Sources Cobb , Matthew : Generation : The Seventeenth - Century Scientists Who Unraveled the Secrets of Sex , Life , and Growth . ( USA : Bloomsbury , 2006 ) Cobb , Matthew : The Egg and Sperm Race : The Seventeenth - Century Scientists Who Unlocked the Secrets of Sex and Growth . ( London : Simon & Schuster , 2006 ) Davids , Karel : The Rise and Decline of Dutch Technological Leadership : Technology , Economy and Culture in the Netherlands , 1350 -- 1800 ( 2 vols . ) . ( BRILL , 2008 , ISBN 9789004168657 ) Dobell , Clifford ( 1960 ) ( 1932 ) . Antony van Leeuwenhoek and His `` Little Animals '' : being some account of the father of protozoology and bacteriology and his multifarious discoveries in these disciplines ( Dover Publications ed . ) . New York : Harcourt , Brace and Company . Ford , Brian J. ( 1991 ) . The Leeuwenhoek Legacy . Bristol and London : Biopress and Farrand Press . Ford , Brian J. : Single Lens : The Story of the Simple Microscope . ( London : William Heinemann , 1985 , 182 pp ) Ford , Brian J. : The Revealing Lens : Mankind and the Microscope . ( London : George Harrap , 1973 , 208 pp ) Fournier , Marian : The Fabric of Life : The Rise and Decline of Seventeenth - Century Microscopy ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 1996 , ISBN 978 - 0801851384 ) Huerta , Robert ( 2003 ) . Giants of Delft : Johannes Vermeer and the Natural Philosophers : The Parallel Search for Knowledge during the Age of Discovery . Pennsylvania : Bucknell University Press . Moll , Warnar ( 2003 ) . `` Antonie van Leeuwenhoek '' . Onderzoeksportal ( Research Portal ) . University of Amsterdam . Archived from the original on 2004 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Indeed , in this publication `` Geneeskundig Verhaal van de Algemeene Loop - ziekte ... '' ( Valk ( 1745 ) ) , the author uses the work of Leeuwenhoek in describing the disease , draws some ( preliminary ) conclusions about the cause of the disease , he warns `` non-believers of Van Leeuwenhoek to use a magnifying glass '' and gives commentaries on the work of Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek and his findings . Payne , Alma Smith ( 1970 ) . The Cleere Observer : A biography of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek . London : Macmillan . Ratcliff , Marc J. : The Quest for the Invisible : Microscopy in the Enlightenment . ( Ashgate , 2009 , 332 pp ) Robertson , Lesley ; Backer , Jantien et al. : Antoni van Leeuwenhoek : Master of the Minuscule . ( BRILL , 2016 , ISBN 978 - 9004304284 ) Ruestow , Edward G ( 1996 ) . The Microscope in the Dutch Republic : The Shaping of Discovery . New York : Cambridge University Press . Snyder , Laura J. ( 2015 ) . Eye of the Beholder : Johannes Vermeer , Antoni van Leeuwenhoek , and the Reinvention of Seeing . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . Struik , Dirk J. : The Land of Stevin and Huygens : A Sketch of Science and Technology in the Dutch Republic during the Golden Century ( Studies in the History of Modern Science ) . ( Springer , 1981 , 208 pp ) Valk , Evert ( 1745 ) . Een geneeskundig verhaal van de algemeene loop - ziekte , die te Kampen en in de om - geleegene streeken heeft gewoed in ' t jaar 1736 neevens een werktuigkunstige , en natuurkundige beschryvinge van de oorzaak , uitwerking en genezinge waar in word aan - getoond , dat dezelve , waarschynlyk , door bloed - loose diertjes , beschreven in de werken van Anthony van Leeuwenhoek , het werd te weeg gebragt , en door kwik voor - naamentlyk , uit - geroeid ( A work on a disease in the city of Kampen in 1736 caused by `` little animals '' . These bloodless animals are most likely the little animals described in the work of Leeuwenhoek and they can be killed by treatment of mercury ) ( in Dutch ) . Haarlem : Van der Vinne . p. 97 . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Wilson , Catherine : The Invisible World : Early Modern Philosophy and the Invention of the Microscope . ( Princeton University Press , 1997 , ISBN 978 - 0691017099 ) External links Wikisource has original works written by or about : Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Anton van Leeuwenhoek ( category ) Leeuwenhoek 's letters to the Royal Society The Correspondence of Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek in EMLO Lens on Leeuwenhoek ( site on Leeuwenhoek 's life and observations ) Vermeer connection website University of California , Berkeley article on van Leeuwenhoek Works by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Antonie van Leeuwenhoek at Internet Archive Retrospective paper on the Leeuwenhoek research by Brian J. Ford . Images seen through a van Leeuwenhoek microscope by Brian J. Ford . 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Colonial flagellated Tetrasporal / capsal / palmelloid Sarcinoid Coenobial Filamentous / trichal / hyphal Parenchymatous Pseudoparenchymatous / plektenchymatic Membranous / thalloid / foliaceous Multinucleated Syncytial Coenocytic Siphonous Siphonocladous Multicellular s.s. / tissular / histonal Cell surface structures Simple cell membrane Mucilage Scale Frustule Cell wall Lorica Skeleton Test Theca Periplast / pellicle Locomotion Flagellum Cilium Pseudopodia Gliding motility Mitochondria Hydrogenosome Mitosome Nucleus Nucleomorph Multinucleate cells Plasmodium Dikaryon Heterokaryon Mitosis in protists Open Closed Orthomitosis Pleuromitosis Meiosis in protists Gametic Zygotic Sporic Other Cyst Cytostome Fimbriae Extrusome Contractile vacuole Eyespot apparatus Pyrenoid Axostyle Mastigont system Ecology and physiology Microbial ecology Microbial biogeography Baas - Becking hypothesis Development / Reproduction Life cycles Fertilization Nutrition : Autotrophy Phototrophy Heterotrophy Phagotrophy Osmotrophy Saprotrophy Parasitism Biotrophy Necrotrophy Mixotrophy Auxotrophy Microbiology : Fungus Outline of fungi Branch Ethnomycology Lichenology Medicinal fungi Mycology Mycosis Mycotoxicology Structure Reproduction / spore teleomorph / sexual : Zygospore Ascospore / Ascus Basidiospore / Basidium / Teliospore anamorph / asexual : Sporangium Conidium Chlamydospore Oidium Pycniospore Other Hypha Haustorium Mycelium Cell wall Sporocarp Growth patterns Dimorphic fungi Mold Yeast Mushroom List List of fungal orders List of mycologists List of mycology journals Category Commons Portal WikiProject Microorganisms Groups Archaea Bacterium Cyanobacteria Fungi Nanobacterium Prokaryote Protist Protozoa Virus Microbiology Microbial biogeography Microbial genetics Microbial intelligence Microbial metabolism Microbial phylogenetics Microbial population biology Mycology Virology Ecology Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial loop Microbial synergy Host microbe interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans Techniques Dark field microscopy Impedance microbiology Microbial cytology Microbiological culture Staining Marine Marine microorganism Antarctic Marine microbial symbiosis International Census of Marine Microbes Human related Microbes in human culture Food microbiology Microbial oil Microbial symbiosis and immunity Nylon - eating Human microbiota asthma dysbiosis fecal Human Microbiome Project gut lung mouth skin vagina in pregnancy placenta uterus Protein production Other Lines on the Antiquity of Microbes Microbially induced sedimentary structure Microbial dark matter Physical factors affecting microbial life Category Commons Portal WorldCat Identities BNE : XX1677812 BNF : cb12136216m ( data ) BPN : 38699952 GND : 119188279 ISNI : 0000 0000 8150 9407 LCCN : n79083259 NDL : 00942625 NLA : 36555689 SELIBR : 210384 SUDOC : 029815606 VIAF : 71426018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek&oldid=866094718 '' Categories : Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1632 births 1723 deaths 17th - century Dutch people 18th - century Dutch people Burials at the Oude Kerk , Delft Dutch Calvinist and Reformed Christians 17th - century Dutch inventors Dutch microbiologists Dutch naturalists Fellows of the Royal Society Microscopists Opticians People from Delft Protistologists Scientific instrument makers 17th - century Dutch businesspeople 17th - century Dutch scientists 17th - century Dutch naturalists History of biology Natural history Scientific revolution Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Date and year Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from October 2016 Biography with signature Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BPN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikisource Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie%20van%20Leeuwenhoek
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who are the five basketball players in uncle drew
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Uncle Drew is a 2018 American sports comedy film directed by Charles Stone III and written by Jay Longino . It stars Kyrie Irving as the title character from his Pepsi Max advertisements that began airing in 2012 , along with former NBA players Shaquille O'Neal , Chris Webber , Reggie Miller , and Nate Robinson , as well as former WNBA player Lisa Leslie . Lil Rel Howery , Erica Ash , J.B. Smoove , Mike Epps , Tiffany Haddish , and Nick Kroll also star .
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Uncle Drew
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uncle drew
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Uncle Drew is a 2018 American sports comedy film directed by Charles Stone III and written by Jay Longino . It stars Kyrie Irving as the title character from his Pepsi Max advertisements that began airing in 2012 , along with former NBA players Shaquille O'Neal , Chris Webber , Reggie Miller , and Nate Robinson , as well as former WNBA player Lisa Leslie . Lil Rel Howery , Erica Ash , J.B. Smoove , Mike Epps , Tiffany Haddish , and Nick Kroll also star .
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The film was released in the United States on June 29 , 2018 and received mixed reviews from critics , who praised the performances of the cast , but called the direction and screenplay `` formulaic '' . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Uncle Drew is a well remembered basketball legend who years ago was supposed to play at the Rucker Classic with his team , but due to an uncertain conflict , he and his team broke up and disappeared . Dax is the underappreciated coach of Harlem 's Money who is broke and has had a longstanding rivalry with Mookie . Dax was an orphan who planned on becoming a basketball player , but was humiliated by Mookie after he had blocked a shot from him in their youth . Dax risks losing his star player , Casper Jones , as he spent his life savings on entering the Rucker and for buying an expensive pair of shoes for him and his team . However , Mookie swoops in and steals his team anyway leading to an incident involving Dax forcibly trying to remove Casper 's shoes that is filmed and humiliatingly goes viral . Due to this , Dax 's girlfriend Jess breaks up with him and kicks him out of her apartment . The cantankerous Angelo eventually approaches Dax about meeting Uncle Drew after he is turned down by other players . Drew turns out to be an exceptional basketball player despite his old age and agrees to join Dax under the condition that they recruit his original team . They set off on the road and recruit Preacher who had since become an actual preacher , but incur the wrath of his wife Betty Lou who begins to chase them . They next reunite with the partially blind Lights and the wheelchair bound Boots whose granddaughter , Maya works at the nursing home to look after them . They escape and make it to a karate dojo where they get Big Fella , who still holds a grudge against Drew for their earlier conflict . After his credit card is declined at a gas station , Dax makes a bet with a coach for a young girls basketball team to earn money ( in reality trying to win gas money ) . Drew and his team lose , but they offer up the money to help Dax , and Maya begins to appreciate him for giving the elders another chance at playing . As they make it back to the Rucker , Drew gives each of his team their gear that restores their faith and abilities , but Big Fella breaks his as it does not wipe away their past and he refuses to cooperate with Drew . Eventually , Drew acknowledges his mistake ; sleeping with Big Fella 's now deceased wife before the big game . He admitted that he too loved her and the two make amends . Meanwhile , Dax learns that Mookie and Jess are now dating , but begins falling for Maya instead who appreciates his caring of the elders . Drew also learns that Dax plans to make money off of the game which angers him , but after learning about Dax 's past , he forgives him and tries to give him words of encouragement . While playing against another team , Big Fella suddenly has a heart attack and is forced to stay at the hospital . Betty Lou arrives and decides to fill in for him . Dax and his team , now called the Harlem Buckets , play against Mookie 's team in the finals who ends up being an even match for them . In the last bouts of the game , Lights accidentally knocks out Casper and injures himself forcing Dax and Mookie to fill in . Dax still has some doubt about himself , but Drew gives him the advice he needs and manages to make the final shot , finally beating Mookie and earning everyone 's respect . As the team go to see Big Fella in the hospital , everyone watches Dax being praised for his comeback on ESPN . During the credits , Jess is shown trying to call Dax about potentially getting back together after breaking up with Mookie . When Dax does not respond , she slowly and comically becomes enraged . Cast ( edit ) Kyrie Irving as Uncle Drew , a streetball legend . Lil Rel Howery as Dax , a streetball team manager . Ashton Tyler as Young Dax Shaquille O'Neal as Big Fella , Uncle Drew 's former teammate who now runs a martial arts dojo . Chris Webber as Preacher , Uncle Drew 's former teammate who is now a church minister . Reggie Miller as Lights , Uncle Drew 's former teammate who seems to be legally blind . Nate Robinson as Boots , Uncle Drew 's former teammate who now lives in a retirement home . Lisa Leslie as Betty Lou , Preacher 's wife . Erica Ash as Maya , Boots ' granddaughter and Dax 's love interest . J.B. Smoove as Angelo , a Harlem resident who remembers Uncle Drew . Mike Epps as Louis , a Harlem resident who is Angelo 's friend . Tiffany Haddish as Jess , Dax 's materialistic ex-girlfriend and Mookie 's girlfriend . Nick Kroll as Mookie , Dax 's longtime rival . Aaron Gordon as Casper , a streetball player Mookie steals from Dax . Making cameo appearances as themselves are Sal Masekela , John Calipari , Jon Hammond , Scoop Jackson , Pee Wee Kirkland , Earl Monroe , Chris Mullin , Bill Walton , George Gervin , Steve Nash , David Robinson , Jerry West , Dikembe Mutombo , NeNe Leakes , Rick Barry , Rick Ross , and Ben Nethongkome . Production ( edit ) On February 16 , 2017 , PepsiCo announced that they would partner with Temple Hill Entertainment for the production of the film , featuring the character Uncle Drew from the Pepsi Max advertisements . On September 5 , 2017 , ESPN 's SportsCenter revealed the cast via their Twitter account . Lil Rel Howery stated that Kyrie Irving heard about his trade from the Cleveland Cavaliers to the Boston Celtics while filming . Release ( edit ) On February 12 , 2018 , Kyrie Irving announced the release date of June 29 , 2018 via his Twitter account . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) As of August 22 , 2018 , Uncle Drew has grossed $42.2 million in the United States and Canada , and $1.8 million in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $44.1 million . In the United States and Canada , Uncle Drew was released alongside Sicario : Day of the Soldado , and was projected to gross $11 -- 15 million from 2,742 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $6.1 million on its first day , including $1.1 million from Thursday night previews . It went on to debut to $15.5 million , finishing fourth at the box office , behind Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , Incredibles 2 , and Sicario : Day of the Soldado . It fell 56 % in its second weekend , to $6.7 million , finishing sixth . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 65 % based on 75 reviews , and an average rating of 6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Kyrie Irving 's crossover to comedy is amiable enough to score with basketball fans , but Uncle Drew is held back by formulaic direction and too much product placement . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100 , based on reviews from 27 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a `` B -- '' and wrote : `` At heart , Uncle Drew is a personality - driven film . The plot is spare , and the storytelling gets super janky whenever screenwriter Jay Longino is asked to manufacture a new obstacle . But as wince - inducing as it can be to watch the film stall for time , or use the Rucker prize money to muster up some hollow conflict , the climactic streetball showdown pays off . '' Variety 's Peter Debtuge praised the performances of the NBA players and makeup , while saying the film is never that surprising or funny , writing , `` While it wo n't increase your appetite for zero - calorie sugar water one bit ( oddly enough , Nike gets far more prominent on - screen placement ) , this affectionate basketball - themed comedy from sports - savvy director Charles Stone III comes across as an effective feature - length ad for the game itself . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/uncle-drew-film Jump up ^ Catts , Everett ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Westminster grad 's ' Uncle Drew ' a basketball love letter '' . Marietta Daily Journal . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uncle Drew ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Star Kyrie Irving 's ' Uncle Drew ' Commercials to Get Film Treatment ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Slane , Kevin ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` What critics are saying about ' Uncle Drew ' '' . Boston.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schultz , E.J. ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Pepsi Is Taking Kyrie Irving 's ' Uncle Drew ' to the Movies '' . Advertising Age . Crain Communications . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SN Staff ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` First Look : Cast revealed for upcoming ' Uncle Drew ' movie '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rooney , Kyle ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Lil Rel Says Kyrie Irving Found Out He Was Traded While Filming `` Uncle Drew '' `` . Hot New Hip Hop . Urbanlinx Media . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gould , Andrew ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Kyrie Irving Reveals June 29 Release Date for ' Uncle Drew ' Movie '' . Bleacher Report . Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Wo n't Face Extinction With $60 M Second Weekend ; Dinos Roar Will $18 M+ Tuesday -- B.O. Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 1 , 2018 ) . `` At $2.5 B To Date , Summer 's B.O. Is More Colossal Than Ever Imagined ; Dinos Still Rule With $60 M+ Second Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ant - Man And The Wasp ' Shrinks A Tick To $76 M+ Opening , But Still 34 % Bigger Than Original -- Early Sunday Read '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uncle Drew ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uncle Drew Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Uncle Drew ' Review : Lil Rel Howery , NBA Legends , and Oscar - Worthy Makeup Help Make This Streetball Comedy an Easy Slam Dunk '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Uncle Drew ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Uncle Drew on IMDb Films directed by Charles Stone III Drumline ( 2002 ) Paid in Full ( 2002 ) Mr. 3000 ( 2004 ) CrazySexyCool : The TLC Story ( 2013 ) Lila & Eve ( 2015 ) Step Sisters ( 2018 ) Uncle Drew ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uncle_Drew&oldid=857035631 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s comedy films 2010s road movies African - American comedy films American basketball films American road movies American sports comedy films Films directed by Charles Stone III Films scored by Christopher Lennertz Films set in Harlem Films set in Washington , D.C. Summit Entertainment films Lions Gate Entertainment films PepsiCo Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 04 : 13 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle%20Drew
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when did the scientific method start being used
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History of scientific method
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history of scientific method
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The history of scientific method considers changes in the methodology of scientific inquiry , as distinct from the history of science itself . The development of rules for scientific reasoning has not been straightforward ; scientific method has been the subject of intense and recurring debate throughout the history of science , and eminent natural philosophers and scientists have argued for the primacy of one or another approach to establishing scientific knowledge . Despite the disagreements about approaches , scientific method has advanced in definite steps . Rationalist explanations of nature , including atomism , appeared both in ancient Greece in the thought of Leucippus and Democritus , and in ancient India , in the Nyaya , Vaisesika and Buddhist schools , while Charvaka materialism rejected inference as a source of knowledge in favour of an empiricism that was always subject to doubt . Aristotle pioneered scientific method in ancient Greece alongside his empirical biology and his work on logic , rejecting a purely deductive framework in favour of generalisations made from observations of nature .
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Some of the most important debates in the history of scientific method center on : rationalism , especially as advocated by René Descartes ; inductivism , which rose to particular prominence with Isaac Newton and his followers ; and hypothetico - deductivism , which came to the fore in the early 19th century . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , a debate over realism vs. antirealism was central to discussions of scientific method as powerful scientific theories extended beyond the realm of the observable , while in the mid-20th century some prominent philosophers argued against any universal rules of science at all . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early methodology 1.1 Aristotle 1.2 Epicurus 2 Emergence of inductive experimental method 2.1 Ibn al - Haytham 2.2 Al - Biruni 2.3 Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ) 2.4 Robert Grosseteste 2.5 Roger Bacon 2.6 Renaissance humanism and medicine 2.7 Skepticism as a basis for understanding 2.8 Francis Bacon 's eliminative induction 2.9 Descartes 2.10 Galileo Galilei 2.11 Isaac Newton 3 Integrating deductive and inductive method 3.1 Charles Sanders Peirce 3.2 Popper and Kuhn 4 Mention of the topic 5 Current issues 6 Science and pseudoscience 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 Sources Early methodology ( edit ) The Edwin Smith papyrus , an ancient Egyptian medical textbook of c. 1600 BCE , set out an empirical method . There are few explicit discussions of scientific methodologies in surviving records from early cultures . The most that can be inferred about the approaches to undertaking science in this period stems from descriptions of early investigations into nature , in the surviving records . An Egyptian medical textbook , the Edwin Smith papyrus , ( c. 1600 BCE ) , applies the following components : examination , diagnosis , treatment and prognosis , to the treatment of disease , which display strong parallels to the basic empirical method of science and according to G.E.R. Lloyd played a significant role in the development of this methodology . The Ebers papyrus ( c. 1550 BCE ) also contains evidence of traditional empiricism . By the middle of the 1st millennium BCE in Mesopotamia , Babylonian astronomy had evolved into the earliest example of a scientific astronomy , as it was `` the first and highly successful attempt at giving a refined mathematical description of astronomical phenomena . '' According to the historian Asger Aaboe , `` all subsequent varieties of scientific astronomy , in the Hellenistic world , in India , in Islam , and in the West -- if not indeed all subsequent endeavour in the exact sciences -- depend upon Babylonian astronomy in decisive and fundamental ways . '' The early Babylonians and Egyptians developed much technical knowledge , crafts , and mathematics used in practical tasks of divination , as well as a knowledge of medicine , and made lists of various kinds . While the Babylonians in particular had engaged in the earliest forms of an empirical mathematical science , with their early attempts at mathematically describing natural phenomena , they generally lacked underlying rational theories of nature . It was the ancient Greeks who engaged in the earliest forms of what is today recognized as a rational theoretical science , with the move towards a more rational understanding of nature which began at least since the Archaic Period ( 650 -- 480 BCE ) with the Presocratic school . Thales was the first to use natural explanations , proclaiming that every event had a natural cause , even though he is known for saying `` all things are full of gods '' and sacrificed an ox when he discovered his theorem . Leucippus , went on to develop the theory of atomism -- the idea that everything is composed entirely of various imperishable , indivisible elements called atoms . This was elaborated in great detail by Democritus . Similar atomist ideas emerged independently among ancient Indian philosophers of the Nyaya , Vaisesika and Buddhist schools . In particular , like the Nyaya , Vaisesika , and Buddhist schools , the Cārvāka epistemology was materialist , and skeptical enough to admit perception as the basis for unconditionally true knowledge , while cautioning that if one could only infer a truth , then one must also harbor a doubt about that truth ; an inferred truth could not be unconditional . Towards the middle of the 5th century BCE , some of the components of a scientific tradition were already heavily established , even before Plato , who was an important contributor to this emerging tradition , thanks to the development of deductive reasoning , as propounded by his student , Aristotle . In Protagoras ( 318d - f ) , Plato mentioned the teaching of arithmetic , astronomy and geometry in schools . The philosophical ideas of this time were mostly freed from the constraints of everyday phenomena and common sense . This denial of reality as we experience it reached an extreme in Parmenides who argued that the world is one and that change and subdivision do not exist . In the 3rd and 4th centuries BCE , the Greek physicians Herophilos ( 335 -- 280 BCE ) and Erasistratus of Chios employed experiments to further their medical research ; Erasistratus at one time repeatedly weighing a caged bird , and noting its weight loss between feeding times . Aristotle ( edit ) Aristotle 's philosophy involved both inductive and deductive reasoning . Further information : Aristotle 's biology Aristotle 's inductive - deductive method used inductions from observations to infer general principles , deductions from those principles to check against further observations , and more cycles of induction and deduction to continue the advance of knowledge . The Organon ( Greek : Ὄργανον , meaning `` instrument , tool , organ '' ) is the standard collection of Aristotle 's six works on logic . The name Organon was given by Aristotle 's followers , the Peripatetics . The order of the works is not chronological ( the chronology is now difficult to determine ) but was deliberately chosen by Theophrastus to constitute a well - structured system . Indeed , parts of them seem to be a scheme of a lecture on logic . The arrangement of the works was made by Andronicus of Rhodes around 40 BCE . The Organon comprises the following six works : The Categories ( Latin : Categoriae ) introduces Aristotle 's 10-fold classification of that which exists : substance , quantity , quality , relation , place , time , situation , condition , action , and passion . On Interpretation ( Latin : De Interpretatione , Greek Perihermenias ) introduces Aristotle 's conception of proposition and judgment , and the various relations between affirmative , negative , universal , and particular propositions . Aristotle discusses the square of opposition or square of Apuleius in Chapter 7 and its appendix Chapter 8 . Chapter 9 deals with the problem of future contingents . The Prior Analytics ( Latin : Analytica Priora ) introduces Aristotle 's syllogistic method ( see term logic ) , argues for its correctness , and discusses inductive inference . The Posterior Analytics ( Latin : Analytica Posteriora ) deals with demonstration , definition , and scientific knowledge . The Topics ( Latin : Topica ) treats of issues in constructing valid arguments , and of inference that is probable , rather than certain . It is in this treatise that Aristotle mentions the predicables , later discussed by Porphyry and by the scholastic logicians . The Sophistical Refutations ( Latin : De Sophisticis Elenchis ) gives a treatment of logical fallacies , and provides a key link to Aristotle 's work on rhetoric . Aristotle 's Metaphysics has some points of overlap with the works making up the Organon but is not traditionally considered part of it ; additionally there are works on logic attributed , with varying degrees of plausibility , to Aristotle that were not known to the Peripatetics . Aristotle introduced what may be called a scientific method . His demonstration method is found in Posterior Analytics . He provided another of the ingredients of scientific tradition : empiricism . For Aristotle , universal truths can be known from particular things via induction . To some extent then , Aristotle reconciles abstract thought with observation , although it would be a mistake to imply that Aristotelian science is empirical in form . Indeed , Aristotle did not accept that knowledge acquired by induction could rightly be counted as scientific knowledge . Nevertheless , induction was for him a necessary preliminary to the main business of scientific enquiry , providing the primary premises required for scientific demonstrations . Aristotle largely ignored inductive reasoning in his treatment of scientific enquiry . To make it clear why this is so , consider this statement in the Posterior Analytics : We suppose ourselves to possess unqualified scientific knowledge of a thing , as opposed to knowing it in the accidental way in which the sophist knows , when we think that we know the cause on which the fact depends , as the cause of that fact and of no other , and , further , that the fact could not be other than it is . It was therefore the work of the philosopher to demonstrate universal truths and to discover their causes . While induction was sufficient for discovering universals by generalization , it did not succeed in identifying causes . For this task Aristotle used the tool of deductive reasoning in the form of syllogisms . Using the syllogism , scientists could infer new universal truths from those already established . Aristotle developed a complete normative approach to scientific inquiry involving the syllogism , which he discusses at length in his Posterior Analytics . A difficulty with this scheme lay in showing that derived truths have solid primary premises . Aristotle would not allow that demonstrations could be circular ( supporting the conclusion by the premises , and the premises by the conclusion ) . Nor would he allow an infinite number of middle terms between the primary premises and the conclusion . This leads to the question of how the primary premises are found or developed , and as mentioned above , Aristotle allowed that induction would be required for this task . Towards the end of the Posterior Analytics , Aristotle discusses knowledge imparted by induction . Thus it is clear that we must get to know the primary premises by induction ; for the method by which even sense - perception implants the universal is inductive . ( ... ) it follows that there will be no scientific knowledge of the primary premises , and since except intuition nothing can be truer than scientific knowledge , it will be intuition that apprehends the primary premises . ( ... ) If , therefore , it is the only other kind of true thinking except scientific knowing , intuition will be the originative source of scientific knowledge . The account leaves room for doubt regarding the nature and extent of Aristotle 's empiricism . In particular , it seems that Aristotle considers sense - perception only as a vehicle for knowledge through intuition . He restricted his investigations in natural history to their natural settings , such as at the Pyrrha lagoon , now called Kalloni , at Lesbos . Aristotle and Theophrastus together formulated the new science of biology , inductively , case by case , for two years before Aristotle was called to tutor Alexander . Aristotle performed no modern - style experiments in the form in which they appear in today 's physics and chemistry laboratories . Induction is not afforded the status of scientific reasoning , and so it is left to intuition to provide a solid foundation for Aristotle 's science . With that said , Aristotle brings us somewhat closer an empirical science than his predecessors . Some philosophers held that there are only atoms and void ; others that the atoms are divine fire , others only wind , others only water , others only earth . Epicurus ( edit ) In his work Kαvώv ( ' canon ' , a straight edge or ruler , thus any type of measure or standard , referred to as ' canonic ' ) , Epicurus laid out his first rule for inquiry in physics : ' that the first concepts be seen , and that they not require demonstration ' . His second rule for inquiry was that prior to an investigation , we are to have self - evident concepts , so that we might infer ( έχωμεν οις σημειωσόμεύα ) both what is expected ( τò ποσμένον ) , and also what is non-apparent ( τò άδηλον ) . Epicurus applies his method of inference ( the use of observations as signs , Asmis ' summary , p. 333 : the method of using the phenomena as signs ( σημεīα ) of what is unobserved ) immediately to the atomic theory of Democritus . In Aristotle 's Prior Analytics , Aristotle himself employs the use of signs . But Epicurus presented his ' canonic ' as rival to Aristotle 's logic . See : Lucretius ( c. 99 BCE -- c. 55 BCE ) De rerum natura ( On the nature of things ) a didactic poem explaining Epicurus ' philosophy and physics . Emergence of inductive experimental method ( edit ) During the Middle Ages issues of what is now termed science began to be addressed . There was greater emphasis on combining theory with practice in the Islamic world than there had been in Classical times , and it was common for those studying the sciences to be artisans as well , something that had been `` considered an aberration in the ancient world . '' Islamic experts in the sciences were often expert instrument makers who enhanced their powers of observation and calculation with them . Muslim scientists used experiment and quantification to distinguish between competing scientific theories , set within a generically empirical orientation , as can be seen in the works of Jābir ibn Hayyān ( 721 -- 815 ) and Alkindus ( 801 -- 873 ) as early examples . Several scientific methods thus emerged from the medieval Muslim world by the early 11th century , all of which emphasized experimentation as well as quantification to varying degrees . Ibn al - Haytham ( edit ) `` How does light travel through transparent bodies ? Light travels through transparent bodies in straight lines only ... We have explained this exhaustively in our Book of Optics . '' -- Alhazen The Arab physicist Ibn al - Haytham ( Alhazen ) used experimentation to obtain the results in his Book of Optics ( 1021 ) . He combined observations , experiments and rational arguments to support his intromission theory of vision , in which rays of light are emitted from objects rather than from the eyes . He used similar arguments to show that the ancient emission theory of vision supported by Ptolemy and Euclid ( in which the eyes emit the rays of light used for seeing ) , and the ancient intromission theory supported by Aristotle ( where objects emit physical particles to the eyes ) , were both wrong . Experimental evidence supported most of the propositions in his Book of Optics and grounded his theories of vision , light and colour , as well as his research in catoptrics and dioptrics . His legacy was elaborated through the ' reforming ' of his Optics by Kamal al - Din al - Farisi ( d.c. 1320 ) in the latter 's Kitab Tanqih al - Manazir ( The Revision of ( Ibn al - Haytham 's ) Optics ) . Alhazen viewed his scientific studies as a search for truth : `` Truth is sought for its own sake . And those who are engaged upon the quest for anything for its own sake are not interested in other things . Finding the truth is difficult , and the road to it is rough ... Alhazen 's work included the conjecture that `` Light travels through transparent bodies in straight lines only '' , which he was able to corroborate only after years of effort . He stated , `` ( This ) is clearly observed in the lights which enter into dark rooms through holes ... the entering light will be clearly observable in the dust which fills the air . '' He also demonstrated the conjecture by placing a straight stick or a taut thread next to the light beam . Ibn al - Haytham also employed scientific skepticism and emphasized the role of empiricism . He also explained the role of induction in syllogism , and criticized Aristotle for his lack of contribution to the method of induction , which Ibn al - Haytham regarded as superior to syllogism , and he considered induction to be the basic requirement for true scientific research . Something like Occam 's razor is also present in the Book of Optics . For example , after demonstrating that light is generated by luminous objects and emitted or reflected into the eyes , he states that therefore `` the extramission of ( visual ) rays is superfluous and useless . '' He may also have been the first scientist to adopt a form of positivism in his approach . He wrote that `` we do not go beyond experience , and we can not be content to use pure concepts in investigating natural phenomena '' , and that the understanding of these can not be acquired without mathematics . After assuming that light is a material substance , he does not further discuss its nature but confines his investigations to the diffusion and propagation of light . The only properties of light he takes into account are those treatable by geometry and verifiable by experiment . Al - Biruni ( edit ) The Persian scientist Abū Rayhān al - Bīrūnī introduced early scientific methods for several different fields of inquiry during the 1020s and 1030s . For example , in his treatise on mineralogy , Kitab al - Jawahir ( Book of Precious Stones ) , al - Biruni is `` the most exact of experimental scientists '' , while in the introduction to his study of India , he declares that `` to execute our project , it has not been possible to follow the geometric method '' and thus became one of the pioneers of comparative sociology in insisting on field experience and information . He also developed an early experimental method for mechanics . Al - Biruni 's methods resembled the modern scientific method , particularly in his emphasis on repeated experimentation . Biruni was concerned with how to conceptualize and prevent both systematic errors and observational biases , such as `` errors caused by the use of small instruments and errors made by human observers . '' He argued that if instruments produce errors because of their imperfections or idiosyncratic qualities , then multiple observations must be taken , analyzed qualitatively , and on this basis , arrive at a `` common - sense single value for the constant sought '' , whether an arithmetic mean or a `` reliable estimate . '' In his scientific method , `` universals came out of practical , experimental work '' and `` theories are formulated after discoveries '' , as with inductivism . Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ) ( edit ) In the On Demonstration section of The Book of Healing ( 1027 ) , the Persian philosopher and scientist Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ) discussed philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry . He discussed Aristotle 's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several points . Avicenna discussed the issue of a proper procedure for scientific inquiry and the question of `` How does one acquire the first principles of a science ? '' He asked how a scientist might find `` the initial axioms or hypotheses of a deductive science without inferring them from some more basic premises ? '' He explained that the ideal situation is when one grasps that a `` relation holds between the terms , which would allow for absolute , universal certainty . '' Avicenna added two further methods for finding a first principle : the ancient Aristotelian method of induction ( istiqra ) , and the more recent method of examination and experimentation ( tajriba ) . Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction , arguing that `` it does not lead to the absolute , universal , and certain premises that it purports to provide . '' In its place , he advocated `` a method of experimentation as a means for scientific inquiry . '' Earlier , in The Canon of Medicine ( 1025 ) , Avicenna was also the first to describe what is essentially methods of agreement , difference and concomitant variation which are critical to inductive logic and the scientific method . However , unlike his contemporary al - Biruni 's scientific method , in which `` universals came out of practical , experimental work '' and `` theories are formulated after discoveries '' , Avicenna developed a scientific procedure in which `` general and universal questions came first and led to experimental work . '' Due to the differences between their methods , al - Biruni referred to himself as a mathematical scientist and to Avicenna as a philosopher , during a debate between the two scholars . Robert Grosseteste ( edit ) During the European Renaissance of the 12th century , ideas on scientific methodology , including Aristotle 's empiricism and the experimental approaches of Alhazen and Avicenna , were introduced to medieval Europe via Latin translations of Arabic and Greek texts and commentaries . Robert Grosseteste 's commentary on the Posterior Analytics places Grosseteste among the first scholastic thinkers in Europe to understand Aristotle 's vision of the dual nature of scientific reasoning . Concluding from particular observations into a universal law , and then back again , from universal laws to prediction of particulars . Grosseteste called this `` resolution and composition '' . Further , Grosseteste said that both paths should be verified through experimentation to verify the principles . Roger Bacon ( edit ) Roger Bacon was inspired by the writings of Grosseteste . In his account of a method , Bacon described a repeating cycle of observation , hypothesis , experimentation , and the need for independent verification . He recorded the way he had conducted his experiments in precise detail , perhaps with the idea that others could reproduce and independently test his results . About 1256 he joined the Franciscan Order and became subject to the Franciscan statute forbidding Friars from publishing books or pamphlets without specific approval . After the accession of Pope Clement IV in 1265 , the Pope granted Bacon a special commission to write to him on scientific matters . In eighteen months he completed three large treatises , the Opus Majus , Opus Minus , and Opus Tertium which he sent to the Pope . William Whewell has called Opus Majus at once the Encyclopaedia and Organon of the 13th century . Part I ( pp. 1 -- 22 ) treats of the four causes of error : authority , custom , the opinion of the unskilled many , and the concealment of real ignorance by a pretense of knowledge . Part VI ( pp. 445 -- 477 ) treats of experimental science , domina omnium scientiarum . There are two methods of knowledge : the one by argument , the other by experience . Mere argument is never sufficient ; it may decide a question , but gives no satisfaction or certainty to the mind , which can only be convinced by immediate inspection or intuition , which is what experience gives . Experimental science , which in the Opus Tertium ( p. 46 ) is distinguished from the speculative sciences and the operative arts , is said to have three great prerogatives over all sciences : It verifies their conclusions by direct experiment ; It discovers truths which they could never reach ; It investigates the secrets of nature , and opens to us a knowledge of past and future . Roger Bacon illustrated his method by an investigation into the nature and cause of the rainbow , as a specimen of inductive research . Renaissance Humanism and medicine ( edit ) Aristotle 's ideas became a framework for critical debate beginning with absorption of the Aristotelian texts into the university curriculum in the first half of the 13th century . Contributing to this was the success of medieval theologians in reconciling Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology . Within the sciences , medieval philosophers were not afraid of disagreeing with Aristotle on many specific issues , although their disagreements were stated within the language of Aristotelian philosophy . All medieval natural philosophers were Aristotelians , but `` Aristotelianism '' had become a somewhat broad and flexible concept . With the end of Middle Ages , the Renaissance rejection of medieval traditions coupled with an extreme reverence for classical sources led to a recovery of other ancient philosophical traditions , especially the teachings of Plato . By the 17th century , those who clung dogmatically to Aristotle 's teachings were faced with several competing approaches to nature . Leonhart Fuchs ' drawing of absinthe plant , De Historia Stirpium . Basle 1542 The discovery of the Americas at the close of the 15th century showed the scholars of Europe that new discoveries could be found outside of the authoritative works of Aristotle , Pliny , Galen , and other ancient writers . Galen of Pergamon ( 129 -- c. 200 AD ) had studied with four schools in antiquity -- Platonists , Aristotelians , Stoics , and Epicureans , and at Alexandria , the center of medicine at the time . In his Methodus Medendi , Galen had synthesized the empirical and dogmatic schools of medicine into his own method , which was preserved by Arab scholars . After the translations from Arabic were critically scrutinized , a backlash occurred and demand arose in Europe for translations of Galen 's medical text from the original Greek . Galen 's method became very popular in Europe . Thomas Linacre , the teacher of Erasmus , thereupon translated Methodus Medendi from Greek into Latin for a larger audience in 1519 . Limbrick 1988 notes that 630 editions , translations , and commentaries on Galen were produced in Europe in the 16th century , eventually eclipsing Arabic medicine there , and peaking in 1560 , at the time of the scientific revolution . By the late 15th century , the physician - scholar Niccolò Leoniceno was finding errors in Pliny 's Natural History . As a physician , Leoniceno was concerned about these botanical errors propagating to the materia medica on which medicines were based . To counter this , a botanical garden was established at Orto botanico di Padova , University of Padua ( in use for teaching by 1546 ) , in order that medical students might have empirical access to the plants of a pharmacopia . Other Renaissance teaching gardens were established , notably by the physician Leonhart Fuchs , one of the founders of botany . The first published work devoted to the concept of method is Jodocus Willichius , De methodo omnium artium et disciplinarum informanda opusculum ( 1550 ) . Skepticism as a basis for understanding ( edit ) In 1562 `` Outlines of Pyrrhonism '' by Sextus Empiricus ( c. 160 - 210 AD ) appeared in print and in Latin , quickly placing the arguments of classical skepticism in the European mainstream . Skepticism either denies or strongly doubts ( depending on the school ) the possibility of certain knowledge . Descartes ' famous `` Cogito '' argument is an attempt to overcome skepticism and reestablish a foundation for certainty but other thinkers responded by revising what the search for knowledge , particularly physical knowledge , might be . The first of these , philosopher and physician Francisco Sanches , was led by his medical training at Rome , 1571 -- 73 , to search for a true method of knowing ( modus sciendi ) , as nothing clear can be known by the methods of Aristotle and his followers -- for example , 1 ) syllogism fails upon circular reasoning ; 2 ) Aristotle 's modal logic was not stated clearly enough for use in medieval times , and remains a research problem to this day . Following the physician Galen 's method of medicine , Sanches lists the methods of judgement and experience , which are faulty in the wrong hands , and we are left with the bleak statement That Nothing is Known ( 1581 , in Latin Quod Nihil Scitur ) . This challenge was taken up by René Descartes in the next generation ( 1637 ) , but at the least , Sanches warns us that we ought to refrain from the methods , summaries , and commentaries on Aristotle , if we seek scientific knowledge . In this , he is echoed by Francis Bacon who was influenced by another prominent exponent of skepticism , Montaigne ; Sanches cites the humanist Juan Luis Vives who sought a better educational system , as well as a statement of human rights as a pathway for improvement of the lot of the poor . `` Sanches develops his scepticism by means of an intellectual critique of Aristotelianism , rather than by an appeal to the history of human stupidity and the variety and contrariety of previous theories . '' -- Popkin 1979 , p. 37 , as cited by Sanches , Limbrick & Thomson 1988 , pp. 24 -- 5 `` To work , then ; and if you know something , then teach me ; I shall be extremely grateful to you . In the meantime , as I prepare to examine Things , I shall raise the question anything is known , and if so , how , in the introductory passages of another book , a book in which I will expound , as far as human frailty allows , the method of knowing . Farewell . WHAT IS TAUGHT HAS NO MORE STRENGTH THAN IT DERIVES FROM HIM WHO IS TAUGHT . WHAT ? '' -- Francisco Sanches ( 1581 ) Quod Nihil Scitur p. 100 Francis Bacon 's eliminative induction ( edit ) Main article : Baconian method `` If a man will begin with certainties , he shall end in doubts ; but if he will be content to begin with doubts , he shall end in certainties . '' -- Francis Bacon ( 1605 ) The Advancement of Learning , Book 1 , v , 8 Francis Bacon ( 1561 -- 1626 ) entered Trinity College , Cambridge in April 1573 , where he applied himself diligently to the several sciences as then taught , and came to the conclusion that the methods employed and the results attained were alike erroneous ; he learned to despise the current Aristotelian philosophy . He believed philosophy must be taught its true purpose , and for this purpose a new method must be devised . With this conception in his mind , Bacon left the university . Bacon attempted to describe a rational procedure for establishing causation between phenomena based on induction . Bacon 's induction was , however , radically different than that employed by the Aristotelians . As Bacon put it , ( A ) nother form of induction must be devised than has hitherto been employed , and it must be used for proving and discovering not first principles ( as they are called ) only , but also the lesser axioms , and the middle , and indeed all . For the induction which proceeds by simple enumeration is childish . -- Novum Organum section CV Bacon 's method relied on experimental histories to eliminate alternative theories . Bacon explains how his method is applied in his Novum Organum ( published 1620 ) . In an example he gives on the examination of the nature of heat , Bacon creates two tables , the first of which he names `` Table of Essence and Presence '' , enumerating the many various circumstances under which we find heat . In the other table , labelled `` Table of Deviation , or of Absence in Proximity '' , he lists circumstances which bear resemblance to those of the first table except for the absence of heat . From an analysis of what he calls the natures ( light emitting , heavy , colored , etc . ) of the items in these lists we are brought to conclusions about the form nature , or cause , of heat . Those natures which are always present in the first table , but never in the second are deemed to be the cause of heat . The role experimentation played in this process was twofold . The most laborious job of the scientist would be to gather the facts , or ' histories ' , required to create the tables of presence and absence . Such histories would document a mixture of common knowledge and experimental results . Secondly , experiments of light , or , as we might say , crucial experiments would be needed to resolve any remaining ambiguities over causes . Bacon showed an uncompromising commitment to experimentation . Despite this , he did not make any great scientific discoveries during his lifetime . This may be because he was not the most able experimenter . It may also be because hypothesising plays only a small role in Bacon 's method compared to modern science . Hypotheses , in Bacon 's method , are supposed to emerge during the process of investigation , with the help of mathematics and logic . Bacon gave a substantial but secondary role to mathematics `` which ought only to give definiteness to natural philosophy , not to generate or give it birth '' ( Novum Organum XCVI ) . An over-emphasis on axiomatic reasoning had rendered previous non-empirical philosophy impotent , in Bacon 's view , which was expressed in his Novum Organum : XIX . There are and can be only two ways of searching into and discovering truth . The one flies from the senses and particulars to the most general axioms , and from these principles , the truth of which it takes for settled and immoveable , proceeds to judgment and to the discovery of middle axioms . And this way is now in fashion . The other derives axioms from the senses and particulars , rising by a gradual and unbroken ascent , so that it arrives at the most general axioms last of all . This is the true way , but as yet untried . In Bacon 's utopian novel , The New Atlantis , the ultimate role is given for inductive reasoning : Lastly , we have three that raise the former discoveries by experiments into greater observations , axioms , and aphorisms . These we call interpreters of nature . Descartes ( edit ) Main article : Cartesianism In 1619 , René Descartes began writing his first major treatise on proper scientific and philosophical thinking , the unfinished Rules for the Direction of the Mind . His aim was to create a complete science that he hoped would overthrow the Aristotelian system and establish himself as the sole architect of a new system of guiding principles for scientific research . This work was continued and clarified in his 1637 treatise , Discourse on Method , and in his 1641 Meditations . Descartes describes the intriguing and disciplined thought experiments he used to arrive at the idea we instantly associate with him : I think therefore I am . From this foundational thought , Descartes finds proof of the existence of a God who , possessing all possible perfections , will not deceive him provided he resolves `` ( ... ) never to accept anything for true which I did not clearly know to be such ; that is to say , carefully to avoid precipitancy and prejudice , and to comprise nothing more in my judgment than what was presented to my mind so clearly and distinctly as to exclude all ground of methodic doubt . '' This rule allowed Descartes to progress beyond his own thoughts and judge that there exist extended bodies outside of his own thoughts . Descartes published seven sets of objections to the Meditations from various sources along with his replies to them . Despite his apparent departure from the Aristotelian system , a number of his critics felt that Descartes had done little more than replace the primary premises of Aristotle with those of his own . Descartes says as much himself in a letter written in 1647 to the translator of Principles of Philosophy , a perfect knowledge ( ... ) must necessarily be deduced from first causes ( ... ) we must try to deduce from these principles knowledge of the things which depend on them , that there be nothing in the whole chain of deductions deriving from them that is not perfectly manifest . And again , some years earlier , speaking of Galileo 's physics in a letter to his friend and critic Mersenne from 1638 , without having considered the first causes of nature , ( Galileo ) has merely looked for the explanations of a few particular effects , and he has thereby built without foundations . Whereas Aristotle purported to arrive at his first principles by induction , Descartes believed he could obtain them using reason only . In this sense , he was a Platonist , as he believed in the innate ideas , as opposed to Aristotle 's blank slate ( tabula rasa ) , and stated that the seeds of science are inside us . Unlike Bacon , Descartes successfully applied his own ideas in practice . He made significant contributions to science , in particular in aberration - corrected optics . His work in analytic geometry was a necessary precedent to differential calculus and instrumental in bringing mathematical analysis to bear on scientific matters . Galileo Galilei ( edit ) Galileo Galilei , 1564 -- 1642 , a father of scientific method During the period of religious conservatism brought about by the Reformation and Counter-Reformation , Galileo Galilei unveiled his new science of motion . Neither the contents of Galileo 's science , nor the methods of study he selected were in keeping with Aristotelian teachings . Whereas Aristotle thought that a science should be demonstrated from first principles , Galileo had used experiments as a research tool . Galileo nevertheless presented his treatise in the form of mathematical demonstrations without reference to experimental results . It is important to understand that this in itself was a bold and innovative step in terms of scientific method . The usefulness of mathematics in obtaining scientific results was far from obvious . This is because mathematics did not lend itself to the primary pursuit of Aristotelian science : the discovery of causes . Whether it is because Galileo was realistic about the acceptability of presenting experimental results as evidence or because he himself had doubts about the epistemological status of experimental findings is not known . Nevertheless , it is not in his Latin treatise on motion that we find reference to experiments , but in his supplementary dialogues written in the Italian vernacular . In these dialogues experimental results are given , although Galileo may have found them inadequate for persuading his audience . Thought experiments showing logical contradictions in Aristotelian thinking , presented in the skilled rhetoric of Galileo 's dialogue were further enticements for the reader . Modern replica of Galileo 's inclined plane experiment : The distance covered by a uniformly accelerated body is proportional to the square of the time elapsed . As an example , in the dramatic dialogue titled Third Day from his Two New Sciences , Galileo has the characters of the dialogue discuss an experiment involving two free falling objects of differing weight . An outline of the Aristotelian view is offered by the character Simplicio . For this experiment he expects that `` a body which is ten times as heavy as another will move ten times as rapidly as the other '' . The character Salviati , representing Galileo 's persona in the dialogue , replies by voicing his doubt that Aristotle ever attempted the experiment . Salviati then asks the two other characters of the dialogue to consider a thought experiment whereby two stones of differing weights are tied together before being released . Following Aristotle , Salviati reasons that `` the more rapid one will be partly retarded by the slower , and the slower will be somewhat hastened by the swifter '' . But this leads to a contradiction , since the two stones together make a heavier object than either stone apart , the heavier object should in fact fall with a speed greater than that of either stone . From this contradiction , Salviati concludes that Aristotle must , in fact , be wrong and the objects will fall at the same speed regardless of their weight , a conclusion that is borne out by experiment . In his 1991 survey of developments in the modern accumulation of knowledge such as this Charles Van Doren considers that the Copernican Revolution really is the Galilean Cartesian ( René Descartes ) or simply the Galilean revolution on account of the courage and depth of change brought about by the work of Galileo . Isaac Newton ( edit ) Sir Isaac Newton , the discoverer of universal gravitation and one of the most influential scientists in history Main article : Newton 's Rules for Science Both Bacon and Descartes wanted to provide a firm foundation for scientific thought that avoided the deceptions of the mind and senses . Bacon envisaged that foundation as essentially empirical , whereas Descartes provides a metaphysical foundation for knowledge . If there were any doubts about the direction in which scientific method would develop , they were set to rest by the success of Isaac Newton . Implicitly rejecting Descartes ' emphasis on rationalism in favor of Bacon 's empirical approach , he outlines his four `` rules of reasoning '' in the Principia , We are to admit no more causes of natural things than such as are both true and sufficient to explain their appearances . Therefore to the same natural effects we must , as far as possible , assign the same causes . The qualities of bodies , which admit neither intension nor remission of degrees , and which are found to belong to all bodies within the reach of our experiments , are to be esteemed the universal qualities of all bodies whatsoever . In experimental philosophy we are to look upon propositions collected by general induction from phænomena as accurately or very nearly true , notwithstanding any contrary hypotheses that may be imagined , until such time as other phænomena occur , by which they may either be made more accurate , or liable to exceptions . But Newton also left an admonition about a theory of everything : To explain all nature is too difficult a task for any one man or even for any one age . ' Tis much better to do a little with certainty , and leave the rest for others that come after you , than to explain all things . Newton 's work became a model that other sciences sought to emulate , and his inductive approach formed the basis for much of natural philosophy through the 18th and early 19th centuries . Some methods of reasoning were later systematized by Mill 's Methods ( or Mill 's canon ) , which are five explicit statements of what can be discarded and what can be kept while building a hypothesis . George Boole and William Stanley Jevons also wrote on the principles of reasoning . Integrating deductive and inductive method ( edit ) Attempts to systematize a scientific method were confronted in the mid-18th century by the problem of induction , a positivist logic formulation which , in short , asserts that nothing can be known with certainty except what is actually observed . David Hume took empiricism to the skeptical extreme ; among his positions was that there is no logical necessity that the future should resemble the past , thus we are unable to justify inductive reasoning itself by appealing to its past success . Hume 's arguments , of course , came on the heels of many , many centuries of excessive speculation upon excessive speculation not grounded in empirical observation and testing . Many of Hume 's radically skeptical arguments were argued against , but not resolutely refuted , by Immanuel Kant 's Critique of Pure Reason in the late 18th century . Hume 's arguments continue to hold a strong lingering influence and certainly on the consciousness of the educated classes for the better part of the 19th century when the argument at the time became the focus on whether or not the inductive method was valid . Hans Christian Ørsted , ( Ørsted is the Danish spelling ; Oersted in other languages ) ( 1777 -- 1851 ) was heavily influenced by Kant , in particular , Kant 's Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Naturwissenschaft ( Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science ) . The following sections on Ørsted encapsulate our current , common view of scientific method . His work appeared in Danish , most accessibly in public lectures , which he translated into German , French , English , and occasionally Latin . But some of his views go beyond Kant : Ørsted observed the deflection of a compass from a voltaic circuit in 1820 `` In order to achieve completeness in our knowledge of nature , we must start from two extremes , from experience and from the intellect itself ... The former method must conclude with natural laws , which it has abstracted from experience , while the latter must begin with principles , and gradually , as it develops more and more , it becomes ever more detailed . Of course , I speak here about the method as manifested in the process of the human intellect itself , not as found in textbooks , where the laws of nature which have been abstracted from the consequent experiences are placed first because they are required to explain the experiences . When the empiricist in his regression towards general laws of nature meets the metaphysician in his progression , science will reach its perfection . '' Ørsted 's `` First Introduction to General Physics '' ( 1811 ) exemplified the steps of observation , hypothesis , deduction and experiment . In 1805 , based on his researches on electromagnetism Ørsted came to believe that electricity is propagated by undulatory action ( i.e. , fluctuation ) . By 1820 , he felt confident enough in his beliefs that he resolved to demonstrate them in a public lecture , and in fact observed a small magnetic effect from a galvanic circuit ( i.e. , voltaic circuit ) , without rehearsal ; In 1831 John Herschel ( 1792 -- 1871 ) published A Preliminary Discourse on the study of Natural Philosophy , setting out the principles of science . Measuring and comparing observations was to be used to find generalisations in `` empirical laws '' , which described regularities in phenomena , then natural philosophers were to work towards the higher aim of finding a universal `` law of nature '' which explained the causes and effects producing such regularities . An explanatory hypothesis was to be found by evaluating true causes ( Newton 's `` vera causae '' ) derived from experience , for example evidence of past climate change could be due to changes in the shape of continents , or to changes in Earth 's orbit . Possible causes could be inferred by analogy to known causes of similar phenomena . It was essential to evaluate the importance of a hypothesis ; `` our next step in the verification of an induction must , therefore , consist in extending its application to cases not originally contemplated ; in studiously varying the circumstances under which our causes act , with a view to ascertain whether their effect is general ; and in pushing the application of our laws to extreme cases . '' William Whewell ( 1794 -- 1866 ) regarded his History of the Inductive Sciences , from the Earliest to the Present Time ( 1837 ) to be an introduction to the Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences ( 1840 ) which analyzes the method exemplified in the formation of ideas . Whewell attempts to follow Bacon 's plan for discovery of an effectual art of discovery . He named the hypothetico - deductive method ( which Encyclopædia Britannica credits to Newton ) ; Whewell also coined the term scientist . Whewell examines ideas and attempts to construct science by uniting ideas to facts . He analyses induction into three steps : the selection of the fundamental idea , such as space , number , cause , or likeness a more special modification of those ideas , such as a circle , a uniform force , etc . the determination of magnitudes Upon these follow special techniques applicable for quantity , such as the method of least squares , curves , means , and special methods depending on resemblance ( such as pattern matching , the method of gradation , and the method of natural classification ( such as cladistics ) . But no art of discovery , such as Bacon anticipated , follows , for `` invention , sagacity , genius '' are needed at every step . Whewell 's sophisticated concept of science had similarities to that shown by Herschel , and he considered that a good hypothesis should connect fields that had previously been thought unrelated , a process he called consilience . However , where Herschel held that the origin of new biological species would be found in a natural rather than a miraculous process , Whewell opposed this and considered that no natural cause had been shown for adaptation so an unknown divine cause was appropriate . John Stuart Mill ( 1806 -- 1873 ) was stimulated to publish A System of Logic ( 1843 ) upon reading Whewell 's History of the Inductive Sciences . Mill may be regarded as the final exponent of the empirical school of philosophy begun by John Locke , whose fundamental characteristic is the duty incumbent upon all thinkers to investigate for themselves rather than to accept the authority of others . Knowledge must be based on experience . In the mid-19th century Claude Bernard was also influential , especially in bringing the scientific method to medicine . In his discourse on scientific method , An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine ( 1865 ) , he described what makes a scientific theory good and what makes a scientist a true discoverer . Unlike many scientific writers of his time , Bernard wrote about his own experiments and thoughts , and used the first person . William Stanley Jevons ' The Principles of Science : a treatise on logic and scientific method ( 1873 , 1877 ) Chapter XII `` The Inductive or Inverse Method '' , Summary of the Theory of Inductive Inference , states `` Thus there are but three steps in the process of induction : - Framing some hypothesis as to the character of the general law . Deducing some consequences of that law . Observing whether the consequences agree with the particular tasks under consideration . '' Jevons then frames those steps in terms of probability , which he then applied to economic laws . Ernest Nagel notes that Jevons and Whewell were not the first writers to argue for the centrality of the hypothetico - deductive method in the logic of science . Charles Sanders Peirce ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the late 19th century , Charles Sanders Peirce proposed a schema that would turn out to have considerable influence in the further development of scientific method generally . Peirce 's work quickly accelerated the progress on several fronts . Firstly , speaking in broader context in `` How to Make Our Ideas Clear '' ( 1878 ) , Peirce outlined an objectively verifiable method to test the truth of putative knowledge on a way that goes beyond mere foundational alternatives , focusing upon both Deduction and Induction . He thus placed induction and deduction in a complementary rather than competitive context ( the latter of which had been the primary trend at least since David Hume a century before ) . Secondly , and of more direct importance to scientific method , Peirce put forth the basic schema for hypothesis - testing that continues to prevail today . Extracting the theory of inquiry from its raw materials in classical logic , he refined it in parallel with the early development of symbolic logic to address the then - current problems in scientific reasoning . Peirce examined and articulated the three fundamental modes of reasoning that play a role in scientific inquiry today , the processes that are currently known as abductive , deductive , and inductive inference . Thirdly , he played a major role in the progress of symbolic logic itself -- indeed this was his primary specialty . Charles S. Peirce was also a pioneer in statistics . Peirce held that science achieves statistical probabilities , not certainties , and that chance , a veering from law , is very real . He assigned probability to an argument 's conclusion rather than to a proposition , event , etc. , as such . Most of his statistical writings promote the frequency interpretation of probability ( objective ratios of cases ) , and many of his writings express skepticism about ( and criticize the use of ) probability when such models are not based on objective randomization . Though Peirce was largely a frequentist , his possible world semantics introduced the `` propensity '' theory of probability . Peirce ( sometimes with Jastrow ) investigated the probability judgments of experimental subjects , pioneering decision analysis . Peirce was one of the founders of statistics . He formulated modern statistics in `` Illustrations of the Logic of Science '' ( 1877 -- 1878 ) and `` A Theory of Probable Inference '' ( 1883 ) . With a repeated measures design , he introduced blinded , controlled randomized experiments ( before Fisher ) . He invented an optimal design for experiments on gravity , in which he `` corrected the means '' . He used logistic regression , correlation , and smoothing , and improved the treatment of outliers . He introduced terms `` confidence '' and `` likelihood '' ( before Neyman and Fisher ) . ( See the historical books of Stephen Stigler . ) Many of Peirce 's ideas were later popularized and developed by Ronald A. Fisher , Jerzy Neyman , Frank P. Ramsey , Bruno de Finetti , and Karl Popper . Popper and Kuhn ( edit ) Karl Popper ( 1902 -- 1994 ) is generally credited with providing major improvements in the understanding of the scientific method in the mid-to - late 20th century . In 1934 Popper published The Logic of Scientific Discovery , which repudiated the by then traditional observationalist - inductivist account of the scientific method . He advocated empirical falsifiability as the criterion for distinguishing scientific work from non-science . According to Popper , scientific theory should make predictions ( preferably predictions not made by a competing theory ) which can be tested and the theory rejected if these predictions are shown not to be correct . Following Peirce and others , he argued that science would best progress using deductive reasoning as its primary emphasis , known as critical rationalism . His astute formulations of logical procedure helped to rein in the excessive use of inductive speculation upon inductive speculation , and also helped to strengthen the conceptual foundations for today 's peer review procedures . Critics of Popper , chiefly Thomas Kuhn , Paul Feyerabend and Imre Lakatos , rejected the idea that there exists a single method that applies to all science and could account for its progress . In 1962 Kuhn published the influential book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions which suggested that scientists worked within a series of paradigms , and argued there was little evidence of scientists actually following a falsificationist methodology . Kuhn quoted Max Planck who had said in his autobiography , `` a new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light , but rather because its opponents eventually die , and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it . '' These debates clearly show that there is no universal agreement as to what constitutes the `` scientific method '' . There remain , nonetheless , certain core principles that are the foundation of scientific inquiry today . Mention of the topic ( edit ) In Quod Nihil Scitur ( 1581 ) , Francisco Sanches refers to another book title , De modo sciendi ( on the method of knowing ) . This work appeared in Spanish as Método universal de las ciencias . In 1833 Robert and William Chambers published their ' Chambers 's information for the people ' . Under the rubric ' Logic ' we find a description of investigation that is familiar as scientific method , Investigation , or the art of inquiring into the nature of causes and their operation , is a leading characteristic of reason ( ... ) Investigation implies three things -- Observation , Hypothesis , and Experiment ( ... ) The first step in the process , it will be perceived , is to observe ... In 1885 , the words `` Scientific method '' appear together with a description of the method in Francis Ellingwood Abbot 's ' Scientific Theism ' , Now all the established truths which are formulated in the multifarious propositions of science have been won by the use of Scientific Method . This method consists in essentially three distinct steps ( 1 ) observation and experiment , ( 2 ) hypothesis , ( 3 ) verification by fresh observation and experiment . The Eleventh Edition of Encyclopædia Britannica did not include an article on scientific method ; the Thirteenth Edition listed scientific management , but not method . By the Fifteenth Edition , a 1 - inch article in the Micropædia of Britannica was part of the 1975 printing , while a fuller treatment ( extending across multiple articles , and accessible mostly via the index volumes of Britannica ) was available in later printings . Current issues ( edit ) In the past few centuries , some statistical methods have been developed , for reasoning in the face of uncertainty , as an outgrowth of methods for eliminating error . This was an echo of the program of Francis Bacon 's Novum Organum of 1620 . Bayesian inference acknowledges one 's ability to alter one 's beliefs in the face of evidence . This has been called belief revision , or defeasible reasoning : the models in play during the phases of scientific method can be reviewed , revisited and revised , in the light of further evidence . This arose from the work of Frank P. Ramsey ( 1903 -- 1930 ) , of John Maynard Keynes ( 1883 -- 1946 ) , and earlier , of William Stanley Jevons ( 1835 -- 1882 ) in economics . Science and pseudoscience ( edit ) The question of how science operates and therefore how to distinguish genuine science from pseudoscience has importance well beyond scientific circles or the academic community . In the judicial system and in public policy controversies , for example , a study 's deviation from accepted scientific practice is grounds for rejecting it as junk science or pseudoscience . However , the high public perception of science means that pseudoscience is widespread . An advertisement in which an actor wears a white coat and product ingredients are given Greek or Latin sounding names is intended to give the impression of scientific endorsement . Richard Feynman has likened pseudoscience to cargo cults in which many of the external forms are followed , but the underlying basis is missing : that is , fringe or alternative theories often present themselves with a pseudoscientific appearance to gain acceptance . See also ( edit ) Timeline of the history of scientific method Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peter Achinstein , `` General Introduction '' ( pp. 1 -- 5 ) to Science Rules : A Historical Introduction to Scientific Methods . Johns Hopkins University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7943 - 4 Jump up ^ http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9032043&query=Edwin%20Smith%20papyrus&ct= Jump up ^ Lloyd , G.E.R. `` The development of empirical research '' , in his Magic , Reason and Experience : Studies in the Origin and Development of Greek Science . ^ Jump up to : A. Aaboe ( 2 May 1974 ) . `` Scientific Astronomy in Antiquity '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . 276 ( 1257 ) : 21 -- 42 . Bibcode : 1974RSPTA. 276 ... 21A . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 1974.0007 . JSTOR 74272 . Jump up ^ `` The cradle of mathematics is in Egypt . '' -- Aristotle , Metaphysics , as cited on page 1 of Olaf Pedersen ( 1993 ) Early physics and astronomy : a historical introduction Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , revised edition Jump up ^ `` There each man is a leech skilled beyond all human kind ; yea , for they are of the race of Paeeon . '' -- Homer , Odyssey book IV , acknowledges the skill of the ancient Egyptians in medicine . ^ Jump up to : Pingree , David ( December 1992 ) . `` Hellenophilia versus the History of Science '' . Isis . University of Chicago Press . 83 ( 4 ) : 554 -- 563 . Bibcode : 1992Isis ... 83 ... 554P . doi : 10.1086 / 356288 . JSTOR 234257 . Jump up ^ Rochberg , Francesca ( October -- December 1999 ) . `` Empiricism in Babylonian Omen Texts and the Classification of Mesopotamian Divination as Science '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . American Oriental Society . 119 ( 4 ) : 559 -- 569 . doi : 10.2307 / 604834 . JSTOR 604834 . Jump up ^ Yves Gingras , Peter Keating , and Camille Limoges , Du scribe au savant : Les porteurs du savoir de l'antiquité à la révolution industrielle , Presses universitaires de France , 1998 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Peter ( 2015 ) . The Territories of Science and Religion . University of Chicago Press . p. 24 . ISBN 9780226184487 . Jump up ^ Oliver Leaman , Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy . Routledge , 1999 , page 269 . Jump up ^ Kamal , M.M. ( 1998 ) , `` The Epistemology of the Carvaka Philosophy '' , Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies , 46 ( 2 ) : pp. 13 -- 16 Jump up ^ Barnes , Hellenistic Philosophy and Science , pp. 383 -- 384 Jump up ^ Gauch , Hugh G. ( 2003 ) . Scientific Method in Practice . Cambridge University Press . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01708 - 4 . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Hammond , p. 64 , `` Andronicus Rhodus '' Jump up ^ `` In the days when the Arabs inherited the culture of ancient Greece , Greek thought was chiefly interested in science , Athens was replaced by Alexandria , and Hellenism had an entirely `` modem `` outlook . This was an attitude with which Alexandria and its scholars were directly connected , but it was by no means confined to Alexandria . It was a logical outcome of the influence of Aristotle who before all else was a patient observer of nature , and was , in fact , the founder of modern science . '' Ch. 1 , Introduction -- De Lacy O'Leary ( 1949 ) , How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. , ISBN 0 - 7100 - 1903 - 3 Jump up ^ See Nominalism # The problem of universals for several approaches to this goal . Jump up ^ Aristotle ( fl . 4th c . BCE , d . 322 BCE ) , History of Animals , including vivisection of the tortoise and chameleon . His theory of spontaneous generation was not experimentally disproved until Francesco Redi ( 1668 ) . Jump up ^ Armand Leroi , Aristotle 's Lagoon - Lesvos island - Greece name of Pyrrha lagoon , now called Kalloni , minute 5 : 06 / 57 : 55 . His spontaneous generation disproved , minute 50 : 00 / 57 : 55 . His lack of experiment , minute 51 : 00 / 57 : 55 Jump up ^ Armand Leroi , following in Aristotle 's footsteps , projects that Aristotle interviewed the fishermen of Lesbos to learn empirical details about the animals . ( Leroi , Aristotle 's Lagoon ) Jump up ^ See : Ancient Greek medicine # Aristotle , which cites Annas , Julia Classical Greek Philosophy . In Boardman , John ; Griffin , Jasper ; Murray , Oswyn ( ed . ) The Oxford History of the Classical World . Oxford University Press : New York , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 872112 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Asmis 1984 Jump up ^ Madden , Edward H. ( Apr. , 1957 ) `` Aristotle 's Treatment of Probability and Signs '' Philosophy of Science 24 ( 2 ) , pp. 167 - 172 via JSTOR discusses Aristotle 's enthymeme ( 70a , 5ff . ) in Prior Analytics Jump up ^ David C. Lindberg ( 1980 ) , Science in the Middle Ages , University of Chicago Press , p. 21 , ISBN 0 - 226 - 48233 - 2 Jump up ^ Holmyard , E.J. ( 1931 ) , Makers of Chemistry , Oxford : Clarendon Press , p. 56 Jump up ^ Plinio Prioreschi , `` Al - Kindi , A Precursor Of The Scientific Revolution '' , Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine , 2002 ( 2 ) : 17 -- 19 ( 17 ) . ^ Jump up to : Alhazen , translated into English from German by M. Schwarz , from `` Abhandlung über das Licht '' , J. Baarmann ( ed. 1882 ) Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft Vol 36 as referenced on p. 136 by Shmuel Sambursky ( 1974 ) Physical thought from the Presocratics to the Quantum Physicists ISBN 0 - 87663 - 712 - 8 Jump up ^ D.C. Lindberg , Theories of Vision from al - Kindi to Kepler , ( Chicago , Univ. of Chicago Pr. , 1976 ) , pp. 60 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Nader El - Bizri , `` A Philosophical Perspective on Alhazen 's Optics , '' Arabic Sciences and Philosophy , Vol. 15 , Issue 2 ( 2005 ) , pp. 189 -- 218 ( Cambridge University Press ) Jump up ^ Nader El - Bizri , `` Ibn al - Haytham , '' in Medieval Science , Technology , and Medicine : An Encyclopedia , eds . Thomas F. Glick , Steven J. Livesey , and Faith Wallis ( New York -- London : Routledge , 2005 ) , pp. 237 -- 240 . Jump up ^ Alhazen ( Ibn Al - Haytham ) Critique of Ptolemy , translated by S. Pines , Actes X Congrès internationale d'histoire des sciences , Vol I Ithaca 1962 , as referenced on p. 139 of Shmuel Sambursky ( ed. 1974 ) Physical Thought from the Presocratics to the Quantum Physicists ISBN 0 - 87663 - 712 - 8 Jump up ^ p. 136 , as quoted by Shmuel Sambursky ( 1974 ) Physical thought from the Presocratics to the Quantum Physicists ISBN 0 - 87663 - 712 - 8 Jump up ^ Plott , C. ( 2000 ) , Global History of Philosophy : The Period of Scholasticism , Motilal Banarsidass , p. 462 , ISBN 81 - 208 - 0551 - 8 Jump up ^ Alhazen ; Smith , A. Mark ( 2001 ) , Alhacen 's Theory of Visual Perception : A Critical Edition , with English Translation and Commentary of the First Three Books of Alhacen 's De Aspectibus , the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al - Haytham 's Kitab al - Manazir , DIANE Publishing , pp. 372 & 408 , ISBN 0 - 87169 - 914 - 1 Jump up ^ Rashed , Roshdi ( 2007 ) , `` The Celestial Kinematics of Ibn al - Haytham '' , Arabic Sciences and Philosophy , Cambridge University Press , 17 : 7 -- 55 ( 19 ) , doi : 10.1017 / S0957423907000355 : `` In reforming optics he , as it were , adopted ' ' positivism ' ' ( before the term was invented ) : we do not go beyond experience , and we can not be content to use pure concepts in investigating natural phenomena . Understanding of these can not be acquired without mathematics . Thus , once he has assumed light is a material substance , Ibn al - Haytham does not discuss its nature further , but confines himself to considering its propagation and diffusion . In his optics ' ' the smallest parts of light ' ' , as he calls them , retain only properties that can be treated by geometry and verified by experiment ; they lack all sensible qualities except energy . '' ^ Jump up to : Sardar , Ziauddin ( 1998 ) , `` Science in Islamic philosophy '' , Islamic Philosophy , Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 03 Jump up ^ Mariam Rozhanskaya and I.S. Levinova ( 1996 ) , `` Statics '' , p. 642 , in ( Morelon & Rashed 1996 , pp. 614 -- 642 ) : `` Using a whole body of mathematical methods ( not only those inherited from the antique theory of ratios and infinitesimal techniques , but also the methods of the contemporary algebra and fine calculation techniques ) , Arabic scientists raised statics to a new , higher level . The classical results of Archimedes in the theory of the centre of gravity were generalized and applied to three - dimensional bodies , the theory of ponderable lever was founded and the ' science of gravity ' was created and later further developed in medieval Europe . The phenomena of statics were studied by using the dynamic approach so that two trends -- statics and dynamics -- turned out to be inter-related within a single science , mechanics . The combination of the dynamic approach with Archimedean hydrostatics gave birth to a direction in science which may be called medieval hydrodynamics . ( ... ) Numerous fine experimental methods were developed for determining the specific weight , which were based , in particular , on the theory of balances and weighing . The classical works of al - Biruni and al - Khazini can by right be considered as the beginning of the application of experimental methods in medieval science . '' Jump up ^ Glick , Thomas F. ; Livesey , Steven John ; Wallis , Faith ( 2005 ) , Medieval Science , Technology , and Medicine : An Encyclopedia , Routledge , pp. 89 -- 90 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 96930 - 1 Jump up ^ McGinnis , Jon ( July 2003 ) , `` Scientific Methodologies in Medieval Islam '' , Journal of the History of Philosophy , 41 ( 3 ) : 307 -- 327 , doi : 10.1353 / hph. 2003.0033 Jump up ^ Lenn Evan Goodman ( 2003 ) , Islamic Humanism , p. 155 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 513580 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lenn Evan Goodman ( 1992 ) , Avicenna , p. 33 , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 01929 - X . Jump up ^ James Franklin ( 2001 ) , The Science of Conjecture : Evidence and Probability Before Pascal , pp. 177 -- 8 , Johns Hopkins University Press , ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6569 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dallal , Ahmad ( 2001 -- 2002 ) , The Interplay of Science and Theology in the Fourteenth - century Kalam , From Medieval to Modern in the Islamic World , Sawyer Seminar at the University of Chicago , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 02 Jump up ^ A.C. Crombie , Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science , 1100 -- 1700 , ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1971 ) , pp. 52 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Jeremiah Hackett , `` Roger Bacon : His Life , Career , and Works , '' in Hackett , Roger Bacon and the Sciences , pp. 13 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Bacon '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , Eleventh Edition Jump up ^ `` Roger Bacon '' , Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition ( R ( obert ) Ad ( amson ) ; X . ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` article name needed '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Instead of reading Aristotle directly from Greek texts , students of these texts would rely on summaries and translations of Aristotle 's work , coupled with commentary by the translators , according to Elaine Limbrick , who cites Michel Reulos , `` L'Enseignement d'Aristote dans les collèges au XVIe siècle '' in Platon et Aristote à la Renaissance ed . J. - C. Margolin ( Paris : Vrin , 1976 ) pp147 - 154 : Sanches , Limbrick & Thomson 1988 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Edward Grant , The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages : Their Religious , Institutional , and Intellectual Contexts , ( Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Pr. , 1996 , pp. 164 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` Even Aristotle would have laughed at the stupidity of his commentators . '' -- Vives 1531 attacks obscurity in Aristotle 's works , as cited by Sanches , Limbrick & Thomson 1988 , pp. 28 -- 9 Jump up ^ Galenus , Claudius ( 1519 ) Galenus methodus medendi , vel de morbis curandis , T. Linacro ... interprete , libri quatuordecim Lutetiae . as cited by Sanches , Limbrick & Thomson 1988 , p. 301 Jump up ^ Richard J. Durling ( 1961 ) `` A Chronological Census of Renaissance Editions and Translations of Galen '' , in Journal of the Warburg and Courtald Institutes 24 pp. 242 - 3 as cited on p. 300 of Sanches , Limbrick & Thomson 1988 Jump up ^ Niccolò Leoniceno ( 1509 ) , De Plinii et aliorum erroribus liber apud Ferrara , as cited by Sanches , Limbrick & Thomson 1988 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Fuchs 's book on the methods of Galen and Hippocrates became a standard medical text of 809 pages : Leonhart Fuchs ( 1560 ) Institutionum medicinae , sive methodi ad Hippocratis , Galeni , aliorumque veterum scripta recte intelligenda mire utiles libri quinque ... Editio secunda . Lugduni . As cited in Sanches , Limbrick & Thomson 1988 , pp. 61 and 301 . Jump up ^ ' I have sometimes seen a verbose quibbler attempting to persuade some ignorant person that white was black ; to which the latter replied , `` I do not understand your reasoning , since I have not studied as much as you have ; yet I honestly believe that white differs from black . But pray go on refuting me for just as long as you like . '' ' -- Sanches , Limbrick & Thomson 1988 , p. 276 Jump up ^ Susanne Bobzien , `` Aristotle 's modal logic '' Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Jump up ^ Sanches , Limbrick & Thomson 1988 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ `` Since , as he had shown , nothing can be known , Sanches put forward a procedure , not to gain knowledge but to deal constructively with human experience . This procedure , for which he introduced the term ( for the first time ) scientific method , `` Metodo universal de las ciencias , '' consists in patient , careful empirical research and cautious judgment and evaluation of the data we observe . This would not lead , as his contemporary Francis Bacon thought , to a key to knowledge of the world . But it would allow us to obtain the best information available ... In advancing this limited or constructive view of science , Sanches was the first Renaissance sceptic to conceive of science in its modern form , as the fruitful activity about the study of nature that remained after one had given up the search for absolutely certain knowledge of the nature of things . Popkin 2003 , p. 41 '' ^ Jump up to : Sanches , Limbrick & Thomson 1988 , p. 292 lists De modo sciendi under the Unpublished , Lost , or Projected Works ( of Francisco Sanches ) . This work appeared in Spanish as Metodo universal de las ciencias , as cited by Guy Patin ( 1701 ) Naudeana et Patiniana pp. 72 - 3 Jump up ^ Sanches , Limbrick & Thomson 1988 , p. 290 Jump up ^ `` Francis Bacon '' , Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition ( R ( obert ) . Ad ( amson ) ; J ( ohn ) M ( alcolm ) M ( itchell ) ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` article name needed '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ In this sense , it has been seen as a precursor to falsificationism of Charles Sanders Peirce and Karl Popper . However , Bacon believed his method would produce certain knowledge , similar to Peirce 's view of scientific methods as ultimately approaching the truth ; with the goal of attaining knowledge of the truth , Bacon 's philosophy is less sceptical than Popper 's philosophy . Bacon precedes Peirce in another sense -- his reliance on doubt : `` If a man will begin with certainties , he shall end in doubts ; but if he will be content to begin with doubts he shall end in certainties . '' -- Francis Bacon , The Advancement of Learning ( 1605 ) , Book I , v , 8 . Jump up ^ B. Gower , Scientific Method , An Historical and Philosophical Introduction , ( Routledge , 1997 ) , pp. 48 -- 2 . Jump up ^ B. Russell , History of Western Philosophy , ( Routledge , 2000 ) , pp. 529 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Descartes compares his work to that of an architect : `` there is less perfection in works composed of several separate pieces and by difference masters , than those in which only one person has worked . '' , Discourse on Method and The Meditations , ( Penguin , 1968 ) , pp. 35 . ( see too his letter to Mersenne ( 28 . January 1641 ( AT III , 297 -- 8 ) ) . Jump up ^ This is the first of four rules Descartes resolved `` never once to fail to observe '' , Discourse on Method and The Meditations , ( Penguin , 1968 ) , pp. 41 . Jump up ^ René Descartes , Meditations on First Philosophy : With Selections from the Objections and Replies , ( Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Pr. , 2nd ed. , 1996 ) , pp. 63 -- 107 . Jump up ^ René Descartes , The Philosophical Writings of Descartes : Principles of Philosophy , Preface to French Edition , translated by J. Cottingham , R. Stoothoff , D. Murdoch ( Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Pr. , 1985 ) , vol. 1 , pp. 179 -- 189 . Jump up ^ René Descartes , Oeuvres De Descartes , edited by Charles Adam and Paul Tannery ( Paris : Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin , 1983 ) , vol. 2 , pp. 380 . Jump up ^ Koyré , Alexandre : Introduction a la Lecture de Platon , suivi de Entretiens sur Descartes , Gallimard , p. 203 Jump up ^ For more about the role of mathematics in science around the time of Galileo see R. Feldhay , The Cambridge Companion to Galileo : The use and abuse of mathematical entities , ( Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Pr. , 1998 ) , pp. 80 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Van Doren , Charles . A History of Knowledge . ( New York , Ballantine , 1991 ) Jump up ^ Rule IV , Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica # Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy : Newton states `` This rule we must follow that the argument of induction may not be evaded by hypotheses '' , in the Motte translation ( p. 400 in the Cajori revision , volume 2 ) Newton 's comment is also rendered as `` This rule should be followed so that arguments based on induction may not be nullified by hypotheses '' on p. 796 of Newton , Isaac ( 1999 ) , Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica , University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 08817 - 4 , Third edition : 1687 , 1713 , 1726 . From I. Bernard Cohen and Anne Whitman 's 1999 translation , 974 pages . Jump up ^ Statement from unpublished notes for the Preface to Opticks ( 1704 ) quoted in Never at Rest : A Biography of Isaac Newton ( 1983 ) by Richard S. Westfall , p. 643 Jump up ^ `` Hume awakened Kant from his dogmatic slumbers '' Jump up ^ Karen Jelved , Andrew D. Jackson , and Ole Knudsen , ( 1997 ) translators for Selected Scientific Works of Hans Christian Ørsted , ISBN 0 - 691 - 04334 - 5 , p.x. The succeeding Ørsted references are contained in this book . Jump up ^ `` Fundamentals of the Metaphysics of Nature Partly According to a New Plan '' , a special reprint of Hans Christian Ørsted ( 1799 ) , Philosophisk Repertorium , printed by Boas Brünnich , Copenhagen , in Danish . Kirstine Meyer 's 1920 edition of Ørsted 's works , vol. I , pp. 33 -- 78 . English translation by Karen Jelved , Andrew D. Jackson , and Ole Knudsen , ( 1997 ) ISBN 0 - 691 - 04334 - 5 pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ `` The foundation of general physics ... is experience . These ... everyday experiences we do not discover without deliberately directing our attention to them . Collecting information about these is observation . '' -- Hans Christian Ørsted ( `` First Introduction to General Physics '' ¶ 13 , part of a series of public lectures at the University of Copenhagen . Copenhagen 1811 , in Danish , printed by Johan Frederik Schulz . In Kirstine Meyer 's 1920 edition of Ørsted 's works , vol. III pp. 151 -- 190. ) `` First Introduction to Physics : the Spirit , Meaning , and Goal of Natural Science '' . Reprinted in German in 1822 , Schweigger 's Journal für Chemie und Physik 36 , pp. 458 -- 488 , ISBN 0 - 691 - 04334 - 5 p. 292 Jump up ^ `` When it is not clear under which law of nature an effect or class of effect belongs , we try to fill this gap by means of a guess . Such guesses have been given the name conjectures or hypotheses . '' -- Hans Christian Ørsted ( 1811 ) `` First Introduction to General Physics '' ¶ 18 . Selected Scientific Works of Hans Christian Ørsted , ISBN 0 - 691 - 04334 - 5 p. 297 Jump up ^ `` The student of nature ... regards as his property the experiences which the mathematician can only borrow . This is why he deduces theorems directly from the nature of an effect while the mathematician only arrives at them circuitously . '' -- Hans Christian Ørsted ( 1811 ) `` First Introduction to General Physics '' ¶ 17 . Selected Scientific Works of Hans Christian Ørsted , ISBN 0 - 691 - 04334 - 5 p. 297 Jump up ^ Hans Christian Ørsted ( 1820 ) ISBN 0 - 691 - 04334 - 5 preface , p. xvii Jump up ^ Hans Christian Ørsted ( 1820 ) ISBN 0 - 691 - 04334 - 5 , 1820 and other public experiments , pp. 421 -- 445 ^ Jump up to : Young , David ( 2007 ) . The discovery of evolution . Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press . pp. 105 -- 106 , 113 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 68746 - 2 . Jump up ^ Herschel , John Frederick William ( 1840 ) , A Preliminary Discourse on the study of Natural Philosophy , Dionysius Lardner 's Cabinet Cyclopædia , London : Longman , Rees , Orme , Brown & Green ; John Taylor , retrieved 5 March 2013 Jump up ^ Armstrong , Patrick ( 1992 ) , Darwin 's desolate islands : A naturalist in the Falklands , 1833 and 1834 , Chippenham : Picton Publishing , retrieved 5 March 2013 Jump up ^ `` Science , Philosophy of '' , Encyclopædia Britannica Fifteenth Ed . ( 1979 ) ISBN 0 - 85229 - 297 - X pp. 378 -- 9 Jump up ^ `` William Whewell '' , Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` article name needed '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ `` John Stuart Mill '' , Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` article name needed '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ All page references refer to the Dover edition of 1957 . Bernard , Claude . An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine , 1865 . First English translation by Henry Copley Greene , published by Macmillan & Co. , Ltd. , 1927 ; reprinted in 1949 . The Dover Edition of 1957 is a reprint of the original translation with a new Foreword by I. Bernard Cohen of Harvard University . Jump up ^ William Stanley Jevons ( 1873 , 1877 ) The Principles of Science : a treatise on logic and scientific method Dover edition p.li with a new preface by Ernest Nagel ( 1958 ) Jump up ^ Charles S. Peirce How to Make Our Ideas Clear , Popular Science Monthly 12 ( January 1878 ) , pp. 286 -- 302 Jump up ^ Peirce condemned the use of `` certain likelihoods '' even more strongly than he criticized Bayesian methods . Indeed Peirce used Bayesian inference in criticizing parapsychology . Jump up ^ Max Planck ( 1949 ) Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers , pp. 33 -- 34 ISBN 0 - 8371 - 0194 - 8 , as cited by Kuhn , Thomas ( 1997 ) , The Structure of Scientific Revolutions ( 3rd ed . ) , University of Chicago Press , p. 151 Jump up ^ Jerry Wellington , Secondary Science : Contemporary Issues and Practical Approaches ( Routlege , 1994 , p. 41 ) Jump up ^ Gauch , Hugh G. ( 2003 ) . Scientific Method in Practice ( Reprint ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 9780521017084 . The scientific method ' is often misrepresented as a fixed sequence of steps , ' rather than being seen for what it truly is , ' a highly variable and creative process ' ( AAAS 2000 : 18 ) . The claim here is that science has general principles that must be mastered to increase productivity and enhance perspective , not that these principles provide a simple and automated sequence of steps to follow . Jump up ^ William Chambers , Robert Chambers , Chambers 's information for the people : a popular encyclopaedia , Volume 1 , pp. 363 -- 4 Jump up ^ Francis Ellingwood Abbot , Scientific Theism p. 60 Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , Fifteenth Edition ISBN 0 - 85229 - 493 - X Index L-Z `` scientific method '' pp. 588 -- 9 Jump up ^ A review and defense of Frank P. Ramsey 's formulation can be found in Alan Hájek , `` Scotching Dutch Books ? '' Philosophical Perspectives 19 Jump up ^ John Maynard Keynes ( 1921 ) Treatise on Probability Jump up ^ William Stanley Jevons ( 1888 ) The Theory of Political Economy Jump up ^ William Stanley Jevons ( 1874 ) , The Principles of Science , p. 267 , reprinted by Dover in 1958 Jump up ^ R.P. Feynman ( 1974 ) `` Cargo cult science '' Sources ( edit ) Asmis , Elizabeth ( January 1984 ) , Epicurus ' Scientific method , 42 , Cornell University Press , p. 386 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 6682 - 3 , JSTOR 10.7591 / j. cttq45z9 Debus , Allen G. ( 1978 ) , Man and Nature in the Renaissance , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29328 - 6 Popkin , Richard H. ( 1979 ) , The History of Scepticism from Erasmus to Spinoza , University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 03876 - 2 Popkin , Richard H. ( 2003 ) , The History of Scepticism from Savonarola to Bayle , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 510768 - 3 . Third enlarged edition . Sanches , Francisco ( 1636 ) , Opera medica . His iuncti sunt tratus quidam philosophici non insubtiles , Toulosae tectosagum as cited by Sanches , Limbrick & Thomson 1988 Sanches , Francisco ( 1649 ) , Tractatus philosophici . Quod Nihil Scitur . De divinatione per somnum , ad Aristotlem . In lib . Aristoteles Physionomicon commentarius . De longitudine et brevitate vitae. , Roterodami : ex officina Arnoldi Leers as cited by Sanches , Limbrick & Thomson 1988 Sanches , Francisco ; Limbrick , Elaine . Introduction , Notes , and Bibliography ; Thomson , Douglas F.S. Latin text established , annotated , and translated . ( 1988 ) , That Nothing is Known , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 35077 - 8 Critical edition of Sanches ' Quod Nihil Scitur Latin : ( 1581 , 1618 , 1649 , 1665 ) , Portuguese :( 1948 , 1955 , 1957 ) , Spanish : ( 1944 , 1972 ) , French : ( 1976 , 1984 ) , German : ( 2007 ) Vives , Ioannes Lodovicus ( 1531 ) , De Disciplinis libri XX , Antwerpiae : exudebat M. Hillenius English translation : On Discipline . Part 1 : De causis corruptarum artium , Part 2 : De tradendis disciplinis Part 3 : De artibus ( hide ) History of science Background Theories and sociology Historiography Pseudoscience By era Early cultures Classical Antiquity The Golden Age of Islam Renaissance Scientific Revolution Romanticism By culture African Byzantine Medieval European Chinese Indian Medieval Islamic Natural sciences Astronomy Biology Botany Chemistry Ecology Evolution Geology Geophysics Paleontology Physics Mathematics Algebra Calculus Combinatorics Geometry Logic Probability Statistics Trigonometry Social sciences Anthropology Economics Geography Linguistics Political science Psychology Sociology Sustainability Technology Agricultural science Computer science Materials science Engineering Medicine Human medicine Veterinary medicine Anatomy Neuroscience Neurology Nutrition Pathology Pharmacy Timelines Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_scientific_method&oldid=809016892 '' Categories : Scientific method History of ideas History of scientific method Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with no article parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 17 : 05 . 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the probabilities of all outcomes in a sample space add up to
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Sample space
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sample space
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In probability theory , the sample space of an experiment or random trial is the set of all possible outcomes or results of that experiment . A sample space is usually denoted using set notation , and the possible ordered outcomes are listed as elements in the set . It is common to refer to a sample space by the labels S , Ω , or U ( for `` universal set '' ) .
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For example , if the experiment is tossing a coin , the sample space is typically the set ( head , tail ) . For tossing two coins , the corresponding sample space would be ( ( head , head ) , ( head , tail ) , ( tail , head ) , ( tail , tail ) ) , commonly written ( HH , HT , TH , TT ) . If the sample space is unordered , it becomes ( ( head , head ) , ( head , tail ) , ( tail , tail ) ) . For tossing a single six - sided die , the typical sample space is ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ) ( in which the result of interest is the number of pips facing up ) . A well - defined sample space is one of three basic elements in a probabilistic model ( a probability space ) ; the other two are a well - defined set of possible events ( a sigma - algebra ) and a probability assigned to each event ( a probability measure function ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Multiple sample spaces 2 Equally likely outcomes 2.1 Simple random sample 3 Infinitely large sample spaces 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Multiple sample spaces ( edit ) For many experiments , there may be more than one plausible sample space available , depending on what result is of interest to the experimenter . For example , when drawing a card from a standard deck of fifty - two playing cards , one possibility for the sample space could be the various ranks ( Ace through King ) , while another could be the suits ( clubs , diamonds , hearts , or spades ) . A more complete description of outcomes , however , could specify both the denomination and the suit , and a sample space describing each individual card can be constructed as the Cartesian product of the two sample spaces noted above ( this space would contain fifty - two equally likely outcomes ) . Still other sample spaces are possible , such as ( right - side up , up - side down ) if some cards have been flipped when shuffling . Equally likely outcomes ( edit ) Flipping a coin leads to a sample space composed of two outcomes that are almost equally likely . Up or down ? Flipping a brass tack leads to a sample space composed of two outcomes that are not equally likely . Main article : Equally likely outcomes Some treatments of probability assume that the various outcomes of an experiment are always defined so as to be equally likely . However , there are experiments that are not easily described by a sample space of equally likely outcomes -- for example , if one were to toss a thumb tack many times and observe whether it landed with its point upward or downward , there is no symmetry to suggest that the two outcomes should be equally likely . Though most random phenomena do not have equally likely outcomes , it can be helpful to define a sample space in such a way that outcomes are at least approximately equally likely , since this condition significantly simplifies the computation of probabilities for events within the sample space . If each individual outcome occurs with the same probability , then the probability of any event becomes simply : P ( e v e n t ) = number of outcomes in event number of outcomes in sample space ( \ displaystyle P ( event ) = ( \ frac ( \ text ( number of outcomes in event ) ) ( \ text ( number of outcomes in sample space ) ) ) ) Simple random sample ( edit ) Main article : Simple random sample In statistics , inferences are made about characteristics of a population by studying a sample of that population 's individuals . In order to arrive at a sample that presents an unbiased estimate of the true characteristics of the population , statisticians often seek to study a simple random sample -- that is , a sample in which every individual in the population is equally likely to be included . The result of this is that every possible combination of individuals who could be chosen for the sample is also equally likely ( that is , the space of simple random samples of a given size from a given population is composed of equally likely outcomes ) . Infinitely large sample spaces ( edit ) In an elementary approach to probability , any subset of the sample space is usually called an event . However , this gives rise to problems when the sample space is continuous , so that a more precise definition of an event is necessary . Under this definition only measurable subsets of the sample space , constituting a σ - algebra over the sample space itself , are considered events . See also ( edit ) Parameter space Probability space Space ( mathematics ) Set ( mathematics ) Event ( probability theory ) σ - algebra Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ also called sample description space or event space or possibility space References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stark , Henry ; Woods , John W. ( 2002 ) . Probability and Random Processes with Applications to Signal Processing ( 3rd ed . ) . Pearson . p. 7 . ISBN 9788177583564 . Jump up ^ `` OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - Sample space Definition '' . May 26 , 2002 . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Forbes , Catherine ; Evans , Merran ; Hastings , Nicholas ; Peacock , Brian ( 2011 ) . Statistical Distributions ( 4th ed . ) . Wiley . p. 3 . ISBN 9780470390634 . ^ Jump up to : Albert , Jim ( 21 January 1998 ) . `` Listing All Possible Outcomes ( The Sample Space ) '' . Bowling Green State University . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Larsen , R.J. ; Marx , M.L. ( 2001 ) . An Introduction to Mathematical Statistics and Its Applications ( Third ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall . p. 22 . ISBN 9780139223037 . Jump up ^ Jones , James ( 1996 ) . `` Stats : Introduction to Probability - Sample Spaces '' . Richland Community College . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Foerster , Paul A. ( 2006 ) . Algebra and Trigonometry : Functions and Applications , Teacher 's Edition ( Classics ed . ) . Prentice Hall . p. 633 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 165711 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Yates , Daniel S. ; Moore , David S ; Starnes , Daren S. ( 2003 ) . The Practice of Statistics ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Freeman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 4773 - 4 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sample_space&oldid=808207343 '' Categories : Experiment ( probability theory ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 14 : 45 . About Wikipedia
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what is normalization in dbms explain with example
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Database normalization
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database normalization
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Database normalization , or simply normalization , is the process of restructuring a relational database in accordance with a series of so - called normal forms in order to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity . It was first proposed by Edgar F. Codd as an integral part of his relational model .
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Normalization entails organizing the columns ( attributes ) and tables ( relations ) of a database to ensure that their dependencies are properly enforced by database integrity constraints . It is accomplished by applying some formal rules either by a process of synthesis ( creating a new database design ) or decomposition ( improving an existing database design ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Objectives 1.1 Minimize redesign when extending the database structure 1.2 Example 2 Normal forms 3 See also 4 Notes and references 5 Further reading 6 External links Objectives ( edit ) A basic objective of the first normal form defined by Codd in 1970 was to permit data to be queried and manipulated using a `` universal data sub-language '' grounded in first - order logic . ( SQL is an example of such a data sub-language , albeit one that Codd regarded as seriously flawed . ) The objectives of normalization beyond 1NF ( first normal form ) were stated as follows by Codd : To free the collection of relations from undesirable insertion , update and deletion dependencies ; To reduce the need for restructuring the collection of relations , as new types of data are introduced , and thus increase the life span of application programs ; To make the relational model more informative to users ; To make the collection of relations neutral to the query statistics , where these statistics are liable to change as time goes by . -- E.F. Codd , `` Further Normalization of the Data Base Relational Model '' An update anomaly . Employee 519 is shown as having different addresses on different records . An insertion anomaly . Until the new faculty member , Dr. Newsome , is assigned to teach at least one course , his or her details can not be recorded . A deletion anomaly . All information about Dr. Giddens is lost if he or she temporarily ceases to be assigned to any courses . When an attempt is made to modify ( update , insert into , or delete from ) a relation , the following undesirable side - effects may arise in relations that have not been sufficiently normalized : Update anomaly . The same information can be expressed on multiple rows ; therefore updates to the relation may result in logical inconsistencies . For example , each record in an `` Employees ' Skills '' relation might contain an Employee ID , Employee Address , and Skill ; thus a change of address for a particular employee may need to be applied to multiple records ( one for each skill ) . If the update is only partially successful -- the employee 's address is updated on some records but not others -- then the relation is left in an inconsistent state . Specifically , the relation provides conflicting answers to the question of what this particular employee 's address is . This phenomenon is known as an update anomaly . Insertion anomaly . There are circumstances in which certain facts can not be recorded at all . For example , each record in a `` Faculty and Their Courses '' relation might contain a Faculty ID , Faculty Name , Faculty Hire Date , and Course Code . Therefore , we can record the details of any faculty member who teaches at least one course , but we can not record a newly hired faculty member who has not yet been assigned to teach any courses , except by setting the Course Code to null . This phenomenon is known as an insertion anomaly . Deletion anomaly . Under certain circumstances , deletion of data representing certain facts necessitates deletion of data representing completely different facts . The `` Faculty and Their Courses '' relation described in the previous example suffers from this type of anomaly , for if a faculty member temporarily ceases to be assigned to any courses , we must delete the last of the records on which that faculty member appears , effectively also deleting the faculty member , unless we set the Course Code to null . This phenomenon is known as a deletion anomaly . Minimize redesign when extending the database structure ( edit ) When a fully normalized database structure is extended to allow it to accommodate new types of data , the pre-existing aspects of the database structure can remain largely or entirely unchanged . As a result , applications interacting with the database are minimally affected . Normalized relations , and the relationship between one normalized relation and another , mirror real - world concepts and their interrelationships . Example ( edit ) Querying and manipulating the data within a data structure that is not normalized , such as the following non-1NF representation of customers , credit card transactions , involves more complexity than is really necessary : Customer Cust . ID Transactions Jones Wilkins Tr . ID Date Amount 12898 14 - Oct - 2003 − 21 1234 12 - Nov - 2003 - 12 Stevens Tr . ID Date Amount 12907 15 - Oct - 2003 − 18 14920 20 - Nov - 2003 − 70 15003 27 - Nov - 2003 − 60 To each customer corresponds a ' repeating group ' of transactions . The automated evaluation of any query relating to customers ' transactions , therefore , would broadly involve two stages : Unpacking one or more customers ' groups of transactions allowing the individual transactions in a group to be examined , and Deriving a query result based on the results of the first stage For example , in order to find out the monetary sum of all transactions that occurred in October 2003 for all customers , the system would have to know that it must first unpack the Transactions group of each customer , then sum the Amounts of all transactions thus obtained where the Date of the transaction falls in October 2003 . One of Codd 's important insights was that structural complexity can be reduced , leading to much greater power and flexibility in the way queries could be formulated ( by users and applications ) and evaluated ( by the DBMS ) . A more normalized equivalent of the structure above might look like this : Customer Cust . ID Jones Wilkins Stevens Cust . ID Tr . ID Date Amount 12890 14 - Oct - 2003 − 87 12904 15 - Oct - 2003 − 50 12898 14 - Oct - 2003 − 21 12907 15 - Oct - 2003 − 18 14920 20 - Nov - 2003 − 70 15003 27 - Nov - 2003 − 60 In the modified structure , the key is ( Cust . ID ) in the first relation , ( Cust . ID , Tr ID ) in the second relation . Now each row represents an individual credit card transaction , and the DBMS can obtain the answer of interest , simply by finding all rows with a Date falling in October , and summing their Amounts . The data structure places all of the values on an equal footing , exposing each to the DBMS directly , so each can potentially participate directly in queries ; whereas in the previous situation some values were embedded in lower - level structures that had to be handled specially . Accordingly , the normalized design lends itself to general - purpose query processing , whereas the unnormalized design does not . The normalized version also allows the user to change the customer name in one place and guards against errors that arise if the customer name is misspelled on some records . Normal forms ( edit ) Codd introduced the concept of normalization and what is now known as the first normal form ( 1NF ) in 1970 . Codd went on to define the second normal form ( 2NF ) and third normal form ( 3NF ) in 1971 , and Codd and Raymond F. Boyce defined the Boyce - Codd normal form ( BCNF ) in 1974 . Informally , a relational database relation is often described as `` normalized '' if it meets third normal form . Most 3NF relations are free of insertion , update , and deletion anomalies . Unnormalized form ( UNF ) First normal form ( 1NF ) Second normal form ( 2NF ) Third normal form ( 3NF ) Elementary key normal form ( EKNF ) Boyce -- Codd normal form ( BCNF ) Fourth normal form ( 4NF ) Essential tuple normal form ( ETNF ) Fifth normal form ( 5NF ) Sixth normal form ( 6NF ) Domain / key normal form ( DKNF ) See also ( edit ) Denormalization Refactoring Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The adoption of a relational model of data ... permits the development of a universal data sub-language based on an applied predicate calculus . A first - order predicate calculus suffices if the collection of relations is in first normal form . Such a language would provide a yardstick of linguistic power for all other proposed data languages , and would itself be a strong candidate for embedding ( with appropriate syntactic modification ) in a variety of host languages ( programming , command - or problem - oriented ) . '' Codd , `` A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks '' , p. 381 Jump up ^ Codd , E.F. Chapter 23 , `` Serious Flaws in SQL '' , in The Relational Model for Database Management : Version 2 . Addison - Wesley ( 1990 ) , pp. 371 -- 389 Jump up ^ Codd , E.F. `` Further Normalization of the Data Base Relational Model '' , p. 34 Jump up ^ Codd , E.F. ( June 1970 ) . `` A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks '' . Communications of the ACM. 13 ( 6 ) : 377 -- 387 . doi : 10.1145 / 362384.362685 . Jump up ^ Codd , E.F. `` Further Normalization of the Data Base Relational Model '' . ( Presented at Courant Computer Science Symposia Series 6 , `` Data Base Systems '' , New York City , May 24 -- 25 , 1971 . ) IBM Research Report RJ909 ( August 31 , 1971 ) . Republished in Randall J. Rustin ( ed . ) , Data Base Systems : Courant Computer Science Symposia Series 6 . Prentice - Hall , 1972 . Jump up ^ Codd , E.F. `` Recent Investigations into Relational Data Base Systems '' . IBM Research Report RJ1385 ( April 23 , 1974 ) . Republished in Proc. 1974 Congress ( Stockholm , Sweden , 1974 ) , N.Y. : North - Holland ( 1974 ) . Jump up ^ C.J. Date . An Introduction to Database Systems . Addison - Wesley ( 1999 ) , p. 290 Further reading ( edit ) Date , C.J. ( 1999 ) , An Introduction to Database Systems ( 8th ed . ) . Addison - Wesley Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 19784 - 4 . Kent , W. ( 1983 ) A Simple Guide to Five Normal Forms in Relational Database Theory , Communications of the ACM , vol. 26 , pp. 120 -- 125 H. - J. Schek , P. Pistor Data Structures for an Integrated Data Base Management and Information Retrieval System External links ( edit ) Database Normalization Basics by Mike Chapple ( About.com ) Database Normalization Intro , Part 2 An Introduction to Database Normalization by Mike Hillyer . A tutorial on the first 3 normal forms by Fred Coulson DB Normalization Examples Description of the database normalization basics by Microsoft Database Normalization and Design Techniques by Barry Wise , recommended reading for the Harvard MIS . A Simple Guide to Five Normal Forms in Relational Database Theory Normalization in DBMS by Chaitanya ( beginnersbook.com ) A Step - by - Step Guide to Database Normalization ETNF -- Essential tuple normal form Database normalization Main topics Normalization Denormalization Normal forms First normal form Second normal form Third normal form Boyce -- Codd normal form Fourth normal form Fifth normal form Domain - key normal form Sixth normal form Database Main Requirements Theory Models Database management system Machine Server Application Connection datasource DSN Administrator Lock Types Tools Languages Data definition Data manipulation Query information retrieval Security Activity monitoring Audit Forensics Negative database Design Entities and relationships ( and Enhanced notation ) Normalization Refactoring Programming Abstraction layer Object - relational mapping Management Virtualization Tuning caching Migration Preservation Integrity See also Database - centric architecture Intelligent database Two - phase locking Locks with ordered sharing Load file Publishing Halloween Problem Log shipping Book WikiProject Database management systems Types Object - oriented comparison Relational comparison Document - oriented Graph NoSQL NewSQL Concepts Database ACID Armstrong 's axioms CAP theorem CRUD Null Candidate key Foreign key Superkey Surrogate key Unique key Objects Relation table column row View Transaction Transaction log Trigger Index Stored procedure Cursor Partition Components Concurrency control Data dictionary JDBC XQJ ODBC Query language Query optimizer Query plan Functions Administration and automation Query optimization Replication Related topics Database models Database normalization Database storage Distributed database Federated database system Referential integrity Relational algebra Relational calculus Relational database Relational DBMS Relational model Object - relational database Transaction processing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Database_normalization&oldid=829898554 '' Categories : Database normalization Database management systems Database constraints Data management Data modeling Relational algebra Hidden categories : Articles needing expert attention from March 2018 All articles needing expert attention Databases articles needing expert attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Languages Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 March 2018 , at 14 : 04 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database%20normalization
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which company supllied ballot boxes for independent indias first elections
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Indian general election , 1951 -- 52
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indian general election, 1951 - - 52
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Jawaharlal Nehru INC
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Subsequent Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru INC The Indian general election of 1951 -- 52 elected the first Lok Sabha since India became independent in August 1947 . Until this point , the Indian Constituent Assembly had served as an interim legislature . See the ' Durations ' section below to find the time - range associated with these elections . The Indian National Congress ( INC ) won a landslide victory , winning 364 of the 489 seats and 45 % of the total votes polled . This was over four times as many votes as the second - largest party . Jawaharlal Nehru became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of the country . In the first Lok Sabha polls held in 1951 , India had around 173 million voters , out of an overall population of about 360 million . Voter turnout was 45.7 % . In the 1952 Indian general election , Ravi Narayana Reddy from Telangana stood for the People 's Democratic Front , ( a pseudonym for the banned Communist Party of India ) , and polled more votes than Jawaharlal Nehru and also the first one entering in the parliament in independent India. ( 3 ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Parties 2 Constituencies 3 Results 4 Notable losses 5 Government formation 6 Duration 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Parties ( edit ) Before Independent India went to the polls , two former cabinet colleagues of Nehru established separate political parties to challenge the INC 's supremacy . While Shyama Prasad Mookerjee went on to found the Jana Sangh in October 1951 , Dalit leader Dr. B.R. Ambedkar revived the Scheduled Castes Federation ( which was later named the Republican Party ) . Other parties which started coming to the forefront included the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Parishad , whose prime mover was Acharya Kripalani ; the Socialist Party , which had Ram Manohar Lohia and Jayaprakash Narayan 's leadership to boast of ; and the Communist Party of India . However , these smaller parties were unable to make an electoral stand against the Indian National Congress . Constituencies ( edit ) The first general elections , which were conducted for 489 seats in 401 constituencies , represented 25 Indian states . At that time , there were 314 constituencies with one seat , 86 with two seats and one with three seats . The multi-seat constituencies were abolished in the 1960s . There were also 2 nominated Anglo - Indian members . Results ( edit ) Party Abbr . Votes % Seats Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha ABHM 0.95 Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad RRP 1.97 Bharatiya Jana Sangh BJS 3,246,288 3.06 Bolshevik Party of India BPI 0.02 0 Communist Party of India CPI 3,484,401 3.29 16 Forward Bloc ( Marxist ) FB ( M ) 0.91 Forward Bloc ( Ruiker ) FB ( R ) 0.13 0 Indian National Congress INC 47,665,875 44.99 364 Krishikar Lok Party KLP 1.41 Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party KMPP 6,156,558 5.79 9 Revolutionary Communist Party of India ( Tagore ) RCPI 0.06 0 Revolutionary Socialist Party RSP 0.44 Scheduled Caste Federation SCF 2.38 Socialist Party SP 11,266,779 10.59 12 All India Republican Party REP 0.04 0 All India Republican Party RPP 0.05 0 All India United Kisan Sabha UKS 0.06 0 All Manipur National Union AMNU 0.02 0 All People 's Party APP 0.03 0 Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party CNSPJP 0.22 Cochin Party CP 0.01 0 Commonweal Party CWP 0.31 Ganatantra Parishad GP 0.91 6 Gandhi Sebak Seva GSS 0.01 0 Hill Peoples Party HPP 0.02 0 Historical Research HR 0.00 0 Hyderabad State Praja Party HSPP 0.01 0 Jharkhand Party JKP 0.71 Justice Party JP 0.06 0 Kamgar Kisan Paksha KKP 0.13 0 Kerala Socialist Party KSP 0.1 0 Khasi - Jaintia Durbar KJD 0.03 0 Kisan Janata Sanyukta Party KJSP 0.01 0 Kisan Mazdoor Mandal KMM 0.01 0 Kuki National Association KNA 0.01 0 Lok Sevak Sangh LSS 0.29 Madras State Muslim League Party MSMLP 0.08 National Party of India NPI 0.00 0 Peasants and Workers Party of India PWPI 0.94 Peoples Democratic Front PDF 1.29 7 Praja Party PP 0.02 0 Punjab Depressed Class League PDCL 0.01 0 Pursharathi Panchayat PURP 0.01 0 Revolutionary Socialist Party ( Uttar Pradesh ) RSP ( UP ) 0.02 0 Shiromani Akali Dal SAD 0.99 S.K. Paksha SKP 0.13 0 Saurashtra Khedut Sangh SKS 0.03 0 Tamil Nadu Toilers Party TNTP 0.84 Tamil Nadu Congress Party TNCP 0.03 0 Tribal Sangha TS 0.11 0 Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress Party TTNC 0.11 Uttar Pradesh Praja Party UPP 0.2 0 Zamindar Party ZP 0.27 0 Independents 16,817,910 15.9 37 Nominated Anglo - Indians -- -- Total 105,944,495 100 489 Notable losses ( edit ) Scheduled Caste leader B.R. Ambedkar was defeated in the Bombay ( North Central ) ( reserved seat ) constituency as Scheduled Castes Federation candidate by his little - known former assistant and Congress Candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar , who polled 1 , 38,137 votes compared to Ambedkar 's 1 , 23,576 votes . Dr Ambedkar then entered the parliament as a Rajya Sabha member . He contested by - poll from Bhandara in 1954 to try to enter Lok Sabha but again lost to Mr Borkar of Congress . Acharya Kripalani lost from Faizabad in UP as KMPP candidate , but his wife Sucheta Kripalani defeated the Congress candidate Manmohini Sahgal in Delhi . Government formation ( edit ) The Speaker of the first Lok Sabha was Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar . The first Lok Sabha also witnessed 677 sittings ( 3,784 hours ) , the highest recorded count of the number of sittings . The Lok Sabha lasted its full term from 17 April 1952 until 4 April 1957 . Duration ( edit ) While Indian Government 's official websites and official documents assign the year 1951 to these polls , it is a misrepresentation because all territories except Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir voted in February -- March 1952 ; no polls were held for Lok Sabha seats in Kashmir until 1967 , and only Himachal Pradesh voted in 1951 for the first Lok Sabha because weather tends to be inclement in February and March , heavy snow impending free movement . The rest of the India voted only in February -- March 1952 for the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha elections . Polling was held between 25 October 1951 and 27 March 1952 . The very first votes of the election were cast in the tehsil ( district ) of Chini in Himachal Pradesh . See also ( edit ) Election Commission of India Indian presidential election , 1952 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha Results 1951 - 52 '' . Election Commission of India . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on Lok Sabha Elections 1951 - 52 '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha Elections Stats Summary 1951 - 52 '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Jump up ^ India has nearly 83 crore voters : Brahma Jump up ^ Dieter Nohlen , Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann ( 2001 ) Elections in Asia : A data handbook , Volume I , p. 572 ISBN 0 - 19 - 924958 - X Jump up ^ `` General Election of India 1951 , List of Successful Candidate '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . p. 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ramachandra Guha ( 2008 ) . India After Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 095858 - 9 . Jump up ^ David Gilmartin ( 2014 ) . `` Chapter 5 : The paradox of patronage and the people 's sovereignty '' . In Anastasia Pivliavsky . Patronage as Politics in South Asia . Cambridge University Press . pp. 151 -- 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 05608 - 4 . Jump up ^ India 's first voter in Himachal Pradesh , by Gautam Dhmeer , in the Deccan Herald ; published 30 October 2012 ; retrieved 7 April 2014 Further reading ( edit ) Guha , Ramachandra . `` Democracy 's Biggest Gamble , '' World Policy Journal , ( Spring 2002 ) 19 # 1 pp. 95 -- 103 ( hide ) Elections in India General elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1945 1951 -- 52 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1998 1999 2009 2014 2019 State elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1937 1946 1952 1954 1955 1957 1960 1961 1962 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1977 1978 1979 1980 1982 1984 1985 1989 2017 2018 See also : Elections in Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_general_election,_1951 -- 52&oldid = 807791179 '' Categories : Indian general election , 1951 Hidden categories : Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Română Svenska தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 03 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20general%20election%2C%201951%25E2%2580%259352
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who came up with the hammer and sickle
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In 1917 , Vladimir Lenin and Anatoly Lunacharsky held a competition to create a Soviet emblem . The winning design was a hammer and sickle on top of a globe in rays of the sun , surrounded by a wreath of grain and under a five - pointed star , with the inscription `` proletariats of the world , unite ! '' in six languages ( Russian , Ukrainian , Belarusian , Georgian , Armenian and Azerbaijani ) . It originally featured a sword , but Lenin strongly objected , disliking the violent connotations . The winning designer was Yevgeny Ivanovich Kamzolkin ( 1885 -- 1957 ) .
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Yevgeny Ivanovich Kamzolkin
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Hammer and sickle
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hammer and sickle
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A red hammer and sickle , form matching that on the Soviet Union 's flag from 1955 -- 1991 The hammer and sickle ( ☭ ) or sickle and hammer ( Russian : серп и мо́лот , translit . syerp i molot ) is a proletarian symbol that was adopted during the Russian Revolution . At the time of creation , the hammer stood for industrial laborers and the sickle for the peasantry -- combined they stood for the worker - peasant alliance for socialism . The hammer and sickle ( and by extension the scythe ) symbols are a sickle used to harvest grain crops and the type or style of hammer , used to make a razor sharp edge on the sickles and scythes . After World War I ( from which Russia withdrew in the year 1917 ) and the Russian Civil War , the hammer and sickle became more widely used as a symbol for peaceful labor within the Soviet Union and for international proletarian unity . It was taken up by many communist movements around the world , some with local variations . Today , even after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the hammer and sickle remains commonplace in Russia and other former union republics , but its display is prohibited in some other former Communist countries as well as in countries where Communism is banned by law . The display of the hammer and sickle symbol is banned in Indonesia as it is known to be the symbol of communism which is a banned ideology in Indonesia following the 1965 ‒ 1966 killings of communists . Anybody displaying such communist symbols will be arrested by authorities , or usually confronted by the public . In addition , during the 1980s , anyone displaying communist symbols ( or committing other severe crimes ) in public are executed by undercover snipers without trial . Contents 1 History 1.1 Worker symbolism 1.2 Inception 1.3 Usage in the Soviet Union 2 Meaning 3 Current usage 3.1 Post-Soviet states 3.2 Communist parties 4 Variations 5 Art 6 Legal status 7 Usage 7.1 Flags 7.2 State emblems 7.2. 1 Soviet Union ( in the constitutional order ) 7.2. 2 Other 7.3 Logos 8 Unicode 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The chilean peso used the hammer and sickle symbol between 1895 and 1940 Worker symbolism ( edit ) Farm and worker instruments and tools have long been used as symbols for proletarian struggle . The combination of hammer and sickle symbolised the combination of farmers and construction workers . One example of use prior to its political instrumentalisation by the Soviet Union is found in Chilean currency circulating since 1895 . An alternative example is the combination of a hammer and a plough , with the same meaning ( unity of peasants and workers ) . In Ireland , the symbol of the plough remains in use . The Starry Plough banner was originally used by the Irish Citizen Army , a socialist republican workers ' militia . James Connolly , co-founder of the Irish Citizen Army with Jack White , said the significance of the banner was that a free Ireland would control its own destiny from the plough to the stars . A sword is forged into the plough to symbolise the end of war with the establishment of a Socialist International . This was unveiled in 1914 and flown by the Irish Citizen Army during the 1916 Easter Rising . The Plough flag from 1914 and flown during the Easter Rising Inception ( edit ) In 1917 , Vladimir Lenin and Anatoly Lunacharsky held a competition to create a Soviet emblem . The winning design was a hammer and sickle on top of a globe in rays of the sun , surrounded by a wreath of grain and under a five - pointed star , with the inscription `` proletariats of the world , unite ! '' in six languages ( Russian , Ukrainian , Belarusian , Georgian , Armenian and Azerbaijani ) . It originally featured a sword , but Lenin strongly objected , disliking the violent connotations . The winning designer was Yevgeny Ivanovich Kamzolkin ( 1885 -- 1957 ) . On 6 July 1923 , the 2nd session of the Central Executive Committee ( CIK ) adopted this emblem . Usage in the Soviet Union ( edit ) The Coat of Arms of the Soviet Union and the Coats of Arms of the Soviet Republics showed the hammer and sickle , which also appeared on the red star badge on the uniform cap of the Red Army uniform and in many other places . Serp i Molot ( transliteration of Russian : cерп и молот , `` sickle and hammer '' ) is the name of the Moscow Metallurgical Plant . Serp i Molot is also the name of a stop on the electric railway line from Kurski railway station in Moscow to Gorky , featured in Venedikt Yerofeyev 's novel , Moscow - Petushki . The first State Emblem of the Soviet Union ( 1923 -- 1936 ) Meaning ( edit ) At the time of creation , the hammer and sickle stood for worker - peasant alliance , with the hammer a traditional symbol of the industrial proletariat ( who dominated the proletariat of Russia ) and the sickle a traditional symbol for the peasantry , but the meaning has since broadened to a globally recognizable symbol for Marxism , Marxist parties , or socialist states . In the Soviet Union , the hammer and sickle came to take on a gendered meaning , with the sickle coming to be associated with women and the hammer men . Current usage ( edit ) Post-Soviet states ( edit ) The flag of Transnistria is based on the flag formerly used by the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic The flag of Oryol incorporates the flag formerly used by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Two federal subjects of the post-Soviet Russian Federation use the hammer and sickle in their symbols : the Vladimir Oblast has them on its flag and the Bryansk Oblast has them on its coat of arms , which is also the central element of its flag . In addition , the Russian city of Oryol also uses the hammer and sickle on its flag . The former Soviet ( now Russian ) national airline , Aeroflot , continues to use the hammer and sickle in its symbol . The hammer and sickle can be found as a logo on most ushanka hats , usually the Soviet - styled ones The de facto government of Transnistria uses ( with minor modifications ) the flag and the emblem of the former Moldavian SSR , which includes the hammer and sickle . The flag can also appear without the hammer and sickle in some circumstances , for example on Transnistrian - issued license plates . Communist parties ( edit ) Three out of the four currently ruling Communist parties use a hammer and sickle as the party symbol : the Communist Party of China , the Communist Party of Vietnam and the Lao People 's Revolutionary Party . All of these use the yellow - on - red colour scheme . In Laos and Vietnam , the hammer and sickle party flags can often be seen flying side - by - side with their respective national flags . Many communist parties around the world also use it , including the Communist Party of Greece Communist Party of Chile , the Communist Party of Brazil , the Egyptian Communist Party , the Communist Party of Pakistan , the Communist Party of Spain , the Communist Party of Denmark , the Communist Party of Norway , the Romanian Communist Party , the Lebanese Communist Party , the Communist Party of the Philippines and the Shining Path . The Communist Party of Sweden , the Portuguese Communist Party and the Mexican Communist Party use the hammer and sickle imposed on the red star . The hammer and sickle accompanied by the yellow star is used by the Communist Refoundation Party , the main communist party in Italy . Variations ( edit ) Many symbols having similar structures and messages to the original have been designed . For example , the Angolan flag shows a segment of a cog , crossed by a machete and crowned with a socialist star while the flag of Mozambique features an AK - 47 crossed by a hoe . In the logo of the Communist Party USA , a circle is formed by a half cog and a semicircular sickle - blade . A hammer is laid directly over the sickle 's handle with the hammer 's head at the logo 's center . The logo of the Communist Party of Turkey consists of half a cog wheel crossed by a hammer , with a star on the top . Tools represented in other designs include : the brush , sickle and hammer of the Workers ' Party of Korea ; the spade , flaming torch and quill used prior to 1984 by the British Labour Party ( which was a socialist and not a communist party ) ; the pickaxe and rifle used in communist Albania ; and the hammer and compasses of the East German emblem and flag . The Far Eastern Republic of Russia used an anchor crossed over a spade or pickaxe , symbolising the union of the fishermen and miners . The Fourth International , founded by Leon Trotsky , uses a hammer and sickle symbol on which the number 4 is superimposed . The hammer and sickle in the Fourth International symbol are the opposite of other hammer and sickle symbols in that the head of the hammer is on the right side and the sickle end tip on the left . The Trotskyist League for the Fifth International merges a hammer with the number 5 , using the number 's lower arch to form the sickle . The Communist Party of Britain ( CGB ) uses the hammer and dove symbol . Designed in 1988 by Michal Boncza , it is intended to highlight the party 's connection to the peace movement . It is usually used in conjunction with the hammer and sickle and it appears on all of the CPB 's publications . Some members of the CPB prefer one symbol over the other , although the party 's 1994 congress reaffirmed the hammer and dove 's position as the official emblem of the party . Similarly , the Communist Party of Israel uses a dove over the hammer and sickle as its symbol . The flag of the Guadeloupe Communist Party uses a sickle , turned to look like a majuscule G , to represent Guadeloupe . The flag of the Black Front , a Strasserist group founded by early Nazi Party members and expelled around the time of the Night of the Long Knives purge , along with his supporters and the Sturmabteilung and originator of the ideology and the Black Front himself Otto Strasser , featured a crossed hammer and sword , symbolizing the unity of the workers and military . The flag of Burma ( from 1974 -- 2010 ) featured a bushel of rice superimposed on a cogwheel . The flag of Chama Cha Mapinduzi ( CCM , Party of the Revolution in Swahili ) , currently the ruling political party of Tanzania , has a slightly different symbol with a hammer and a hoe ( jembe ) instead of a sickle to represent the most common farm tool in Africa . The National Bolshevik Party used the hammer and sickle in their flag , but it had them colored black instead of yellow and put in the design of the Nazi swastika flag ; and a black hammer and sickle inside of a white circle on a red banner . Art ( edit ) The hammer and sickle has long been a common theme in socialist realism , but it has also seen some depiction in non-Marxist popular culture . Andy Warhol who created many drawings and photographs of the hammer and sickle is the most famous example of this . The metro station , Ploshchad Lenina , Minsk Sándor Pinczehelyi , Hammer and Sickle A tableau in a communist rally in Kerala , India Legal status ( edit ) See also : Red star § Legal status , and Bans on Communist symbols In several countries in the former Eastern Bloc , there are laws that define the hammer and sickle as the symbol of a `` totalitarian and criminal ideology '' and the public display of the hammer and sickle and other Communist symbols such as the red star is considered a criminal offence . Georgia , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Moldova ( 1 October 2012 -- 4 June 2013 ) and Ukraine have banned communist symbols including this one . A similar law was considered in Estonia , but it eventually failed in a parliamentary committee . The foreign ministers of Lithuania , Latvia , Bulgaria , Hungary , Romania and the Czech Republic called for a European Union - wide ban on communist symbols in 2010 , urging the European Union `` to criminalize the approval , denial or belittling of communist crimes '' and stating that `` the denial of such crimes should be treated the same way as the denial of the Holocaust and must be banned by law '' . In February 2013 , the Constitutional Court of Hungary annulled the ban on the use of symbols of fascist and communist dictatorships , including the hammer and sickle , the red star and the swastika , saying the ban was too broad and imprecise . The court also pointed to a judgement of the European Court of Human Rights in which Hungary was found guilty of violation of article 10 , the right to freedom of expression . On June 2013 , the Constitutional Court of Moldova ruled that the Moldovan Communist Party 's symbols -- the hammer and sickle -- are legal and can be used . In Indonesia , the public display of communist symbols like the hammer and sickle is banned by decree following the 1965 -- 1966 killings of communists . In addition to being banned , the symbols are also highly stigmatized , similar to Nazi symbolism in the West . In Poland , dissemination of items which are `` mediums of fascist , communist or other totalitarian symbolism '' was criminalized in 1997 . However , the Constitutional Tribunal found this sanction to be unconstitutional in 2011 . In contrast to this treatment of the symbolism , promotion of fascist , communist and other ideology deemed totalitarian remains illegal . A ban on the Hammer and sickle and other Communist symbols is currently also being considered in Brazil , the bill was introduced in 2016 but it has yet to be voted in Congress . Usage ( edit ) Flags ( edit ) Flag of the Soviet Union from 15 August 1980 to 25 December 1991 Naval Jack of the Soviet Union from 16 November 1950 to 12 July 1992 Naval ensign of the Soviet Union from 16 November 1950 to 27 July 1992 The flag of the Communist Party of Vietnam Flag of the Lebanese Communist Party Flag of Chinese Workers ' and Peasants ' Red Army Flag of the Romanian Communist Party Flag of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation Flag of Bryansk Oblast Flag of Vladimir Oblast Flag of the Italian Communist Party Hammer , sickle and ink brush of the Workers ' Party of Korea The flag of the Kurdistan Workers ' Party ( 1978 -- 1995 ) The flag of the Revolutionary People 's Liberation Party -- Front Flag of Communist Party of India Flag of the Communist Party of China before 1996 Flag of the Communist Party of China after 1996 State emblems ( edit ) Soviet Union ( in the constitutional order ) ( edit ) State emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Emblem of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Emblem of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Emblem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Emblem of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic Emblem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic Emblem of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic Emblem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic Emblem of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic Emblem of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic Emblem of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic Emblem of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic Emblem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic Emblem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic Emblem of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic Emblem of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic Emblem of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic ( 1923 ‒ 1936 ) Emblem of the Karelo - Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic ( 1941 ‒ 1956 ) Other ( edit ) State emblem of the Tuvan People 's Republic ( 1943 ‒ 1944 ) Emblem of the self - proclaimed Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic State emblem of the Lao People 's Democratic Republic ( 1975 ‒ 1991 ) Logos ( edit ) Emblem of the Communist Party of China Emblem of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia Emblem of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia Emblem of the Romanian Communist Party Logo of the Italian Communist Party Logo of the Communist Party ( Sweden ) Logo of the Communist Party of Germany . Logo of the Mexican Communist Party Logo of the Ethiopian People 's Revolutionary Party Logo of the Communist Party of Spain Logo of Aeroflot Logo of the Communist Party of Chile Logo of the Communist Party of Greece Logo of the Italian Communist Party Emblem of the Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain Logo of the Communist Party of Ireland Logo of the New Communist Party of the Netherlands Logo of the Brazilian Communist Party Logo of the Communist Party of Brazil Symbol of the Communist Party of Indonesia ( 1914 ‒ 1966 ) Emblem of the Communist Party USA Unicode ( edit ) In Unicode , the `` hammer and sickle '' symbol is U + 262D ( ☭ ) . It is part of the Miscellaneous Symbols ( 2600 -- 26FF ) code block . On systems where Compose key is available , it could be written as ( Compose ) + CCCP . See also ( edit ) Communism portal Soviet Union portal Coat of arms of Austria Communist symbolism Hammer and pick ( ⚒ ) National Emblem of East Germany ( `` hammer and compass '' ) Red flag ( ⚑ ) Red star ( ) Transport and Map Symbols Unicode block ( contains 🛠 `` hammer and wrench '' as U + 1F6E0 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dickie Christanto ( 20 October 2008 ) . `` Artists summoned over communist symbol exhibition '' . The Jakarta Post . Archived from the original on 26 October 2008 . Retrieved 12 November 2013 . Jump up ^ https://sputniknews.com/asia/201701031049207428-russian-indonesia-hammer-and-sickle/ Jump up ^ `` Chilean peso design , 1894 '' . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hammer and Sickle : The Role of Symbolism and Rituals in the Russian Revolution '' . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ International People 's Tribunal 1965 , `` The Spectre of Hammer and Sickle '' . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ International Gallery of Contemporary Artists Archived 16 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` KKE - Αρχική '' . kke.gr . Jump up ^ `` Estatutos do PCP , art . 72 '' . pcp.pt/estatutos-do-pcp . Jump up ^ `` Parti Communiste Guadeloupéen '' . flagspot.net . Jump up ^ Communist symbols to be banned in Georgia , BBC News , 4 May 2014 , retrieved 13 May 2014 Jump up ^ `` Act C of 2012 on the Criminal Code , Section 335 : Use of Symbols of Totalitarianism '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Interior of Hungary . p. 97 . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Any person who : a ) distributes , b ) uses before the public at large , or c ) publicly exhibits , the swastika , the insignia of the SS , the arrow cross , the sickle and hammer , the five - pointed red star or any symbol depicting the above so as to breach public peace -- specifically in a way to offend the dignity of victims of totalitarian regimes and their right to sanctity -- is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by custodial arrest , insofar as the did not result in a more serious criminal offense . Jump up ^ Latvia Bans Soviet , Nazi Symbols , RIA Novosti , 21 June 2013 , retrieved 14 September 2014 Jump up ^ `` Lithuanian ban on Soviet symbols '' . BBC News . 17 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Moldovan Parliament Bans Communist Symbols '' . Radio Free Europe . 12 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Ukraine Bans Soviet - Era Symbols Jump up ^ LAW OF UKRAINE . On the condemnation of the communist and national socialist ( Nazi ) regimes , and prohibition of propaganda of their symbols Jump up ^ `` Про засудження комуністичного та націонал - соціалістичного ... - від 09.04. 2015 No 317 - VIII '' . rada.gov.ua . Jump up ^ `` EU refuses to ban denial of communist crimes '' . RT English . Jump up ^ `` Hungary , hammer and sickle ban declared illegal '' . ANSA. 27 February 2013 . Retrieved 12 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Court rules that ' hammer and sickle ' can be used '' . allmoldova.com. 5 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 12 November 2013 . Retrieved 12 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Dickie Christanto ( 20 October 2008 ) . `` Artists summoned over communist symbol exhibition '' . The Jakarta Post . Archived from the original on 26 October 2008 . Retrieved 12 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nowelizacja kodeksu karnego '' ( in Polish ) . 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Hammer and sickle '' dated 17 April 2005 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Media related to Hammer and sickle at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Hammer and sickle in heraldry at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hammer_and_sickle&oldid=855954602 '' Categories : Hammer and sickle Symbols of communism National symbols of Armenia National symbols of Azerbaijan National symbols of Belarus National symbols of Georgia ( country ) National symbols of Kazakhstan National symbols of Kyrgyzstan National symbols of Moldova National symbols of Russia National symbols of the Soviet Union National symbols of Tajikistan National symbols of Turkmenistan National symbols of Ukraine National symbols of Uzbekistan Heraldic charges National symbols of Laos National symbols of the People 's Republic of China Political symbols Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Use dmy dates from October 2015 Articles containing Russian - language text Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 23 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer%20and%20sickle
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where are icy bodies similar to asteroids found in the solar system
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List of Solar System objects
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list of solar system objects
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The following is a list of Solar System objects by orbit , ordered by increasing distance from the Sun . Most named objects in this list have a diameter of 500 km or more .
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The Sun , a spectral class G2V main - sequence star The inner Solar System and the terrestrial planets Mercury Mercury - crosser asteroids Venus Venus - crosser asteroids 2002 VE 68 , Venus 's quasi-satellite Earth Moon Near - Earth asteroids ( including 99942 Apophis ) Earth trojan ( 2010 TK 7 ) Earth - crosser asteroids Earth 's quasi-satellites Mars Deimos Phobos Mars trojans Mars - crosser asteroids Asteroids in the asteroid belt , between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter Ceres , a dwarf planet Pallas Vesta Hygiea Asteroids number in the hundreds of thousands . For longer lists , see list of notable asteroids , list of asteroids , or list of objects by mass . Asteroid moons A number of smaller groups distinct from the asteroid belt The outer Solar System with the giant planets , their satellites , trojan asteroids and some minor planets Jupiter Rings of Jupiter Complete list of Jupiter 's natural satellites Io Europa Ganymede Callisto Jupiter trojans Jupiter - crossing minor planets Saturn Rings of Saturn Complete list of Saturn 's natural satellites Mimas Enceladus Tethys ( trojans : Telesto and Calypso ) Dione ( trojans : Helene and Polydeuces ) Rhea Rings of Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus Phoebe Saturn - crossing minor planets Uranus Rings of Uranus Complete list of Uranus 's natural satellites Miranda Ariel Umbriel Titania Oberon Uranus trojan ( 2011 QF99 ) Uranus - crossing minor planets Neptune Rings of Neptune Complete list of Neptune 's natural satellites Proteus Triton Nereid Neptune trojans Neptune - crossing minor planets Non-trojan minor planets Centaurs Damocloids Trans - Neptunian objects ( beyond the orbit of Neptune ) Kuiper - belt objects ( KBOs ) Plutinos Pluto , a dwarf planet Complete list of Pluto 's natural satellites Charon 90482 Orcus Vanth Twotinos Cubewanos ( classical objects ) Haumea , a dwarf planet Namaka Hi'iaka 50000 Quaoar Weywot 120347 Salacia 20000 Varuna Makemake , a dwarf planet Scattered - disc objects Eris , a dwarf planet Dysnomia ( 225088 ) 2007 OR 10 ( 84522 ) 2002 TC 302 ( 87269 ) 2000 OO 67 Detached objects 2004 XR 190 90377 Sedna ( possibly inner Oort cloud ) 2012 VP 113 ( possibly inner Oort cloud ) Oort cloud ( hypothetical ) Hills cloud / inner Oort cloud Outer Oort cloud The Solar System also contains : Comets ( icy bodies with eccentric orbits ) List of periodic comets List of non-periodic comets Small objects , including : Meteoroids Interplanetary dust Helium focusing cone , around the Sun Human - made objects orbiting the Sun , Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mars , and Saturn , including active artificial satellites and space junk Heliosphere , a bubble in space produced by the solar wind Heliosheath Heliopause Hydrogen wall , a pile up of hydrogen from the interstellar medium See also ( edit ) List of moons List of Solar System objects by size List of Solar System objects most distant from the Sun in 2015 Planetary rings The Solar System The Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Planets Terrestrial planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Giant planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planets Ceres Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Rings Jovian Saturnian ( Rhean ) Charikloan Chironean Uranian Neptunian Haumean Moons Terrestrial Moon Other near - Earth objects Martian Phobos Deimos Jovian Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 69 Saturnian Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 62 Uranian Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 27 Neptunian Triton Proteus Nereid all 14 Plutonian Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx Haumean Hiʻiaka Namaka Makemakean S / 2015 ( 136472 ) 1 Eridian Dysnomia Lists Solar System objects By size By discovery date Minor planets Gravitationally rounded objects Possible dwarf planets Natural satellites Comets Small Solar System bodies Meteoroids Minor planets moons Comets Damocloids Mercury - crossers Venus - crossers Venus trojans Near - Earth objects Earth - crossers Earth trojans Mars - crossers Mars trojans Asteroid belt Asteroids first discovered : Ceres Pallas Juno Vesta Families Notable asteroids Kirkwood gap Main - belt comets Jupiter trojans Jupiter - crossers Centaurs Saturn - crossers Uranus trojans Uranus - crossers Neptune trojans Cis - Neptunian objects Trans - Neptunian objects Neptune - crossers Plutoids Kuiper belt Plutinos Cubewanos Scattered disc Detached objects Sednoids Hills cloud Oort cloud Hypothetical objects Vulcan Vulcanoids Phaeton Planet V Theia Fifth giant Planets beyond Neptune Tyche Nemesis Planet Nine Exploration ( outline ) Discovery Astronomy Timeline Spaceflight Robotic spacecraft Human spaceflight Colonization List of probes Timeline Mercury Venus Moon Mars Ceres Asteroids Mining Comets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Deep space Outline of the Solar System Portals Solar System Astronomy Earth sciences Mars Jupiter Uranus Cosmology Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Solar_System_objects&oldid=825222345 '' Categories : Lists of Solar System objects Talk About Wikipedia Български Eesti Ελληνικά Esperanto Français ລາວ Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Simple English Slovenščina தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 04 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Solar%20System%20objects
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how many forests are there in the uk
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List of forests in the United Kingdom
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list of forests in the united kingdom
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This is a list of some of the forests in the United Kingdom .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 England 1.1 East Anglia 1.2 The Midlands 1.3 North East England 1.4 North West England 1.5 South East England 1.6 South West England 1.7 Yorkshire 2 Scotland 3 Wales 4 Northern Ireland 5 See also 6 External links England ( edit ) East of England London South East South West East Midlands West Midlands Yorkshire and the Humber North East North West East Anglia ( edit ) Norfolk Thetford Forest Horsford Woods ( Horsford Forest ) The Midlands ( edit ) Forest of Mercia West Midlands Black Country Urban Forest Shropshire Morfe Forest Mortimer Forest Staffordshire Cannock Chase Kinver Forest Warwickshire Forest of Arden Heart of England Forest Worcestershire Wyre Forest ( part in Shropshire ) East Midlands National Forest Derbyshire Darwin Forest Nottinghamshire Greenwood Forest Sherwood Forest Leicestershire Charnwood Forest Lincolnshire List of Forests and Woodland in Lincolnshire Rutland Leighfield Forest Northamptonshire Rockingham Forest North East England ( edit ) Northumberland Kielder Forest County Durham Hamsterley Forest North West England ( edit ) Cheshire Delamere Forest Mersey Forest Macclesfield Forest Cumbria Grizedale Forest Whinfell Forest Lancashire Gisburn Forest South East England ( edit ) Essex Epping Forest Hainault Forest Bedfordshire Forest of Marston Vale Buckinghamshire Burnham Beeches Whiteleaf Hill Hampshire Alice Holt Forest New Forest Hertfordshire Heartwood Forest Isle of Wight Brighstone Forest Parkhurst Forest Kent Bedgebury Forest Oxfordshire Wychwood Surrey Chiddingfold Forest Swinley Forest Winterfold Forest Sussex Ashdown Forest Dallington Forest Friston Forest St Leonard 's Forest Worth Forest South West England ( edit ) Somerset the former Royal Forest of North Petherton Selwood Forest Forest of Avon Gloucestershire Royal Forest of Dean Forest of Avon Wiltshire Savernake Forest Devon Ashclyst Forest Bellever Forest Decoy Forest Fernworthy Forest Haldon Forest Yorkshire ( edit ) Dalby Forest Wykeham Forest Scotland ( edit ) Angus Backmuir Wood Argyll and Bute Argyll Forest Park Dumfries and Galloway Forest of Ae Carsphairn Forest Corriedoo Forest Dalbeattie Forest Dundeugh Forest Fleet Forest Laurieston Forest Mabie Forest Penninghame Forest Eskrigg Nature Reserve Strathspey & Badenoch Abernethy Forest Glenmore Forest Rothiemurchus Forest Fife Tentsmuir Forest Scottish Borders Craik Forest Ettrick Forest Wauchope Forest South Ayrshire Arecleoch Forest Carrick Forest Changue Forest Tairlaw Forest Stirling Queen Elizabeth Forest Park Rowardennan Forest Strathyre Forest Wales ( edit ) Caerfyrddin ( Carmarthenshire ) Brechfa Forest Ceredigion Penglais Nature Park Conwy Gwydir Forest Conwy / Denbighshire Clocaenog Forest Denbighshire Llandegla Forest Gwynedd Coed - y - Brenin Monmouthshire Wentwood Neath Port Talbot Afan Forest Park Powys Clun Forest Hafren Forest Ynys Mon ( Anglesey ) Newborough Forest Northern Ireland ( edit ) Ballypatrick Forest Belvoir Forest Castlewellan Forest Park Drum Manor Forest Park Ely Lodge Forest Florence Court Forest Park Glenariff Forest Park Gortin Glen Forest Park Gosford Forest Park Lough Navar Forest Drive Rostrevor Forest Tollymore Forest Park See also ( edit ) Forestry in the United Kingdom Community forests in England Crown Estate English Lowlands beech forests Forestry Commission List of Ancient Woods in England List of forests managed by the Forestry Commission External links ( edit ) `` Our Forests '' . Forest Service Northern Ireland . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 20 . ( hide ) List of forests in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_forests_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=824281461 '' Categories : Forests and woodlands of the United Kingdom United Kingdom geography - related lists Lists of forests Talk Contents About Wikipedia Hrvatski Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 12 : 17 . About Wikipedia
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how many courts does the staples center have
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Staples Center
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staples center
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at Pico Operator L.A. Arena company Anschutz Entertainment Group Capacity Basketball : 19,060 ( Clippers ) 18,997 ( Lakers ) Ice hockey : 18,230 ( Kings ) Arena football : 16,096 Concerts : 19,000 Boxing / Wrestling : 21,000 Concert theatre : 8,000 Construction Broke ground March 31 , 1997 Opened October 17 , 1999 Construction cost US $375 million ( $551 million in 2017 dollars ) Architect NBBJ Structural engineer John A Martin & Associates Services engineer M-E Engineers Inc . General contractor PCL Construction Services , Inc . Tenants Los Angeles Kings ( NHL ) ( 1999 -- present ) Los Angeles Lakers ( NBA ) ( 1999 -- present ) Los Angeles Clippers ( NBA ) ( 1999 -- present ) Los Angeles Avengers ( AFL ) ( 2000 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Sparks ( WNBA ) ( 2001 -- present ) Los Angeles D - Fenders ( NBA D - League ) ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Staples Center , officially stylized as STAPLES Center , is a multi-purpose sports arena in Downtown Los Angeles . Adjacent to the L.A. Live development , it is located next to the Los Angeles Convention Center complex along Figueroa Street . The arena opened on October 17 , 1999 , and is one of the major sporting facilities in the Greater Los Angeles Area . It is owned and operated by the Mercinda L.A. Arena Company and Anschutz Entertainment Group . The arena is home to the Los Angeles Lakers and the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , and the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . The Los Angeles Avengers of the Arena Football League ( AFL ) and the Los Angeles D - Fenders of the NBA D - League were also tenants ; the Avengers were folded in 2009 , and the D - Fenders moved to the Lakers ' practice facility at the Toyota Sports Center in El Segundo , California for the 2011 -- 12 season . Staples Center is also host to over 250 events and nearly 4 million guests each year . It is the only arena in the NBA shared by two teams , as well as one of only two North American professional sports venues to host two teams from the same league ; MetLife Stadium , the home of the National Football League 's New York Giants and New York Jets , is the other . The Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park will host both the Los Angeles Chargers and Los Angeles Rams beginning in 2020 . Staples Center will host the basketball competitions at the 2028 Summer Olympics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Structure and architecture 2 History 3 Music 4 Sports 5 Other events 6 Awards and recognitions 7 L.A. Live 8 Image gallery 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Description ( edit ) Staples Center in June 2002 Structure and architecture ( edit ) Staples Center measures 950,000 square feet ( 88,257.9 m ) of total space , with a 94 - foot ( 28.7 m ) by 200 - foot ( 61.0 m ) arena floor . It stands 150 feet ( 45.7 m ) tall . The arena seats up to 19,067 for basketball , 18,340 for ice hockey , and around 20,000 for concerts or other sporting events . Two - thirds of the arena 's seating , including 2,500 club seats , are in the lower bowl . There are also 160 luxury suites , including 15 event suites , on three levels between the lower and upper bowls . The arena 's attendance record is held by the fight between World WBA Welterweight Champion , Antonio Margarito and Shane Mosley with a crowd of 20,820 set on January 25 , 2009 . Star Plaza Outside the arena at the Star Plaza are statues of Wayne Gretzky and Magic Johnson , although both played at The Forum , where the Kings , Lakers and Sparks previously played . A third statue of boxer Oscar De La Hoya was unveiled outside Staples Center on December 1 , 2008 . On April 20 , 2010 a fourth statue of the late long time Lakers broadcaster Chick Hearn , behind a Laker desk with a chair for fans to sit down for a picture , was unveiled . A fifth statue of the Laker legend Jerry West dribbling was unveiled on February 17 , 2011 . A sixth statue of Lakers player Kareem Abdul - Jabbar was unveiled on November 16 , 2012 . A seventh statue of former Kings ' Hall of Fame left wing Luc Robitaille was unveiled on March 7 , 2015 . An eighth statue of Lakers center Shaquille O'Neal was unveiled on March 24 , 2017 . On January 13 , 2018 a ninth statue , of legendary Kings announcer Bob Miller , was unveiled . A tenth statue of Laker legend Elgin Baylor was unveiled on April 6 , 2018 . Secret Tunnel On January 15 , 2018 , in the aftermath of an NBA basketball game between the Houston Rockets and the Los Angeles Clippers , point guard Chris Paul made the best of playing in Staples Center for 6 years by utilizing a secret tunnel ( connecting the away team 's locker room to the backdoor of the Clipper 's locker room ) to confront former Clipper teammates Austin Rivers and Blake Griffin . He was joined with teammates such as Trevor Ariza , James Harden , and Gerald Green to confront the opponents , which only resulted in verbal altercations . History ( edit ) Staples Center during a Lakers game prior to the installation of the new scoreboard , and after the implementation of a new lighting system . The Staples Center has been referred to as `` the deal that almost was n't `` Long before construction of the Staples Center broke ground , plans for the arena were negotiated between elected city officials , and real estate developers Ed Roski of Majestic Realty and Philip Anschutz . They had acquired the hockey team the Los Angeles Kings in 1995 and were in the beginning of 1996 looking for a new home for their team , which then played at the Forum in Inglewood . Majestic Realty Co. in conjunction with AEG were scouring the Los Angeles area for available land to develop an arena when they were approached by Steve Soboroff , then president of LA Recreation and Parks Commission . Mr. Soboroff requested that they consider building the arena in downtown Los Angeles adjacent to the convention center . The proposal intrigued Roski and Anschutz and soon a plan to develop the arena , the current Staples Center , was devised . Months of negotiations ensued between Philip Anschutz and city officials with Ed Roski and John Semcken of Majestic Realty Co. spearheading the negotiations for the real estate developers . The negotiations grew contentious at times and the real estate developers threatened to pull out altogether on more than one occasion . The main opposition came from Councilman Joel Wachs , opposed utilizing public funds to subsidizing the proposed project and councilwoman Rita Walters , who objected parts of it . Ultimately , the developers and city leaders reached an agreement and in 1997 , construction broke ground and Staples Center opened a year later . It was financed privately at a cost of US $375 million and is named for the office - supply company Staples , Inc. , which was one of the center 's corporate sponsors that paid for naming rights . The arena opened on October 17 , 1999 , with a Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band concert as its inaugural event . On October 21 , 2009 , Staples Center celebrated its 10th anniversary . To commemorate the occasion , the venue 's official web site nominated 25 of the arena 's greatest moments from its first ten years with fans voting on the top ten . During the late summer of 2010 , modifications were made to the arena , including refurbished locker rooms for the Clippers , Kings , and Lakers and the installation of a new high - definition center - hung video scoreboard , replacing the original one that had been in place since the building opened in 1998 . The Panasonic Live 4HD scoreboard was officially unveiled on September 22 , as AEG and Staples Center executives , as well as player representatives from the Clippers ( Craig Smith ) , Kings ( Matt Greene ) , and Lakers ( Sasha Vujacic ) were on hand for the presentation . Music ( edit ) Main article : Entertainment events at Staples Center Sports ( edit ) The venue opened in 1998 as the home of the Los Angeles Lakers , Los Angeles Clippers , and Los Angeles Kings of the NHL . The Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA joined in 2001 , while the Los Angeles D - Fenders of the NBA D - League joined in 2006 . It became home to the Los Angeles Avengers of the Arena Football League in 2000 until the team 's discontinuation in 2008 . Since its opening day , the Staples Center has hosted seven NBA Finals series with the Lakers , the 2012 and 2014 Stanley Cup Finals , three WNBA Finals , the 2000 Democratic National Convention , the 2002 U.S. Figure Skating Championships , the 52nd NHL All - Star game , the 62nd NHL All - Star game , three NBA All - Star Games ( in 2004 , 2011 and 2018 ) , the Pacific - 10 Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament , since 2002 -- 2012 , the WTA Tour Championships , from 2002 -- 2005 , UFC 60 in 2006 , UFC 104 in 2009 , UFC 184 in 2015 , the inaugural Latin Grammy Awards in 2000 , the annual Grammy Awards , since 2000 , with the exception of 2003 and 2018 , the 2009 World Figure Skating Championships , the Summer X Games indoor competitions , since 2003 , as well HBO Championship Boxing matches . Staples Center before a Clippers game , featuring the new hanging scoreboard . On January 22 , 2006 , Los Angeles Lakers player Kobe Bryant scored a career - high 81 points in the Staples Center against the Toronto Raptors , the second - highest number of points scored in a single game in NBA history , second only to Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point performance . Of the team 's five NBA championships since moving to the venue , the Lakers have celebrated their 2000 and 2010 victories at Staples Center with series - winning victories at home . Prior to the 2006 -- 07 NBA season , the lighting inside Staples Center was modified for Lakers games . The lights were focused only on the court itself ( hence the promotional Lights Out campaign ) , reminiscent of the Lakers ' early years at The Forum . Initial fan reaction was positive , and has been a fixture on home games since . The Daktronics see - through shot - clock was first installed prior to the 2008 -- 09 NBA season . The Clippers adopted the new see through shot clock prior to the 2010 -- 11 NBA season . For Sparks games , the court used is named after Sparks player Lisa Leslie , and was officially named prior to the 2009 home opener against the Shock on June 6 , 2009 . In 2007 Staples Center removed 178 urinals and installed 178 waterless urinals created by Falcon Waterfree Technologies . The Los Angeles Kings , of the NHL hosted the 2010 NHL Entry Draft at the arena in June 2010 . The Stanley Cup Finals were held at the arena for the first time in 2012 . The Kings hosted the New Jersey Devils in games 3 , 4 , and ultimately defeated the Devils in game 6 by a final score of 6 - 1 . The Kings became the first team to win the Stanley Cup on home ice since 2007 . During the spring of 2012 , NHL 's Kings , along with NBA 's Lakers and Clippers reached the post-season , making it the first time the arena would host three playoff teams . The Lakers unveiled a new hardwood court before their preseason game on October 13 , 2012 . Taking a cue from soccer clubs , the primary center court logo was adorned with 16 stars , representing the 16 championships the Lakers franchise has won . Staples Center has hosted the following championship events : NBA Finals : 2000 : On June 19 , 2000 , the Lakers defeated the Indiana Pacers 116 - 111 in game 6 , which took place at home , to win their twelfth championship title . This was also notable for being their first championship since 1988 . 2001 2002 2004 2008 2009 2010 : On June 17 , 2010 , the Lakers defeated the Boston Celtics 83 - 79 in game 7 , which took place at home , to win their sixteenth championship title . Stanley Cup Finals : 2012 : On June 11 , 2012 , the Kings captured their first Stanley Cup in franchise history after defeating the New Jersey Devils 6 - 1 at home in game 6 . 2014 : On June 13 , 2014 , the Kings captured their second Stanley Cup in franchise history after defeating the New York Rangers 3 - 2 at home in double overtime of game 5 . It was their second championship in the last 3 years . The Staples Center will host the basketball competition at the 2028 Summer Olympics . It will host men 's preliminaries as well as the men 's and women 's basketball finals . The January 24 , 2000 Episode of WCW Monday Nitro was held in the Staples Center . Night view of Staples Center and L.A. Live Other events ( edit ) The 2000 Democratic National Convention was held here . After his death in 2009 , Michael Jackson 's memorial service was held at Staples Center . In 2013 and 2016 Staples Center hosted the grand finals of the Worlds Championship of the video game League of Legends . Awards and recognitions ( edit ) Staples Center was named Best New Major Concert Venue for 1998 and Arena of the Year for 1999 , 2000 and 2001 by Pollstar Magazine and has been nominated each year since 2000 . In February 2013 , PETA named Staples Center the most `` vegetarian - friendly '' arena in the NBA . L.A. Live ( edit ) Main article : L.A. Live Staples Center is only a part of a 4,000,000 - square - foot ( 371,612.2 m ) development by Anschutz Entertainment Group ( AEG ) adjoining Staples Center and the Los Angeles Convention Center . The development , known as L.A. Live , broke ground on September 15 , 2005 . L.A. Live is designed to offer entertainment , retail and residential programming in the downtown Los Angeles area . Image gallery ( edit ) Staples Center as seen from Microsoft Square Satellite view of Staples Center prior to the L.A. Live development Staples Center during a Los Angeles Kings game The red carpet under the tent leading to Staples Center for the 54th Grammy Awards Inside Staples Center during a Los Angeles Kings game . Inside Staples Center in a Los Angeles Lakers game set up . Inside Staples Center before a Los Angeles Kings game . Inside Staples Center before a Los Angeles Lakers game . A packed Staples Center during a Los Angeles Clippers game . Inside Staples Center during WWE SummerSlam 2009 See also ( edit ) Los Angeles portal Joel Wachs , Los Angeles City Council member who forged a deal to bring the sports arena to L.A. List of music venues in Los Angeles , a list of other music venues in Los Angeles . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Guest Services : Seating Capacity '' . Staples Center . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kalinowski , Mike ; Fischerman , Eddie ; Moeller , Jeff ; Altieri , MIchael ; Nickson , Nick ( 2014 ) . LA Kings 2014 - 15 Media Guide . Los Angeles Kings . p. 327 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ JAMA -- Sports & Recreation Archived 2011 - 07 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Staples Center -- Basketball -- Ballparks.com ^ Jump up to : `` L.A. Facilities : Staples Center '' . Los Angeles Sports Council . Retrieved January 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` AEG Staples Center '' ( Press release ) . AEG Worldwide . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dwyre , Bill ( January 25 , 2009 ) . `` Shane Mosley Shows He 's Not Finished '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( December 2 , 2008 ) . `` Oscar De La Hoya Gets A Statue Of Limitations '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Zupke , Curtis ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Robitaille Honored To Have Statue Unveiled '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers to honor Shaq with statue outside Staples '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ https://www.dailynews.com/2018/01/13/bob-miller-statue-at-staples-center-is-dreamy-stuff/ Jump up ^ `` Lakers Unveil Elgin Baylor Statue Outside of STAPLES Center Los Angeles Lakers '' . Los Angeles Lakers . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` History of AEG : The deal that almost was n't '' . Daily News . 2012 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Mandell , Jason . `` The Staples Center Score '' . Los Angeles Downtown News - The Voice of Downtown Los Angeles . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : WHARTON , DAVID ; NORWOOD , ROBYN ( 1999 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Six Who Made It Happen '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ MERL , JEAN . `` Council Expected to Be Given Plan for Arena Ticket Levy '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Staples becomes a beacon for urban renewal '' . www.sportsbusinessdaily.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ ROHRLICH , TED ( 1997 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Arena Developers Adopt a Strategy of Disclosure '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ MERL , JEAN ( 1997 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Council Endorses Deal to Build Sports Arena '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Howard , Andrew ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` Happy Birthday STAPLES Center '' . Los Angeles Kings . Retrieved October 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Staples Center Announces the Top 25 Greatest Moments as Nominated by the Fans '' . staplescenter.com . February 3 , 2010 . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Staples Center Announces the 10 Greatest Moments '' . staplescenter.com. April 15 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Staples Center unveils Live 4HD scoreboard system by Panasonic '' . staplescenter.com . September 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About Staples Center '' ( Press release ) . AEG Worldwide . Retrieved January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Staples Center : 10 years of boxing and counting '' . ringtv.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ NBA Staff ( January 22 , 2006 ) . Watch All of Kobe 's 81 Points in 3 Minutes . NBA . Jump up ^ `` Leading Off : Lakers ' Lights Out ' Puts the Light back on the Court '' . www.sportsshooter.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Environment '' . Staples Center . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Woike , Dan ( 2012 - 04 - 23 ) . `` Three playoff teams a ' windfall ' for busy Staples Center '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Matsuda , Gann ( 2012 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Los Angeles Kings Win 2012 Stanley Cup , Turning Dreams Into Reality , The Unthinkable Into Fact '' . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://la24-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/assets/pdf/LA2024-canditature-part2_english.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.lolesports.com/en_US/articles/2016-world-championship-hits-north-america Jump up ^ `` STAPLES Center Named Top Veggie - Friendly NBA Arena '' . CBS Los Angeles . 2013 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` AEG L.A. Live '' ( Press release ) . AEG Worldwide . Retrieved January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Live timeline '' ( Press release ) . AEG Worldwide . Retrieved January 1 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Staples Center . Staples Center official website AEG Worldwide Time lapse video switching between sports ( show ) Events and tenants Preceded by Great Western Forum Home of the Los Angeles Lakers 1999 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena Home of the Los Angeles Clippers 1999 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by Great Western Forum Home of the Los Angeles Kings 1999 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by first arena Home of the Los Angeles Avengers 2000 -- 2008 Succeeded by current Preceded by Great Western Forum Home of the Los Angeles Sparks 2001 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by Pepsi Center Bridgestone Arena Venues of the NHL All - Star Game 2002 2017 Succeeded by Office Depot Center TBA Preceded by Olympiahalle WTA Tour Championships venues 2002 -- 2005 Succeeded by Madrid Arena Preceded by Philips Arena Cowboys Stadium Venues of the NBA All - Star Game 2011 Succeeded by Pepsi Center Amway Center Preceded by Nokia Theatre Venues of the MTV Video Music Awards 2012 Succeeded by Barclays Center Preceded by Conseco Fieldhouse Permanent Venue of WWE SummerSlam 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 Succeeded by Barclays Center Preceded by Mercedes - Benz Arena Berlin League of Legends World Championship Final Venue 2016 Succeeded by Beijing National Stadium Beijing Links to related articles Los Angeles Lakers Founded in 1947 Played in Minneapolis ( 1947 -- 1960 ) Based in Los Angeles , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Head coaches Current season Arenas Minneapolis Auditorium Minneapolis Armory Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena The Forum Staples Center G League affiliate South Bay Lakers Administration Jeanie , Jim , and Johnny Buss ( majority owners ) Anschutz Entertainment Group ( minority owner ) Ed Roski Jr. ( minority owner ) Patrick Soon - Shiong ( minority owner ) Magic Johnson ( President of Basketball Operations ) Rob Pelinka ( General manager ) Luke Walton ( Head coach ) Retired numbers 8 13 22 24 25 32 33 34 42 44 52 Chick Hearn ( Microphone ) Minneapolis Lakers Hall of Famers Mikan Mikkelsen Martin Lovellette Pollard Coach Kundla NBA Championships ( 16 ) 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1972 1980 1982 1985 1988 2000 2001 2002 2009 Western Conference Championships ( 31 ) 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1959 1962 1963 1965 1966 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1980 1982 1984 1985 1988 1991 2000 2001 2002 2008 2009 Rivalries Los Angeles Clippers San Antonio Spurs Boston Celtics Detroit Pistons Culture and lore Jack Kent Cooke Jerry Buss Showtime Chick Hearn Shaq -- Kobe feud Lawrence Tanter Jack Nicholson `` I Love L.A. '' Laker Girls Laker Band Dancing Barry Celtics / Lakers : Best of Enemies Media TV Spectrum SportsNet ( Los Angeles ) Radio 710 ESPN Radio 1330 ESPN Deportes Announcers Bill Macdonald Stu Lantz John Ireland Mychal Thompson Los Angeles Sparks Founded in 1997 Based in Los Angeles , California Franchise Franchise Current season Arenas Great Western Forum Staples Center Head coaches Linda Sharp Julie Rousseau Orlando Woolridge Michael Cooper Karleen Thompson Ryan Weisenberg Henry Bibby Joe Bryant Michael Cooper Jennifer Gillom Joe Bryant Carol Ross Penny Toler Brian Agler Administration Owner : Guggenheim Partners General Manager : Rhonda Windham Penny Toler All - Stars Tamecka Dixon Chamique Holdsclaw Jantel Lavender Lisa Leslie Mwadi Mabika Taj McWilliams - Franklin DeLisha Milton - Jones Nneka Ogwumike Candace Parker Nikki Teasley Tina Thompson Seasons 2001 2017 Playoff appearances 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2009 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Conference Championships 2001 2002 2003 2016 WNBA Championships 2001 2002 2016 Rivals Detroit Shock Houston Comets New York Liberty Phoenix Mercury Sacramento Monarchs San Antonio Stars Seattle Storm Media TV : Time Warner Cable SportsNet ( Los Angeles ) Announcers : Jim Watson , Mary Murphy Los Angeles Clippers Founded in 1970 Formerly the Buffalo Braves ( 1970 -- 1978 ) and played in San Diego ( 1978 -- 1984 ) Based in Los Angeles , California Franchise Franchise Expansion Draft Seasons All - time roster Draft history Head coaches Broadcasters Training Center Current season Arenas Buffalo Memorial Auditorium Maple Leaf Gardens San Diego Sports Arena Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim Staples Center General Managers Donovan Sonju Scheer Baylor Dunleavy Olshey Sacks Wohl Winger G League affiliate Agua Caliente Clippers Administration Steve Ballmer ( owner ) Gillian Zucker ( president of business operations ) Lawrence Frank ( president of basketball operations ) Doc Rivers ( head coach ) Jerry West ( basketball consultant / executive board member ) Michael Winger ( general manager ) Division Championships ( 2 ) 2013 2014 Culture and lore Buffalo Braves Clipper Darrell Lob City Billy Crystal Donald Sterling L.A. Clippers Dance Squad Rivals Los Angeles Lakers Media TV KCOP - TV Prime Ticket Radio KLAC / KEIB KWKW ( Spanish ) Announcers Ralph Lawler Bruce Bowen Brian Sieman Celso Gaspar ( Spanish ) Los Angeles Kings Founded in 1967 Based in Los Angeles , California Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History History 1967 expansion Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners Philip Anschutz Ed Roski Jr . General manager Rob Blake Head coach John Stevens Team captain Anze Kopitar Current roster Arenas Long Beach Arena Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena The Forum Staples Center Rivalries Anaheim Ducks San Jose Sharks Affiliates AHL Ontario Reign ECHL Manchester Monarchs Media Broadcasters TV : FSN West / Prime Ticket Radio : KABC ( 790 AM ) Culture and lore I Love L.A. Bailey Frozen Fury Miracle on Manchester 1991 Las Vegas outdoor game Garnet Bailey and Mark Bavis The Love Guru 2011 NHL Premiere 2014 NHL Stadium Series 2015 NHL Stadium Series Los Angeles Avengers Founded in 2000 Folded in 2009 Based in Los Angeles , California Franchise Franchise Seasons Players Arenas Staples Center Head coaches Brock Lyles Hodgkiss O'Hara Playoff appearances ( 5 ) 2002 2003 2005 2007 Division championships ( 1 ) 2005 Hall of Fame members Greg Hopkins Seasons ( 9 ) 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 Current arenas in the National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Air Canada Centre Barclays Center Madison Square Garden TD Garden Wells Fargo Center Central Bankers Life Fieldhouse BMO Harris Bradley Center Little Caesars Arena Quicken Loans Arena United Center Southeast American Airlines Arena Amway Center Capital One Arena Philips Arena Spectrum Center Western Conference Northwest Chesapeake Energy Arena Moda Center Pepsi Center Target Center Vivint Smart Home Arena Pacific Golden 1 Center Oracle Arena Staples Center Talking Stick Resort Arena Southwest American Airlines Center AT&T Center FedExForum Smoothie King Center Toyota Center Current arenas in the National Hockey League Eastern Conference Atlantic Air Canada Centre Amalie Arena BB&T Center Bell Centre Canadian Tire Centre KeyBank Center Little Caesars Arena TD Garden Metropolitan Barclays Center Capital One Arena Madison Square Garden Nationwide Arena PNC Arena PPG Paints Arena Prudential Center Wells Fargo Center Western Conference Central American Airlines Center Bell MTS Place Bridgestone Arena Pepsi Center Scottrade Center United Center Xcel Energy Center Pacific Gila River Arena Honda Center Rogers Arena Rogers Place SAP Center at San Jose Scotiabank Saddledome Staples Center T - Mobile Arena Current arenas in the Women 's National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Bankers Life Fieldhouse Capital One Arena Madison Square Garden McCamish Pavilion Mohegan Sun Arena Wintrust Arena Western Conference College Park Center KeyArena Mandalay Bay Events Center Staples Center Talking Stick Resort Arena Target Center WrestleMania venues Madison Square Garden X XX Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena VII Allstate Arena ( Rosemont , IL ) 13 22 Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum Pontiac Silverdome III Atlantic City Boardwalk Hall IV V Rogers Centre VI X8 Hoosier Dome VIII Caesars Palace IX XL Center ( Hartford , CT ) XI Honda Center ( Anaheim ) XII 2000 TD Garden XIV Wells Fargo Center ( Philadelphia ) XV Reliant Astrodome X-Seven Safeco Field XIX Staples Center 21 Ford Field 23 Camping World Stadium ( Orlando ) XXIV 33 NRG Stadium XXV University of Phoenix Stadium ( Glendale , AZ ) XXVI Georgia Dome XXVII Hard Rock Stadium XXVIII MetLife Stadium 29 35 Mercedes - Benz Superdome XXX 34 Levi 's Stadium 31 AT&T Stadium 32 Venues of the Democratic National Convention The Athenaeum and Warfield 's Church ( 1832 ) Fourth Presbyterian Church ( Baltimore ) ( 1835 ) The Assembly Rooms ( 1840 ) Odd Fellows Hall ( 1844 ) Universalist Church ( Baltimore ) ( 1848 ) Maryland Institute ( 1852 ) Smith and Nixon 's Hall ( 1856 ) South Carolina Institute Hall / Front Street Theater ( 1860 ) The Amphitheatre ( Chicago ) ( 1864 ) Tammany Hall ( 1868 ) Ford 's Grand Opera House ( 1872 ) Merchants Exchange Building ( 1876 ) Cincinnati Music Hall ( 1880 ) Interstate Exposition Building ( 1884 ) Exposition Building ( 1888 ) Wigwam ( 1892 ) Chicago Coliseum ( 1896 ) Convention Hall ( 1900 ) St. Louis Coliseum ( 1904 ) Denver Auditorium Arena ( 1908 ) Fifth Regiment Armory ( 1912 ) Convention Hall ( 1916 ) San Francisco Civic Auditorium ( 1920 ) Madison Square Garden ( II ) ( 1924 ) Sam Houston Hall ( 1928 ) Chicago Stadium ( 1932 ) Philadelphia Convention Hall / Franklin Field ( 1936 ) Chicago Stadium ( 1940 ) Chicago Stadium ( 1944 ) Philadelphia Convention Hall ( 1948 ) International Amphitheatre ( 1952 ) International Amphitheatre ( 1956 ) Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena / Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 1960 ) Atlantic City Convention Hall ( 1964 ) International Amphitheatre ( 1968 ) Miami Beach Convention Center ( 1972 ) Madison Square Garden ( IV ) ( 1976 ) Madison Square Garden ( IV ) ( 1980 ) Moscone Center ( 1984 ) Omni Coliseum ( 1988 ) Madison Square Garden ( IV ) ( 1992 ) United Center ( 1996 ) Staples Center ( 2000 ) FleetCenter ( 2004 ) Pepsi Center / Invesco Field ( 2008 ) Time Warner Cable Arena ( 2012 ) Wells Fargo Center ( 2016 ) Venues of the Grammy Award ceremonies The Beverly Hilton ( 1959 ; 1965 ) Hollywood Palladium ( 1971 , 1974 , 1976 - 1977 ) Felt Forum ( 1972 ) Madison Square Garden ( 1972 , 1997 , 2003 , 2018 ) Tennessee Theatre ( 1973 ) Uris Theatre ( 1975 ) Shrine Auditorium ( 1978 -- 1980 , 1982 -- 1987 , 1989 - 1990 , 1992 - 1993 , 1995 - 1996 , 1999 ) Radio City Music Hall ( 1981 , 1988 , 1991 , 1994 , 1998 ) Staples Center ( 2000 -- 2002 , 2004 - 2017 ) Venues of the Latin Grammy Award ceremonies Staples Center ( 2000 ) Conga Room ( 2001 ) Kodak Theatre ( 2002 ) American Airlines Arena ( 2003 ) Shrine Auditorium ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Madison Square Garden ( 2006 ) Mandalay Bay Events Center ( 2007 ) Toyota Center ( 2008 ) Mandalay Bay Events Center ( 2009 -- 2013 ) MGM Grand Garden Arena ( 2014 - 2015 , 2017 ) T - Mobile Arena ( 2016 ) Olympic venues in basketball 1936 : Tennis Courts , Tennis Stadium ( final ) 1948 : Harringay Arena 1952 : Messuhalli ( final ) , Tennis Palace 1956 : West Melbourne Stadium , Royal Exhibition Building ( final ) 1960 : Palazzo dello Sport ( final ) , Palazzetto dello Sport 1964 : National Gymnasium 1968 : Juan Escutia Sports Palace 1972 : Basketballhalle 1976 : Centre Étienne Desmarteau , Montreal Forum ( final ) 1980 : CSKA Palace of Sports , Indoor Stadium ( final ) 1984 : The Forum 1988 : Jamsil Gymnasium 1992 : Pavelló Olímpic de Badalona 1996 : Georgia Dome ( final ) , Morehouse College Gymnasium 2000 : Sydney SuperDome ( final ) , The Dome and Exhibition Complex 2004 : Hellinikon Indoor Arena , Nikos Galis Olympic Indoor Hall ( final ) 2008 : Wukesong Indoor Stadium 2012 : Basketball Arena , North Greenwich Arena 2016 : Carioca Arena 1 , Youth Arena 2020 : Saitama Super Arena 2024 : AccorHotels Arena , Palais des sports Marcel - Cerdan 2028 : Staples Center , Los Angeles Convention Center Note : During the Olympic Games , venues that have naming rights sold may not use their name during the Olympic Games . Downtown Los Angeles Districts and neighborhoods Arts District Bunker Hill Chinatown Civic Center Fashion District Financial District Gallery Row Historic Core Jewelry District Little Tokyo Naud Junction Old Bank District Skid Row South Park Spring Street Financial District Toy District Wholesale District Points of interest Angels Flight The Broad Broadway Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels City Hall Convention Center Grand Park L.A. Live MOCA Music Center Olvera Street Pershing Square Staples Center Union Station LA Regions Crescenta Valley Downtown Eastside Harbor Area Greater Hollywood Northeast LA Northwest LA San Fernando Valley South LA Westside Wilshire Mid-City West Mid-Wilshire Music venues of California Outdoor venues Angel Stadium AT&T Park Dodger Stadium Greek Theatre Harder Stadium Hearst Greek Theatre Hollywood Bowl John Anson Ford Amphitheatre Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Levi 's Stadium Mountain Winery Oakland Coliseum Pacific Amphitheatre Petco Park Qualcomm Stadium Rose Bowl San Manuel Amphitheater Santa Barbara Bowl Shoreline Amphitheatre Sleep Train Amphitheatre ( Chula Vista , California ) Toyota Amphitheatre Concord Pavilion Spartan Stadium Starlight Bowl ( Burbank ) Starlight Bowl ( San Diego ) StubHub Center Indoor venues Arlington Theater Bimbo 's 365 Club City National Grove of Anaheim The Church on York Dolby Theatre Universal Amphitheatre Great American Music Hall Hollywood Palladium Los Angeles Music Center Majestic Ventura Theatre Microsoft Theater Nob Hill Masonic Center Pasadena Civic Auditorium Rabobank Theater Roxy Theatre Sacramento Memorial Auditorium City National Civic Segerstrom Center for the Arts Shrine Auditorium Terrapin Crossroads The Troubadour War Memorial and Performing Arts Center Whisky a Go Go Yoshi 's Arenas Anaheim Convention Center Bren Events Center Citizens Business Bank Arena Coussoulis Arena Cow Palace Del Mar Arena Golden Hall Golden 1 Center Jenny Craig Pavilion Farm Credit Dairy Center The Forum Bill Graham Civic Auditorium Honda Center Long Beach Arena Oracle Arena Orange Pavilion Paso Robles Event Center Pauley Pavilion Rabobank Arena RIMAC Arena SAP Center Save Mart Center Selland Arena Sleep Train Arena Alex G. Spanos Center Staples Center Stockton Arena Stockton Memorial Civic Auditorium Thunderdome Valley View Casino Center Viejas Arena Festivals BottleRock Napa Valley Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival Hardly Strictly Bluegrass High Sierra Music Festival Monterey Jazz Festival Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival Spirit West Coast Stagecoach Festival Historic venues The Boarding House Bop City Fillmore West Sweetwater Saloon Demolished Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena Candlestick Park Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staples_Center&oldid=837124812 '' Categories : Sports venues in Los Angeles Music venues in Los Angeles Buildings and structures in Downtown Los Angeles South Park ( Downtown Los Angeles ) Arena football venues Basketball venues in California Boxing venues in Los Angeles National Basketball Association venues College basketball venues in the United States Indoor arenas in Los Angeles Indoor ice hockey venues in Los Angeles Mixed martial arts venues in California Professional wrestling venues in California Wrestling venues in Los Angeles Landmarks in Los Angeles Anschutz Corporation Los Angeles Clippers venues Los Angeles D - Fenders Los Angeles Kings arenas Los Angeles Lakers venues Los Angeles Sparks venues National Hockey League venues Defunct NBA G League venues Sports venues completed in 1999 1999 establishments in California 1990s architecture in the United States NBBJ buildings 2028 Summer Olympic venues Olympic basketball venues Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 21 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who were the actors in scent of a woman
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Gabrielle Anwar
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gabrielle anwar
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Gabrielle Anwar Anwar in 2009 ( 1970 - 02 - 04 ) 4 February 1970 ( age 48 ) Laleham , Surrey , England Residence Palm Island , Florida , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1986 -- present Spouse ( s ) John Verea ( m . 2000 ; div. 2005 ) Shareef Malnik ( m . 2015 ) Partner ( s ) Craig Sheffer ( ended 1990s ) Children Parent ( s ) Tariq Anwar ( father ) Shirley Hills - Anwar ( mother ) Gabrielle Anwar ( born 4 February 1970 ) is an English actress known for her roles as Margaret Tudor on The Tudors , Fiona Glenanne on Burn Notice , Lady Tremaine in the seventh season of Once Upon a Time , and for dancing the tango with Al Pacino in Scent of a Woman . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Anwar was born in Laleham , Surrey . Her mother , Shirley Hills , is an actress , and her father , Tariq Anwar , is an award - winning film producer and editor . Her paternal grandmother was an Austrian Jew , while her paternal grandfather was an Indian Muslim . Anwar attended Laleham C of E Primary and Middle School from 1975 to 1982 ; an end - of - term St Trinian 's sketch in the school concert of 1982 gave an early indication of her theatrical leanings . She studied drama and dance at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts in London . Career ( edit ) Anwar 's acting debut was in the British miniseries Hideaway . She made her film début in Manifesto , which was followed by more British television productions including First Born , Summer 's Lease , Press Gang , and The Mysteries of the Dark Jungle . While working on films and television in London , she met American actor Craig Sheffer , and moved with him to Hollywood . Anwar and Sheffer have co-starred in a number of American films together , such as In Pursuit of Honor , The Grave , Turbulence 3 : Heavy Metal , Flying Virus , Save It for Later , Water Under the Bridge , and Long Lost Son . Her first American film was If Looks Could Kill , in which she played the daughter of a murdered British agent ( played by Roger Daltrey ) . In 1992 , she made a guest appearance on Beverly Hills , 90210 as Tricia Kinney . She followed that with the films Wild Hearts Ca n't Be Broken ( inspired by A Girl and Five Brave Horses ) , Scent of a Woman , Body Snatchers , For Love or Money , The Three Musketeers , and Things to do in Denver When You 're Dead . In 1994 , People magazine named her one of the 50 most beautiful people in the world . One of her most memorable moments on screen came in 1992 's Scent of a Woman , when she danced a tango with Al Pacino , whose character was blind . Anwar appeared in the television series John Doe and acted in The Librarian : Return to King Solomon 's Mines . Anwar played Princess Margaret , sister of King Henry VIII , on Showtime 's The Tudors in 2007 . She later played Fiona Glenanne in the long - running television series Burn Notice . In 2008 , Anwar made an appearance as Eva Sintzel , a woman trying to get pregnant through the fictitious Hudson Cryobank in the Law & Order : SVU episode `` Inconceivable '' . She played Eddie 's ( Johnny Depp ) girlfriend in Tom Petty 's Into the Great Wide Open music video . She also played a role in the seventh season of Once Upon a Time . Personal life ( edit ) Anwar and actor Craig Sheffer had a daughter , Willow ( born 1993 ) , before separating . She was later married to actor John Verea , with whom she had a son , Hugo , and daughter , Paisley , before divorcing . Sheffer is godfather to Hugo and Paisley . Anwar gained U.S. citizenship in 2008 . In April 2010 , Anwar began dating Shareef Malnik . In August 2015 , they were married in Montana . They reside in Palm Island , Florida . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1986 Hideaway Tracy Wright 6 episodes 1986 Pretty Little Head Paul McCartney music Sa - ti vorbesc despre mine 1988 The Storyteller Lidia Episode : `` Fearnot '' 1988 A Night of Love Tina 1988 First Born Nell Forester Episode : `` 1.3 '' 1989 Summer 's Lease Chrissie Kettering Episode : `` A Battlefield '' Episode : `` The Urbino Trail '' 1989 Prince Caspian and the Voyage of the Dawn Treader Ramandu 's Daughter Episode : `` 1.6 '' Press Gang Sam Black 12 episodes 1991 The Mystery of the Black Jungle Ada Corishant TV miniseries 1991 If Looks Could Kill Mariska Blade 1991 Wild Hearts Ca n't Be Broken Sonora Webster 1991 Into the Great Wide Open Eddie 's girlfriend Tom Petty music video 1992 Beverly Hills , 90210 Tricia Kinney Episode : `` Fire and Ice '' 1992 Scent of a Woman Donna The Tango Girl 1993 Body Snatchers Marti Malone 1993 Fallen Angels Delia Episode : `` Dead End for Delia '' 1993 For Love or Money ( aka The Concierge ) Andy Hart 1993 The Three Musketeers Queen Anne 1995 In Pursuit of Honor Jessica Stewart TV film 1995 Things to Do in Denver When You 're Dead Dagney 1995 Innocent Lies Celia Graves The Grave Jordan 1997 Nevada Linny 1997 Sub Down Laura Dyson Video 1997 The Ripper Florry Lewis TV film 1998 Beach Movie Sunny 1999 The Manor Charlotte Kleiner 1999 Kimberly Kimberly 1999 My Little Assassin Marita Lorenz TV film 2000 Without Malice Susan TV film 2000 If You Only Knew Kate 2000 The Guilty Sophie Lennon 2000 North Beach Lu 2000 How to Marry a Billionaire : A Christmas Tale Jenny Seeger TV film 2001 Turbulence 3 : Heavy Metal Kate Hayden Video 2001 The Practice Katie Defoe Episode : `` Dangerous Liaisons '' 2001 Flying Virus Ann Bauer 2002 Sherlock : Case of Evil Rebecca Doyle TV film 2002 John Doe Rachel Penbroke Episodes : `` Manifest Destiny '' and `` Tone Dead '' 2003 Save It for Later Catherine Try to Remember Lisa Monroe TV film 2005 Mysterious Island Jane TV film 2006 9 / Tenths Jessica 2006 The Marsh Claire Holloway 2006 Long Lost Son Kristen Sheppard / Halloran / Collins TV film 2006 The Librarian : Return to King Solomon 's Mines Emily Davenport TV film 2006 Crazy Eights Beth Patterson 2007 The Tudors Princess Margaret 6 episodes 2007 -- 2013 Burn Notice Fiona Glenanne Main cast , 111 episodes 2008 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Eva Sintzel Episode : `` Inconceivable '' 2008 iMurders Lindsay Jefferies Lies Between Friends Joss Jenner 2011 A Warrior 's Heart Claire Sullivan 2011 The Family Tree Nina 2011 Carnal Innocence Caroline Waverly 2017 - 18 Once Upon a Time Lady Rapunzel Tremaine / Victoria Belfrey Series Regular ( Season 7 ) Episodes 1 - 11 2019 The Last Summer Griffin 's Mom Post-production Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result 2007 33rd Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress on Television The Librarian : Return to King Solomon 's Mines Nominated 2008 23rd Gemini Awards Best Performance by an Actress in a Guest Role in a Dramatic Series The Tudors Nominated 12th Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress : Action Burn Notice Nominated 2018 20th Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Villain Once Upon a Time Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` It 's a Jungle Out There '' . The State . 6 October 1990 . Retrieved 22 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Ansari , Shabana ( 10 March 2011 ) . `` Oscar - nominated film editor Tariq Anwar has Mumbai link '' . DNA Daily News & Analysis . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gabrielle Anwar - Most Beautiful , Gabrielle Anwar '' . People.com. 1994 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Gabrielle Anwar - Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 25 June 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Hidek , Jeff ( 30 July 2010 ) . `` Craig Sheffer reflects on his time in Wilmington , his new Hallmark movie and his role on `` One Tree Hill '' `` . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Anwar 's Citizenship Anguish Jump up ^ Stacey Russell ( 28 March 2012 ) . `` Are Gabrielle Anwar and Shareef Malnik Secretly Engaged ? '' . Miami New Times . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Elizabeth ( 6 September 2015 ) . `` Gabrielle Anwar Marries Restaurateur Shareef Malnick in a ' Wild West ' Montana Wedding '' . People . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ https://oceandrive.com/shareef-malnik-settles-down Jump up ^ Paramount 's ' What Men Want ' Adds Shane Paul McGhie ; Forrest Goodluck Cast In ' The Last Summer ' External links ( edit ) Gabrielle Anwar on Twitter Gabrielle Anwar on IMDb BNF : cb14039508n ( data ) GND : 141338482 ISNI : 0000 0003 6022 8982 LCCN : no00024521 SNAC : w6rg8s3c VIAF : 223724420 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabrielle_Anwar&oldid=847454185 '' Categories : 1970 births 20th - century English actresses 21st - century English actresses Actresses from Surrey Alumni of the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts British expatriate actresses in the United States English film actresses English people of Austrian - Jewish descent English people of Indian descent English television actresses Living people Hidden categories : Use British English from January 2012 Use dmy dates from January 2012 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 June 2018 , at 13 : 36 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle%20Anwar
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what type of operating system is windows 10
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Windows 10 is a personal computer operating system developed and released by Microsoft , as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems . It was released on July 29 , 2015 . It is the first version of Windows that receives ongoing feature updates . Devices in enterprise environments can receive these updates at a slower pace , or use long - term support milestones that only receive critical updates , such as security patches , over their ten - year lifespan of extended support .
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a personal computer operating system developed and released by Microsoft , as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems
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Windows 10
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windows 10
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Windows 10 is a personal computer operating system developed and released by Microsoft , as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems . It was released on July 29 , 2015 . It is the first version of Windows that receives ongoing feature updates . Devices in enterprise environments can receive these updates at a slower pace , or use long - term support milestones that only receive critical updates , such as security patches , over their ten - year lifespan of extended support .
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Windows 10 introduces what Microsoft described as `` universal apps '' ; expanding on Metro - style apps , these apps can be designed to run across multiple Microsoft product families with nearly identical code -- including PCs , tablets , smartphones , embedded systems , Xbox One , Surface Hub and Mixed Reality . The Windows user interface was revised to handle transitions between a mouse - oriented interface and a touchscreen - optimized interface based on available input devices -- particularly on 2 - in - 1 PCs ; both interfaces include an updated Start menu which incorporates elements of Windows 7 's traditional Start menu with the tiles of Windows 8 . The first release of Windows 10 also introduces a virtual desktop system , a window and desktop management feature called Task View , the Microsoft Edge web browser , support for fingerprint and face recognition login , new security features for enterprise environments , and DirectX 12 and WDDM 2.0 to improve the operating system 's graphics capabilities for games . Windows 10 received mostly positive reviews upon its original release in July 2015 ; critics praised Microsoft 's decision to provide a desktop - oriented interface in line with previous versions of Windows , contrasting the tablet - oriented approach of 8 , although Windows 10 's touch - oriented user interface mode was panned for containing regressions upon the touch - oriented interface of Windows 8 . Critics also praised the improvements to Windows 10 's bundled software over Windows 8.1 , Xbox Live integration , as well as the functionality and capabilities of Cortana personal assistant and the replacement of Internet Explorer with Microsoft Edge . However , media outlets have been critical of changes to operating system behaviors , including mandatory update installation , privacy concerns over data collection performed by the OS for Microsoft and its partners , and the adware - like tactics used to promote the operating system on its release . Microsoft aimed to have Windows 10 installed on at least one billion devices in the two to three years following its release . Up to August 2016 , Windows 10 usage was increasing , with it then plateauing , while eventually in 2018 , it became more widely used than Windows 7 , and thus the single most used Windows version overall ( at 42.78 % , thus the other more used overall ) , though not on some continents as measured by web traffic . As of November 2017 , the operating system is running on more than 600 million devices and has an estimated usage share of 32 % on traditional PCs and 15 % across all platforms ( PC , mobile , tablet , and console ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Announcement 1.2 Release 2 Features 2.1 User interface and desktop 2.2 System security 2.3 Command line 2.4 Storage requirements 2.5 Online services and functionality 2.6 Multimedia and gaming 2.6. 1 DirectX 12 3 Removed features 3.1 Features removed in version 1607 3.2 Features removed in version 1703 and 1709 4 Editions and pricing 4.1 Preview releases 4.2 Public release 4.2. 1 Free upgrade offer 4.2. 2 Licensing 5 Updates and support 5.1 Feature updates 5.1. 1 Version 1511 ( November Update ) 5.1. 2 Version 1607 ( Anniversary Update ) 5.1. 3 Version 1703 ( Creators Update ) 5.1. 4 Version 1709 ( Fall Creators Update ) 5.2 Features in development 6 System requirements 7 Reception 7.1 Market share and sales 7.2 Update system changes 7.3 Distribution practices 7.4 Privacy and data collection 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Development ( edit ) At the Microsoft Worldwide Partner Conference in 2011 , Andrew Lees , the chief of Microsoft 's mobile technologies , said that the company intended to have a single software ecosystem for PCs , phones , tablets , and other devices . `` We wo n't have an ecosystem for PCs , and one for phones , and one for tablets -- they 'll all come together . '' In December 2013 , technology writer Mary Jo Foley reported that Microsoft was working on an update to Windows 8 codenamed `` Threshold '' , after a planet in Microsoft 's Halo video game franchise . Similarly to `` Blue '' ( which became Windows 8.1 ) , Foley called Threshold a `` wave of operating systems '' across multiple Microsoft platforms and services , scheduled for the second quarter of 2015 . Foley reported that among the goals for Threshold was to create a unified application platform and development toolkit for Windows , Windows Phone and Xbox One ( which all use a similar Windows NT kernel ) . In April 2014 , at the Build Conference , Microsoft 's Terry Myerson unveiled an updated version of Windows 8.1 that added the ability to run Windows Store apps inside desktop windows and a more traditional Start menu in place of the Start screen seen in Windows 8 . The new Start menu takes after Windows 7 's design by using only a portion of the screen and including a Windows 7 - style application listing in the first column . The second column displays Windows 8 - style app tiles . Myerson said that these changes would occur in a future update , but did not elaborate . Microsoft also unveiled the concept of a `` universal Windows app '' , allowing Windows Store apps created for Windows 8.1 to be ported to Windows Phone 8.1 and Xbox One while sharing a common codebase , with an interface designed for different device form factors , and allowing user data and licenses for an app to be shared between multiple platforms . Windows Phone 8.1 would share nearly 90 % of the common Windows Runtime APIs with Windows 8.1 on PCs . Screenshots of a Windows build which purported to be Threshold were leaked in July 2014 , showing the previously presented Start menu and windowed Windows Store apps followed by a further screenshot in September 2014 of a build identifying itself as `` Windows Technical Preview '' , numbered 9834 , showing a new virtual desktop system , a notification center , and a new File Explorer icon . Announcement ( edit ) Threshold was officially unveiled during a media event on September 30 , 2014 , under the name Windows 10 ; Myerson said that Windows 10 would be Microsoft 's `` most comprehensive platform ever '' , providing a single , unified platform for desktop computers , laptops , tablets , smartphones , and all - in - one devices . He emphasized that Windows 10 would take steps towards restoring user interface mechanics from Windows 7 to improve the experience for users on non-touch devices , noting criticism of Windows 8 's touch - oriented interface by keyboard and mouse users . Despite these concessions , Myerson noted that the touch - oriented interface would evolve as well on 10 . In regards to Microsoft naming the new operating system Windows 10 instead of Windows 9 , Terry Myerson said that `` based on the product that 's coming , and just how different our approach will be overall , it would n't be right to call it Windows 9 . '' He also joked that they could not call it `` Windows One '' ( alluding to several recent Microsoft products with a similar brand , such as OneDrive , OneNote , and Xbox One ) because Windows 1.0 already existed . Tony Prophet , Microsoft Vice President of Windows Marketing , said at a San Francisco conference in October 2014 that Windows 9 `` came and went '' , and that Windows 10 is not `` an incremental step from Windows 8.1 , '' but `` a material step . We 're trying to create one platform , one eco-system that unites as many of the devices ( sic ) from the small embedded Internet of Things , through tablets , through phones , through PCs and , ultimately , into the Xbox . '' Further details surrounding Windows 10 's consumer - oriented features were presented during another media event held on January 21 , 2015 , entitled `` Windows 10 : The Next Chapter '' . The keynote featured the unveiling of Cortana integration within the operating system , new Xbox - oriented features , Windows 10 Mobile , an updated Office Mobile suite , Surface Hub -- a large - screened Windows 10 device for enterprise collaboration based upon Perceptive Pixel technology , along with HoloLens ‐ augmented reality eyewear and an associated platform for building apps that can render holograms through HoloLens . Additional developer - oriented details surrounding the `` Universal Windows Platform '' concept were revealed and discussed during Microsoft 's developers ' conference Build . Among them were the unveiling of `` Islandwood '' , which provides a middleware toolchain for compiling Objective - C based software ( particularly , iOS software ) to run as universal apps on Windows 10 and Windows 10 Mobile . A port of Candy Crush Saga made using the toolkit , which shared much of its code with the iOS version , was demonstrated , alongside the announcement that the King - developed game would be bundled with Windows 10 at launch . Release ( edit ) On June 1 , 2015 , Microsoft announced that Windows 10 would be released on July 29 , 2015 . Microsoft began an advertising campaign centering on Windows 10 , `` Upgrade Your World '' , on July 20 , 2015 with the premiere of television commercials in Australia , Canada , France , Germany , Japan , the United Kingdom , and the United States . The commercials focused on the tagline `` A more human way to do '' , emphasizing new features and technologies supported by Windows 10 that sought to provide a more `` personal '' experience to users . The campaign culminated with launch events in thirteen cities on July 29 , which celebrated `` the unprecedented role our biggest fans played in the development of Windows 10 '' . Features ( edit ) Main article : Features new to Windows 10 Windows 10 harmonizes the user experience and functionality between different classes of device , and addresses shortcomings in the user interface that were introduced in Windows 8 . Windows 10 Mobile , the successor to Windows Phone 8.1 , shares some user interface elements and apps with its PC counterpart . The Windows Runtime app ecosystem was revised into the Universal Windows Platform ( UWP ) . These universal apps are made to run across multiple platforms and device classes , including smartphones , tablets , Xbox One consoles , and other compatible Windows 10 devices . Windows apps share code across platforms , have responsive designs that adapt to the needs of the device and available inputs , can synchronize data between Windows 10 devices ( including notifications , credentials , and allowing cross-platform multiplayer for games ) , and are distributed through a unified Windows Store . Developers can allow `` cross-buys '' , where purchased licenses for an app apply to all of the user 's compatible devices , rather than only the one they purchased on ( e.g. , a user purchasing an app on PC is also entitled to use the smartphone version at no extra cost ) . On Windows 10 , Windows Store serves as a unified storefront for apps , music , films , TV series and ebooks . Windows 10 also allows web apps and desktop software ( using either Win32 or . NET Framework ) to be packaged for distribution on the Windows Store . Desktop software distributed through Windows Store is packaged using the App - V system to allow sandboxing . User interface and desktop ( edit ) The `` Task View '' display is a new feature to Windows 10 , allowing the use of multiple workspaces . A new iteration of the Start menu is used on the Windows 10 desktop , with a list of places and other options on the left side , and tiles representing applications on the right . The menu can be resized , and expanded into a full - screen display , which is the default option in Tablet mode . A new virtual desktop system was added . A feature known as Task View displays all open windows and allows users to switch between them , or switch between multiple workspaces . Windows Store apps , which previously could be used only in full screen mode , can now be used in self - contained windows similarly to other programs . Program windows can now be snapped to quadrants of the screen by dragging them to the corner . When a window is snapped to one side of the screen , Task View appears and the user is prompted to choose a second window to fill the unused side of the screen ( called `` Snap Assist '' ) . Windows ' system icons were also changed . Charms have been removed ; their functionality in Windows Store apps is accessed from an App commands menu on their title bar . In its place is Action Center , which displays notifications and settings toggles . It is accessed by clicking an icon in the notification area , or dragging from the right of the screen . Notifications can be synced between multiple devices . The Settings app ( formerly PC Settings ) was refreshed and now includes more options that were previously exclusive to the desktop Control Panel . Windows 10 is designed to adapt its user interface based on the type of device being used and available input methods . It offers two separate user interface modes : a user interface optimized for mouse and keyboard , and a `` Tablet mode '' designed for touchscreens . Users can toggle between these two modes at any time , and Windows can prompt or automatically switch when certain events occur , such as disabling Tablet mode on a tablet if a keyboard or mouse is plugged in , or when a 2 - in - 1 PC is switched to its laptop state . In Tablet mode , programs default to a maximized view , and the taskbar contains a back button and hides buttons for opened or pinned programs ; Task View is used instead to switch between programs . The full screen Start menu is used in this mode , similarly to Windows 8 , but scrolls vertically instead of horizontally . System security ( edit ) Windows Hello unlock prompt on a Surface Pro 4 while using Enpass ( a password manager ) Windows 10 incorporates multi-factor authentication technology based upon standards developed by the FIDO Alliance . The operating system includes improved support for biometric authentication through the Windows Hello platform . Devices with supported cameras ( requiring infrared illumination , such as Intel RealSense ) allow users to log in with iris or face recognition , similarly to Kinect . Devices with supported readers allow users to log in through fingerprint recognition . Support was also added for palm - vein scanning through a partnership with Fujitsu in February 2018 . Credentials are stored locally and protected using asymmetric encryption . When Windows 10 was first introduced , multi-factor authentication was provided by two components : Windows Hello and Passport ( not to be confused with the Passport platform of 1998 ) . Later , Passport was merged into Windows Hello . The enterprise version of Windows 10 offers additional security features ; administrators can set up policies for the automatic encryption of sensitive data , selectively block applications from accessing encrypted data , and enable Device Guard -- a system which allows administrators to enforce a high security environment by blocking the execution of software that is not digitally signed by a trusted vendor or Microsoft . Device Guard is designed to protect against zero - day exploits , and runs inside a hypervisor so that its operation remains separated from the operating system itself . Command line ( edit ) Win32 console windows can now be resized without any restrictions , can be made to cover the full screen by pressing Alt + ↵ Enter , and can use standard keyboard shortcuts , such as those for cut , copy , and paste . Other features such as word wrap and transparency were also added . These functions can be disabled to revert to the legacy console , if needed . The Anniversary Update adds Windows Subsystem for Linux , which allows the installation of a user space environment from a supported Linux distribution that runs natively on Windows . The subsystem translates Linux system calls that the Linux system uses to those of the Windows NT kernel . The environment can execute the Bash shell and 64 - bit command line programs . Windows applications can not be executed from the Linux environment , and vice versa . Linux distributions for Windows Subsystem for Linux are obtained through Windows Store . The feature initially supported an Ubuntu - based environment ; Microsoft announced in May 2017 that it would add Fedora and OpenSUSE environment options as well . Storage requirements ( edit ) To reduce the storage footprint of the operating system , Windows 10 automatically compresses system files . The system can reduce the storage footprint of Windows by approximately 1.5 GB for 32 - bit systems and 2.6 GB for 64 - bit systems . The level of compression used is dependent on a performance assessment performed during installations or by OEMs , which tests how much compression can be used without harming operating system performance . Furthermore , the Refresh and Reset functions use runtime system files instead , making a separate recovery partition redundant , allowing patches and updates to remain installed following the operation , and further reducing the amount of space required for Windows 10 by up to 12 GB . These functions replace the WIMBoot mode introduced on Windows 8.1 Update , which allowed OEMs to configure low - capacity devices with flash - based storage to use Windows system files out of the compressed WIM image typically used for installation and recovery . Windows 10 also includes a function in its Settings app that allows users to view a breakdown of how their device 's storage capacity is being used by different types of files , and determine whether certain types of files are saved to internal storage or an SD card by default . Online services and functionality ( edit ) Windows 10 introduces a new default web browser , Microsoft Edge . It features a new standards - compliant rendering engine forked from Trident , annotation tools , and offers integration with other Microsoft platforms present within Windows 10 . Internet Explorer 11 is maintained on Windows 10 for compatibility purposes , but is deprecated in favor of Edge and will no longer be actively developed . Windows 10 incorporates Microsoft 's intelligent personal assistant , Cortana , which was first introduced with Windows Phone 8.1 in 2014 . Cortana replaced Windows ' embedded search feature , supporting both text and voice input . Many of its features are a direct carryover from Windows Phone , including integration with Bing , setting reminders , a Notebook feature for managing personal information , as well as searching for files , playing music , launching applications and setting reminders or sending emails . Cortana is implemented as a universal search box located alongside the Start and Task View buttons , which can be hidden or condensed to a single button . Microsoft Family Safety is replaced by Microsoft Family , a parental controls system that applies across Windows platforms and Microsoft online services . Users can create a designated family , and monitor and restrict the actions of users designated as children , such as access to websites , enforcing age ratings on Windows Store purchases , and other restrictions . The service can also send weekly e-mail reports to parents detailing a child 's computer usage . Unlike previous versions of Windows , child accounts in a family must be associated with a Microsoft account -- which allows these settings to apply across all Windows 10 devices that a particular child is using . Windows 10 also offers the Wi - Fi Sense feature originating from Windows Phone 8.1 ; users can optionally have their device automatically connect to suggested open hotspots , and share their home network 's password with contacts ( either via Skype , People , or Facebook ) so they may automatically connect to the network on a Windows 10 device without needing to manually enter its password . Credentials are stored in an encrypted form on Microsoft servers , and sent to the devices of the selected contacts . Passwords are not viewable by the guest user , and the guest user is not allowed to access other computers or devices on the network . Wi - Fi Sense is not usable on 802.1 X-encrypted networks . Adding `` _optout '' at the end of the SSID will also block the corresponding network from being used for this feature . Universal calling and messaging apps for Windows 10 are built in as of the November 2015 update : Messaging , Skype Video , and Phone . These offer built - in alternatives to the Skype download and sync with Windows 10 Mobile . Multimedia and gaming ( edit ) See also : List of Xbox Live Games on Windows 10 The dedicated Xbox app on Windows 10 , on the `` Avatar Store '' page Windows 10 provides heavier integration with the Xbox ecosystem . Xbox SmartGlass is succeeded by the Xbox app , which allows users to browse their game library ( including both PC and Xbox console games ) , and Game DVR is also available using a keyboard shortcut , allowing users to save the last 30 seconds of gameplay as a video that can be shared to Xbox Live , OneDrive , or elsewhere . Windows 10 also allows users to control and play games from an Xbox One console over a local network . The Xbox Live SDK allows application developers to incorporate Xbox Live functionality into their apps , and future wireless Xbox One accessories , such as controllers , are supported on Windows with an adapter . Microsoft also intends to allow cross-buys and save synchronization between Xbox One and Windows 10 versions of games ; Microsoft Studios games such as ReCore and Quantum Break are intended as being exclusive to Windows 10 and Xbox One . Candy Crush Saga and Microsoft Solitaire Collection are also automatically installed upon installation of Windows 10 . Windows 10 adds native game recording and screenshot capture ability using the newly introduced game bar . Users can also have the OS continuously record gameplay in the background , which , then , allows the user to save the last few , user configurable , moments of gameplay to the hard disk . Windows 10 adds FLAC and HEVC codecs and support for the Matroska media container , allowing these formats to be opened in Windows Media Player and other applications . DirectX 12 ( edit ) Windows 10 includes DirectX 12 , alongside WDDM 2.0 . Unveiled March 2014 at GDC , DirectX 12 aims to provide `` console - level efficiency '' with `` closer to the metal '' access to hardware resources , and reduced CPU and graphics driver overhead . Most of the performance improvements are achieved through low - level programming , which allow developers to use resources more efficiently and reduce single - threaded CPU bottlenecking caused by abstraction through higher level APIs . DirectX 12 will also feature support for vendor agnostic multi-GPU setups . WDDM 2.0 introduces a new virtual memory management and allocation system to reduce workload on the kernel - mode driver . Removed features ( edit ) Windows Media Center was discontinued , and is uninstalled when upgrading from a previous version of Windows . Upgraded Windows installations with Media Center will receive the paid app Windows DVD Player free of charge for a limited , but unspecified , time . Microsoft had previously relegated Media Center and integrated DVD playback support to a paid add - on beginning on Windows 8 due to the cost of licensing the required DVD playback related patents , and the increasing number of PC devices that have no optical drives . The OneDrive built - in sync client , which was introduced in Windows 8.1 , no longer supports offline placeholders for online - only files in Windows 10 . This functionality was re-added in Windows 10 version 1709 , under the name `` OneDrive Files On - Demand '' . Users are no longer able to synchronize Start menu layouts across all devices associated with a Microsoft account . A Microsoft developer justified the change by explaining that a user may have different applications they want to emphasize on each device that they use , rather than use the same configuration across each device . The ability to automatically install a Windows Store app across all devices associated with an account was also removed . Web browsers can no longer set themselves as a user 's default without further intervention ; changing the default web browser must be performed manually by the user from Settings ' `` Default apps '' page , ostensibly to prevent browser hijacking . Parental controls no longer support browsers other than Internet Explorer and Edge , and the ability to control browsing by a whitelist was removed . Also removed were the ability to control local accounts , and the ability to scan a machine for applications to allow and block . The Food & Drink , Health & Fitness , and Travel apps have been discontinued . Drivers for floppy drives are no longer integrated and must be downloaded separately . While all Windows 10 editions include fonts that provide broad language support , some fonts for Middle Eastern and East Asian languages ( Arabic , Chinese , Hindi , Japanese , Korean , etc . ) are no longer included with the standard installation to reduce storage space used , but are available without charge as optional font packages . When software invokes text in languages other than those for which the system is configured and does not use the Windows font fallback mechanisms designed always to display legible glyphs , Windows displays unsupported characters as a default `` not defined '' glyph , a square or rectangular box , or a box with a dot , question mark or `` x '' inside . Windows Defender could be integrated into File Explorer 's context menu in Windows 8. x , but Microsoft initially removed integration from Windows 10 , restoring it in Windows 10 build 10571 in response to user feedback . User control over Windows Updates was removed ( except in enterprise versions ) . In earlier versions users could opt for updates to be installed automatically , or to be notified so they could update as and when they wished , or not to be notified ; and they could choose which updates to install , using information about the updates . Windows 10 Pro and Enterprise users may be configured by an administrator to defer updates , but only for a limited time . Under the Windows end - user license agreement , users consent to the automatic installation of all updates , features and drivers provided by the service , and implicitly consent `` without any additional notice '' to the possibility of features being modified or removed . Features removed in version 1607 ( edit ) Cortana can no longer be fully hidden , as it was made the default search experience in the Windows shell for all users ( on previous revisions , a generic search experience without any Cortana branding and functionality is used if it is disabled ) . As with previous builds , users must still opt - in and grant permission for the software to perform data collection and tracking in order to fully enable Cortana 's personalized features . If this functionality is not enabled , Cortana operates in a feature - limited mode with basic web and device search functionality , nearly identical to the non-Cortana search experience on previous builds . In April 2016 , Microsoft announced that it will no longer allow Cortana web searches to be executed through any other web browser and search engine combination but Microsoft Edge and Bing , intentionally disregarding user settings . Microsoft stated that circumvention of these settings ( which could be accomplished with third - party software ) results in a `` compromised experience that is less reliable and predictable '' , and that only Microsoft Edge supports direct integration with Cortana within the browser itself . Certain features related to embedded advertising in the operating system can no longer be disabled on non-enterprise versions of Windows 10 using management settings such as Group Policy , including disabling Windows Store and Universal Windows Platform apps , `` Microsoft consumer experiences '' ( which pushes tiles to the Start menu advertising Windows Store apps promoted by Microsoft , typically following a new installation of Windows 10 ) , Windows Tips , turning off the lock screen ( which can optionally display ads as part of `` Spotlight '' tips ) , or enforcing a specific lock screen background . Critics argued that this change was meant to discourage Windows 10 Pro from being used in business environments , since Microsoft was making it less attractive by reducing the amount of control administrators have over their devices ' environment without using an enterprise version of Windows 10 . The ability to share Wi - Fi credentials with other contacts via Wi - Fi Sense was removed ; Wi - Fi passwords can still be synced between devices tied to the same Microsoft account . The ability to change the Exit Windows , Windows Logoff and Windows Logon sounds was hidden in Version 1607 , although these features can be enabled by going to the Windows Registry and under the EventLabels folder and setting the value to 0 . Features removed in version 1703 and 1709 ( edit ) Windows Update will no longer postpone the download of certain critical updates if the device is connected to a network that was designated by the user as being `` metered '' . Although meant to prevent the updates from utilizing data allotments , this behavior had been used as a workaround by users to defy the requirement for all updates to be automatically downloaded . Devices containing an Intel Atom `` Clover Trail '' system - on - chip are incompatible with Version 1703 , and can not be upgraded to this version of Windows 10 . Server Message Block version 1 ( SMB1 ) is disabled by default on version 1709 . The Home and Pro editions only disable the SMB1 server , but retain the SMB1 client , so they can connect to SMB1 network shares . The Enterprise and Education editions disable the SMB1 entirely . This version of the 30 - year - old protocol gained notoriety in the WannaCry ransomware attack , although Microsoft had been discouraging its use even before . The Interactive Service Detection service , introduced in Windows Vista to combat shatter attacks , is removed in 1703 . Syskey was removed in 1709 , with Microsoft recommending the use of Bitlocker instead . Editions and pricing ( edit ) Main article : Windows 10 editions Windows 10 is available in five main editions for personal computer devices , of which the Home and Pro versions are sold at retail in most countries , and as pre-loaded software on new computers . Home is aimed at home users , while Pro is aimed at small businesses . Each edition of Windows 10 includes all of the capabilities and features of the edition below it , and add additional features oriented towards their market segments ; for example , Pro adds additional networking and security features such as BitLocker , Device Guard , Windows Update for Business , and the ability to join a domain . The remaining editions , Enterprise and Education , contain additional features aimed towards business environments , and are only available through volume licensing . As part of Microsoft 's unification strategies , Windows products that are based on Windows 10 's common platform but meant for specialized platforms are marketed as editions of the operating system , rather than as separate product lines . An updated version of Microsoft 's Windows Phone operating system for smartphones , and also tablets , was branded as Windows 10 Mobile . Editions of Enterprise and Mobile will also be produced for embedded systems , along with Windows 10 IoT Core , which is designed specifically for use in small footprint , low - cost devices and Internet of Things ( IoT ) scenarios and is similar to Windows Embedded . On May 2 , 2017 , Microsoft unveiled Windows 10 S ( referred to in leaks as Windows 10 Cloud ) , a feature - limited version of Windows 10 which was designed primarily for devices in the education market ( competing , in particular , with Chrome OS netbooks ) , such as the Surface Laptop that Microsoft also unveiled at this time . The OS restricts software installation to applications obtained from Windows Store ; the device may be upgraded to Windows 10 Pro for a fee to enable unrestricted software installation . As a time - limited promotion , Microsoft stated that this upgrade would be free on the Surface Laptop until March 31 , 2018 . Windows 10 S also contains a faster initial setup and login process , and allows devices to be provisioned using a USB drive with the Windows Intune for Education platform . In March 2018 , Microsoft announced that Windows 10 S would be deprecated due to market confusion , and would be replaced by `` S Mode '' , an OEM option wherein Windows defaults to only allowing applications to be installed from Windows Store , but does not require payment in order to disable these restrictions . Preview releases ( edit ) See also : Windows Insider A public beta program for Windows 10 known as the Windows Insider Program ( previously Windows Technical Preview ) began with the first publicly available preview release on October 1 , 2014 . Insider preview builds are aimed towards enthusiasts and enterprise users for the testing and evaluation of updates and new features . Users of the Windows Insider program receive occasional updates to newer preview builds of the operating system and will continue to be able to evaluate preview releases after general availability ( GA ) in July 2015 -- this is in contrast to previous Windows beta programs , where public preview builds were released less frequently and only during the months preceding GA . Windows Insider builds continued being released after the release to manufacturing ( RTM ) of Windows 10 . Public release ( edit ) Microsoft promoted that Windows 10 would become generally available ( GA ) on July 29 , 2015 . In comparison to previous Windows releases , which had a longer turnover between the release to manufacturing ( RTM ) and general release to allow for testing by vendors ( and in some cases , the development of `` upgrade kits '' to prepare systems for installation of the new version ) , an HP Inc. executive explained that because it knew Microsoft targeted the operating system for a release in 2015 , the company was able to optimize its then - current and upcoming products for Windows 10 in advance of its release , negating the need for such a milestone . The general availability build of Windows 10 , numbered 10240 , was first released on July 15 , 2015 to Windows Insider channels for pre-launch testing prior to its formal release . Although a Microsoft official said that there would be no specific RTM build of Windows 10 , 10240 was described as an RTM build by media outlets because it was released to all Windows Insider members at once ( rather than to users on the `` Fast ring '' first ) , it no longer carried pre-release branding and desktop watermark text , and because its build number had mathematical connections to the number 10 in reference to the operating system 's naming . The Enterprise edition was released to volume licensing on August 1 , 2015 . Users are able to in - place upgrade through the `` Get Windows 10 '' application ( GWX ) and Windows Update , or the `` Media Creation Tool '' , which is functionally identical to the Windows 8 online installer , and can also be used to generate an ISO image or USB install media . In - place upgrades are supported from most editions of Windows 7 with Service Pack 1 and Windows 8.1 with Update 1 , while users with Windows 8 must first upgrade to Windows 8.1 . Changing between architectures ( e.g. , upgrading from 32 - bit edition to a 64 - bit editions ) via in - place upgrades is not supported ; a clean install is required . In - place upgrades may be rolled back to the device 's previous version of Windows , provided that 30 days have not passed since installation , and backup files were not removed using Disk Cleanup . Windows 10 was available in 190 countries and 111 languages upon its launch , and as part of efforts to `` re-engage '' with users in China , Microsoft also announced that it would partner with Qihoo and Tencent to help promote and distribute Windows 10 in China , and that Chinese PC maker Lenovo would provide assistance at its service centers and retail outlets for helping users upgrade to Windows 10 . At retail , Windows 10 is priced similarly to editions of Windows 8.1 , with U.S. prices set at $ 119 and $199 for Windows 10 Home and Pro respectively . A Windows 10 Pro Pack license allows upgrades from Windows 10 Home to Windows 10 Pro . Retail copies ship on USB flash drive media or DVD - ROM media . New devices shipping with Windows 10 were also released during the operating system 's launch window . Windows RT devices can not be upgraded to Windows 10 . Free upgrade offer ( edit ) Main article : Windows 10 editions § Free upgrade During its first year of availability ( ended on July 29 , 2016 ) , upgrade licenses for Windows 10 could be obtained at no charge for devices with a genuine license for an eligible edition of Windows 7 or 8.1 . This offer did not apply to Enterprise editions , as customers under an active Software Assurance ( SA ) contract with upgrade rights are entitled to obtain Windows 10 Enterprise under their existing terms . All users running non-genuine copies of Windows , and those without an existing Windows 7 or 8 license , were ineligible for this promotion ; although upgrades from a non-genuine version were possible , they result in a non-genuine copy of 10 . On the general availability build of Windows 10 , to activate and generate the `` digital entitlement '' for Windows 10 , the operating system must have first been installed as an in - place upgrade . Once installed , the operating system can be reinstalled on that particular system via normal means without a product key , and the system 's license will automatically be detected via online activation . As of the November 2015 build , an existing Windows 7 or Windows 8.1 product key could be entered during installation to activate the free license , without the need to upgrade first to `` activate '' the hardware with Microsoft 's activation servers . The Windows Insider Preview version of Windows 10 automatically updated itself to the generally released version as part of the version progression , and continues to be updated to new beta builds , as it had throughout the testing process . Microsoft explicitly stated that Windows Insider was not a valid upgrade path for those running a version of Windows that is ineligible for the upgrade offer ; although , if it was not installed with a license carried over from an in - place upgrade to 10 Insider Preview from Windows 7 or 8 , the Insider Preview does remain activated as long as the user does not exit the Windows Insider program . The offer was promoted and delivered via the `` Get Windows 10 '' application ( `` GWX '' ) , which was automatically installed via Windows Update ahead of Windows 10 's release , and activated on systems deemed eligible for the upgrade offer . Via a notification area icon , users could access an application that advertised Windows 10 and the free upgrade offer , check device compatibility , and `` reserve '' an automatic download of the operating system upon its release . On July 28 , a pre-download process began in which Windows 10 installation files were downloaded to some computers that had reserved it . Microsoft said that those who reserved Windows 10 would be able to install it through GWX in a phased rollout process . The operating system could alternatively be downloaded at any time using a separate `` Media Creation Tool '' setup program ( similar to Windows 8 's setup program ) , that allows for the creation of DVD or USB installation media . Microsoft announced in May 2016 that the free upgrade offer would be extended to users of assistive technologies ; however , Microsoft did not implement any means of certifying eligibility for this offer , which some outlets thereby promoted as being a loophole to fraudulently obtain a free Windows 10 upgrade . Microsoft said that the loophole is not intended to be used in this manner . In November 2017 , Microsoft stated that this program would end December 31 , 2017 . Licensing ( edit ) During upgrades , Windows 10 licenses are not tied directly to a product key . Instead , the license status of the system 's current installation of Windows is migrated , and a `` Digital license '' ( also known as `` Digital entitlement '' in version 1511 or earlier ) is generated during the activation process , which is bound to the hardware information collected during the process . If Windows 10 is reinstalled cleanly and there have not been any significant hardware changes since installation ( such as a motherboard change ) , the online activation process will automatically recognize the system 's digital entitlement if no product key is entered during installations . However , unique product keys are still distributed within retail copies of Windows 10 . As with previous non-volume - licensed versions of Windows , significant hardware changes will invalidate the digital entitlement , and require Windows to be re-activated . Updates and support ( edit ) Overview Version Code name Marketing name Release date Support until Latest build SAC ( Home / Pro ) SAC ( Ent / Edu ) LTSC Mobile PC ( Home / Pro ) PC ( Ent / Edu ) PC ( LTSC ) Mobile 1507 Threshold 1 N / A July 29 , 2015 May 9 , 2017 May 9 , 2017 October 14 , 2025 N / A Old version , no longer supported : 10240 Old version , no longer supported : 10240 Older version , yet still supported : 10240 N / A 1511 Threshold 2 November Update November 10 , 2015 October 10 , 2017 April 10 , 2018 N / A January 9 , 2018 Old version , no longer supported : 10586 Older version , yet still supported : 10586 N / A Old version , no longer supported : 10586 1607 Redstone 1 Anniversary Update August 2 , 2016 April 10 , 2018 October 9 , 2018 October 13 , 2026 October 9 , 2018 Older version , yet still supported : 14393 Older version , yet still supported : 14393 Current stable version : 14393 Older version , yet still supported : 14393 1703 Redstone 2 Creators Update April 5 , 2017 October 9 , 2018 April 9 , 2019 N / A July 11 , 2019 Older version , yet still supported : 15063 Older version , yet still supported : 15063 N / A Older version , yet still supported : 15063 1709 Redstone 3 Fall Creators Update October 17 , 2017 April 9 , 2019 October 8 , 2019 N / A December 10 , 2019 Current stable version : 16299 Current stable version : 16299 N / A Current stable version : 15254 1803 Redstone 4 Spring Creators Update Early 2018 TBA TBA N / A N / A Older version , yet still supported : 17133 Older version , yet still supported : 17133 N / A N / A 1809 Redstone 5 TBA Late 2018 TBA TBA TBA N / A Latest preview version of a future release : 17634 Latest preview version of a future release : 17634 TBA N / A Legend : Old version Older version , still supported Latest version Latest preview version Future release Unlike previous versions of Windows , Windows Update does not allow the selective installation of updates , and all updates ( including patches , feature updates , and driver software ) are downloaded and installed automatically . Users can only choose whether their system will reboot automatically to install updates when the system is inactive , or be notified to schedule a reboot . If a wireless network is designated as `` Metered '' -- a function which automatically reduces the operating system 's background network activity to conserve limits on internet usage , most updates are not downloaded until the device is connected to a non-metered network . Redstone 2 allows wired ( Ethernet ) networks to be designated as metered , but Windows may still download certain updates while connected to a metered network . Updates can cause compatibility or other problems ; a Microsoft troubleshooter program allows bad updates to be uninstalled . Windows Update can also use a peer to peer system for distributing updates ; by default , users ' bandwidth is used to distribute previously downloaded updates to other users , in combination with Microsoft servers . Users can instead choose to only use peer - to - peer updates within their local area network . The original RTM release of Windows 10 ( `` Windows 10 , released in July 2015 '' ) receives mainstream support for five years after its original release , followed by five years of extended support , but this is subject to conditions . Microsoft 's support lifecycle policy for the operating system notes that `` Updates are cumulative , with each update built upon all of the updates that preceded it '' , that `` a device needs to install the latest update to remain supported '' , and that a device 's ability to receive future updates will depend on hardware compatibility , driver availability , and whether the device is within the OEM 's `` support period '' -- a new aspect not accounted for in lifecycle policies for previous versions . This policy was first invoked in 2017 to block Intel Clover Trail devices from receiving the Creators Update , as Microsoft asserts that future updates `` require additional hardware support to provide the best possible experience '' , and that Intel no longer provided support or drivers for the platform . Microsoft stated that these devices would no longer receive feature updates , but would still receive security updates through January 2023 . Feature updates ( edit ) Main article : Windows 10 version history Windows 10 is often described by Microsoft as a being as a `` service '' , as it receives regular feature updates that contain new features and other changes . In April 2017 , Microsoft stated that in the future , these updates would be released twice a year every March and September . The pace at which feature updates are received by devices is dependent on which release channel is used . The default branch for all users of Windows 10 Home and Pro is `` Semi-Annual Channel ( Targeted ) '' ( formerly `` Current Branch '' , or `` CB '' ) , which receives stable builds after they are publicly released by Microsoft . Each build of Windows 10 is supported for 18 months after its original release . In enterprise environments , Microsoft officially intends that this branch be used for `` targeted '' deployments of newly - released stable versions , so that they can be evaluated and tested on a limited number of devices before a wider deployment . Once a stable build is certified by Microsoft and its partners as being suitable for broad deployment , the build is then released on the `` Semi-Annual Channel '' ( formerly `` Current Branch for Business '' , or `` CBB '' ) , which is supported by the Pro and Enterprise editions of Windows 10 . Semi-Annual Channel receives stable builds on a four - month delay from their release on the Targeted channel , Administrators can also use the `` Windows Update for Business '' system , as well as existing tools such as WSUS and System Center Configuration Manager , to organize structured deployments of feature updates across their networks . The Windows Insider branches receive unstable builds as they are released ; it is divided into two channels , `` Fast '' ( which receives new builds immediately after their release ) , and `` Slow '' ( whose releases are slightly delayed from their `` Fast '' release ) . Enterprise licensees may use the Windows 10 Enterprise LTSB edition , where `` LTSB '' stands for `` long - term servicing branch '' . LTSB milestones of Windows 10 are designed for long - term deployments in specialized environments ( such as automated teller machines and medical equipment ) , and only receive quality of life updates ( i.e. security patches ) . Each LTSB milestone is given a full , 10 - year support lifecycle . Due to Microsoft 's intended use cases for LTSB builds , certain features , including most Cortana functionality , Microsoft Store , and bundled apps , are excluded from LTSB . Microsoft director Stella Chernyak explained that `` we have businesses ( that ) may have mission - critical environments where we respect the fact they want to test and stabilize the environment for a long time . '' Two LTSB builds have been released , correlating with the 1507 and 1607 versions of Windows 10 ; Microsoft stated in 2017 that the next LTSB build will be released in 2019 . In July 2017 , Microsoft announced changes in the terminology for Windows branches , as part of its effort to unify the update cadence with that of Office 365 ProPlus and Windows Server 2016 . The branch system now defines two paces of upgrade deployment in enterprise environments , `` targeted '' initial deployment of a new version on selected systems immediately after its stable release for final testing , and `` broad '' deployment afterwards . Hence , `` Current Branch '' is now known as `` Semi-Annual Channel ( Targeted ) '' , and `` Current Branch for Business '' for broad deployment is now referred to as `` Semi-Annual Channel '' . Windows 10 support and update branches Update branch Windows Insider Preview Branch ( WIPB ) Beta software Semi-Annual Channel ( Targeted ) ( formerly CB ) `` Consumer grade '' Semi-Annual Channel ( formerly CBB ) `` Business ready '' Long - term Servicing branch ( LTSB ) `` Mission critical '' Edition Home Pro Education Enterprise Enterprise LTSB Critical updates Security patches and stability updates Continuous as made available ( choice of slow , fast , or release preview ring ) Automatic and mandatory Automatic User can defer updates indefinitely Feature upgrades Non-critical functionality and feature updates Automatic or defer Only through LTSB in - place upgrades Feature upgrades cadence Continuous as released Progressively after WIPB evaluation ~ 4 months after SAC pre-evaluation or defer for an additional ~ 8 months LTSB releases are stable ' snapshots ' of SAC Upgrade support Continuous updating , features silently come and sometimes go with new builds Continuous updating or in - place upgrade to supported LTSB builds In - place upgrade support for the three most recent LTSB builds Update support 10 years ( or until future builds require hardware support the old device does n't have or ~ 4 months after a missed cumulative update made into SAC . ) 10 years ( or ~ 8 months from deferring build upgrade or until future builds require hardware support the old device does n't have . ) 5 years mainstream + 5 years extended Update methods Windows Update Windows Update Windows Update for Business Windows Server Update Services Windows Update for Business Windows Server Update Services Version 1511 ( November Update ) ( edit ) The second stable build of Windows 10 is called version 1511 . Its build number is 10586 . It was codenamed `` Threshold 2 '' ( TH2 ) during development . This version is installed by the November Update , which began to be distributed via Windows Update on November 12 , 2015 . It contains various improvements to the operating system , its user interface , bundled services , as well as the introduction of Skype - based universal messaging apps , and the Windows Store for Business and Windows Update for Business features . On November 21 , 2015 , the November Update was temporarily pulled from public distribution . The upgrade was re-instated on November 24 , 2015 , with Microsoft stating that the removal was due to a bug that caused privacy and data collection settings to be reset to defaults when installing the upgrade . Version 1607 ( Anniversary Update ) ( edit ) The third stable build of Windows 10 is called version 1607 . It was codenamed `` Redstone 1 '' ( RS1 ) during development . This version is installed by the Anniversary Update , which was released on August 2 , 2016 , a little over one year after the first stable release of Windows 10 . Codename `` Redstone '' was originally thought to have been set aside for two feature updates . While both were originally to be released in 2016 , the second was moved into 2017 so that it would be released in concert with that year 's wave of Microsoft first - party devices . The Anniversary Update introduces new features such as the Windows Ink platform , which eases the ability to add stylus input support to Universal Windows Platform apps and provides a new `` Ink Workspace '' area with links to pen - oriented apps and features , enhancements to Cortana 's proactive functionality , a dark user interface theme mode , a new version of Skype designed to work with the Universal Windows Platform , improvements to Universal Windows Platform intended for video games , and offline scanning using Windows Defender . Redstone also supports Windows Subsystem for Linux , a new component that provides an environment for running Linux - compatible binary software in an Ubuntu - based user mode environment . On new installations of Windows 10 on systems with secure boot enabled , all kernel mode drivers issued after July 29 , 2015 , must be digitally signed with an Extended Validation Certificate issued by Microsoft . This version is the basis for `` LTSB 2016 '' , the first upgrade to the LTSB since Windows 10 's release . The first LTSB release , based on RTM ( version 1507 ) , has been retroactively named `` LTSB 2015 '' . Version 1703 ( Creators Update ) ( edit ) The fourth stable build of Windows 10 is called version 1703 . It was codenamed `` Redstone 2 '' ( RS2 ) during development . This version is installed by the Creators Update , which Microsoft announced on October 26 , 2016 . Version 1703 was released on April 11 , 2017 for general availability , and on April 5 , 2017 for manual installation via Windows 10 Upgrade Assistant and Media Creation Tool tools . This update primarily focuses on content creation , productivity , and gaming features -- with a particular focus on virtual and augmented reality ( including HoloLens and virtual reality headsets ) and on aiding the generation of three - dimensional content . It supports a new virtual reality workspace designed for use with headsets ; Microsoft announced that several OEMs planned to release VR headsets designed for use with the Creators Update . Controls for the Xbox app 's Game Bar and Game DVR feature have moved to the Settings app , while a new `` Game Mode '' option allows resources to be prioritized towards games . Integration with Microsoft acquisition Mixer ( formerly Beam ) was added for live streaming . The themes manager moved to Settings app , and custom accent colors are now possible . The new app Paint 3D allows users to produce artwork using 3D models ; the app is designed to make 3D creation more accessible to mainstream users . Windows 10 's privacy settings have more detailed explanations on data that the operating system may collect . Additionally , the `` enhanced '' level of telemetry collection was removed . Windows Update notifications may now be `` snoozed '' for a period of time , the `` active hours '' during which Windows will not try to install updates may now extend up to 18 hours in length , and updates may be paused for up to seven days . Windows Defender has been replaced by the universal app Windows Defender Security Center . Devices may optionally be configured to prevent use of software from outside of Microsoft Store , or warn before installation of apps from outside of Microsoft Store . `` Dynamic Lock '' allows a device to automatically lock if it is outside of the proximity of a designated Bluetooth device , such as a smartphone . A `` Night Light '' feature was added , which allows the user to change the color temperature of the display to the red part of the spectrum at specific times of day ( similarly to the third - party software f. lux ) . Version 1709 ( Fall Creators Update ) ( edit ) The fifth stable build of Windows 10 is called version 1709 . It was codenamed `` Redstone 3 '' ( RS3 ) during development . This version is installed by the Fall Creators Update , which was released on October 17 , 2017 . Version 1709 introduces a new feature known as `` My People '' , where shortcuts to `` important '' contacts can be displayed on the taskbar . Notifications involving these contacts appear above their respective pictures , and users can communicate with the contact via either Skype , e-mail , or text messaging ( integrating with Android and Windows 10 Mobile devices ) . Support for additional services , including Xbox , Skype for Business , and third - party integration , are to be added in the future . Files can also be dragged directly to the contact 's picture to share them . My People was originally announced for Creators Update , but was ultimately held over to the next release , and made its first public appearance in Build 16184 in late April 2017 . A new `` Files - on - Demand '' feature for OneDrive serves as a partial replacement for the previous `` placeholders '' function . It also introduces a new security feature known as `` controlled folder access '' , which can restrict the applications allowed to access specific folders . This feature is designed mainly to defend against file - encrypting ransomware . Features in development ( edit ) In May 2017 , Microsoft unveiled Fluent Design System ( previously codenamed `` Project Neon '' ) , a revamp of Microsoft Design Language 2 that will include guidelines for the designs and interactions used within software designed for all Windows 10 devices and platforms . The new design language will include more prominent use of motion , depth , and translucency effects . Microsoft stated that the implementation of this design language would be performed over time , and it had already started to implement elements of it in Creators Update and Fall Creators Update . At Build 2017 , Microsoft announced several key features that were to launch in Fall Creators Update ; `` Timeline '' and `` Pick up where you left off '' will allow users to view a list of recently - used applications and files sourced from multiple devices in an on - screen timeline , and synchronize opened content in apps ( such as Office documents ) so a user can continue working on it from a different device ( similar to macOS 's `` Handoff '' ) . These functions are enabled via the Microsoft Graph platform , and will support Android and iOS devices . Microsoft also plans to add a `` Cloud clipboard '' synchronized between devices . Timeline has since been delayed to the next release . In November 2017 , Microsoft detailed a new UI feature known as `` Sets '' , which initially allows supported UWP programs to be hosted within Microsoft Edge tabs . Microsoft states that this feature is designed to `` organize and resume multi-faceted tasks '' , and will eventually be extended to non-UWP software . On December 7 , 2016 , Microsoft announced that as part of a partnership with Qualcomm , it planned to introduce support for running Win32 software on ARM architecture with a 32 - bit x86 processor emulator , in 2017 . Terry Myerson stated that this move would enable the production of Qualcomm Snapdragon - based Windows devices with cellular connectivity and improved power efficiency over Intel - compatible devices , and still capable of running the majority of existing Windows software ( unlike the previous Windows RT , which was restricted to Windows Store apps ) . Microsoft is initially targeting this project towards laptops . Microsoft launched the branding Always Connected PCs in December 2017 to market Windows 10 devices with cellular connectivity , which included two ARM - based 2 - in - 1 laptops from Asus and HP featuring the Snapdragon 835 system - on - chip , and the announcement of a partnership between AMD and Qualcomm to integrate its Snapdragon X16 gigabit LTE modem with AMD 's Ryzen Mobile platform . System requirements ( edit ) Hardware requirements for Windows 10 Component Minimum Recommended Processor 1 GHz clock rate IA - 32 or x86 - 64 architecture with support for PAE , NX and SSE2 x86 - 64 CPUs must also support CMPXCHG16B , PrefetchW and LAHF / SAHF instructions . Memory ( RAM ) IA - 32 edition : 1 GB x86 - 64 edition : 2 GB 4 GB Graphics card DirectX 9 graphics device WDDM 1.0 or higher driver WDDM 1.3 or higher driver Display 800 × 600 pixels N / A Input device Keyboard and mouse Multi-touch display Storage space IA - 32 edition : 16 GB x86 - 64 edition : 20 GB N / A Additional requirements for optional functionality Feature Requirements Biometric authentication Fingerprint reader BitLocker Trusted Platform Module ( TPM ) 1.2 or 2.0 , a dedicated USB flash drive , or a password Device encryption Trusted Platform Module ( TPM ) 2.0 and InstantGo Hyper - V Second Level Address Translation ( SLAT ) Miracast Wi - Fi adapter that supports Wi - Fi Direct Secure attention Hardware equivalent of Ctrl + Alt + Delete or ⊞ Win + Power key sequence Secure Boot UEFI v2. 3.1 Errata B with Microsoft Windows Certification Authority in its database Speech recognition Microphone Windows Hello Illuminated infrared camera The basic hardware requirements to install Windows 10 are the same as for Windows 8.1 and Windows 8 , and only slightly higher than Windows 7 . The 64 - bit versions require a CPU that supports certain instructions . Devices with low storage capacity must provide a USB flash drive or SD card with sufficient storage for temporary files during upgrades . Some pre-built devices may be described as `` certified '' by Microsoft . Certified tablets must include Power , Volume up , and Volume down keys ; ⊞ Win and Rotation lock keys are no longer required . As with Windows 8 , all certified devices must ship with UEFI Secure Boot enabled by default . Unlike Windows 8 , OEMs are no longer required to make Secure Boot settings user - configurable , meaning that devices may optionally be locked to run only Microsoft - signed operating systems . A supported infrared - illuminated camera is required for Windows Hello face authentication , and a supported fingerprint reader is required for Windows Hello fingerprint authentication . Device Guard requires a UEFI system with no third - party certificates loaded , and CPU virtualization extensions ( including SLAT and IOMMU ) enabled in firmware . Beginning with Intel Kaby Lake and AMD Bristol Ridge , Windows 10 is the only version of Windows that Microsoft will officially support on newer CPU microarchitectures . Terry Myerson stated that Microsoft did not want to make further investments in optimizing older versions of Windows and associated software for newer generations of processors . These policies were criticized by the media , who especially noted that Microsoft was refusing to support newer hardware ( particularly Intel 's Skylake CPUs , which was also originally targeted by the new policy with a premature end of support that was ultimately retracted ) on Windows 8.1 , a version of Windows that was still in mainstream support until January 2018 . In addition , an enthusiast - created modification was released that disabled the check and allowed Windows 8.1 and earlier to continue to work on the platform . Windows 10 Creators Update and later does not support Intel Clover Trail system - on - chips , per Microsoft 's stated policy of only providing updates for devices during their OEM support period . Reception ( edit ) Main article : Criticism of Windows 10 Critics characterized the initial release of Windows 10 in July 2015 as being rushed , citing the incomplete state of some of the operating system 's bundled software ( such as the Edge web browser ) , as well as the stability of the operating system itself on launch . However , TechRadar felt that Windows 10 would be `` the new Windows 7 '' , citing the operating system 's more familiar user interface , improvements to bundled apps , performance improvements , a `` rock solid '' search system , and the Settings app being more full - featured than its equivalents on 8 and 8.1 . The Microsoft Edge web browser was praised for its performance , although it was not in a feature - complete state at launch . While considering them a `` great idea in principle '' , concerns were shown for Microsoft 's focus on the universal app ecosystem , noting that `` It 's by no means certain that developers are going to flock to Windows 10 from iOS and Android simply because they can convert their apps easily . It may well become a no - brainer for them , but at the moment a conscious decision is still required . '' Engadget was similarly positive , noting that the upgrade process was painless , and that Windows 10 's user interface had balanced aspects of Windows 8 with those of previous versions with a more mature aesthetic . Cortana 's always - on voice detection was considered to be its `` true strength '' , also citing its query capabilities and personalization features , but noting that it was not as pre-emptive as Google Now . Windows 10 's stock applications were praised for being improved over their Windows 8 counterparts , and for supporting windowed modes . The Xbox app was also praised for its Xbox One streaming functionality , although recommending its use over a wired network due to inconsistent quality over Wi - Fi . In conclusion , it was argued that `` Windows 10 delivers the most refined desktop experience ever from Microsoft , and yet it 's so much more than that . It 's also a decent tablet OS , and it 's ready for a world filled with hybrid devices . And , barring another baffling screwup , it looks like a significant step forward for mobile . Heck , it makes the Xbox One a more useful machine . '' Ars Technica panned the new Tablet mode interface for removing the charms and app switching , making the Start button harder to use by requiring users to reach for the button on the bottom - left rather than at the center of the screen when swiping with a thumb , and for making application switching less instantaneous through the use of Task View . Microsoft Edge was praised for being `` tremendously promising '' , and `` a much better browser than Internet Explorer ever was '' , but criticized it for its lack of functionality on - launch . In conclusion , contrasting Windows 8 as being a `` reliable '' platform albeit consisting of unfinished concepts , Windows 10 was considered `` the best Windows yet '' and was praised for having a better overall concept in its ability to be `` comfortable and effective '' across a wide array of form factors , but that it was buggier than previous versions of Windows were on - launch . ExtremeTech felt that Windows 10 restricted the choices of users , citing its more opaque setting menus , forcing users to give up bandwidth for the peer - to - peer distribution of updates , and for taking away user control of specific functions , such as updates , explaining that `` it feels , once again , as if Microsoft has taken the seed of a good idea , like providing users with security updates automatically , and shoved the throttle to maximum . '' Critics have noted that Windows 10 heavily emphasizes freemium services , and contains various advertising facilities . Some outlets have considered these to be a hidden `` cost '' of the free upgrade offer . Examples of these have included microtransactions in bundled games such as Microsoft Solitaire Collection , default settings that display promotions of `` suggested '' apps in Start menu and `` tips '' on the lock screen that may contain advertising , ads displayed in File Explorer for Office 365 subscriptions on Creators ' Update , and various advertising notifications promoting Microsoft Edge when it is not set as default web browser . Market Share and sales ( edit ) See also : Usage share of operating systems § Crossover to smartphones having majority share Windows PC market share ( of Windows ) statistics Windows 10 43.54 % Windows 7 41.55 % Windows 8.1 8.53 % Windows XP 3.2 % Windows 8 2.49 % Windows Vista 0.62 % Other 0.08 % `` Desktop Windows Version Market Share Worldwide '' according to StatCounter for February 2018 . Note , StatCounter tracks Windows vs. maxOS , Linux etc. separately , and this statistic is only thereof Windows share . Twenty - four hours after it was released , Microsoft announced that more than 14 million devices were running Windows 10 . On August 26 , Microsoft said more than 75 million devices were running Windows 10 , in 192 countries , and on more than 90,000 unique PC or tablet models . According to Terry Myerson , there were more than 110 million devices running Windows 10 as of October 6 , 2015 . On January 4 , 2016 , Microsoft reported that Windows 10 had been activated on more than 200 million devices since the operating system 's launch in July 2015 . According to StatCounter , Windows 10 overtook Windows 8.1 in December 2015 . Iceland was the first country where Windows 10 was ranked first ( not only on the desktop , but across all platforms ) , with several bigger European countries following . For one week late in November 2016 , Windows 10 overtook first rank from Windows 7 in the United States , before losing it again . By February 2017 , Windows 10 was losing market share to Windows 7 . In middle of January 2018 , Windows 10 had a slightly higher global market share than Windows 7 , with it noticeably more popular on weekends , while popularity varies widely by region , e.g. Windows 10 is still far behind in Asia and Africa and thus far ahead in some other regions e.g. Oceania . Update system changes ( edit ) Windows 10 Home is permanently set to download all updates automatically , including cumulative updates , security patches , and drivers , and users can not individually select updates to install or not . Microsoft offers a diagnostic tool that can be used to hide updates and prevent them from being reinstalled , but only after they had been already installed , then uninstalled without rebooting the system . Tom Warren of The Verge felt that , given web browsers such as Google Chrome had already adopted such an automatic update system , such a requirement would help to keep all Windows 10 devices secure , and felt that `` if you 're used to family members calling you for technical support because they 've failed to upgrade to the latest Windows service pack or some malware disabled Windows Update then those days will hopefully be over . '' Concerns were raised that due to these changes , users would be unable to skip the automatic installation of updates that are faulty or cause issues with certain system configurations -- although build upgrades will also be subject to public beta testing via Windows Insider program . There were also concerns that the forced installation of driver updates through Windows Update , where they were previously designated as `` optional '' , could cause conflicts with drivers that were installed independently of Windows Update . An example of such a situation occurred just prior to the general release of the operating system , when an Nvidia graphics card driver that was automatically pushed to Windows 10 users via Windows Update caused issues that prevented the use of certain functions , or prevented their system from booting at all . Criticism was also directed towards Microsoft 's decision to no longer provide specific details on the contents of cumulative updates for Windows 10 . On February 9 , 2016 , Microsoft retracted this decision and began to provide release notes for cumulative updates on the Windows website . Some users reported that during the installation of the November upgrade , some applications ( particularly utility programs such as CPU - Z and Speccy ) were automatically uninstalled during the upgrade process , and some default programs were reset to Microsoft - specified defaults ( such as Photos app , and Microsoft Edge for PDF viewing ) , both without warning . Further issues were discovered upon the launch of the Anniversary Update ( `` Redstone '' ) , including a bug that caused some devices to freeze ( but addressed by cumulative update KB3176938 , released on August 31 , 2016 ) , and that fundamental changes to how Windows handles webcams had caused many to stop working . On June 2017 , a Redstone 3 Insider build ( which is known as rs_IoT on Mobile ) was accidentally released to Insider and as well on non-Insider users in all Windows 10 PCs and Mobile , but the update was retracted earlier and Microsoft apologized and released a note in their Windows Insider Program blog in how to prevent the said Insider build to be installed in their device . According to Dona Sarkar , `` because an inadvertent deployment to the engineering system that controls which builds / which rings to push out to insiders . '' Distribution practices ( edit ) Microsoft was criticized for the tactics that it used to promote its free upgrade campaign for Windows 10 , including adware - like behaviours , using deceptive user interfaces to coax users into installing the operating system , downloading installation files without user consent , and making it difficult for users to suppress the advertising and notifications if they did not wish to upgrade to 10 . The upgrade offer was marketed and initiated using the `` Get Windows 10 '' ( GWX ) application , which was first downloaded and installed via Windows Update in March 2015 . Registry keys and group policies could be used to partially disable the GWX mechanism , but the installation of patches to the GWX software via Windows Update could reset these keys back to defaults , and thus reactivate the software . Third - party programs were also created to assist users in applying measures to disable GWX . In September 2015 , it was reported that Microsoft was triggering automatic downloads of the Windows 10 installation files on all compatible Windows 7 or 8.1 computers configured to automatically download and install updates , regardless of whether or not they had specifically requested the upgrade . Microsoft officially confirmed the change , claiming it was `` an industry practice that reduces time for installation and ensures device readiness . '' This move was criticized by users who have data caps or devices with low storage capacity , as resources were consumed by the automatic downloads of up to 6 GB of data . Other critics argued that Microsoft should not have triggered any downloading of Windows 10 installation files without user consent . In October 2015 , Windows 10 began to appear as an `` Optional '' update in the Windows Update interface , but pre-selected for installation on some systems . A Microsoft spokesperson said that this was a mistake , and that the download would no longer be pre-selected by default . However , on October 29 , 2015 , Microsoft announced that it planned to classify Windows 10 as a `` recommended '' update in the Windows Update interface some time in 2016 , which will cause an automatic download of installation files and a one - time prompt with a choice to install to appear . In December 2015 , it was reported that a new advertising dialog had begun to appear , only containing `` Upgrade now '' and `` Upgrade tonight '' buttons , and no obvious method to decline installation besides the close button . In March 2016 , some users also alleged that their Windows 7 and 8.1 devices had automatically begun upgrading to 10 without their consent . In June 2016 , the GWX dialog 's behavior changed to make closing the window imply a consent to a scheduled upgrade . Despite this , an Infoworld editor disputed the claims that upgrades had begun without any consent at all ; testing showed that the upgrade to Windows 10 would only begin once the user accepts the end - user license agreement ( EULA ) presented by its installer , and that not doing so would eventually cause Windows Update to time out with an error , thus halting the installation attempt . It was concluded that these users may have unknowingly clicked the `` Accept '' prompt without full knowledge that this would begin the upgrade . In December 2016 , Microsoft chief marketing officer Chris Capossela admitted that the company had `` gone too far '' , by using this tactic , stating that `` we know we want people to be running Windows 10 from a security perspective , but finding the right balance where you 're not stepping over the line of being too aggressive is something we tried and for a lot of the year I think we got it right . '' On January 21 , 2016 , Microsoft was sued in small claims court by a user whose computer , shortly after the release of the OS , had attempted to upgrade to Windows 10 without her consent . The upgrade failed , and her computer was left in an unstable state thereafter , which disrupted the ability to run her travel agency . The court ruled in favor of the user and awarded her $10,000 in damages , but Microsoft appealed . However , in May 2016 , Microsoft dropped the appeal and chose to pay the damages . Shortly after the suit was reported on by the Seattle Times , Microsoft confirmed that it was updating the GWX software once again to add more explicit options for opting out of a free Windows 10 upgrade ; the final notification was a full - screen pop - up window notifying users of the impending end of the free upgrade offer , and contained `` Remind me later '' , `` Do not notify me again '' and `` Notify me three more times '' options . Privacy and data collection ( edit ) Privacy advocates and other critics have expressed concern regarding Windows 10 's privacy policies and its collection and use of customer data . Under the default `` Express '' settings , Windows 10 is configured to send various information to Microsoft and other parties , including the collection of user contacts , calendar data , and `` associated input data '' to personalize `` speech , typing , and inking input '' , typing and inking data to improve recognition , allowing apps to use a unique `` advertising ID '' for analytics and advertising personalization ( functionality introduced by Windows 8.1 ) and allow apps to request the user 's location data and send this data to Microsoft and `` trusted partners '' to improve location detection ( Windows 8 had similar settings , except that location data collection did not include `` trusted partners '' ) . Users can opt out from most of this data collection , but telemetry data for error reporting and usage is also sent to Microsoft , and this can not be disabled on non-Enterprise versions of Windows 10 . Microsoft 's privacy policy states , however , that `` Basic '' - level telemetry data is anonymized and can not be used to identify an individual user or device . The use of Cortana also requires the collection of data `` such as your device location , data from your calendar , the apps you use , data from your emails and text messages , who you call , your contacts and how often you interact with them on your device '' to personalize its functionality . Rock Paper Shotgun writer Alec Meer argued that Microsoft 's intent for this data collection lacked transparency , stating that `` there is no world in which 45 pages of policy documents and opt - out settings split across 13 different settings screens and an external website constitutes ' real transparency ' . '' ExtremeTech pointed out that , while previously scroogling against Google for similar data collection strategies , Microsoft now hoovers up your data in ways that would make Google jealous . '' However , it was also pointed out that the requirement for such vast usage of customer data had become a norm , citing the increased reliance on cloud computing and other forms of external processing , as well as similar data collection requirements for services on mobile devices such as Google Now and Siri . In August 2015 , Russian politician Nikolai Levichev called for Windows 10 to be banned from use within the Russian government , as it sends user data to servers in the United States . The country had passed a federal law requiring all online services to store the data of Russian users on servers within the country by September 2016 , or be blocked . Writing for ZDNet , Ed Bott said that the lack of complaints by businesses about privacy in Windows 10 indicated `` how utterly normal those privacy terms are in 2015 . '' In a Computerworld editorial , Preston Gralla stated that `` the kind of information Windows 10 gathers is no different from what other operating systems gather . But Microsoft is held to a different standard than other companies . '' Microsoft Services Agreement reads that the company 's online services may automatically `` download software updates or configuration changes , including those that prevent you from accessing the Services , playing counterfeit games , or using unauthorized hardware peripheral devices . '' Critics interpreted this statement as implying that Microsoft would scan for and delete unlicensed software installed on devices running Windows 10 . However , others pointed out that this agreement was specifically for Microsoft online services such as Microsoft account , Office 365 , Skype , as well as Xbox Live , and that the offending passage most likely referred to digital rights management on Xbox consoles and first - party games , and not plans to police pirated video games installed on Windows 10 PCs . Despite this , some torrent trackers announced plans to block Windows 10 users , also arguing that the operating system could send information to anti-piracy groups that are affiliated with Microsoft . Writing about these allegations , Ed Bott of ZDNet compared Microsoft 's privacy policy to Apple 's and Google 's and concluded that `` after carefully reading the Microsoft Services Agreement , the Windows license agreement ... and the Microsoft Privacy Statement carefully , I do n't see anything that looks remotely like Big Brother . '' Columnist Kim Komando argued that `` Microsoft might in the future run scans and disable software or hardware it sees as a security threat , '' consistent with the Windows 10 update policy . See also ( edit ) Comparison of operating systems History of Microsoft Windows History of operating systems List of operating systems Business and economics portal Microsoft portal Software portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Windows Driver Frameworks '' . GitHub . Microsoft . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 update history - Windows Help '' . Microsoft Support . Microsoft . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Dona . `` Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 17634 for Skip Ahead '' . Windows Blogs . Jump up ^ `` HP , Asus announce first Windows 10 ARM PCs : 20 hour battery life , gigabit LTE '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 10 Cumulative Update for Windows 10 Version 1709 for ARM64 - based Systems ( KB4043961 ) '' . 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Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft narrows Win10 upgrade options to ' Upgrade now ' or ' Upgrade tonight ' '' . Infoworld . IDG . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Windows 10 upgrade installing automatically on some Windows 7 , 8 systems '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leonhard , Woody ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Get Windows 10 patch KB 3035583 suddenly reappears on Win7 / 8.1 PCs '' . InfoWorld . IDG . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chacos , Brad ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` How Microsoft 's tricky new Windows 10 pop - up deceives you into upgrading '' . PC World . IDG . Jump up ^ `` Top 8 desktop OSs from June 2015 to Jan 2017 '' . StatCounter . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WTF ? Windows 10 now actually losing market share '' . It was expected , that once Windows 10 stopped being free , upgrades would slow significantly . ( ... ) In September though , according to NetMarketShare , Windows 10 did n't just show slower growth , it actually went into reverse gear and lost usage share . Yes , you read that right . ^ Jump up to : Statcounter . `` Microsoft breakthrough as Windows 10 overtakes 7 globally for first time StatCounter Global Stats '' . gs.statcounter.com ( Press release ) . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` 600 million machines are now running Windows 10 '' . The Verge . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Desktop Windows Version Market Share Worldwide StatCounter Global Stats '' . StatCounter Global Stats . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Desktop Operating System Market Share Worldwide StatCounter Global Stats '' . StatCounter Global Stats . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Desktop , Mobile , Tablet & Console Windows Version Market Share Worldwide StatCounter Global Stats '' . StatCounter Global Stats . 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Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` Leaked ' Windows 9 ' screenshots offer a closer look at the new Start Menu '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Chacos , Brad ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Rejoice ! The Start menu is coming back to Windows '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Andrew ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Future Windows 8.1 update will finally bring back the Start menu '' . Ars Technica . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Sebastian ( March 29 , 2015 ) . `` Do n't call them Metro : Microsoft rebrands Universal apps as `` Windows apps '' `` . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . ^ Jump up to : Chacos , Brad . `` Microsoft 's universal Windows apps run on tablets , phones , Xbox , and PCs '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wigley , Andy ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` Universal Apps : What are they and how are they good for developers ? '' . Microsoft . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` Humanity weeps as Candy Crush Saga comes preinstalled with Windows 10 '' . Ars Technica . Conde Nast . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft releases iOS - to - Windows app maker Windows Bridge to open source '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Demonstrates Android and iOS Applications Running on Windows 10 '' . Anandtech . Purch Inc . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Everything you need to know about porting Android and iOS apps to Windows 10 '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft kicks off Windows 10 ad campaign '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Strikes New Tone for Windows 10 Release '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft to kick off Windows 10 ad campaign next week '' . Computerworld . IDG . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft Unveils Windows 10 with New Start Menu '' . Tom 's Guide . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` This is Windows 10 for phones '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Universal Windows Platform ( UWP ) apps '' . MSDN . Microsoft . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft 's universal apps are now called Windows apps '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kevin , Gallo ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` A first look at the Windows 10 universal app platform '' . Windows Blog . Microsoft . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Our first look at Windows 10 on phones , and Universal Apps for touchscreens '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Updates to Entertainment in Windows 10 '' . Windows Experience Blog . Microsoft . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peter , Bright ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft 's next attempt to fill the Windows 10 app gap : Web app apps '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's how Microsoft hopes to get Android and iOS phone apps into its Windows 10 Store '' . ZDNet . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Windows 10 : a closer look at the future of Microsoft 's vision for PCs '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 review : Technical Preview ( January 2015 ) '' . PC Pro . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 Settings Menu : The System tab '' . CNET . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 Technical Preview 2 : Configure Tablet Mode '' . Thurrott.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 Technical Preview 2 : Continuum and Tablet Mode '' . Thurrott.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowden , Zack . `` Windows 10 : The tablet experience is better than ever ( with video ) '' . WinBeta . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bott , Ed . `` Microsoft reveals audacious plans to tighten security with Windows 10 '' . ZDNet . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tung , Liam ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` No more Windows 10 passwords ? Microsoft says Hello to palm - vein biometrics '' . ZDNet . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Windows 10 says `` Hello '' to logging in with your face and the end of passwords `` . Ars Technica . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Halfin , Dani ; Lich , Brian ; McIlhargey , Bill ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Windows Hello for Business Overview '' . Microsoft Docs . Microsoft . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Device Guard safeguards Windows 10 with hardware authentication '' . TechRadar . Future . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Console Improvements in the Windows 10 Technical Preview '' . Building Apps for Windows . Microsoft . October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Linux distros wo n't run on Windows 10 S after all '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Jump up ^ Foley , Mary Jo ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Microsoft to show Bash on Linux running on Windows 10 '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ Foley , Mary Jo ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's how Microsoft will support Bash on Windows 10 '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ Harsh , Mike ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows '' . Building Apps for Windows . Microsoft . Jump up ^ Hanselman , Scott ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Developers can run Bash Shell and user - mode Ubuntu Linux binaries on Windows 10 '' . Scott Hanselman 's Blog . Jump up ^ Aiello , Joey ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Bash for Windows : Why it 's awesome and what it means for PowerShell '' . Windows PowerShell Blog . Microsoft . Jump up ^ `` Ubuntu , SUSE Linux , and Fedora are all coming to the Windows Store '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thurrot , Paul ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Explains OS Compression in Windows 10 '' . Thurrot.com . self - published . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bott , Ed ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft promises drastic cuts in disk space use for Windows 10 '' . ZDnet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Windows 10 achieves its compact footprint '' . Windows Blog . Microsoft . March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Tony ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Leaked Windows 10 Build 9901 shows smarter Storage Sense '' . TechRepublic . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` The successor to Internet Explorer will be named Microsoft Edge '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foley , Mary Jo. `` Microsoft 's Spartan browser : What 's under the hood '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Project Spartan and the Windows 10 January Preview Build '' . IEBlog . Microsoft . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft relegates Internet Explorer to a ' legacy engine ' to make way for new browser '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Living on the Edge -- our next step in helping the web just work '' . IEBlog . Microsoft . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kingsley - Hughes , Adrian ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Windows 10 : Can Cortana persuade us to talk to our tech ? '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Sean ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Windows 10 brings Cortana to the desktop '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Microsoft Family and Windows 10 Parental Controls '' . Thurrott.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Slater - Robins , Max ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` People are freaking out over a feature in Windows 10 's family accounts '' . Business Insider . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 's Wi - Fi Sense password sharing sparks security concerns '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The next major Windows 10 update is scheduled for November '' . TechRadar . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft is turning Skype into its own version of iMessage in Windows 10 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox on Windows 10 : social features , game DVR and more '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox app coming to Windows 10 , Microsoft confirms '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 will let you stream Xbox One games to any Windows 10 PC or tablet '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Spencer Announces Developer Tools to Bring Games to Billions '' . Xbox Blog . Microsoft . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox One and PC Cross-Buy Will Be `` Platform Feature , '' Says Phil Specner `` . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Candy Crush Saga is Coming to Windows 10 '' . Xbox Wire . Microsoft . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 makes you pay to remove ads from Solitaire '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Recording Game Clips Game DVR Windows 10 Games '' . support.xbox.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aul , Gabe ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` New build available to the Windows Insider Program '' . Microsoft . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Audio snobs rejoice : Windows 10 will have system - wide FLAC support '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 will play your . MKV and . 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Jump up ^ Michaud , Scott ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` BUILD 2015 : The Final DirectX 12 Reveal '' . PC Perspective . PC Perspective . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What 's new for Windows 10 Insider Preview display drivers ( WDDM 2.0 ) '' . MSDN . Microsoft . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bott , Ed ( May 2 , 2015 ) . `` R.I.P. , Windows Media Center '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft Lists Features You 'll Lose When Upgrading to Windows 10 '' . NDTV Gadgets . New Delhi Television Limited . June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's July 29 . Do you know where your Windows 10 ( and Office Mobile ) bits are ? '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Albanesius , Chloe ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Microsoft Dropping DVD Playback Support in Windows 8 '' . PC Magazine . Ziff Davis . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 Specifications '' . Microsoft.com/ . Microsoft . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thurrot , Paul ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Here 's What 's Really Happening to OneDrive in Windows 10 '' . WinSuperSite.com . Penton . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Windows 10 Fall Creators Update : the 10 best new features '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No Start Menu and App Sync for Windows 10 '' . Supersite for Windows . Penton . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mozilla blasts Microsoft for making it harder to switch to Firefox in Windows 10 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Changes to family features '' . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft is Shutting Down Some MSN Mobile Apps '' . Thurrott.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul Thurrott ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` Here Are the Features Windows 10 Will Remove When You Upgrade '' . Thurrott.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why does some text display with square boxes in some apps on Windows 10 ? '' . Microsoft Support . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Popa , Bogdan ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` This Windows 8 Feature Was Brought Back in Windows 10 Thanks to User Feedback '' . Softpedia . SoftNews . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft explains what you 'll lose by upgrading to Windows 10 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 updates to be automatic and mandatory for Home users '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft cloaks the details of Windows 10 updates '' . Computerworld . IDG . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Windows 10 users beg Microsoft for more info on updates '' . Computerworld . IDG . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` You ca n't turn off Cortana in the Windows 10 Anniversary Update '' . PC World . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Killing Cortana : How to disable Windows 10 's info - hungry digital assistant '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft locks down Cortana : Blocks integration with other browsers , search engines '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Delivering Personalized Search Experiences in Windows 10 through Cortana '' . Microsoft . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leonhard , Woody ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` More forced advertising creeps into Windows 10 Pro '' . Infoworld . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10s Wi - Fi credential sharing is going away in the Anniversary Update '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to Change the Windows 10 Logoff , Logon , and Shutdown Sounds in Windows 10 '' . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Windows 10 's Creators Update tweaks a workaround for mandatory updates '' . PC World . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bott , Ed . `` Microsoft cuts off Windows 10 support early for some PCs '' . ZDNet . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tung , Liam . `` Windows 10 : Microsoft 's monster Insider update is packed full of new features '' . ZDNet . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Features that are removed or deprecated in Windows 10 Creators Update '' . Microsoft . Jump up ^ `` Syskey. exe utility is no longer supported in Windows 10 version 1709 and Windows Server version 1709 '' . Microsoft . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft reveals all the editions of Windows 10 '' . The Verge . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Introducing Windows 10 Editions '' . Microsoft . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Our first look at Windows 10 on phones , and Universal Apps for touchscreens '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft starts selling a Surface Laptop with Windows 10 Pro pre-installed '' . TechRadar . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Windows 10 S , a streamlined , simplified , Windows Store - only OS for schools '' . PC World . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 S is Microsoft 's answer to Chrome OS '' . The Verge . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bright , Peter ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Desktop apps make their way into the Windows Store '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 Cloud looks just like Windows 10 in leaked screenshots '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leaked Microsoft document confirms Windows 10 Cloud and a Chromebook competitor '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft admits Windows 10 S was confusing , new ' S Mode ' upgrades will be free '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Tung , Liam . `` Windows 10 to permit block on apps installing if they 're not from Microsoft Store '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom . `` Windows 10 Technical Preview now available to download '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 : Microsoft hits a turbo button to get back to business '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 Technical Preview now available to download '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft launches Windows Insider Program to get Windows betas '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft stealthily backs away from free Windows 10 promise '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft clarification kinda clears up free Windows 10 license confusion '' . Ars Technica . Conde Nast Digital . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thurrott , Paul ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` HP Exec Explains Why Windows 10 Launch is Different '' . Thurrott.com . self - published . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 Build 10240 Released To All Insiders '' . Anandtech . Purch , Inc . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 testers get access to the final version '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 Build 10240 is the RTM version , but Microsoft wishes you 'd stop calling it that '' . ExtremeTech . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Popa , Bogdan ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Windows 10 Has Reached RTM '' . softpedia . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 hits RTM milestone ahead of July 29th launch '' . WinBeta . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 's final build number is delightfully clever '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thurrott , Paul . `` No RTM for Windows 10 , Microsoft Says '' . Thurrott.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft has finalized Windows 10 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Experts Talk Windows 10 and Microsoft 's New Service Branch Options '' . Redmond Magazine . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's how to upgrade to Windows 10 '' . CNET . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Upgrade to Windows 10 '' . Wired . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hay , Richard ( Jul 30 , 2015 ) . `` How to make sure your free copy of Windows 10 is activated '' . Supersite for Windows . Penton . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bott , Ed . `` Windows 10 to launch ' this summer ' with free upgrades even for pirated copies '' . ZDNet . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Change your mind about Windows 10 ? Here 's how you can roll back '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Windows 10 will be a free upgrade for all users worldwide ( Updated ) '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft says Windows 10 could ship this summer , and new features keep coming '' . PC World . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 will be free for software pirates '' . The Verge . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft prices Windows 10 licenses at $119 for Home , $199 for Pro '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Details of free Windows 10 update become a little clearer , but questions remain '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ryan . `` Windows 10 Retail Will Be on USB Flash Drives '' . Anandtech . Purch , Inc . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Windows 10 wo n't be available on all new PCs come launch day '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft 's Windows RT is n't dead ... yet '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Upgrade to Windows 10 : FAQ '' . Microsoft . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Windows 10 Specifications '' . Windows Help . Microsoft . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` What Windows as a Service and a `` free upgrade '' mean at home and at work `` . Ars Technica . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Genuine Windows and Windows 10 '' . Windows Blog . Microsoft . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . While our free offer to upgrade to Windows 10 will not apply to Non-Genuine Windows devices Jump up ^ `` The Windows 10 free upgrade for pirates : More confusing than it seems '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Paul , Ian ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Why you ca n't find your product key after upgrading to Windows 10 '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How to clean install Windows 10 '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 10565 '' . Windows 10 blog . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keizer , Gregg . `` Automatic update delivered to most Windows 7 and 8.1 consumer devices illustrates aggressive marketing intent '' . ComputerWorld . IDC . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reserve your free Windows 10 upgrade , download available on July 29 '' . Network World . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 installation files already sneaking onto Windows 7 and 8 PCs '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How to get the Windows 10 update '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's How to Get Windows 10 for Free -- Still '' . CNET . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft waives July 's Windows 10 upgrade deadline for assistive - tech users '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` You can still get Windows 10 for free with this trick '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bott , Ed . `` Microsoft quietly announces end of last free Windows 10 upgrade offer '' . ZDNet . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 lets you schedule Windows Update restarts '' . CNET . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Did Microsoft Just Backtrack on Forced Updates For Windows 10 ? '' . CRN.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul , Ian ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Set Windows 10 's Wi - Fi connections as metered to download forced updates at your own pace '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul , Ian ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` How to cure Windows 10 's worst headaches '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to temporarily prevent a Windows or driver update from reinstalling in Windows 10 '' . Support . Microsoft . July 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to stop Windows 10 from using your PC 's bandwidth to update strangers ' systems '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All editions of Windows 10 get 10 years of updates , support '' . Computerworld . IDG . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft swings security patch stick to keep customers up - to - date on Windows 10 '' . Computerworld . IDG . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft to provide free upgrades to Windows 10 for 2 to 4 years '' . Computerworld . IDG . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hachman , Mark ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Confirmed : Windows 10 may cut off devices with older CPUs '' . PC World . IDG . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 free for all Windows 8.1 and Windows 7 users for first year '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Myerson , Terry . `` The next generation of Windows : Windows 10 '' . Windows blog . Microsoft . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overview of Windows as a service '' . Microsoft . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft will now release major Windows 10 updates every March and September '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leonhard , Woody ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Windows 10 forced updates : Do n't panic '' . InfoWorld . IDG . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft reveals biggest - ever change in Windows updates '' . Computerworld . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing Windows 10 for Business '' . Windows Blog . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Endler , Michael . `` Windows 10 : 5 Unanswered Questions '' . InformationWeek . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gregg Keizer ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Enterprise alert : Microsoft slates next Windows 10 LTSB release for 2019 '' . Computerworld . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft rationalizes and rebrands Windows 10 , Office updates again '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Windows Semi-Annual Channel and Targeted Deployment '' . Surface blog on TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 for Enterprise : More secure and up to date '' . Windows Experience Blog . Microsoft . January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foly , Mary Jo ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Piecing together the Windows as a Service puzzle for Windows 10 '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trent , Rod ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Keeping Windows 10 Up - to - Date for Enterprises , CBB Will Have 8 Months to Update '' . Windows IT Pro . Penton . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 Licensing terms § 6 '' . Microsoft . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . The software periodically checks for system and app updates , and downloads and installs them for you . You may obtain updates only from Microsoft or authorized sources , and Microsoft may need to update your system to provide you with those updates . By accepting this agreement , you agree to receive these types of automatic updates without any additional notice . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 beta build th2_release Professional 10525 now available '' . InfoWorld . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft releases a Windows 10 ' November update ' with a smarter Cortana and more '' . PCWorld . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bright , Peter ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Windows 10 November Update : features , fixes , and enterprise readiness '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft releases first major update for Windows 10 -- here 's what 's new ( and better ) '' . BetaNews . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft pulls the Windows 10 November Update '' . BetaNews . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft yanks latest Windows 10 release from its download server '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 November update was pulled for forgetting privacy settings ; it 's now back '' . Ars Technica . Conde Nast . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bright , Peter . `` Windows 10 Anniversary Update coming August 2 for 350 million Windows 10 users '' . Ars Technica . Conde Nast Digital . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Windows Anniversary Update announced , coming for free in the summer '' . The Verge . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft 's codename Redstone is a Windows 10 update coming in 2016 '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft to Start the Next Windows 10 Chapter : Redstone '' . Softpedia . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Daniel ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Next year 's big Windows 10 update is codenamed ' Redstone ' '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foley , Mary Jo. `` Microsoft pushes back Windows 10 ' Redstone ' 2 to Spring 2017 to line up with new Microsoft device wave '' . ZDNet . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft 's new Windows Ink ' puts the pen front and center ' '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Myerson , Terry . `` Windows 10 Anniversary Update brings New Experiences and Developer Opportunity '' . Windows Experience Blog . Microsoft . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Help protect my PC with Windows Defender Offline '' Microsoft . Accessed October 4 , 2016 Jump up ^ Hruska , Joel . `` Windows 10 will receive an Anniversary Update with Linux support , Xbox One compatibility , and more '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Driver Signing changes in Windows 10 , version 1607 '' . Windows Hardware Certification blog . Microsoft . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Myerson , Terry ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Empowering a new wave of creativity with the Windows 10 Creators Update and Surface Studio '' . Windows Experience Blog . Microsoft . Jump up ^ Popa , Bogdan ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft Confirms Version 1703 for Windows 10 Creators Update RTM '' . Softpedia . SoftNews . ^ Jump up to : `` Windows 10 `` Creator 's Update '' will be coming for free this Spring `` . Ars Technica . Conde Nast . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft reveals more about what 's coming in Windows 10 Creators Update '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Windows 10 Creators Update is now available for manual upgrading '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game streaming coming to Windows 10 , and bitstream coming to Xbox One '' . Ars Technica . Conde Nast . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : Windows 10 Creators Update is quite a small major update '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft 's Beam renamed to Mixer , adds co-op streaming ( update ) '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Microsoft plans to make 3D building mainstream in Windows 10 '' . Engadget . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tung , Liam . `` Windows 10 to permit block on apps installing if they 're not from Microsoft Store '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft releases new Windows 10 preview with Compact Overlay , Dynamic Lock , and improved Game Bar '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How to use Night Light in the Windows 10 Creators Update '' . PCWorld . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 16288 Readies For Fall Creators Update '' . Tom 's Hardware . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Windows 10 Redstone : A guide to the builds '' . Computerworld . IDG . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10s Fall Creators Update is now available '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 gets more social with `` My People , '' a taskbar feature focused on sharing , communication `` . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 15007 for PC and Mobile '' . Windows blog . Microsoft . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 's next big update , Redstone 3 , hits the radar '' . InfoWorld . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft announces Windows 10 Fall Creators Update '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Windows 10 will hide your important files from ransomware soon '' . The Verge . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Windows look and feel , Neon , is officially the `` Microsoft Fluent Design System '' `` . Ars Technica . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft 's next mobile strategy is to make iOS and Android better '' . The Verge . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Graph bridges the gap between Windows and your phone '' . Engadget . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft delays its Windows 10 Timeline feature '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft is bringing clever tabs to every Windows 10 app '' . The Verge . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft sees the future of Windows 10 as Sets , ditching windows for a tabbed app interface '' . PCWorld . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft is bringing Windows desktop apps to mobile ARM processors '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Howse , Brett . `` Microsoft Launches Windows 10 on ARM : Always Connected PCs '' . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AMD and Qualcomm join forces to power higher - end connected PCs '' . Engadget . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PAE / NX / SSE2 Support Requirement Guide for Windows 8 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . October 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What is PAE , NX , and SSE2 and why does my PC need to support them to run Windows 8 ? '' . Windows Help . Microsoft . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Before you install '' . windows.microsoft.com . Microsoft . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thurrott , Paul ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` Upgrade a Small Tablet or Laptop to Windows 10 '' . Thurrott.com . Self - published . Jump up ^ Sinha , Robin ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Windows 10 Minimum Hardware Requirements and Upgrade Paths Detailed '' . NDTV . Red Pixels Ventures . Jump up ^ Bright , Peter ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Windows 10 to make the Secure Boot alt - OS lock out a reality '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Jump up ^ Bright , Peter ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Skylake support on Windows 7 and 8.1 given a one - year extension '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Jump up ^ Keizer , Gregg ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Microsoft backtracks on Windows 7 support deadline '' . Computerworld . IDG . Jump up ^ Bright , Peter ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` Skylake users given 18 months to upgrade to Windows 10 '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Jump up ^ Bott , Ed ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Microsoft updates support policy : New CPUs will require Windows 10 '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ Larsen , Shad ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Updates to Silicon Support Policy for Windows '' . Windows For Your Business . Microsoft . Jump up ^ Foley , Mary Jo ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Microsoft extends again support for Windows 7 , 8.1 Skylake - based devices '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ Bright , Peter ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` New processors are now blocked from receiving updates on old Windows '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Jump up ^ Paul , Ian ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft blocks Kaby Lake and Ryzen PCs from Windows 7 , 8 updates '' . PC World . IDG . Jump up ^ `` There 's a patch to reinstate Windows 7 & 8.1 on Kaby Lake CPUs - TheINQUIRER '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : Windows 10 is the best version yet -- once the bugs get fixed '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Windows 10 Review '' . TechRadar . Future plc . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Michael ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Windows 10 is for suckers '' . Computerworld . IDG . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 Review '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Windows 10s default privacy settings and controls leave much to be desired '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` There 's a Ridiculous Hidden Fee Inside Windows 10 '' . Time . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 7 ways Windows 10 pushes ads at you , and how to stop them '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft is infesting Windows 10 with annoying ads '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft wants you to pay for Solitaire , again , in Windows 10 '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hay , Richard ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Microsoft Adds Premium Subscriptions to Windows 8 Games to Remove Ads . Could Built in Apps be next ? '' . Windows Observer . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 goes freemium with paid apps '' . Techradar . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft starts showing ads for Edge browser in Windows 10 '' . ExtremeTech . IDG . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Statcounter . `` Desktop Windows Version Market Share Worldwide StatCounter Global Stats '' . gs.statcounter.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 -- The First 24 Hours '' . Windows Experience Blog . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 Now on 75 Million Devices '' . Windows Experience Blog . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Kane , Sean ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft says there are 110 million devices with Windows 10 '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 Now Active on over 200 Million Devices '' . Windows Experience Blog . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft : Windows 10 activated on more than 200 million devices ZDNet '' . ZDNet . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 overtakes 8.1 for first time globally -- StatCounter Global Stats '' . Jump up ^ `` StatCounter Global Stats -- Browser , OS , Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share '' . Jump up ^ `` StatCounter Global Stats - Browser , OS , Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share '' . StatCounter Global Stats . Jump up ^ `` StatCounter Global Stats - Browser , OS , Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share '' . StatCounter Global Stats . Jump up ^ Merriman , Chris ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Windows 10 loses market share as Windows 7 fights back '' . V3.co.uk . Incisive Business Media Limited . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Statcounter . `` Desktop Windows Version Market Share Worldwide StatCounter Global Stats '' . gs.statcounter.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Statcounter . `` Desktop Windows Version Market Share Asia StatCounter Global Stats '' . gs.statcounter.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Statcounter . `` Desktop Windows Version Market Share Africa StatCounter Global Stats '' . gs.statcounter.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Statcounter . `` Desktop Windows Version Market Share Oceania StatCounter Global Stats '' . gs.statcounter.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Leonhard , Woody ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` On the road to Windows 10 : Nvidia driver tests KB 3073930 patch blocker '' . InfoWorld . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leonhard , Woody ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` On the road to Windows 10 : Problems with forced updates and KB 3073930 '' . InfoWorld . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Windows 10 's forced automatic updates are a good idea '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Microsoft will stop hiding what 's inside Windows 10 updates '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 Threshold 2 Removes Some Desktop Programs During Install '' . Softpedia . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Popa , Bogdan ( November 14 , 2015 ) . `` Windows 10 Threshold 2 Automatically Reinstalls All Previously Removed Apps '' . Softpedia . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Popa , Bogdan . `` Windows 10 Cumulative Update KB3176938 Fixes Freezing Bug in Anniversary Update '' . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 Anniversary Update keeps freezing ? Here 's how to fix the problem '' . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bright , Peter ( August 20 , 2016 ) . `` Windows 10 Anniversary Update breaks most webcams '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft accidentally released internal Windows 10 development builds '' . The Verge . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A note about the unintentional release of builds today -- Windows Experience BlogWindows Experience Blog '' . blogs.windows.com . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft 's decision to pre-load Windows 10 upgrade sans consent is ill - advised '' . Computerworld . IDG . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Did n't ask for Windows 10 ? Your PC may have downloaded it anyway '' . PC World . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Banishing ' Get Windows 10 ' nagware is n't as easy as you think '' . InfoWorld . IDG . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to manage Windows 10 notification and upgrade options '' . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Michael ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Blocking Windows 10 with Never10 '' . Computerworld . IDG . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft is downloading Windows 10 to your machine ' just in case ' '' . The Inquirer . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Making it Easier to Upgrade to Windows 10 '' . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft planning to automatically offer Windows 10 to existing PCs '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft upgraded users to Windows 10 without their OK '' . InfoWorld . IDG . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fearing forced Windows 10 upgrades , users are disabling critical updates instead '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Day , Matt . `` Microsoft draws flak for pushing Windows 10 on PC users '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft takes Windows 10 upgrade near nuclear line '' . Computerworld . IDG . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Admits It `` Went Too Far '' with Aggressive Windows 10 Updates `` . Softpedia . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A lawsuit over an unwanted Windows 10 upgrade just cost Microsoft $10,000 '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Get ready for yet another change to ' Get Windows 10 ' nagware '' . InfoWorld . IDG . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft prepares one final , full - screen Get Windows 10 nag '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hern , Alex ( August 1 , 2015 ) . `` Windows 10 : Microsoft under attack over privacy '' . theguardian.com . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yeung , Ken . `` Microsoft makes new ad platform SDKs available for Windows 8.1 to help Store developers monetize their apps '' . The Next Web . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bott , Ed ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Is Windows 10 telemetry a threat to your personal privacy ? '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Windows 10s privacy policy is the new normal '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook , Gmail , Skype face Russia ban under ' anti-terror ' plan '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Russian MPs back law on internet data storage '' . BBC News . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Senior Russian lawmaker seeks ban on Windows 10 in state agencies '' . RT . TV - Novosti . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bott , Ed ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` No , Microsoft is not spying on you with Windows 10 '' . ZDNet . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gralla , Preston ( September 3 , 2015 ) . `` Windows 10 : Public enemy No. 1 , or an OS like any other ? '' . Computerworld . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Windows 10 Can Find and Disable Pirated Games '' . GameSpot . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fears of Microsoft scanning your Windows 10 PC for pirated games are overblown '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Torrent Trackers ban Windows 10 over privacy concerns '' . TorrentFreak . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Komando , Kim ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` 3 Windows 10 privacy gotchas '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microsoft Windows 10 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%2010
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who starred in west side story the movie
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West Side Story is a 1961 American romantic musical tragedy film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins . The film is an adaptation of the 1957 Broadway musical of the same name , which in turn was inspired by William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet . It stars Natalie Wood , Richard Beymer , Russ Tamblyn , Rita Moreno , and George Chakiris , and was photographed by Daniel L. Fapp , A.S.C. , in Super Panavision 70 . Released on October 18 , 1961 , through United Artists , the film received high praise from critics and viewers , and became the second highest grossing film of the year in the United States . The film was nominated for 11 Academy Awards and won 10 , including Best Picture ( as well as a special award for Robbins ) , becoming the record holder for the most wins for a movie musical .
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Natalie Wood|Richard Beymer|Russ Tamblyn|Rita Moreno|George Chakiris
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West Side Story ( film )
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west side story ( film )
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West Side Story is a 1961 American romantic musical tragedy film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins . The film is an adaptation of the 1957 Broadway musical of the same name , which in turn was inspired by William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet . It stars Natalie Wood , Richard Beymer , Russ Tamblyn , Rita Moreno , and George Chakiris , and was photographed by Daniel L. Fapp , A.S.C. , in Super Panavision 70 . Released on October 18 , 1961 , through United Artists , the film received high praise from critics and viewers , and became the second highest grossing film of the year in the United States . The film was nominated for 11 Academy Awards and won 10 , including Best Picture ( as well as a special award for Robbins ) , becoming the record holder for the most wins for a movie musical .
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The film has been deemed `` culturally significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and was selected for the National Film Registry in 1997 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Jets 2.2 Jet Girls 2.3 Sharks 2.4 Shark Girls 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 4.1 Casting 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 6 Accolades and honors 6.1 Academy Awards 6.2 Others 7 Score and soundtrack 8 Remakes and legacy 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In the late summer of 1957 , in the West Side 's Lincoln Square neighborhood in Manhattan , there is tension between a white American gang , the Jets , led by Riff Lorton , and a Puerto Rican gang , the Sharks , led by Bernardo Nunez . After a brawl erupts , Lieutenant Schrank and Officer Krupke arrive and break it up . The Jets decide to challenge the Sharks to a rumble at an upcoming dance for neighborhood control . Riff decides that his best friend Tony Wyzek , the co-founder of the Jets who left the gang , should join them for the rumble . Riff invites Tony to the dance , and Tony is uninterested , but eventually agrees to come . He tells Riff that he senses something important will happen in his life , which Riff suggests could be related to the dance . Bernardo 's younger sister , Maria , tells her best friend and Bernardo 's girlfriend , Anita Palacio , with whom she works at a bridal shop , how excited she is about the dance as they work on altering Maria 's dress . She also complains that she has no interest in Chino , the young Puerto Rican man Bernardo brought to the U.S. for her to marry . At the dance , the gangs and girls refuse to intermingle . Tony arrives and he and Maria fall in love at first sight . Bernardo angrily demands Tony stay away from Maria and sends her home . Riff confronts Bernardo about meeting to arrange the fight . At home , Bernardo admonishes Maria for being naive , and he and Anita argue that he is being overprotective . They and their friends debate the advantages and disadvantages of America . Tony quietly meets Maria on her fire escape , where they reaffirm their love . At Doc 's store , both gangs agree on a one - on - one fist fight rumble the following night under a highway . When Schrank arrives , the gangs feign friendship . Schrank forces the Sharks out and unsuccessfully tries to discover information about the fight . The next day at the bridal shop Anita accidentally tells Maria about the rumble . Tony arrives to see Maria , revealing their romance to Anita who initially objects and warns them that Bernardo would never approve , but later agrees to keep it secret . Maria has Tony promise to prevent the rumble . Tony and Maria fantasize about their wedding ceremony . The following night , the Jets and Sharks meet under the highway and the fight begins as planned . Tony arrives to stop it , but Bernardo antagonizes him . Unwilling to watch Tony be humiliated , Riff initiates a knife fight . Tony tries to intervene , which leads to Bernardo killing Riff . Tony kills Bernardo with Riff 's knife in retaliation and a melee ensues . Police sirens blare and everyone flees , leaving behind the dead bodies . Maria waits for Tony on the rooftop of her apartment building when Chino arrives and tells her what happened . Tony arrives and explains what transpired and asks for her forgiveness before he turns himself in to the police . Maria confirms her love for him and asks Tony to stay with her . The Jets have reassembled outside a garage with their new leader , Ice , having them focus on keeping cool no matter how emotional they feel . The tomboy Anybodys arrives and warns them that Chino is now after Tony with a gun . The Jets split up to find Tony . Anita arrives home after learning of Bernardo 's death . Maria and Tony quickly and quietly agree to meet up at Doc 's and run away . Anita catches Tony leaving and tells Maria she should let him go since he is a killer , and Maria changes her mind . Anita tells her of Chino 's plans and Maria tells her Tony is headed for Doc 's store . Schrank arrives to question Maria about the disagreement at the dance . Maria fakes having a headache and asks Anita go to Doc 's store for medicine and to tell Doc she has been detained . Knowing Maria 's real meaning , she agrees . At Doc 's , the Jets harass Anita , despite her pleas that she wants to help . After Doc breaks things up , Anita proclaims that Bernardo was right to hate them and says that Chino killed Maria when he found about her and Tony . Doc delivers getaway money and Anita 's message to Tony who then bursts into street , yelling for Chino to kill him too . Maria arrives and they run to each other in the middle of the playground . Just before they embrace , Chino shoots Tony and he dies in Maria 's arms . Maria takes the gun from Chino and blames the deaths of Riff , Bernardo , and Tony on all of them and their hate for each other . Schrank , Krupke , and Doc arrive as the Jets and Sharks , together , carry Tony 's body away , forming a funeral procession with Maria following . The police arrest Chino and lead him away . Cast ( edit ) Natalie Wood as Maria Nunez , Bernardo 's younger sister , Chino 's arranged fiancée , who falls in love with Tony Marni Nixon as Maria 's singing voice Richard Beymer as Tony Wyzek , who is co-founder of the Jets but has outgrown their street culture . Remains best friend of Riff , works at Doc 's drug store , and becomes Maria 's star - crossed lover . Jimmy Bryant as Tony 's singing voice Russ Tamblyn as Riff Lorton , leader of the Jets , best friend of Tony Tucker Smith as Riff 's singing voice for `` Jet Song '' ( Tamblyn did his own singing for `` Gee , Officer Krupke ! '' and `` Quintet '' ) Rita Moreno as Anita Palacio , Bernardo 's girlfriend , Maria 's closest confidante Betty Wand as Anita 's singing voice for `` A Boy Like That '' ( Moreno did her own singing for `` America '' and `` Quintet '' ) George Chakiris as Bernardo Nunez , leader of the Sharks , older brother of Maria and Anita 's boyfriend Simon Oakland as Lieutenant Schrank , police lieutenant Ned Glass as Doc , drugstore owner , Tony 's boss ; a decent , elderly man William Bramley as Officer Krupke , neighborhood cop and Schrank 's sergeant Uncredited John Astin as Glad Hand , well - meaning but ineffective social worker Penny Santon as Madam Lucia , bridal shop owner Jets ( edit ) Tucker Smith as Ice , Riff 's lieutenant , becomes leader of the Jets after Riff 's death . Tony Mordente as Action , a hot - tempered Jet . Eliot Feld as Baby John , the youngest member of the Jets . A relative innocent . David Winters as A-Rab , Baby John 's best friend Bert Michaels as Snowboy David Bean as Tiger Robert Banas as Joyboy Anthony ' Scooter ' Teague as Big Deal Harvey Evans ( Harvey Hohnecker ) as Mouthpiece Tommy Abbott as Gee - Tar Jet Girls ( edit ) Susan Oakes as Anybodys , a tomboy and wannabe Jet Gina Trikonis as Graziella , Riff 's girlfriend . Carole D'Andrea as Velma , Ice 's girlfriend Uncredited Rita Hyde d'Amico as Clarice , Big Deal 's girlfriend Pat Tribble as Minnie , Baby John 's girlfriend Francesca Bellini as Debby , Snowboy 's girlfriend Elaine Joyce as Hotsie , Tiger 's girlfriend Sharks ( edit ) Jose DeVega as Chino Martin , Bernardo 's best friend Jay Norman as Pepe , Bernardo 's lieutenant Gus Trikonis as Indio , Pepe 's best friend Eddie Verso as Juano Jaime Rogers as Loco Larry Roquemore as Rocco Robert E. Thompson as Luis Nick Covacevich as Toro Rudy Del Campo as Del Campo Andre Tayir as Chile Shark girls ( edit ) Yvonne Othon as Consuelo , Pepe 's girlfriend Suzie Kaye as Rosalia , Indio 's girlfriend Joanne Miya as Francisca , Toro 's girlfriend Uncredited The passenger liner SS United States makes a brief overhead view appearance at the United States Lines pier in New York Harbor at the very beginning of the movie . Maria Jimenez Henley as Teresita , Juano 's girlfriend Yvonne Wilder as Alicia , Chile 's girlfriend Luci Stone as Estella , Loco 's girlfriend Olivia Perez as Margarita , Rocco 's girlfriend Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I `` Overture '' -- Orchestra `` Prologue '' -- Orchestra `` Jet Song '' -- Riff and Jets `` Something 's Coming '' -- Tony `` Dance at the Gym '' -- Orchestra `` Maria '' -- Tony `` America '' -- Anita , Bernardo , Sharks and Girls `` Tonight '' -- Tony and Maria `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' -- Riff and Jets `` Maria ( violin ) '' -- Orchestra Act II `` I Feel Pretty '' -- Maria , Consuelo , Rosalia , and Francisca `` One Hand , One Heart '' -- Tony and Maria `` Tonight Quintet '' -- Maria , Tony , Anita , Riff , Bernardo , Jets , and Sharks `` The Rumble '' -- Orchestra `` Somewhere '' -- Tony and Maria `` Cool '' -- Ice and Jets `` A Boy Like That / I Have a Love '' -- Anita and Maria `` Somewhere ( Reprise ) '' -- Maria `` Finale '' -- Orchestra Production ( edit ) Veteran director Robert Wise was chosen to direct and produce because of his experience with urban New York dramas such as Odds Against Tomorrow ( 1959 ) . Since he had no experience directing a musical , Wise agreed that Jerome Robbins , who had directed the stage version of West Side Story , would direct the musical and dance sequences . After about one - third of the movie had been shot , the Mirisch Company , concerned that the production was running over-budget , dismissed Robbins . According to Saul Chaplin , Robbins nearly suffered a nervous breakdown during the time he worked on the film . The remaining dance numbers were directed with the help of Robbins ' assistants . Recognizing Robbins ' considerable creative contribution to the film , Wise agreed that Robbins should be given co-directing credit , even though Wise directed the greater part of the film . The opening titles and end credits sequences were created by Saul Bass , who is also credited for `` visual consultation '' on the film . Exterior shots used the buildings of Lincoln Square , which were vacant and about to be torn down , allowing them to be used as a set . Casting ( edit ) Because the producers wanted actors who looked believable as teenagers , they did not consider 30 - year - old Larry Kert , the first Tony on Broadway , or 29 - year - old Carol Lawrence , the first Maria , but some had experience in stage productions . Tony Mordente , who played A-Rab on stage , was cast as Action in the film , and George Chakiris , Riff in the London stage production , played Bernardo in the film . Tucker Smith , who joined the Broadway production several months into its run , played Diesel , renamed Ice for the film . David Winters , the first stage Baby John , played A-Rab , Eliot Feld , an ensemble member and understudy for Baby John on Broadway , played Baby John . Jay Norman , Juano on stage , appeared as Pepe . Reprising their stage roles in the film were Carole D'Andrea as Velma , Tommy Abott as Gee - Tar , and William Bramley as Officer Krupke . Elvis Presley was approached for Tony , but his manager , Colonel Tom Parker , strongly believed the role to be wrong for Elvis and made him decline in favor of other movie musicals . According to legend , the Colonel did n't want Elvis associated with gang warfare and knife crime , although three years earlier , Elvis ' character Danny Fisher stabbed and killed the small - time gangster ' Shark ' played by Vic Morrow in the movie King Creole . When the movie became a hit and earned 10 Oscars , Elvis regretted having given up the part . Others who auditioned for the part included Warren Beatty , Tab Hunter , Anthony Perkins , Russ Tamblyn , Burt Reynolds , Troy Donahue , Bobby Darin , Richard Chamberlain , Dennis Hopper , and Gary Lockwood . Bobby Darin made a strong impression on the producers at his audition and was , at one point , in talks for the role . However , he turned it down due to his concert and recording commitments . Tab Hunter , then 30 , and Burt Reynolds , nearly 26 , were also considered , due to their Broadway and singing credits , but they were dismissed because of their age . Richard Chamberlain was also thought too old at age 26 . The producers settled on their `` final five '' : Warren Beatty , Anthony Perkins , Russ Tamblyn , Troy Donahue , and Richard Beymer . Although he was 28 before filming began , Perkins ' boyish looks and Broadway resume seemed to make him a contender for the role , and he was trying to avoid getting typecast after the success of Psycho . Robert Wise originally chose Beatty for the role , figuring that youth was more important than experience . Ultimately , Beymer , the most unlikely of the candidates , won the part of Tony . Tamblyn , after several callbacks , impressed the producers and was given the role of Riff . Natalie Wood was filming Splendor in the Grass with Warren Beatty and was romantically involved with him off - screen . The producers were considering her for the role of Maria . When Beatty went to screen test for the role of Tony , Wood read opposite him as Maria as a favor because she had been practicing with him . The producers fell in love with the idea of Wood as Maria but did not cast Beatty . Jill St. John , Audrey Hepburn , Diane Baker , Valerie Harper , Elizabeth Ashley , and Suzanne Pleshette were among the many actresses who lobbied for the role of Maria in the film . However , Hepburn later withdrew because she became pregnant . Reception ( edit ) West Side Story holds a 94 % `` Certified fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 62 reviews for an average rating of 8.3 / 10 ; the site 's critical consensus states : `` Buoyed by Robert Wise 's dazzling direction , Leonard Bernstein 's score , and Stephen Sondheim 's lyrics , West Side Story remains perhaps the most iconic of all the Shakespeare adaptations to visit the big screen . '' Box Office ( edit ) The film earned $19,645,000 in North American rentals . Because of profit participation , United Artists earned a profit of $2.5 million on the film . Accolades and honors ( edit ) Its ten Academy Awards make it the musical film with the most Academy wins , including Best Picture . Three other films ( Ben - Hur , Titanic and The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ) won 11 Oscars , but they were not musical films . Academy Awards ( edit ) Awards Academy Award for Best Picture -- Robert Wise , producer Academy Award for Best Director -- Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor -- George Chakiris Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Rita Moreno Academy Award for Best Art Direction -- Set Decoration ( Color ) -- Victor A. Gangelin and Boris Leven Academy Award for Best Cinematography ( Color ) -- Daniel L. Fapp Academy Award for Best Costume Design ( Color ) -- Irene Sharaff Academy Award for Best Film Editing -- Thomas Stanford Academy Award for Best Music , Scoring of a Musical Picture -- Saul Chaplin , Johnny Green , Irwin Kostal , and Sid Ramin Academy Award for Best Sound -- Fred Hynes ( Todd - AO SSD ) , and Gordon E. Sawyer ( Samuel Goldwyn SSD ) Nominations Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay -- Ernest Lehman Others ( edit ) Academy Award for Brilliant Achievements in the Art of Choreography on Film -- Jerome Robbins American Film Institute lists : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 41 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- # 3 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Somewhere '' -- # 20 `` America '' -- # 35 `` Tonight '' -- # 59 AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- # 2 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 51 The film 's cast appeared and was honored at the 50th anniversary of West Side Story at the 2011 Ventura Film Festival . Score and soundtrack ( edit ) Leonard Bernstein was displeased with the orchestrations for the movie , which was the work of Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal , who had orchestrated the original Broadway production . That show had been orchestrated for roughly 30 musicians ; for the movie , United Artists allowed them triple that , including six saxophone parts , eight trumpets , five pianos and five xylophones . Bernstein found it `` overbearing and lacking in texture and subtlety . '' Stephen Sondheim , who did not like the arrangement of the songs in the Broadway version , had the song `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' being sung before the Rumble in place of the song `` Cool '' which is sung instead after the Rumble ; the song `` I Feel Pretty '' is also sung before the Rumble instead of after . In addition , the song `` America '' was sung in - between the two love songs `` Maria '' and `` Tonight '' , instead of having the two love songs being sung consecutively . The `` Somewhere '' Ballet was omitted , because it slowed down the pace of the film , and was sung instead by Tony and Maria . Reprises of the lyrics were omitted as well , especially in the songs `` One Hand , One Heart '' and `` A Boy Like That '' . Some lyrics were changed in order to avoid censorship , especially in the songs `` Jet Song , '' `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' , `` America '' and the `` Tonight Quintet . '' Even the phrase `` Womb to Tomb , Sperm to Worm '' between Riff and Tony had to be replaced with `` Womb to Tomb , Birth to Earth '' between Riff and Tony near the beginning of the film and `` One - Two - Three , One - Two - Three '' between Riff and Diesel in the Quintet . As provided in her contract , Wood prerecorded her songs and allowed the production team to decide whether to use her voice or not . She found the songs challenging , but was allowed to film her scenes lip - synching to her own vocals and was led to believe that these versions would be used , although music supervisors Saul Chaplin and Johnny Green had already decided to use Marni Nixon 's voice . Wood 's singing voice is only heard during the reprise of the song `` Somewhere '' when Tony dies . Though Nixon had recorded the songs in the same orchestra sessions as Wood , she had to re-record them to synch with Wood 's filmed performances . Even the one song for which Wood had lip - synched to Nixon 's voice , `` One Hand , One Heart '' , had to be recorded again because Wood 's lip - synching was unsatisfactory . When Marni Nixon learned that she had not signed a contract for participating in the recording and demanded a percentage of the LP record , she was told that all percentages had been allocated . Bernstein gave her 0.25 % of his album royalties . This set a precedent for all future `` ghost singers '' . Beymer 's vocals were performed by Jimmy Bryant . Tucker Smith , who played Ice , dubbed the singing voice of Riff in `` Jet Song '' , instead of Russ Tamblyn . Tamblyn 's own voice was used in `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' and the `` Quintet '' . Rita Moreno was dubbed by Betty Wand in the song `` A Boy Like That '' because the song needed to be performed at a register that was too low for her . However , Moreno sang her own vocals in `` America '' . Marni Nixon sang some of Moreno 's parts in the `` Quintet '' when illness prevented Moreno from doing so . Wand was also ill on the day of final recording , and so Nixon recorded Anita 's vocal line as well . For the 50th anniversary of the film 's 1961 release , a score closer to the Broadway version was created by Garth Edwin Sunderland of the Leonard Bernstein Office to be performed live at screenings of the movie with the score removed , but with the original vocals maintained . The score 's New York City premiere was presented at Lincoln Center 's Avery Fisher Hall , built atop the original film locations , which were razed in a late 1950s urban renewal project . The Stan Kenton Orchestra recorded Kenton 's West Side Story , an entire album of Johnny Richards ' jazz orchestrations based on the Bernstein scores in 1961 . It was previewed at Capitol Records by the producers of the motion picture during the editing and mix down who lamented that , had they known of its existence , it would have been used as the musical foundation of the new film . The Kenton version won the 1962 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Recording by a Large Group . A still picture from the movie is the front cover of the Kenton LP . Remakes and legacy ( edit ) The 2000 Bollywood film Josh is a loose adaptation of West Side Story . In 2014 , director Steven Spielberg had expressed interest in directing a remake of the film . In 2018 , Spielberg announced that he was officially working on a remake to the film . In 2009 , photographer Mark Seliger re-created scenes from the film for magazine Vanity Fair called West Side Story Revisited , using Camilla Belle as Maria , Ben Barnes as Tony , Jennifer Lopez as Anita , Rodrigo Santoro as Bernardo and Chris Evans as Riff . Portraying the Sharks are Minka Kelly , Jay Hernandez , Natalie Martinez , Brandon T. Jackson and Melonie Diaz . Portraying the Jets are Ashley Tisdale , Sean Faris , Robert Pattinson , Cam Gigandet , Trilby Glover , Brittany Snow and Drake Bell . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1961 List of American films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` West Side Story ( AA ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 12 , 1962 . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://people.com/archive/natalies-tragic-west-side-story-vol-16-no-24/ Jump up ^ https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=3514&context=etd Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficemojo.com/reviews/?id=1802&p=.htmdirected ^ Jump up to : Berson , Misha ( 2011 ) . Something 's Coming , Something Good : West Side Story and the American Imagination . Applause Theatre & Cinema Books . p. 155 . Jump up ^ `` David Winters Tribute Site '' . Davidwinters.net. 2003 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ www.elvisechoesofthepast.com Jump up ^ West Side Story at Rotten Tomatoes Retrieved July 19 , 2014 Jump up ^ Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ Tino Balio , United Artists : The Company That Changed the Film Industry , University of Wisconsin Press , 1987 , p. 177 Jump up ^ Grant , Barry Keith ( 2012 ) . The Hollywood Film Musical . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 100 . Jump up ^ `` West Side Story ( 1961 ) -- Awards '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The 34th Academy Awards ( 1962 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ http://www.jeromerobbins.org/about/awards Jump up ^ West Side Story 50th Anniversary at the Ventura Film Festival ^ Jump up to : Wakin , Daniel ( September 6 , 2011 ) , `` Classic Score by Bernstein is Remade '' , The New York Times , retrieved September 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ West Side Story -- `` Something 's Coming , '' YouTube Jump up ^ Nixon , Marni ( 2006 ) . I Could Have Sung All Night : My Story . Billboard Books . pp. 132ff . Jump up ^ Secret Voices of Hollywood . BBC4. 3 Jan 2014 Jump up ^ `` Path of Discovery : West Side Story at 50 '' , Justin M. Craig , September 27 , 2011 , leonardbernstein.com Jump up ^ Sarah Waxman , `` The History of the Upper West Side '' , ny.com Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Perri ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ) . `` West Side Story Remake Is Still on Steven Spielberg 's Mind '' . Collider . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Seliger , Mark ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` West Side Story Revisited '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . 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( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Arthur Laurents , Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim 's West Side Story ( 1957 ) Characters Maria Inspiration William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Adaptations West Side Story ( 1961 film ) West Side Story Suite ( 1995 ballet ) Variations Deaf Side Story ( c. 2002 musical ) Swango ( 2002 musical ) West Bank Story ( 2005 parody film ) Boogie Town ( 2012 film ) Songs Act 1 `` Something 's Coming '' `` Maria '' `` Tonight '' `` America '' `` Cool '' `` One Hand , One Heart '' `` Tonight ( Quintet & Chorus ) '' Act 2 `` I Feel Pretty '' `` Somewhere '' `` A Boy Like That '' Albums West Side Story ( 1957 original cast ) West Side Story ( 1959 Previn ) West Side Story ( 1961 soundtrack ) West Side Story ( 1961 Tjader ) Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein ( 1961 Brubeck Quartet ) West Side Story ( 1962 Peterson Trio ) Kenton 's West Side Story ( 1962 Kenton ) Toshiko -- Mariano Quartet ( in West Side ) ( 1963 Akiyoshi ) West Side Story ( 1974 Earl Hines ) Related `` The First Time '' `` Upper West Side Story '' Wild Side Story China Girl `` Roses '' Play It Again Josh Superjail ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Side_Story_(film)&oldid=838812529 '' Categories : 1961 films English - language films 1960s musical films 1960s romantic drama films American films American dance films American musical drama films American romantic musical films American teen musical films Films directed by Robert Wise Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Best Picture Academy Award winners Films about race and ethnicity Films about racism Films based on musicals Films based on Romeo and Juliet Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe - winning performance Films set in 1957 Films set in New York City Films shot in New York City Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award American gang films Films about interracial romance Historical romance films Modern adaptations of works by William Shakespeare United States National Film Registry films United Artists films American romantic drama films Compositions by Leonard Bernstein Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 April 2018 , at 12 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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list of rivers in india according to length
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List of major rivers of India
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list of major rivers of india
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The rivers of India play an important role in the lives of the Indians . They provide potable water , cheap transportation , electricity , and the livelihood for a large number of people all over the country . This easily explains why nearly all the major cities of India are located by the banks of rivers . The rivers also have an important role in Hindu Religion and are considered holy by all Hindus in the country .
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Seven major rivers along with their numerous tributaries make up the river system of India . The largest basin system of the rivers pour their waters into the Bay of Bengal ; however , some of the rivers whose courses take them through the western part of the country and towards the east of the state of Himachal Pradesh empty into the Arabian Sea . Parts of Ladakh , northern parts of the Aravalli range and the arid parts of the Thar Desert have inland drainage . All major rivers of India originate from one of the following main watersheds : Aravalli range Himalaya and Karakoram ranges Sahyadri or Western Ghats in western India Vindhya and Satpura ranges and Chotanagpur plateau in central India Himalayan glaciers in the Indian subcontinent are broadly divided into the three river basins , namely the Indus , Ganga and Brahmaputra . The Indus basin has the largest number of glaciers ( 3500 ) , whereas the Ganga and Brahmaputra basins contain about 1000 and 660 glaciers , respectively . Ganga is the largest river system in India. However these rivers are just three among many. Some other examples of rivers are narmada , tapi , godwari etc . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Indo - Gangetic Plains 2 Aravalli Range River System 3 Ganges River System 4 Brahmaputra River System 5 Indus River system 6 Annual flows and other data 7 The Peninsular River system 8 See also 9 References The indo - gangetic plains ( edit ) Known as Ganga - Satluj Ka Maidaan ( गँगा सतलुज का मैदान ) , this area is drained by 16 major rivers . The major Himalayan Rivers are the Indus , Ganges , and Brahmaputra . These rivers are long , and are joined by many large and important tributaries . Himalayan rivers have long courses from their source to sea ( in India Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal ) . Laxman Jhoola in Rishikesh Aravalli range river system ( edit ) Following rivers flow from the Aravalli range , both northwards to Yamuna as well as southwards to Arabian Sea . North - to - south flowing rivers , originate from the western slopes of Aravalli range in Rajasthan , pass through the southeastern portion of the Thar Desert , and end into Gujarat . Luni River , originates in the Pushkar valley near Ajmer , ends in the marshy lands of Rann of Kutch . Sakhi river , ends in the marshy lands of Rann of Kutch . Sabarmati River , originates one the western slopes of Aravalli range of the Udaipur District , end into the Gulf of Cambay of Arabian Sea . West to north - west flowing rivers , originate from the western slopes of Aravalli range in Rajasthan , flow through semi-arid historical Shekhawati region , drain into southern Haryana . Several Ochre Coloured Pottery culture sites , also identified as late Harappan phase of Indus Valley Civilisation culture , has been found along the banks of these rivers . Sahibi River , originates near Manoharpur in Sikar district flows through Haryana , along with its following tributaries : Dohan river , tributary of Sahibi river , originates near Neem Ka Thana in Alwar district ) . Sota River , tributary of Sahibi river , merges with Sahibi river at Behror in Alwar district . Krishnavati river , former tributary of Sahibi river , originates near Dariba copper mines in Rajsamand district of Rajasthan , flows through Patan in Dausa district and Mothooka in Alwar district , then disappears in Mahendragarh district in Haryana much before reaching Sahibi river . West to north - east flowing rivers , originating from the eastern slopes of Aravalli range in Rajasthan , flow northwards to Yamuna . Chambal River , a southern - side tributary of Yamuna river . Banas River , a northern - side tributary of Chambal river . Berach River , a southern - side tributary of Banas River , originates in the hills of Udaipur District . Ahar River , a right - side ( or eastern side ) tributary of the Berach river , originates in the hills of Udaipur District , flows through Udaipur city forming the famous Lake Pichola . Wagli Wagon River , a right - side tributary of the Berach River . Gambhiri River , a right - side tributary of the Berach river . Orai River , a right - side tributary of the Berach River . Ganges river system ( edit ) The major rivers in this system are ( in order of merging , from west to east ) Ganga - Starting from Gangotri Glacier , Uttarakhand Chambal - Flows through Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan and merges into Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh Betwa - Not Himalayan river , covers Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh before merging into Yamuna Yamuna - Yamuna runs its most of the course parallel to Ganga before contributing its water to Ganga at Allahabad Gomti - Starts near the junction of three borders viz . Nepal , Uttarakhand and UP Ghaghra - Starts in Nepal near Uttarakhand Son - Not Himalayan river , covers MP , UP , Jharkhand and Bihar . Largest of Ganga 's southern tributaries Gandak - Starts from Nepal Kosi - Starts from Bihar , near Indo - Nepal border Brahmaputra - Merges with Ganga to form the grand river ( but short in length ) - Padma in Bangladesh . By now , flow velocity of both rivers slow down to considerable extent as they are in plains now . Before entering Bangladesh , Ganga leaves a distributary Hoogly , which provides water for irrigation in West Bengal Brahmaputra river system ( edit ) Brahmaputra River basin across Northeast India Main articles : Brahmaputra River and List of rivers by length Yarlung Tsangpo River - originates and forms the upper stream of Brahmaputra in Tibet Siang - main river after it enters India in the state of Arunachal Pradesh Dibang - major tributary flowing through Arunachal Pradesh before merging into the Brahmaputra River in Assam . Lohit - one of the three major tributaries of Brahmaputra flowing through Arunachal Pradesh from the easternmost India . Brahmaputra - runs across the state of Assam from East to West , entering Bangladesh afterwards . Teesta - one of the largest tributaries of Brahmaputra ; originating in the borders of Sikkim and Tibet , flowing South it joins Brahmaputra in Bangladesh . Jamuna River ( Bangladesh ) - the Brahmaputra is known as Jamuna in Bangladesh . Padma River - the Jamuna river merges with Padma in Bangladesh before finally falling into the Bay of Bengal . Indus river system ( edit ) The Indus River originates in the northern slopes of the Kailash range near Lake Manasarovar in Tibet . Although most of the river 's course runs through neighbouring Pakistan , as per as regulation of Indus water treaty of 1960 , India can use only 20 percent of the water in this river . A portion of it does run through Indian territory , as do parts of the courses of its five major tributaries , listed below . These tributaries are the source of the name of the Punjab of South Asia ; the name is derived from the punch ( `` five '' ) and aab ( `` water '' ) , hence the combination of the words ( Punjab ) means `` land with the water of five rivers '' . The Indus is 3,200 kilometres ( 2,000 mi ) long . The major rivers in Indus river system are ( in order of their length ) : Indus - 3,202 kilometres ( 1,990 mi ) Sutlej - 1,529 kilometres ( 950 mi ) Chenab - 960 kilometres ( 600 mi ) Jhelum - 813 kilometres ( 505 mi ) Ravi - 720 kilometres ( 450 mi ) Beas - 460 kilometres ( 290 mi ) Shyok Zanskar Annual flows and other data ( edit ) India experiences an average precipitation of 1,170 millimetres ( 46 in ) per year , or about 4,000 cubic kilometres ( 960 cu mi ) of rains annually . Some 80 percent of its area experiences rains of 750 millimetres ( 30 in ) or more a year . However , this rain is not uniform in time or geography . Most of the rains occur during its monsoon seasons ( June to September ) , with the northeast and north receiving far more rains than India 's west and south . Other than rains , the melting of snow year round over the Himalayas feeds the northern rivers to varying degrees . The southern rivers , however experience more flow variability over the year . For the Himalayan basin , this leads to flooding in some months and water scarcity in others . Despite extensive river system , safe clean drinking water as well as irrigation water supplies for sustainable agriculture are in shortage across India , in part because it has , as yet , harnessed a small fraction of its available and recoverable surface water resource . India harnessed 761 cubic kilometres ( 183 cu mi ) ( 20 percent ) of its water resources in 2010 , part of which came from unsustainable use of groundwater . Of the water it withdrew from its rivers and groundwater wells , India dedicated about 688 cubic kilometres ( 165 cu mi ) to irrigation , 56 cubic kilometres ( 13 cu mi ) to municipal and drinking water applications and 17 cubic kilometres ( 4.1 cu mi ) to industry . According to 2011 report of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , India 's basin wise distribution of catchment area and utilizable surface water resources is presented in the following table : ( hide ) Basin number River basin unit Region Draining into Catchment area ( % of river irrigated India ) Average runoff ( km ) Additional available surface water ( km ) 1.1 Ganges ( GBM ) North Bangladesh 26.5 525.02 250 Brahmaputra ( GBM ) Northeast Bangladesh 6 537.24 24 1.3 Meghna / Barak ( GBM ) East Bangladesh 1.5 48.36 Other Northeast rivers Northeast Myanmar , Bangladesh 1.1 31 Subernarekha East - southeast Bay of Bengal 0.9 12.37 Brahmani - Baitarani East - southeast Bay of Bengal 1.6 28.48 6.8 5 Mahanadi Central - east Bay of Bengal 4.4 66.88 18.3 6 Godavari Central Bay of Bengal 9.7 110.54 50 7 Krishna Central Bay of Bengal 8 78.12 76.3 9 Pennar Southeast Bay of Bengal 1.7 6.32 58 10 Kaveri South Bay of Bengal 2.5 21.36 6.9 10 East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Central - east Bay of Bengal 2.7 22.52 19 11 East flowing rivers between Kanyakumari and Pennar Southeast Bay of Bengal 3.1 16.46 13.1 12 West flowing rivers between Tadri and Kanyakumari Southwest Arabian Sea 1.7 113.53 16.7 13 West flowing rivers between Tapi and Tadri Southwest Arabian Sea 1.7 87.41 24.3 14 Tapi Central - west Arabian Sea 14.88 11.9 15 Narmada Central - west Arabian Sea 3.1 45.64 14.5 16 Mahi Northwest Arabian Sea 1.1 11.02 34.5 17 Sabarmati Northwest Arabian Sea 0.7 3.81 3.1 18 West flowing rivers between Kutch and Saurashtra Northwest Arabian Sea 10 15.1 1.9 19 Rajasthan inland basin Northwest India 0 Negligible 15 20 Indus tributaries Northwest Pakistan 10 73.31 46 Total ( per International Treaty ) 100 1869.37 The peninsular river system ( edit ) The main water divide in peninsular rivers is formed by the Western Ghats , which run from north to south close to the western coast . Most of the major rivers of the peninsula such as the Mahanadi , the Godavari , the Krishna and the Kaveri flow eastwards and drain into the Bay of Bengal . These rivers make delta at their mouths . The Narmada , Periyar and Tapti are the only long rivers , which flow west and make estuaries . This chart shows the tributaries and distributaries of major rivers of India . The merging of cells to the right side each time indicates getting supply from a tributary and vice versa . The bottom-most row shows other rivers with no major helping rivers ( Saryu is an exception ) . Flow of the rivers is assumed to be from left to right . . It is exception of saryu See also ( edit ) Indian Rivers Inter-link Amazon river basin Rhine river basin Danube river basin Nile river basin ganga Kannur Trivandrum References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sunil Vaidyanathan , Rivers of India , ISBN 978 - 8189738884 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . page no 361 Jump up ^ Gupta , S.P. ( ed . ) ( 1995 ) , The lost Sarasvati and the Indus Civilization , Jodhpur : Kusumanjali Prakashan CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cultural Contours of India : Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume , Vijai Shankar Śrivastava , 1981 . ISBN 0391023586 Jump up ^ Sahibi river Jump up ^ Books : Page 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 47 ( b ) Sahibi Nadi ( River ) , River Pollution , By A.k. jain Jump up ^ Minerals and Metals in Ancient India : Archaeological evidence , Arun Kumar Biswas , Sulekha Biswas , University of Michigan . 1996 . ISBN 812460049X . ^ Jump up to : FAO , India - Rivers Catchment , Aquastat , United Nations ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ K.L. Rao , India 's Water Wealth , ISBN 978 - 8125007043 , 1979 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_major_rivers_of_India&oldid=842149986 '' Categories : Lists of rivers of India Rivers of India Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ संस्कृतम् Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 15 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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let there be peace on earth and let it begin with me song
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Let There Be Peace on Earth ( song )
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let there be peace on earth ( song )
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`` Let There Be Peace on Earth '' is a song written by Jill Jackson - Miller and Sy Miller in 1955 . It was initially written for and sung by the International Children 's Choir created by Easter Beakly and Arthur Granger of the Granger Dance Academy in Long Beach , California . The song 's composers led a number of rehearsals for the children 's choir from 1955 to 1957 , and the song continues to be the theme for this group of children who represent a host of nations and who sang in Washington , DC at the JW Marriott next to the White House in 2002 .
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Jackson - Miller , who had been suicidal after the failure of a marriage , later said that she wrote the song after discovering what she called the `` life - saving joy of God 's peace and unconditional love . '' Contents 1 Overview 2 Covers and performances 2.1 2015 lyric controversy 3 References 4 External links Overview ( edit ) The song is performed worldwide throughout the year , and particularly during the Christmas season , which has led to it being considered a Christmas song . It is included in the hymnals of a variety of Christian denominations , and is used in worship services even by a number of denominations that do not include it in their hymnals . It typically concludes Unity Church services each week . The original lyrics for `` Let There Be Peace on Earth '' have been altered on many occasions for differing reasons , including for gender neutrality ( where `` father '' is replaced with `` creator '' , and `` brother '' is replaced with `` family '' or `` each other '' ) , and secularity ( where `` God as our Father '' is replaced with `` Earth as our Mother '' or `` love as our compass '' ) . Both the gender - neutral and secular alternate lyrics have been copyrighted by the original licensing agent of the song . Covers and performances ( edit ) On November 7 , 1988 , it was performed by the GMA Stars and Personalities along with the small group of children with lighted candles in honor of the Launching of GMA - 7 's 777 - foot Tower of Power in Tandang Sora , Quezon City , the tallest man - made structure in the country used for the Towering Power : A Musical Dedication . In 1993 , the song was famously covered by American country music artist Vince Gill in a duet with his daughter Jenny . Gill released the cover as part of his platinum - selling Christmas album Let There Be Peace on Earth , named after the song . It is the final song during the holidays each year during the `` IllumiNations : Reflections of Earth '' firework show at Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida . It previously featured narration by Walter Cronkite and the vocal talents of Sandi Patti and Harlem Boys Choir . In 2007 , there was a campaign by a Pennsylvania woman to persuade churches to sing this song at the close of the Sunday service nearest to the anniversary of the September 11 attacks and to establish a tradition of `` Peace on Earth '' Day . The song was performed by the Young People 's Chorus of New York City on September 25 , 2015 at the close of the Interfaith Prayer Service and Remembrance , presided over by Pope Francis , at Ground Zero in New York . In 2017 Carlos Santana and Ernie / Ronnie Isley released the song on their Power of Peace album , which arrived on July 28 from Sony Music 's Legacy Recordings . 2015 lyric controversy ( edit ) During the 2015 Christmas holiday season , American technology company Microsoft garnered controversy when they released an advertisement featuring the song that skipped over the verse `` With God as our Father , brothers all are we / Let me walk with my brother , in perfect harmony . '' In response , the company released a second , longer version of the advertisement that included the omitted verse with the original 1955 lyrics intact . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roberta Haley Savage Washington DC 2002 `` Even as a child I knew that rehearsals with Ms. Jackson were special , '' said Savage . `` Every time I hear that song I smile and thank Ms. Jackson . '' Rev. the Daily News of Los Angeles ( April 25 , 1987 ) page 25 : `` Jill Jackson - Miller , composer of ' Let There Be Peace on Earth , ' will speak at 11 a.m. Sunday at West Valley Unity Church , Reseda . '' Jump up ^ http://www.hymnary.org/text/let_there_be_peace_on_earth Jump up ^ `` Let There Be Peace on Earth '' Erickson Elementary School ( Concert Finally ) . Youtube . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jan - Lee Music - Copyright Info and Lyrics Jump up ^ Christie Campbell . `` Let there be peace on Earth , '' Observer - Reporter ( Washington , PA ) , August 31 , 2007 , page C8 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2015/09/25/the-story-behind-pope-franciss-interfaith-service-at-ground-zero/ Jump up ^ Gryboski , Michael ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Removes God From ' Let There Be Peace on Earth ' Lyrics in New Ad '' . Christian Post . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hallowell , Billy ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Cuts ' God ' Out of Popular Song 's Lyrics in Holiday Commercial -- Watch It Here '' . The Blaze . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Microsoft spreads the spirit of the season on 5th Ave ( TV Commercial ) . Youtube . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Microsoft spreads the spirit of the season on 5th Ave . Youtube . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) History of the Song `` Let There Be Peace on Earth '' Biography of Jill Jackson , with photos and film background Brief notes on Jill Jackson Interview with Jill Jackson on Humankind Public Radio by David Freudberg Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_There_Be_Peace_on_Earth_(song)&oldid=841371605 '' Categories : 1955 songs Christian songs American Christmas songs American Christian hymns Vince Gill songs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 12 : 49 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%20There%20Be%20Peace%20on%20Earth%20%28song%29
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place of uno established the human rights commission
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United Nations Commission on Human Rights
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united nations commission on human rights
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The United Nations Commission on Human Rights ( UNCHR ) was a functional commission within the overall framework of the United Nations from 1946 until it was replaced by the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2006 . It was a subsidiary body of the UN Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC ) , and was also assisted in its work by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights ( UNOHCHR ) . It was the UN 's principal mechanism and international forum concerned with the promotion and protection of human rights .
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On 15 March 2006 , the UN General Assembly voted overwhelmingly to replace UNCHR with the UN Human Rights Council . Contents 1 History 2 Mandate 3 Structure 4 Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights 5 Special procedures 6 Criticism 6.1 Israel 7 Human rights and mental health 8 Genocide 9 See also 10 References History ( edit ) Eleanor Roosevelt at United Nations for Human Rights Commission meeting in Lake Success , New York in 1947 The UNCHR was established in 1946 by ECOSOC , and was one of the first two `` Functional Commissions '' set up within the early UN structure ( the other being the Commission on the Status of Women ) . It was a body created under the terms of the United Nations Charter ( specifically , under Article 68 ) to which all UN member states are signatories . It met for the first time in January 1947 and established a drafting committee for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , which was adopted by the United Nations on December 10 , 1948 . The body went through two distinct phases . From 1947 to 1967 , it concentrated on promoting human rights and helping states elaborate treaties , but not on investigating or condemning violators . It was a period of strict observance of the sovereignty principle . In 1967 , the Commission adopted interventionism as its policy . The context of the decade was of Decolonization of Africa and Asia , and many countries of the continent pressed for a more active UN policy on human rights issues , especially in light of massive violations in apartheid South Africa . The new policy meant that the Commission would also investigate and produce reports on violations . To allow better fulfillment of this new policy , other changes took place . In the 1970s , the possibility of geographically - oriented workgroups was created . These groups would specialize their activities on the investigation of violations on a given region or even a single country , as was the case with Chile . With the 1980s came the creation of theme - oriented workgroups , which would specialize in specific types of abuses . None of these measures , however , were able to make the Commission as effective as desired , mainly because of the presence of human rights violators and the politicization of the body . During the following years until its extinction , the UNCHR became increasingly discredited among activists and governments alike . The Commission held its final meeting in Geneva on March 27 , 2006 and was replaced by the United Nations Human Rights Council in the same year . Mandate ( edit ) The Commission on Human Rights was intended to examine , monitor and publicly report on human rights situations in specific countries or territories ( known as country mechanisms or mandates ) as well as on major phenomena of human rights violations worldwide ( known as thematic mechanisms or mandates ) . The Human Rights division of the U.N. is also expected to uphold and protect the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Structure ( edit ) See also : List of members of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights At the time it was extinguished , the Commission consisted of representatives drawn from 53 member states , elected by the members of ECOSOC . There were no permanent members ; each year ( usually in May ) approximately a third of the seats of the Commission would come up for election , and the representatives were appointed for a three - year term . Seats on the Commission were apportioned by region , using the mechanism of the United Nations Regional Groups . During its last year of service in 2005 , the representation by region was as follows : 15 from the African Group : Burkina Faso , Republic of the Congo , Egypt , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Gabon , Guinea , Kenya , Mauritania , Nigeria , South Africa , Sudan , Swaziland , Togo , Zimbabwe 12 from the Asian Group : Bhutan , People 's Republic of China , India , Indonesia , Japan , Malaysia , Nepal , Pakistan , Qatar , Republic of Korea , Saudi Arabia , Sri Lanka 5 from the Eastern European Group : Armenia , Hungary , Romania , Russian Federation , Ukraine 11 from the Latin American and Caribbean Group : Argentina , Brazil , Costa Rica , Cuba , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Paraguay , Peru 10 from the Western European and Others Group : Australia , Canada , Finland , France , Germany , Ireland , Italy , Netherlands , United Kingdom , United States The Commission would meet each year in regular session for six weeks during March and April in Geneva , Switzerland . In January 2004 , Australia was elected as chair of the 60th Session . In January 2005 , Indonesia was elected chair of the 61st Session . Peru was elected chair of the 62nd Session in January 2006 . The Commission held its final meeting in Geneva on March 27 , 2006 . Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights ( edit ) In 1999 the Economic and Social Council changed its title from the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities to the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights `` . The Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights was the main subsidiary body of the Commission on Human Rights . It was composed of twenty - six experts whose responsibility was to undertake studies , particularly in light of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , and make recommendations to the Commission concerning the prevention of discrimination of any kind relating to human rights and fundamental freedoms and the protection of racial , national , religious and linguistic minorities . Membership was selected with regard to equitable geographical distribution . The Sub-Commission established seven Working Groups that investigate specific human rights concerns , including : Minorities Transnational corporations Administration of justice Anti-terrorism Contemporary Forms of Slavery Indigenous Populations Communication Social Forum The United Nations Human Rights Council assumed responsibility for the Sub-Commission when it replaced the Commission on Human Rights in 2006 . Special procedures ( edit ) The Commission on Human Rights established 30 special procedures , or mechanisms , to address specific country situations or thematic issues such as freedom of expression and opinion , torture , the right to food , and the right to education . Individuals with expertise in particular areas of human rights were appointed by the chair of the Commission to serve as Special Rapporteurs for a maximum of six years . They are unpaid , independent experts who receive personnel and logistical support from the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights for their work . Their main activities are to examine , monitor , advise and publicly report on human rights situations in specific countries or territories . They are able to write to governments about reported violations and conduct fact - finding visits to countries that invite them . The special mechanisms are categorised according to : Thematic Mandates . Country Mandates . Special procedures also include working groups made up of up to five experts who monitor and investigate specific human rights concerns . Three groups were established by the Commission : Working Group on Arbitrary Detention Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances Working Group on the use of mercenaries as a means of impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to self - determination The special procedures are now under the direction of the United Nations Human Rights Council . Criticism ( edit ) The Commission was repeatedly criticized for the composition of its membership . In particular , several of its member countries themselves had dubious human rights records , including states whose representatives had been elected to chair the commission . Another criticism was that the Commission did not engage in constructive discussion of human rights issues , but was a forum for politically selective finger - pointing and criticism . The desire of states with problematic human rights records to be elected to the Commission was viewed largely as a way to defend themselves from such attacks . Activist groups had long expressed concern over the memberships of the People 's Republic of China , Zimbabwe , Russia , Saudi Arabia , and Pakistan , and the past memberships of Algeria , Syria , Libya , Uganda and Vietnam on the Commission . These countries had extensive records of human rights violations , and one concern was that by working against resolutions on the commission condemning human rights violations , they indirectly promoted despotism and domestic repression . On May 4 , 2004 , United States ambassador Sichan Siv walked out of the Commission following the uncontested election of Sudan to the commission , calling it an `` absurdity '' in light of Sudan 's ethnic cleansing in the Darfur region . One major consequence of the election of Sudan to the Commission was the lack of willingness for some countries to work through the commission . For example , July 30 , 2004 , it was the United Nations Security Council , not the Commission , that passed a resolution -- by 13 -- 0 , with China and Pakistan abstaining -- threatening Sudan with unspecified sanctions if the situation in the Darfur region did not improve within the following 30 days . The reasons given for the action were the attacks by the Janjaweed Arab militias of Sudan on the non-Arab African Muslim population of Darfur , a region in western Sudan . The commission had also come under repeated criticism from the United States for its unwillingness to address other human rights concerns . In 2002 , the United States was voted off the commission by the other member states , many of whom have been criticized for their human rights violations , and in 2003 Syria put forward a proposal to discuss US war crimes in Iraq . But journalist Anne Applebaum wrote , `` the European Union and the United States are n't exempt from blame , either '' , citing their hesitance in voting to criticize Russia 's actions in Chechnya . Israel ( edit ) The Commission was also criticized by advocates of Israel for bias against Israel . In 2002 Anne Bayefsky , a professor of international law at York University in Toronto , wrote that `` commission members seek to avoid directly criticizing states with human rights problems , frequently by focusing on Israel , a state that , according to analysis of summary records , has for over 30 years occupied 15 percent of commission time and has been the subject of a third of country - specific resolutions '' . On April 15 , 2002 , the Commission approved a resolution affirming the `` legitimate right of the Palestinian people to resist the Israeli occupation in order to free its land and be able to exercise its right of self - determination '' . In so doing , the Palestinian people was declared `` fulfilling its mission , one of the goals and purposes of the United Nations '' . Of the 53 - member commission , 40 countries voted yes , five voted no , and seven abstained . Although widely reported that the resolution condoned resistance to Israel by `` all available means , including armed struggle '' , the resolution itself does not contain those words . Alfred Moses , a former United States ambassador to the commission and now chairman of the monitoring group UN Watch , said that `` A vote in favour of this resolution is a vote for Palestinian terrorism . '' In a letter to the UNHRC on November 15 , 2002 , following an attack by Palestinians on Israelis in the town of Hebron , Nabil Ramlawi , the permanent observer for Palestine at the U.N. , appealed to the resolution as justification for the attack . Human Rights and mental health ( edit ) In 1977 , the commission formed a `` Sub-Commission to study , with a view to formulating guidelines , if possible , the question of the protection of those detained on the grounds of mental ill - health against treatment that might adversely affect the human personality and its physical and intellectual integrity '' . The sub-commission was charged with `` determin ( ing ) whether adequate grounds existed for detaining persons on the grounds of mental ill - health '' . The guidelines that resulted have been criticized for failing to protect the rights of involuntary patients . Genocide ( edit ) The United Nations Commission on Human Rights ( UNCHR ) passed a number of resolutions concerning genocide , these were : UNCHR Decision 9 ( XXXV ) . 1986 / 18 ; 1987 / 25 ; 1988 / 28 ; 1989 / 16 ; 1990 / 19 ; `` Fiftieth Anniversary of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide '' , 1998 / 10 ; and `` Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide '' , 1999 / 67 . Also : 1978 the UNCHR endorsed the recommendation of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities to distribute widely the Ruhashyankiko Report . August 1992 , the UNCHR `` Condemn ( ed ) absolutely the concept and practice of ' ethnic cleansing ( in the former Yugoslavia ) ' but did not describe it as genocide . The commissions resolution was endorsed the UNCHR parent body the United Nations Economic and Social Council . November 1992 , the UNCHR `` Call ( ed ) upon all States to consider the extent to which the acts committed in Bosnia ... and in Croatia constitute genocide in accordance with ( the Genocide Convention ) '' . 1994 , at the request of Canada an emergency meeting was convened to deal with the ongoing genocide in Rwanda . René Degni - Sgui was appointed as a Special Rapporteur , and he immediately visited Rwanda where he promptly issued a report on the scope of the genocide . See also ( edit ) United Nations Human Rights Committee References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UN creates new human rights body '' . BBC . 15 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Brief historic overview of the Commission '' . United Nations Human Rights Council . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Administrative Committee on Coordination ( ACC ) '' ( PDF ) . Administrative Committee on Coordination ( ACC ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights , Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 19 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 28 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Special Procedures : Determinants of Influence '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thematic Mandates Archived April 28 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Country Mandates Archived March 5 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` The Shame of the United Nations '' . New York Times . 2006 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Annan , Kofi ( 2005 ) . `` In Larger Freedom , Report of the Secretary - General of the United Nations for decision by Heads of State and Government in September 2005 '' . The United Nations . Jump up ^ Crossette , Barbara ( December 1 , 2008 ) . `` A Disappointing Record , Will the new Human Rights Council take its mandate seriously ? '' . America Magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Sudan keeps U.N. human rights post - World news - MSNBC.com Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Struggle against Anti-Israel Bias at the UN Commission on Human Rights '' . UN Watch . 4 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Anne Bayefsky : Ending Bias in the Human Rights System New York Times , May 22 , 2002 . Jump up ^ UN Commission on Human Rights , Resolution 2002 / 8 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . , UN Doc . E / CN. 4 / RES / 2002 / 8 , 15 April 2002 . Jump up ^ See e.g. Question of the Violation of Human Rights in the Occupied Arab Territories , Including Palestine Archived April 2 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Commission on Human Rights , Fifty - eighth session , Agenda item 8 . E / CN. 4 / 2002 / L. 16 . 9 April 2002 . Jump up ^ Steven Edwards : UN Backs Palestinian Violence Christian Action for Israel , April 16 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Ed Morgan : Slaughterhouse - Six : Updating the Law of War , Part 2 of 2 Archived June 3 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . German Law Journal , Vol. 5 No. 5 -- 1 May 2004 . Jump up ^ University of Wollongong - Faculty of Arts - STS Research Archived October 14 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Schabas , William ( 2000 ) . Genocide in international law : the crimes of crimes , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 78790 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 78790 - 1 pp. 468,469 Jump up ^ Schabas , p. 466 footnote 124 citing UNCHR Decision 9 ( XXXV ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Nations%20Commission%20on%20Human%20Rights
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who were the major leaders of world war ii
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Allied leaders of World war II
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allied leaders of world war ii
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The Allied leaders of World War II listed below comprise the important political and military figures who fought for or supported the Allies during World War II . Engaged in total war , they had to adapt to new types of modern warfare , on the military , psychological and economic fronts .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Free Albania 2 Belgium 3 Brazil ( 1942 -- 1945 ) 4 British Empire and Commonwealth 4.1 Australia 4.2 Canada 4.3 India 4.4 New Zealand 4.5 Union of South Africa 4.6 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 4.6. 1 British Malaya 4.6. 2 Newfoundland 4.6. 3 British Mandate for Palestine 4.6. 4 Southern Rhodesia 5 Republic of China 6 Free Czechoslovak Republic 7 Kingdom of Denmark ( 1940 -- 1945 ) 8 Kingdom of Egypt 9 Ethiopian Empire ( Abyssinian Empire ) 10 French Third Republic ( Until 1940 ) 10.1 Free French Forces ( and later Fighting France and Provisional government of the French Republic ) 11 Kingdom of Greece ( 1940 -- 1945 ) 12 Imperial State of Iran ( after Anglo - Soviet Invasion ) 13 Republic of Liberia 14 Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 15 United Mexican States 16 Mongolian People 's Republic 17 Kingdom of the Netherlands ( 1940 -- 1945 ) 18 Kingdom of Norway 19 Second Polish Republic 19.1 Polish Government in Exile and Secret State 20 Soviet Union ( 1941 -- 1945 ) 21 United States of America ( 1941 -- 1945 ) 21.1 European and North African Front 21.2 Pacific Front 21.3 Puerto Rico 21.4 Commonwealth of the Philippines 22 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 23 See also 24 References Free Albania ( edit ) Main articles : Albanian Resistance of World War II , National Liberation Movement ( Albania ) , and Enver Hoxha Enver Hoxha was the leader of the Communist Party of Albania , which led the Albanian National Liberation Movement to a struggle in Albania under Italy and Germany . Belgium ( edit ) Hubert Pierlot , the Prime Minister of Belgium between 1939 and 1945 , and leader of the Belgian government in exile Leopold III of Belgium reigned as King of the Belgians from 1934 until 1951 . Prior to the war Leopold had made extensive preparations against such an invasion of his country . After Belgium 's surrender Leopold stayed to face the invaders , while his entire government had fled to Great Britain but , although he rejected cooperation with the German occupiers he also refused to actively resist many of their policies . He was held under house - arrest in Belgium for much of the war . Because the refusal to follow the orders of his government violated the Constitution , he was declared `` unable to rule '' and the issue sparked a post-war political crisis . Hubert Pierlot was the Prime Minister of Belgium from 1939 until 1945 . Pierlot became the leader of the government during the Phoney War until the German invasion . Pierlot fled to Britain where he led the Belgian government in exile and presided over the formation of the Free Belgian forces . Despite his conservative politics , Pierlot denounced the surrender of Leopold III and officially suspended his reign in 1940 by invoking a clause in the Belgian Constitution . The disagreement created a lasting animosity between the Royalist faction in Belgium and the exiled government in London . Pierre Ryckmans was Governor - General of Belgium 's principal African colony , the Belgian Congo , for the duration of the war . Along with the Minister of the Colonies , Albert de Vleeschauwer , Ryckmans brought the Congo into the war on the Allied side , amid worries that the colony might follow the lead of Leopold III in Belgium and attempt to remain neutral . During Ryckmans ' period in office , Congolese troops were sent to support British forces in East Africa and the Congo made a substantial economic contribution to the Allied war effort . Victor van Strydonck de Burkel was a general of the Belgian Army who commanded the 1st Military Zone during the invasion of Belgium . After Belgium 's surrender in 1940 , he became the Commander of Belgian forces in Great Britain , and presided over the formation of the Free Belgian forces . After the liberation of Belgium he became the Chief of the Belgian Military Mission to Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force . Brazil ( 1942 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Getúlio Vargas Getúlio Vargas was the dictator of the 2nd Brazilian dictatorship , which last from 1930 until 1945 , and despite Brazil 's quasi-fascist period of Estado Novo ( 1937 - 45 ) and the strong economic ties with the European Axis Powers , Vargas and the military sided with the Allies after the sinking of five Brazilian merchant ships by German U-Boats , declared war against the Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in August , 1942 . Vargas gave economic and military support to the Allies . João Baptista Mascarenhas de Morais was the commander of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force . He arrived in Italy with the first Brazilian troops in 1944 and commanded the Brazilian forces until the surrender of the Axis forces in Italy . After the end of the war he was given the rank of Field Marshal . Euclides Zenóbio da Costa was the Commander of the first contingent of Brazilian troops to arrive at Italy , the 6th infantry RCT . British empire and Commonwealth ( edit ) King George VI , and Queen Elizabeth with Eleanor Roosevelt in London . King George VI was the reigning monarch of the British Commonwealth during the war , and thus acted as Commander - in - Chief of a number of states within that organization , including the United Kingdom , Canada and Australia . The King was , further , a symbol of national and Commonwealth unity during the war , he and his family visiting bomb sites , munitions factories , and with Commonwealth soldiers . Several members of the Royal Family , including the Princess Elizabeth ( later Queen Elizabeth II ) , served in the forces . Australia ( edit ) Robert Menzies was the Prime Minister of Australia from 26 April 1939 until 29 August 1941 . He served a second term as Prime Minister between 1949 and 1966 . Arthur Fadden replaced Menzies as Prime Minister but was forced from office when his government collapsed on 7 October 1941 . He had previously served as acting Prime Minister for long periods while Menzies was out of the country . John Curtin was Prime Minister from 7 October 1941 until his death on 5 July 1945 . In January 1942 , facing Japanese attacks , he wrote in a historic New Year message that Australia looked to the US for its security , rather than the UK . Curtin also formed a close working relationship with General MacArthur and directed the Australian military to follow MacArthur 's orders as if they were his own . Curtin had several disagreements over defense policy with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill . Frank Forde was appointed Prime Minister after Curtin 's death , but lost the position on 12 July to a leadership challenge . He had served as acting Prime Minister during periods when Curtin was out of the country or unwell during 1944 and 1945 . Ben Chifley replaced Forde and served as Prime Minister until 1949 . Sir Thomas Blamey ( Field Marshal ) was the Commander - in - Chief of the Australian Military Forces and Commander of Allied Land Forces in the South West Pacific Area during the war . Commander of Allied land forces in the South West Pacific , 1942 -- 45 . He became Australia 's first and only Field Marshal after the war . In 1945 he signed the Japanese surrender document on behalf of Australia . Ernest Squires ( Lieutenant General ) was the 14th Chief of the General Staff from 1939 -- 1940 . John Northcott ( Lieutenant General ) was the 15th & 18th Chief of the General Staff from 1940 -- 1940 & 1942 -- 1945 . Sir Brudenell White ( General ) was the 9th & 16th Chief of the General Staff from 1920 -- 1923 & 1940 -- 1940 ( Killed during the 1940 Canberra air disaster ) . Vernon Sturdee ( Lieutenant General ) was the 17th Chief of the General Staff from 1940 -- 1942 . Sir Ragnar Colvin ( Admiral ) was the 8th First Naval Member , Australian Commonwealth Naval Board from 1937 -- 1941 . Sir Guy Royle ( Admiral ) was the 9th First Naval Member , Australian Commonwealth Naval Board from 1941 -- 1945 . Sir Louis Hamilton ( Admiral ) was the 10th First Naval Member , Australian Commonwealth Naval Board from 1941 -- 1945 . Canada ( edit ) King George VI and Queen Elizabeth with Prime Minister of Canada William Lyon Mackenzie King at the Banff Springs Hotel just prior to the outbreak of war in Europe , 27 May 1939 William Lyon Mackenzie King was the Prime Minister of Canada during the war . After helping to secure nearly full legislative autonomy for the Dominions , Canada was free to enter the war on its own accord . Despite initially favouring appeasement of Adolf Hitler , King asked the opinion of the Canadian parliament before advising George VI , as King of Canada , to declare war on Germany after the Invasion of Poland . Harry Crerar was a general and the de facto commander of the Canadian military during the war . Crerar led the Canadian military during the Invasion of Normandy . He was described as an able administrator and politically astute . Guy Simonds was an army officer who commanded the II Canadian Corps . He served as acting commander of the First Canadian Army , leading the Allied forces to victory in the Battle of the Scheldt . After the war he was appointed Chief of the General Staff . He was the youngest officer in the Canadian army to be promoted to the rank of General . E.L.M. Burns and Charles Foulkes successively commanded the I Canadian Corps during the war on the Western Front . Andrew McNaughton was the original commanding officer of the Canadian Expeditionary Forces at the beginning of the war , but was recalled to Canada to serve as Minister of National Defence . He was often attributed responsibility for the Dieppe Raid and he was one of the inventors of radar . India ( edit ) The Marquess of Linlithgow was the Viceroy of India from 1936 until 1943 . During the war he made an appeal for unity among the people of India . Muhammad Ali Jinnah , later Founder of Pakistan , was a major political Muslim leader of the All India Muslim League . When World War II broke out he asked all Indians to join the British Army against the Nazi Germany . Archibald Wavell , 1st Earl Wavell at the start of the war was in charge of the Middle East Command . The Italian forces in North Africa greatly outnumbered the Allies . Wavell , however , was able not only to repel Italian attacks , but to defeat them and occupy their colonies . Wavell was replaced by Claude Auchinleck in 1941 and became Commander - in - Chief , India . During early 1942 , he led the short - lived American - British - Dutch - Australian Command in South East Asia and the Pacific , before resuming his previous position , as head of the India Command ( later South East Asia Command ) . In 1943 Wavell succeeded Linlithgow as Viceroy of India . Claude Auchinleck nicknamed `` The Auk '' was appointed Commander - in - Chief , India in January 1941 after commanding the Allied forces during the fall of Norway . He had previously in 1938 , when a Major - General , chaired a committee the recommendations of which formed the basis of the 1939 Chatfield Report on the modernisation , re-equipment and expansion of the British Indian Army ( which by the end of the war had grown to 2,250,000 men from 183,000 in 1939 ) . In 1941 he replaced Archibald Wavell as Commander - in - Chief Middle East Command but returned as C - in - C India in 1943 when Wavell became Viceroy . New Zealand ( edit ) The then Brigadier Stevens greets Peter Fraser , Prime Minister of New Zealand , at Naples Airport , May 1944 Michael Joseph Savage was Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1935 till his death in 1940 . An opponent of fascism and the appeasement . He declared war on Nazi Germany in 1939 by declaring `` Where Britain goes , we go ! Where she stands , we stand '' . Peter Fraser was Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1940 till 1949 . He came into office after the death of Michael Joseph Savage . During the war , Fraser had a concern with ensuring that New Zealand retained control over its own forces . After serious losses in the Balkans Campaign in 1941 , Fraser determined to retain a say as to where to deploy New Zealand troops . Bernard Freyberg , 1st Baron Freyberg was commander of the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force and the New Zealand 2nd Division . He led the Allied forces during the Battle of Crete . Freyberg commanded the New Zealand 2nd Division through the North African and Italian campaigns . He had an excellent reputation as a divisional - level tactician . After the war he served as the Governor - General of New Zealand . Union of South Africa ( edit ) Jan Smuts was the Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa from 1939 till 1948 . He had served in the Imperial War Cabinet in the First World War and did so again as the most senior South African in favor of war and became South Africa 's first Field Marshal in 1941 . After the war he represented South Africa at the drafting of the United Nations Charter . George Brink was a lieutenant - general in the South African military who commanded the 1st Infantry Division during the war . Brink successfully led the 1st Infantry Division during the East African Campaign . After the war he was responsible for the demobilization . Isaac Pierre de Villiers was a major - general in the South African military who commanded the 2nd Infantry Division . Prior to the war , de Villiers served as a lieutenant in the South African Police and so the 2nd Infantry Division was responsible for internal security operations at the beginning of the war . United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern ireland ( edit ) Winston Churchill Montgomery , Peter II of Yugoslavia and Winston Churchill Clement Attlee Neville Chamberlain , who had formerly led a policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany , was Prime Minister during the first stages of the war , taking office in 1937 and resigning on 10 May 1940 after the failed Norwegian campaign . Chamberlain , who remained Conservative Party leader , then became Lord President of the Council . He died of cancer on 9 November 1940 , half a year after resigning . Winston Churchill was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during most of the war , from 1940 to 1945 . An early opponent of Hitler , he opposed appeasement of Germany . He was First Lord of the Admiralty at the outbreak of war , then came into power at the start of the Nazi invasion of France . During the Battle of Britain , Churchill 's speeches boosted the British morale during the darkest moments . Clement Attlee was the Labour Party leader during the war , and was generally responsible for domestic politics throughout the war as a member of Churchill 's War Cabinet . He served as Deputy Prime Minister under Churchill . After the end of the war in Europe , he was appointed Prime Minister of the United Kingdom following his party 's victory in the 1945 general elections and served from 1945 to 1951 . He attended the second half of the Potsdam Conference and announced the Defeat of Japan . Dudley Pound was First Sea Lord and as such the professional head of the Royal Navy from June 1939 to September 1943 , shortly before his death . He chaired the Chiefs of Staff Committee , which was responsible to Winston Churchill for the British military 's conduct of the war , until March 1942 . Alan Brooke was Chief of the Imperial General Staff ( head of Britain 's army ) from December 1941 and from March 1942 also chaired the British Chiefs of Staff Committee . He held the posts until the war 's end and was as such Churchill 's foremost military advisor . He was promoted Field Marshal in January 1944 . Andrew Cunningham succeeded Dudley Pound as First Sea Lord and naval member of the British Chiefs of Staff Committee in 1943 . He remained in the post for the rest of the war . James Somerville was commander - in - chief of the Eastern Fleet who was defeated by the Japanese in the Indian Ocean raid and commanded them at the Battle of Cape Spartivento . Charles Portal in October 1940 succeeded Cyril Newall as Chief of the Air Staff , the head of the Royal Air Force , and member of the British Chiefs of Staff Committee . He continued in this role for the rest of the war . He was promoted Marshal of the Royal Air Force in June 1944 . Harold Alexander , 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis at the end of the War was a Field Marshal and Commander - in - Chief of AFHQ responsible for the direction of Allied troops in the Mediterranean theatre . Previously he had commanded 15th Army Group which conducted the Allied invasion of Sicily and the Italian Campaign . Prior to this he commanded 18th Army Group which directed the Allied forces during the culmination of the Tunisia Campaign leading to the surrender of Axis forces in North Africa . Before that was Commander - in Chief British Middle East Command , overseeing Montgomery 's Eighth Army successful campaign to defeat the Axis forces in the Western Desert Campaign . Viscount Gort relinquished the role of Chief of the Imperial General Staff on the outbreak of war to command the British Expeditionary Force in France from 1939 to 1940 . He later served in a variety of less prominent posts , including Governor of Gibraltar and of Malta . Bernard Montgomery , 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein was a General ( later Field Marshal ) who led the Allied forces in North Africa . Under his command the Allies were able to defeat the Afrika Korps and their Italian allies . He later commanded the 21st Army Group and all Allied ground forces during Operation Overlord . He was also the primary mind behind the failed Operation Market Garden . He accepted the surrender of German forces on the 4 May 1945 . Hugh Dowding , 1st Baron Dowding was an Air Chief Marshal who commanded RAF Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain . He ended the sacrifice of aircraft and pilots in the attempt to aid troops during the Battle of France , which was weakening the home defence . He developed the `` Dowding System '' -- an integrated air defence system of radar , raid plotting and radio control of aircraft . He introduced modern aircraft into service such as the Supermarine Spitfire and Hawker Hurricane . During the battle he led resources behind the scenes and maintained a significant fighter reserve , while leaving his subordinate commanders ' hands free to run the battle . Keith Park was an Air Chief Marshal who commanded 11 Group RAF , the fighter formation tasked with the defence of London during the Battle of Britain . Later he was in charge of the defence of Malta . Arthur Harris was an Air Chief Marshal commonly known as `` Bomber '' Harris by the press . He was Air Officer Commanding - in - Chief of RAF Bomber Command and later a Marshal of the Royal Air Force during the latter half of World War II . Louis Mountbatten , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma , Admiral of the Fleet , was Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in South East Asia , 1943 -- 1945 . William Slim , 1st Viscount Slim was a General who led the British Fourteenth Army ( often referred to as the `` Forgotten Army '' ) during the Burma Campaign from 1942 to 1945 . British Malaya ( edit ) Shenton Thomas was the Governor of Straits Settlements and the British High Commissioner in Malaya from 1934 until 1942 . After the fall of Singapore he was taken as a POW and imprisoned in Cell 24 of Changi Prison . Arthur Percival was the General Officer Commanding Malaya at the start of the Pacific War . After the fall of Singapore he was taken as a prisoner - of - war . Percival 's surrender to the invading Japanese forces was the largest capitulation in British military history . Newfoundland ( edit ) Sir Humphrey Walwyn was governor of Newfoundland and chairman of the Commission of Government from 1936 to 1946 . A former Royal Navy Admiral , during World War II he was active in encouraging Newfoundlanders to join the war effort . British Mandate for Palestine ( edit ) Harold MacMichael was a British colonial administrator who was appointed as the High Commissioner of the British Mandate of Palestine from 1937 until 1944 . During this era he attempted to suppress Zionist and Arab nationalists but had to change this policy during the war . Henry Maitland Wilson , 1st Baron Wilson was a Field Marshal and commander of the Ninth Army in the British Mandate of Palestine . During the Syria - Lebanon campaign he led the Allied Forces in Syria and Lebanon against Vichy France . For his actions he was promoted to full General . Southern Rhodesia ( edit ) Sir Godfrey Huggins was prime minister of the self - governing colony of Southern Rhodesia ( which had autonomy in many respects , but not in foreign affairs ) from 1933 to 1953 . An English - born physician , he was a veteran of World War I. He was knighted in 1941 . Republic of China ( edit ) Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek . Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai - shek and Lieutenant General Joseph W. Stilwell in Burma in 1942 . Chiang Kai - shek was the Generalissimo of the National Revolutionary Army and the Chairman of the National Military Council , the highest political organ of the nation at the time . He was also the Director - General and the Chinese Nationalist Party ( Kuomintang ) and the Chairman of the National Government . He took the nation into the full - scale war with Japan after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937 . After China joined the Allies in 1942 , he was the Supreme Commander of the China Theatre , which also included Burma . Madame Chiang Kai - shek , also known as Soong Mei - ling , was First Lady of the Republic of China and the wife of Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek . During the Second Sino - Japanese War she rallied her people against the Japanese invasion . Educated in the United States and speaking in eloquent English , she played an instrument role in the formation of the Sino - American co-operation and conducted a speaking tour in the United States to gain international support . He Yingqin was the Chief of the General Staff of the National Military Council . He was also the Commander of the Fourth Military Region and led in the victorious Battle of West Hunan in 1945 . He became the representative of both the Chinese Government and the Southeast Asia Allied Forces at the September 9th ceremony in Nanjing to accept the statement of surrender from Japan in 1945 . Chen Cheng was a General of the National Revolutionary Army and political figure in the National Military Council . He was one of Chiang 's most trusted ally . He led in the Battle of Wuhan and he went on to command during the Battle of Changsha , Battle of Yichang and Battle of West Hubei in the latter years . In 1943 , he was appointed the commander of the Chinese Expeditionary Force in Burma campaign . After the war , he became the Chief of the General Staff . Bai Chongxi was a close ally of Guangxi warlord Li Zongren and the Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the National Military Council . He was a key strategist who convinced Chiang to adopt a `` Total War '' strategy . He was also involved in many key campaigns including the first major victory at the Battle of Tai'erzhuang and also the Battle of Wuhan in 1938 . He also commanded another victorious First Battle of Changsha in 1939 . Bai also directed the Battle of South Guangxi and Battle of Kunlun Pass to retake South Guangxi in the later stage . Li Zongren was a former Guangxi warlord who fought in alliance with Chiang Kai - shek in the war against Japan . He was the commander of the Battle of Xuzhou and famously won the Battle of Tai'erzhuang , the first major Chinese victory in the war , and commanded one of the largest and relatively better equipped regional armies that comprised the bulk of the Chinese armed forces during the war . Yan Xishan was a former Shanxi warlord who fought in alliance with Chiang Kai - shek . During the early stage of the Japanese invasion , he invited Communist military forces to enter Shanxi to fight with the Japanese and defended Taiyuan in 1937 . He was a member of the National Military Council and the Commander of the Second Military Region . Wei Lihuang was a General of the National Revolutionary Army and the Commander of the Chinese Expeditionary Force in 1943 and 1944 which was responsible for the major ground operations in support of U.S. General Joseph W. Stilwell 's offensive in Northern Burma and Western Yunnan and the construction of Ledo Road . Xue Yue was a General of the National Revolutionary Army and the Commander of the Ninth Military Region . He was known for defending Changsha from Japanese offensives for three times in 1939 , 1941 and 1942 . Claire Lee Chennault was the commander of the Flying Tigers . Originally a military advisor to Chiang Kai - shek , Chennault was asked to establish American squadrons to aid the Republic of China . Chennault spent the winter of 1940 -- 1941 in Washington , helping to negotiate the establishment of the American Volunteer Group . The AVG began their service with the Chinese Air Force in 1941 until it was disbanded in 1942 . Mao Zedong was the Chairman of the Communist Party of China who formed the `` United Front '' with the Nationalist Government against Japanese aggression . The Red Army was reorganized into the New Fourth Army and the Eighth Route Army , which were placed under the nominal command of the National Revolutionary Army despite the Communist Party remained full control of the armies . The cooperation between the Nationalists and the Communists began to break down by 1939 as the two forces clashed and effectively ended after the New Fourth Army Incident in 1941 . Free Czechoslovak Republic ( edit ) Edvard Beneš was President of Czechoslovakia and later head of the Czechoslovak Government - in - Exile . Klement Gottwald was leader of the Czechoslovak communist resistance . Ludvík Svoboda led Czechoslovak military units on Eastern front against Germany . Karel Klapálek led Czechoslovak units in the defense of Tobruk and on eastern front ( since April 1945 ) . Alois Liška led Czechoslovak military units on Western front in 1944 -- 1945 . Karel Janoušek led the Czechoslovak air force in Great Britain . Karel Kutlvašr was the military leader of the Prague uprising . Kingdom of Denmark ( 1940 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Thorvald Stauning , Prime minister of Denmark 1924 -- 1942 . Christian X of Denmark Danish king from 1912 -- 1947 . Thorvald Stauning Prime minister of Denmark from 1929 to his death in 1942 . Vilhelm Buhl Prime minister of Denmark in 1942 . Adolf Hitler personally ordered him removed in 1942 . Erik Scavenius Prime minister of Denmark from 1942 -- 1943 . Dissolved the Danish government in 1943 , and the government was then replaced by total German military rule in Denmark . William Wain Prior Commander - in - chief of the Danish Army . Kingdom of Egypt ( edit ) Farouk of Egypt was the King of Egypt . Ahmad Mahir Pasha was the Prime Minister of Egypt from 10 October 1944 to 24 February 1945 . Ethiopian empire ( abyssinian empire ) ( edit ) Haile Selassie was the Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 until 1974 . Prior to the war , Italy invaded Ethiopia . Makonnen Endelkachew was Prime Minister of Ethiopia . Imru Haile Selassie Kassa Haile Darge Orde Wingate was a British Army Officer and commander of the Gideon Force during the East African Campaign . Under Wingate command , the Gideon Force was successful in aiding the British in defeating Fascist Italian forces and liberating Ethiopia . French Third Republic ( until 1940 ) ( edit ) Albert François Lebrun was the last President of the Third Republic . In 1940 , he was forced to accept the German terms of surrender of France and was replaced by Philippe Pétain as head the French state ( see Vichy France ) . In 1944 , Lebrun acknowledged de Gaulle 's leadership of the restored French , provisional , government . In 1945 , since he had not resigned from his presidential office , and that Pétain was not president , Lebrun thought he could be able to return to power after the liberation . Édouard Daladier was Prime Minister from 1938 to 1940 . He led his country during the opening stages of the war . Daladier resigned on 9 May 1940 , the day before the German invasion of France , because of his failure to aid Finland 's defence in the Winter War . Paul Reynaud succeeded Daladier as Prime Minister in 1940 and led France during the Battle of France . After Germany had occupied large parts of France , Reynaud was advised by his newly appointed Minister of State Philippe Pétain to come to separate peace with Germany . Reynaud refused to do so , and resigned . Philippe Pétain was Prime Minister in 1940 . Maurice Gamelin commanded the French military during the critical days of May 1940 , before being removed from his position after failing to defend France from the Germans . Maxime Weygand replaced Gamelin as commander of the French army in May 1940 . He eventually favoured an armistice with Germany . Free French forces ( and later fighting France and provisional government of the French Republic ) ( edit ) Charles de Gaulle Charles de Gaulle was the leader of the Free French and as such head of the French government - in - exile following the Fall of France . A vehement opponent of collaboration , he eventually took nominal command of the French resistance and headed the French Army of Liberation from its foundation to the war 's end . Henri Giraud was de Gaulle 's rival and the Western Allies ' favourite . He escaped from Germany where he was a prisoner of war and co-founded the Free French movement with de Gaulle , though soon found himself relegated to second in command of the Free French Forces after the Casablanca Conference of 1943 . He was the chief of staff of the French Army of Liberation from 1943 to July 1944 . Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque was a leader of the Free French forces , and commanded forces both in Africa and in France . After the war ended , he commanded the French Far East Expeditionary Corps in the First Indochina War . He signed the armistice with Japan on behalf of France on September 2 , 1945 . Alphonse Juin became chief of staff of the French Army in July 1944 after being the commander of the French Expeditionary Corps ( 130,000 men ) in Italy . Marie - Pierre Kœnig became commander in chief of the French Forces of the Interior which effectively helped the Allies in the invasion of France . Jean de Lattre de Tassigny was the commander of the First French Army which invaded southern France with 260,000 men . His army numbered more than 320,000 men when he entered in Germany with the integration of the FFI . Georges Catroux was the main French military leader in Syria and Lebanon before entering De Gaulle 's government . André Lemonnier was a French Admiral who served as the French Navy chief of staff in 1943 and led the French Navy 's participation in Operation Dragoon ( 34 warships including one battleship and eight cruisers ) . Kingdom of Greece ( 1940 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) George II of Greece was King of Greece from 1922 to 1924 and from 1935 to till his death in 1947 . King George was pro-British , and this stance greatly influenced the country 's policy . When Germany invaded Greece , the King and the government fled the Greek mainland for Crete but after the Battle of Crete he was evacuated to Egypt and went to Great Britain . During the war he remained the internationally recognized head of state , backed by the exiled government and Greek armed forces serving in the Middle East . Ioannis Metaxas was the dictator and Prime Minister of Greece from 1936 until his death in 1941 . Despite his quasi-fascist tendencies and strong economic ties to Nazi Germany , he pursued a policy of pro-British neutrality . On 28 October 1940 he rejected an Italian ultimatum , and ordered the Greek Army to repel the Italian invasion of the country . Alexander Papagos was a Greek General who led the Greek Army in the Greco - Italian War and the Battle of Greece . As head of the Army from 1935 , he played an active role in the attempts at its reorganization and modernization . When war was declared he was named Commander - in - Chief and led Greek forces against Italy along the Albanian border and later against the invading German army . When the Greek government fled to Crete , Papagos remained behind and with other generals , was arrested and sent to concentration camps in Germany . In 1945 he was repatriated and rejoined the Army . Aris Velouchiotis was the creator and chief leader of the Greek People 's Liberation Army , the country 's largest guerrilla force , aligned to the leftist National Liberation Front . Imperial State of Iran ( after Anglo - Soviet invasion ) ( edit ) Mohammad Reza Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was the Shah ( King ) of Iran which came to power after the abdication of his father , Reza Pahlavi . Reza Shah was forced to abdicated power to his son after Anglo - Soviet invasion of Iran . Mohammad - Ali Foroughi was the Prime Minister of Iran during the abdication of Reza Shah . He remained in office and assisted to new Shah . He retired from politics on 9 March 1942 . Ali Soheili was the Foreign Minister of Iran and then Prime Minister of Iran from 9 March to 9 August 1942 and again from 15 February 1943 until his resignation on 6 April 1944 . Ahmad Qavam was the Prime Minister of Iran from 9 August 1942 from 15 February 1943 . He resolved the Soviet inspired rebellion of the occupied Azerbaijan province . He ordered the Iranian delegation to the UN to negotiate issues pending before the Security Council directly with the Soviet delegation . He then flew to Moscow to discuss the issues personally with Stalin . Ali Razmara was Chief commander of Imperial Army of Iran . Republic of Liberia ( edit ) Edwin Barclay was the President of Liberia from 1930 until 1944 . William Tubman was the President of Liberia from 1944 until 1971 . Grand duchy of Luxembourg ( edit ) Grand Duchess Charlotte was head of state of Luxembourg . Pierre Dupong was Prime Minister of Luxembourg and later led the government in exile after the country was occupied . Émile Speller was Major - Commandant of the Corps des Gendarmes et Volontaires during the German invasion of Luxembourg . He was briefly held prisoner . Guillaume Konsbruck was a captain who fled Luxembourg following invasion and served as aide - de-camp to Grand Duchess Charlotte during her exile . He was promoted to major and returned to Luxembourg in 1944 and helped establish a new army for the country . United Mexican States ( edit ) Manuel Ávila Camacho was Brigade General and President of Mexico from 1940 till 1946 . Ávila declared war against the Axis powers in 1942 after two of Mexico 's ships were destroyed by German submarines . Ávila Camacho cooperated in the war effort , providing the United States with 15,000 soldiers and 300,000 workers under the Bracero Program . Antonio Cárdenas Rodríguez was Colonel and Commander of the Mexican Expeditionary Air Force ( Fuerza Aérea Expedicionaria Mexicana ( FAEM ) ) since January 1 , 1945 . He and 300 elements from the FAEM arrived on May 1 in Manila , in Luzon , principal island of Philippines , and established in Clark Field under the 5th Air Force of the USAAF , commanded by General Douglas MacArthur . He represented Mexico at the signing of the Japanese surrender document on the USS Missouri on September 1 . Radamés Gaxiola Andrade was Captain and Commander of the 201st Squadron ( Escuadrón 201 ) of the FAEM , under the 58th Group of the 5th Air Force of the USAAF . He commanded Mexican air operations on Luzon and recognition flies on Formosa from June 7 to August 26 , 1945 . In total , the FAEM performed 59 combat missions . Mongolian people 's Republic ( edit ) Khorloogiin Choibalsan was Prime Minister of Mongolia during World War II . Also he was general chief commander of the Mongolian armed forces . Troops under his command defended Khalkhiin gol from Japan in 1939 and liberated Inner Mongolia in 1945 . Kingdom of the Netherlands ( 1940 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands gives a radio speech , 1940 Wilhelmina of the Netherlands was the ruling Queen of the Netherlands . She led the Dutch government in exile after escaping to Britain . Prince Bernhard of Lippe - Biesterfeld was the son in law of Queen Wilhelmina and Commander - in - chief of the Armed forces of the Netherlands from 1944 until 1945 , served as a Wing commander for the Royal Air Force from 1941 until 1944 . Dirk Jan de Geer was the Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1939 until 1940 . When Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands he fled to London . As he wanted to make peace with Nazi Germany , he was forced to resign . Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy was Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1940 until 1945 . After the Fall of France and Dirk Jan de Geer 's resignation , Gerbrandy was appointed the office of Prime Minister by Queen Wilhelmina in London . After the liberation , he returned to form a new cabinet but ended up resigning . Henri Winkelman was Commander - in - chief of the Armed forces of the Netherlands during the Battle of the Netherlands . Winkelman was responsible for defending the Netherlands the Nazi invasion . He was captured and interned for the rest of the war . Alidius Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer was Governor - General of the Dutch East Indies from 1936 to 1942 when the colony was occupied by Japan . Conrad Helfrich was Vice Admiral of the Royal Netherlands Navy during the Netherlands East Indies campaign . At the outbreak of the war in the Pacific Helfrich assumed command of all Dutch naval units in the Dutch East Indies . On September 2 , 1945 , he signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender aboard the battleship USS Missouri on behalf of the Dutch government . Kingdom of Norway ( edit ) Haakon VII of Norway was King of Norway and the formal head of state from 1905 to his death in 1957 . Following the German invasion of Norway in 1940 , Haakon refused to meet the demands of the attackers , and went into exile in London , where he stayed for the rest of the war . Johan Nygaardsvold was Prime Minister during the war . His government agreed with the King not to meet the German demands , and went into exile in London . Nygaardsvold resigned shortly after the war . Otto Ruge was Chief of Defence of Norway from May to June 1940 , leading the Norwegian forces in the Norwegian Campaign . After the Germans had conquered Norway , Ruge was arrested and sent to Germany . He resumed his position for a short time after the war . Crown prince Olav was Chief of Defence , leading the Norwegian forces in exile from 1 July 1944 . Carl Gustav Fleischer was the commander of the Norwegian 6th Division during the Norwegian Campaign . He led the allied recapture of Narvik on May 28 , 1940 , later heading into exile in the United Kingdom , where he was named commander of the Norwegian Army in exile . He was the first commander to win a major victory against the Germans . Second Polish Republic ( edit ) Władysław Sikorski Władysław Anders Ignacy Mościcki was President of Poland from 1926 until 1939 . After the Invasion of Poland he was forced to resign and went into exile in Switzerland . Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski was a Polish physician , general and politician who served as Polish Minister of Internal Affairs from 1936 to 1939 and was the last Prime Minister of Poland before World War II . After the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 , he fled to Romania and was interned there . After the German occupation of Romania in 1940 , he went to Turkey and thence to Palestine . In 1947 , he went to London , where he died in 1962 . Edward Rydz - Śmigły was Marshal of Poland and commander of the Polish armed forces during the invasion of Poland . After the invasion ; Śmigły - Rydz took complete responsibility for Poland 's military defeat . He later resigned and joined the resistance movement as a common underground soldier . Henryk Sucharski was a major in the Polish Army . At the outbreak of World War II , he was the commander of the Westerplatte position . Troops under his command defended Westerplatte for seven days against overwhelming odds . Sucharski survived the war and was posthumously promoted to the rank of General . Despite his efforts to improve the defences , he later tried to persuade his fellow officers to surrender and suffered a nervous breakdown which required his deputy to assume command . Polish government in exile and secret State ( edit ) Władysław Raczkiewicz was the President of the Polish Government in Exile from 1939 until his death in 1947 . When the Nazis invaded Poland , Raczkiewicz fled to London where he established the government in exile . Władysław Sikorski was Prime Minister of the Polish Government in Exile and commander of the Polish Armed Forces . A staunch advocate of the Polish cause on the diplomatic scene , he supported the reestablishment of diplomatic relations between Poland and the Soviet Union , which had been severed after the Soviet alliance with Germany . In July 1943 , Sikorski was killed when his plane crashed into the sea 16 seconds after takeoff from Gibraltar . Stanisław Mikołajczyk succeeded Sikorski as Prime Minister , serving in this post from 1943 -- 1944 . Tomasz Arciszewski succeeded Mikołajczyk as Prime Minister , serving in this post from 1944 -- 1947 . Kazimierz Sosnkowski succeeded Sikorski as Commander - in - Chief of the Polish Armed Forces , serving in this capacity from 1943 -- 1944 . Władysław Anders was a Polish General and commander of the II Corps during the war . When Germany invaded Poland , Andres fled east and was captured by the Red Army . After the Nazi invasion of the USSR , he was released and placed in commanded of the Polish Armed Forces in the East until 1942 . Tadeusz Bór - Komorowski was commander of the Home Army during the Warsaw Uprising . Stanisław Maczek was the Polish commander who had never been defeated in battle , and who fought as a commander during the Polish Soviet War , the Invasion of Poland in 1939 , and from just after the initial landing in Normandy to the end of war as the commander of the 1st Armoured Division ( Poland ) ( Hill 262 , Breda , Wilhelmshaven ) Stanisław Sosabowski was commander of the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade , which fought with distinction at Arnhem . Marian Kukiel commander of the I Polish Corps from their formation in 1940 until 1942 . He was Minister of War in exile from 1943 -- 1944 . Jan Zumbach was the Squadron Leader of the No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron from 1942 until 1943 . Zumbach never fought during the Invasion of Poland but fought during the Battle of Britain . Zumbach was awarded the Cross of Valor for his service during the war . Soviet Union ( 1941 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Joseph Stalin Marshal Zhukov reading the German capitulation . Seated on his right is Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder . Joseph Stalin was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during World War II . From 1941 onwards , he was also Chairman of the Committee of the People 's Comissars ( Premier ) of the Soviet Union . It was during Stalin 's reign that the USSR emerged as a superpower that rivaled the United States . As the supreme commander of the Red Army , Stalin led the Red Army to liberate the Soviet Union from Nazi occupation . After the war Stalin put communist leaders in power in Eastern Europe , setting up the Eastern Bloc and leading to the Cold War . Georgy Zhukov was a Soviet Field Marshal who led the Red Army to liberate the Soviet Union from Nazi occupation . He also led the Soviets to overrun much of Eastern Europe and to conquer and capture Germany 's capital , Berlin . After the war Zhukov was the supreme Military Commander of the Soviet Occupation Zone in Germany . Nikolay Gerasimovich Kuznetsov was Admiral of the Soviet Navy , which was primarily responsible for keeping the Nazis out of the Black Sea and the Caucasus . Despite orders to the contrary , he placed his navy on high alert hours before the commencement of Operation Barbarossa resulting in the Navy being the only branch of the Soviet armed forces that was prepared for the invasion . Vyacheslav Molotov was Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union from 1939 -- 1949 . He was responsible for the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact which governed Soviet - German relations until June 1941 when Hitler attacked the Soviet Union . Molotov conducted urgent negotiations with Britain and , later , the United States for wartime alliances . He secured Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill 's agreement to create a `` second front '' in Europe . Mikhail Kalinin was during the whole war period the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union , the nominal Head of State of the Soviet Union . Although he was the Head of State , he remained mostly in the background , while Stalin was the undisputed war leader with supreme authority over the Soviet Union . A Communist Party elder , Kalinin was a key member of Stalin 's inner circle of power until his death . He signed the order authorizing the Katyn massacre . Vasily Chuikov commanded the 64th Army and later the 62nd Army , which defended Stalingrad during the crucial Battle of Stalingrad . Leonid Govorov became Soviet commander in Leningrad in 1942 , and commanded Leningrad 's forces in Operation Spark . In 1944 , he was promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union . Ivan Konev was commander of the 19th Army during the early days of the Nazi invasion . He led the Red Army on the Eastern Front and liberated much of Eastern Europe . He helped in the capture of Berlin . Kirill Meretskov Ivan Bagramyan Ivan Isakov Sergei Khudyakov Konstantin Rokossovsky Boris Shaposhnikov Semyon Timoshenko Fyodor Tolbukhin Aleksandr Vasilevsky Matvei Zakharov Nikita Khrushchev United States of America ( 1941 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S Truman Franklin D. Roosevelt was the 32nd President of the United States , from 1933 until his death in 1945 . Roosevelt had come into power during the Great Depression on a promise to heal the country . Prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor , he attempted to aid the Allies without declaring war . He died in office two weeks before the surrender of Germany . Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States from 1945 until 1953 . Truman took office after the death of Roosevelt . President Truman ordered the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 . After the war he oversaw postwar recovery efforts . George Marshall was General of the Army and the Chief of Staff during the war . As Chief of Staff , Marshall oversaw the largest military expansion in American history . Marshall coordinated Allied operations in Europe and the Pacific . After the war Marshall became Secretary of State and led the post-war reconstruction effort in Europe , which became known as the Marshall Plan . For his role in the recovery he received the Nobel Peace Prize . Henry H. Arnold was an American general officer holding the grades of General of the Army and later General of the Air Force . He was the Commanding General of the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II . Ernest King was Commander in Chief of the United States Fleet ( 1941 -- 45 ) as well as Chief of Naval Operations ( 1942 -- 45 ) and Fleet Admiral ( from 1944 ) . Henry L. Stimson was Secretary of War from 1940 until 1945 . He was an early proponent for war against Germany . As secretary of war Stimson was in charge of much of the organizational and logistical aspects of America 's war effort . He oversaw the raising and training 13 million soldiers and airmen , supervised the spending of a third of the nation 's GDP on the Army and the Air Forces , helped formulate military strategy , and took personal control of building and using the atomic bomb . Cordell Hull was Secretary of State from 1933 until 1944 . Hull was responsible for foreign relations before the attack on Pearl Harbor . He sent the Hull note to Japan prior to the attack , which was part of the United States attempt to open Chinese markets to U.S. goods against Japanese interests there . After the war he was the key architect for establishing the United Nations and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . William J. Donovan was the director of the Office of Strategic Services from 1942 until it was disbanded in 1945 . Donovan and the OSS was responsible for collecting intelligence by the Army , Navy , and State Department . For his actions he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal . J. Edgar Hoover was the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation from 1935 until 1972 . Hoover and the FBI were responsible for the intelligence in the United States and South America during the war . Hoover had success in shutting down a Nazi spy network in the United States . European and North African front ( edit ) Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight D. Eisenhower nicknamed `` Ike '' , was the Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe . He was responsible for planning and supervising the liberation of France and Europe with the invasion of Nazi Germany . Following the German unconditional surrender , Eisenhower was appointed Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone . Seven years after the war , he was elected as president of the United States . Omar Bradley was General of the Army in North Africa and Europe during World War II . He led the First United States Army during Operation Overlord and the invasion of Europe . He was informally known as `` the soldier 's general . '' Mark W. Clark was the allied commander in Italian Campaign . He led allied forces through the invasion of Italy , the battles of Anzio and Monte Cassino and the subsequent capture of Rome In 1944 , the first of the three major axis capitals to fall . Jacob L. Devers was the commander of the 6th Army Group in Europe . He oversaw the invasion of southern France in 1944 . With his American and French forces , Devers cleared Alsace , reduced the Colmar Pocket , crossed the Rhine River and accepted the surrender of German forces in Austria . Initially the CG of the Mediterranean Theater of Operations , in the late summer of 1942 he `` swapped jobs '' with Gen. Eisenhower , becoming Commanding General European Theater of Operations , freeing up Ike to command the Operation Torch invasion of North Africa in November 1942 . In early 1943 he returned to command the MTO for the Sicily , Italy and Southern France Campaigns . John C.H. Lee was the commanding general of all supply and service forces in the ETO , beginning in May 1942 . His logistics command was responsible for the Operation Bolero buildup of over 3 million men and women , and 37,000,000 tons of materiel in the UK , and delivering a total of 41,000,000 tons to support the fighting forces in the entire Theater . He was Deputy Theater Commander for Supply and Administration to Gen. Eisenhower , and he led the largest single unit in World War II . The Communications Zone , or COM - Z as it was known after D - Day numbered some 435,000 soldiers at its peak . George S. Patton was one of the United States ' leading generals during the campaigns in North Africa , Sicily , France and Germany . He was known as `` Old Blood and Guts '' . Carl Andrew Spaatz was commander of the Air Forces Combat Command with the rank of major general and in overall command of the USAAF in the European Theater of Operations . Royal E. Ingersoll was the commander in chief of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet from 1942 to late 1944 . He commanded the American forces during the battle of the Atlantic and was employed in running troop convoys and transporting stores , munitions , and fuel to the United Kingdom and the Mediterranean . Pacific front ( edit ) Douglas MacArthur Douglas MacArthur , General of the Army was Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the South West Pacific Area , 1942 -- 45 . He was commander of US and Filipino forces in the Philippines , before relocating to Australia . He accepted the surrender of Japan on September 2 , 1945 and then became Supreme Commander Allied Powers . Chester W. Nimitz , fleet admiral and commander of the United States Pacific Fleet in 1941 -- 42 and became supreme commander of Allied forces in the Pacific Ocean Area , 1942 -- 45 . Holland Smith was a general in the United States Marine Corps during World War II . He is sometimes called the `` father '' of modern U.S. amphibious warfare . He led American forces in several major campaigns , among others those in the Aleutians , Gilberts - Marshalls islands , Saipan , and Iwo Jima . Joseph Stilwell , was a general who was Chiang Kai - shek 's chief of staff and commander of all US forces in China , Burma and India as well as deputy commander of South East Asia Command William Halsey , Jr. fleet admiral who commanded the Third Fleet , formed in 1943 , and appeared in the Guadalcanal campaign and the Battle of Leyte Gulf . Raymond A. Spruance commanded United States Navy forces at both the Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Philippine Sea . Frank Jack Fletcher was commander of the Allied Naval forces at the Battle of the Coral Sea . Curtis LeMay was a general in the United States Air Force . He is credited with designing and implementing an effective , but also controversial , systematic strategic bombing campaign in the Pacific theater of World War II . Husband E. Kimmel was commander - in - chief of the United States Pacific Fleet when the Japanese attacked the naval base at Pearl Harbor . After the attack , he was relieved of his command . Puerto Rico ( edit ) Left to right : Major General Geiger , Corps Commander ; Colonel Silverthorn , Corps Chief of Staff and Brigadier General del Valle , Corps Artillery Commander , examine a plaster relief map of Guam on board the USS Appalachian . Rexford Tugwell , Tugwell served as the last appointed American Governor of Puerto Rico , from 1941 to 1946 . He worked with the legislature to create the Puerto Rico Planning , Urbanization , and Zoning Board in 1942 . Tugwell supported Puerto Rican self - government through amendment to the Organic Act in 1948 . He publicly supported Luis Muñoz Marín 's Popular Democratic Party , the PPD , which wanted a Commonwealth status . As he prepared to retire from the Governorship , Tugwell was instrumental in getting the first Puerto Rican appointed to the job , Jesús T. Piñero , then serving as Resident Commissioner in Washington , D.C. Tugwell also served as Chancellor of the University of Puerto Rico . Virgil R. Miller , Colonel , U.S. Army , was the Regimental Commander of the 442d Regimental Combat Team ( RCT ) , a unit which was composed of `` Nisei '' ( second generation Americans of Japanese descent ) , during World War II . He led the 442nd in its rescue of the Lost Texas Battalion of the 36th Infantry Division , in the forests of the Vosges Mountains in northeastern France . Pedro del Valle , was a highly decorated Marine Lieutenant General who played a key role in the Guadalcanal Campaign and the Battle of Guam and became the Commanding General of the First Marine Division . Del Valle played an instrumental role in the defeat of the Japanese forces in Okinawa and was in charge of the reorganization of Okinawa . Juan César Cordero Dávila , was a Brigadier General who in World War II commanded the 65th Infantry Regiment ( United States ) , a Puerto Rican unit , in Europe . Commonwealth of the Philippines ( edit ) Manuel L. Quezon Manuel L. Quezon was the first Filipino president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines under U.S. rule in the early period of the 20th century . After the Japanese invasion , he was evacuated to Washington D.C. where he died of tuberculosis in 1944 . Sergio Osmeña was the second Filipino president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines . As Vice President , he ascended to the presidency after Quezon 's death in 1944 . He returned to the Philippines the same year with General Douglas MacArthur and the liberation forces . Basilio J. Valdes was the commanding general of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and chief of staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines . Valdes was given the rank of Major General of the Commonwealth Army . After the Japanese Invasion , he was evacuated to Washington D.C. and he was returned to the Philippines the same year with General Douglas MacArthur and the liberation forces . Vicente Lim commanded the Philippine Commonwealth Army during the early days of the war . Lim was given the rank of Brigadier General and became the top ranking Filipino under General MacArthur . He was placed in command of the 41st Infantry Division , Philippine Commonwealth Army , USAFFE tasked with the defense of Bataan . After the fall of the Philippines , he led resistance against Japanese occupation . Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( edit ) Peter II was the last King of Yugoslavia reigning from 1934 till 1945 . An opponent of Nazi Germany , he participated in a British - supported coup d'état opposing the pro-fascist Prince Paul . Peter was forced to leave the country following the Axis invasion . In 1944 , he signed the Treaty of Vis which was an agreement to share power with Josip Broz Tito . But , after the war , Peter was deposed in a referendum held by the communist government . Draža Mihailović was the leader of Chetniks , the monarchic resistance movement , supported by the exiled royal government . Mihailović was decorated with the highest war medals by France and the United States ( Legion of Merit ) . After being initially engaged in fighting the occupying Axis forces and their internal allies , his forces ended up engaged also in fighting the Partisans and collaborating with the Axis . After the war , he was executed by the newly formed communist government of Josip Broz Tito in 1945 for high treason , war crimes and crimes against humanity . In 2004 , Chetniks were rehabilitated by the democratic National Assembly of Serbia . Josip Broz Tito was a leader of Yugoslav Partisans resistance movement , which was the largest in Europe . Communist by political orientation , Tito was nevertheless able to gather nationwide support for anti-fascist cause , and to persuade Allied governments that only his forces were mounting credible resistance to Axis powers in Yugoslavia . By the end of war , occupied Yugoslavia had drawn attention of no less than 20 German divisions alone , prompting several major operations in the 1942 -- 1944 period , which were futile . Finally , with help from advancing Soviet forces , the Partisans liberated Yugoslavia , reaching at the final days of operations a respectable size of 800,000 soldiers . Dušan Simović was the Chief of the General Staff of the Royal Yugoslav Army and Prime Minister . Slobodan Jovanović was the Prime Minister of the Yugoslav government in exile during World War II from January 11 , 1942 , to June 26 , 1943 . Ivan Šubašić was the Prime Minister of the Yugoslav government in exile when the Treaty of Vis ( or Tito - Šubašić Agreement ) was signed on June 14 , 1944 . See also ( edit ) World War II portal Allies of World War II Axis leaders of World War II Commanders of World War II References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The History of the Commonwealth '' . The Commonwealth Secretariat . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Menzies . In office '' . Australia 's prime ministers . National Archives of Australia . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2003 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur Fadden '' . Australia 's prime ministers . National Archives of Australia . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` John Curtin '' . National Archives of Australia . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Francis Forde '' . Australia 's prime ministers . National Archives of Australia . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Chifley '' . Australia 's prime ministers . National Archives of Australia . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` machine code facts , information , pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about machine code '' . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ L , Klemen ( 1999 -- 2000 ) . `` General Sir Archibald Percival Wavell '' . Forgotten Campaign : The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941 -- 1942 . Jump up ^ L , Klemen ( 1999 -- 2000 ) . `` Lieutenant - General Arthur Ernest Percival '' . Forgotten Campaign : The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941 -- 1942 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Caidin , ibid. , dates the departure of the first AVG pilots 10 December 1941 . Jump up ^ Albert Lebrun 's biography on the French Presidency official website Archived April 14 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Flores , Santiago A. ( 1999 -- 2000 ) . `` 201st Mexican Fighter Squadron '' . Forgotten Campaign : The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941 -- 1942 . Jump up ^ L , Klemen ( 1999 -- 2000 ) . `` Vice-Admiral Conrad Emil Lambert Helfrich '' . Forgotten Campaign : The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941 -- 1942 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration ( 1940 ) . `` Education '' . Puerto Rico : A Guide to the Island of Boriquén . New York : The University Society , Inc . Jump up ^ `` RootsWeb : PUERTORICO - L Re : Navy Admirals from Puerto Rico '' . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sontag , Blind Man 's Bluff . Jump up ^ `` Lieutenant General Pedro A. Del Valle , USMC '' . History Division . United States Marine Corps . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2006 . Retrieved October 10 , 2006 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied%20leaders%20of%20World%20War%20II
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who plays margot in legally blonde the musical
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Character Original Broadway Cast Original U.S. Tour Cast Original London Cast Original UK Tour Cast Elle Woods Laura Bell Bundy Becky Gulsvig Sheridan Smith Faye Brookes Emmett Forrest Christian Borle D.B. Bonds Alex Gaumond Iwan Lewis Warner Huntington III Richard H. Blake Jeff Mclean Duncan James Neil Toon Paulette Bonafonté Orfeh Natalie Joy Johnson Jill Halfpenny Liz McClarnon Claire Sweeney Professor Callahan Michael Rupert Ken Land Peter Davison Dave Willetts Brooke Wyndham / Shandi Nikki Snelson Coleen Sexton Aoife Mulholland Hannah Grover Vivienne Kensington Kate Shindle Megan Lewis Caroline Keiff Charlotte Harwood Chad / Dewey / Kyle Andy Karl Ven Daniel Chris Ellis - Stanton Lewis Griffiths Enid Hoopes Natalie Joy Johnson Gretchen Burghart Suzie McAdam Gemma Baird Serena Leslie Kritzer Cortney Wolfson Susan McFadden Sinead Long Margot Annaleigh Ashford Rhiannon Hansen Amy Lennox Sophie Isaacs Pilar DeQuina Moore Crystal Joy Ibinabo Jack Micha Richardson Kate / Chutney Kate Wetherhead Alex Ellis Roxanne Palmer Nia Jermin
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Annaleigh Ashford|Rhiannon Hansen|Amy Lennox|Sophie Isaacs
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Legally Blonde ( musical )
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legally blonde ( musical )
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Legally Blonde is a musical with music and lyrics by Laurence O'Keefe and Nell Benjamin and book by Heather Hach . The story is based on the novel Legally Blonde by Amanda Brown and the 2001 film of the same name . It tells the story of Elle Woods , a sorority girl who enrolls at Harvard Law School to win back her ex-boyfriend Warner . She discovers how her knowledge of the law can help others , and successfully defends exercise queen Brooke Wyndham in a murder trial . Throughout the show , no one has faith in Elle Woods , but she manages to surprise them when she defies expectations while staying true to herself .
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Legally Blonde premiered in pre-Broadway tryouts in San Francisco , California . In April 2007 the show moved to Broadway , opening to mostly positive reviews and grossed more than $1,000,000 a week on several occasions . Jerry Mitchell directed and choreographed . The original cast starred Laura Bell Bundy as Elle , Christian Borle as Emmett and Richard H. Blake as Warner . It received seven Tony nominations and ten Drama Desk nominations but did not win any . The West End production opened in January 2010 at the Savoy Theatre . The West End production was nominated for five Laurence Olivier Awards and won three , including the Best New Musical award . The musical was recorded in September 2007 and aired on MTV in October 2007 . Following this , a reality television program was aired showing the audition process for the next person to play Elle Woods on Broadway . The winner was Bailey Hanks , who played the role from July 23 , 2008 until the production closed on October 19 , 2008 . The Runner up , Autumn Hurlbert was Hanks ' understudy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Act One 1.2 Act Two 2 Musical numbers 3 Instrumentation 4 Production history 4.1 Broadway ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 4.2 North American Tours ( 2008 -- 2011 ) 4.3 West End ( 2009 -- 2012 ) 4.4 First National UK tour 4.5 Australian Production 2012 4.6 International Productions 5 Casts 6 Critical response 7 Recordings 8 Awards and nominations 8.1 Original Broadway production 8.2 North American Tour 8.3 Original West End production 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Act one ( edit ) The overjoyed girls of UCLA 's sorority Delta Nu , led by Margot , Serena , and Pilar , celebrate the engagement that is expected to happen that night of Warner Huntington III to their perky , sweet , and strikingly blonde sorority president , Elle Woods , who is fretting over finding the perfect dress for the occasion ( `` Omigod You Guys '' ) . Once she acquires her dream dress , Elle goes to dinner with Warner , where he tells her that he needs someone more serious and breaks up with her ( `` Serious '' ) . Elle is devastated and sulks for twelve days ( `` Daughter Of Delta Nu '' ) but decides to chase Warner to Harvard Law School to show him that she can be serious . With help from Delta Nu sister Kate , Elle studies for the LSAT . Instead of writing a personal essay , Elle bursts into the Harvard admission offices backed by a squad of cheerleaders . She is accepted after revealing she is motivated by love ( `` What You Want '' ) . Elle 's snobby classmates disapprove of her attire , and the only person who is willing to help her is law teaching assistant , Emmett Forrest ( `` The Harvard Variations '' ) . However , he ca n't protect her in class from the bloodthirsty Professor Callahan ( `` Blood In The Water '' ) . Callahan kicks the under - prepared Elle out of class at the suggestion of her classmate Vivienne Kensington , who happens to be Warner 's new girlfriend . This `` tragedy '' summons the apparitions of the sisters of Delta Nu , who , acting as a Greek Chorus visible and audible only to Elle , tell her to stay positive ( `` Positive '' ) . Elle , believing that being blonde is the problem , decides to become a brunette . She heads to the Hair Affair salon where she meets the spunky beautician Paulette , who tells Elle that when she is down , she puts on her favorite CD , and dreams of Ireland ( `` Ireland '' ) . At the salon , Vivienne gives Elle an unexpected invitation to a costume party . Paulette sends Elle off with a costume for the party , her positivity and blonde hair still intact ( `` Ireland ( Reprise ) '' ) . Walking into the party as a Playboy Bunny , Elle soon realizes that she was tricked by Vivienne - the party was not a costume party . Despite this , she still courageously seeks Warner in an effort to win him back , leaving him unimpressed ( `` Serious ( Reprise ) '' ) . Elle runs from the party , only to meet Emmett , who struggles to understand Elle 's love problems . He has Elle assess her priorities until she realizes it is her obsession with Warner that keeps her from earning his respect ( `` Chip On My Shoulder '' ) . Freed from her need to please Warner , she defeats him in a classroom debate . Elle then helps Paulette in a way that proves she is beginning to understand law . Warner and Vivienne win two of Callahan 's coveted internship positions , and Warner proposes to Vivienne on the spot right in front of Elle . Vivienne accepts with a kiss . Before Elle 's heart can break , Emmett shows her the internship list . Below the names of Vivienne , Warner , and classmate Enid Hoopes is the name Elle Woods , at which she is ecstatic ( `` So Much Better '' ) . Act two ( edit ) Act Two begins with fitness queen , Brooke Wyndham , and her fitness team 's workout video , which is being viewed by Elle , Callahan , Emmett , Vivienne , Warner , and Enid ( `` Whipped Into Shape '' ) . Callahan tells the legal team that Brooke is accused of murdering her billionaire husband . At the jail , the legal team are unable to get Brooke to tell them her alibi and refuses to plead guilty . Upon learning that they were both Delta Nu sisters , Brooke then privately tells Elle her alibi that she was getting liposuction , but makes Elle promise not to tell anyone ( `` Delta Nu Nu Nu '' ) . Because of Elle 's loyalty to her client and refusal to state the alibi , Elle and Emmett are shunned by the group . To cheer Emmett up and to increase his chances of impressing Callahan , Elle gives him a makeover ( `` Take It Like A Man '' ) . Back at the Hair Affair , Elle is getting a manicure when Kyle , a sexy UPS courier , walks into the salon to deliver a package to Paulette , leaving her in complete awe . When he leaves , Pilar , Serena , and Margot are summoned by Paulette 's amazing `` Bend and Snap '' when picking up the package . The sorority girls tell Paulette to use the `` Bend and Snap '' dance move on Kyle , but when she does , she accidentally breaks his nose ( `` Bend and Snap '' ) . At the trial , Brooke 's pool boy Nikos claims to have been having an affair with Brooke , giving her a motive for murdering her husband . After doing the Bend and Snap in front of Nikos and getting no attention . Elle suspects that Nikos is gay although Callahan and her teammates are not convinced . Her colleagues posit that his perceived flamboyance might just be a cultural difference as Nikos is European . Emmet successfully makes Nikos slip and state that his boyfriend 's name is Carlos , though Nikos claims that he misunderstood `` boyfriend '' for `` best friend '' . Carlos , fed up with the closeted nature of his boyfriend , appears from the gallery and proclaims Nikos 's homosexuality . Nikos confesses that he is indeed gay and European ( `` There ! Right There ! '' ) . Later that night in Callahan 's office , the interns celebrate Elle 's skill . Warner finds problems with calling a finely tuned awareness of homosexuality a legal victory . Callahan , annoyed with Warner 's behavior , sends Warner out of the room to fetch a coffee . Callahan dismisses Emmett and the other interns but requests Elle to remain for a few moments . Callahan forcibly kisses Elle , who slaps him . In turn , Callahan fires her . Warner and Vivienne both see the kiss through the door of the room . Warner turns away in anger , leaving Vivienne to be the only one to witness the slap . After Callahan leaves , Warner re-enters the office and mocks Elle , but Vivienne tells him to shut up and they both leave . A defeated Elle prepares to go home , despite Emmett asking her to stay , finally realizing that he is in love with her ( `` Legally Blonde '' ) . Elle heads to the Hair Affair to say goodbye to Paulette , but before she can leave , Vivienne and Enid convince Elle otherwise . Elle discards her lawyerly navy suits , dons a pink dress and leads a parade back to the courtroom . They meet Kyle on the way , who takes a liking to Paulette , and reveals himself to be the Irish man of her dreams , prompting to Irish Dance among the ensemble . Back at the trial , Brooke fires Callahan and hires Elle ( `` Legally Blonde Remix '' ) . Brooke 's stepdaughter Chutney goes to the witness stand and her testimony is damning , stating after she got out of the shower she saw Brooke covered in her father 's blood . After Chutney states she received a perm the day of the murder , Elle realizes a flaw in Chutney 's alibi and suggests that the entire court should be moved to the scene of the crime - the bathroom where the murder took place ( `` Scene of the Crime '' ) . As a demonstration , Elle asks Paulette to give Enid a perm , and asks Enid to step into the shower upon entering the crime scene . Relying on her knowledge of hair maintenance , Elle 's demonstration is successful as Enid walks out of the shower with completely flattened hair -- revealing that Chutney could not have possibly showered immediately after getting a perm because her perm was still intact . Under Elle 's intense questioning , Chutney accidentally confesses that she killed her father , thinking that it was Brooke ( `` Omigod You Guys ( Reprise ) '' ) . Chutney is arrested and Brooke is set free . Warner proposes to Elle , having been dumped by Vivienne . Elle gently refuses , claiming to have been changed by the experience . Three years later , Elle ends up as the valedictorian of her class . Paulette tells the audience that Elle is not one to brag about her valedictorian status , so she decided to allow Paulette to play `` Where Are They Now '' during her speech . Paulette says that Enid practices family law , Vivienne is training for the Peace Corps , and Warner dropped out and pursues a modeling career . Callahan ran for governor but was defeated , and his wife hired Emmett to handle their divorce . Paulette married Kyle , had two kids , and is pregnant with a third . They live in Worcester , Massachusetts and Paulette bought a new salon ( the Worcester detail was taken from the London script , and replaced with the detail that a child of hers was named Seamus ) ( `` Find My Way '' ) . At the end of the graduation , Elle proposes to Emmett , and Emmett accepts ( `` Finale '' ) . Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I `` Overture '' -- Orchestra † ‡ `` Omigod You Guys '' -- Elle , Serena , Margot , Pilar and Company `` Serious '' -- Warner and Elle `` Daughter of Delta Nu '' -- Serena , Margot , Pilar and Company † `` What You Want '' -- Elle , Serena , Margot , Pilar , Kate , Elle 's Parents , Grandmaster Chad and Company `` The Harvard Variations '' -- Emmett , Aaron , Enid , Padamadan and Harvard Students `` Blood in the Water '' -- Callahan and Company `` Positive '' -- Elle , Serena , Margot , Pilar and Greek Chorus `` Ireland '' -- Paulette `` Ireland '' ( Reprise ) -- Paulette `` Serious '' ( Reprise ) -- Elle and Warner `` Chip On My Shoulder '' -- Elle , Emmett , Greek Chorus `` Run Rufus Run / Elle Reflects '' - Elle , Emmett `` So Much Better '' -- Elle , Greek Chorus and Company Act II `` Entr'acte '' -- Orchestra † ‡ `` Whipped into Shape '' -- Brooke , Callahan and Company `` Delta Nu Nu Nu '' -- Brooke and Elle † `` Take It Like a Man '' -- Elle , Emmett and Salespeople `` Bend and Snap '' -- Elle , Paulette , Serena , Margot , Pilar , Bend and Snap Guys and Salonfolk `` There ! Right There ! '' -- Elle , Callahan , Emmett , Brooke , Vivienne , Warner , Enid , Judge , Nikos , Carlos and Company `` Legally Blonde '' -- Elle and Emmett `` Legally Blonde Remix '' -- Vivienne , Elle , Enid , Brooke , Elle 's Parents and Company `` Scene of the Crime / Omigod You Guys ( Reprise ) '' -- Elle , Judge , Serena , Margot , Pilar and Company † `` Find My Way / Finale '' -- Elle , Paulette , Emmett and Company `` Bows '' -- Orchestra and Company † During its San Francisco run , the musical included a song called `` Love and War '' in place of what is now `` Positive '' . Another predecessor to `` Positive '' was `` Beacon of Positivity '' . During the musical 's workshop stage , the song `` Good Boy '' existed in what would go on to become `` Ireland '' 's place in the musical . In the song , Paulette and Elle bond over the idea that men are like dogs and should therefore be treated as such . `` Bows '' is featured as an iTunes bonus track on the UK iTunes on the Live London Cast Recording but not featured on the Broadway Recording . `` Kyle the Magnificent '' is also a bonus track on the Live London Cast Recording after `` Take It Like a Man '' which is where it is in the show . On the Broadway Cast Recording , it is a hidden track at the end of `` Find My Way / Finale '' . † Not featured on Original Broadway Cast Recording ‡ Instrumental Mix Instrumentation ( edit ) The licensed orchestration follows the orchestration that was used in the West End production : three keyboards , bass , guitar , drums , percussion , two woodwind parts , two trumpets , trombone , and solo violin . The first keyboard part is played by the conductor . The bass part doubles on electric bass , double bass , fretless bass , and 5 - string bass . The guitar doubles on electric , acoustic , and 12 - string guitars , as well as mandolin . The first woodwind part doubles on alto sax , flute , piccolo , clarinet , oboe ( optional ) , and English horn ( optional ) ; the second part doubles on flute , clarinet , and baritone sax . Both trumpets double on flugelhorn and the trombone doubles on tenor and bass trombones . This orchestration was originally used for the first United States national tour , without the violin and with slightly different reed doublings . The first reed player doubled on alto sax , clarinet , flute , piccolo , oboe ( optional ) , and English horn ( optional ) ; the second player doubled on flute , clarinet , bass clarinet , tenor and baritone sax , and pennywhistle . In addition to the licensed orchestration , the original Broadway production also had a French horn part , a viola and cello part , a second guitar , and had three woodwind parts instead of two . The first reed part doubled on alto sax , clarinet , flute , piccolo , and pennywhistle ; the second part doubled on clarinet , flute , oboe , English horn , and tenor sax ; the third doubled on flute , clarinet , bass clarinet , bassoon , and baritone sax . Production history ( edit ) Broadway ( 2007 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) Before going to Broadway , Legally Blonde did a short tryout at San Francisco 's Golden Gate Theatre from January 23 to February 25 , 2007 , with an official opening on February 5 . Legally Blonde later opened on Broadway at the Palace Theatre on April 29 , 2007 , following previews which began on April 3 . The production was directed and choreographed by Jerry Mitchell , with set design by David Rockwell , costume design by Gregg Barnes , and lighting design by Kenneth Posner and Paul Miller . The original Broadway cast included Laura Bell Bundy in the lead role of Elle Woods and featured Christian Borle , Orfeh and Michael Rupert . The show received mostly positive reviews and was nominated for seven Tony Awards , including Best Original Score and Best Leading Actress in a Musical , but did not win any . During the week ending June 24 , 2007 , the Broadway production achieved a milestone , joining the millionaires ' club for weekly Broadway grosses , by grossing $1,003,282 . The musical was filmed for television in front of a live audience on September 18 , 2007 , as well as two other dates where it was filmed without an audience . The three performances edited together were broadcast on MTV on October 13 and 14 , 2007 with subsequent air dates on November 3 and 14 , 2007 . MTV 's involvement with the musical continued with a reality show program called Legally Blonde : The Musical -- The Search for Elle Woods , which aimed to cast the next actress to play Elle Woods on Broadway , replacing Laura Bell Bundy . The show was hosted by Haylie Duff , and premiered on June 2 , 2008 on MTV . The competition was won by Bailey Hanks , age 20 , from Anderson , South Carolina . The results were first aired on July 21 , 2008 on MTV , and her debut as Elle Woods was on July 23 . The runner - up , Autumn Hurlbert , also debuted on Broadway in this show as a sorority sister in Delta Nu , as well as serving as Hanks 's understudy . The production closed on October 19 , 2008 after playing 30 previews and 595 regular performances . Asmeret Ghebremichael and Lindsay Nicole Chambers were part of the closing cast alongside Hanks . North american Tours ( 2008 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) First National US Tour The first national tour started on September 21 , 2008 . Becky Gulsvig , who appeared in the ensemble of the original Broadway cast and understudied the role of Elle Woods , is featured as Elle Woods . Lauren Ashley Zakrin and Rhiannon Hansen , both finalists of the MTV reality show , appeared in the national tour . The original tour closed on August 15 , 2010 in Vienna , Virginia at the Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts . Second National US Tour A non-equity tour launched in Jackson , Mississippi on September 21 , 2010 . Nikki Bohne led the cast as Elle Woods , with Kahlil Joseph as Professor Callahan The tour closed on May 15 , 2011 at the Shubert Theatre in New Haven , Connecticut . West End ( 2009 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) The West End production opened at the Savoy Theatre on January 13 , 2010 , following previews from December 5 , 2009 . The original London cast included Sheridan Smith in the lead role of Elle Woods , with Duncan James , Alex Gaumond , Jill Halfpenny and Peter Davison . In the London production , the lyrics to Ireland were changed . In October 2009 , Sheridan Smith , with other cast members , recorded a pop video to the song `` So Much Better '' . The West End cast of Legally Blonde performed a medley from the show at the BBC Television Center on November 19 , 2009 during the Children in Need telethon . Legally Blonde was the first West End show to offer a ticket lottery . The trend is popular on Broadway but had never been used for a West End production . The show had taken $2 million in advance sales before it officially opened . It extended its booking period from the earlier date of October 2011 until the March 31 , 2012 . Susan McFadden replaced Sheridan Smith as Elle on January 10 , 2011 . McFadden was later replaced by Carley Stenson on July 11 , 2011 . Other notable replacements included Richard Fleeshman and Ben Freeman as Warner , Denise Van Outen and Natalie Casey as Paulette , Lee Mead and Stephen Ashfield as Emmett , Carley Stenson as Margot and Siobhan Dillon as Vivienne . The West End show won three Laurence Olivier Awards on March 13 , 2011 - ' Best New Musical ' , ' Best Actress in a Musical ' ( Sheridan Smith ) , and ' Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical ' ( Jill Halfpenny ) . The show closed in London on April 7 , 2012 , after 974 performances , significantly more than it played on Broadway . First National UK tour ( edit ) The first UK tour began on July 8 , 2011 at The Liverpool Empire Theatre . The cast included Faye Brooks as Elle , Dave Willetts as Professor Callahan and Iwan Lewis as Emmett . Liz McClarnon initially played Paulette , followed by Claire Sweeney . Following Willets , Professor Callahan was played by Matthew Kelly , and later Les Dennis , alongside Niki Evans as Paulette . Amy Lennox covered as Elle for the Aberdeen leg of the tour , with Stephen Ashfield briefly reprising Emmett just weeks after leaving the show in London . On the 17th July 2012 , Jennifer Ellison replaced Niki Evans as Paulette and Gareth Gates replaced Ray Quinn as Warner . The final show of the UK tour was performed at the New Wimbledon Theatre on 6 October 2012 . Australian production 2012 ( edit ) The Australian production began previews in September 2012 at the Lyric Theatre , Sydney , before opening on October 4 , 2012 . Lucy Durack played Elle Woods with Rob Mills as Warner , David Harris as Emmett , Erika Heynatz as Brooke Wyndham , Helen Dallimore as Paulette with Cameron Daddo returning to the Australian stage for the first time in 20 years to play Professor Callahan . The production concluded its run at Melbourne 's Princess Theatre on July 14 , 2013 . The show won five Helpmann Awards including Best Musical . International Productions ( edit ) Legally Blonde has had international productions in South Korea , Malaysia , The Netherlands , France , The Philippines , Sweden , Finland , Austria , Dominican Republic , Panama and New Zealand Casts ( edit ) The principal original casts of the major productions of Legally Blonde . Character Original Broadway Cast Original U.S. Tour Cast Original London Cast Original UK Tour Cast Elle Woods Laura Bell Bundy Becky Gulsvig Sheridan Smith Faye Brookes Emmett Forrest Christian Borle D.B. Bonds Alex Gaumond Iwan Lewis Warner Huntington III Richard H. Blake Jeff Mclean Duncan James Neil Toon Paulette Bonafonté Orfeh Natalie Joy Johnson Jill Halfpenny Liz McClarnon Claire Sweeney Professor Callahan Michael Rupert Ken Land Peter Davison Dave Willetts Brooke Wyndham / Shandi Nikki Snelson Coleen Sexton Aoife Mulholland Hannah Grover Vivienne Kensington Kate Shindle Megan Lewis Caroline Keiff Charlotte Harwood Chad / Dewey / Kyle Andy Karl Ven Daniel Chris Ellis - Stanton Lewis Griffiths Enid Hoopes Natalie Joy Johnson Gretchen Burghart Suzie McAdam Gemma Baird Serena Leslie Kritzer Cortney Wolfson Susan McFadden Sinead Long Margot Annaleigh Ashford Rhiannon Hansen Amy Lennox Sophie Isaacs Pilar DeQuina Moore Crystal Joy Ibinabo Jack Micha Richardson Kate / Chutney Kate Wetherhead Alex Ellis Roxanne Palmer Nia Jermin The cast for the TV airing , filmed in mid-September 2007 , consisted of the entire original Broadway cast , except for Tracy Jai Edwards taking over for Leslie Kritzer as Serena and Asmeret Ghebremichael replacing DeQuina Moore as Pilar . Moore departed from the production in July 2007 , and Kritzer in August that same year . Critical response ( edit ) The musical received mixed reviews but was praised for being a fun and upbeat production . Ben Brantley , reviewing the musical in The New York Times , wrote that the show was a `` high - energy , empty - calories , and expensive - looking hymn to the glories of girlishness '' ; he praised Laura Bell Bundy saying , `` she sings and dances flawlessly , and she delivers silly lines as if she meant them . '' Clive Barnes , in his New York Post review , wrote that he loved the `` effervescent and radiant Bundy '' as well as others in the cast , and that the `` dances certainly have a slick snap , crackle , and pop '' . Elysa Gardner in the USA Today wrote that the musical was an `` ingratiating trifle '' , and the `` game cast ensure that the proceedings , however patronizing , are n't irritating . '' Jeremy McCarter in New York Magazine lamented that the musical `` does n't summon memories of Tracy Flick , the steely student - council campaigner that Reese Witherspoon played in Election before starring in Legally Blonde '' , writing that the `` Flickish manic drive '' in Witherspoon 's Legally Blonde performance had been his favorite part of the film . The West End production received mostly positive reviews . Benedict Nightingale in The Times wrote `` Let 's overlook some forgettable tunes and welcome dance that embraces everything from skipping with ropes to spoof Riverdance . Let 's relish the support both of a fake - Greek chorus dressed as cheerleaders and of two cute , unnaturally obedient dogs . Let 's agree that Legally Blonde is , well , fun '' . whilst Paul Taylor for The Independent wrote `` Ridiculously enjoyable from start to finish . '' The show also received some negative criticism . Tim Walker wrote in the Sunday Telegraph : `` It is a great big empty vessel of a show that makes a lot of noise and not much else , and would have been better entitled ' Irredeemably Bland ' . I was aware that for the whole of the two hours and 25 minutes that it ran , I was sitting among a group of people with vacant smiles on faces that otherwise seemed entirely numbed . That was how I looked , too . It is the expression that registers when what one is seeing does n't entirely sync with what is going on in one 's brain . '' Quentin Letts wrote for Daily Mail , `` It is pink not just in the colour of many of the clothes and stage effects . It is pink to the core of its little , tiny soul ... The plot is pap , the musical unmemorable , the dancing often hefty except for one routine with skipping ropes . '' Recordings ( edit ) The Original Broadway Cast recording was recorded on May 7 and 8 , 2007 and released on July 17 , 2007 by Ghostlight Records ( an imprint of Sh - K - Boom Records ) . During the week of July 23 , 2007 , the cast album made its debut on Billboard 's Cast Album chart , placing at # 1 and charted at # 86 on the Billboard 200 . Before previews , a promotional sampler CD was released featuring `` Omigod You Guys '' , `` So Much Better '' , and `` Take It Like a Man '' , featuring a slightly divergent cast , arrangement and lyrics of that of the final show 's . During the development phase of the musical , a demo recording was released with twelve songs featuring Kerry Butler and others as Elle . The demo featured workshop versions of `` There ! Right There ! '' ( labelled on the sampler as `` Gay or European '' ) , `` Blood in the Water '' , `` Omigod You Guys '' , `` Serious '' , `` What You Want '' , `` Legally Blonde '' , `` Legally Blonde Remix '' , `` So Much Better '' , `` Take It Like a Man '' , in addition to two songs not present in the finalized version of the show , `` Beacon of Positivity '' ( which became `` Love and War '' for the previews and eventually `` Positive '' for the finalized version of the show ) , and `` Good Boy '' , a song in the place of `` Ireland '' . Bailey Hanks , who won the reality show The Search for Elle Woods , recorded the song `` So Much Better '' , which was released as a single on July 22 , 2008 . A live London cast recording was recorded featuring Sheridan Smith , Alex Gaumond and Duncan James , on June 12 , 13 and 14 , 2010 . It was released on August 16 , 2010 . The London Cast Recording used the same track listing as the Broadway Cast Recording , with bonus tracks `` Kyle the Magnificent '' and the curtain call music added to the digital download version . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 2007 Actors ' Equity Association Outstanding Broadway Chorus Won Drama Desk Award Outstanding Musical Nominated Outstanding Book of a Musical Heather Hach Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Musical Laura Bell Bundy Nominated Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Christian Borle Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Orfeh Nominated Outstanding Choreography Jerry Mitchell Nominated Outstanding Director of a Musical Nominated Outstanding Lyrics Laurence O'Keefe and Nell Benjamin Nominated Outstanding Music Nominated Outstanding Set Design of a Musical David Rockwell Nominated Drama League Award Distinguished Production of a Musical Nominated Distinguished Performance Laura Bell Bundy Nominated Christian Borle Nominated Outer Critics Circle Award Best Featured Actress in a Musical Orfeh Nominated Tony Award Best Book of a Musical Heather Hach Nominated Best Original Score Laurence O'Keefe and Nell Benjamin Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Lead Role in a Musical Laura Bell Bundy Nominated Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Role in a Musical Christian Borle Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Orfeh Nominated Best Choreography Jerry Mitchell Nominated Best Costume Design of a Musical Gregg Barnes Nominated 2008 Daytime Emmy Award ( for the televised version ) Outstanding Special Class Directing Beth McCarthy - Miller Nominated Outstanding Special Class Special Nominated North American Tour ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 2009 Helen Hayes Award Outstanding Performance in a Non-Resident Production Becky Gulsvig Nominated Touring Broadway Awards Best New Touring Musical Won Best Design of a Touring Production Won Best Choreography of a Touring Production Jerry Mitchell Won Original West End production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result Evening Standard Theatre Awards Best Musical Nominated Best Actress Sheridan Smith Nominated 2011 Laurence Olivier Award Best New Musical Won Best Actor in a Musical Alex Gaumond Nominated Best Actress in a Musical Sheridan Smith Won Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical Jill Halfpenny Won Best Theatre Choreographer Jerry Mitchell Nominated Theatregoers ' Choice Awards Best New Musical Won Best Actor in a Musical Alex Gaumond Nominated Best Actress in a Musical Sheridan Smith Won Best Supporting Actor in a Musical Chris Ellis - Stanton Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Musical Jill Halfpenny Won Best Takeover in a Role Denise van Outen Nominated Best Choreographer Jerry Mitchell Won 2012 Best Takeover in a Role Susan McFadden Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( 2008 - 09 - 24 ) . `` Legally Blonde to Close on BroadwayOct. 19 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Dennis ( 2007 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Review of `` Legally Blonde '' `` . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Beacon of Positivity '' castalbums.org , Retrieved on December 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Good Boy '' castalbums.org , Retrieved on December 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.shnsf.com/Online/default.asp?doWork::WScontent::loadArticle=Load&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::article_id=CA91E478-0E2B-409F-99E2-06943878C024 Jump up ^ Pincis - Roth , Zachary ( 2007 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Legally Blonde Ends San Francisco Run Feb. 24 ; Broadway Next '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Nominated Shows '' . Tony Awards . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Legally Blonde grosses , broadwayworld Jump up ^ Hernandez , Erino ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) . `` MTV Premiere of Legally Blonde -- The Musical Moved to October '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( 2008 - 05 - 02 ) . `` '' Whipped into Shape `` : Legally Blonde MTV Reality Show to Debut June 2 ; Duff Hosts '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Hetrick , Adam ( 2008 - 07 - 21 ) . `` Omigod ! Bailey is New Star of Broadway 's Legally Blonde ; Three Finalists Also Land Roles '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Hetrick , Adam ( 2008 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Broadway 's Next Elle Woods Will Get a Single of `` So Much Better '' July 22 `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legally Blonde '' ibdb.com , Retrieved on February 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez , Ernio ( 2008 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Photo Call : Legally Blonde Musical Tours America '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( 2008 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Harvard Variations : Gulsvig Will Lead Legally Blonde National Tour '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Neil Semer Archived September 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tour Archived December 28 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine.playbill.com Jump up ^ Paddock , Terri. `` Legally Blonde Sets UK Premiere for Savoy , 5 Dec '' Archived April 3 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , whatsonstage.com , April 1 , 2009 Jump up ^ Shenton , Mark and Jones , Kenneth . `` Elle is For London : Legally Blonde The Musical Opens in West End Jan. 13 '' playbill.com , January 13 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Paddock , Terry ( 2009 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Davison & Halfpenny Go Blonde with Final Casting '' . Whatsonstage . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Legally Blonde 's `` Ireland '' Gets New Lyrics `` . Playblog . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Video Gallery Jump up ^ Spratt , Charlotte ( 2009 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Children In Need : Taylor Swift donates $13,000 , JLS perform and fans get Doctor Who sneak peek '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ BWW , News Desk ( 2009 - 12 - 16 ) . `` West End 's LEGALLY BLONDE Institutes First Ever West End Ticket Lottery '' . BroadwayWorld . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Jury , Louise ( 2009 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Legally Blonde proves a box office bombshell '' . This is London . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ BWW , News Desk ( 2010 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Siobhan Dillon To Join LEGALLY BLONDE In September '' . BroadwayWorld . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Legally leaves London '' officiallondontheatre.co.uk Jump up ^ `` LEGALLY BLONDE Ends West End Run Tonight '' westend.broadwayworld.com Jump up ^ `` Claire Sweeney to Play Paulette in ' Legally Blonde Tour '' broadwayworld.com , July 11 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Lucy Durak '' perthnow.com.au Jump up ^ LEGALLY BLONDE FINISHES AUSTRALIAN TOUR ON JULY 14 stagewhispers.com.au , Retrieved 25 November 2013 Jump up ^ `` Jerry Mitchell , Legally Blonde and King Kong Honored at Helpmann Awards '' Archived December 2 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , Retrieved 25 November 2013 Jump up ^ Ah - young , Chung ( 2009 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Legally Blonde ' Sparkles With Starry Cast '' . koreatimes . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Roy van Iersel is Warner in Legally Blonde '' musicalworld.nl ( google. com. translate ) , January 26 , 2010 , retrieved April 18 , 2010 Jump up ^ Musical Avenue Archived October 9 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . musicalavenue.fr Jump up ^ Celebrity Pulp Archived 2010 - 07 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . celebritypulp.com Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . musicalvienna.at Jump up ^ Fernandez , Claudia . `` Legally Blonde : Feminidad en escena '' . Listin Diario . Jump up ^ Ramos , Jorge . `` La Lista de Nominados a Premios Soberano 2014 '' . Periodico Hoy . Jump up ^ https://courttheatre.org.nz/show/legally-blonde-the-musical/ Jump up ^ `` Legally Blonde '' ibdb.com , Retrieved on August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Broadway.com Staff . `` Legally Blonde National Tour Cast Includes Two MTV Finalists , '' broadway.com , August 7 , 2008 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) playbill.com Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( 2007 - 09 - 10 ) . `` MTV Sets Broadcast Date for Legally Blonde '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( 2007 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Legally Blonde Welcomes Delta Nu Asmeret Ghebremichael July 2 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` IBDB Replacements / Transfers '' . Internet Broadway Database . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( 2007 - 04 - 30 ) . `` Candy Worship in the Temple of the Prom Queen '' . nytimes . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Clive ( 2007 - 04 - 30 ) . `` WHITHER ' SPOON ? '' . ny post . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Elysa ( 2007 - 04 - 05 ) . `` No real reason to object to airy ' Legally Blonde ' '' . usatoday . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ McCarter , Jeremy ( 2007 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Bialystock and Gloom '' . nymag . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Bosanquet , Theo ; Warden , Kelly Ann ( 2009 - 01 - 14 ) . `` What 's the Verdict on Legally ? '' . Whatsonstage . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Paul ( 2010 - 01 - 14 ) . `` First Night : Legally Blonde , Savoy Theatre , London '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Erino ( 2007 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Blonde Beats Green : Legally Blonde Tops Wicked for Debut on Billboard Chart '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Legally Blonde Promo Recording '' castalbums.org , Retrieved on December 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Legally Blonde Demo Recording '' castalbums.org , Retrieved on December 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dress Circle Listing Archived July 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . dresscircle.co.uk Jump up ^ iTunes Store album listing Archived August 22 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . itunes.apple.com Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( 2008 - 04 - 30 ) . `` Legally Blonde and Tartaglia Among Daytime Emmy Nominees '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Bacalzo , Dan ( 2009 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Stacy Keach , Alice Ripley , Chita Rivera , Aaron Tveit , and More Receive Helen Hayes Awards '' . theatremania . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Shenton , Mark . Legally Blonde , Into the Woods , Clybourne Park , After the Dance Among Olivier Award Winners in London Archived October 20 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , March 13 , 2011 Jump up ^ Full List : 2011 Whatsonstage.com Award Winners whatsonstage.com , 20 February 2011 External links ( edit ) United States portal Theatre portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Legally Blonde ( musical ) Official website Official Australia Website Official UK Website Legally Blonde at the Internet Broadway Database Legally Blonde : The Musical at the Music Theatre International website New York Times review Legally Blonde by Amanda Brown Films Legally Blonde Legally Blonde 2 : Red , White & Blonde Legally Blondes Musical Legally Blonde ( musical ) Legally Blonde : The Musical -- The Search for Elle Woods Characters Elle Woods Helpmann Award for Best Musical The Boy from Oz ( 2001 ) Mamma Mia ! ( 2002 ) Cabaret ( 2003 ) The Lion King ( 2004 ) The Producers ( 2005 ) The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee ( 2006 ) Keating ! ( 2007 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2008 ) Wicked ( 2009 ) Jersey Boys ( 2010 ) Mary Poppins ( 2011 ) A Chorus Line ( 2012 ) Legally Blonde ( 2013 ) The King and I ( 2014 ) Les Misérables ( 2015 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2016 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2017 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Merrily We Roll Along ( 2001 ) Our House ( 2003 ) Jerry Springer : The Opera ( 2004 ) The Producers ( 2005 ) Billy Elliot ( 2006 ) Caroline , or Change ( 2007 ) Hairspray ( 2008 ) Jersey Boys ( 2009 ) Spring Awakening ( 2010 ) Legally Blonde ( 2011 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2012 ) Top Hat ( 2013 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2014 ) Sunny Afternoon ( 2015 ) Kinky Boots ( 2016 ) Groundhog Day ( 2017 ) Complete list ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legally_Blonde_(musical)&oldid=802080814 '' Categories : 2007 musicals Broadway musicals Musicals based on films Musicals based on novels Laurence Olivier Award - winning musicals West End musicals Blond hair Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with timeline metadata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with IBDb links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Cymraeg Deutsch Español Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 21 : 43 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legally%20Blonde%20%28musical%29
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who said hit it where they ain't
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Keeler 's advice to hitters was `` Keep your eye clear , and hit ' em where they ai n't '' -- `` they '' being the opposing fielders . His . 385 career batting average after the 1898 season is the highest average in history at season 's end for a player with more than 1,000 hits ( 1,147 hits ) . He compiled a . 341 batting average over his career , currently 14th all time . He hit over . 300 16 times in 19 seasons , and hit over . 400 once . He twice led his league in batting average and three times in hits . Keeler had an amazing 206 singles during the 1898 season , a record that stood for more than 100 years until broken by Ichiro Suzuki . Additionally , Keeler had an on - base percentage of greater than . 400 for seven straight seasons . When Keeler retired in 1910 , he was third all - time in hits with 2,932 , behind only Cap Anson and Jake Beckley .
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Willie Keeler
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willie keeler
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William Henry Keeler ( March 3 , 1872 -- January 1 , 1923 ) , nicknamed `` Wee Willie '' , was a right fielder in Major League Baseball who played from 1892 to 1910 , primarily for the Baltimore Orioles and Brooklyn Superbas in the National League , and the New York Highlanders in the American League . Keeler , one of the best hitters of his time , was elected into the National Baseball Hall of Fame . One of the greatest contact hitters of all time and notoriously hard to strike out , Keeler has the highest career AB - per - strikeout ratio in MLB history : throughout his career , on average he went more than 60 AB between individual strikeouts .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Start of career 1.3 Career 1.4 Death and legacy 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Biography ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) William Henry O'Kelleher , Jr . ( He later Americanized the name to Keeler ) was born in Brooklyn , New York on March 3 , 1872 , the son of William O'Kelleher , Sr. , a trolley switch man . He played baseball from an early age , and as a freshman served as captain of his high school team . He quit school the following year , and played semi-pro baseball in the New York City area . Start of career ( edit ) In 1892 , he joined the minor league team in Binghamton , New York , and he was called up to the New York Giants at the end of the season . After a trip back to the minors because of an injury at the start of the 1893 season , He returned to the Giants later that year . Initially a third baseman , he later moved to the outfield . He quickly established himself as a star , and played until retiring in 1910 . Career ( edit ) Keeler 's advice to hitters was `` Keep your eye clear , and hit ' em where they ai n't '' -- `` they '' being the opposing fielders . His . 385 career batting average after the 1898 season is the highest average in history at season 's end for a player with more than 1,000 hits ( 1,147 hits ) . He compiled a . 341 batting average over his career , currently 14th all time . He hit over . 300 16 times in 19 seasons , and hit over . 400 once . He twice led his league in batting average and three times in hits . Keeler had an amazing 206 singles during the 1898 season , a record that stood for more than 100 years until broken by Ichiro Suzuki . Additionally , Keeler had an on - base percentage of greater than . 400 for seven straight seasons . When Keeler retired in 1910 , he was third all - time in hits with 2,932 , behind only Cap Anson and Jake Beckley . He was one of the smallest players to play the game , standing 5 ' 41⁄2 '' and weighing 140 pounds ( 64 kg ) , resulting in his nickname . Keeler was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939 . He appeared as number 75 on The Sporting News ' list of the `` 100 Greatest Baseball Players '' . In 1999 , he was named as a finalist to the Major League Baseball All - Century Team . Having played his last game in 1910 , he was the most chronologically distant player on both Top 100 lists . Baseball card of Keeler Keeler had the ability to bunt most balls pitched to him , enabling him to avoid striking out ; his skill at prolonging at bats by fouling pitches off with this method was the impetus for the rule change that made a foul bunt with two strikes a strike out . In the 1899 season for the Brooklyn Superbas , in 570 AB Keeler struck out only twice , setting an AB - per - K mark of 235 , an MLB single - season record . With Ned Hanlon 's Baltimore Orioles he perfected the `` Baltimore Chop '' , in which he would chop the ball into the ground hard enough to cause a high bounce , which enabled him to reach first base before a fielder could glove the ball and throw him out . Bill James has speculated that Keeler introduced the hit and run strategy to the original Orioles and teammate John McGraw . In James ' theory , Boston 's Tommy McCarthy was the first manager to make wide use of the hit and run . McCarthy then taught it to John Montgomery Ward , who taught it to Keeler . In forming the powerful original Baltimore Orioles of the late 19th century , manager Ned Hanlon was given an ownership stake in the team and a free rein to form his team . In one of the most one - sided trades in baseball history , Hanlon obtained Dan Brouthers and Keeler from Brooklyn in exchange for Billy Shindle and George Treadway . Keeler and six of his teammates from the Orioles eventually were inducted into the Hall of Fame . In 1897 , Keeler had a 44 - game hitting streak to start the season , beating out the previous single season record of 42 , set by Bill Dahlen . Keeler had a hit in his final game of the 1896 season , giving him a National League record 45 - game hitting streak . This mark was surpassed by Joe DiMaggio in 1941 , who had a 56 - game hitting streak . In 1978 , Pete Rose tied Keeler 's single season mark of 44 games . No other player in baseball has ever matched this feat . Keeler also had eight consecutive seasons with 200 hits or more , a record broken by Ichiro Suzuki in 2009 . In 1901 when Ban Johnson formed the American League , one of the first acts was to raid the National League and offer their stars big contracts . In 1901 , Keeler received offers from six of the eight new American League clubs , including an offer from Chicago for two years at $4,300 a season ( $126,489 in current dollar terms ) . Keeler remained in Brooklyn and did not actually jump to the new league until 1903 , when he signed with the New York Highlanders ( later renamed the Yankees in 1913 ) . In 1905 , Keeler set the Yankees team record for most sacrifice hits in a season with 42 . He remained with the Highlanders through 1909 , and played the 1910 season with the New York Giants . Keeler played in 1911 for the Eastern League 's Toronto Maple Leafs , and had 43 hits in 39 games . After his retirement , Keeler was a scout and coach for the Superbas and the Boston Braves , as well as Brooklyn 's Federal League team , the Tip - Tops . He was wealthy after retiring as a player , and invested in mining companies , real estate and other ventures . His real estate lost value in the post-World War I economic recession , and by the time of his death his brothers and he had to sell their childhood home . Death and legacy ( edit ) Keeler suffered from tuberculosis and endocarditis for the last five years of his life . By late 1922 , his condition had worsened and it was doubtful whether he would live into the new year . Seriously ill by New Year 's Eve , he heard bells and sirens in the streets when the new year arrived . Keeler sat up and said to his brother , `` You see , the new year is here and so am I -- still . '' He enjoyed a drink and a smoke , then said that he was ready for a long sleep . A short time later , Keeler died ; he was 50 . He is buried in Calvary Cemetery in Queens , New York . Keeler is mentioned in the story `` Hit ' em where they ai n't '' by Robert Ruark and as well in the poem `` Line - Up for Yesterday '' by Ogden Nash . Line - Up for Yesterday K is for Keeler , As fresh as green paint , The fastest and mostest To hit where they ai n't . -- Ogden Nash , Sport magazine ( January 1949 ) See also ( edit ) Biography portal Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball batting champions List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders List of Major League Baseball players with a . 400 batting average in a season List of Major League Baseball single - game hits leaders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ AB per K career Jump up ^ Progressive Leaders & Records for Batting average Archived 2008 - 08 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Baseball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 100 Greatest Baseball Players by The Sporting News : A Legendary List by Baseball Almanac Jump up ^ AB per K single season records Jump up ^ Rader , Benjamin G ( January 2002 ) . Baseball : A History of America 's Game by Benjamin G. Rader . p. 75 . ISBN 9780252070136 . Jump up ^ Okrent , Daniel ( 1989 ) . Baseball Anecdotes by Daniel Okrent , Steve Wulf . p. 32 . ISBN 9780195043969 . Jump up ^ Baseball 's Top 100 : The Game 's Greatest Records , p. 46 , Kerry Banks , 2010 , Greystone Books , Vancouver , BC , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 507 - 7 Jump up ^ Spatz , Lyle ( 2004 - 01 - 01 ) . Bad Bill Dahlen : The Rollicking Life and Times of an Early Baseball Star by Lyle Spatz . pp. 102 -- 104 . ISBN 9780786484348 . ^ Jump up to : Mele , Andrew Paul ( ed . ) ( 2005 ) . A Brooklyn Dodgers Reader . McFarland . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 078641913X . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Willie Keeler Dies of Heart Disease , New York Times ( January 2 , 1923 ) . Retrieved on April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Almanac '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Willie Keeler . Willie Keeler at the Baseball Hall of Fame Career statistics and player information from Baseball - Reference , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) Baltimore Orioles 1894 National League Champions Frank Bonner Steve Brodie Dan Brouthers Stub Brown Boileryard Clarke Duke Esper Kid Gleason Bill Hawke George Hemming Hughie Jennings Willie Keeler Joe Kelley John McGraw Sadie McMahon Tony Mullane Heinie Reitz Wilbert Robinson Manager : Ned Hanlon Baltimore Orioles 1895 National League Champions Steve Brodie Scoops Carey Boileryard Clarke Dad Clarkson Duke Esper Kid Gleason George Hemming Bill Hoffer Hughie Jennings Willie Keeler Joe Kelley John McGraw Sadie McMahon Heinie Reitz Wilbert Robinson Manager : Ned Hanlon Baltimore Orioles 1896 National League Champions Steve Brodie Boileryard Clarke Joe Corbett Jim Donnelly Jack Doyle Duke Esper George Hemming Bill Hoffer Hughie Jennings Willie Keeler Joe Kelley John McGraw Sadie McMahon Arlie Pond Heinie Reitz Wilbert Robinson Otis Stocksdale Manager Ned Hanlon Brooklyn Superbas 1899 National League Champions John Anderson Doc Casey Bill Dahlen Tom Daly Jack Dunn Duke Farrell Jay Hughes Hughie Jennings Fielder Jones Willie Keeler Joe Kelley Brickyard Kennedy Dan McGann Deacon McGuire Doc McJames Joe Yeager Manager : Ned Hanlon Brooklyn Superbas 1900 National League Champions Lave Cross Bill Dahlen Tom Daly Gene DeMontreville Jack Dunn Duke Farrell Harry Howell Hughie Jennings Fielder Jones Willie Keeler Joe Kelley Brickyard Kennedy Frank Kitson Joe McGinnity Deacon McGuire Jerry Nops Jimmy Sheckard Gus Weyhing Manager : Ned Hanlon Los Angeles Dodgers Formerly the Brooklyn Robins and the Brooklyn Dodgers . 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'' Roy Campanella Award Historic Dodgertown Vin Scully Tommy Lasorda Nancy Bea Hilda Chester 2011 bankruptcy 42 Lore Chronicle - Telegraph Cup 1955 World Series Fernandomania Kirk Gibson 's 1988 World Series home run Orel Hershiser 's scoreless innings streak Sandy Koufax 's perfect game `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' NL tie - breaker games / series 1946 NL tie - breaker series 1951 NL tie - breaker series 1959 NL tie - breaker series 1962 NL tie - breaker series 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Rivalries San Francisco Giants Los Angeles Angels New York Yankees Subway Series Hall of Fame members Walter Alston Roy Campanella Don Drysdale Leo Durocher Burleigh Grimes Willie Keeler Sandy Koufax Vin Scully Tommy Lasorda Walter O'Malley Pee Wee Reese Branch Rickey Jackie Robinson Wilbert Robinson Duke Snider Don Sutton Dazzy Vance Zack Wheat Key personnel Owner : Guggenheim Baseball Management President : Stan Kasten President of Baseball Operations : Andrew Friedman General Manager : Farhan Zaidi Manager : Dave Roberts World Series Championships ( 6 ) 1955 1959 1963 1965 1981 1988 League pennants ( 23 ) American Association : 1889 National League : 1890 1899 1900 1916 1920 1941 1947 1949 1952 1953 1955 1956 1959 1963 1965 1966 1977 1978 1981 1988 2017 Division titles ( 16 ) 1977 1978 1981 ( first half ) 1985 1988 1995 2008 2009 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2006 Minor league affiliates AAA : Oklahoma City Dodgers AA : Tulsa Drillers A Adv. : Rancho Cucamonga Quakes A : Great Lakes Loons Rookie Adv. : Ogden Raptors Rookie : AZL Dodgers DSL Dodgers 1 DSL Dodgers 2 Minor League Rosters Seasons ( 136 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990s 1995 2000s 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National League batting champions 1876 : Barnes 1877 : White 1878 : Hines 1879 : Hines 1880 : Gore 1881 : Anson 1882 : Brouthers 1883 : Brouthers 1884 : Kelly 1885 : Connor 1886 : Kelly 1887 : Thompson 1888 : Anson 1889 : Brouthers 1890 : Glasscock 1891 : Hamilton 1892 : Brouthers 1893 : Hamilton 1894 : Duffy 1895 : Burkett 1896 : Burkett 1897 : Keeler 1898 : Keeler 1899 : Delahanty 1900 : Wagner 1901 : Burkett 1902 : Beaumont 1903 : Wagner 1904 : Wagner 1905 : Seymour 1906 : Wagner 1907 : Wagner 1908 : Wagner 1909 : Wagner 1910 : Magee 1911 : Wagner 1912 : Zimmerman 1913 : Daubert 1914 : Daubert 1915 : Doyle 1916 : Chase 1917 : Roush 1918 : Wheat 1919 : Roush 1920 : Hornsby 1921 : Hornsby 1922 : Hornsby 1923 : Hornsby 1924 : Hornsby 1925 : Hornsby 1926 : Hargrave 1927 : Waner 1928 : Hornsby 1929 : O'Doul 1930 : Terry 1931 : Hafey 1932 : O'Doul 1933 : Klein 1934 : Waner 1935 : Vaughan 1936 : Waner 1937 : Medwick 1938 : Lombardi 1939 : Mize 1940 : Garms 1941 : Reiser 1942 : Lombardi 1943 : Musial 1944 : D. Walker 1945 : Cavarretta 1946 : Musial 1947 : H. Walker 1948 : Musial 1949 : Robinson 1950 : Musial 1951 : Musial 1952 : Musial 1953 : Furillo 1954 : Mays 1955 : Ashburn 1956 : Aaron 1957 : Musial 1958 : Ashburn 1959 : Aaron 1960 : Groat 1961 : Clemente 1962 : Davis 1963 : Davis 1964 : Clemente 1965 : Clemente 1966 : Alou 1967 : Clemente 1968 : Rose 1969 : Rose 1970 : Carty 1971 : Torre 1972 : Williams 1973 : Rose 1974 : Garr 1975 : Madlock 1976 : Madlock 1977 : Parker 1978 : Parker 1979 : Hernandez 1980 : Buckner 1981 : Madlock 1982 : Oliver 1983 : Madlock 1984 : Gwynn 1985 : McGee 1986 : Raines 1987 : Gwynn 1988 : Gwynn 1989 : Gwynn 1990 : McGee 1991 : Pendleton 1992 : Sheffield 1993 : Galarraga 1994 : Gwynn 1995 : Gwynn 1996 : Gwynn 1997 : Gwynn 1998 : L. Walker 1999 : L. Walker 2000 : Helton 2001 : L. Walker 2002 : Bonds 2003 : Pujols 2004 : Bonds 2005 : Lee 2006 : Sanchez 2007 : Holliday 2008 : Jones 2009 : Ramírez 2010 : González 2011 : Reyes 2012 : Posey 2013 : Cuddyer 2014 : Morneau 2015 : Gordon 2016 : LeMahieu 2017 : Blackmon Baseball Hall of Fame Class of 1939 BBWAA Vote Eddie Collins ( 77.7 % ) Willie Keeler ( 75.6 % ) George Sisler ( 85.8 % ) Veterans Committee Cap Anson Charles Comiskey Candy Cummings Buck Ewing Lou Gehrig Charles Radbourn Albert Spalding Members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Pitchers Alexander Bender Blyleven M. Brown R. Brown Bunning Carlton Chesbro Clarkson Cooper Coveleski Cummings Day Dean Dihigo Drysdale Eckersley Faber Feller Fingers Ford B. Foster Galvin B. Gibson Glavine Gomez Gossage Grimes Grove Haines Hoffman Hoyt Hubbell Hunter Jenkins R. Johnson W. Johnson Joss Keefe Koufax Lemon Lyons Maddux Marichal Marquard Martínez Mathewson McGinnity Méndez Morris Newhouser Nichols Niekro Paige Palmer Pennock Perry Plank Radbourn Rixey Roberts Rogan Ruffing Rusie Ryan Seaver H. Smith Smoltz Spahn Sutter Sutton Vance Waddell Walsh Welch Wilhelm J. Williams Willis Wynn Young Catchers Bench Berra Bresnahan Campanella Carter Cochrane Dickey Ewing Ferrell Fisk J. Gibson Hartnett Lombardi Mackey Piazza Rodríguez Santop Schalk First basemen Anson Bagwell Beckley Bottomley Brouthers Cepeda Chance Connor Foxx Gehrig Greenberg G. Kelly Killebrew Leonard McCovey Mize Murray Pérez Sisler Suttles Taylor Terry Thomas Thome Second basemen Alomar Biggio Carew E. Collins Doerr Evers Fox Frisch Gehringer Gordon Grant Herman Hornsby Lajoie Lazzeri Mazeroski McPhee Morgan J. Robinson Sandberg Schoendienst Third basemen Baker Boggs Brett J. Collins Dandridge J. Johnson Jones Kell Lindstrom Mathews Molitor B. Robinson Santo Schmidt Traynor J. Wilson D. White Shortstops Aparicio Appling Bancroft Banks Boudreau Cronin Davis T. Jackson Jennings Larkin Lloyd Maranville Reese Ripken Jr . Rizzuto Sewell O. Smith Tinker Trammell Vaughan Wagner Wallace Ward Wells Yount Outfielders Aaron Ashburn Averill Bell Brock W. Brown Burkett Carey Charleston Clarke Clemente Cobb Combs Crawford Cuyler Dawson Delahanty DiMaggio Doby Duffy Flick Goslin Griffey Jr . Guerrero Gwynn Hafey Hamilton Heilmann Henderson Hill Hooper Irvin R. Jackson Kaline Keeler Kelley K. Kelly Kiner Klein Mantle Manush Mays T. McCarthy Medwick Musial O'Rourke Ott Puckett Raines J. Rice S. Rice F. Robinson Roush Ruth Simmons Slaughter Snider Speaker Stargell Stearnes Thompson Torriente L. Waner P. Waner Wheat B. Williams T. Williams H. Wilson Winfield Yastrzemski Youngs Managers Alston Anderson Cox Durocher Hanlon Harris Herzog Huggins La Russa Lasorda López Mack J. McCarthy McGraw McKechnie W. Robinson Selee Southworth Stengel Torre Weaver D. Williams Executives / pioneers Barrow Bulkeley Cartwright Chadwick Chandler Comiskey Dreyfuss R. Foster Frick Giles Gillick Griffith Harridge Hulbert B. Johnson Kuhn Landis La . MacPhail Le . MacPhail Manley O'Malley Pompez Posey Rickey Ruppert Schuerholz Selig Spalding Veeck Weiss S. White Wilkinson G. Wright H. Wright Yawkey Umpires Barlick Chylak Conlan Connolly Evans Harvey Hubbard Klem McGowan O'Day Major League Baseball players who have batted . 400 in a season 1876 -- 1899 Ross Barnes Fred Dunlap Tip O'Neill Pete Browning Hugh Duffy Tuck Turner Sam Thompson Ed Delahanty ( 3 ) Billy Hamilton Jesse Burkett ( 2 ) Hughie Jennings Willie Keeler 1900 -- 1941 Nap Lajoie Ty Cobb ( 3 ) Shoeless Joe Jackson George Sisler ( 2 ) Rogers Hornsby ( 3 ) Harry Heilmann Bill Terry Ted Williams New York Yankees Hall of Famers Inductees in Yankees cap Yogi Berra Jack Chesbro Earle Combs Joe DiMaggio Bill Dickey Whitey Ford Lou Gehrig Lefty Gomez Joe Gordon Goose Gossage Waite Hoyt Reggie Jackson Tony Lazzeri Mickey Mantle Phil Rizzuto Red Ruffing Babe Ruth Inductees who played for the Yankees Home Run Baker Wade Boggs Roger Bresnahan Frank Chance Stan Coveleski Clark Griffith Burleigh Grimes Bucky Harris Rickey Henderson Catfish Hunter Randy Johnson Willie Keeler Joe McGinnity John McGraw Johnny Mize Phil Niekro Herb Pennock Gaylord Perry Tim Raines Branch Rickey Wilbert Robinson Joe Sewell Enos Slaughter Dazzy Vance Paul Waner Dave Winfield Yankees ' managers Miller Huggins Bob Lemon Joe McCarthy Casey Stengel Joe Torre Yankees ' executives Ed Barrow Larry MacPhail Lee MacPhail George Weiss Frick Award Mel Allen Red Barber Buck Canel Jerry Coleman Joe Garagiola Curt Gowdy Russ Hodges VIAF : 70270536 LCCN : n82048221 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willie_Keeler&oldid=832617340 '' Categories : 1872 births 1923 deaths 19th - century baseball players American people of Irish descent American Roman Catholics Baltimore Orioles ( NL ) players Baseball players from New York ( state ) Binghamton Bingos players Binghamton Bingoes players Brooklyn Grooms players Brooklyn Superbas players Burials at Calvary Cemetery ( Queens , New York ) Harvard Crimson baseball coaches Major League Baseball right fielders National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees National League batting champions New York Giants ( NL ) players New York Highlanders players Toronto Maple Leafs ( International League ) players Deaths from endocarditis Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 01 : 29 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie%20Keeler
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where did the don't tread on me flag
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Gadsden flag
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gadsden flag
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The Gadsden flag is a historical American flag with a yellow field depicting a rattlesnake coiled and ready to strike . Positioned below the rattlesnake are the words `` DONT TREAD ON ME . '' The flag is named after American general and politician Christopher Gadsden ( 1724 -- 1805 ) , who designed it in 1775 during the American Revolution . It was used by the Continental Marines as an early motto flag , along with the Moultrie flag .
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Modern uses of the Gadsden flag include political ideologies and movements such as libertarianism and the Tea Party movement as well as American soccer supporter groups , including Sam 's Army and the American Outlaws since the late 1980s . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Snake symbolism 1.2 Gadsden 's flag 1.3 Variations in appearance 2 Other rattlesnake flags 3 Modern use 3.1 License plates 3.2 Tea Party movement symbol 4 In popular culture 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Snake symbolism ( edit ) Benjamin Franklin 's `` Join , or Die '' cartoon The timber rattlesnake can be found in the area of the original Thirteen Colonies . Its use as a symbol of the American colonies can be traced back to the publications of Benjamin Franklin . In 1751 , he made the first reference to the rattlesnake in a satirical commentary published in his Pennsylvania Gazette . It had been the policy of Great Britain to send convicted criminals to the Americas , so Franklin suggested that they thank the British by sending rattlesnakes to England . In 1754 , during the French and Indian War , Franklin published his famous woodcut of a snake cut into eight sections . It represented the colonies , with New England joined together as the head and South Carolina as the tail , following their order along the coast . Under the snake was the message `` Join , or Die '' . This was the first political cartoon published in an American newspaper . As the American colonies came to identify more with their own communities and the concept of liberty , rather than as vassals of the British empire , icons that were unique to the Americas became increasingly popular . The rattlesnake , like the bald eagle and American Indian , came to symbolize American ideals and society . As the American Revolution grew , the snake began to see more use as a symbol of the colonies . In 1774 , Paul Revere added Franklin 's iconic cartoon to the nameplate of his paper , the Massachusetts Spy , depicted there as fighting a British dragon . In December 1775 , Benjamin Franklin published an essay in the Pennsylvania Journal under the pseudonym American Guesser in which he suggested that the rattlesnake was a good symbol for the American spirit : I recollected that her eye excelled in brightness , that of any other animal , and that she has no eye - lids -- She may therefore be esteemed an emblem of vigilance. -- She never begins an attack , nor , when once engaged , ever surrenders : She is therefore an emblem of magnanimity and true courage. -- As if anxious to prevent all pretensions of quarreling with her , the weapons with which nature has furnished her , she conceals in the roof of her mouth , so that , to those who are unacquainted with her , she appears to be a most defenseless animal ; and even when those weapons are shown and extended for her defense , they appear weak and contemptible ; but their wounds however small , are decisive and fatal : -- Conscious of this , she never wounds till she has generously given notice , even to her enemy , and cautioned him against the danger of stepping on her. -- Was I wrong , Sir , in thinking this a strong picture of the temper and conduct of America ? The rattlesnake symbol was first officially adopted by the Continental Congress in 1778 when it approved the design for the official Seal of the War Office ( at that time and for many years thereafter , the War Office was a term associated with the Headquarters of the Army ) . At the top center of the Seal is a rattlesnake holding a banner which says : `` This We 'll Defend '' . According to the US Army 's Institute of Heraldry , `` ' This We 'll Defend , ' on a scroll held by the rattlesnake is a symbol depicted on some American colonial flags and signifies the Army 's constant readiness to defend and preserve the United States . ' This design of the War Office Seal was carried forward -- with some minor modifications -- into the subsequent designs for the War Department 's Seal , and the Department of the Army 's Seal , Emblem and Flag . As such , the rattlesnake symbol has been in continuous official use by the US Army for over 236 years . Gadsden 's flag ( edit ) Gadsden 's flag in an 1885 schoolbook In fall 1775 , the Continental Navy was established by General George Washington in his role as Commander in Chief of all Continental Forces , before Esek Hopkins was named Commodore of the Navy . The Navy began with seven ships , often called `` Washington Cruisers '' , that flew the `` Liberty Tree Flag '' , depicting a green pine tree with the motto `` Appeal to Heaven '' . This is according to the October 20 , 1775 letter of Washington 's aide Colonel Joseph Reed , which is stored in the Library of Congress . Those first ships were used to intercept incoming British ships carrying war supplies to the British troops in the colonies to both deprive the supplies to the British and to supply to the Continental Army . One ship captured by Captain John Manley had 30,000 pairs of shoes on it . However , the admiralty agent demanded his 2 ⁄ per cent commission before he would release the cargo for Washington 's army , so many soldiers marched barefoot in the snow . To aid in this , the Second Continental Congress authorized the mustering of five companies of Marines to accompany the Navy on their first mission . The first Marines enlisted in the city of Philadelphia , and they carried drums painted yellow , depicting a coiled rattlesnake with thirteen rattles , and the motto `` Do n't Tread on Me . '' This is the first recorded mention of the future Gadsden flag 's symbolism . At the Congress , Continental Colonel Christopher Gadsden represented his home state of South Carolina . He was one of seven members of the Marine Committee who were outfitting the first naval mission . Before the departure of that first mission in December 1775 , the newly appointed commander - in - chief of the Navy , Commodore Esek Hopkins , received the yellow rattlesnake flag from Gadsden to serve as the distinctive personal standard of his flagship . It was displayed at the mainmast . Hopkins had previously led The United Companies of the Train of Artillery of the Town of Providence , before being appointed to lead the Navy . The 1775 flag of the Providence Train of Artillery 's featured a coiled timber rattlesnake and the motto `` Do Not Tread on Me '' along with an anchor , cannons and the motto `` In God We Hope '' on a gold background . The flag presented to Hopkins as Commander of the Continental Navy is a simplified version of that design . Gadsden also presented a copy of this flag to the Congress of South Carolina in Charleston , South Carolina . This was recorded in the South Carolina congressional journals on February 9 , 1776 : Col. Gadsden presented to the Congress an elegant standard , such as is to be used by the commander in chief of the American Navy ; being a yellow field , with a lively representation of a rattlesnake in the middle in the attitude of going to strike and these words underneath , `` Do n't tread on me . '' Variations in appearance ( edit ) Many variations of the Gadsden flag exist : The motto sometimes includes an apostrophe in the word `` Do n't '' and sometimes does not . Early written discussions uniformly include an apostrophe ; however , as early as 1917 , a flag reference book includes a picture of a version without the apostrophe . The typeface used for the motto is sometimes a serif typeface and other times sans - serif . The rattlesnake sometimes is shown as resting on a green ground , presumably grassy , and sometimes not . The green grass seems to be a recent addition ; representations dating from 1885 and 1917 do not display anything below the rattlesnake . The rattlesnake usually faces to the left , and the early representations mentioned above face left . However , some versions of the flag show the snake facing to the right . The rattlesnake is superimposed onto either the American flag , the Confederate battle flag or any other flag . Other rattlesnake flags ( edit ) Culpeper Minutemen flag Reverse of the 1861 flag of Alabama The Culpeper Minutemen flag has a coiled rattlesnake and the same motto as the Gadsden flag . It has a white field , rather than yellow , and the additional motto `` Liberty or Death '' and the name `` The Culpeper Minute Men '' . It is the flag of Virginia volunteers from the Culpeper area . The John Proctor 's Regiment flag of 1st Battalion Westmoreland County , Pennsylvania , had a coiled rattlesnake shown on its flag . The United Companies of the Train of Artillery of the Town of Providence already used a coiled rattlesnake on a field of gold with the motto `` Do Not Tread On Me '' on its flag . Before Esek Hopkins was named the first Commodore of the American Navy by the Continental Congress he served as a Brigadier General of the Rhode Island Militia Artillery , and would have been familiar with the design of the flag . All four of the American - designed `` Rattlesnake Flags '' show a coiled rattlesnake . The only other rattlesnake flag , the First Navy Jack , was `` designed by '' the English artist Thomas Hart as background art . The traditional version of the First Navy Jack has an uncoiled rattlesnake and the same motto as the Gadsden flag , on a field of 13 horizontal red and white stripes . Flag experts ( vexillologists ) speculate that the English artist Thomas Hart either did not know about the practice of rattlesnakes to coil in defense , or did , and intended to insult the fledgling American Navy as a weak and vulnerable creature as a rattlesnake is when not coiled and ready to strike , slithering on the ground , trying to escape , with its motto `` ( Please ) Do n't Tread on Me ! '' However , others suggest the snake pictured on the flag was being provoked , and is striking . Hence the warning , `` Do n't tread on me ( or I will strike ) '' . Modern use ( edit ) First Navy Jack Celebrating with the Gadsden flag , early morning , May 2 , 2011 , hours after the announcement of Osama bin Laden 's death Considered one of the first flags of the United States , the flag was later replaced by the current Stars and Stripes ( or Old Glory ) flag . Since the Revolution , the flag has seen resurgences as a symbol of American patriotism , disagreement with government , or support for civil liberties . The First Navy Jack , which was not directly related to the Gadsden flag , has been in use by the United States Navy since its beginnings . Unlike the Liberty Tree Flag with the letter by Colonel Joseph Reed that describes it , there is no document that describes the Snake on Stripes flag , only an image by English artist Thomas Hart in the background of a portrait of Commodore Esek Hopkins . In that same painting is a round `` tree flag '' . The triangular Liberty Tree flag is derived from the only surviving tree flag from the Revolution , found in an old trunk in 1993 on Long Island , the 5th Regt . Connecticut Militia . The Snake on Stripes flag was included in a book of flags by Admiral Preble , but later Preble determined the flag not valid , so he removed it from his text . However , the book publisher used the old color plates , so the image was continued in the new edition and subsequently picked up by other publications and Webster 's Dictionary . In preparation for the 1976 bicentennial year , staff officers in the Secretary of the Navy 's office sought a powerful image for the Navy 's Bicentennial . One Navy officer saw the Snake on Stripes Flag in Webster 's Dictionary , so the staff officers ordered a large number to give away as Navy promotional items and then turned to the Naval Historical Center to `` get the history '' . They were told that the flag had probably never flown during the Revolution , based on Admiral Preble 's later discoveries , but a decision was made to use the Snake on Stripes Flag , or the `` Fake Snake Flag '' , anyway . Beginning in 1975 , commissioned Navy ships flew this Jack in place of the Naval Jack ( officially known as the Union Jack , not to be confused with the United Kingdom 's flag ) at the bow . In 1977 , the Secretary of the Navy directed that the ship in active status with the longest total period of active service shall display the First Navy Jack until decommissioned or transferred to inactive service , at which time the flag shall be passed to the next ship in line with appropriate honors . The display of this jack by the oldest ship in the fleet is intended as a form of recognition to promote pride of service , enhance morale , and contribute to the tradition of naval service . USS Enterprise ( CVN 65 ) became the oldest active ship in the United States Navy upon the decommissioning of USS Kitty Hawk ( CV 63 ) on May 12 , 2009 . Enterprise is only the third aircraft carrier ever to hold the honor of flying the First Navy Jack . Since the first Patriot Day on September 11 , 2002 , which commemorates the lives lost in the September 11 attacks , the rattlesnake from the flag is also shown on the US Army 's Drill Sergeant Identification Badge . After the Snake on Stripes Flag became the Navy 's symbol for the Global War on Terrorism , flag history professionals ( vexillologists ) have done extensive research papers that further question the claim that the flag ever flew during the American Revolution , yet it continues to fly at the bow of American warships today . For historical reasons , the Gadsden flag is still popularly flown in Charleston , South Carolina , the city where Christopher Gadsden first presented the flag and where it was commonly used during the revolution , along with the blue and white crescent flag of pre-Civil War South Carolina . License plates ( edit ) Map of states ( colored yellow ) that offer Gadsden flag specialty license plates The Gadsden flag has become a popular specialty license plate in several states . As of 2018 , the following states offer the option of obtaining a Gadsden flag specialty license plate : Alabama , Arizona , Maryland , Missouri , Montana , Oklahoma , South Carolina , Tennessee , Texas , and Virginia . Tea Party movement symbol ( edit ) The flag at a Tea Party rally in September 2009 Beginning in 2009 at Tea Party rallies , the Gadsden Flag has been adopted as a symbol of the American Tea Party movement . It was also displayed by members of Congress at Tea Party movement rallies . Some lawmakers have called it a `` political symbol '' because of this association . In March 2013 , a resident of New Rochelle , New York , put up a Gadsden flag at the city 's vacant armory building . The city ordered its removal , fearing that the flag would be seen as political . The next month , a veterans group , the United Veterans Memorial & Patriotic Association , filed suit against the city . In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) Athletic apparel company Nike uses the image of a rattlesnake coiled around a soccer ball for an ongoing , patriotic `` Do n't Tread on Me '' campaign in support of the United States men 's national soccer team . The phrase has become a rallying cry for American soccer fans and the Gadsden flag can occasionally be seen at national team games . A representation of the rattlesnake is contained on the inside of their uniforms , over the heart , with the initials `` D.T.O.M. '' , which were used in the 2010 World Cup . In Hideo Kojima 's video game Metal Gear Solid 2 : Sons of Liberty a variation of the flag can be seen on one of the connecting bridges of the `` Big Shell '' facility , in a reference to both the original meaning and usage of the flag . In the apocalyptic 2006 CBS TV drama Jericho , the flag makes several appearances , most notably in the series finale as Jericho 's acting mayor takes down the flag of the `` Allied States of America '' , which had been flying at the town hall following a federal coup . He replaces the red , white , and blue flag of the central government with a Gadsden Flag which the previous mayor had kept framed in his office . The scene depicts a once - collaborationist character as finally having summoned the courage to be in open defiance against a supreme government . The heavy metal band Metallica recorded a song called `` Do n't Tread on Me '' on their self - titled fifth studio album , released in 1991 . The album cover features a dark grey picture of a coiled rattlesnake like the one found on the Gadsden Flag . The song 's lyrics refer to political phrases from the American Revolutionary War . In addition , in the hit series The West Wing , Sam Seaborn 's office displays the flag hanging above his cabinet . NASCAR driver Carl Edwards displayed the Gadsden Flag next to his facsimile signature on his race car . In WWE , the tag team Real Americans , composed by Jack Swagger , Cesaro and the manager Zeb Colter , used the Gadsden Flag and the preamble `` We the People '' . In the 1979 novel Alongside Night , an organization called the Revolutionary Agorist Cadre , seeking a Second American Revolution , welcomes visitors to one of its undergrounds : `` The room 's only decoration was a modified Gadsden flag draped on the wall adjoining the bar and medical areas ( opposite the door ) , a golden field with ' LAISSEZ - FAIRE ! ' in an upper left corner , a coiled rattlesnake facing left with its tongue out , and in the lower right , ' DONT TREAD ON ME ! ' '' The Gadsden flag without the addition of `` LAISSEZ - FAIRE ! '' is carried over into the 2014 Alongside Night movie adaptation in which the Gadsden flag is used by the Revolutionary Agorist Cadre as well as the traditional anarchist black flag . In 1970 , on a verse from song Uncle John 's Band by Grateful Dead contains `` Their wall are built of cannonballs , their motto is ' Do n't tread on me ' '' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ During the 18th century , when contractions were coming into widespead use , they were often written without an apostrophe and some forms survive today such as made for maked and had for haved . The standard form for the contraction of `` do not '' later came to include the apostrophe . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert Lowth , A Short Introduction to English Grammar : With Critical Notes . 1794 . pp. 67 , 79 . Jump up ^ Leepson , Marc ; DeMille , Nelson ( May 30 , 2006 ) . Flag : An American Biography . Macmillan . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 32309 - 7 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mohawk was Emerging as a Symbol of Liberty in the New Land '' . Boston-tea-party.org . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Eagle National Bird '' . statesymbolsusa.org . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` A More Perfect Union : Symbolizing the National Union of States '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin , Benjamin as quoted under his pseudonym , `` The American Guesser '' `` . From the Franklin Institute . December 27 , 1775 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2000 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Byron McCandless ; Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor ( 1917 ) . Our flag number : with 1197 flags in full colors and 300 additional illustrations in black and white . National Geographic Society . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://classroom.monticello.org/media-item/flag-of-the-united-train-of-artillery-of-providence/ Jump up ^ Hicks , Frederick Cocks ( 1918 ) . The flag of the United States . United States Government Printing Office . p. 23 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Rattlesnake Flag of the American revolution '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~rigenweb/Providence/article286.html Jump up ^ `` Do n't Tread on Me Flag History '' . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.mva.maryland.gov/vehicles/_images/plates/organizational/Gadsden-Pew-Club.gif Jump up ^ `` Montana Department of Justice - License Plate Designs and Fees - Service Organizations & Associations '' . Jump up ^ `` Friends of Sycamore Shoals State Historic Park '' . www.friendsofsycamoreshoals.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Seven States Now Offer ' Do n't Tread on Me ' License Plates ; Is Yours on the List ? - Tea Party News '' . Tea Party . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Hunter ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` States where you can get a ' Do n't Tread On Me ' license plate '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gadsden flag denied over State Capitol '' . Wtnh.com Hartford CT . May 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gadsden Flag Now Officially `` Offensive '' In America `` . Aipnews.com . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Connecticut Marines Fight for ' Do n't Tread on Me ' Flag Display '' . Fox News Channel . April 7 , 2010 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scocca , Tom ( June 13 , 2010 ) . `` Flag daze '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gadsden Flags Flying Off the Shelves in Support of the Tea Party movement Tax Protest '' . Market Wire. April 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tea Party movement flag will not fly at Connecticut Capitol '' . Necn.com. April 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flag 's Believed Ties To Tea Party Lead To Removal From New Rochelle Building '' . CBS 2 New York . April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` USA Men 's Soccer Kit '' . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Screenshot of Sons of Liberty Flag '' . Jump up ^ `` Jericho Video -- Jericho -- Season 2 : Episode 7 : Patriots And Tyrants w / Commentary '' . CBS . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carl Edwards '' . Joe Gibbs Racing . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Alongside Night -- Chapter XIV `` J. Neil Schulman '' . jneilschulman.agorist.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Book : Flags of the United States Media related to Gadsden flag at Wikimedia Commons `` A Flag of Conviction '' , The Claremont Institute Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gadsden_flag&oldid=830974876 '' Categories : Activism flags Continental Marines Flags of the American Revolution Flags of the United States History of the Thirteen Colonies Internet memes Liberty symbols Military flags of the United States Snakes in art Tea Party movement United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries Historical flags Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2013 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with trivia sections from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Polski Português Русский Shqip Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 00 : 55 . 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rajiv gandhi international cricket stadium hyderabad ipl records
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Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket stadium
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rajiv gandhi international cricket stadium
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The Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium is the principal cricket stadium in Hyderabad , Telangana , India and is the home ground of the Hyderabad Cricket Association .
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It is located in Uppal , an eastern suburb of the city . It has a capacity of 60,000 and extends across 16 acres ( 65,000 m ) of land . The ends are named Pavilion End and North End . On the retirement of VVS Laxman , the HCA decided to honour the state hero by naming the North End after him . Being one of the best grounds , this stadium never hosted an ICC event . As of 19 Aug , 2017 it has hosted 4 Tests and 5 ODIs . This stadium hosted the opener and final of 2017 Indian Premier League . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Ground capacity & factors 3 Sunrisers Hyderabad 4 Test cricket 4.1 Test Matches Records 5 One Day International cricket 5.1 Stadium Records 5.2 One Day International Records 6 Twenty20 International 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) See also : List of international cricket centuries at Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium HCA 's previous home ground was the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium in the Fateh Maidan sports complex at Basheerbagh in central Hyderabad . The ground belonged to the Sports Authority of Telangana State and HCA had limited operating autonomy over this ground . Moreover , due to its smaller size , it soon came to be known as a high - scoring ground and so Hyderabad was not considered for many high - profile cricket matches in India . In 2003 , the proposal for a new stadium was submitted by HCA to the government of erstwhile Andhra Pradesh , then headed by N. Chandrababu Naidu . The proposal was quickly cleared and HCA was allocated a budget for the same . The government also identified a large piece of land suitable for the project at Uppal . Most of the funding for the project came after an open auction of the stadium 's title was held . Visaka Industries Limited won the auction with a bid price of Rs. 65 , 00 , 00,000 . A sum of Rs. 43 , 00 , 00,000 was paid in advance and the stadium was named as Visakha International Cricket Stadium in 2004 . By 2005 when most of the stadium was built , it was ready to host its first ODI Match between India and South Africa . However , Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy the former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh decided to change the name of the stadium to Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium in memory of the former Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi . Following this decision , HCA was required to pay Visakha Industries six times the contract price in accordance with the contract clauses governing any subsequent renaming of the stadium or the Visakha name not remaining attached to the stadium . HCA however , following some negotiations by Govt , got away by paying an amount of Rs. 43 , 00 , 00,000 , i.e. the contract price only . Ground capacity & factors ( edit ) Now Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium is regarded one of the Professional and busy Cricket stadiums that extends across 16 acres and has a seating capacity of 60,000 spectators. The ends are Pavilion End and North End ( V.V.S. Laxman end ) . Flood lights are also mounted on Six towers to illuminate the stadium during day - night matches , Flood lights were commissioned in April 2007 . The wicket here is considered as a flat track , This means that the spinners would enjoy bowling here than the pacers , India almost chased down 350 in an ODI against Australia - Sachin Tendulkar scored 175 , which has a reputation of being batsman friendly and high scoring pitch . A Panoramic view of Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium Sunrisers Hyderabad ( edit ) SRH fans while an IPL match Sunrisers Hyderabad ( Telugu : సన్ రైజర్స్ హైదరాబాద్ ) is a cricket franchise based in Hyderabad by the IPL Governing Council . The team is owned by Kalanithi Maran of the Sun TV Network . David Warner is the captain of the team . Tom Moody is the head coach and Simon Helmot is the assistant coach of the team . Kris Srikkanth and VVS Laxman are the mentors of the team while Waqar Younis was the bowling coach of the team . The team jersey was unveiled on 8 March 2013 , and team anthem directed by GV Prakash Kumar was released on 12 March 2013 . Their logo was unveiled on 20 December 2012 , along with the announcement that the team 's management would be led by Kris , Tom Moody and VVS Laxman . The stadium suffered from a jinx of losing matches for the home team so the management had decided to change the dressing room position of the home team and also installed a sculpture of Lord Ganesha who is the god for success and the efforts of the management finally resulted in a win for India in the next match beating England with a margin of over a hundred runs . India won 3 out of 4 test matches hosted at this venue ( 1 Drawn ) . It also turned the fortunes of Sunrisers Hyderabad with almost all wins at home . Test Cricket ( edit ) It was the 101st venue for Test matches in world cricket . Test Matches Records ( edit ) Most career runs Runs Player Nationality Period 500 ( 4 Innings ) Cheteshwar Pujara India 2012 - 2017 334 ( 4 Innings ) Virat Kohli India 2012 - 2017 293 ( 4 Innings ) Brendon McCullum New Zealand 2010 - 2012 282 ( 3 Innings ) Murali Vijay India 2013 - 2017 203 ( 4 Innings ) Virender Sehwag India 2010 - 2013 157 ( 4 Innings ) Kane Williamson New Zealand 2010 - 2012 Highest individual score Runs Player Year 225 vs India Brendon McCullum 204 vs Bangladesh Virat Kohli 2017 204 vs Australia Cheteshwar Pujara 2013 167 vs Australia Murali Vijay 2013 159 vs New Zealand Cheteshwar Pujara 2012 127 vs India Mushfiqur Rahim 2017 111 * vs New Zealand Harbhajan Singh 108 vs Bangladesh Murali Vijay 2017 106 * vs Bangladesh Wriddhiman Saha 2017 102 vs India Tim McIntosh Most centuries Centuries Player Period 2 ( 4 Innings ) Cheteshwar Pujara 2012 - 2017 2 ( 3 Innings ) Murali Vijay 2013 - 2017 1 ( 1 Innings ) Mushfiqur Rahim 2017 1 ( 2 Innings ) Wriddhiman Saha 2017 1 ( 2 Innings ) Harbhajan Singh 2010 - 2013 1 ( 2 Innings ) Tim McIntosh 1 ( 4 Innings ) Virat Kohli 2012 - 2017 1 ( 4 Innings ) Brendon McCullum 2010 -- 2012 One day International Cricket ( edit ) Stadium records ( edit ) Australia had scored 350 / 4 , it is the highest score at the stadium . England had scored 174 , it is the lowest score at the stadium . Yuvraj Singh 's 233 scored in three matches is the most of runs scored at the stadium . Sachin Tendulkar 's 175 is the highest individual score at the stadium . Sachin Tendulkar completed 17,000 ODI runs , made his 45th ODI century and received his 60th ODI Man of the match award . 697 runs made for the loss of 14 wickets in one match . One Day International Records ( edit ) Most career runs Runs Player Period 233 ( 3 Innings ) Yuvraj Singh 2005 - 2009 220 ( 3 Innings ) Sachin Tendulkar 2005 - 2009 143 ( 4 Innings ) MS Dhoni 2005 - 2011 120 ( 2 Innings ) Suresh Raina 2009 - 2011 112 ( 1 Innings ) Shaun Marsh 2009 Highest individual score Runs Player Year 175 vs Australia Sachin Tendulkar 2009 121 vs Australia Yuvraj Singh 2007 112 vs India Shaun Marsh 2009 103 vs South Africa Yuvraj Singh 2005 93 vs India Shane Watson 2009 Most centuries Centuries Player Period 2 ( 3 Innings ) Yuvraj Singh 2005 - 2009 1 ( 1 Innings ) Shaun Marsh 2009 1 ( 3 Innings ) Sachin Tendulkar 2005 - 2009 Category Information Highest Innings Total Australia Australia 350 / 4 - India v Australia , 1 innings , 5 Nov 2009 Lowest Innings Total England England 174 - 2 innings , 14 Oct 2011 Highest Individual Score Sachin Tendulkar India 175 ( Balls : 141 4x19 6x4 ) - India v Australia , 5 Nov 2009 Best Bowling In A Match R Ashwin India 3 / 35 ( 8.1 overs ) - India v England , 14 Oct 2011 Most Runs Yuvraj Singh India 233 Runs ( Mat :3 Inn :3 HS : 121 Ave : 77.66 SR : 94.33 100x2 50x0 ) Most Wickets R Ashwin India 3 Wickets ( Mat : 1 Runs : 35 Best : 3 / 35 Ave : 11.667 Econ : 4.28 ) Twenty20 International ( edit ) The ground was scheduled to host its first ever Twenty20 International on 13 October 2017 , against Australia . However , it was called off due to and a wet outfield . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ spa-aec.com Jump up ^ List of Test cricket grounds Jump up ^ Cricket Records Records Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium , Uppal , Hyderabad Test matches Most runs ESPN Cricinfo Jump up ^ Cricket Records Records Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium , Uppal , Hyderabad Test matches High scores ESPN Cricinfo Jump up ^ Cricket Records Records Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium , Uppal , Hyderabad Test matches Most hundreds ESPN Cricinfo Jump up ^ Cricket Records Records Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium , Uppal , Hyderabad One - Day Internationals Most runs ESPN Cricinfo Jump up ^ Cricket Records Records Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium , Uppal , Hyderabad One - Day Internationals High scores ESPN Cricinfo Jump up ^ Cricket Records Records Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium , Uppal , Hyderabad One - Day Internationals Most hundreds ESPN Cricinfo Jump up ^ `` Hyderabad T20I called off , India - Australia series tied '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium . Cricinfo Website - Ground Page The Story of Hyderabad 's Brand new stadium Coordinates : 17 ° 24 ′ 23.4 '' N 78 ° 33 ′ 01.6 '' E / 17.406500 ° N 78.550444 ° E / 17.406500 ; 78.550444 Hyderabad topics History History of Hyderabad Nizams of Hyderabad Asaf Jahi Dynasty Hyderabad State Telangana Hyderabad Social Service League Monuments Charminar Falaknuma Palace Golconda fort Chowmahalla Palace Heritage structures Paigah Tombs Government Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Hyderabad District Collectorate Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority Buildings Telangana Secretariat Salar Jung Museum Birla Planetarium Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium HITEC City Genome Valley Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium Tourist attractions Laad Bazaar Nehru Zoological Park Birla Mandir Public Gardens NTR Gardens Lumbini Park Salar Jung Museum Makkah Masjid Ramoji Film City Prasads IMAX Golconda Fort Indira Park Sanjeevaiah Park Snow World Jalavihar Jalagam Vengal Rao Park Education List of institutions List of schools Higher education University of Hyderabad Birla Institute of Technology & Science Indian School of Business Indian Institute of Technology International Institute of Information Technology Osmania University Osmania Medical College Nalsar University of Law Deccan College of Medical Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Gandhi medical college Maulana Azad National Urdu University MVSREC Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences Healthcare List of hospitals in Hyderabad Industry Defence Research and Development Organisation Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research Nuclear Fuel Complex Electronics Corporation of India Limited Dr. Reddy 's Laboratories Industries in Hyderabad Information technology industry in Hyderabad , Telangana Transport Air Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Begumpet Airport Rail Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System Secunderabad railway station Hyderabad Railway Station Kachiguda Railway Station South Central Railway Hyderabad Metro Road Telangana State Road Transport Corporation Hyderabad Elevated Expressways Outer Ring Road Hyderabad Bus Rapid Transit System Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station Culture Hyderabadi Muslims Hyderabadi Urdu Deccani Hyderabadi biryani Places of worship List of mosques in Hyderabad Temples of Hyderabad Cuisine Hyderabadi Biryani Hyderabadi Haleem Hyderabadi Marag Water bodies Osman Sagar Hussain Sagar Himayat Sagar Shamirpet Lake Lotus Pond Durgam Cheruvu River Musi River National parks around Hyderabad Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park Mrugavani National Park Sports teams Deccan Chargers Sunrisers Hyderabad Hyderabad Sultans Hyderabad HotShots Other topics Famous people from Hyderabad List of cities in India List of cities by population List of technology centers Test cricket grounds in India Barabati Stadium Bombay Gymkhana Brabourne Stadium Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA - VDCA Cricket Stadium Eden Gardens Feroz Shah Kotla Ground Gandhi Stadium Green Park Stadium Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium K.D. Singh Babu Stadium Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium M.A. Chidambaram Stadium M. Chinnaswamy Stadium Punjab Cricket Association Stadium Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium Sardar Patel Stadium Sawai Mansingh Stadium Sector 16 Stadium University Ground Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium Vidharba Cricket Association Ground Wankhede Stadium International cricket grounds in India Test Central Green Park Stadium ( Kanpur ) K.D. Singh Babu Stadium ( Lucknow ) University Ground ( Lucknow ) Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground ( Nagpur ) Sawai Mansingh Stadium ( Jaipur ) Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium ( Nagpur ) Holkar Stadium ( Indore ) East Barabati Stadium ( Cuttack ) Eden Gardens ( Kolkata ) JSCA International Cricket Stadium ( Ranchi ) North Feroz Shah Kotla Ground ( New Delhi ) Gandhi Stadium ( Jalandhar ) Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium ( Mohali ) Sector 16 Stadium ( Chandigarh ) South Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA - VDCA Cricket Stadium ( Visakhapatnam ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium ( Chennai ) Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium ( Hyderabad ) M.A. Chidambaram Stadium ( Chennai ) M. Chinnaswamy Stadium ( Bangalore ) Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium ( Hyderabad ) West Bombay Gymkhana ( Mumbai ) Brabourne Stadium ( Mumbai ) Sardar Patel Stadium ( Ahmedabad ) Wankhede Stadium ( Mumbai ) Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium ( Pune ) ODI Central Barkatullah Khan Stadium ( Jodhpur ) Green Park Stadium ( Kanpur ) K.D. Singh Babu Stadium ( Lucknow ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium ( Indore ) Roop Singh Stadium ( Gwalior ) Sawai Mansingh Stadium ( Jaipur ) Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground ( Nagpur ) Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium ( Nagpur ) Greater Noida Sports Complex Ground ( Greater Noida ) East Barabati Stadium ( Cuttack ) Eden Gardens ( Kolkata ) JSCA International Cricket Stadium ( Ranchi ) Keenan Stadium ( Jamshedpur ) Moin - ul - Haq Stadium ( Patna ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium ( Guwahati ) North Feroz Shah Kotla Ground ( New Delhi ) Gandhi Stadium ( Jalandhar ) Gandhi Sports Complex Ground ( Amritsar ) Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium ( Dharamsala ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium ( New Delhi ) Nahar Singh Stadium ( Faridabad ) Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium ( Mohali ) Sector 16 Stadium ( Chandigarh ) Sher - i - Kashmir Stadium ( Srinagar ) South Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA - VDCA Cricket Stadium ( Vishakapatnam ) Indira Gandhi Stadium ( Vijayawada ) Indira Priyadarshini Stadium ( Vishakapatnam ) Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium ( Hyderabad ) M.A. Chidambaram Stadium ( Chennai ) M. Chinnaswamy Stadium ( Bangalore ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium ( Kochi ) Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium ( Hyderabad ) University Stadium ( Thiruvananthapuram ) West Fatorda Stadium ( Goa ) Brabourne Stadium ( Mumbai ) IPCL Sports Complex Ground ( Vadodara ) Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Ground ( Rajkot ) Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium ( Pune ) Moti Bagh Stadium ( Vadodara ) Nehru Stadium ( Pune ) Sardar Patel Stadium ( Ahmedabad ) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium ( Ahmedabad ) Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium ( Rajkot ) Wankhede Stadium ( Mumbai ) Indian Premier League Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Finals 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Participating teams Chennai Super Kings Delhi Daredevils Kings XI Punjab Kolkata Knight Riders Mumbai Indians Rajasthan Royals Royal Challengers Bangalore Sunrisers Hyderabad Defunct teams Deccan Chargers Gujarat Lions Kochi Tuskers Kerala Pune Warriors India Rising Pune Supergiant Auctions 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Awards List of awards Fair Play Award Statistics and records Team Series Batting Bowling Wicketkeeping and fielding Partnership Miscellaneous Lists Current squads Seasons Venues Players Captains Umpires Centuries Five - wicket hauls Controversies 2012 spot - fixing case 2013 spot - fixing and betting case Related topics Champions League Twenty20 Lalit Modi Icon player Book Portal Category Commons WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Cricket_Stadium&oldid=810177695 '' Categories : Sports venues in Hyderabad , India Cricket grounds in Telangana Cricket in Hyderabad , India Sports venues in Telangana Test cricket grounds in India Memorials to Rajiv Gandhi Hidden categories : Use Indian English from March 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from April 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch हिन्दी मराठी नेपाली தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 19 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv%20Gandhi%20International%20Cricket%20Stadium
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nonverbal communication behavior including the meaning of hand signals and various body movements
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Body language is a type of non-verbal communication in which physical behavior , as opposed to words , are used to express or convey information . Such behavior includes facial expressions , body posture , gestures , eye movement , touch and the use of space . Body language exists in both animals and humans , but this article focuses on interpretations of human body language . It is also known as kinesics .
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Body language
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Body language
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body language
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Body language is a type of non-verbal communication in which physical behavior , as opposed to words , are used to express or convey information . Such behavior includes facial expressions , body posture , gestures , eye movement , touch and the use of space . Body language exists in both animals and humans , but this article focuses on interpretations of human body language . It is also known as kinesics .
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Body language must not be confused with sign language , as sign languages are full languages like spoken languages and have their own complex grammar systems , as well as being able to exhibit the fundamental properties that exist in all languages . Body language , on the other hand , does not have a grammar and must be interpreted broadly , instead of having an absolute meaning corresponding with a certain movement , so it is not a language like sign language , and is simply termed as a `` language '' due to popular culture . In a community , there are agreed - upon interpretations of particular behavior . Interpretations may vary from country to country , or culture to culture . On this note , there is controversy on whether body language is universal . Body language , a subset of nonverbal communication , complements verbal communication in social interaction . In fact some researchers conclude that nonverbal communication accounts for the majority of information transmitted during interpersonal interactions . It helps to establish the relationship between two people and regulates interaction , but can be ambiguous . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical expressions 1.1 Facial expression 1.2 Body postures 1.3 Gestures 1.4 Handshakes 1.5 Breathing 1.6 Different physical movements 2 Other subcategories 2.1 Oculesics 2.2 Haptics 2.3 Proxemics 3 Tone of voice 4 Universal vs. culture - specific 4.1 Cultural equivalence model 4.2 Cultural advantage model 5 Applications 5.1 Instructional teaching 5.1. 1 Second - language acquisition 5.1. 2 Enhancing teaching 5.2 Detecting deceit 5.2. 1 Law enforcement 5.2. 2 Poker 6 Kinesics 7 See also 8 References Physical expressions ( edit ) Facial expression ( edit ) Facial expression is integral when expressing emotions through the body . Combinations of eyes , eyebrow , lips , nose , and cheek movements help form different moods of an individual ( example happy , sad , depressed , angry , etc . ) . A few studies show that facial expression and bodily expression ( body language ) are congruent when interpreting emotions . Behavioural experiments have also shown that recognition of facial expression is influenced by perceived bodily expression . This means that the brain processes the other 's facial and bodily expressions simultaneously . Subjects in these studies showed accuracy in judging emotions based on facial expression . This is because the face and the body are normally seen together in their natural proportions and the emotional signals from the face and body are well integrated . For example , a lack of crinkles around the eyes suggests a potentially fake smile . At one point , researchers believed that making a genuine smile was nearly impossible to do on command . When you 're smiling joyfully , they crinkle . When you 're faking it , they do n't . If someone 's trying to look happy but really is n't , you wo n't see the wrinkles . More recently , a study from Northeastern University researchers found that people could do a pretty good job of faking a Duchenne smile , even when they were n't feeling especially happy . Body postures ( edit ) Emotions can also be detected through body postures . Research has shown that body postures are more accurately recognised when an emotion is compared with a different or neutral emotion . For example , a person feeling angry would portray dominance over the other , and their posture would display approach tendencies . Comparing this to a person feeling fearful : they would feel weak , submissive and their posture would display avoidance tendencies , the opposite of an angry person . Sitting or standing postures also indicate one 's emotions . A person sitting till the back of their chair , leans forward with their head nodding along with the discussion implies that they are open , relaxed and generally ready to listen . On the other hand , a person who has their legs and arms crossed with the foot kicking slightly implies that they are feeling impatient and emotionally detached from the discussion . In a standing discussion , a person stands with arms akimbo with feet pointed towards the speaker could suggest that they are attentive and is interested in the conversation . However , a small difference in this posture could mean a lot . Standing with arms akimbo is considered rude in Bali . Gestures ( edit ) Gestures are movements made with body parts ( example hands , arms , fingers , head , legs ) and they may be voluntary or involuntary . Arm gestures can be interpreted in several ways . In a discussion , when one stands , sits or even walks with folded arms , this is normally not a welcoming gesture . It could mean that they have a closed mind and are most likely unwilling to listen to the speaker 's viewpoint . Another type of arm gesture also includes an arm crossed over the other , demonstrating insecurity and a lack of confidence . According to Barbara Pease and Allan Pease , authors of `` The Definitive Book of Body Language '' , everybody does shoulder shrug . The shrug is a good example of a universal gesture that is used to show that a person does n't understand what you are saying . `` It 's a multiple gesture that has three main parts , '' they continue . `` Exposed palms to show nothing is being concealed in the hands , hunched shoulders to protect the throat from attack , and raised brow , which is a universal , submissive greeting . '' Hand gestures often signify the state of well - being of the person making them . Relaxed hands indicate confidence and self - assurance , while clenched hands may be interpreted as signs of stress or anger . If a person is wringing their hands , this demonstrates nervousness and anxiety . Finger gestures are also commonly used to exemplify one 's speech as well as denote the state of well - being of the person making them . In certain cultures , pointing using one 's index finger is deemed acceptable . However , pointing at a person may be viewed as aggressive in other cultures -- for example , people who share Hindu beliefs consider finger pointing offensive . Instead , they point with their thumbs . Likewise , the thumbs up gesture could show `` OK '' or `` good '' in countries like the US , France and Germany . But this same gesture is insulting in other countries like Iran , Bangladesh and Thailand , where it is the equivalent of showing the middle finger in the US . In most cultures the Head Nod is used to signify ' Yes ' or agreement . It 's a stunted form of bowing - the person symbolically goes to bow but stops short , resulting in a nod . Bowing is a submissive gesture so the Head Nod shows we are going along with the other person 's point of view . Research conducted with people who were born deaf , dumb and blind shows that they also use this gesture to signify ' Yes ' , so it appears to be an inborn gesture of submission . Handshakes ( edit ) Handshakes are regular greeting rituals and commonly done on meeting , greeting , offering congratulations or after the completion of an agreement . They usually indicate the level of confidence and emotion level in people . Studies have also categorized several handshake styles , e.g. the finger squeeze , the bone crusher ( shaking hands too strongly ) , the limp fish ( shaking hands too weakly ) , etc . Handshakes are popular in the US and are appropriate for use between men and women . However , in Muslim cultures , men may not shake hands or touch women in any way and vice versa . Likewise , in Hindu cultures , Hindu men may never shake hands with women . Instead , they greet women by placing their hands as if praying . A firm , friendly handshake has long been recommended in the business world as a way to make a good first impression , and the greeting is thought to date to ancient times as a way of showing a stranger you had no weapons . Breathing ( edit ) Body language related to breathing and patterns of breathing can be indicative of a person 's mood and state of mind ; because of this , the relationship between body language and breathing is often considered in contexts such as business meetings and presentations . Generally , deeper breathing which uses the diaphragm and abdomen more is interpreted as conveying a relaxed and confident impression ; by contrast , shallow , excessively rapid breathing is often interpreted as conveying a more nervous or anxious impression . Some business advisers , such as those who promote neuro - linguistic programming , recommend mirroring a person 's breathing pattern in order to convey an impression of mutual understanding . Different physical movements ( edit ) Covering one 's mouth suggests suppression of feeling and perhaps uncertainty . This could also mean that they are thinking hard and may be unsure of what to say next . What you communicate through your body language and nonverbal signals affects how others see you , how well they like and respect you , and whether or not they trust you . Unfortunately , many people send confusing or negative nonverbal signals without even knowing it . When this happens , both connection and trust are damaged . Other subcategories ( edit ) Oculesics ( edit ) Main article : Oculesics Oculesics , a subcategory of body language , is the study of eye movement , eye behavior , gaze , and eye - related nonverbal communication . As a social or behavioral science , oculesics is a form of nonverbal communication focusing on deriving meaning from eye behavior . It is also crucial to note that Oculesics is culturally dependent . For example , in traditional Anglo - Saxon culture , avoiding eye contact usually portrays a lack of confidence , certainty , or truthfulness . However , in the Latino culture , direct or prolonged eye contact means that you are challenging the individual with whom you are speaking or that you have a romantic interest in the person . Also , in many Asian cultures , prolonged eye contact may be a sign of anger or aggression . Haptics ( edit ) Main article : Haptic communication Haptics , a subcategory of Body Language , is the study of touching and how it is used in communication . As such , handshakes , holding hands , back slapping , high fives , brushing up against someone or patting someone all have meaning . Based on the Body Language Project , touching is the most developed sense at birth and formulates our initial views of the world . Touching can be used to sooth , for amusement during play , to flirt , to express power and maintain bonds between people , such as with baby and mother . Touching can carry distinct emotions and also show the intensity of those emotions . Touch absent of other cues can signal anger , fear , disgust , love , gratitude and sympathy depending on the length and type of touching that is performed . Many factors also contribute to the meaning of touching such as the length of the touch and location on the body in which the touching takes place . Research has also shown that people can accurately decode distinct emotions by merely watching others communicate via touch . Heslin outlines five haptic categories : Functional / professional which expresses task - orientation Donald Walton stated in his book that touching is the ultimate expression of closeness or confidence between two people , but not seen often in business or formal relationships . Touching stresses how special the message is that is being sent by the initiator . `` If a word of praise is accompanied by a touch on the shoulder , that 's the gold star on the ribbon , '' wrote Walton . Social / polite which expresses ritual interaction A study by Jones and Yarbrough regarded communication with touch as the most intimate and involving form which helps people to keep good relationships with others . For example , Jones and Yarbrough explained that strategic touching is a series of touching usually with an ulterior or hidden motive thus making them seem to be using touch as a game to get someone to do something for them . Friendship / warmth which expresses idiosyncratic relationship Love / intimacy which expresses emotional attachment Public touch can serve as a ' tie sign ' that shows others that your partner is `` taken '' . When a couple is holding hands , putting their arms around each other , this is a ' tie sign ' showing others that they are together . The use of ' tie signs ' are used more often by couples in the dating and courtship stages than between their married counterparts according to Burgoon , Buller , and Woodall . Sexual / arousal which expresses sexual intent . The amount of touching that occurs within a culture is also culturally dependent . Proxemics ( edit ) Main article : Proxemics Diagram of Edward T. Hall 's personal reaction bubbles ( 1966 ) , showing radius in feet Another notable area in the nonverbal world of body language is that of spatial relationships , which is also known as Proxemics . Introduced by Edward T. Hall in 1966 , proxemics is the study of measurable distances between people as they interact with one another . In the book , Body Language , Julius Fast mentioned that the signals that we send or receive to others through body language are reactions to others ' invasions of our personal territories , which links Proxemics an important part of Body Language . Hall also came up with four distinct zones in which most men operate : Intimate distance for embracing , touching or whispering Close phase -- less than 6 inches ( 15 cm ) Far phase -- 6 to 18 inches ( 15 to 46 cm ) Personal distance for interactions among good friends or family members Close phase -- 1.5 to 2.5 feet ( 46 to 76 cm ) Far phase -- 2.5 to 4 feet ( 76 to 122 cm ) Social distance for interactions among acquaintances Close phase -- 4 to 7 feet ( 1.2 to 2.1 m ) Far phase -- 7 to 12 feet ( 2.1 to 3.7 m ) Public Distance used for public speaking Close phase -- 12 to 25 feet ( 3.7 to 7.6 m ) Far phase -- 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) or more . In addition to physical distance , the level of intimacy between conversants can be determined by `` socio - petal socio - fugal axis '' , or the `` angle formed by the axis of the conversants ' shoulders '' . Changing the distance between two people can convey a desire for intimacy , declare a lack of interest , or increase / decrease domination . It can also influence the body language that is used . For example , when people talk they like to face each other . If forced to sit side by side , their body language will try to compensate for this lack of eye - to - eye contact by leaning in shoulder - to - shoulder . It is important to note that as with other types of Body Language , proximity range varies with culture . Hall suggested that `` physical contact between two people ... can be perfectly correct in one culture , and absolutely taboo in another '' . In Latin America , people who may be complete strangers may engage in very close contact . They often greet one another by kissing on the cheeks . North Americans , on the other hand , prefer to shake hands . While they have made some physical contact with the shaking of the hand , they still maintain a certain amount of physical space between the other person . Tone of voice ( edit ) Tone of voice is a combination of spoken language and body language . The manner in which something is said can affect how it should be interpreted . Shouting , smiling , irony and so on may add a layer of meaning which is neither pure body language nor speech . Universal vs. culture - specific ( edit ) Scholars have long debated on whether body language , particularly facial expressions , are universally understood . In Darwin 's ( 1872 ) evolutionary theory , he postulated that facial expressions of emotion are inherited . On the other hand , scholars have questioned if culture influences one 's bodily expression of emotions . Broadly , the theories can be categorized into two models : Cultural equivalence model ( edit ) The cultural equivalence model predicts that `` individuals should be equally accurate in understanding the emotions of ingroup and outgroup members '' ( Soto & Levenson , 2009 ) . This model is rooted in Darwin 's ( 1872 ) evolutionary theory , where he noted that both humans and animals share similar postural expressions of emotions such as anger / aggression , happiness , and fear . These similarities support the evolution argument that social animals ( including humans ) have a natural ability to relay emotional signals with one another , a notion shared by several academics ( Chevalier - Skolnikoff , 1974 ; Linnankoski , Laakso , Aulanko , & Leinonen , 1994 ) . Where Darwin notes similarity in expression among animals and humans , the Cultural Equivalence Model notes similarity in expression across cultures in humans , even though they may be completely different . One of the strongest pieces of evidence that supports this model was a study conducted by Ekman and Friesen ( 1971 ) , where members of a preliterate tribe in Papua New Guinea reliably recognized the facial expressions of individuals from the United States . Culturally isolated and with no exposure to US media , there was no possibility of cross-cultural transmission to the Papuan tribesmen . Cultural advantage model ( edit ) On the other hand , the cultural advantage model predicts that individuals of the same race `` process the visual characteristics more accurately and efficiently than other - race faces '' . Other factors that increase accurate interpretation include familiarity with nonverbal accents . There are numerous studies that support both the cultural equivalence model and the cultural advantage model , but reviewing the literature indicates that there is a general consensus that seven emotions are universally recognized , regardless of cultural background : happiness , surprise , fear , anger , contempt , disgust , and sadness . Recently , scholars have shown that the expressions of pride and shame are universal . Tracy and Robins ( 2008 ) concluded that the expression of pride includes an expanded posture of the body with the head tilted back , with a low - intensity face and a non-Duchenne smile ( raising the corner of the mouth ) . The expression of shame includes the hiding of the face , either by turning it down or covering it with the hands . Applications ( edit ) Fundamentally , body language is seemed as an involuntary and unconscious phenomena that adds to the process of communication . Despite that , there have been certain areas where the conscious harnessing of body language - both in action and comprehension - have been useful . The use of body language has also seen an increase in application and use commercially , with large volumes of books and guides published designed to teach people how to be conscious of body language , and how to use it to benefit them in certain scenarios . The use of body language can be seen in a wide variety of fields . Body language has seen application in instructional teaching in areas such as second - language acquisition and also to enhance the teaching of subjects like mathematics . A related use of body language is as a substitution to verbal language to people who lack the ability to use that , be it because of deafness or aphasia . Body language has also been applied in the process of detecting deceit through micro-expressions , both in law enforcement and even in the world of poker. . Sometimes , Language Barrier could be such a problem to foreign people . Therefore , body language would be very beneficial to be used in communication . Instructional teaching ( edit ) Second - language acquisition ( edit ) The importance of body language in second - language acquisition was inspired by the fact that to successfully learn a language is to achieve discourse , strategic , and sociolinguistic competencies . Sociolinguistic competence includes understanding the body language that aids the use of a particular language . This is usually also highly culturally influenced . As such , a conscious ability to recognize and even perform this sort of body language is necessary to achieve fluency in a language beyond the discourse level . The importance of body language to verbal language use is the need to eliminate ambiguity and redundancy in comprehension . Pennycook ( 1985 ) suggests to limit the use of non-visual materials to facilitate the teaching of a second language to improve this aspect of communication . He calls this being not just bilingual but also ' bi-kinesic ' . Enhancing teaching ( edit ) Body language can be a useful aid not only in teaching a second language , but also in other areas . The idea behind using it is as a nonlinguistic input . It can be used to guide , hint , or urge a student towards the right answer . This is usually paired off with other verbal methods of guiding the student , be it through confirmation checks or modified language use . Tai in his 2014 paper provides a list of three main characteristic of body language and how they influence teaching . The features are intuition , communication , and suggestion . The intuitive feature of body language used in teaching is the exemplification of the language , especially individual words , through the use of matching body language . For example , when teaching about the word `` cry '' , teachers can imitate a crying person . This enables a deeper impression which is able to lead to greater understanding of the particular word . The communicative feature is the ability of body language to create an environment and atmosphere that is able to facilitate effective learning . A holistic environment is more productive for learning and the acquisition for new knowledge . The suggestive feature of body language uses body language as a tool to create opportunities for the students to gain additional information about a particular concept or word through pairing it with the body language itself . Detecting deceit ( edit ) Law enforcement ( edit ) Body language has seen use in the area of law enforcement . The relevance of body language in this area can be seen in the numerous Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) Law Enforcement Bulletins that have included it in their articles . The application of body language in law enforcement goes both ways . Members of law enforcement can use body language to catch unspoken clues by suspects or even victims , this enables a more calculated and more comprehensive judgement of people . The other side of body language is that of the investigators ' themselves . The body language of the members of law enforcement might influence the accuracy of eyewitness accounts . Poker ( edit ) Main article : Poker The game of poker involves not only an understanding of probability , but also the competence of reading and analyzing the body language of the opponents . A key component of poker is to be able to `` cheat '' the opponents . To spot these cheats , players must have the ability to spot the individual `` ticks '' of their opponents . Players also have to look out for signs that an opponent is doing well . Kinesics ( edit ) Main article : Kinesics Kinesics is the study and interpretation of nonverbal communication related to the movement of any part of the body or the body as a whole ; in layman 's terms , it is the study of body language . However , Ray Birdwhistell , who is considered the founder of this area of study , never used the term body language , and did not consider it appropriate . He argued that what can be conveyed with the body does not meet the linguist 's definition of language . Birdwhistell pointed out that `` human gestures differ from those of other animals in that they are polysemic , that they can be interpreted to have many different meanings depending on the communicative context in which they are produced '' . And , he `` resisted the idea that ' body language ' could be deciphered in some absolute fashion '' . He also indicated that `` every body movement must be interpreted broadly and in conjunction with every other element in communication '' . Despite that , body language is still more widely used than kinesics . See also ( edit ) Mirror neuron Imitation Literal and figurative language Metaphor Mimoplastic art Smiley Paul Ekman Allan Pease Facial Action Coding System Nonverbal learning disorder Autism spectrum References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Klima , Edward S. ; & Bellugi , Ursula. ( 1979 ) . The signs of language . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 80795 - 2 . Jump up ^ Sandler , Wendy ; & Lillo - Martin , Diane . ( 2006 ) . Sign Language and Linguistic Universals . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : Barfield , T ( 1997 ) . The dictionary of anthropology . Illinois : Blackwell Publishing . Jump up ^ Onsager , Mark . ( 1 ) `` Understanding the Importance of Non-Verbal Communication '' ) , Body Language Dictionary , New York , 19 May 2014 . Retrieved on 26 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kurien , Daisy N ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Body Language : Silent Communicator at the Workplace '' . IUP Journal of Soft Skills. 4 ( 1 / 2 ) : 29 -- 36 . ^ Jump up to : Gu , Yuanyuan ; Mai , Xiaoqin ; Luo , Yue - jia ; Di Russo , Francesco ( 23 July 2013 ) . `` Do Bodily Expressions Compete with Facial Expressions ? Time Course of Integration of Emotional Signals from the Face and the Body '' . PLoS ONE . 8 ( 7 ) : e66762 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0066762 . PMC 3720771 . PMID 23935825 . Jump up ^ Kret , ME ; Pichon , S ; Grezes , J ; de Gelder , B ( Jan 15 , 2011 ) . `` Similarities and differences in perceiving threat from dynamic faces and bodies . An fMRI study '' . NeuroImage. 54 ( 2 ) : 1755 -- 1762 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuroimage. 2010.08. 012 . PMID 20723605 . ^ Jump up to : Mondloch , Catherine J. ; Nelson , Nicole L. ; Horner , Matthew ; Pavlova , Marina ( 10 September 2013 ) . `` Asymmetries of Influence : Differential Effects of Body Postures on Perceptions of Emotional Facial Expressions '' . PLoS ONE . 8 ( 9 ) : e73605 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0073605 . PMC 3769306 . PMID 24039996 . Jump up ^ businessinsider ^ Jump up to : Black , Roxie M. ( 2011 ) . `` Cultural Considerations of Hand Use '' . Journal of Hand Therapy . 24 ( 2 ) : 104 -- 111 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jht. 2010.09. 067 . Jump up ^ Pease , Allan & Barbara ( 2004 ) . The Definitive Book of Body Language . Orion House , 5 Upper St Martin 's Lane , London WC2H 9EA : Orion Books Ltd. p. 230 . ISBN 0 - 75286 - 118 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ramadas , Nidhin . `` Handshake '' . Beckman Institute . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Covey , Stephen R. ; Tracy , Brian ; Hamilton , Jean , ' The Interview ' in Mission Possible : Learn How to Reach Your Potential from Some of the World 's Most Successful Possibility Thinkers 11th edition , Tennessee : Insight Publishing , 2006 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Bradbury , Andrew , ' Talking Body Language ' in Develop Your NLP Skills 3rd edition , London : Kogan Page , 2006 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Sullivan , Larry E. ( 31 August 2009 ) . The SAGE Glossary of the Social and Behavioral Sciences ( illustrated ed . ) . SAGE Publications . p. 577 . ISBN 1412951437 . ^ Jump up to : Cruz , William . `` Differences In Nonverbal Communication Styles between Cultures : The Latino - Anglo Perspective '' . Leadership and Management in Engineering . 1 ( 4 ) : 51 -- 53 . doi : 10.1061 / ( ASCE ) 1532 - 6748 ( 2001 ) 1 : 4 ( 51 ) . ISSN 1532 - 6748 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Haptics : The Use Of Touch In Communication '' . Body Language Project . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Hertenstein , Matthew J. ; Keltner , Dacher ; App , Betsy ; Bulleit , Brittany A. ; Jaskolka , Ariane R. ( 2006 ) . `` Touch Communicates Distinct Emotions '' ( PDF ) . Emotion. 6 ( 3 ) : 528 -- 533 . doi : 10.1037 / 1528 - 3542.6. 3.528 . Jump up ^ Heslin , R. ( 1974 , May ) Steps toward a taxomony of touching . Paper presented to the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association , Chicago , IL . ^ Jump up to : Walton , Donald ( May 1989 ) . Are You Communicating ? : You Ca n't Manage Without It ( First ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Companies . p. 244 . ISBN 0070680523 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Stanley E. & A. Elaine Yarbrough ; Yarbrough , A. Elaine ( 1985 ) . `` A naturalistic study of the meanings of touch '' . Communication Monographs. 52 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 56 . doi : 10.1080 / 03637758509376094 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Desmond ( 1977 ) . Manwatching : A Field Guide to Human Behavior ( illustrated ed . ) . Abrams . p. 320 . ISBN 0810913100 . Jump up ^ Burgoon , Judee K. ; Buller , David B. ; Woodall , William Gill ( 1996 ) . Nonverbal Communication : The Unspoken Dialogue ( 2nd ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0070089957 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Edward T. ( 1966 ) . The Hidden Dimension . Anchor Books . ISBN 0 - 385 - 08476 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Fast , Julius ( 2014 ) . Body Language . Open Road Media . ISBN 1497622689 . Jump up ^ Moore , Nina ( 2010 ) . Nonverbal Communication : Studies and Applications . New York : Oxford University Press ^ Jump up to : `` The significance of Body Language '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 April 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Hall , Edward T. ( 1968 ) . `` Proxemics '' ( PDF ) . Current Anthropology . The University of Chicago Press . 9 ( 2 / 3 ) : 88 . doi : 10.1086 / 200975 . JSTOR 2740724 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Proxemics and culture '' . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ekman , Paul ( 1971 ) . `` Universals and cultural differences in facial expression of emotion '' ( PDF ) . Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. 19 : 207 -- 283 . Jump up ^ Soto , Jose Angel ; Levenson , Robert W. ( 2009 ) . `` Emotion recognition across cultures : The influence of ethnicity on empathic accuracy and physiological linkage '' . Emotion. 9 ( 6 ) : 874 -- 884 . doi : 10.1037 / a0017399 . ^ Jump up to : Tracy , Jessica L. ; Robins , Richard W. ( 2008 ) . `` The nonverbal expression of pride : Evidence for cross-cultural recognition '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 94 ( 3 ) : 516 -- 530 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.94. 3.516 . Jump up ^ O'Toole , Alice J. ; Peterson , Jennifer ; Deffenbacher , Kenneth A. ( 1996 ) . `` An `` other - race effect '' for categorizing faces by sex `` . Perception. 25 ( 6 ) : 669 -- 676 . doi : 10.1068 / p250669 . Jump up ^ Marsh , A.A. ; Elfenbein , H.A. ; Ambady , N. ( 2003 ) . `` Nonverbal `` accents '' : Cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion `` . Psychological Science . 14 ( 4 ) : 373 -- 376 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 9280.24461 . PMID 12807413 . Jump up ^ Russell , James A. ( 1994 ) . `` Is There Universal Recognition of Emotion From Facial Expression ? A Review of the Cross-Cultural Studies '' ( PDF ) . Psychological Bulletin . 115 ( 1 ) : 102 -- 141 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.115. 1.102 . PMID 8202574 . Jump up ^ Gregersen , Tammy S. ( July 2007 ) . `` Language learning beyond words : Incorporating body language into classroom activities '' . Reflections on English Language Teaching. 6 : 51 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Caro , Mike ( 1994 ) . The Body Language of Poker : Mike Caro 's Book of Tells . ^ Jump up to : Kellerman , Susan ( 1992 ) . `` I see what you mean : The role of kinesic behaviour in listening and the implications for foreign and second language learning '' . Applied Linguistics. 13 ( 3 ) : 239 -- 258 . doi : 10.1093 / applin / 13.3. 239 . Jump up ^ Pennycook , Alastair ( 1985 ) . `` Actions speak louder than words : Paralanguage , communication , and education '' . TESOL Quarterly . 19 ( 2 ) : 259 -- 282 . doi : 10.2307 / 3586829 . Jump up ^ Brandl , Klaus ( 2007 ) . Communicative Language Teaching in Action : Putting Principles to Work . ^ Jump up to : Tai , Yuanyuan ( 2014 ) . `` The Application of Body Language in English Teaching '' . Journal of Language Teaching and Research . 5 ( 5 ) : 1205 -- 1209 . doi : 10.4304 / jltr. 5.5. 1205 - 1209 . Jump up ^ Pinizzoto , Anthony J. ; Davis , Edward F. ; Miller III , Charles E. ( March 2006 ) . `` Dead Right '' . 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Body_language&oldid=834416604 '' Categories : Human positions Nonverbal communication Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 16 : 34 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20language
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where are the pores of the sweat glands located
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Eccrine sweat glands are distributed almost all over the human body , in varying densities , with the highest density in palms and soles , then on the head , but much less on the trunk and the extremities . Its water - based secretion represents a primary form of cooling in humans . Apocrine sweat glands are mostly limited to the axilla ( armpits ) and perianal areas in humans . They are not significant for cooling in humans , but are the sole effective sweat glands in hoofed animals , such as the camels , donkeys , horses , and cattle .
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Eccrine sweat glands are distributed almost all over the human body|Apocrine sweat glands are mostly limited to the axilla ( armpits ) and perianal areas
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Sweat gland
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sweat gland
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Sweat glands , also known as sudoriferous or sudoriparous glands , from Latin sudor , meaning ' sweat ' , are small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat . Sweat glands are a type of exocrine gland , which are glands that produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct . There are two main types of sweat glands that differ in their structure , function , secretory product , mechanism of excretion , anatomic distribution , and distribution across species :
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Eccrine sweat glands are distributed almost all over the human body , in varying densities , with the highest density in palms and soles , then on the head , but much less on the trunk and the extremities . Its water - based secretion represents a primary form of cooling in humans . Apocrine sweat glands are mostly limited to the axilla ( armpits ) and perianal areas in humans . They are not significant for cooling in humans , but are the sole effective sweat glands in hoofed animals , such as the camels , donkeys , horses , and cattle . Ceruminous glands ( which produce ear wax ) , mammary glands ( which produce milk ) , and ciliary glands in the eyelids are modified apocrine sweat glands . Contents 1 Structure 2 Distribution 2.1 Animals 3 Types 3.1 Eccrine 3.2 Apocrine 3.3 Apoeccrine 3.4 Others 4 Sweat 4.1 Mechanism 4.2 Stimuli 4.2. 1 Thermal 4.2. 2 Emotional 4.2. 3 Gustatory 4.3 Antiperspirant 5 Pathology 5.1 Tumors 5.2 As signs in other illnesses 6 See also 7 Gallery 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Structure ( edit ) Body of a sweat gland cut in various directions Generally , sweat glands consist of a secretory unit consisting of a base rolled into a glomerulum , and a duct that carries the sweat away . The secretory coil or base , is set deep in the lower dermis and hypodermis , and the entire gland is surrounded by adipose tissue . In both sweat gland types , the secretory coils are surrounded by contractile myoepithelial cells that function to facilitate excretion of secretory product . The secretory activities of the gland cells and the contractions of myoepithelial cells are controlled by both the autonomic nervous system and by the circulating hormones . The distal or apical part of the duct that opens to the skin 's surface is known as the acrosyringium . Each sweat gland receives several nerve fibers that branch out into bands of one or more axons and encircle the individual tubules of the secretory coil . Capillaries are also interwoven among sweat tubules . Differences Between Eccrine & Apocrine Sweat Glands Eccrine Glands Apocrine Glands Overall diameter of secretory coil 500 - 700 μm 800 μm Diameter of individual secretory tubule 30 - 40 μm 80 - 100 μm Composition of secretory unit single layer , mixed clear cells & dark cells single layer columnar cells Composition of ductal epithelium two or more layers of cuboidal cells double layer of cuboidal cells Duct opens to skin surface hair follicle , sometimes nearby skin surface Distribution ( edit ) The number of active sweat glands varies greatly among different people , though comparisons between different areas ( ex . axillae vs. groin ) show the same directional changes ( certain areas always have more active sweat glands while others always have fewer ) . According to Henry Gray 's estimates , the palm has around 370 sweat glands per cm ; the back of the hand has 200 per cm ; the forehead has 175 per cm ; the breast , abdomen , and forearm have 155 per cm ; and the back and legs have 60 -- 80 per cm . In the finger pads , sweat glands are somewhat irregularly spaced on the epidermal ridges . There are no pores between the ridges , though sweat tends to spill into them . The thick epidermis of the palms and soles causes the sweat glands to become spirally coiled . Animals ( edit ) Non-primate mammals have eccrine sweat glands only on the palms and soles . Apocrine glands cover the rest of the body , though they are not as effective as humans ' in temperature regulation ( with the exception of horses ' ) . Prosimians have a 1 : 20 ratio of follicles with apocrine glands versus follicles without . They have eccrine glands between hairs over most of their body ( while humans have them between the hairs on their scalp ) . The overall distribution of sweat glands varies among primates : the rhesus and patas monkeys have them on the chest ; the squirrel monkey has them only on the palms and soles ; and the stump - tailed macaque , Japanese monkey , and baboon have them over the entire body . Domestic animals have apocrine glands at the base of each hair follicle , but eccrine glands only in foot pads and snout . Their apocrine glands , like those in humans , produce an odorless oily milky secretion evolved not to evaporate and cool but rather coat and stick to hair so odor - causing bacteria can grow on it . Eccrine glands on their foot pads , like those on palms and soles of humans , did not evolve to cool either but rather increase friction and enhance grip . Dogs and cats have apocrine glands that are specialized in both structure and function located at the eyelids ( Moll 's glands ) , ears ( ceruminous glands ) , anal sac , prepuce vulva , and circumanal area . Types ( edit ) Eccrine ( edit ) Main article : Eccrine sweat gland Eccrine sweat glands are everywhere except the lips , ear canal , prepuce , glans penis , labia minora , and clitoris . They are ten times smaller than apocrine sweat glands , do not extend as deeply into the dermis , and excrete directly onto the surface of the skin . The proportion of eccrine glands decreases with age . The clear secretion produced by eccrine sweat glands is termed sweat or sensible perspiration . Sweat is mostly water , but it does contain some electrolytes , since it is derived from blood plasma . The presence of sodium chloride gives sweat a salty taste . The total volume of sweat produced depends on the number of functional glands and the size of the surface opening . The degree of secretory activity is regulated by neural and hormonal mechanisms ( men sweat more than women ) . When all of the eccrine sweat glands are working at maximum capacity , the rate of perspiration for a human being may exceed three liters per hour , and dangerous losses of fluids and electrolytes can occur . Eccrine glands have three primary functions : Thermoregulation : sweat cools the surface of the skin and reduces body temperature . Excretion : eccrine sweat gland secretion can also provide a significant excretory route for water and electrolytes . Protection : eccrine sweat gland secretion aids in preserving the skin 's acid mantle , which helps protect the skin from colonization from bacteria and other pathogenic organisms . Apocrine ( edit ) Main article : Apocrine sweat gland Apocrine sweat glands are found in the armpit , areola ( around the nipples ) , perineum ( between the anus and genitals ) , in the ear , and in the eyelids . The secretory portion is larger than that of eccrine glands ( making them larger overall ) . Rather than opening directly onto the surface of the skin , apocrine glands secrete sweat into the pilary canal of the hair follicle . Before puberty , the apocrine sweat glands are inactive ; hormonal changes in puberty cause the glands to increase in size and begin functioning . The substance secreted is thicker than eccrine sweat and provides nutrients for bacteria on the skin : the bacteria 's decomposition of sweat is what creates the acrid odor . Apocrine sweat glands are most active in times of stress and sexual excitement . In mammals ( including humans ) , apocrine sweat contains pheromone - like compounds to attract other organisms within their species . Study of human sweat has revealed differences between men and women in apocrine secretions and bacteria . Apoeccrine ( edit ) Some human sweat glands can not be classified as either apocrine or eccrine , having characteristics of both ; such glands are termed apoeccrine . They are larger than eccrine glands , but smaller than apocrine glands . Their secretory portion has a narrow portion similar to secretory coils in eccrine glands as well as a wide section reminiscent of apocrine glands . Apoeccrine , found in the armpits and perianal region , have ducts opening onto the skin surface . They are presumed to have developed in puberty from the eccrine glands , and can comprise up to 50 % of all axillary glands . Apoeccrine glands secrete more sweat than both eccrine and apocrine glands , thus playing a large role in axillary sweating . Apoeccrine glands are sensitive to cholinergic activity , though they can also be activated via adrenergic stimulation . Like eccrine glands , they continuously secrete a thin , watery sweat . Others ( edit ) Specialized sweat glands , including the ceruminous glands , mammary glands , ciliary glands of the eyelids , and sweat glands of the nasal vestibulum , are modified apocrine glands . Ceruminous glands are near the ear canals , and produce cerumen ( earwax ) that mixes with the oil secreted from sebaceous glands . Mammary glands use apocrine secretion to produce milk . Sweat ( edit ) Sweat glands are used to regulate temperature and remove waste by secreting water , sodium salts , and nitrogenous waste ( such as urea ) onto the skin surface . The main electrolytes of sweat are sodium and chloride , though the amount is small enough to make sweat hypotonic at the skin surface . Eccrine sweat is clear , odorless , and is composed of 98 -- 99 % water ; it also contains NaCl , fatty acids , lactic acid , citric acid , ascorbic acid , urea , and uric acid . Its pH ranges from 4 to 6.8 . On the other hand , the apocrine sweat has a pH of 6 to 7.5 ; it contains water , proteins , carbohydrate waste material , lipids , and steroids . The sweat is oily , cloudy , viscous , and originally odorless ; it gains odor upon decomposition by bacteria . Because both apocrine glands and sebaceous glands open into the hair follicle , apocrine sweat is mixed with sebum . Mechanism ( edit ) In apocrine secretion ( pictured ) , portions of the cell are pinched off and later disintegrate . It was originally thought that both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands used merocrine secretion , where vesicles in the gland released sweat via exocytosis , leaving the entire cell intact . More recent studies have revealed that apocrine glands release sweat in the hair follicle via apocrine secretion , where portions of the cell are actually pinched off , and disintegrate later to excrete sweat . In both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands , the sweat is originally produced in the gland 's coil , where it is isotonic with the blood plasma there . When the rate of sweating is low , salt is conserved and reabsorbed by the gland 's duct ; high sweat rates , on the other hand , lead to less salt reabsorption and allow more water to evaporate on the skin ( via osmosis ) to increase evaporative cooling . Secretion of sweat occurs when the myoepithelial cell cells surrounding the secretory glands contract . Eccrine sweat increases the rate of bacterial growth and volatilizes the odor compounds of apocrine sweat , strengthening the latter 's acrid smell . Normally , only a certain number of sweat glands are actively producing sweat . When stimuli call for more sweating , more sweat glands are activated , with each then producing more sweat . Stimuli ( edit ) Thermal ( edit ) Both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands participate in thermal ( thermoregulatory ) sweating , which is directly controlled by the hypothalamus . Thermal sweating is stimulated by a combination of internal body temperature and mean skin temperature . In eccrine sweat glands , stimulation occurs via activation by acetylcholine , which binds to the gland 's muscarinic receptors . Emotional ( edit ) Emotional sweating is stimulated by stress , anxiety , fear , and pain ; it is independent of ambient temperature . Acetylcholine acts on the eccrine glands and adrenaline acts on both eccrine and apocrine glands to produce sweat . Emotional sweating can occur anywhere , though it is most evident on the palms , soles of the feet , and axillary regions . Sweating on the palms and soles is thought to have evolved as a fleeing reaction in mammals : it increases friction and prevents slipping when running or climbing in stressful situations . Gustatory ( edit ) Gustatory sweating refers to thermal sweating induced by the ingestion of food . The increase in metabolism caused by ingestion raises body temperature , leading to thermal sweating . Hot and spicy foods also leads to mild gustatory sweating in the face , scalp and neck : capsaicin ( the compound that makes spicy food taste `` hot '' ) , binds to receptors in the mouth that detect warmth . The increased stimulation of such receptors induces a thermoregulatory response . Antiperspirant ( edit ) Unlike deodorant , which simply reduces axillary odor without affecting body functions , antiperspirant reduces both eccrine and apocrine sweating . Antiperspirants , which are classified as drugs , cause proteins to precipitate and mechanically block eccrine ( and sometimes apocrine ) sweat ducts . The metal salts found in antiperspirants alters the keratin fibrils in the ducts ; the ducts then close and form a `` horny plug '' . The main active ingredients in modern antiperspirants are aluminum chloride , aluminum chlorohydrate , aluminum zirconium chlorohydrate , and buffered aluminum sulfate . On apocrine glands , antiperspirants also contain antibacterial agents such as trichlorocarbanilide , hexamethylene tetramine , and zinc ricinoleate . The salts are dissolved in ethanol and mixed with essential oils high in eugenol and thymol ( such as thyme and clove oils ) . Antiperspirants may also contain levomethamphetamine Pathology ( edit ) Diseases of the sweat glands include : Fox - Fordyce disease The apocrine sweat glands become inflamed , causing a persistent , itchy rash , usually in the axillae and pubic areas . Frey 's Syndrome If the auriculotemporal nerve is damaged ( most often as a result of a Parotidectomy ) , excess sweat can be produced in the rear of the cheek area ( just below the ear ) in response to stimuli that cause salivation . Heatstroke When the eccrine glands become exhausted and unable to secrete sweat . Heatstroke can lead to fatal hyperpyrexia ( extreme rise in body temperature ) . Hyperhidrosis ( also known as polyhidrosis or sudorrhea ) is a pathological , excessive sweating that can be either generalized or localized ( focal hyperhidrosis ) ; focal hyperhidrosis occurs most often on the palms , soles , face , scalp and axillae . Hyperhidrosis is usually brought on by emotional or thermal stress , but it can also occur or with little to no stimulus . Local ( or asymmetrical ) hyperhidrosis is said to be caused by problems in the sympathetic nervous system : either lesions or nerve inflammation . Hyperhidrosis can also be caused by trench foot or encephalitis . Milaria rubra Also called prickly heat . Milaria rubra is the rupture of sweat glands and migration of sweat to other tissues . In hot environments , the skin 's horny layer can expand due to sweat retention , blocking the ducts of eccrine sweat glands . The glands , still stimulated by high temperatures , continues to secrete . Sweat builds up in the duct , causing enough pressure to rupture the duct where it meets the epidermis . Sweat also escapes the duct to adjacent tissues ( a process called milaria ) . Hypohydrosis then follows milaria ( postmiliarial hypohydrosis ) . Osmidrosis Often called bromhidrosis , especially in combination with hyperhidrosis . Osmohidrosis is excessive odor from apocrine sweat glands ( which are overactive in the axillae ) . Osmidrosis is thought to be caused by changes in the apocrine gland structure rather than changes in the bacteria that acts on sweat . Tumors ( edit ) Sweat gland tumors include : Acrospiroma Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma Apocrine gland carcinoma Ceruminoma Cutaneous myoepithelioma Cylindroma Eccrine carcinoma Hidradenoma papilliferum Hidrocystoma Microcystic adnexal carcinoma Mucinous carcinoma Papillary eccrine adenoma Syringadenoma papilliferum Syringofibroadenoma Syringoma Adenolipomas are lipomas associated with eccrine sweat glands . As signs in other illnesses ( edit ) Many diseases cause sweat gland dysfunction : Acromegaly , a result of excess growth hormone , causes the size of sweat glands increase , which leads to thicker skin . Aquagenic wrinkling of the palms , in which white papules develop on the palms after exposure to water , can sometimes come with abnormal aquaporin 5 in the sweat glands . Cystic fibrosis can be diagnosed by a sweat test , as the disease causes the sweat glands ducts to reabsorb less chloride , leading to higher concentrations of chloride in the secreted sweat . Ectodermal dysplasia can present a lack of sweat glands . Fabry disease , characterized by excess globotriaosylceramide ( GL3 ) , causes a decrease in sweat gland function due to GL3 deposits in the eccrine glands . GM gangliosidoses , characterized by abnormal lipid storage , leads to vacuolization in eccrine sweat gland cells . Hunter syndrome can include metachromin granules and mucin in the cytoplasm of the eccrine sweat gland cells . Hypothyroidism 's low levels of thyroid hormone lead to decreased secretions from sweat glands ; the result is dry , coarse skin . Kearns -- Sayre syndrome , a disease of the mitochondria , involves abnormal mitochondria in eccrine sweat glands . Lafora disease is a rare genetic disorder marked by the presence of abnormal polyglucosan deposits . These `` Lafora bodies '' appear in the ducts of sweat glands , as well as the myoepithelial cells of apocrine glands . Lichen striatus , a self - limited eruption of small , slightly scaly papules , includes a lymphoid infiltrate around eccrine sweat glands . Metachromatic leukodystrophy , a lysosomal storage disease , leads to the accumulation of lipopigments and lysosomal residual bodies in the epithelial cells of sweat glands . Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis causes abnormal deposits of lipopigment in sweat gland epithelial cells ( among other places ) . Neutral lipid storage disease includes abnormal lipid deposits in cells , including those of the sweat gland . Niemann - Pick disease type C , another lipid storage disease , includes abnormal lipid storage in sweat glands . Schindler disease causes cytoplasmic vacuoles that appear to be empty or contain filamentous material to manifest in eccrine sweat gland cells . Small fiber peripheral neuropathy can damage the nerves that control the sweat glands . The sweat gland nerve fiber density test can diagnose this condition . See also ( edit ) Sudomotor Gallery ( edit ) Transverse view of the skin with sweat glands highlighted Transverse view of the eyelid with sweat glands highlighted A human mammary gland Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology ( 2008 ) . Terminologia histologica : international terms for human cytology and histology . Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 121 . ISBN 9780781775373 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Henry ( 1918 ) . `` The Organs of the Senses and the Common Integument '' . Anatomy of the Human Body ( 20th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger . ^ Jump up to : Neas , John F. `` Development of the Integumentary System '' . In Martini , Frederic H. ; Timmons , Michael J. ; Tallitsch , Bob . Embryology Atlas ( 4th ed . ) . Benjamin Cumings . Archived from the original on 8 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Krstic 2004 , p. 464 . ^ Jump up to : Krstic 2004 , p. 466 . Jump up ^ `` sudoriferous '' . The New Oxford American Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . ^ Jump up to : `` sweat gland '' . Miller - Keane Encyclopedia & Dictionary of Medicine , Nursing , and Allied Health ( 7th ed . ) . Saunders. 2003 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kurosumi , Shibasaki & Ito 1984 , p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Folk Jr & Semken Jr 1991 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Bullard , R.W. ; Dill , D.B. ; Yousef , M.K. ( 1970 ) . `` Responses of the burro to desert heat stress '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 29 ( 2 ) : 159 -- 67 . PMID 5428889 . Jump up ^ Sørensen & Prasad 1973 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Ackerman , A. Bernard ; Böer , Almut ; Bennin , Bruce ; Gottlieb , Geoffrey J. ( 2005 ) . `` Embryologic , Histologic , and Anatomic Aspects '' . Histologic Diagnosis of Inflammatory Skin Diseases An Algorithmic Method Based on Pattern Analysis . ISBN 9781893357259 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Randall , Walter C. ( September 1946 ) . `` Quantitation and Regional Distribution of Sweat Glands in Man 1 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Clinical Investigation . 25 ( 5 ) : 761 -- 767 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI101760 . ISSN 0021 - 9738 . PMC 435616 . PMID 16695370 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Caceci , Thomas . `` Integument I : Skin '' . VM8054 Veterinary Histology Laboratory Exercises . Virginia -- Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine . Archived from the original on 6 January 2013 . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Kurosumi , Shibasaki & Ito 1984 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Eroschenko 2008 , pp. 222 , 226 , 228 . ^ Jump up to : Bolognia , Jorizzo , Schaffer ( 2012 ) . Dermatology . Structure and Function of Eccrine , Apocrine and Sebaceous Glands ( 3rd ed . ) . pp. 539 -- 544 . ISBN 978 - 0723435716 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kennedy , W.R. ; Wendelschafer - Crabb , G. ; Brelje , T.C. ( November 1994 ) . `` Innervation and vasculature of human sweat glands : an immunohistochemistry - laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy study '' . The Journal of Neuroscience. 14 ( 11 pt. 2 ) : 6825 . ISSN 0270 - 6474 . Jump up ^ Wilke et al. 2007 , pp. 173 , 175 . ^ Jump up to : Eroschenko 2008 , p. 228 . ^ Jump up to : Randall 2012 . Jump up ^ Folk Jr & Semken Jr 1991 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Folk Jr & Semken Jr 1991 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Merck Sharp ; Dohme Corp . `` Cutaneous Apocrine Gland Tumors '' . The Merck Veterinary Manual . Jump up ^ Slatter , Douglas H. , ed. ( 2003 ) . Textbook of Small Animal Surgery . 2 . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 253 . ISBN 9780721686073 . Jump up ^ Spearman , Richard Ian Campbell ( 1973 ) . The Integument : A Textbook For Skin Biology . Biological Structure and Function Books . 3 . CUP Archive . p. 135 . ISBN 9780521200486 . Jump up ^ Wilke et al. 2007 , pp. 175 -- 176 . Jump up ^ Hickman , Jr. , Cleveland P. ; Roberts , Larry S. ; Larson , Allan ( April 2003 ) . Integrated principles of zoology ( 12th ed . ) . Boston : McGraw - Hill . p. 634 . ISBN 9780072439403 . ^ Jump up to : Wilke et al. 2007 , p. 170 . ^ Jump up to : Romich 2009 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Marples , Mary J. ( 1965 ) . The ecology of the human skin . ISBN 9780398012182 . OL 5915977M . Jump up ^ `` apocrine sweat gland '' . Mosby 's Medical Dictionary ( 8th ed . ) . Elsevier . 2009 , cited in `` apocrine sweat gland '' . The Free Dictionary . Farlex . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Braun - Falco , Otto ; Plewig , Gerd ; Wolff , Helmut H. ; Burgdorf , Walter H.C. ( 1 January 2000 ) . `` Diseases of the Apocrine Sweat Glands '' . Dermatology . Springer Berlin Heidelberg . pp. 1083 -- 1086 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 97933 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dorland 's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers . Saunders. 2007 , cited in `` apocrine sweat gland '' . The Free Dictionary . Farlex . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ The American Heritage Medical Dictionary . Houghton Mifflin Company . 2007 , cited in `` apocrine sweat gland '' . The Free Dictionary . Farlex . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Currie , Ariel ; Coshnear , Hank ; Quinn , Mila ; Sand , Logan . `` Human Pheromones '' . Macalaster College . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wilke et al. 2007 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Grant , ed. ( 2007 ) . Therapeutic Uses of Botulinum Toxin . Totowa , N.J. : Humana Press . p. 155 . ISBN 9781597452472 . Jump up ^ Böni , R. ; Groscurth , P. ( 2002 ) . `` Anatomy of Sweat Glands '' . In Kreyden , O.P. ; Burg , G. Current Problems in Dermatology. 30 . Basel : KARGER . pp. 1 -- 9 . ISBN 3 - 8055 - 7306 - 5 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Kreyden , Oliver Philip ; Böni , Roland Emil ; Burg , Günter ( 2002 ) . Hyperhidrosis and Botulinum Toxin in Dermatology : 18 Tables . Karger Publishers . p. 8 . ISBN 3805573065 . ^ Jump up to : Wilke et al. 2007 , p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : Wilke et al. 2007 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : McMurtrie , Hogin ( 28 November 2006 ) . McMurtrie 's Human Anatomy Coloring Book : A Systemic Approach to the Study of the Human Body : Thirteen Systems . Sterling Publishing Company , Inc. p. 430 . ISBN 9781402737886 . Jump up ^ Romich 2009 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Van Lommel , Alfons T.L. ( 2003 ) . From Cells to Organs : A Histology Textbook and Atlas . Springer . pp. 199 , 201 . ISBN 9781402072574 . Jump up ^ Eroschenko 2008 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Frontera , Walter R. ( 2007 ) . Clinical Sports Medicine : Medical Management and Rehabilitation . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 29 . ISBN 1416024433 . Jump up ^ Slegers & 1964 271 . ^ Jump up to : Draelos , Zoe Diana ( 2010 ) . `` Prevention of Cosmetic Problems '' . In Norman , R.A. Preventitive Dermatology . Springer . p. 182 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 84996 - 021 - 2_16 . ISBN 9781849960267 . Jump up ^ Randall 2012 , p. 254 -- 255 . Jump up ^ Slegers 1964 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Slegers 1964 , p. 272 . ^ Jump up to : Tsai 2006 , p. 497 . Jump up ^ Shibasaki , Wilson & Crandall 2006 , p. 1694 . ^ Jump up to : Folk Jr & Semken Jr 1991 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Shibasaki , Wilson & Crandall 2006 , p. 1693 . Jump up ^ Kasture et al. 2008 , p. 15.15 . Jump up ^ Kasture et al. 2008 , p. 15.14 . ^ Jump up to : `` skin disease '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kasture et al. 2008 , p. 15.16 . Jump up ^ `` disease '' . Dorland 's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers . Saunders. 2007 . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Frey 's Syndrome '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 2006 . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Tsai 2006 , p. 496 . ^ Jump up to : `` hyperhidrosis '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ James , Berger & Elston 2011 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ James , Berger & Elston 2011 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ James , Berger & Elston 2011 . Jump up ^ James , Berger & Elston 2011 , p. 612 . Jump up ^ Rubin & Strayer 2011 , p. 1043 . Jump up ^ James , Berger & Elston 2011 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Daniel ; Shelov , Steven P. ( 29 July 2011 ) . Pediatrics for Medical Students . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 504 . ISBN 9780781770309 . Jump up ^ `` Ectodermal dysplasia '' . MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia . U.S. National Library of Medicine . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Elstein , Deborah ( 1 January 2010 ) . Fabry Disease . Springer . pp. 84 , 358 . ISBN 9789048190331 . Jump up ^ Drut , Ricardo ( 1978 ) . `` Eccrine Sweat Gland Involvement in GM1 Gangliosidosis '' . Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 5 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 36 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0560.1978. tb00935. x . ISSN 1600 - 0560 . Jump up ^ James , Berger & Elston 2011 , p. 534 . Jump up ^ Rubin & Strayer 2011 , p. 1048 . Jump up ^ Martin , J.J. ( 31 January 1984 ) . `` Neuropathological Diagnostic Methods '' . In Neetens , A. ; Lowenthal , A. ; Martin , J.J. Visual System in Myelin Disorders . The Netherlands : Springer . p. 367 . ISBN 9789061938071 . Jump up ^ Rubio , G. ; Garcia Guijo , C. ; Mallada , J.J. ; Cabello , A. ; Garcia Merino , A. ( November 1992 ) . `` Diagnosis by axilla skin biopsy in an early case of Lafora 's disease '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Neurology , Neurosurgery , and Psychiatry . 55 ( 11 ) : 1084 -- 1085 . doi : 10.1136 / jnnp. 55.11. 1084 . ISSN 0022 - 3050 . PMC 1015298 . PMID 1469407 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ James , Berger & Elston 2011 , p. 223 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Goebel , H.H. ; Busch , H. ( 1989 ) . `` Abnormal lipopigments and lysosomal residual bodies in metachromatic leukodystrophy '' . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology . 266 : 299 -- 309 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4899 - 5339 - 1_21 . ISSN 0065 - 2598 . Jump up ^ Carlén , B. ; Englund , E. ( August 2001 ) . `` Diagnostic value of electron microscopy in a case of juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis '' . Ultrastructural pathology. 25 ( 4 ) : 285 -- 288 . doi : 10.1080 / 019131201753136296 . ISSN 0191 - 3123 . PMID 11577772 . Jump up ^ James , Berger & Elston 2011 , p. 555 . Jump up ^ Elleder , M. ; Jirásek , A. ; Smíd , F. ( 19 December 1975 ) . `` Niemann - Pick disease ( Crocker 's type C ) : A histological study of the distribution and qualitative differences for the storage process '' . Acta Neuropathologica. 33 ( 3 ) : 191 -- 200 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00688393 . ISSN 0001 - 6322 . Jump up ^ Pavelka , Margit ; Roth , Jurgen ( 1 January 2010 ) . Functional Ultrastructure : Atlas of Tissue Biology and Pathology . Springer . p. 332 . ISBN 9783211993903 . Jump up ^ `` Sweat Gland Nerve Fiber Density '' . Therapath . References ( edit ) Eroschenko , Victor P. ( 2008 ) . `` Integumentary System '' . DiFiore 's Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 212 -- 234 . ISBN 9780781770576 . Folk Jr , G. Edgar ; Semken Jr , A. ( 1 September 1991 ) . `` The evolution of sweat glands '' . International Journal of Biometeorology. 35 ( 3 ) : 180 -- 186 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01049065 . ISSN 0020 - 7128 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Kasture , P.V. ; Gokhal , S.B. ; Parakh , S.R. ; Paradkar , A.R. ( 7 September 2008 ) . Pharmaceutics - II : Second Year Diploma in Pharmacy ( 10 ed . ) . Nirali Prakashan . pp. 15.14 -- 15.16 . ISBN 9788185790220 . Kurosumi , Kazumasa ; Shibasaki , Susumu ; Ito , Toshiho ( 1984 ) . `` Cytology of the Secretion in Mammalian Sweat Glands '' . In Bourne , Geoffrey H. ; Danielli , James F. Protein Diffusion in Cell Membranes : Some Biological Implications . Orlando , Florida : Academic Press . pp. 253 -- 330 . ISBN 9780123644879 . James , William D. ; Berger , Timothy G. ; Elston , Dirk M. ( 2011 ) . Andrews ' Diseases of the Skin : Clinical Dermatology ( 11th ed . ) . London : Elsevier . ISBN 9781437703146 . Krstic , Radivoj V. ( 18 March 2004 ) . Human Microscopic Anatomy : An Atlas for Students of Medicine and Biology . Springer . pp. 464 , 466 -- 469 . ISBN 9783540536666 . Rubin , Raphael ; Strayer , David Sheldon ( 29 March 2011 ) . Rubin 's Pathology : Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 1043 , 1048 . ISBN 9781605479682 . Shibasaki , Manabu ; Wilson , Thad E. ; Crandall , Craig G. ( 2006 ) . `` Neural control and mechanisms of eccrine sweating during heat stress and exercise '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 100 ( 5 ) : 1692 -- 1701 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 01124.2005 . ISSN 8750 - 7587 . PMID 16614366 . Sørensen , Vibeke W. ; Prasad , Gaya ( 1973 ) . `` On the fine structure of horse sweat glands '' . Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte. 139 ( 2 ) : 173 -- 183 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00523636 . PMID 4352229 . Slegers , J.F.G. ( 1964 ) . `` The mechanism of sweat - secretion '' ( pdf ) . Pflüger 's Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere . Springer - Verlag. 279 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 273 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00362480 . ISSN 1432 - 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Tsai , Ren - Yu ( 1 January 2006 ) . `` Treatment of Excessive Axillary Sweat Syndrome ( Hyperhidrosis , Osmidrosis , Bromhidrosis ) with Liposuction '' . In Shiffman , Melvin A. ; Di Giuseppe , Alberto . Liposuction : Non-Cosmetic Applications . Germany : Springer . pp. 496 -- 497 . ISBN 9783540280439 . Wilke , K. ; Martin , A. ; Terstegen , L. ; Biel , S.S. ( June 2007 ) . `` A short history of sweat gland biology '' ( pdf ) . International Journal of Cosmetic Science . 29 ( 3 ) : 169 -- 179 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 2494.2007. 00387. x . ISSN 1468 - 2494 . PMID 18489347 . External links ( edit ) Histology of sweat glands Skin and related structures Skin Epidermis Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Basal keratinocyte Lamina lucida Lamina densa Dermis Papillary Dermal papillae Reticular Subcutaneous tissue Panniculus / Pannus ( Panniculus adiposus Panniculus carnosus ) Membranous layer Loose connective tissue Superficial fascia Adnexa Skin glands Sweat glands : Apocrine sweat gland Eccrine sweat gland Sebaceous Hair Root sheath Outer root sheath Inner root sheath Henle 's layer Huxley 's layer Hair shaft Cuticle Cortex Medulla Bulb with matrix cells Hair follicle Muscle Arrector pili muscle Pilosebaceous unit Hair sebaceous gland Nail Nail matrix Nail plate Lunula Eponychium Paronychium Hyponychium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweat_gland&oldid=848739377 '' Categories : Glands Exocrine system Skin anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių 日本 語 Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська اردو 粵語 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2018 , at 00 : 03 ( UTC ) . 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Australia Use National flag and state ensign Proportion 1 : 2 Adopted 11 February 1903 in use from 3 September 1901 23 February 1908 ( current seven - pointed Commonwealth Star version ) Design A Blue Ensign defaced with the Commonwealth Star ( also known as the Federation Star ) in the lower hoist quarter and the five stars of the Southern Cross in the fly half . Variant flag of Australia Name Australian Red Ensign Use Civil ensign Proportion 1 : 2 Design A Red Ensign defaced with the Commonwealth / Federation Star at the hoist , and the Southern Cross in the fly half Variant flag of Australia Name Australian White Ensign Use Naval ensign Proportion 1 : 2 Adopted First used on RAN ships in 1967 . Design A defaced British White Ensign without the cross . The cross is replaced with the Southern Cross and the Commonwealth Star / Federation Star . The flag of Australia is a defaced Blue Ensign : a blue field with the Union Jack in the canton ( upper hoist quarter ) , and a large white seven - pointed star known as the Commonwealth Star in the lower hoist quarter . The fly contains a representation of the Southern Cross constellation , made up of five white stars -- one small five - pointed star and four , larger , seven - pointed stars . There are other official flags representing Australia , its people and core functions of government . The flag 's original design ( with a six - pointed Commonwealth Star ) was chosen in 1901 from entries in a competition held following Federation , and was first flown in Melbourne on 3 September 1901 , the date proclaimed as Australian National Flag Day . A slightly different design was approved by King Edward VII in 1903 . The seven - pointed commonwealth star version was introduced by a proclamation dated 23 February 1908 . The dimensions were formally gazetted in 1934 , and in 1954 the flag became recognised by , and legally defined in , the Flags Act 1953 , as the `` Australian National Flag '' . Contents 1 Devices 2 Construction 3 Colours 4 Protocol 5 History 5.1 1901 Federal Flag Design Competition 5.1. 1 Blue or red ensign ? 5.2 Replacement of the Union Jack 5.3 The Australian flag at war 5.3. 1 World War I 5.3. 2 World War II 5.3. 2.1 POW camp flags 5.3. 3 Korea and Vietnam 5.4 Flags Act 1953 6 Flag Day 7 Centenary and other notable flags 7.1 Centenary flag of state 7.2 Parliament house centenary flag 7.3 Townsville flag 7.4 Moon flag 7.5 Sir Charles Kingsford Smith flags 7.6 Gallipoli flags 7.7 Darwin bombing flag 8 Other Australian flags 9 Debate 10 References 11 External links Devices ( edit ) Constituent parts of the flag of Australia Flags forming the Union Jack Southern Cross Commonwealth Star The Australian flag uses three prominent symbols : the Union Flag , the Commonwealth Star ( also the Federation Star ) and the Southern Cross ( or Crux ) . In its original usage as the flag of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , the Union Flag combined three heraldic crosses which represent the constituent countries of the United Kingdom ( as constituted in 1801 ) : The red St George 's Cross of England The white diagonal St Andrew 's Cross of Scotland The red diagonal St Patrick 's Cross of Ireland The Union Flag is thought to symbolise Australia 's history as six British colonies and the principles upon which the Australian Federation is based , although a more historic view sees its inclusion in the design as demonstrating loyalty to the British Empire . The Commonwealth Star , also known as the Federation Star , originally had six points , representing the six federating colonies . In 1908 , a seventh point was added to symbolise the Papua and any future territories . Another rationale for the change was to match the star used on the Coat of Arms , which was created in the same year . The Commonwealth Star does not have any official relation to Beta Centauri , despite the latter 's brightness and location in the sky ; however , the 1870 version of the flag of South Australia featured the `` pointer '' stars , Alpha and Beta Centauri . The Southern Cross is one of the most distinctive constellations visible in the Southern Hemisphere , and has been used to represent Australia since the early days of British settlement . Ivor Evans , one of the flag 's designers , intended the Southern Cross to also refer to the four moral virtues ascribed to the four main stars by Dante : justice , prudence , temperance and fortitude . The number of points on the stars of the Southern Cross on the modern Australian flag differs from the original competition - winning design , in which they ranged between five and nine points each , representing their relative brightness in the night sky . The stars are named after the first five letters of the Greek alphabet , in decreasing order of brightness in the sky . In order to simplify manufacture , the British Admiralty standardised the four larger outer stars at seven points each , leaving the smaller , more central star with five points . This change was officially gazetted on 23 February 1903 . A complete specification for the official design was published in the Commonwealth Gazette in 1934 . Construction ( edit ) Construction sheet for the flag of Australia . The length of the flag is twice the width . Under the Flags Act , the Australian National Flag must meet the following specifications : the Union Flag occupying the upper quarter next the staff ; a large seven - pointed white star ( six representing the six states of Australia and one representing the territories ) in the centre of the lower quarter next the staff and pointing direct to the centre of St George 's Cross in the Union Flag ; five white stars ( representing the Southern Cross ) in the half of the flag further from the staff . The location of the stars is as follows : Commonwealth Star -- 7 - pointed star , centred in lower hoist . Alpha Crucis -- 7 - pointed star , straight below centre fly ⁄ up from bottom edge . Beta Crucis -- 7 - pointed star , ⁄ of the way left and ⁄ up from the centre fly . Gamma Crucis -- 7 - pointed star , straight above centre fly ⁄ down from top edge . Delta Crucis -- 7 - pointed star , ⁄ of the way right and ⁄ up from the centre fly . Epsilon Crucis -- 5 - pointed star , ⁄ of the way right and ⁄ down from the centre fly . The outer diameter of the Commonwealth Star is ⁄ of the flag 's width , while that of the stars in the Southern Cross is ⁄ of the flag 's width , except for Epsilon , for which the fraction is ⁄ . Each star 's inner diameter is ⁄ of the outer diameter . The flag 's width is the measurement of the hoist edge of the flag ( the distance from top to bottom ) . Colours ( edit ) Darker version of the flag using RGB approximations of official Pantone colours The colours of the flag , although not specified by the Flags Act , have been given Pantone specifications by the Awards and Culture Branch of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . The Australian Government 's Style Manual for Authors , Editors and Printers also gives CMYK and RGB specifications for depicting the flag in print and on screen respectively . Scheme Blue Red White Source ( s ) Pantone 280 C 185 C Safe RGB ( Hex ) 0 -- 0 -- 139 ( # 00008B ) 255 -- 0 -- 0 ( # FF0000 ) 255 -- 255 -- 255 ( # FFFFFF ) CMYK 100 % -- 80 % -- 0 % -- 0 % 0 % -- 100 % -- 100 % -- 0 % 0 % -- 0 % -- 0 % -- 0 % The blue shade also has a web - safe colour of # 000099 , used for certain digital screens that may have trouble displaying the shade of blue in the table above . The flag may be reproduced in a single colour , with the colour being either black or one of the two colours of the flag , albeit blue is generally preferred for single - colour productions . Protocol ( edit ) Guidelines for flying the flag are laid out in the 1953 Flags Act and in a pamphlet entitled `` The Australian National Flag '' , which is published by the Australian Government on an infrequent basis . The guidelines say that the Australian National Flag is allowed to be flown on every day of the year , and that it `` should be treated with respect and dignity it deserves as the nation 's most important national symbol '' . The National Flag must always be flown in a position superior to that of any other flag or ensign when flown in Australia or on Australian territory , and it should always be flown aloft and free . The flag must be flown in all government buildings and displayed in polling stations when there is a national election or referendum . Private pleasure craft can fly either the Red Ensign or the Australian National Flag . The British Blue Ensign can be flown on an Australian owned ship instead of the Australian Flag if the owner has a warrant valid under British law . The Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet also advises that the flag should only be flown during daylight hours , unless it is illuminated . Two flags should not be flown from the same flagpole . The flag should not be displayed upside down under any circumstances , not even to express a situation of distress . The flag is not to be placed or dropped on the ground , nor should it be used to cover an object in the lead - up to an unveiling ceremony , or to hide other material . Flags that have decayed or faded should not be displayed . According to a government publication , old or decayed flags should be disposed of in private `` in a dignified way '' ; a method given as an example is to cut the flag into small pieces before being placed in the waste . The flag flying When the flag is flown at half - mast , it should be recognisably at half - mast , for example , a third of the way down from the top of the pole . The Australian Flag should never be flown half mast at night . Flags are flown at half - mast on government buildings : On the death of the sovereign -- from the time of announcement of the death up to and including the funeral . On the day the accession of the new sovereign is proclaimed , it is customary to raise the flag to the top of the mast from 11 am . On the death of a member of the royal family . On the death of the governor - general or a former governor - general . On the death of a distinguished Australian citizen . Flags in any locality may be flown at half - mast on the death of a notable local citizen or on the day , or part of the day , of their funeral . On the death of the head of state of another country with which Australia has diplomatic relations -- the flag would be flown on the day of the funeral . On ANZAC Day the flag is flown at half - mast until noon . On Remembrance Day flags are flown at peak until 10 : 30 am , at half - mast from 10 : 30 am to 11 : 03 am , then at peak for the remainder of the day . The Department provides a subscription - based email service called the Commonwealth Flag Network , which gives information on national occasions to fly the flag at half - mast as well as national days of commemoration and celebration of the flag . The Australian National Flag may be used for commercial or advertising purposes without formal permission as long as the flag is used in a dignified manner and reproduced completely and accurately ; it should not be defaced by overprinting with words or illustrations , it should not be covered by other objects in displays , and all symbolic parts of the flag should be identifiable . It also must sit first ( typically , left ) where more than one flag is used . For this reason the Collingwood Football Club had to reverse its logo , which features the flag . There have been several attempts to make desecration of the Australian flag a crime . In 1953 , during the second reading debate on the Flags Act , the leader of the Opposition , Arthur Calwell , unsuccessfully called for provisions to be added to the bill to criminalise desecration . Michael Cobb introduced private member 's bills in 1989 , 1990 , 1991 and 1992 to ban desecration , but on each occasion the bill lapsed . In 2002 , the leader of the National Party , John Anderson , proposed to introduce laws banning desecration of the Australian flag , a call that attracted support from some parliamentarians both in his own party and the senior Coalition partner , the Liberal Party . The Prime Minister , John Howard , rejected the calls stating that `` ... in the end I guess it 's part of the sort of free speech code that we have in this country '' . In 2003 , the Australian Flags ( Desecration of the Flag ) Bill was tabled in Parliament by Trish Draper without support from Howard and subsequently lapsed . In 2006 , following a flag - burning incident during the 2005 Cronulla riots and a burnt flag display by a Melbourne artist , Liberal MP Bronwyn Bishop introduced the Protection of the Australian National Flag ( Desecration of the Flag ) Bill 2006 . This bill sought to make it `` a criminal offence to wilfully destroy or otherwise mutilate the Flag in circumstances where a reasonable person would infer that the destruction or mutilation is intended publicly to express contempt or disrespect for the Flag or the Australian Nation . '' The bill received a second reading but subsequently lapsed and did not go to vote in the House of Representatives . History ( edit ) Before 1901 , what is now Australia was six separate British colonies . The Union Flag , as the flag of the British Empire , was first used on Australian soil on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay , and it was again used at the start of European settlement of the country on 26 January 1788 . This was the original Union Flag introduced in 1606 that did not include the Saint Patrick 's Saltire , included from 1801 after the Acts of Union 1801 . It is the second version post 1801 that is depicted on the Australian Flag . It was often used to represent them collectively , and each colony also had its own flag based on the Union Flag . During the nineteenth century several flag movements were formed and unofficial new flags came into common usage . Two attempts were made throughout the nineteenth century to design a national flag . The first such attempt was the National Colonial Flag created in 1823 -- 1824 by Captains John Nicholson and John Bingle . This flag consisted of a red cross on a white background , with an eight - point star on each of the four limbs of the cross , while incorporating a Union Flag in the canton . The most popular `` national '' flag of the period was the 1831 Federation Flag , also designed by Nicholson . This flag was the same at the National Colonial Flag , except that the cross was blue instead of resembling that of St. George . Although the flag was designed by Nicholson in 1831 , it did not become widely popular until the latter part of the century , as the movement towards federation progressed . These flags , and many others such as the Eureka Flag ( which came into use at the Eureka Stockade in 1854 ) , featured stars representing the Southern Cross . The oldest known flag to show the stars arranged as they are seen in the sky is the Anti-Transportation League Flag , which is similar in design to the present National Flag . The differences were that there was no Commonwealth Star , while the components of the Southern Cross are depicted with eight points and in gold . This flag was only briefly in usage , as two years after the formation of the Anti-Transportation League in 1851 , the colonial authorities decided to stop the intake of convicts , so the ATL ceased its activities . The Eureka Flag is often viewed as the first `` Australian '' flag as it was the first notable example of a design that had the Southern Cross while excluding the Union Flag . The Murray River Flag , popular since the 1850s , is still widely used by boats that traverse Australia 's main waterway . It is the same as the National Colonial Flag , except that the white background in the three quadrants other the canton were replaced with four alternating blue and white stripes , representing the four major rivers that run into the Murray River . National Colonial Flag Australian Federation Flag Eureka Flag Anti-Transportation League Flag Murray River Flag 1901 Federal flag design competition ( edit ) Main article : 1901 Federal Flag Design Competition The edition of the Review of Reviews front cover signed by Egbert Nuttall , after the winning designers of the 1901 Federal Flag design competition were announced . As Federation approached , thoughts turned to an official federal flag . In 1900 , the Melbourne Herald conducted a design competition with a prize of 25 Australian pounds ( 2017 : A $3,700 ) in which entries were required to include the Union Flag and Southern Cross , resulting in a British Ensign style flag . The competition conducted by the Review of Reviews for Australasia -- a Melbourne - based publication -- later that year thought such a restriction seemed unwise , despite observing that designs without these emblems were unlikely to be successful ; nonetheless , it suggested that entries incorporate the two elements in their design . After Federation on 1 January 1901 and following receipt of a request from the British government to design a new flag , the new Commonwealth Government held an official competition for a new federal flag in April . The competition attracted 32,823 entries , including those originally sent to the Review of Reviews . One of these was submitted by an unnamed governor of a colony . The two contests were merged after the Review of Reviews agreed to being integrated into the government initiative . The £ 75 prize money of each competition were combined and augmented by a further £ 50 donated by Havelock Tobacco Company . Each competitor was required to submit two coloured sketches , a red ensign for the merchant service and public use , and a blue ensign for naval and official use . The designs were judged on seven criteria : loyalty to the Empire , Federation , history , heraldry , distinctiveness , utility and cost of manufacture . The majority of designs incorporated the Union Flag and the Southern Cross , but native animals were also popular , including one that depicted a variety of indigenous animals playing cricket . The entries were put on display at the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne and the judges took six days to deliberate before reaching their conclusion . Five almost identical entries were chosen as the winning design , and the designers shared the £ 200 ( 2009 : $25,000 ) prize money . They were Ivor Evans , a fourteen - year - old schoolboy from Melbourne ; Leslie John Hawkins , a teenager apprenticed to an optician from Sydney ; Egbert John Nuttall , an architect from Melbourne ; Annie Dorrington , an artist from Perth ; and William Stevens , a ship 's officer from Auckland , New Zealand . The five winners received £ 40 each . The differences to the current flag were the six - pointed Commonwealth Star , while the components stars in the Southern Cross had different numbers of points , with more if the real star was brighter . This led to five stars of nine , eight , seven , six and five points respectively . The flag 's initial reception was mixed . Readers of The Age were told that : a huge Blue Ensign with the prize design of the Southern Cross and a six pointed star thereon was run up to the top of the flagstaff on the dome and breaking , streamed out on the heavy south - westerly breeze , a brave and inspiring picture . The report carried by The Argus was also celebratory in nature , stating : In years to come the flag which floated yesterday in the Exhibition building over Her Excellency the Countess of Hopetoun , who stood for Great Britain , and the Prime Minister ( Mr Barton ) , who stood for Australia , will , in all human probability , become the emblem upon which the millions of the free people of the Commonwealth will gaze with a thrill of national pride . Alternatively , the then - republican magazine The Bulletin labelled the competition - winning design : a staled réchauffé of the British flag , with no artistic virtue , no national significance ... Minds move slowly : and Australia is still Britain 's little boy . What more natural than that he should accept his father 's cut - down garments , -- lacking the power to protest , and only dimly realising his will . That bastard flag is a true symbol of the bastard state of Australian opinion . Melbourne Herald competition winner Blue version of winning design As approved by King Edward VII As the design was basically the Victorian flag with a star added , many critics in both the Federal Government and the New South Wales government objected to the chosen flag for being `` too Victorian '' . They wanted the Australian Federation Flag , and Prime Minister Barton , who had been promoting the Federation Flag , submitted this flag along with that chosen by the judges to the Admiralty for final approval . The Admiralty chose the Red for private vessels and Blue Ensigns for government ships . The Barton government regarded both the Blue and Red Ensigns as colonial maritime flags and `` grudgingly '' agreed to fly it only on naval ships . Later governments , that of Chris Watson in 1904 and Andrew Fisher in 1910 , were also unhappy with the design , wanting something `` more distinctive '' and more `` indicative of Australian unity . '' The Royal Exhibition Building , Melbourne . Site of the first flying of the Australian flag . On 3 September 1901 , the new Australian flag flew for the first time from the dome of the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne . The names of the joint winners of the design competition were announced by Hersey , Countess of Hopetoun ( the wife of the Governor - General , the 7th Earl of Hopetoun ) and she unfurled the flag for the first time . Since 1996 this date has been officially known as Australian National Flag Day . The competition - winning designs were submitted to the British Colonial Secretary in 1902 . Prime Minister Edmund Barton announced in the Commonwealth Gazette that King Edward VII had officially approved the design as the flag of Australia on 11 February 1903 . The published version made all the stars in the Southern Cross seven - pointed apart from the smallest , and is the same as the current design except the six - pointed Commonwealth Star . Blue or red Ensign ? ( edit ) In the decades following federation the red ensign was the preeminent flag in use by private citizens on land . This was largely due to the Commonwealth government and flag suppliers restricting sales of the blue ensign to the general public . By traditional British understanding , the blue ensign was reserved for official government use although the red ensign was nevertheless still in military circulation until after the 1953 legislation , meaning the 1st and 2nd Australian Imperial Forces served under both the blue and red versions . State and local governments , private organisations and individuals were expected to use the Red Ensign . The original , official painting of the opening of Old Parliament House by Harold Septimus Power , showing numerous Red Ensigns alongside Union Flags . A colour lithograph by an unknown artist of the opening of provisional parliament house in Canberra , 9 May 1927 . One of the most enduring debates in Australian vexillology concerns the so - called `` parliament house puzzle '' and the official painting of the opening of Australia 's Parliament House in 1927 , which shows Red Ensigns and Union Flags being flown . However a lithograph by an unknown artist featuring only Blue Ensigns has since emerged . According to Dr Elizabeth Kwan `` the use of British as well as Australian flags was a last minute decision . A Federal Capital Commission sketch showing the position of the flags for the opening ceremony suggested only Australian blue ensigns accompanying the duke 's standard . The Royal Visit Cabinet Committee confirmed in March 1927 that the `` Commonwealth flag '' , not the Union Jack , would fly with the duke 's flag on Parliament House in the morning and at the armed forces review in the afternoon . '' Kwan theorises that the commissioned artist , Septimus Power , may have chosen the red ensign for dramatic effect or because it was the popular favourite with the Australian people . There was a black and white photograph taken at the opening that , based on the contrasts involved , appears to reveal a Blue Ensign hanging behind a Union Jack at the easternmost end of the building . However the correspondent for The West Australian attested to the presence of red ensigns in a report that stated : `` The sunlight streamed through the crimson of drooping flags '' . Taken altogether this means there is a strong possibility that both ensigns were actually used on the day . Despite executive branch proclamations as to the respective roles of the two red , white and blue ensigns there remained confusion until the Flags Act 1953 declared the Blue Ensign to be the Australian National Flag . It has been claimed that this choice was made on the basis that the predominately red version carried too many communist overtones for the government of the day although no cabinet documents yet released to the public including the more detailed minutes have ever been adduced in support of this theory . Whatever the case it would be styled under the legislation as the Australian Red Ensign and retained for use by the Australian mercantile marine . The tradition of the red ensign being used in Anzac Day marches alongside other flags that the Australian military has used still continues . Technically , private non-commercial vessels were liable to a substantial fine if they did not fly the British Red Ensign . However , an Admiralty Warrant was issued on 5 December 1938 , authorising these vessels to fly the Australian Red Ensign . The Shipping Registration Act 1981 reaffirmed that the Australian Red Ensign was the proper `` colours '' for commercial ships over 24 metres ( 79 ft ) in tonnage length . As a result of the declaration of 3 September as Merchant Navy Day in 2008 , the red ensign can be flown on land alongside the Australian national flag on this occasion as a matter of protocol . Replacement of the Union Jack ( edit ) The Blue Ensign replaced the Union Jack at the Olympic Games at St Louis in 1904 . On 2 June 1904 , due to lobbying by Richard Crouch MP , it had the same status as the Union Flag in the UK , when the House of Representatives proclaimed that the Blue Ensign `` should be flown upon all forts , vessels , saluting places and public buildings of the Commonwealth upon all occasions when flags are used '' . The government agreed to fly the Blue Ensign on special flag days , but not if it meant additional expense , which undermined the motion . The Blue Ensign could only be flown on a state government building if a state flag was not available . Initially the Department of Defence resisted implementing the resolution , considering the blue ensign to be a marine ensign and favouring King 's Regulations that specified the use of the Union Jack . After being approached by the Department of Defence , Prime Minister Chris Watson stated in parliament that he was not satisfied with the design of the Australian flag and that implementation of the 1904 resolution could wait until consideration was given to `` adopt another ( flag ) which in our opinion is more appropriate . '' In 1908 , Australian Army Military Order , No 58 / 08 ordered the blue `` Australian Ensign '' to replace the Union Flag at all military establishments . From 1911 it served as the saluting flag of the Australian army at all reviews and ceremonial parades ( M.O. 135 ) with the Union Jack being reserved for `` all occasions when a representative of His Majesty the King reviews the Commonwealth forces '' ( M.O. 391 ) . In the Australian War Memorial collection there is a photograph taken in the vicinity of Port Adelaide circa 1901 showing HMCS Protector , a gunboat in the South Australian navy which had served in China during the Boxer rebellion , flying the Australian flag from the stern during its earliest days after the Federal Flag Design Competition , before the formation of the Royal Australian Navy . When the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) was eventually promulgated on 5 October 1911 , Naval Order 78 / 1911 directed all vessels to fly the British White Ensign on the stern and the flag of Australia on the Jackstaff . The Argus newspaper , edition of 29 July 1911 , had notified readers that the `` navy orders that the Australian flag is to be the saluting flag at all reviews and ceremonial parades on shore '' , with it also being required that the Union Jack is flown at the saluting point `` when representatives of His Majesty the King review the Commonwealth forces . '' Despite the government wanting to use the Blue Ensign on Australian warships , officers continued to fly the Union Flag , and it was not until 1913 , following public protest in Fremantle after its use for the review of HMAS Melbourne , that the government `` reminded '' them of the 1911 legislation . The British White Ensign was finally replaced by a distinctively Australian White Ensign on 1 March 1967 . The Australian flag at war ( edit ) Main article : Flags of the Australian Defence Force The Australian flag at war has been a much chronicled subject by military vexillologists , historians and war correspondents ever since the Federal Flag Design Competition in 1901 . World war I ( edit ) The Australian flag was associated with an act of war for the first recorded time as it flew above the fort at Queenscliff in Victoria which opened fire to prevent the German steamer , Pfalz , from leaving port on 6 August 1914 . It was raised along with the Union Jack by the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force on Kawieng , New Ireland in September 1914 . It was a not unknown for RAN captains to fly the Australian flag from the foremast of single masted ships and the mainmast of two masted ships as the battle flag when at action stations instead of the Royal Navy white ensign as happened at the battle of the Cocos between HMAS Sydney and the German cruiser SMS Emden . There is photograph held by the Australian War Memorial of an Australian flag draped over a dugout at Gallipoli dated circa May 1915 . On the western front the blue ensign and Union Jack were both displayed on 29 August 1917 when Field Marshal Douglas Haig reviewed the 5th Australian division at Ebblinghem . It was also flown over the headquarters of the Australian Corps during the fighting in 1918 . General Birdwood dispatched an Australian flag to the 15th Infantry brigade with orders that it be flown over Harnonnieres an honour that the commander of the 59th battalion would bestow on the first man to reach the objective . The Australian flag also flew over Chaleroi in Belgium in 1918 . As the 2nd Division entered the city the locals turned out to greet them waving Australian flags made out of brown paper bags . The children of Villers - Bretonneaux still maintain the tradition of raising the Australian flag in memory of the Australians who died in liberating the area in world war one . Also under preservation is the Australian flag carried by General Monash 's lance bearer in the 1919 London Victory Parade . Another Australian flag was also featured on a commemorative postcard of the occasion where an Australian soldier is seen using his rifle as a stave . World war II ( edit ) Indicative of the place the Australian ensigns came to occupy in the Anzac tradition by the time of the second world war was an article which appeared in Sydney Sun , edition of 5 May 1941 , where the author stated : `` Today we do homage to it . It fluttered from the main - mast of the first HMAS Sydney as she went into action against the German raider Emden in the last war , and later from the mast of her namesake as she went into action against the Bartolomeo Colleoni . It has been carried into battle at Gallipoli , in Palestine , Egypt . Libya and Greece . '' There were a number of Australian flag raisings in the Pacific and Middle Eastern theatres during the second world war . The Australian flag was hoisted as the battle ensign of HMAS Hobart during the invasion of Guadalcanal in August 1942 . It was flown over Kokoda in 1942 and Lae in 1943 where `` The Australian flag was hoisted on the pole of the control tower on Lae airfield and American and Australian troops gave victory cheers as the flag floated in the breeze '' . There has since been a commemorative plaque laid at Lae with the inscription reading : `` Here on 16th September 1943 the Australian National Flag was raised by Commander 25th Aust . Inf . Bde to mark the capture of this important base from the Japanese . '' There was a report in the Army News on 30 January 1943 that stated `` A famous Australian flag now flies over Tripoli '' raised by an Australian fighter squadron who were the first 2nd AIF contingent to enter the city after it fell to the British 8th army . The Australian War Memorial holds a photograph of a flag raising ceremony at Gravesend airfield in Kent , England which is believed to have been taken on Anzac Day 1944 . The flag was presented to the 464 RAAF squadron by a widow of a pilot killed in action while flying a mosquito warplane over Germany and may be the same one held by the Australian War Memorial which was also flown over Melsbrock , Belgium . On 24 February 1945 The Mail in Adelaide published a photograph under the heading `` OUR FLAG ON THE PHILIPPINES '' of an Australian flag with the caption stating that : `` The first Australian flag to reach the Philippines was draped in front of Australia House , residence of Australian war correspondents . They look very happy about it . '' During the invasion of Tarakan a photograph of Lieutenant K. McKitrick raising the Australian flag on Sadau Island appeared on the front page of Perth 's Sunday Times , edition of 20 May 1945 , under the headline `` OUR FLAG ON TARAKAN '' as he was being watched by the men of 2 / 4 commando squadron shortly after landing with the caption reading : `` A.I.F. VETERANS of the 9th Division fly an Australian flag on Tarakan Island ( Borneo ) on which , today 's cables say , they have achieved their objectives . '' In the Australian War Memorial collection is a photograph of a flag raising ceremony that took place at Lingkas , Tarakan in the Netherlands East Indies on 1 May 1945 with the caption stating : `` Happy soldiers of the 9th Australian Division raise the Australian flag on a bamboo pole on the first day of Operation Oboe One , the Division 's successful attack and landing on Tarakan Island then occupied by Japanese forces . '' It was also reported on 8 May 1945 in the Melbourne Argus under the headline `` AUSTRALIANS CAPTURE TARAKAN AIRSTRIP : Victorian Battalion in Thick of Fight '' that , after using tanks as mobile artillery in a struggle that lasted over five days : `` That night the troops who had won the air strip enjoyed their first night 's unbroken rest since they landed on the island at dawn on Tuesday . They forgot their weariness , their sweat - sodden clothes , and unshaven faces , in the cheer they gave as they watched the Australian flag and their own battalion emblem being hoisted over the strip . '' At the 1946 London Victory Parade there were Australian flags strung across the thoroughfare and carried by the Australian Contingent . It is featured along with the flags of allied nations in a portrait commissioned by the Australian War Memorial to mark the occasion . There was also a report of the Australian flag being flown over Japan in April 1946 along with other Commonwealth of Nations flags . POW camp flags ( edit ) In 1945 at the end of the war there were multiple reports of Australian flags being made in prisoner of war camps including one from Naoetsu that was hand sewn from pieces of coloured parachutes used to drop supplies to the Australians whilst still detained by the Japanese . The Canberra Times published a report dated 18 June 1945 from their correspondent on Labuan Island stating that after the Australians were liberated in the camp there were found `` a few knapsacks , some old boots , and photographs , also an Australian flag . '' The first Australian flag to fly over Singapore after news of the imminent Japanese surrender was received in August 1945 is held by the Australian War Memorial . It was flown for several days over the X3 camp by captain Frederick Stahl and written in black ink on the headband are the words `` Dear Stahl Good Luck . A very game action to fly this flag . F.G. Galleghan Lt Col A.I.F. ( P.W. ) Malaya 20 Aug 1945 . '' According to an eyewitness statement also in August 1945 there was an Australian flag that had been concealed by an Australian prisoner `` raised over a group of skeletal sick Australians in a Japanese POW camp in Thailand and all wept unashamedly '' which may be the same one featured in a photograph held by the Australian War Memorial taken at number 8 camp in Saigon . There is another photograph of ex-POWs displaying an Australian flag constructed while they were in captivity as published on the front page of the Argus , edition of 15 September 1945 . Another Australian flag said to have originated in Changi is on display at the Heritage Lodge being unveiled at a ceremony in 2008 attended by ex-Changi prisoner Henry Cook who believes the specimen was constructed after his stay of several months in the camp and was quoted as saying `` We suffered for that flag . '' Korea and Vietnam ( edit ) The first Australian flag to fly over Pyongyang during the Korean war was hoisted by Lieutenant W.L. Brodie OC , of the Australian Visitors and Observers Section , over a dwelling that had previously been occupied by the Mongolian Embassy to North Korea . During the Vietnam war the headlines `` Hill 323 Under Aust . Control '' and `` Australian flag over base '' appeared in the Sydney Morning Herald on 23 March 1968 , with the report stating : `` LONG HAI , Friday . -- Task Force troops moved to the top of Long Hai hills today and wedged the Australian flag in a clump of rocks on Hill 323 in the middle of an abandoned Vietcong supply base . '' Shortly thereafter the battalion HQ received a request for ground clearance from a US warship lying off the shore to enable them to fire at a Viet Cong battle flag which had just been raised . In the Australian War Memorial collection is a photograph of Warrant Officer Class One Jim Geedrick , an Indigenous serviceman from Rockhampton who was an adviser with the 1st Battalion , 2nd Regiment of the South Vietnamese Army , raising the Australian flag on Anzac Day 1969 , after missing the ceremony held at Da Nang held by the Australian Army Train Team , Vietnam . According to Geedrick such displays were rare as `` every time I put the flag up they shoot holes through it . '' At the 1965 memorial for Kevin `` Dasher '' Wheatley , after making his last stand in the Vietnam war that earned him a posthumously awarded Victoria Cross , a South Vietnamese officer would pin a valour medal to the Australian flag covering his casket upon which was placed a wreath . Flags Act 1953 ( edit ) Main article : Flags Act 1953 The Flags Act 1953 specified the Blue Ensign as the Australian National Flag and the Red Ensign as the merchant shipping flag . Despite the new Australian flag 's official use , from 1901 until the 1920s the Federation Flag remained a most popular Australian flag for public and even some official events . It was flown at the 1907 State Premiers conference in Melbourne and during the 1927 visit to Australia of the Duke and Duchess of York , the future King George VI and Queen Elizabeth . In the 1920s there was debate over whether the Blue Ensign was reserved for Commonwealth buildings only , culminating in a 1924 agreement that the Union Flag should take precedence as the National Flag and that state and local governments were henceforth able to use the blue ensign . As the Union Flag was recognised as the National flag , it was considered disloyal to fly either ensign without the Union flag alongside , and it was the Union Flag that covered the coffins of Australia 's war dead . In 1940 the Victorian government passed legislation allowing schools to purchase blue ensigns . The following year prime minister Robert Menzies issued a media release recommending that the blue ensign be flown at schools , government buildings and by private citizens and continued use of the red ensign by merchant ships , providing it was done so respectfully . Prime Minister Ben Chifley issued a similar statement in 1947 . On 4 December 1950 , the Prime Minister Robert Menzies proclaimed the Blue ensign as the National flag and in 1951 King George VI approved the Government 's recommendation . When the Flags Bill was introduced into parliament on 20 November 1953 , Menzies said : `` This bill is very largely a formal measure which puts into legislative form what has become almost the established practice in Australia ... The design adopted was submitted to His Majesty King Edward VII , and he was pleased to approve of it as the Australian flag in 1902 . However , no legislative action has ever been taken to determine the precise form of the flag or the circumstances of its use , and this bill has been brought down to produce that result . '' This status was formalised on 14 February 1954 , when Queen Elizabeth II gave Royal Assent to the Flags Act 1953 , which had been passed two months earlier . The monarch 's Assent was timed to coincide with the Queen 's visit to the country and came after she had opened the new session of Parliament . The Act confers statutory powers on the Governor - General to appoint `` flags and ensigns of Australia '' and authorise warrants and make rules as to use of flags . Section 8 ensures that the `` right or privilege '' of a person to fly the Union Flag is not affected by the Act . South Australia chose to continue with the Union Flag as National flag until 1956 , when schools were given the option of using either the Union or Australian flags . The Union Flag was still regarded as the National flag by many Australians well into the 1970s , which inspired Arthur Smout 's campaign from 1968 to 1982 to encourage Australians to give the Australian flag precedence . By the mid-1980s , the Commonwealth Government no longer reminded Australians they had the right to fly the Union Flag alongside the National Flag or provided illustrations of how to correctly display them together . In 1998 , the Flags Act was amended to provide that any change to the national flag must be approved by a plebiscite which must offer the existing flag alongside any alternative designs . Neither the requirement for or outcome of such a plebiscite is binding on the Parliament , which would still need to amend the Flags Act by the required majorities and with royal assent to alter the design . Flag Day ( edit ) Main article : Flag Day ( Australia ) In 1996 , the Governor - General , Sir William Deane , issued a proclamation recognising the annual commemoration of Australian National Flag Day , to be held on 3 September . Flag Day celebrations had been occurring in Sydney since 1984 . The inaugural event was held under the auspices of the New South Wales branch of the Australian National Flag Association to commemorate the anniversary of the flag being first flown in 1901 . On Flag Day , ceremonies are held in schools , major centres , and the Governor - General , Governors and some politicians attend or release statements to the media . The Australian Defence Force marks the occasion by firing an artillery salute at a flag station , when directed by the Governor - General . Australian National Flag Day is not a public holiday . Centenary and other notable flags ( edit ) Centenary flag of state ( edit ) On the centenary of the first flying of the flag , 3 September 2001 , the Australian National Flag Association presented the Prime Minister with a flag intended to replace the missing original flag . This flag was not a replica of the original flag , on which the Commonwealth Star had only six points , but is based on the dejure Australian National Flag design with a seven pointed Commonwealth Star . The flag has a special headband , including a cardinal red stripe and the inscription The Centenary Flag . Presented to the Hon John Howard MP , Prime Minister of Australia on behalf of the people of Australia by the Australian National Flag Association on 3 September 2001 at the Royal Exhibition Building , Melbourne to commemorate the first flying of the Australian National Flag on 3 September 1901 attended by the Rt Hon Sir Edmund Barton MHR , Prime Minister of Australia . A warrant authorising the use of the Centenary Flag under section 6 of the Flags Act was issued by the Governor - General and the flag is now used as the official flag of state on important occasions . These include the opening of new parliamentary terms and when visiting heads of state arrive . The flag has been transported across the country and flown in every state and territory . It was later used on Remembrance Day in 2003 for the opening of the Australian War Memorial in Hyde Park in London . Parliament House centenary flag ( edit ) The Parliament House centenary flag is the flag that flew over Parliament House , Canberra on 3 September 2001 , the 100th anniversary of the day on which the first Australian flag was flown at the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne . On 18 September 2001 during the centenary of federation the federal member for Hinkler , Paul Neville , asked of the speaker that : `` before it ( the flag ) becomes too faded or too tattered , ( it ) be taken down and perhaps offered to a museum or an art gallery as the seminal flag that flew over this building 100 years from the time the first flag was flown ? '' The flag was subsequently entrusted to the Australian Flag Society and has been paraded at schools to mark Australian National Flag Day on a tour of the Australian Capital Territory , New South Wales and Queensland . Townsville flag ( edit ) The first formal vice regal Australian flag raising ceremony took place in the presence of Lord Hopetoun at Flinders Street in Townsville on 16 September 1901 . This historic specimen was provided by local flag and sail maker William McKenzie and subsequently donated to the Royal Australian Historical Society in 1922 . It flew again at a reenactment in 1951 with a bronze commemorative plaque being placed outside the Townsville Municipal Chambers that was removed in 1977 and situated at the base of a flagpole in the city mall . However the Townsville flag was not available for the centennial Festival of the First Flag reenactment at Strand Park on 8 August 2001 where another plaque was unveiled as its whereabouts is currently unknown . Moon flag ( edit ) A miniature Australian flag was taken to the moon and back on board the Command Module America during the Apollo 17 mission lasting from 7 -- 19 December 1972 . Upon returning to earth it was framed and signed by all the Apollo astronauts , then given as a personal gift to prime minister Gough Whitlam in recognition of Australia 's contribution to the NASA space exploration program . It now resides in his prime ministerial collection at the University of Western Sydney . Sir Charles Kingsford Smith flags ( edit ) In the collection of the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences is a collection of seven flags comprising two Australian flags , two New Zealand flags , two Union Jacks and a Royal Air Force Ensign that accompanied pioneering aviators Sir Charles Kingsford - Smith and Charles Ulm aboard their aircraft The Southern Cross during the historic first Trans Tasman flight in 1928 . The following year three of these flags accompanied Kingsford - Smith and Ulm on the first circumnavigation of the globe , crossing both hemispheres . Gallipoli flags ( edit ) There are a number of Gallipoli flags still under preservation including one held at the University of Queensland 's Emmanuel College which was taken to Gallipoli and France by Reverend E.N. Merrington . Following the armistice it was flown over the Australian General Headquarters . There is also an apparently bullet ridden Australian flag on display at the Geraldton RSL club that returned to Australia after being taken to Gallipoli and France . On 11 April 2000 , there was a ceremony held at the Australian War Memorial where the last surviving Gallipoli veteran , Alec Campbell , symbolically handed over an Australian flag to a serving member of the Australian Defence Force . It now resides in Canberra for safe keeping and has been raised at Gallipoli every Anzac Day since . Darwin bombing flag ( edit ) During the 19 February 1942 Japanese bombing raid on Darwin the Australian flag that was flying outside the residence of the Administrator of the Northern Territory , Charles Abbott , became the first to be damaged by enemy fire on home soil . Abbott later arranged for it to be presented to the Australian War Memorial where it now remains on permanent display to the public . For the peace treaty ceremonies in 1946 it was displayed alongside the blue ensigns which had flown at Villers - Bretonneux in 1917 and onboard HMAS Sydney during her victory over the Italian cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni in 1940 . Other Australian flags ( edit ) Main article : List of Australian flags Under Section 5 of the Flags Act 1953 , the Governor - General may proclaim flags other than the National Flag and the Red Ensign as flags or ensigns of Australia . Five flags have been appointed in this manner . The first two were the Royal Australian Navy Ensign and the Royal Australian Air Force Ensign , the flags used by the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force . The Australian Army has no ensign of its own , but they are given the ceremonial task to be the defender of the National Flag . The Air Force and the Navy flew the appropriate British ensigns ( the White Ensign and the Royal Air Force Ensign ) until the adoption of similar ensigns based on the Australian National Flag in 1948 and 1967 respectively . The current Navy and Air Force Ensigns were officially appointed in 1967 and 1982 respectively . In 1995 , the Aboriginal Flag and the Torres Strait Islander Flag were also appointed flags of Australia . While mainly seen as a gesture of reconciliation , this recognition caused a small amount of controversy at the time , with then opposition leader John Howard describing it as divisive . Some indigenous people , such as the flag 's designer Harold Thomas , felt that the government was appropriating their flag , saying it `` does n't need any more recognition '' . The Australian Defence Force Ensign was proclaimed in 2000 . This flag is used to represent the Defence Force when more than one branch of the military is involved , such as at the Australian Defence Force Academy , and by the Minister for Defence . The Legislative Instruments Act 2003 required the proclamations of these flags to be lodged in a Federal Register . Due to an administrative oversight they were not , and the proclamations were automatically repealed . The governor - general issued new proclamations dated 25 January 2008 , with effect from 1 January 2008 ( or 1 October 2006 in the case of the Defence Force Ensign ) . Link to file Royal Australian Navy Ensign Royal Australian Air Force Ensign Australian Aboriginal Flag Torres Strait Islander Flag Australian Defence Force Ensign Queen 's Personal Australian Flag In addition to the seven flags declared under the Flags Act , there are two additional Commonwealth flags , the Australian Civil Aviation Ensign and Australian Border Force Flag , eight Vice-Regal flags and nine state and territory flags that are recognised as official flags through other means . Debate ( edit ) Main article : Australian flag debate Ausflag 's 2000 professional designers ' competition was won by Franck Gentil with a design that substitutes the Union Flag with a gold Commonwealth Star A poster calling for a redesign of the Australian Flag , released by Ausflag in 2000 to coincide with the 2000 Summer Olympics . There have been mild but persistent debates over whether or not the Union Flag should be removed from the canton of the Australian flag . This debate has culminated on several occasions , such as the period preceding the Australian Bicentenary in 1988 , and during the Prime Ministership of Paul Keating , who publicly supported a change in the flag and said : I do not believe that the symbols and the expression of the full sovereignty of Australian nationhood can ever be complete while we have a flag with the flag of another country on the corner of it . There are two lobby groups involved in the flag debate : Ausflag ( est. 1981 ) , which supports changing the flag , and the Australian National Flag Association ( ANFA ) ( est. 1983 ) , which wants to keep the existing flag . The primary arguments for keeping the flag cite historic precedence , while those for changing the flag are based around the idea that the status quo does not accurately depict Australia 's status as an independent and multicultural nation , nor is its design unique enough to easily distinguish it from similar flags , such as that of New Zealand , Cook Islands and Tuvalu . The similarity between the flag of Australia and those of other countries is often derived from a common colonial history . Ausflag periodically campaigns for flag change in association with national events such as the 2000 Summer Olympics , and holds flag design competitions , while ANFA 's activities include promotion of the existing flag through events such as National Flag Day . A 2004 Newspoll that asked : `` Are you personally in favour or against changing the Australian flag so as to remove the Union Jack emblem ? '' was supported by 32 % of respondents and opposed by 57 % , with 11 % uncommitted . A 2010 Morgan Poll that asked : `` Do you think Australia should have a new design for our National Flag ? '' was supported by 29 % of respondents and opposed by 66 % , with 5 % uncommitted . The connection with the Australian flag is also notable the highest response to it is `` extremely proud '' and it is the `` most embraced Australian symbol . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No. 8 , 20 February 1903 Jump up ^ The Australian Flag The Argus ( Melbourne ) Wednesday 4 September 1901 p. 9 accessed 3 September 2011 Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No . S321 , 28 August 1996 ^ Jump up to : Australian flags . Australia . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Awards and Culture Branch . ( 3rd ed . ) . Barton ACT : Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . 2006 . pp. 2 -- 3 . ISBN 9780642471345 . OCLC 76889205 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No. 65 , 19 December 1908 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No 29 , 22 May 1909 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No 18 , 23 March 1934 . Jump up ^ Foley , Carol A. ( 1996 ) . The Australian flag : colonial relic or contemporary icon ? . Sydney : Federation Press . p. 18 . ISBN 9781862871885 . Jump up ^ Source : Australian Flag Society ^ Jump up to : Evans , I. 1918 . The history of the Australian flag . Evan Evans , Melbourne ^ Jump up to : Australian flags . Australia . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Awards and Culture Branch . ( 3rd ed . ) . Barton ACT : Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . 2006 . p. 41 . ISBN 9780642471345 . OCLC 76889205 . Jump up ^ `` South Australia 1870 -- 1876 '' . Ausflag . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Foley , Carol A. ( 1996 ) . The Australian flag : colonial relic or contemporary icon ? . Sydney : Federation Press . pp. 29 -- 30 . ISBN 9781862871885 . Jump up ^ Kwan , Elizabeth . 2006 . Flag and Nation : Australians and their national flags since 1901 UNSW Press ISBN 0 - 86840 - 567 - 1 p. 143 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No. 18 , 23 March 1934 Jump up ^ Flags Act 1953 . Austlii.edu.au . Retrieved on 27 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Australian flags . Australia . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Awards and Culture Branch . ( 3rd ed . ) . Barton ACT : Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . 2006 . p. 1 . ISBN 9780642471345 . OCLC 76889205 . Jump up ^ Australian symbols . Australia . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Awards and National Symbols Branch . Barton , A.C.T. : The Dept. 2000 . p. 5 . ISBN 9780642471314 . OCLC 48405603 . ^ Jump up to : Australia . ( 2002 ) . Style manual for authors , editors and printers . Snooks & Co. ( 6th ed . ) . Canberra : John Wiley & Sons Australia . p. 299 . ISBN 9780701636470 . OCLC 49316140 . Jump up ^ Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Awards and National Symbols Branch. 2000 . Australian symbols Australian Government Publishing Service . ISBN 0 - 642 - 47131 - 2 ^ Jump up to : `` Commercial use of the Australian National Flag '' . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Government of Australia . 17 August 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian National Flag '' ( PDF ) . Government of Australia . 29 May 2008 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Australian flags . Australia . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Awards and Culture Branch . ( 3rd ed . ) . Barton ACT : Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . 2006 . p. 5 . ISBN 9780642471345 . OCLC 76889205 . ^ Jump up to : Australian flags . Australia . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Awards and Culture Branch . ( 3rd ed . ) . Barton ACT : Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . 2006 . p. 21 . ISBN 9780642471345 . OCLC 76889205 . Jump up ^ Australian flags . Australia . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Awards and Culture Branch . ( 3rd ed . ) . Barton ACT : Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . 2006 . p. 17 . ISBN 9780642471345 . OCLC 76889205 . Jump up ^ The Australian national flag . Australia . Department of the Special Minister of State . ( 2nd ed . ) . Canberra : Australian Govt . Pub . Service . 1985 . ISBN 9780644040464 . OCLC 17384901 . ^ Jump up to : Australian flags . Australia . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Awards and Culture Branch . ( 3rd ed . ) . Barton ACT : Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . 2006 . p. 20 . ISBN 9780642471345 . OCLC 76889205 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Flag Network '' . www.pmc.gov.au . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Department of the Parliamentary Library . 2003 . Bills Digest No. 42 2003 -- 04 , Protection of Australian Flags ( Desecration of the Flag ) Bill 2003. ISSN 1328 - 8091 Jump up ^ Hudson , p. 16 November 2002 . PM defends right to burn flag . The Age Jump up ^ Farr , M. 17 September 2003 . Bid to ban burning of flag fails . Daily Telegraph Jump up ^ Bishop , B. 2006 . Protection of the Australian National Flag ( Desecration of the Flag ) Bill 2006 . ComLaw ^ Jump up to : Australian flags . Australia . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Awards and Culture Branch . ( 3rd ed . ) . Barton ACT : Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . 2006 . pp. 37 -- 38 . ISBN 9780642471345 . OCLC 76889205 . ^ Jump up to : Kwan , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Australian flags . Australia . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Awards and Culture Branch . ( 3rd ed . ) . Barton ACT : Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . 2006 . p. 39 . ISBN 9780642471345 . OCLC 76889205 . ^ Jump up to : Australian flags . Australia . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Awards and Culture Branch . ( 3rd ed . ) . Barton ACT : Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . 2006 . p. 40 . ISBN 9780642471345 . OCLC 76889205 . Jump up ^ The Age . Melbourne . 4 September 1901 -- via Administrator . `` Australian Flag - Federal Flag and Seal '' . www.australianflag.net.au . Retrieved 1 July 2018 ... Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Australian Flag . Successful Competitors . Five Share The Prize '' . The Argus. 4 September 1901 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Michael ( 2000 ) . `` The Australian Referendum on a Republic -- Ten Lessons '' . Australian Journal of Politics & History . 46 ( 4 ) : 510 -- 535 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 8497.00111 . Jump up ^ The Bulletin . Sydney . 28 September 1901 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Design for Australian Flag '' . National Archives of Australia . 1900 . Retrieved 12 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Kwan , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Kwan , pp. 19 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Kwan , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Commonwealth Document . `` Documenting a Democracy '' . National Archives of Australia : Flags Act 1953 : History . Archived from the original on 2 June 2008 . Retrieved 18 June 2008 . Jump up ^ National Parliament , National Symbols : From British to Australian Identity Elizabeth Kwan Pg 110 Jump up ^ Federal Flag and Seal Archived 20 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Australian National Flag Association . Retrieved on 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Cabinet , Prime Minister and ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Australian National Flag Day -- 3 September '' . www.pmc.gov.au . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Kwan , 2005 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ `` AUSTRALIAN FLAGS '' . www.pmc.gov.au . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Kwan , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ https://mildenhall-origin.moadoph.gov.au/photo/943 Jump up ^ ' FROM CAPITOL HILL . Wonderful Panoramic View . Ceremony in Brilliant Sunshine ' , The West Australian , 10 May 1927 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Corporation , Curriculum ( 14 June 2005 ) . `` Civics -- Parliament House Puzzle '' . www.civicsandcitizenship.edu.au . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Kwan , Flag and Nation , 2005 , p. 84 - 85 . Jump up ^ Kwan , 2005 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Other Australian Flags : Australian Red Ensign Australian Government Jump up ^ The Flag of Australia Australian Monarchist League Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia Flag . Flagspot.net . Retrieved on 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Kwan , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No . GN 26 , 2 July 2008 Jump up ^ Gordon Maitland , The story of Australia 's flags : Our flags , standards , guidons , colours , banners , battle honours , and ensigns , Playbill Printworks , 2015 , p. 259 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of our Flag -- Australian National Flag Association ( ANFA ) '' . anfa-national.org.au . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kwan , p. 32 . Jump up ^ History of the Australian national flag ( Part 3 ) . Flagspot.net . Retrieved on 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Australian flags . Australia . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Awards and Culture Branch . ( 3rd ed . ) . Barton ACT : Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . 2006 . pp. 43 -- 44 . ISBN 9780642471345 . OCLC 76889205 . Jump up ^ M.O. 58 ( 1908 ) Attention is directed to Statutory Rule 27 / 08 published in M.O. 58 / 08 . The Australian Ensign will accordingly be flown at all flag stations throughout the Commonwealth . M.O. 135 ( 1911 ) It is directed that in future the Australian Flag is to be used as the saluting flag at all reviews and ceremonial parades . Source : Australian Army Military Orders Jump up ^ `` Port side view of the Gunboat HMCS Protector of the South Australian Navy . HMCS Protector served ... '' www.awm.gov.au . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Australian flags , Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet , 2006 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ George Odgers , `` The Royal Australian Navy -- An Illustrated History '' , p. 41 ^ Jump up to : Australian flags . Australia . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Awards and Culture Branch . ( 3rd ed . ) . Barton ACT : Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . 2006 . p. 44 . ISBN 9780642471345 . OCLC 76889205 . Jump up ^ Kwan , p. 54 . Jump up ^ The Argus , ' Australian flag ' , 29 July 1911 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Kwan , p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Flag raised at Kawieng , New Ireland : Lieutenant B Holmes , Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force '' . www.awm.gov.au . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.anfa-national.org.au/history-of-our-flag Jump up ^ `` Anzac Cove , Dardanelles , Turkey . C. 1915 - 05 . An Australian flag draped over the dugout on ... '' www.awm.gov.au . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig reviewing the 5th Australian Division at Ebblinghem , . The ... '' www.awm.gov.au . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Goodman , 1998 , p. 20 - 12 Jump up ^ Commonwealth , Parliamentary Debates , House of Representatives , 30 August 2001 , 30708 ( John Anderson ) . Jump up ^ Stephanie Kennedy , Villers - Bretonneux remembers decisive battle 90 years on , 25 April 2008 , Australian Broadcasting Corporation . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , 1998 , p. 20 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Loading ... -- Collections Online -- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa '' . collections.tepapa.govt.nz . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ ' A FLAG was BORN ' , Sydney Sun , 5 May 1941 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C328021 Jump up ^ Western Star and Roma Advertiser , ' Australian flag over Kokoda ' , p. 2 . Jump up ^ The Argus , ' Australian flag hoisted at Kokoda , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Canberra Times , ' Australian flag back over Lae ' , 20 September 1943 , p 1 . . Jump up ^ Army News , ' Australian flag hoisted over Tripoli ' , 30 January 1943 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C262222O Jump up ^ The Mail ( Adelaide ) , ' Our flag in the Philippines ' , 24 February 1945 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Our Flag On Tarakan '' . 20 May 1945 . p. 1 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 -- via Trove . Jump up ^ `` SADAU ISLAND , BORNEO. 1945 - 04 - 30 . LIEUTENANT K. MCKITRICK ( 1 ) , WATCHED BY MEN OF THE 2 / 4 COMMANDO ... '' www.awm.gov.au . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lingkas , Tarakan , Netherlands East Indies , 1945 - 05 - 01 . Happy soldiers of the 9th Australian ... '' www.awm.gov.au . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ The Argus , ' AUSTRALIANS CAPTURE TARAKAN AIRSTRIP ' , 8 May 1945 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Australian troops marching in the victory parade through London to celebrate the end of the First ... '' www.awm.gov.au . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Victory parade '' . www.awm.gov.au . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ The Sunday Times , ' Australian flag over Japan ' , 14 April 1946 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Morning Bulletin ( Rockhampton ) , ' MADE FLAG IN PRISON CAMP ' , 14 September 1945 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Canberra Times , ' AUSTRALIAN P.O.W. TREATMENT BY JAPS ON LABUAN ' , 18 June 1945 , p. 2 . . Jump up ^ ' Australian flag : Captain F.E. Stahl , 8 Division Signals ' , Australian War Memorial . Jump up ^ Goodman , 1998 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` BANGKOK , THAILAND 1945 - 09 - 21 . AUSTRALIAN FLAG MADE BY EX - AUSTRALIAN PRISONERS OF WAR AT NUMBER 8 ... '' www.awm.gov.au . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Argus ( Melbourne , Vic. : 1848 -- 1957 ) -- 15 Sep 1945 -- p1 '' . Trove . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Changi flag finds home , 31 January 2008 , Tweed Daily News Jump up ^ `` North Korea . 1950 . Lieutenant W.L. Brodie OC , of the Australian Visitors and Observers Section , ... '' www.awm.gov.au . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Goodman , 1998 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ `` Phuoc Tuy Province , South Vietnam . 1968 - 03 . The flag raising on the rocky peak of Hill 323 marked ... '' www.awm.gov.au . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gio Linh , South Vietnam . 1969 - 04 - 25 . Warrant Officer Class 1 ( WO1 ) Jim Geedrick , and Indigenous ... '' www.awm.gov.au . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` An Australian soldier places a wreath of flowers on one of the coffins during the funeral service ... '' www.awm.gov.au . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Vietnamese officer pins a medal on the Australian flag that covers the coffin of Warrant ... '' www.awm.gov.au . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ The Status Of The Flag . Home.alphalink.com.au . Retrieved on 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Kwan , Flag and Nation , 2006 , p. 100 , 106 . Jump up ^ Kwan , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Kwan , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Kwan , pp. 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ Commonwealth , Parliamentary Debates , House of Representatives , 20 November 1953 , 367 , ( Bob Menzies ) . ^ Jump up to : Kwan , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Australian flags . Australia . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Awards and Culture Branch . ( 3rd ed . ) . Barton ACT : Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . 2006 . p. 42 . ISBN 9780642471345 . OCLC 76889205 . Jump up ^ Kwan , pp. 104 -- 105 , 109 . Jump up ^ Kwan , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Kwan , Flag and Nation , 2004 Jump up ^ Department of the Parliamentary Library . 1996 . Bills Digest 18 1996 -- 97 Flags Amendment Bill 1996 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No . S321 , 28 August 1996 Jump up ^ Australian National Flag Association . History of National Flag Day Archived 17 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kwan , pp. 136 -- 138 , 144 . Jump up ^ https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/au_days.html ^ Jump up to : Kwan , pp. 140 -- 141 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No . S382 , 20 September 2001 ^ Jump up to : Australian flags . Australia . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Awards and Culture Branch . ( 3rd ed . ) . Barton ACT : Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . 2006 . p. 27 . ISBN 9780642471345 . OCLC 76889205 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth , Parliamentary Debates , House of Representatives , 18 September 2001 , 30853 ( Paul Neville ) Jump up ^ Ian Warden , ' How cricketing animals were kept off Australia 's national flag ' , The Canberra Times ( Canberra ) , 4 September 2002 , p. 7 Jump up ^ ' Students celebrate as the Australian flag turns 103 ' , The Reporter ( Acacia Ridge ) , 8 September 2004 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Annelie Hailes , ' Huge flag for a big country ' , Courier Mail , 4 September 2009 , p. 33 Jump up ^ ' Special day flagged by Central students ' , The Queensland Times , 2 September 2010 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Sarah Harvey , ' Now that `` sa flag ! Students salute big flag ' , The Queensland Times , p. 4 September 2012 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Chris Owen , `` Ensign flags a very special Aussie day '' , The Queensland Times , 3 September 2013 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Iconic flag to tour Warwick , Warwick Daily News , p. 3 Jump up ^ Joanna Mather , ' New Governor - General to repeat history : Hollingworth flies the flag ' , Townsville Bulletin , 8 June 2001 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , L. , Giffney , S. & Vaughan , J : ' Once a Jolly Flagman ' : the 1901 Townsville flag ccontroversy . Memoirs of the Queensland Museum , Cultural Heritage Series . 2 ( 2 ) : 197 - 207 . Brisbane . ISSN 1440 - 4788 . Jump up ^ `` Gough Whitlam Prime Ministerial Collection '' . Whitlam Institute . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ https://collection.maas.museum/object/416186 Jump up ^ `` ABC OPEN : Gallipoli flag -- From Project : Object Stories '' . open.abc.net.au . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ANZAC -- Gallipoli Flag -- Australian National Flag Association ( ANFA ) '' . anfa-national.org.au . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bomb - damaged Australian flag from the Administrator 's Residence , Darwin , 1942 -- Unknown -- Google Arts & Culture '' . google.com . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Rupert Goodman , Do n't change our flag : An exposure of false and misleading arguments , Boolorong Press , 1998 , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Cabinet , Prime Minister and ( 27 June 2016 ) . `` Australian flags '' . www.pmc.gov.au . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Australian flags . Australia . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Awards and Culture Branch . ( 3rd ed . ) . Barton ACT : Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . 2006 . p. 29 . ISBN 9780642471345 . OCLC 76889205 . Jump up ^ Australian flags . Australia . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Awards and Culture Branch . ( 3rd ed . ) . Barton ACT : Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . 2006 . pp. 44 -- 45 . ISBN 9780642471345 . OCLC 76889205 . Jump up ^ Australian flags . Australia . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Awards and Culture Branch . ( 3rd ed . ) . Barton ACT : Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . 2006 . p. 28 . ISBN 9780642471345 . OCLC 76889205 . ^ Jump up to : Kwan , pp. 133 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Harold Thomas in Land Rights News , July 1995 , p. 3 , cited in Aboriginal Tent Embassy : Icon or Eyesore ? Jump up ^ Kwan , pp. 116 , 126 . Jump up ^ Explanatory Statement accompanying 2008 proclamation , ComLaw database . Jump up ^ Legislative Instruments enabled by the Flags Act , ComLaw database . Jump up ^ Australian flags . Australia . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Awards and Culture Branch . ( 3rd ed . ) . Barton ACT : Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . 2006 . p. 30 . ISBN 9780642471345 . OCLC 76889205 . Jump up ^ Australian flags . Australia . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Awards and Culture Branch . ( 3rd ed . ) . Barton ACT : Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . 2006 . pp. 31 -- 35 . ISBN 9780642471345 . OCLC 76889205 . ^ Jump up to : Kwan , pp. 125 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Hansard. 2 June 1994 . Question without Notice : Australian Flag Archived 6 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , pp 1318 ^ Jump up to : Kwan , pp. 138 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Kwan , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Kwan , pp. 131 -- 137 . Jump up ^ The Australian Flag -- Similar and Related Flags . Anbg.gov.au ( 20 November 2007 ) . Retrieved on 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Kwan , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Kwan , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Source : Newspoll , 25 January 2004 . Jump up ^ According to a breakdown of the figures , 41 % said they were `` strongly '' opposed , more than favoured change overall . Jump up ^ `` Clear Majority Want to Keep the Australian Flag '' . Roy Morgan Research . 13 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aussie pride : what Australians love about their country '' ( PDF ) . Mccrindle.com.au . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Australia . 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when is the second season of legion coming out
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The season premeiered in Los Angeles on April 2 , 2018 , before its FX debut on April 3 . It will run for 10 episodes .
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April 2 , 2018
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Legion ( season 2 )
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legion ( season 2 )
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The second season of the American cable television series Legion is based on the Marvel Comics character David Haller / Legion , a mutant diagnosed with schizophrenia at a young age . The season is connected to the X-Men film series , and is produced by FX Productions in association with Marvel Television . Noah Hawley serves as showrunner .
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Dan Stevens stars as Haller , with Rachel Keller , Aubrey Plaza , Bill Irwin , Jeremie Harris , Amber Midthunder and Jean Smart also returning from the first season to star . They are joined by Jemaine Clement and Hamish Linklater , promoted from guest roles in the first season , and Navid Negahban . A second season of Legion was ordered by FX in March 2017 , with filming for the season relocating from Vancouver to California , to take advantage of tax incentives . Production began in September 2017 , with practical effects again a priority for the series ' crew . The season features the parasitic villain Amahl Farouk / Shadow King , portrayed by Negahban , searching for his original body after being forced out of Haller 's mind at the end of the first season . The season premeiered in Los Angeles on April 2 , 2018 , before its FX debut on April 3 . It will run for 10 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Design 3.5 Filming 3.6 Music 3.7 Shared universe connections 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 9 `` Chapter 9 '' Tim Mielants Noah Hawley & Nathaniel Halpern April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) XLN02001 0.67 A year after Amahl Farouk / Shadow King escaped in the body of Oliver Bird , and David Haller was kidnapped by a strange orb , the mutants of Summerland and the government agency Division 3 search for Farouk 's original body . Farouk infects people with a mental `` virus '' , the Catalyst , that freezes their bodies but causes their teeth to continuously chatter , while searching for his body himself . It would allow him to unleash his full powers . Haller appears in a nightclub , claiming that only hours have passed since his kidnapping . He tries to find Farouk telepathically using a device created by scientist Cary Loudermilk to increase the range of his abilities , but instead relives a memory from the nightclub of a strange monk and a dance battle with Bird and Lenny Busker . Haller gives his girlfriend Syd Barrett a compass that will always lead her to him , and promises not to keep secrets from her , but does not tell her of the future version of her that sent the orb , and told him to help Farouk find his body . That night , Haller 's mind meets with Bird and Busker in the `` nightclub '' . The Narrator explains how ideas lead to madness and delusions . He recounts the story of Zhuang Zhou and compares ideas to eggs : a rational idea is a healthy chick , which a dark creature , a delusion , feeds on . The Narrator gives the example of Albert A , a man who can not ignore the idea that his own leg is not his , to the point that he saws it off . 10 `` Chapter 10 '' Ana Lily Amirpour Noah Hawley & Nathaniel Halpern April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) TBA TBD 11 `` Chapter 11 '' Sarah Adina Smith Noah Hawley & Nathaniel Halpern April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) TBA TBD 12 `` Chapter 12 '' Ellen Kuras Noah Hawley & Nathaniel Halpern April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) TBA TBD 13 5 `` Chapter 13 '' Tim Mielants Noah Hawley & Nathaniel Halpern May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) TBA TBD 14 6 `` Chapter 14 '' John Cameron Noah Hawley May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) TBA TBD 15 7 `` Chapter 15 '' TBA TBA May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) TBA TBD 16 8 `` Chapter 16 '' TBA TBA May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) TBA TBD 17 9 `` Chapter 17 '' TBA TBA May 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) TBA TBD 18 10 TBA TBA TBA June 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 05 ) TBA TBD Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Legion characters Main ( edit ) Dan Stevens as David Haller Rachel Keller as Sydney `` Syd '' Barrett Aubrey Plaza as Lenny Busker Bill Irwin as Cary Loudermilk Navid Negahban as Amahl Farouk / Shadow King Jemaine Clement as Oliver Bird Jeremie Harris as Ptonomy Wallace Amber Midthunder as Kerry Loudermilk Hamish Linklater as Clark Debussy Jean Smart as Melanie Bird Recurring ( edit ) Jon Hamm as the Narrator Notable guests ( edit ) Quinton Boisclair as the Devil with the Yellow Eyes Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In June 2016 , FX President John Landgraf said that Legion , if successful , could run for as many seasons as Hawley feels it needs to tell the story . In January 2017 , Hawley said he was open to continuing the story past the first season , but did n't want the audience to get to the end of the first run and have `` no resolution of any kind at the end of it . '' Star Dan Stevens said , `` I know for a fact that there are more issues that David has to deal with than the one that we really address in the first season . '' FX renewed Legion for a second season on March 15 , 2017 . At the end of that month , Hawley explained that he planned for the season to have ten episodes , and to focus more on the series ' other characters in addition to David Haller . He added , `` I do tend to think that that 's important , that even though the show is n't an anthology like Fargo , each season has a self - contained - ness to it , an identity to it . But I think it 's a little too early to talk about what that identity might be . '' Writing ( edit ) Hawley noted that the first season was about Haller 's internal struggle against the Shadow King , and that the latter 's transference to the character Oliver Bird at the end of the season signified a change to an external struggle for Haller that this season would explore . Hawley wanted to avoid having a villain - of - the - year structure , with the second season introducing a new antagonist , instead wanting to continue the story surrounding the Shadow King from his introduction in the first season that `` makes for a potential showdown that we 're really invested in as an audience '' . Hawley added that with the Shadow King reveal at the end of the first season , Haller can now blame `` every bad thing he 's ever done on the entity that 's now gone , and now is thinking , ' I 'm just a purely good person ' ... there 's sort of a hubris to that . '' Stevens said that `` we have n't even really scratched the surface of the number of characters or entities that are contained within ( Haller ) . The Shadow King was obviously one of them , and a large part , but there 's a lot more going on . '' The second season begins a year after the end of the first , with Hawley feeling the time jump allowed them to `` muddy the waters '' rather than be `` all clarity all the time '' , since `` that 's the fun of the show , the mystery of trying to figure things out . '' Stevens added that `` everybody 's going to be playing catchup '' , including the audience and Haller . Hawley also said that the season would explore the world of heroes and villains , and that it was not yet decided which direction Haller would go . The season spends more time inside the minds of the characters and in the Astral Plane than the first , and also explores `` more specific genres and storytelling moments '' to both be more ambitious than the first season and not repeat what had been done before ; Hawley wanted to `` use the genre to solve the characters ... to explore the characters and stories that you could n't in a straight drama '' . The main story of the season focuses on Farouk searching for his original body , since mutant abilities are genetic and being reunited with the body will make him even more powerful . To avoid the season becoming `` a good versus evil or white hat versus black hat situation '' , Hawley wanted to focus on thematic ideas such as `` our shared reality being a choice that we make . Sometimes societies go a little bit crazy . How does that happen ? '' To help explore that idea , Hawley created an `` educational segment '' which he soon decided to add to each episode of the season . The segments are narrated , and are intended to `` take these concepts of mental illness , and visualizing them in a way where you can tell a story . '' Casting ( edit ) Returning from the first season to star are Stevens as David Haller , Rachel Keller as Sydney `` Syd '' Barrett , Aubrey Plaza as Lenny Busker , Bill Irwin as Cary Loudermilk , Jeremie Harris as Ptonomy Wallace , Amber Midthunder as Kerry Loudermilk , and Jean Smart as Melanie Bird . Hawley considered Barrett to be the co-protagonist of the season alongside Haller , calling it a `` two - hander '' , with the season further exploring their relationship and comparing it to that of Melanie Bird and her husband Oliver . Hamish Linklater joins the main cast , having portrayed Clark Debussy in a guest role in the first season . With the end of the first season establishing the importance of Jemaine Clement 's character Oliver Bird , now the host of the villainous Shadow King , Hawley said that he had talked to the actor about the next season , and that he was `` excited to come back '' . Clement 's return was confirmed in July 2017 , also being promoted to the main cast , along with the announcement that Saïd Taghmaoui had been cast as the true form of the Shadow King / Amahl Farouk . In November , during production on the season , Taghmaoui announced that he was no longer involved with the series , and FX confirmed that `` a decision was made to recast '' the role of Farouk . Navid Negahban was revealed to have taken over the role in January 2018 . Hawley explained that Taghmaoui had not been `` a great fit '' , leading to the recast . Negahban joins the main cast as well . Jon Hamm narrates the educational segments throughout the season . Hawley did not want the narration to feel `` tainted '' by having one of the series ' characters give their own point of view , and wanted an actor who could give `` a sense of identity and a feeling of control ( as if ) the show itself has a point of view and it 's all going somewhere '' . He compared the voice that he wanted for the narration to Alec Baldwin 's from the film The Royal Tenenbaums , and considered Hamm -- who he thought had `` a great voice '' -- after working with him on the film Pale Blue Dot . Hamm agreed to take on the role , and Hawley thought he gave the segments `` such character '' , comparing the final performance to Rod Serling . Hawley added that he was `` pretty confident '' the actor would only be providing his voice to the series rather than ever appearing onscreen . Quinton Boisclair was confirmed to be returning as the Devil with the Yellow Eyes in July 2017 . Design ( edit ) The season moves Haller 's hair closer to its unique look from the comics , with Stevens saying `` it creeps ever higher '' . To create the sound of teeth chattering , for the people afflicted with the Catalyst mental virus , Hawley allowed sound supervisor Nick Forshager experiment with different approaches . Simply recording the actors on set chattering their teeth `` did n't have that biting sound that we really needed '' , so they experimented with alternative sounds like horse hooves . They ultimately found that any sound they produced close to teeth chattering came across as fake teeth , so they tried recording the teeth of the sound department 's staff in different ways . The final version used in the series was recorded with a Neumann condenser microphone and then digitally manipulated to give it a `` kind of eerie multilevel sound '' . Production designer Michael Wylie worked to continue the `` all time '' setting of the series in the second season , taking inspiration from styles and architecture across decades so as not to make the show appear as if it takes place in a specific time or place . Because much of the season takes place in Division 3 headquarters , Wylie wanted to clearly distinguish the sets from those used for Summerland in the first season by changing a recurring motif : circles were used a lot throughout the designs of the first season , and hexagons are throughout the season two sets . He thought this added some `` familiarity '' to the sets and made things `` easier to design , and we also know that whenever you see a hexagon that you know you are in Division 3 without anyone having to tell you '' . Because of the tendency for a government facility to become `` unbearably sterile '' , Wylie looked to add depth to the sets with custom - made wall paper and complicated floor designs which did not go so far as to make the spaces feel personalized . The robot - like Vermillion that Division 3 leader Admiral Fukyama communicates through have feminine physiques and mustaches . They went through several variations , with Hawley wanting their look to be based on Dennis Franz . The set in which the Admiral and the Vermillion are introduced was initially going to look like a larger version of the wicker basket that Fukyama wears . The Division 3 dining hall is based on Hawley 's idea of a `` sushi - go - round '' restaurant but with the food on boats floating in water , with Wylie 's final design labelled a `` 1970s Italian waterpark version '' . The water for the boats zig - zags through the set , causing issues for the crew trying to maneuver around the room . Also built was Cary Loudermilk 's `` lair '' , the series ' take on a traditional superhero lab , which includes an `` amplification chamber '' that is an homage to the machine Cerebro that appears in the comics and films . It is based on research into isolation tanks rather than any designs originating in the comics to prevent the series from simply copying what came before . Filming ( edit ) For the season , Hawley looked to move production of the show from Vancouver to California to better accommodate his busy schedule . This was made possible when the show was awarded over $11 million in tax incentives by the California Film Commission under its `` Program 2.0 '' initiative . Hawley called this change of locale `` another way that we helped the show not settle into a sort of familiar routine of standing sets and that sort of overly familiar sense of it 's the same thing , week in and week out . '' He added , `` I 'm going to try and look at southern California in a way that we have n't looked at before , to try and find a way to tell stories that are urban and rural and in the astral plane as it were , and continue to look like nothing else . '' Filming began on September 28 , 2017 . The opening sequence of the season was filmed in the backyard of a Hollywood Hills home , in the sun , clearly establishing the different setting from the overcast locations of the first season . As with the first season , Hawley was committed to emphasizing practical effects when creating the season 's visuals . This included creating physical title cards to be filmed rather than digitally adding lettering . Hawley also wanted to explore alternative representations of the usual elements found in superhero series , such as depicting a fight sequence as a dance battle , explaining , `` A fight is a very black and white , two - dimensional thing . We 're fighting and I 'm trying to beat you and you 're trying to beat me . But what if the scene is ... part of it is peacocking and part of it is a courtship dance and part of it is fighting because ' I hate that I have to work with you ' etc . You ca n't express that in a fight sequence , but in a dance fight you can . '' Negahban joined the series during production on the eighth episode following the recasting of the Shadow King , and had to reshoot all of the scenes from the first seven episodes featuring the character . Filming for the season took place in a desert . Music ( edit ) Composer Jeff Russo stated in April 2017 that he would begin work on the season , including developing new thematic material , in June after he completed work on the third season of Fargo . Shared universe connections ( edit ) For the second season , Hawley wanted to further explore the connections between the series and the wider X-Men universe , particularly in paralleling common elements found throughout the universe such as the `` gray approach to morality and how characters can cross that line , like Magneto . '' This was something Hawley felt was unique to this universe , and `` not the same kinda black and white universe that you get in other comic franchises , and so I really wanted to play with that . '' The season also continues to explore Haller 's father , Charles Xavier , though Hawley was reluctant to confirm an appearance by one of the X-Men film actors ( Patrick Stewart or James McAvoy ) reprising that role for the show since he felt incorporating elements directly from the films `` too quickly '' was `` cheating on some level '' , rather than telling his own standalone story first . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing on FX on April 3 , 2018 . Hawley had previously said , in March 2017 , that he expected the season to begin airing in February 2018 . Marketing ( edit ) Footage from the season debuted at the FX Television Critics Association panel in January 2018 , introducing Negahban as Farouk in an announcement of his casting . Hawley and several cast members attended the panel . A trailer for the season was released online at the start of March , and multiple commentators noted that it indicated the noteworthy aspects of the first season would be retained for the second -- an unreliable narrative , `` stunning '' visuals , and significant cast members including Stevens , Plaza , and Clement . The dancing featured in the trailer and the introductory footage of Negahban were also highlighted . An artistic video installation created by Marco Brambilla Studio was open to the public at Goya Studios in Los Angeles from March 30 to April 1 , 2018 . It consisted of a chamber that several people could be sealed in , with a `` moving kaleidoscope of imagery from the series '' then displayed on screens around the chamber and onto a series of mirrors above to `` completely envelope you in a very trippy , very Legion manner '' . The images were backed by music , and included teases of the second season . Visitors to the exhibit could also get their photo taken with a series of mirrors that evoked the style of promotional posters released for the season . A `` blue carpet '' premiere event was held for the season on April 2 , at the Directors Guild of America headquarters in Los Angeles . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter 9 '' April 3 , 2018 0.3 0.67 TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating for the second season , with an average rating of 7.78 / 10 based on 14 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Legion returns with a smart , strange second season that settles into a straighter narrative without sacrificing its unique sensibilities . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 85 out of 100 based on 10 critics for the season , indicating what the website considers to be `` universal acclaim '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Legion ' premieres down , ' WWE Smackdown ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 202 ) `` Chapter 10 '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 203 ) `` Chapter 11 '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 204 ) `` Chapter 12 '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 205 ) `` Chapter 13 '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 207 ) `` Chapter 14 '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legion : Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Click the `` Episode Guide '' tab to view all listed episodes . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - legion on fx '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Collis , Clark ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Legion : Read a script page from the season 2 premiere '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legion Season 2 Poster & Images '' . Cosmic Book News . March 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Nemetz , Dave ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Legion Adds Homeland Alum Navid Negahban in Season 2 Villain Recast '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Eric ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` David Haller 's Journey Continues in New ' Legion ' Season 2 Trailer '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Legion ' Creator Reveals the ' Mad ' Backstory to Season 2 's New Narrator '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Holloway , Daniel ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Star Saïd Taghmaoui Joins ' Legion ' Season 2 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 4 , 2016 ) . `` John Landgraf Talks ' Legion ' On FX & Changing Marketplace ; Slams Silicon Valley -- Produced By '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eley , Julie ( January 28 , 2017 ) . `` Downton Abbey star Dan Stevens returns to TV in Marvel 's Legion '' . Stuff.co.nz . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Legion ' Renewed by FX for Season 2 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keene , Allison ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Legion ' : Noah Hawley and Dan Stevens Unpack the Finale , Tease Season 2 '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Legion Cast Drops Season 2 Hints , Confesses to Major Plot Confusion '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Legion : Dan Stevens Says More ' Entities Within David ' To Be Revealed In Season 2 '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Legion ' Season 2 Will Feature a Big Time Jump ( TCA 2018 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lutes , Alicia ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Noah Hawley Teases Legion 's 11 Twistiest , Weirdest Tidbits From Season 2 '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Legion ' Casts ' Wonder Woman ' Actor as Main Season 2 Villain '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Star Saïd Taghmaoui Exits ' Legion ' Season 2 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` How Legion Landed Jon Hamm as Season 2 's Rod Serling - Style Narrator '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wiesman , Abraham ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` How Legion Made That Freaky Chattering - Teeth Sound Effect '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Autumn Noel ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Hexagons , Wallpaper and Dennis Franz : Inside the Sets of ' Legion ' Season 2 '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Legion ' EP Noah Hawley On Tonight 's Finale , Season 2 & Patrick Stewart '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Legion , ' ' The Affair ' Among Four TV Series Relocating Production to California '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawley , Noah ( @ noahhawley ) ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` It has begun . # Legion2 '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Katz , Brandon ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Legion ' Showrunner Noah Hawley Discusses THAT Dance Battle Scene & Season 2 's Themes '' . The Observer . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : Navid Negahban on Becoming the Shadow King in ' Legion ' Season 2 '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baker - Whitelaw , Gavia ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` Interview : How ' Dark Side of the Moon ' shaped the music of ' Legion ' '' . The Daily Dot . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Legion ' Gets Season 2 Premiere Date On FX '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Legion Season 2 Trailer : David Faces Hard Choices , Hits the Dance Floor '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Joest , Mick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Legion Season 2 Trailer Is Trippy , Beautiful And Features Snazzy Dance Moves '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Oh , Sheryl ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Legion ' Season 2 Trailer : Gorgeous Visuals , Mind Trips , and More Dancing '' . Film School Rejects . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` The Legion Chamber Brings ' Legion ' Fans Inside the World of the Series '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burton , Byron ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Legion ' Team Previews Season 2 Reinvention , Lobbies for Patrick Stewart Cameo '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Legion : Season 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Legion : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Legion on IMDb X-Men in other media Films X-Men X2 X-Men : The Last Stand soundtrack X-Men Origins : Wolverine X-Men : First Class The Wolverine X-Men : Days of Future Past Deadpool soundtrack X-Men : Apocalypse Logan Deadpool 2 X-Men : Dark Phoenix The New Mutants Development of Gambit Characters List of X-Men films cast members Television Pryde of the X-Men X-Men characters episodes Night of the Sentinels Days of Future Past releases Generation X X-Men : Evolution characters episodes Wolverine and the X-Men episodes Marvel Anime : X-Men Legion season 1 `` Chapter 1 '' season 2 characters The Gifted season 1 `` eXposed '' `` rX '' characters Characters Firestar Spyke X-23 Video games X-Men Questprobe The Uncanny X-Men X-Men : Madness in Murderworld X-Men II : The Fall of the Mutants X-Men ( 1992 ) Spider - Man and the X-Men in Arcade 's Revenge X-Men ( 1993 ) X-Men : Mutant Apocalypse X-Men : Children of the Atom X-Men ( Game Gear ) X-Men : Gamesmaster 's Legacy X-Men 2 : Clone Wars X-Men vs. Street Fighter X-Men : Mojo World X-Men : The Ravages of Apocalypse X-Men : Mutant Academy X-Men : Mutant Wars X-Men : Mutant Academy 2 X-Men : Reign of Apocalypse X-Men : Next Dimension X-Men Legends X-Men Legends II : Rise of Apocalypse X-Men : The Official Game X-Men : Destiny Wolverine Wolverine Wolverine : Adamantium Rage X-Men : Wolverine 's Rage X2 : Wolverine 's Revenge X-Men Origins : Wolverine Characters in other media Apocalypse Cyclops Gambit Magneto Jean Grey Professor X Psylocke Rogue Storm Wolverine See also X-Men storylines X-Men comics Live - action television programs based on Marvel Comics TV series Current Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 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Man - Thing See also Marvel Television List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legion_(season_2)&oldid=835721597 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 11 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion%20%28season%202%29
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where was revenge of the nerds 2 filmed
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Revenge of the Nerds II : Nerds in Paradise
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revenge of the nerds ii : nerds in paradise
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Revenge of the Nerds II : Nerds in Paradise is the 1987 sequel to the 1984 comedy Revenge of the Nerds . Its cast featured most of the main actors from the earlier film , including Robert Carradine , Anthony Edwards ( in a smaller role ) , Curtis Armstrong , Larry B. Scott , Timothy Busfield , Donald Gibb , and Andrew Cassese . This film also provided an early starring role for Courtney Thorne - Smith . Other cast members include Bradley Whitford , Ed Lauter , and Barry Sobel .
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One of the movie trailers parodies the trailer of Poltergeist II : The Other Side where they pan the inside of a house , then the phone rings , and the person sitting in the chair facing away from the camera picks up , then the person turns to reveal its Heather O'Rourke 's character , Carol - Ann , who says `` They 're back . '' In the Nerds version , Robert Carradine 's character , Lewis , turns and says `` We 're back ! '' and does his infamous nerd laugh . 38 Special provided the title track `` Back to Paradise '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Box office 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The Lambda Lambda Lambdas from Adams College are packing their suitcases to get ready for a national fraternity convention in Fort Lauderdale , Florida . Just before heading to the airport , Lewis ' ( Robert Carradine ) best friend Gilbert ( Anthony Edwards ) explains to him that he feels stupid that he can not come , due to breaking his leg ( during a chess match ) . After the group arrive at Fort Lauderdale and head to the Royal Flamingo Hotel , a trainee named Sunny ( Courtney Thorne - Smith ) informs Lewis that their reservation is canceled and has been given to the Alpha Betas . The Royal Flamingo acting manager ( Ed Lauter ) explains to Sunny that they do not want nerds staying in this hotel . The Tri-Lambs also meet Stewart ( Barry Sobel ) , a geeky bellboy at the hotel who is also friends with Sunny . Poindexter finds another ( albeit dilapidated ) hotel called the Hotel Coral Essex , located in a shady neighborhood , and makes their reservation there . Roger ( Bradley Whitford ) , the president of the local chapter of Alpha Betas ( and chairman of the regional conference ) is seen planning with his fellow jocks to get rid of the Tri-Lambs by any means necessary . Furthermore , Ogre ( Donald Gibb ) is revealed to be at the conference , scheming with Roger and the Alphas . The Lambdas arrive at the Florida swamplands hoping to attend the United Fraternity pre-conference barbecue . They take the wrong way ( intentionally given wrong directions by Roger ) and see a group of Seminole Indians capture an Indian maiden and throw her into a flame ( an act concocted by the Alphas to humiliate the Tri-Lambs into leaving the conference ) . They are captured and forced to strip to their underwear , until Poindexter ( Timothy Busfield ) tests their ethnicity by yelling `` Bite my crank '' at them in Seminole , to which no one responds . They 're chased off by Ogre , and forced to make their way across town back to their hotel in their underwear . The next day , Roger announces a new bylaw to be voted upon by the conference ; `` Proposition 15 '' , a rule that would require physical as well as academic standards to be met by all members of the conference . Before Lewis can make any argument against the proposition , he is co-opted by a wet - nightie contest happening poolside . The Lambdas decide to beat the Alphas at their own game and throw a party at the Hotel Coral Essex . The neon sign outside the hotel is deliberately broken ( so that it reads `` HOTel cORAL esSEX '' ) , which draws people for miles . The Tri-Lambs ( along with Stewart ) perform a rock / rap `` No On 15 '' song outside of the Hotel Coral Essex , winning over the crowd , and Prop 15 is voted down the next morning . At this time , Roger , seemingly sincere , expresses a desire to make peace once and for all with the Tri-Lambs , and to that end he proposes a bylaw stating that any fraternity found to be guilty of a crime will be expelled from the national conference and their charter revoked . The Lambdas , satisfied that the Alphas now can not attack them without being expelled from the conference , accept their offer of friendship and their luxurious hotel suite at the Royal Flamingo . Roger encourages Sunny to grab a couple of girls and take the Tri-Lambs to the beach in his car . Wormser is able to procure alcohol at a liquor store , despite being under - age , using a fake ID proclaiming he is an admiral in the Navy . While on the beach Sunny and Lewis get to know and like each other . Unfortunately , Roger has reported his car stolen , and the Lambdas are arrested . Stewart and Sunny bail the Tri-Lambs out of jail . Sunny apologizes and tries to explain that she knew nothing of Roger 's plan , but Lewis does n't believe her . Before she can explain , The Alpha Betas kidnap the Tri-Lambs along with Sunny and dump them on an uninhabited island . Disgusted by Roger 's actions , Sunny jumps overboard . When they realize Ogre can not be trusted to keep his mouth shut , they also throw him into the water , despite the fact that he can not swim . Upon seeing Ogre drowning , Wormser jumps into the ocean and rescues him , though he is seemingly ungrateful . After smoking some of the weed Booger discovered on the island , Ogre and the others realize he is not so different from them after all . As the group sleeps Lewis has a dream about Gilbert , who explains to him that all is not lost and implores Lewis not to give up . He also points out that Lewis is acting like a jerk to Sunny , who is stranded with him on this island by choice . This helps give Lewis the confidence he needs to apologize to Sunny for his behavior and to try to find a way off the island . The next morning The Tri-Lambs , using their combined intelligence and ingenuity , find a Cuban military officer 's hidden cache of military supplies , including an amphibious vehicle . Meanwhile , at the conference , Roger is presiding over the vote to expel the Tri-Lambs , when , decked out in military gear , they literally crash the conference , driving right through the conference room wall , then chase the attendees out to the pool . Roger is unfazed and tries to continue to have the Lambdas voted out for stealing his car , until Sunny reveals that Roger set them up and kidnapped them . Roger states that it does n't matter since he will always be cool , popular , and good - looking and the Lambdas will always be weird , different , and pathetic , and that there 's nothing they can do or say about it . Lewis takes a moment and quietly agrees with Roger , stating that there 's nothing he can say , but that there is `` something I 've got ta do about it . '' and punches Roger in the jaw , knocking him into the pool . The fraternity Council favors the nerds , cheer for them and voted Roger and the Alphas out of the fraternity council and their charter for good . Back at Adams College , Lewis and Gilbert lead an induction ceremony for the newest member of Lambda Lambda Lambda , Ogre . Cast ( edit ) Robert Carradine as Lewis Skolnick Anthony Edwards as Gilbert Lowe Curtis Armstrong as Dudley `` Booger '' Dawson Larry B. Scott as Lamar Latrelle Timothy Busfield as Arnold Poindexter Andrew Cassese as Harold Wormser Courtney Thorne - Smith as Sunny Carstairs Bradley Whitford as Roger Latimer Barry Sobel as Stewart James Cromwell as Mr. Skolnick Ed Lauter as Buzz James Hong as Snotty Donald Gibb as Fred `` Ogre '' Palowakski Tom Hodges as Tiny Jack Gilpin as Mr. Comstock Michael Fitzgerald as Pot Roast This is the only Nerds film in which Betty does not appear ( although a picture of her can be seen at the beginning of the film ) . Stan Gable , Takashi , and U.N. Jefferson do not appear . This is the last Nerds film to feature Poindexter . Although he is shown on the DVD cover of the fourth film , he is not seen nor mentioned in it . This is also the last Nerds film to include Anthony Edwards as Gilbert and Andrew Cassese as Wormser . Edwards did not like the script and was very reluctant to reprise his role , and only agreed to return when his scenes were scheduled to be filmed very quickly and without any location filming ( the script was changed so Gilbert had a broken leg , which enabled Edwards to film almost all of his material in one session , and he spent a few days filming the scene where he appears in Lewis ' dream and gets his best friend to focus on being a good guy and a leader of the nerds ) . They are played by other actors in the third film and stay offscreen in the fourth and final film . At a 30th anniversary of the original film in 2014 , Julia Montgomery ( Betty ) told that she was originally to have a part in Nerds II but eventually turned it down after learning that her only scene would involve Betty cheating on Lewis in a hotel room with another ' jock ' . Montgomery felt that after falling in love with Lewis towards the end of Nerds , that it was n't right that she would cheat on him with someone who was just like Stan Gable . Reception ( edit ) The film received a mostly negative reaction from critics . It currently holds a 7 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 27 reviews with the critical consensus `` It reunites most of the original cast and rounds them up for a trip to Fort Lauderdale for spring break , but Revenge of the Nerds II : Nerds in Paradise forgets to pack enough jokes or compelling characters to make it through its 89 - minute running time . '' Box office ( edit ) Despite the negative reviews , the film was a box office success . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ SF Sketchfest Revenge of the Nerds tribute Jump up ^ `` Revenge of the Nerds II : Nerds in Paradise '' . The Washington Post . 1987 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Revenge of the Nerds II : Nerds in Paradise '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office '' . Los Angeles Times . 1987 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Revenge of the Nerds II : Nerds in Paradise on IMDb Revenge of the Nerds II : Nerds in Paradise at AllMovie Revenge of the Nerds II : Nerds in Paradise at Box Office Mojo Revenge of the Nerds II : Nerds in Paradise at Rotten Tomatoes Revenge of the Nerds Films Revenge of the Nerds ( 1984 ) Nerds in Paradise ( 1987 ) The Next Generation ( 1992 ) Nerds in Love ( 1994 ) Related King of the Nerds ( 2013 -- 2015 ) King of the Nerds UK ( 2015 ) Films directed by Joe Roth Streets of Gold ( 1986 ) Revenge of the Nerds II : Nerds in Paradise ( 1987 ) Coupe de Ville ( 1990 ) America 's Sweethearts ( 2001 ) Christmas with the Kranks ( 2004 ) Freedomland ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revenge_of_the_Nerds_II:_Nerds_in_Paradise&oldid=797584521 '' Categories : 1987 films English - language films 1980s comedy films 1980s sequel films American sex comedy films American films American sequel films Films set in Florida Films shot in Florida Revenge of the Nerds 20th Century Fox films Films about fraternities and sororities Interscope Communications films Film scores by Mark Mothersbaugh Films directed by Joe Roth Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 01 : 18 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge%20of%20the%20Nerds%20II%3A%20Nerds%20in%20Paradise
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who plays the kid in mr bean's holiday
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Back on the platform , Bean asks a Russian film director named Emil Duchevsky ( Karel Roden ) to use his camcorder to film him boarding the train , but spends so much time retaking the shot that the train starts to leave . Although Bean manages to get onto the train , the doors close before Emil can get on . Emil 's son , Stepan ( Maxim Baldry ) is therefore left on board without his father .
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Maxim Baldry
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Mr. Bean 's Holiday
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mr. bean's holiday
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Mr. Bean 's Holiday Theatrical release poster Directed by Steve Bendelack Produced by Peter Bennett - Jones Tim Bevan Eric Fellner Screenplay by Hamish McColl Robin Driscoll Story by Simon McBurney Based on Mr. Bean by Richard Curtis and Rowan Atkinson Starring Rowan Atkinson Emma de Caunes Max Baldry Willem Dafoe Karel Roden Jean Rochefort Music by Howard Goodall Cinematography Baz Irvine Edited by Tony Cranstoun Production company StudioCanal Working Title Films Tiger Aspect Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date 30 March 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 30 ) ( UK ) 24 August 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 24 ) ( US ) Running time 86 minutes Country United Kingdom France United States Language English French Russian Budget $25 million Box office $229.7 million Mr. Bean 's Holiday is a 2007 road adventure comedy film directed by Steve Bendelack and written by Hamish McColl and Robin Driscoll . Based on the British television series Mr. Bean and a stand - alone sequel to Bean ( 1997 ) , the film stars Rowan Atkinson , Max Baldry , Emma de Caunes and Willem Dafoe . Produced by StudioCanal , Working Title Films and Tiger Aspect Productions , the film was theatrically released on 24 August 2007 by Universal Pictures in the United States . The film received mixed reviews from critics but was a box office success , having grossed $229.7 million against a $25 million budget . The film was released in the United Kingdom on 30 March 2007 and topped the country 's box office for the next two weekends , before being dethroned by Wild Hogs . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Music 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) On a rainy day in London , Mr. Bean ( Rowan Atkinson ) drives to a church raffle where he wins the first prize , a holiday to Cannes , a Sony Handycam video camera and € 200 spending money . Following a misunderstanding involving a taxi at the Gare du Nord Bean is forced to make his way unorthodoxly towards the Gare de Lyon from La Defense to board his next train towards Cannes . However a vending machine prevents him from boarding and thus he misses his train . Whilst waiting for the next he samples French seafood cuisine at Le Train Bleu , mistakenly eating a langoustine whole and pouring the oysters he took a dislike to into a woman 's handbag . Back on the platform , Bean asks a Russian film director named Emil Duchevsky ( Karel Roden ) to use his camcorder to film him boarding the train , but spends so much time retaking the shot that the train starts to leave . Although Bean manages to get onto the train , the doors close before Emil can get on . Emil 's son , Stepan ( Maxim Baldry ) is therefore left on board without his father . Bean attempts without success to befriend the boy . At the next station , the train leaves without him when he disembarks to retrieve his video camera back from Stepan who had somehow got hold of it and disembarked earlier . The train Emil has boarded does not stop at the station and he instead holds up a sign showing a mobile number but the last two digits are covered by his fingers thus attempts at calling the number prove fruitless . Bean and Stepan board the next train but get kicked off as Bean had accidentally left his wallet and ticket on the telephone box at the previous station . Attempts at busking including lip syncing to Puccini 's `` O mio babbino caro '' prove successful and Bean buys himself and Stephan food and bus tickets to Cannes . Bean manages to lose his ticket that attaches itself to a chicken 's leg and after a failed attempt to instead hitchhike his way there on an elderly man 's VéloSoleX , he is forced to continue the journey on foot . Bean soon falls asleep , exhausted from walking and wakes up on what appears to be a quaint French village attacked by Wehrmacht backed by a StuG III but is actually a film set for a yogurt commercial directed by Carson Clay ( Willem Dafoe ) . Bean ends up as an extra in the commercial but is fired after Carson discovers his video camera . When Bean 's camera battery dies he recharges it but accidentally ends up destroying the set in an explosion . Bean then tries to hitchhike again and is offered a lift to Cannes by a yellow - green Mini identical to his own driven by Sabine ( Emma de Caunes ) , an aspiring actress on her way to the 59th Cannes Film Festival , where the film in which she makes her debut as an extra will be presented . When they stop at a service station Bean finds Stepan dancing in a cafe with a band . Sabine agrees to take him with them assuming that Stepan is Bean 's son while Stepan thinks Sabine is Bean 's fiancée . Bean uses Sabine 's mobile phone to try to call Emil again with no luck and when Sabine falls asleep at the wheel Bean ends up driving the Mini through the night . The next morning , they reach Cannes . When Sabine goes into a petrol station to change for the premiere , she sees Bean 's photo on a news program where he is suspected of kidnapping Stepan while Sabine is Bean 's accomplice . Since the premiere in Cannes is scheduled to start in one hour she decides not to go to the police to clear the misunderstandings . Therefore to get into the premiere Stepan and Bean disguise themselves as Sabine 's daughter and mother respectively and manage to evade the police . After sneaking into the premiere , Sabine and Bean are disappointed to see that her scene has been cut from the film . Bean plugs his video camera into the projector , projecting his video diary . The bizarre tale it tells fits director Carson Clay 's narration well and the director , Sabine and Bean receive standing ovations as Stepan is finally reunited with his father . After the screening , Bean leaves the building by the back door and finally makes his way onto the Cannes beach . A montage of Bean playing by the water 's edge while Sabine is interviewed , Carson Clay attempts to mimic Bean 's unorthodox filming methods and Stepan relaxes with his family plays and the film ends with the entire cast and background crowd miming a musical finale `` La Mer '' . In a post-credits scene , Bean writes `` FIN '' in the sand with his foot . He films it until the sea washes the words away and his camera 's battery dies again . Cast ( edit ) Rowan Atkinson at a premiere for the film in March 2007 Rowan Atkinson as Mr. Bean Emma de Caunes as Sabine Max Baldry as Stepan Dachevsky Willem Dafoe as Carson Clay Jean Rochefort as the Maître d'Hôtel Karel Roden as Emil Dachevsky Catherine Hosmalin as Ticket Inspector Urbain Cancelier as Bus Driver Stéphane Debac as Traffic Controller Julie Ferrier as The First AD Steve Pemberton as The Vicar Lily Atkinson as Lily Production ( edit ) In February 2001 before filming began on Scooby - Doo , Rowan Atkinson was lured into making a second film about Mr. Bean going on an Australian adventure under the working title Down Under Bean . However , this idea was dropped for Mr. Bean 's Holiday . The film began shooting on 15 May 2006 with a working title known as French Bean . In March 2005 , news of the film were released suggesting that it would be written by Simon McBurney but in December 2005 , Atkinson stated that the screenplay was being written by himself and his long time collaborator Richard Curtis . The screenplay was later confirmed to have been written by Robin Driscoll and Hamish McColl while the story was being written by McBurney . In February 2007 , Atkinson also said that Mr. Bean 's Holiday would most likely be the last Mr. Bean story he appears in . He was quoted as saying `` Never say never '' , but went on to add that it was highly unlikely he would appear as Mr. Bean again . Music ( edit ) The film music was written by Howard Goodall . It has a symphonic orchestration which is a sophisticated score instead of the original television series ' tendency to simple musical repetitions and features catchy leitmotifs for particular characters or scenes . The film 's theme song was `` Crash '' by Matt Willis . Release ( edit ) It was the official film for Red Nose Day 2007 , with money from the film going towards the charity Comic Relief . Prior to the film 's release , a new and exclusive Mr. Bean sketch titled Mr. Bean 's Wedding was broadcast on the telethon for Comic Relief on BBC One on 16 March 2007 . The movie 's official premiere took place at the Odeon Leicester Square , in London on Sunday , 25 March , and helped to raise money for both Comic Relief and the Oxford Children 's Hospital Appeal charity . Universal Pictures released a teaser trailer in November 2006 , and launched an official website online the following month . Home media ( edit ) Mr. Bean 's Holiday was released on DVD and HD DVD on 27 November 2007 . The DVD version is in separate widescreen and pan and scan for the markets formats in the United States . The DVD charted at No. 1 on the DVD chart in the United Kingdom on its week of release . There are fifteen deleted scenes in the film . The first scene shows Bean accidentally spilling coffee on a laptop in front of two sleeping men in which upon cleaning it by licking the screen and wiping the keyboard with napkins , he leaves just upon one of the men wakes up and blames the other man for destroying his laptop , which was only seen on trailers and TV spots for the film . The second scene shows Bean tricking a man to get a train ticket and staying with Stepan on the train . The fourth one shows Bean carrying Stepan all the way through a plaza . The fifth one shows Sabine going off with her emotions and almost being run over by a truck , Bean doing silly moves along the road ( which are later seen in Carson Clay 's Playback Time ) , playing with the shadows in the morning , miming his journey to Stepan at the cafeteria , being menaced by a projectionist at the Cannes Film Festival ( at the playing of Clay 's movie ) , accidentally cutting the film roll and trying to stick it again and Carson Clay discovering the film roll accumulating at the projector 's room . The damaged film is still seen lying next to the projector in the final cut though it is not explained . Finally Bean is seen dancing at the beach , a scene that was replaced by the characters singing `` La Mer '' . Reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 52 % based on 113 reviews with an average rating of 5.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Mr. Bean 's Holiday means well , but good intentions ca n't withstand the 90 minutes of monotonous slapstick and tired , obvious gags . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 56 out of 100 based on 26 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . BBC film critic Paul Arendt gave the film 3 out of 5 stars , saying `` It 's hard to explain the appeal of Mr. Bean . At first glance , he seems to be moulded from the primordial clay of nightmares : a leering man - child with a body like a tangle of tweed - coated pipe cleaners and the gurning , window - licking countenance of a suburban sex offender . It 's a testament to Rowan Atkinson 's skill that , by the end of the film he seems almost cuddly . '' Philip French of The Observer referred to the character of Mr. Bean as a `` dim - witted sub-Hulot loner '' and said the plot involves Atkinson `` getting in touch with his retarded inner child '' . French also said `` the best joke is taken directly from Tati 's Jour de Fete . '' Wendy Ide of The Times gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and said `` It has long been a mystery to the British , who consider Bean to be , at best , an ignoble secret weakness , that Rowan Atkinson 's repellent creation is absolutely massive on the Continent . '' Ide said parts of the film are reminiscent of City of God , The Straight Story , and said two scenes are `` clumsily borrowed '' from Pee - wee 's Big Adventure . Ide also wrote that the jokes are weak and one gag `` was past its sell - by date ten years ago '' . Steve Rose of The Guardian gave the film 2 out of 5 stars , said the film was full of awfully weak gags , and `` In a post-Borat world , surely there 's no place for Bean 's antiquated fusion of Jacques Tati , Pee - Wee Herman and John Major ? '' , while Colm Andrew of the Manx Independent said `` the flimsiness of the character , who is essentially a one - trick pony , starts to show '' and his `` continual close - up gurning into the camera '' becomes tiresome . Peter Rainer of The Christian Science Monitor gave the film a `` B '' and said , `` Since Mr. Bean rarely speaks a complete sentence , the effect is of watching a silent movie with sound effects . This was also the dramatic ploy of the great French director - performer Jacques Tati , who is clearly the big influence here . '' Amy Biancolli of the Houston Chronicle gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , saying `` Do n't mistake this simpleton hero , or the movie 's own simplicity , for a lack of smarts . Mr. Bean 's Holiday is quite savvy about filmmaking , landing a few blows for satire . '' Biancolli said the humour is `` all elementally British and more than a touch French . What it is n't , was n't , should never attempt to be , is American . That 's the mistake made by Mel Smith and the ill - advised forces behind 1997 's Bean : The Movie . '' Ty Burr of the Boston Globe said `` Either you 'll find ( Atkinson ) hilarious -- or he 'll seem like one of those awful , tedious comedians who only thinks he 's hilarious . '' Burr also said `` There are also a few gags stolen outright from Tati '' , but concluded `` Somewhere , Jacques Tati is smiling . '' Tom Long of The Detroit News said `` Watching 90 minutes of this stuff -- we 're talking broad , broad comedy here -- may seem a bit much , but this film actually picks up steam as it rolls along , becoming ever more absurd . '' and also `` Mr. Bean offers a refreshingly blunt reminder of the simple roots of comedy in these grim , overly manufactured times . '' Suzanne Condie Lambert of The Arizona Republic said , `` Atkinson is a gifted physical comedian . And the film is a rarity : a kid - friendly movie that was clearly not produced as a vehicle for selling toys and video games '' , but also said , `` It 's hard to laugh at a character I 'm 95 percent sure is autistic . '' Lawrence Toppman of The Charlotte Observer gave the film 21⁄2 stars out of 4 and said `` If you like ( the character ) , you will certainly like Mr. Bean 's Holiday , a 10 - years - later sequel to Bean . I found him intermittently funny yet almost unrelentingly creepy '' , and also `` Atkinson does n't have the deadpan elegance of a Buster Keaton or the wry , gentle physicality of a Jacques Tati ( whose Mr. Hulot 's Holiday inspired the title ) . He 's funniest when mugging shamelessly ... '' Ruthe Stein of the San Francisco Chronicle said that `` the disasters instigated by Bean 's haplessness quickly become tiresome and predictable '' but said that one scene later in the film is worth sticking around for . Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News gave the film 2 out of 4 stars and said `` If you 've never been particularly fond of Atkinson 's brand of slapstick , you certainly wo n't be converted by this trifle . '' and also `` If the title sounds familiar , it 's because Atkinson intends his movie to be an homage to the 1953 French classic Mr. Hulot 's Holiday . Mr. Hulot was played by one of the all - time great physical comedians , Jacques Tati , and that movie is a genuine delight from start to finish . This version offers a few laughs and an admirable commitment to old - fashioned fun . '' Phil Villarreal of the Arizona Daily Star gave the film 2 stars and said `` If you 've seen 10 minutes of Rowan Atkinson 's Mr. Bean routine , you 've seen it all '' , and `` The Nazi stuff is a bit out of place in a G - rated movie . Or any movie , really '' , later calling Atkinson `` a has - Bean ''. Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film 11⁄2 stars out of 4 and said `` If you 've been lobotomised or have the mental age of a kindergartener , Mr. Bean 's Holiday is viable comic entertainment '' and also , `` The film , set mostly in France , pays homage to Jacques Tati , but the mostly silent gags feel like watered - down Bean . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Nominee Result 29th Young Artist Awards ( 2008 ) Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Supporting Young Actor Max Baldry Nominated First National Movie Awards ( 2007 ) Comedy or Musical and Best Comedy Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mr Bean 's Holiday ( 2007 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Bean 's Holiday ( 2007 ) -- Box office / business '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mr Bean 's Holiday ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 16 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend box office 30th March 2007 -- 1st April 2007 '' . www.25thframe.co.uk . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend box office 6th April 2007 -- 8th April 2007 '' . www.25thframe.co.uk . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bean Down Under For Rowan Atkinson '' . cinema.com. 7 February 2001 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Mr. Bean 's Holiday -- Rotten Tomatoes . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 24 August 2007 Jump up ^ Mr. Bean 's Holiday ( 2007 ) : Reviews . Metacritic . Retrieved 24 August 2007 Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Paul Arendt ( 29 March 2007 ) . `` BBC -- Movies -- review -- Mr Bean 's Holiday '' . BBC . Retrieved 25 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Philip French ( 1 April 2007 ) . `` Mr Bean 's Holiday '' . The Observer . UK . Retrieved 25 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Wendy Ide ( 29 March 2007 ) . `` Mr Bean 's Holiday '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 25 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Steve Rose ( 30 March 2007 ) . `` Mr Bean 's Holiday '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 25 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Peter Rainer ( 24 August 2007 ) . `` New in theaters '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Amy Biancolli ( 23 August 2007 ) . `` Savvy satire on filmmaking '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Ty Burr ( 24 August 2007 ) . `` Clowning around is all in good fun '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Tom Long ( 24 August 2007 ) . `` Broad comedy hits its marks '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Suzanne Condie Lambert ( 24 August 2007 ) . `` Mr. Bean 's Holiday '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Toppman ( 23 August 2007 ) . `` After 12 years , Atkinson 's ' Bean ' act still child 's play '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Ruthe Stein ( 24 August 2007 ) . `` Look out , France -- here comes Mr. Bean '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Weitzman ( 24 August 2007 ) . `` This Bean dish is n't for all tastes '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Phil Villarreal ( 23 August 2007 ) . `` Mr. Bean 's reverse Midas touch getting old '' . Arizona Daily Star . Archived from the original on 13 October 2007 . Retrieved 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Claudia Puig ( 23 August 2007 ) . `` Humor in ' Holiday ' is n't worth a hill of Bean '' . USA Today . Retrieved 24 August 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Mr. Bean 's Holiday Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mr. Bean 's Holiday . Mr. Bean 's Holiday on IMDb Mr. Bean 's Holiday at AllMovie Mr. Bean 's Holiday at Rotten Tomatoes Mr. Bean 's Holiday at Metacritic Mr. Bean 's Holiday at Box Office Mojo Mr. Bean Mr. Bean ( character ) Episodes `` Mr. Bean '' `` The Return of Mr. Bean '' `` The Curse of Mr. Bean '' `` Mr. Bean Goes to Town '' `` The Trouble with Mr. Bean '' `` Mr. Bean Rides Again '' `` Merry Christmas , Mr. Bean '' `` Mr. Bean in Room 426 '' `` Do - It - Yourself Mr. Bean '' `` Mind the Baby , Mr. Bean '' `` Back to School Mr. Bean '' `` Tee Off , Mr. Bean '' `` Goodnight Mr. Bean '' `` Hair by Mr. Bean of London '' `` The Best Bits of Mr. Bean '' Spin - offs Television Animated series episodes Film Bean Mr. Bean 's Holiday Music `` ( I Want To Be ) Elected '' `` Picture of You '' `` Crash '' Films directed by Steve Bendelack The League of Gentlemen 's Apocalypse ( 2005 ) Mr. Bean 's Holiday ( 2007 ) The Harry Hill Movie ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr._Bean%27s_Holiday&oldid=857098609 '' Categories : 2007 films 2000s adventure comedy films 2000s road movies British adventure films British comedy films British films British road movies Films based on television series Films about vacationing Films produced by Eric Fellner Films set in Cannes Films set in London Films set in Paris Films set in a movie theatre Films set on trains French adventure films French comedy films French films French - language films Mr. Bean StudioCanal films Working Title Films films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 15 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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the solution of sodium in ammonia blue in colour
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Solvated electron
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solvated electron
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A solvated electron is a free electron in ( solvated in ) a solution , and is the smallest possible anion . Solvated electrons occur widely , although it is difficult to observe them directly since their lifetimes are so short . The deep color of solutions of alkali metals in ammonia arises from the presence of solvated electrons : blue when dilute and copper - colored when more concentrated ( > 3 molar ) . Classically , discussions of solvated electrons focus on their solutions in ammonia , which are stable for days , but solvated electrons also occur in water and other solvents -- in fact , in any solvent that mediates outer - sphere electron transfer . The real hydration energy of the solvated electron can be estimated by using the hydration energy of proton in water combined with kinetic data from pulse radiolysis experiments . The solvated electron forms an acid - base pair with atomic hydrogen .
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The solvated electron is responsible for a great deal of radiation chemistry . Alkali metals dissolve in liquid ammonia giving deep blue solutions which are conducting in nature . The blue colour of the solution is due to ammoniated electrons which absorb energy in the visible region of light . Alkali metals also dissolve in hexamethylphosphoramide , forming blue solutions . Contents 1 Properties 2 Reactivity and applications 3 Diffusion 4 History 5 References Properties ( edit ) Focusing on ammonia solutions , all of the alkali metals , as well as Ca , Sr , Ba , Eu , and Yb ( also Mg using an electrolytic process ) , dissolve to give the characteristic blue solutions . Other amines , such as methylamine and ethylamine , are also suitable solvents . A lithium ammonia solution at − 60 ° C is saturated at about 15 mol % metal ( MPM ) . When the concentration is increased in this range electrical conductivity increases from 10 to 10 ohm cm ( larger than liquid mercury ) . At around 8 MPM , a `` transition to the metallic state '' ( TMS ) takes place ( also called a `` metal to nonmetal transition '' ( MNMT ) ) . At 4 MPM a liquid - liquid phase separation takes place : the less dense gold - color phase becomes immiscible from a more dense blue phase . Above 8 MPM the solution is bronze / gold - colored . In the same concentration range the overall density decreases by 30 % . Dilute solutions are paramagnetic and at around 0.5 MPM all electrons are paired up and the solution becomes diamagnetic . Several models exist to describe the spin - paired species : as an ion trimer ; as an ion - triple -- a cluster of two single - electron solvated - electron species in association with a cation ; or as a cluster of two solvated electrons and two solvated cations . Solvated electrons produced by dissolution of reducing metals in ammonia and amines are the anions of salts called electrides . Such salts can be isolated by the addition of macrocyclic ligands such as crown ether and cryptands . These ligands bind strongly the cations and prevent their re-reduction by the electron . Its standard electrode potential value is - 2.77 V. Equivalent conductivity 177 Mho cm is similar to that of hydroxide ion . This value of equivalent conductivity corresponds to a diffusivity of 4 , 75 * 10 cm s . Some thermodynamic properties of the solvated electron have been investigated by Jortner and Noyes ( 1966 ) Alkaline aqueous solutions above pH = 9.6 regenerate the hydrated electron through the reaction of hydrated atomic hydrogen with hydroxide ion giving water beside hydrated electrons . Below pH = 9.6 the hydrated electron reacts with hydronium ion giving atomic hydrogen , which in turn can react with the hydrated electron giving hydroxide ion and usual molecular hydrogen H . The properties of solvated electron can be investigated using the rotating ring - disk electrode . Reactivity and applications ( edit ) The solvated electron reacts with oxygen to form a superoxide radical ( O ) . With nitrous oxide , solvated electrons react to form hydroxyl radicals ( HO ) . The solvated electrons can be scavenged from both aqueous and organic systems with nitrobenzene or sulfur hexafluoride . A common use of sodium dissolved in liquid ammonia is the Birch reduction . Other reactions where sodium is used as a reducing agent also are assumed to involve solvated electrons , e.g. the use of sodium in ethanol as in the Bouveault -- Blanc reduction . Diffusion ( edit ) The diffusivity of the solvated electron in liquid ammonia can be determined using potential - step chronoamperometry . History ( edit ) The first recorded observation of the color of metal - electride solutions is generally attributed to Sir Humphry Davy . In 1807 -- 1809 , he examined the addition of grains of potassium to gaseous ammonia ( liquefaction of ammonia was invented in 1823 ) . James Ballantyne Hannay and J. Hogarth repeated the experiments with sodium in 1879 -- 1880 . W. Weyl in 1844 and C.A. Seely in 1871 were the first to use liquid ammonia . Hamilton Cady in 1897 was the first to relate the ionizing properties of ammonia to that of water . Charles A. Kraus measured the electrical conductance of metal ammonia solutions and in 1907 was the first to attribute it the electrons liberated from the metal . In 1918 , G.E. Gibson and W.L. Argo introduced the solvated electron concept . They noted based on absorption spectra that different metals and different solvents ( methylamine , ethylamine ) produce the same blue color , attributed to a common species , the solvated electron . In the 1970s , solid salts containing electrons as the anion were characterized . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schindewolf , U. ( 1968 ) . `` Formation and Properties of Solvated Electrons '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English . 7 ( 3 ) : 190 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 196801901 . Jump up ^ Cotton , F.A ; G. Wilkinson ( 1972 ) . Advanced Inorganic Chemistry . John Wiley and Sons Inc . ISBN 0 - 471 - 17560 - 9 . Jump up ^ Edwin M. Kaiser ( 2001 ) . `` Calcium -- Ammonia '' . Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis . doi : 10.1002 / 047084289X. rc003 . Jump up ^ Combellas , C ; Kanoufi , F ; Thiébault , A ( 2001 ) . `` Solutions of solvated electrons in liquid ammonia '' . Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry . 499 : 144 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 0728 ( 00 ) 00504 - 0 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . Jump up ^ Baxendale , J.H. ( 1964 ) , Radiation Res . Suppl. , 114 and 139 Jump up ^ Survey of Progress in Chemistry p 148 Jump up ^ J. Phys . Chem. , 1966 , 70 ( 3 ) , pp 770 -- 774 doi : 10.1021 / j100875a026 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Hayyan , M. ; Hashim M.A. ; AlNashef I.M. ( 2016 ) . `` Superoxide Ion : Generation and Chemical Implications '' . Chem. Rev. 116 : 3029 -- 3085 . doi : 10.1021 / acs. chemrev. 5b00407 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Janata , E. ; Schuler , Robert H. ( 1982 ) . `` Rate constant for scavenging eaq - in nitrous oxide - saturated solutions '' . J. Phys . Chem. 86 ( 11 ) : 2078 -- 84 . doi : 10.1021 / j100208a035 . Jump up ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271082773_The_diffusion_coefficient_of_solvated_electrons_in_liquid_ammonia Jump up ^ Kraus , Charles A. ( 1907 ) . `` Solutions of Metals in Non-Metallic Solvents ; I. General Properties of Solutions of Metals in Liquid Ammonia '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 29 ( 11 ) : 1557 -- 1571 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01965a003 . Jump up ^ Zurek , Eva ( 2009 ) . `` A Molecular Perspective on Lithium -- Ammonia Solutions '' . Angew . Chem. Int . Ed . 48 ( 44 ) : 8198 -- 8232 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 200900373 . Jump up ^ Gibson , G.E. ; Argo , W.L. ( 1918 ) . `` The Absorption Spectra of the Blue Solutions of Certain Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals in Liquid Ammonia and Methylamine '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 40 ( 9 ) : 1327 -- 1361 . doi : 10.1021 / ja02242a003 . Jump up ^ Dye , J.L. ( 2003 ) . `` Electrons as Anions '' . Science . 301 ( 5633 ) : 607 -- 608 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1088103 . PMID 12893933 . Sagar , D.M. ; Colin ; Bain , D. ; Verlet , Jan R.R. ( 2010 ) . `` Hydrated Electrons at the Water / Air Interface '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 ( 20 ) : 6917 -- 6919 . doi : 10.1021 / ja101176r . Martyna , Glenn ( 1993 ) . `` Electronic states in metal - ammonia solutions '' . Physical Review Letters. 71 ( 2 ) : 267 . Bibcode : 1993PhRvL ... 71 ... 267D . doi : 10.1103 / physrevlett. 71.267 . Martyna , Glenn ( 1993 ) . `` Quantum simulation studies of singlet and triplet bipolarons in liquid ammonia '' . Journal of Chemical Physics. 98 ( 1 ) : 555 -- 563 . Bibcode : 1993JChPh ... 98 ... 555M . doi : 10.1063 / 1.464650 . Martyna , Glenn ( 1994 ) . `` Quantum simulation studies of metal -- ammonia solutions '' . Journal of Chemical Physics. 100 ( 10 ) : 7590 -- 7601 . Bibcode : 1994JChPh. 100.7590 D . doi : 10.1063 / 1.466852 . `` Solvated Electron '' . Advances in Chemistry . 50 . 1965 . doi : 10.1021 / ba - 1965 - 0050 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8412 - 0051 - 7 . Anbar , Michael ( 1965 ) . `` Reactions of the Hydrated Electron '' . Solvated Electron . Advances in Chemistry . 50 . p. 55 . doi : 10.1021 / ba - 1965 - 0050. ch006 . ISBN 0 - 8412 - 0051 - 3 . Abel , B. ; Buck , U. ; Sobolewski , A.L. ; Domcke , W. ( 2012 ) . `` On the nature and signatures of the solvated electron in water '' . Phys . Chem. Chem. Phys. 14 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 34 . Bibcode : 2012PCCP ... 14 ... 22A . doi : 10.1039 / C1CP21803D . PMID 22075842 . `` Determination of the Chemical Solvation Energy of the Solvated Electron '' . Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry . 129 . 1981 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 0728 ( 81 ) 80027 - 7 . Survey of Progress in Chemistry , chapter 5 , 129 , 1969 ( first page https://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/eid/1-s2.0-B9780123957061500108/first-page-pdf ) and content preview ( 2 ) The electrochemistry of the solvated electron Technische Universiteit Eindhoven https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/2089318/388448.pdf IAEA On the Elextrolytic Generation of Hydrated Electron ( 3 ) Fundamentals of Radiation Chemistry , chapter 6 , p 145 - 198 , Academic Press , 1999 ( 4 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solvated_electron&oldid=861511158 '' Categories : Solutions Radiation Nuclear chemistry Organic chemistry Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2018 , at 23 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvated%20electron
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how much energy in 1 gram of fat
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Food component Energy density kJ / g kcal / g Fat 37 9 Ethanol ( drinking alcohol ) 29 7 Proteins 17 Carbohydrates 17 Organic acids 13 Polyols ( sugar alcohols , sweeteners ) 10 2.4 Fiber 8
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37
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Food energy
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food energy
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Food energy is chemical energy that animals ( including humans ) derive from food through the process of cellular respiration . Cellular respiration may either involve the chemical reaction of food molecules with molecular oxygen ( aerobic respiration ) or the process of reorganizing the food molecules without additional oxygen ( anaerobic respiration ) .
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Contents 1 Overview 2 Measure 3 Nutrition labels 4 Recommended daily intake 5 Energy usage in the human body 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Overview ( edit ) Humans and other animals need a minimum intake of food energy to sustain their metabolism and to drive their muscles . Foods are composed chiefly of carbohydrates , fats , proteins , water , vitamins , and minerals . Carbohydrates , fats , proteins , and water represent virtually all the weight of food , with vitamins and minerals making up only a small percentage of the weight . ( Carbohydrates , fats , and proteins comprise ninety percent of the dry weight of foods . ) Organisms derive food energy from carbohydrates , fats and proteins as well as from organic acids , polyols , and ethanol present in the diet . Some diet components that provide little or no food energy , such as water , minerals , vitamins , cholesterol and insoluble fiber , may still be necessary to health and survival for other reasons . Water , minerals , vitamins , and cholesterol are not broken down ( they are used by the body in the form in which they are absorbed ) and so can not be used for energy . Fiber can not be completely digested by most animals , including humans , who can only extract 2 kcal / g of food energy . Ruminants can extract nearly 4 kcal / g from fiber because of the bacteria in their rumens . Using the International System of Units , researchers measure energy in joules ( J ) or in its multiples ; the kilojoule ( kJ ) is most often used for food - related quantities . An older metric system unit of energy , still widely used in food - related contexts , is the calorie ; more precisely , the `` food calorie '' , `` large calorie '' or kilocalorie ( kcal or Cal ) , equal to 4184 joules . ( Contrast the `` small calorie '' ( cal ) , equal to 1 / 1000 of a food calorie , that is often used in chemistry and in physics . ) Within the European Union , both the kilocalorie ( `` kcal '' ) and kilojoule ( `` kJ '' ) appear on nutrition labels . In many countries , only one of the units is displayed ; in Canada and the United States labels spell out the unit as `` calorie '' or as `` Calorie '' . Fats and ethanol have the greatest amount of food energy per gram , 37 and 29 kJ / g ( 8.8 and 6.9 kcal / g ) , respectively . Proteins and most carbohydrates both have about 17 kJ / g ( 4 kcal / g ) . The differing energy density of foods ( fat , alcohols , carbohydrates and proteins ) lies mainly in their varying proportions of carbon , hydrogen , and oxygen atoms : For food of elemental composition C H O N , the heat of combustion underlying the food energy is 100 kcal / g ( c + 0.3 h − 0.5 o ) / ( 12 c + h + 16 o + 14 n ) to a good approximation ( ± 3 % ) . Carbohydrates that are not easily absorbed , such as fiber , or lactose in lactose - intolerant individuals , contribute less food energy . Polyols ( including sugar alcohols ) and organic acids contribute 10 kJ / g ( 2.4 kcal / g ) and 13 kJ / g ( 3.1 kcal / g ) respectively . Measure ( edit ) Theoretically , one could measure food energy in different ways , using ( say ) the Gibbs free energy of combustion , or the amount of ATP generated by metabolizing the food . However , the convention is to use the heat of the oxidation reaction producing liquid water . Conventional food energy is based on heats of combustion in a bomb calorimeter and corrections that take into consideration the efficiency of digestion and absorption and the production of urea and other substances in the urine . The American chemist Wilbur Atwater worked these corrections out in the late 19th century ( see Atwater system for more detail ) . Based on the work of Atwater , it became common practice to calculate energy content of foods using 4 kcal / g for carbohydrates and proteins and 9 kcal / g for lipids . The system was later improved by Annabel Merrill and Bernice Watt of the United States Department of Agriculture , who derived a system whereby specific calorie conversion factors for different foods were proposed . Here is worth to mention , that Calorie = 1000 calories . Pronunciation is the same for both `` calories '' . This is an old problem that can no longer be fixed , as it would confuse over 500 million people . The calorie is a metric measure . Grocers and others in the US decided that writing that a slice of bread is 80,000 calories was too cumbersome ( and it implies too much precision ) , so they started using Calories ( which are actually kilocalories ) . Kilocalories ( Calories ) or kilojoules are always used for food , while `` calories '' is considered archaic ( scientists in the US and most other countries use joules and newtons ) . Dieticians and the US government have begun to use kJoules or kcal instead of Calories . In countries that have converted completely to the metric system , Joules and Kilojoules are usually used . Nutrition labels ( edit ) The nutritional information label on a pack of Basmati rice in the United Kingdom Many governments require food manufacturers to label the energy content of their products , to help consumers control their energy intake . In the European Union , manufacturers of packaged food must label the nutritional energy of their products in both kilocalories and kilojoules , when required . In the United States , the equivalent mandatory labels display only `` Calories '' ( kilocalories ) , often as a substitute for the name of the quantity being measured , food energy ; an additional kilojoules figure is optional and is rarely used . In Australia and New Zealand , the food energy must be stated in kilojoules ( and optionally in kilocalories as well ) , and other nutritional energy information is similarly conveyed in kilojoules . The energy available from the respiration of food is usually given on labels for 100 g , for a typical serving size ( according to the manufacturer ) , and / or for the entire pack contents . The amount of food energy associated with a particular food could be measured by completely burning the dried food in a bomb calorimeter , a method known as direct calorimetry . However , the values given on food labels are not determined in this way . The reason for this is that direct calorimetry also burns the dietary fiber , and so does not allow for fecal losses ; thus direct calorimetry would give systematic overestimates of the amount of fuel that actually enters the blood through digestion . What are used instead are standardized chemical tests or an analysis of the recipe using reference tables for common ingredients to estimate the product 's digestible constituents ( protein , carbohydrate , fat , etc . ) . These results are then converted into an equivalent energy value based on the following standardized table of energy densities . However `` energy density '' is a misleading term for it once again assumes that energy is IN the particular food , whereas it simply means that `` high density '' food needs more oxygen during respiration , leading to greater transfer of energy . Note that the following standardized table of energy densities is an approximation and the value in kJ / g does not convert exactly to kcal / g using a conversion factor . The use of such a simple system has been criticized for not taking into consideration other factors pertaining to the influence of different foods on obesity . Food component Energy density kJ / g kcal / g Fat 37 9 Ethanol ( drinking alcohol ) 29 7 Proteins 17 Carbohydrates 17 Organic acids 13 Polyols ( sugar alcohols , sweeteners ) 10 2.4 Fiber 8 All the other nutrients in food are noncaloric and are thus not counted . Recommended daily intake ( edit ) Increased mental activity has been linked with moderately increased brain energy consumption . Older people and those with sedentary lifestyles require less energy ; children and physically active people require more . According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , the average minimum energy requirement per person per day is about 7,500 kJ ( 1,800 kcal ) . Recommendations in the United States are 2,600 and 2,000 kcal ( 10,900 and 8,400 kJ ) for men and women ( respectively ) between 31 and 35 , at a physical activity level equivalent to walking about 2 to 5 km ( 1 ⁄ to 3 mi ) per day at 5 to 6 km / h ( 3 to 4 mph ) in addition to the light physical activity associated with typical day - to - day life . French guidance suggests roughly the same levels . For young children , estimated caloric needs range from 1,000 to 2,000 calories per day . The recommended caloric intake for older children and adolescents , on the other hand , varies greatly from 1,400 to 3,200 calories per day . Boys in general require higher caloric intake than girls . Recognizing that people of different age and gender groups have varying daily activity levels , Australia 's National Health and Medical Research Council recommends no single daily energy intake but instead prescribes an appropriate recommendation for each age and gender group . Notwithstanding , nutrition labels on Australian food products typically recommend the average daily energy intake of 2,100 kcal ( 8,800 kJ ) . Energy usage in the human body ( edit ) Main articles : Bioenergetics and Energy balance ( biology ) The human body uses the energy released by respiration for a wide range of purposes : about 20 % of the energy is used for brain metabolism , and much of the rest is used for the basal metabolic requirements of other organs and tissues . In cold environments , metabolism may increase simply to produce heat to maintain body temperature . Among the diverse uses for energy , one is the production of mechanical energy by skeletal muscle to maintain posture and produce motion . The conversion efficiency of energy from respiration into mechanical ( physical ) power depends on the type of food and on the type of physical energy usage ( e.g. , which muscles are used , whether the muscle is used aerobically or anaerobically ) . In general , the efficiency of muscles is rather low : only 18 to 26 % of the energy available from respiration is converted into mechanical energy . This low efficiency is the result of about 40 % efficiency of generating ATP from the respiration of food , losses in converting energy from ATP into mechanical work inside the muscle , and mechanical losses inside the body . The latter two losses are dependent on the type of exercise and the type of muscle fibers being used ( fast - twitch or slow - twitch ) . For an overall efficiency of 20 % , one watt of mechanical power is equivalent to 4.3 kcal ( 18 kJ ) per hour . For example , a manufacturer of rowing equipment shows calories released from ' burning ' food as four times the actual mechanical work , plus 300 kcal ( 1,300 kJ ) per hour , which amounts to about 20 % efficiency at 250 watts of mechanical output . It can take up to 20 hours of little physical output ( e.g. , walking ) to `` burn off '' 4,000 kcal ( 17,000 kJ ) more than a body would otherwise consume . For reference , each kilogram of body fat is roughly equivalent to 32,300 kilojoules or 7,700 kilocalories of food energy ( i.e. , 3,500 kilocalories per pound ) . Changes in body temperature -- either hotter or cooler -- increase the metabolic rate , thus burning more energy . Prolonged exposure to extremely warm or very cold environments increases the basal metabolic rate ( BMR ) . People who live in these types of settings often have BMRs 5 -- 20 % higher than those in other climates . See also ( edit ) Atwater system Basal metabolic rate Chemical energy Food chain Food composition Heat of combustion List of countries by food energy intake Nutrition facts label Table of food nutrients References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schmidt - Rohr K ( 2015 ) . `` Why Combustions Are Always Exothermic , Yielding About 418 kJ per Mole of O '' . J. Chem. Educ. 92 : 2094 -- 2099 . doi : 10.1021 / acs. jchemed. 5b00333 . Jump up ^ `` Carbohydrates , Proteins , Nutrition '' . The Merck Manual . Jump up ^ Ross , K.A. ( 2000c ) Energy and fuel , in Littledyke M. , Ross K.A. and Lakin E. ( eds ) , Science Knowledge and the Environment . London : David Fulton Publishers . Jump up ^ The heats of combustion for glucose , sucrose , and starch are 15.57 , 16.48 and 17.48 kJ / g respectively , or 3.72 , 3.94 and 4.18 kcal / g . ^ Jump up to : United Kingdom The Food Labelling Regulations 1996 -- Schedule 7 : Nutrition labelling ^ Jump up to : Bijal Trivedi ( Jul 15 , 2009 ) . `` The calorie delusion : Why food labels are wrong '' . New Scientist . Jump up ^ Annabel Merrill ; Bernice Watt ( 1973 ) . Energy Values of Food ... basis and derivation ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` European Union regulations on nutrition labeling '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ United States federal food - labeling regulations 21CFR101. 9 Jump up ^ `` Australian & New Zealand Food Standards , Nutrition Information Panels '' . Foodstandards.gov.au . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NSW Government 's 8700 ( kJ ) dietary information website '' . 8700.com.au . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Youdim , Adrienne . `` Calories : Overview of Nutrition : Merck Manual Home Edition '' . Merckmanuals.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Nutrient Value of Some Common Foods '' ( PDF ) . Health Canada , PDF p. 4 . 1997 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Council directive 90 / 496 / EEC of 24 September 1990 on nutrition labelling for foodstuffs '' . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ See for example the Energy section ( follow `` Fuels '' ) in Science Issues http://scienceissues.org.uk Jump up ^ `` Chapter 3 : Calculation Of The Energy Content Of Foods -- Energy Conversion Factors '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Evaluation of a mental effort hypothesis for correlations between cortical metabolism and intelligence , Intelligence , Volume 21 , Number 3 , November 1995 , pp. 267 -- 278 ( 12 ) , 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Hunger -- FAO -- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations '' . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appendix 2 . Estimated Calorie Needs per Day , by Age , Sex , and Physical Activity Level - 2015 - 2020 Dietary Guidelines '' . health.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Recommended energy intake '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 26 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Dietary Energy '' . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephen Seiler , Efficiency , Economy and Endurance Performance. ( 1996 , 2005 ) Jump up ^ Concept II Rowing Ergometer , user manual Archived December 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Guyton AC , Hall JE Textbook of medical physiology 11ed p. 887 Elsevier Saunders 2006 Jump up ^ ( Wishnofsky , M. Caloric Equivalents of Gained or Lost Weight . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , ( 1958 ) . ) External links ( edit ) FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 77 : Food energy -- methods of analysis and conversion factors Is a calorie a calorie ? 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hydrolyzed vegetable protein Artificial sugar substitutes Acesulfame potassium Alitame Aspartame Aspartame - acesulfame salt Dulcin Glucin Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone Neotame NutraSweet Nutrinova Saccharin Sodium cyclamate Sucralose Natural food substitutes Cheese analogues Coffee substitutes Egg substitutes Meat analogues bacon list Milk substitutes Phyllodulcin Salt substitutes Food politics Food power Food security Famine Malnutrition Overnutrition Institutions International Association for Food Protection Food and Drug Administration Food and Agriculture Organization National Agriculture and Food Research Organization National Food and Drug Authority Links to related articles Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - 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genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Citric acid cycle metabolic pathway Acetyl - CoA + H O Oxaloacetate NADH + H NAD Malate H O Fumarate FADH FAD Succinate CoA + ATP ( GTP ) P + ADP ( GDP ) Succinyl - CoA NADH + H + CO CoA NAD Citrate H O cis - Aconitate H O Isocitrate NAD ( P ) NAD ( P ) H + H Oxalosuccinate CO 2 - oxoglutarate Metabolism : Citric acid cycle enzymes Cycle Citrate synthase Aconitase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase Succinyl CoA synthetase Succinate dehydrogenase ( SDHA ) Fumarase Malate dehydrogenase and ETC Anaplerotic to acetyl - CoA Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( E1 , E2 , E3 ) ( regulated by Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase ) to α - ketoglutaric acid Glutamate dehydrogenase to succinyl - CoA Methylmalonyl - CoA mutase to oxaloacetate Pyruvate carboxylase Aspartate transaminase Mitochondrial electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation Primary Complex I / NADH dehydrogenase Complex II / Succinate dehydrogenase Coenzyme Q Complex III / Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase Cytochrome c Complex IV / Cytochrome c oxidase Coenzyme Q10 synthesis : COQ2 COQ3 COQ4 COQ5 COQ6 COQ7 COQ9 COQ10A COQ10B PDSS1 PDSS2 Other Alternative oxidase Electron - transferring - flavoprotein dehydrogenase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_energy&oldid=853052790 '' Categories : Nutrition Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी עברית Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська Vepsän kel ' 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 03 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20energy
| 12,932 |
what does i am in the bible mean
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I Am that I Am ( אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה , ehyeh asher ehyeh ( ehˈje aˈʃer ehˈje ) ) is the common English translation ( JPS among others ) of the response that God used in the Hebrew Bible when Moses asked for his name ( Exodus 3 : 14 ) . It is one of the most famous verses in the Torah . Hayah means `` existed '' in Hebrew ; ehyeh is the first person singular imperfect form and is usually translated in English Bibles as `` I am '' or `` I will be '' ( or `` I shall be '' ) , for example , at Exodus 3 : 14 . Ehyeh asher ehyeh literally translates as `` I Am Who I Am . '' The ancient Hebrew of Exodus 3 : 14 lacks a future tense such as modern English has , yet a few translations render this name as `` I Will Be What I Will Be , '' given the context of Yahweh 's promising to be with his people through their future troubles . Both the literal present tense `` I Am '' and the future tense `` I will be '' have given rise to many attendant theological and mystical implications in Jewish tradition . However , in most English Bibles , in particular the King James Version , the phrase is rendered as I am that I am .
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the response that God used in the Hebrew Bible when Moses asked for his name
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I am that I am
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i am that i am
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I Am that I Am ( אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה , ehyeh asher ehyeh ( ehˈje aˈʃer ehˈje ) ) is the common English translation ( JPS among others ) of the response that God used in the Hebrew Bible when Moses asked for his name ( Exodus 3 : 14 ) . It is one of the most famous verses in the Torah . Hayah means `` existed '' in Hebrew ; ehyeh is the first person singular imperfect form and is usually translated in English Bibles as `` I am '' or `` I will be '' ( or `` I shall be '' ) , for example , at Exodus 3 : 14 . Ehyeh asher ehyeh literally translates as `` I Am Who I Am . '' The ancient Hebrew of Exodus 3 : 14 lacks a future tense such as modern English has , yet a few translations render this name as `` I Will Be What I Will Be , '' given the context of Yahweh 's promising to be with his people through their future troubles . Both the literal present tense `` I Am '' and the future tense `` I will be '' have given rise to many attendant theological and mystical implications in Jewish tradition . However , in most English Bibles , in particular the King James Version , the phrase is rendered as I am that I am .
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Ehyeh - Asher - Ehyeh ( often contracted in English as `` I AM '' ) is one of the Seven Names of God accorded special care by medieval Jewish tradition . The phrase is also found in other world religious literature , used to describe the Supreme Being , generally referring back to its use in Exodus . The word Ehyeh is considered by many rabbinical scholars to be a first - person derivation of the Tetragrammaton , see for example Yahweh . Contents ( hide ) 1 Judaism 1.1 Hebrew Bible 1.2 Hellenistic Judaism 2 Roman Catholicism 3 Other views 4 See also 5 References Judaism ( edit ) Hebrew Bible ( edit ) The word AahYah is used a total of 43 places in the Hebrew Bible , where it is often translated as `` I will be '' -- as is the case for its first occurrence , in Genesis 26 : 3 -- or `` I shall be , '' as is the case for its final occurrence in Zechariah 8 : 8 . Whether YHWH is derived from AahYah or whether the two are individual concepts is a subject of debate among historians and theologians . In appearance , it is possible to render YHWH ( יהוה ) as an archaic third person singular imperfect form of the verb ahyah ( אהיה ) `` to be '' meaning , therefore , `` He ( הוא ) is '' . This interpretation agrees with the meaning of the name given in Exodus 3 : 14 , where God is represented as speaking , and hence as using the first person -- AahYah `` I am '' . Other scholars regard the triconsonantal root of hawah ( הוה ) as a more likely origin for the name Yahweh . It is notably distinct from the root El , which can be used as a simple noun to refer to the creator deity in general , as in Elohim , meaning simply `` God '' ( or gods ) . Hellenistic Judaism ( edit ) See also : Hellenistic Judaism In the Hellenistic Greek literature of the Jewish diaspora the phrase `` Ehyeh asher ehyeh '' was rendered in Greek `` ego eimi ho on `` , `` I am the BEING '' . Septuagint Exodus 3 : 14 And God said unto Moses , I am HE WHO IS ( ho ōn ) : and he said , Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel , HE WHO IS ( ho ōn ) hath sent me unto you . Philo : And God said , `` At first say unto them , ' I am ( egō eimi ) THE BEING ' , ( ho ōn , nominative of ontos ) that , when they have learnt that there is a difference between THE BEING ( ontos , genitive of ho ōn ) and that - that - is - not ( mee ontos ) , they may be further taught that there is no name whatever that can properly be assigned to Me ( ep ' emou kuriologeitai ) , to whom ( hoi ) only ( monoi ) belongs ( prosesti ) the existence ( to einai ) . ( Philo Life Of Moses Vol. 1 : 75 ) ho Ōn , `` He who is '' ( Philo , Life of Moses I 75 ) to Ōn , `` the Being who is '' ( Philo , Life of Moses II 67 ) , tou Ontos , `` of Him that is '' ( II 99 ) tou Ontos , `` of the Self - Existent '' ( II 132 ) to Ōn , `` the Self - Existent '' ( II 161 ) This usage is also found in the Christian New Testament : Rev 1 : 8 I am the Alpha and Omega , the beginning and the ending , saith the Lord , the BEING ( ho ōn ) , and THE WAS ( ho ēn ) , and THE IS TO COME ( ho erchomenos ) , the Almighty ( ho pantokrator ) . Rev 4 : 8 holy , Lord God Almighty , the WAS ( ho ēn ) , and the BEING ( ho ōn ) , and the IS TO COME ( ho erchomenos ) . Roman catholicism ( edit ) The Roman Catholic Church 's interpretation has been summarized in the Catechism of the Catholic Church . The interpretation is found in numbers 203 - 213 . Some of the salient points are the following : 203 God revealed himself to his people of Israel by making his name known to them . A name expresses one 's essential identity and the meaning of one 's life . God has a name ; he is not an anonymous force . To disclose one 's name is to make oneself known to others ; in a way it is to hand oneself over by becoming accessible , capable of being known more intimately and addressed personally . 206 In revealing his mysterious name , YHWH ( `` I AM HE WHO IS '' , `` I AM WHO AM '' or `` I AM WHO I AM '' ) , God says who he is and by what name he is to be called . This divine name is mysterious just as God is mystery . It is at once a name revealed and something like the refusal of a name , and hence it better expresses God as what he is - infinitely above everything that we can understand or say : he is the `` hidden God '' , his name is ineffable , and he is the God who makes himself close to men . 207 God , who reveals his name as `` I AM '' , reveals himself as the God who is always there , present to his people in order to save them . 210 After Israel 's sin , when the people had turned away from God to worship the golden calf , God hears Moses ' prayer of intercession and agrees to walk in the midst of an unfaithful people , thus demonstrating his love . When Moses asks to see his glory , God responds `` I will make all my goodness pass before you , and will proclaim before you my name ' the LORD ' ( YHWH ) . '' Then the LORD passes before Moses and proclaims , `` YHWH , YHWH , a God merciful and gracious , slow to anger , and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness '' ; Moses then confesses that the LORD is a forgiving God . 211 The divine name , `` I Am '' or `` He Is '' , expresses God 's faithfulness : despite the faithlessness of men 's sin and the punishment it deserves , he keeps `` steadfast love for thousands '' ... By giving his life to free us from sin , Jesus reveals that he himself bears the divine name : `` When you have lifted up the Son of man , then you will realize that ' I AM ' . '' 212 ... In God `` there is no variation or shadow due to change . '' ... 213 The revelation of the ineffable name `` I AM WHO I AM '' contains then the truth that God alone IS . The Greek Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Scriptures , and following it the Church 's tradition , understood the divine name in this sense : God is the fullness of Being and of every perfection , without origin and without end . All creatures receive all that they are and have from him ; but he alone is his very being , and he is of himself everything that he is . Other views ( edit ) Some religious groups and theologians regard this phrase or at least the `` I am '' part of the phrase as an actual name of God , or to lesser degree the sole name of God . It can be found in many listings of other common names of God . In the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Amharic Bible , it is written as Yale'na Yeminor ( I am that exists and will exists ) . The conceptualization of the omnipresence of the divine being has led to the consideration of simplicity . The unified perspectival concept of `` I '' combined with the supposition of omnipresence creates an atmosphere in which the unity of divine being and self can be easily understood . Samuel Taylor Coleridge predicates much of the theoretical frame of his Biographia Literaria on what he calls ' the great I AM ' ( that is , God the Father ) and ' the filial WORD that re-affirmeth it ... ' ( Christ , reaffirming his father 's statement ' ) ' ... from Eternity to Eternity , whose choral Echo is the Universe . ' Coleridge 's argument is that these two things together work to create the ground for all meaning , especially poetic and artistic meaning . The South Indian sage Ramana Maharshi mentions that in the Hindu Advaita Vedanta school , of all the definitions of God , `` none is indeed so well put as the biblical statement ' I am that I am ' '' . He maintained that although Hindu scripture contains similar statements in the Mahavakyas , these are not as direct as given in Exodus . Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj explains the `` I am '' as an abstraction in the mind of the Stateless State , of the Absolute , or the Supreme Reality , called Parabrahman : it is pure awareness , prior to thoughts , free from perceptions , associations , memories . Victor P. Hamilton suggests `` some legitimate translations ( ... ) : ( 1 ) ' I am who I am ' ; ( 2 ) ' I am who I was ' ; ( 3 ) ' I am who I shall be ' ; ( 4 ) ' I was who I am ' ; ( 5 ) ' I was who I was ' ; ( 6 ) ' I was who I shall be ' ; ( 7 ) ' I shall be who I am ' ; ( 8 ) ' I shall be who I was ' ; ( 9 ) ' I shall be who I shall be . ' '' The Bahá'í Faith reference to `` I Am '' can be found in on page 316 of The Dawn - Breakers : Nabíl 's Narrative of the Early Days of the Bahá'í Revelation . `` I am , '' thrice exclaimed The Bab , `` I am , I am , the promised One ! I am the One whose name you have for a thousand years invoked , at whose mention you have risen , whose advent you have longed to witness , and the hour of whose Revelation you have prayed God to hasten . Verily I say , it is incumbent upon the peoples of both the East and the West to obey My word and to pledge allegiance to My person . '' See also ( edit ) Aham Brahmasmi Be , and it is `` I AM '' Activity I and I ( disambiguation ) Om Soham Thou Art God Unmoved mover References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The New English Translation Bible Study Environment '' . Translation note 47 on Exodus 3 : 14 : NET Bible . Retrieved 2 / 1 / 2016 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ The Reader 's Encyclopedia , Second Edition 1965 , publisher Thomas Y . Crowell Co. , New York , editions 1948 , 1955 . Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 65 - 12510 , page 918 Jump up ^ `` The Meaning of Yahweh '' . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Brenton , Septuagint Jump up ^ English translation : Yonge , Philo Complete Works , Grand Rapids 1998 Jump up ^ Greek text : per Logos Software , licensed from Philo Concordance Project 2000 Cohn & Wendland , Colson , Petit , and Paramelle Jump up ^ F.H. Colson Philo Works Vol . VI , Loeb Classics , Harvard 1941 Jump up ^ Rev 1 : 4 Ἐγώ εἰμι τὸ Α καὶ τὸ Ω ἀρχὴ καὶ τέλος , λέγει ὁ κύριος ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος ὁ παντοκράτωρ Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived March 3 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Talks with Ramana Maharshi , Talk 106 , 29th November , 1935 Jump up ^ Hamilton , Victor P. ( 2011 ) . `` If God Knows Your Name , Do You Need to Know His ? ( 3 : 13 - 22 ) '' . Exodus : An Exegetical Commentary . Baker Books . p. 64 . ISBN 9781441240095 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 09 . ( hide ) Names of God In Christianity In Hinduism In Islam In Judaism In Zoroastrianism In Chinese language Adonai Ahura Mazda Allah Brahman Cao Đài Elohim Elyon El Shaddai Great Spirit Haneullim Hu I Am that I Am Ik Onkar Ishvara Jah Khuda The Lord Ngai Olodumare The One Parvardigar Shangdi Svayam Bhagavan Tenri - Ō - no - Mikoto Tianzhu Waheguru YHWH Jehovah Yahweh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Am_that_I_Am&oldid=806785348 '' Categories : Book of Exodus Christian mysticism God Hebrew Bible words and phrases Jewish mysticism Names of God in Christianity Names of God in Judaism Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 04 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Am%20that%20I%20Am
| 17,850 |
when did red solo cups become widely used
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In the 1970s , Hulseman 's son , Robert Leo Hulseman , came up with the now - ubiquitous red Solo cup . The red Solo cups are made of thick , molded polystyrene . They are known for being able to withstand drops , easily stackable , and disposable while price accessible . Their characteristic red color may conceal the drinking contents .
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Solo Cup Company
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solo cup company
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`` Red Cup '' redirects here . For the Star Wars film which used this as a working title , see Solo : A Star Wars Story . For the musician of this name , see Diego 's Umbrella . Solo Cup Company Founded 1936 Founder Leo Hulseman Headquarters Lake Forest , Illinois Products Disposable cups Parent Dart Container Website www.solocup.com Solo Cup Company is an American manufacturer of disposable consumer products including beverage cups , disposable plates and bowls . Solo Cup Company is located in Lake Forest , Illinois , and in 2006 had sales of $2.4 billion . On May 4 , 2012 , Solo Cup Company was acquired by Dart Container . Contents 1 History 2 Management 2.1 Founder 2.2 Subsequent management 3 Customers 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) A basic 16 ounce ( 473 mL ) Solo cup The world 's largest `` paper '' cup in front of what was once the Lily - Tulip manufacturing company , later Sweetheart Cup Company which was in turn acquired by Solo . Actually made of poured concrete , the cup stands about 68.1 feet ( 20.8 m ) tall . Leo Hulseman , a former employee of the Dixie Co. in the 1930s , created the `` Solo Cup '' , a paper cone he made at his home and sold to bottled - water companies . He founded the Solo Cup Company in 1936 , and developed other products , like wax - coated cups and the plastic Cozy Cup . The wax - coated cups were added to its lineup in the 1950s , as fountain sodas gained popularity . In the 1970s , Hulseman 's son , Robert Leo Hulseman , came up with the now - ubiquitous red Solo cup . The red Solo cups are made of thick , molded polystyrene . They are known for being able to withstand drops , easily stackable , and disposable while price accessible . Their characteristic red color may conceal the drinking contents . On March 1 , 2004 , Solo acquired Sweetheart Cup Company for $917.2 million , in part with public debt . Sweetheart was founded by Joseph Shapiro and his four brothers , emigrants from Russia . It became the largest consumer packaging company in the world and was sold several times before being acquired by Solo Cup . Following the acquisition , Solo Cup 's finances suffered , and Standard & Poor 's lowered their credit rating from B to CCC+ . In late 2006 , Solo Cup was reported to be $1.1 billion in debt . In 2005 , the Museum of Modern Art in New York City added a Solo Cup Traveler 's Lid to its permanent collection . The lid was featured because it symbolized innovation and progress in basic product design . Solo Cup Company closed its longstanding facility in Highland Park , Illinois , in December 2009 and relocated to Lake Forest , Illinois . On May 4 , 2012 , Solo Cup Company was acquired by Dart Container . Management ( edit ) Founder ( edit ) Leo Hulseman ( 1898 -- 1989 ) was an active polo player . His wife , Dorothy Donahoe Hulseman ( 1900 -- 1988 ) , better known by her stage name Dora Hall , was a singer whose records were given away free of charge through Solo promotions . Leo Hulseman was also the founder and owner of Premore Inc . Premore was a television production company on the Culver Studios lot for many years in the 1970s and 1980s , and later moved to North Hollywood . Premore produced children 's TV shows including Tony the Pony ( like the later Barney & Friends ) and The Clifford Avenue Kids ( like Our Gang ) . Other programs produced at the Premore facilities included Greystone 's The Real West and Candid Camera . Premore 's television studio stage , remote truck , and post production were used for Dora Hall 's shows and rented for television specials and sports . Dora Hall was most noted for and seen on the Dora Hall TV Show ( 1979 ) , and she played Rose On Broadway with Frank Sinatra Jr. , Donald O'Connor and Scatman Crothers . She also had a TV special called `` Once Upon a Tour '' . Her songs are found on Premore and Cozy Records Labels . Premore Inc. was closed in 1993 , four years after the death of Leo Hulseman . Subsequent management ( edit ) Robert Leo Hulseman , son of the founder Leo Hulseman and the creator of the iconic red solo cup , served as President . Hulseman died December 21 , 2016 . Current CEO Robert M. Korzenski took over from Robert Hulseman in August 2006 . Korzenski had worked for Sweetheart Cups for over 10 years . Customers ( edit ) Solo Cup customers include Starbucks , Dairy Queen , Così , Walmart , Whole Foods Market , Einstein Bros. Bagels , Publix , and Tim Hortons , as well as many universities . The red plastic cups are notably used in American college and university games such as beer pong and flip cup . This usage is referenced in Toby Keith 's 2011 country music song `` Red Solo Cup '' . The red party cup outsells the blue variety by a wide margin . In part because of its cultural significance , many other manufacturers now procure similar looking red cups . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dart Container Closes on Acquisition of Solo Cup Company '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Dart Container . May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Marotti , Ally ( 2016 - 12 - 29 ) . `` Robert L. Hulseman , Chicago - area creator of famed red Solo Cup , dies at 84 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( December 30 , 2016 ) . `` Robert L. Hulseman , Inventor of the Solo Cup , Dies at 84 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Lily - Tulip Cup Corporation , Springfield - Greene County Library , Springfield , Missouri Jump up ^ Doug Criss ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Pour one out : The inventor of the red Solo cup has died '' . CNN . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yue , Lorene ; Merrion , Paul ( October 20 , 2006 ) . `` S&P cuts Solo Cup 's credit rating '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , Emily ( November 17 , 2006 ) . `` Party 's Over '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Canadean . ( Feb. 6 , 2014 ) Solo Cup Company ( Company profile ) . Retrieved from http://www.lexisnexis.com/ Jump up ^ `` History Of Solo Cup Company US '' . Dart Container . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Clements . `` Solo Traveler '' Coffee Cup Lid. 1986 `` . Museum of Modern Art . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Consider the Coffee Cup Lid : Designers Swoon for Solo '' . Fast Company . 2010 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Park , Michael Y . `` A Brief History of the Disposable Coffee Cup '' . Bon Appétit . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Pagan ( 2013 - 10 - 25 ) . `` Who Made That Coffee Lid ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Twilley , Nicola . `` The Rise of the Plastic , Disposable Coffee Cup Lid '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Liz . `` A Redesigned Coffee Lid That Totally Changes the Drinking Experience '' . Wired . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ The Culver Studios , since 1918 Jump up ^ Dora 's World : The Unofficial Dora Hall Website Jump up ^ Wilkins , Ernest ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` Solo cup love affair '' . RedEye . Chicago . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stevenson , Seth ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Red Solo Cup : How Solo 's disposable drink vessel became an American party staple '' . Slate . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toby Keith 's ' Red Solo Cup ' song - stupid or awesome ? '' . USA Today . November 16 , 2011 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . External links ( edit ) Official website Company 's history timeline CNN Money profile Dora 's World : The Unofficial Dora Hall Website ) Culver City Studio Illinois based corporations Fortune 500 corporations ( by size -- 2013 ) AbbVie Abbott Laboratories Allstate Anixter Archer Daniels Midland Baxter International Boeing Caterpillar CDW Discover Financial Dover Corporation Exelon Hillshire Brands Illinois Tool Works Ingredion John Deere Kraft Heinz McDonald 's Mondelēz International Motorola Solutions Navistar International Old Republic International RR Donnelley Sears Holdings State Farm Tenneco United Continental Holdings United Stationers Walgreens Boots Alliance WW Grainger Other major public companies ( alphabetically ) ACCO Brands Accretive Health Allscripts Amcol International Corporation Arthur J Gallagher & Co Brunswick Corporation Calamos Career Education Corporation Catamaran Corporation CF Industries Chicago Board Options Exchange CME Group CNA Financial Equity Residential Fortune Brands Home & Security Hospira Hyatt Hotels Corp Integrys Energy Group JLL Kemper Corporation Nalco Holding Company Nicor Northern Trust RLI Corp Rubicon Technology Stericycle Telephone and Data Systems Titan International Tribune Media Tronc Tootsie Roll Industries ULTA Beauty US Foods USG Corporation Westell Zebra Technologies Other major private companies ( alphabetically ) Ace Hardware Baker McKenzie Blue Cross Blue Shield Association Brookfield Properties Retail Group Claire 's Country Financial Danfoss Power Solutions Dot Foods Eby - Brown Electro - Motive Diesel Flex - N-Gate Follett Corporation Gardner Denver Grant Thornton Health Care Service Corporation Heico Cos Hendrickson International Hub International Jenner & Block Kirkland & Ellis Marmon Group Mayer Brown Medline Industries Molex Morton Salt Nestlé Frozen Pizza OSI Group Pactiv Reyes Holdings Reynolds Consumer Products Ryerson Sidley Austin Skidmore , Owings & Merrill Solo Cup Company Tellabs TransUnion True Value Wirtz Corporation Related topics Breweries in Illinois Companies in the Chicago metropolitan area Food manufacturers of Chicago Newspapers in Illinois Wineries in Illinois Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solo_Cup_Company&oldid=863404788 '' Categories : Manufacturing companies based in Illinois Privately held companies based in Illinois Companies based in Lake County , Illinois Highland Park , Illinois Manufacturing companies established in 1936 1936 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 October 2018 , at 15 : 47 ( UTC ) . 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who sang vocals on here comes the sun
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Here Comes the Sun
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here comes the sun
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`` Here Comes the Sun '' Song by the Beatles from the album Abbey Road Published Harrisongs Released 26 September 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 26 ) Recorded 7 July -- 19 August 1969 Genre Folk pop pop rock Length 3 : 06 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) George Harrison Producer ( s ) George Martin Audio sample file help `` Here Comes the Sun '' is a song written by George Harrison that was first released on the Beatles ' 1969 album Abbey Road . Along with `` Something '' and `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' , it is one of Harrison 's best - known compositions from the Beatles era . The song was written at the country house of his friend Eric Clapton , where Harrison had chosen to play truant for the day , to avoid attending a meeting at the Beatles ' Apple Corps organisation . The lyrics reflect the composer 's relief at both the arrival of spring and the temporary respite he was experiencing from the band 's business affairs . The Beatles recorded `` Here Comes the Sun '' at London 's EMI Studios in the summer of 1969 . Led by Harrison 's acoustic guitar , the recording also features Moog synthesizer , which he had introduced to the Beatles ' sound after acquiring an early model of the instrument in California . Reflecting the continued influence of Indian classical music on Harrison 's writing , the composition includes a series of unusual time changes . `` Here Comes the Sun '' has received acclaim from music critics . Combined with his other contribution to Abbey Road , `` Something '' , it gained for Harrison the level of recognition as a songwriter that had previously been reserved for his bandmates John Lennon and Paul McCartney . Harrison played the song during many of his relatively rare live performances as a solo artist , including at the Concert for Bangladesh in 1971 and , with Paul Simon , during his appearance on Saturday Night Live in 1976 . Richie Havens and Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel each had hit singles with `` Here Comes the Sun '' in the 1970s . Nina Simone , George Benson , Booker T. & the M.G. 's , Peter Tosh and Joe Brown are among the many other artists who have covered the song . Contents 1 Composition 2 Musical structure 3 Recording 4 Release and reception 5 Cultural references and legacy 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Certifications 7 Cover versions 7.1 Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel 7.2 Other artists 8 Personnel 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Composition ( edit ) The early months of 1969 were a difficult period for Harrison : he had quit the band temporarily , he was arrested for marijuana possession , and he had his tonsils removed . Harrison states in his autobiography , I , Me , Mine : `` Here Comes the Sun '' was written at the time when Apple was getting like school , where we had to go and be businessmen : ' Sign this ' and ' sign that . ' Anyway , it seems as if winter in England goes on forever , by the time spring comes you really deserve it . So one day I decided I was going to sag off Apple and I went over to Eric Clapton 's house . The relief of not having to go see all those dopey accountants was wonderful , and I walked around the garden with one of Eric 's acoustic guitars and wrote `` Here Comes the Sun '' . As Clapton states in his autobiography , the house in question is known as Hurtwood Edge . When interviewed in the Martin Scorsese documentary George Harrison : Living in the Material World , Clapton said he believed the month was April . Data from two meteorological stations in the London area show that April 1969 set a record for sunlight hours for the 1960s . The Greenwich station recorded 189 hours for April , a high that was not beaten until 1984 . The Greenwich data also show that February and March were much colder than the norm for the 1960s , which would account for Harrison 's reference to a `` long , cold , lonely winter '' . Musical structure ( edit ) The song is in the key of A major . The main refrain uses a IV ( D chord ) to V - of - V ( B chord ) progression ( the reverse of that used in `` Eight Days a Week '' and `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' ) . The melody in the verse and refrain basically follows the pentatonic scale from E up to C ♯ ( scale steps 5 , 6 , 1 , 2 , 3 ) . One feature is the increasing syncopation in the vocal parts . Another feature is the guitar flat - picking that embellishes the E7 ( V7 ) chord from 2 : 03 to 2 : 11 , creating tension for resolution on the tonic A chord at `` Little darlin ' `` . The bridge involves a ♭ III - ♭ VII - IV - I - V7 triple descending 4th ( or Tri-Plagal ) progression ( with an extra V7 ) as the vocals move from `` Sun '' ( ♭ III or C chord ) to `` sun '' ( ♭ VII or G chord ) to `` sun '' ( IV or D chord ) to `` comes '' ( I or A chord ) and the additional 4th descent to a V7 ( E7 ) chord . The lyric here ( `` Sun , sun , sun , here it comes '' ) has been described as taking `` on the quality of a meditator 's mantra '' . The song also features extreme 4 / 4 ( in the verse ) and a sequence of 11 / 8 + 4 / 4 + 7 / 8 ( which can also be transcribed as 11 / 8 + 15 / 8 ) in the bridge , phrasing interludes which Harrison drew from Indian music influences . In the second verse ( 0 : 59 -- 1 : 13 ) the Moog synthesizer doubles the solo guitar line and in the third verse the Moog adds an obbligato line an octave above . The last four bars ( 2 : 54 -- 3 : 04 ) juxtapose the guitar break with a repeat of the bridge . Recording ( edit ) Harrison , Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr recorded the rhythm track in 13 takes on 7 July 1969 . John Lennon did not contribute to the song as he was recovering from a car crash . Towards the end of the session Harrison spent an hour re-recording his acoustic guitar part . He capoed his guitar on the 7th fret , resulting in the final key of A major ( in fact , slightly above A major due to the track being varispeeded by less than a semitone ) . He also used the same technique on his 1965 song `` If I Needed Someone '' , which shares a similar melodic pattern . The following day he taped his lead vocals , and he and McCartney recorded their backing vocals twice to give a fuller sound . A harmonium and handclaps were added on 16 July . Harrison added an electric guitar run through a Leslie speaker on 6 August , and the orchestral parts ( George Martin 's score for four violas , four cellos , double bass , two piccolos , two flutes , two alto flutes and two clarinets ) were added on 15 August . `` Here Comes the Sun '' was completed four days later with the addition of Harrison 's Moog synthesizer part . The master tapes reveal that Harrison recorded a guitar solo that was not included in the final mix at that time . Release and reception ( edit ) Abbey Road was released on 26 September 1969 with `` Here Comes the Sun '' sequenced as the opening track on side two of the LP . Along with `` Something '' , which was issued as a single from the album , the song established Harrison as a composer to match Lennon and McCartney . According to author Alan Clayson , Harrison 's two Abbey Road compositions received `` the most widespread syndication '' of all the tracks on the album , partly through the number of cover versions they attracted . Nine years later , Harrison recorded `` Here Comes the Moon '' as a lyrical successor to the song . In Japan , `` Here Comes the Sun '' was issued on a single in 1970 , as the B - side to McCartney 's Abbey Road track `` Oh ! Darling '' . While the Beatles never released the track on a single in Britain , new rules implemented to the UK Singles Chart in 2007 allowed any song to enter the charts based on download sales . This allowed several songs recorded by the Beatles to list on the charts when the group 's back catalogue became available for download on iTunes in 2010 , including `` Here Comes the Sun '' , which peaked at number 58 on 27 November that year . Writing for Rolling Stone in 2002 , Mikal Gilmore likened `` Here Comes the Sun '' to the McCartney - written `` Let It Be '' and Lennon 's `` Imagine '' , as Harrison 's `` graceful anthem of hope amid difficult realities '' . While expressing regret at having underestimated Harrison as a songwriter , Martin described `` Here Comes the Sun '' as being `` in some ways one of the best songs ever written '' . Cultural references and legacy ( edit ) In 1977 , astronomer and science populariser Carl Sagan attempted to have `` Here Comes the Sun '' included on a disc of music accompanying the Voyager space mission . Titled the Voyager Golden Record , copies of the disc were put on board both spacecraft in the Voyager program in order to provide any entity that recovered them with a representative sample of human civilization . Writing in his book Murmurs of Earth , Sagan recalls that the Beatles favoured the idea , but `` ( they ) did not own the copyright , and the legal status of the piece seemed too murky to risk . '' When the probes were launched in 1977 , the song was not included . The track has appeared in many critics ' lists of the Beatles ' best recordings . Among these , the NME placed it at number 4 in the magazine 's 2015 list of `` the 100 Greatest Beatles Songs '' . In a similar poll compiled by Mojo in 2006 , where the song appeared at number 21 , Danny Eccleston described it as `` perhaps the best song -- outside ' Jerusalem ' -- that religion can claim credit for '' , adding : `` Those who professed surprise at Harrison 's immediate elevation to Most Successful Solo Beatle status ( in 1970 ) clearly were n't listening to this . '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' appeared at number 28 on Rolling Stone 's 2010 list , where the editors commented : `` Along with ' Something , ' it gave notice that the Beatles now had three formidable composers . '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' was played as the entrance music for Ivanka Trump at the 2016 Republican National Convention . The George Harrison estate complained about the song being used to support Donald Trump 's presidential campaign , saying it was `` offensive and against the wishes of the George Harrison estate '' . The Harrison family later tweeted : `` If it had been Beware of Darkness , then we MAY have approved it ! # TrumpYourself . '' Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 -- 17 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 58 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ( edit ) `` Here Comes the Sun '' Single by Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel from the album Love 's a Prima Donna B - side `` Lay Me Down '' Released 30 July 1976 ( 1976 - 07 - 30 ) Format 7 - inch single Genre Pop , rock Length 2 : 55 Label EMI Songwriter ( s ) George Harrison Producer ( s ) Steve Harley Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel singles chronology `` White , White Dove '' ( 1976 ) `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( 1976 ) `` ( I Believe ) Love 's a Prima Donna '' ( 1976 ) In 1976 , `` Here Comes the Sun '' was covered by the British rock band Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel , and released as the lead single from their fifth studio album , Love 's a Prima Donna . The lineup on their version was Steve Harley on vocals and guitar , Jim Cregan on lead guitar and backing vocals , Jo Partridge on guitar and backing vocals , George Ford on bass guitar and backing vocals , Duncan Mackay on keyboards , and Stuart Elliott on drums . Additional backing vocals were provided by Yvonne Keeley , John G. Perry and Tony Rivers , while Lindsey Elliott played percussion . `` Here Comes the Sun '' was the first cover version that Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel had chosen to record . The song peaked at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart and number 7 in Ireland . It was the band 's last top 40 single . Other artists ( edit ) In August 1971 , Harrison performed the song at the Concert for Bangladesh , accompanied by Pete Ham of the group Badfinger . He also played it during his appearance on Saturday Night Live in November 1976 , as a duet with Paul Simon . A live version from his 1991 Japanese tour with Eric Clapton appears on Harrison 's Live in Japan double album . Booker T. & the M.G. 's included the song on their 1970 Abbey Road tribute album , McLemore Avenue . That same year , `` Here Comes the Sun '' was covered by Peter Tosh and released as a single , although it was not widely available until its inclusion on Ca n't Blame the Youth in 2004 . We Five released a version on their 1970 album Catch the Wind . Richie Havens had a US hit with a version which peaked at number 16 the week of 22 May 1971 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Nina Simone recorded `` Here Comes the Sun '' as the title track to her 1971 covers album . Sandy Farina covered `` Here Comes the Sun '' on the Martin - produced soundtrack to the 1978 film Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . In 1980 , on their album Flaming Schoolgirls , the Runaways recorded `` Here Comes the Sun '' . Dave Edmunds , Debbie Gibson and Raffi sang a live cover version in a Japanese television special aired in 1990 . On their 1994 debut album , Who Is , This Is ? , ska - punk band Voodoo Glow Skulls recorded a version of the song . Linda Eder released a version of `` Here Comes the Sun '' in 2002 on her Gold album . On 29 November that year , Joe Brown performed the song at the Concert for George tribute , which was organised by Clapton and held at the Royal Albert Hall in London . Brown 's performance was included on the subsequent live album from the event and in David Leland 's concert film . Sheryl Crow sang `` Here Comes the Sun '' in the 2007 animated film Bee Movie . Swedish heavy metal band Ghost released a version of the song as a bonus track on the Japanese edition of their 2010 album Opus Eponymous . Marina Prior recorded the song for her 2012 album Both Sides Now . Malaysian singer Yuna recorded her version for the 2012 film Savages . It can be heard in the ending credits . Naya Rivera and Demi Lovato performed the song , as Santana Lopez and Dani respectively , in Glee 's fifth season episode `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds '' . Their duet version appears on the album Glee Sings the Beatles , released in September 2013 . Writing for MTV , Jocelyn Vena commented that the two singers sang `` in perfect harmony over a plucky guitar . '' Idolator also pointed out `` their beautiful harmonies '' as a highlight . Paul Simon has often performed `` Here Comes the Sun '' in concert , as a tribute to Harrison . In September 2014 , Simon played the song live on the TBS television show Conan as part of the show 's `` George Harrison Week '' initiative . Personnel ( edit ) According to Ian MacDonald , the lineup on the Beatles ' recording was as follows . The Beatles George Harrison -- lead and backing vocals , acoustic and electric guitars , harmonium , Moog synthesizer , handclaps Paul McCartney -- backing vocal , bass , handclaps Ringo Starr -- drums , handclaps Orchestra Uncredited -- four violas , four cellos , double bass , two piccolos , two flutes , two alto flutes , two clarinets References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Richie Havens : Roots , Freedom , Bob Dylan & The Beatles ! '' . The Immortal Jukebox. 2016 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Harrison 2002 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Rowley , David . All Together Now , the ABC of the Beatles songs and albums . Troubador , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pollack , Alan . `` Notes on ' Here Comes the Sun ' '' . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Pedler 2003 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Pedler 2003 , pp. 249 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Pedler 2003 , p. 555 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , p. 178 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 2005 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 347 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles ' Here Comes The Sun ' : Lost Solo Discovered '' . andpop.com. 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( 28 March 2012 ) . `` New George Harrison guitar solo uncovered '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 297 , 300 . Jump up ^ Woffinden 1981 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , pp. 355 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Clayson 2003 , p. 285 . ^ Jump up to : Womack 2009 , p. 385 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 299 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Fontenot , Robert . `` The Beatles Songs : ' Here Comes the Sun ' -- The history of this classic Beatles song '' . oldies.about.com . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Sagan et al. 1978 . Jump up ^ Klosterman , Chuck ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` Which Rock Star Will Historians of the Future Remember ? '' . The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles ' Here Comes the Sun ' '' . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Phil ; et al. ( July 2006 ) . `` The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs '' . Mojo . p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Beatles Songs : 28 . ' Here Comes the Sun ' '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Owen , Paul ; Bixby , Scott ( 23 July 2016 ) . `` ' The greatest asset Trump has ' : Ivanka gets rave reviews for Cleveland speech '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ DeVille , Chris ( 22 July 2016 ) . `` George Harrison Estate Addresses RNC 's Use Of ' Here Comes The Sun ' To Introduce Ivanka Trump '' . Stereogum . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles -- Chart history '' . Billboard Hot Rock Songs for The Beatles . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- The Beatles -- Here Comes the Sun '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter Here Comes the Sun in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel -- Love 's A Prima Donna at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` STEVE HARLEY & COCKNEY REBEL full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Stewart , Tony ( 24 April 1976 ) . `` Harley blows big chance '' . New Musical Express . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Lavezzoli 2006 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Clayson 2003 , p. 361 . Jump up ^ Jurek , Thom . `` Booker T. & the MG 's McLemore Avenue '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` We Five , Catch the Wind '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 29 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Richie Havens -- Chart history '' . Billboard charts . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Here Comes the Sun -- Nina Simone '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Earth ' 90 : Children and the Environment B.A.M. Majestic Theater Brooklyn , NY Jun 2 , 1990 ) : '' . concertvault.com . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Voodoo Glow Skulls , `` Who Is , This Is ? '' `` . AllMusic . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Kanis , Jon ( December 2012 ) . `` I 'll See You in My Dreams : Looking Back at the Concert for George '' . San Diego Troubadour . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Inglis 2010 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Various Artists A Concert for George ( Video ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( 18 September 2013 ) . `` Demi Lovato , Naya Rivera Harmonize On ' Glee ' Duet '' . MTV . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Gracie , Bianca ( 18 September 2013 ) . `` Demi Lovato & Naya Rivera Cover The Beatles ' ' Here Comes The Sun ' : Hear The ' Glee ' Track '' . Idolator . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Strecker , Erin ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Paul Simon Performs ' Here Comes The Sun ' for George Harrison Week on ' Conan ' '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mehr , Bob ( January 2012 ) . `` He 's Going to Graceland '' . Mojo . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Watch Paul Simon Perform the Beatles ' ' Here Comes the Sun ' on ' Conan ' '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Sources ( edit ) The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . Castleman , Harry ; Podrazik , Walter J. ( 1976 ) . All Together Now : The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961 -- 1975 . New York , NY : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 25680 - 8 . Clayson , Alan ( 2003 ) . George Harrison . London : Sanctuary . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 489 - 3 . The Editors of Rolling Stone ( 2002 ) . Harrison . New York , NY : Rolling Stone Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3581 - 5 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver Through the Anthology . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512941 - 5 . `` Here Comes the Sun '' . Fretbase.com. 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Harrison , George ( 2002 ) ( 1980 ) . I , Me , Mine . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 5900 - 4 . Hertsgaard , Mark ( 1996 ) . A Day in the Life : The Music and Artistry of the Beatles . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 33891 - 9 . Inglis , Ian ( 2010 ) . The Words and Music of George Harrison . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37532 - 3 . Lavezzoli , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Dawn of Indian Music in the West . New York , NY : Continuum . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 2819 - 3 . Leng , Simon ( 2006 ) . While My Guitar Gently Weeps : The Music of George Harrison . Milwaukee , WI : Hal Leonard . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4234 - 0609 - 9 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 2005 ) ( 1988 ) . The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions : The Official Story of the Abbey Road Years 1962 -- 1970 . London : Bounty Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7537 - 2545 - 0 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Miles , Barry ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 1 : The Beatles Years . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8308 - 9 . Pedler , Dominic ( 2003 ) . The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8167 - 6 . Sagan , Carl ; Drake , Frank D. ; Lomberg , Jon ; Sagan , Linda Salzman ; Druyan , Ann ; Ferris , Timothy ( 1978 ) . Murmurs of Earth : The Voyager Interstellar Record . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 41047 - 5 . Schaffner , Nicholas ( 1978 ) . The Beatles Forever . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 055087 - 5 . Woffinden , Bob ( 1981 ) . The Beatles Apart . London : Proteus . ISBN 0 - 906071 - 89 - 5 . Womack , Kenneth ( 2014 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Everything Fab Four . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 3133 - 9171 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Abbey Road Review from AllMusic Full lyrics for the song at the Beatles ' official website Abbey Road Songs Side one `` Come Together '' `` Something '' `` Maxwell 's Silver Hammer '' `` Oh ! Darling '' `` Octopus 's Garden '' `` I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) '' Side two `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` Because '' `` You Never Give Me Your Money '' `` Sun King '' `` Mean Mr. Mustard '' `` Polythene Pam '' `` She Came In Through the Bathroom Window '' `` Golden Slumbers '' `` Carry That Weight '' `` The End '' `` Her Majesty '' Non-album single `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' `` Old Brown Shoe '' Outtakes `` All Things Must Pass '' `` Come and Get It '' `` Ai n't She Sweet '' Related articles Abbey Road , London The Beatles discography Break - up of the Beatles Iain Macmillan McLemore Avenue The Other Side of Abbey Road Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1965 `` Rock and Roll Music '' / `` I 'm a Loser '' ( Europe , Australia ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) `` Michelle '' / `` Girl '' ( Europe ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Steve Harley / Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel Steve Harley Barry Wickens Robbie Gladwell James Lascelles Kuma Harada Adam Houghton Jean - Paul Crocker Paul Jeffreys Milton Reame - James Jim Cregan George Ford Duncan Mackay Stuart Elliott Lincoln Anderson Studio albums ( Cockney Rebel ) The Human Menagerie ( 1973 ) The Psychomodo ( 1974 ) Studio albums ( Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1975 ) Timeless Flight ( 1976 ) Love 's a Prima Donna ( 1976 ) The Quality of Mercy ( 2005 ) Studio albums ( Steve Harley ) Hobo with a Grin ( 1978 ) The Candidate ( 1979 ) Yes You Can ( 1992 ) Poetic Justice ( 1996 ) Stranger Comes to Town ( 2010 ) Live albums Face to Face : A Live Recording ( 1977 ) Stripped to the Bare Bones ( 1999 ) Acoustic and Pure : Live ( 2003 ) Anytime ! ( A Live Set ) ( as The Steve Harley Band , 2004 ) Birmingham ( Live with Orchestra & Choir ) ( 2013 ) Compilations A Closer Look ( 1975 ) The Best of Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel ( 1980 ) The Collection ( 1983 ) Greatest Hits ( 1987 ) Mr Soft ( 1988 ) Live at the BBC ( 1995 ) More Than Somewhat -- The Very Best of Steve Harley ( 1998 ) The Cream of Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ( 1999 ) Best of the ' 70s ( 2000 ) The Cockney Rebel - A Steve Harley Anthology ( 2006 ) The Best of Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel ( 2008 ) Cavaliers : An Anthology 1973 - 1974 ( 2012 ) Original Album Series ( 2014 ) Singles ( Cockney Rebel ) `` Sebastian '' `` Judy Teen '' `` Hideaway '' `` Psychomodo '' `` Mr. Soft '' `` Tumbling Down '' Singles ( Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' `` Mr. Raffles ( Man , It Was Mean ) '' `` Black or White '' `` White , White Dove '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` ( I Believe ) Love 's a Prima Donna '' `` ( Love ) Compared with You '' `` The Best Years of Our Lives ( live ) '' `` I Ca n't Even Touch You '' `` Irresistible '' `` The Last Goodbye '' Singles ( Steve Harley ) `` Big Big Deal '' `` Roll the Dice '' `` Someone 's Coming '' `` Freedom 's Prisoner '' `` Ballerina ( Prima Donna ) '' `` Heartbeat Like Thunder '' `` Irresistible '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' ( with Sarah Brightman ) `` Whatever You Believe '' ( as Anderson , Harley & Batt ) `` When I 'm with You '' `` Star for a Week ( Dino ) '' `` A Friend for Life '' `` Faith & Virtue '' `` For Sale . Baby Shoes . Never Worn '' `` Ordinary People '' Video Live from London ( 1985 ) The Come Back , All is Forgiven Tour : Live ( 1989 ) Live at the Isle of Wight Festival ( 2005 ) Birmingham ( Live with Orchestra & Choir ) ( 2013 ) Related articles Discography List of songs recorded by Steve Harley The Alan Parsons Project Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Here_Comes_the_Sun&oldid=853150188 '' Categories : 1960s ballads Pop ballads Music published by Harrisongs Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by George Harrison The Beatles songs Nina Simone songs Steve Harley songs We Five songs 1969 songs 1970 singles 1971 singles 1976 singles Apple Records singles EMI Records singles Songs from animated films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2015 Use British English from September 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 19 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who played charlene darling on the andy griffith show
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Maggie Peterson Mancuso ( born January 10 , 1941 ) is an American television actress . She is best known for playing Charlene Darling on The Andy Griffith Show . She also played the character of Doris in the episode `` A Girl for Goober '' ( 1968 ) .
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Maggie Peterson Mancuso
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Maggie Peterson
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maggie peterson
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Maggie Peterson Mancuso ( born January 10 , 1941 ) is an American television actress . She is best known for playing Charlene Darling on The Andy Griffith Show . She also played the character of Doris in the episode `` A Girl for Goober '' ( 1968 ) .
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Biography ( edit ) The youngest of four children , Peterson was born to Arthur and Tressa Hill Peterson . Her father was a doctor and her mother a homemaker . Aside from The Andy Griffith Show , Peterson also appeared on other TV shows such as Love American Style , Green Acres , Gomer Pyle USMC , and The Odd Couple . She appeared in an episode of Mayberry R.F.D. as Edna , a cafe waitress ; in the 1986 movie Return to Mayberry ; as the innocent Rose Ellen in the 1969 film The Love God ? , starring next to Don Knotts ; and in the 1968 film Angel in My Pocket . Peterson landed a role as Susie , the coffee shop waitress on The Bill Dana Show , another spin - off from The Danny Thomas Show , which aired from September 1963 to January 1965 . Peterson grew up in a musical family . While growing up in Colorado , she has said her earliest memories were of music . Peterson , her brother Jim and two of Jim 's friends formed a small group called the Ja - Da Quartet . They would ride around in the back of a pickup truck singing to people . In 1954 at a Capitol Records convention , Dick Linke ( manager of Andy Griffith and Jim Nabors ) heard Peterson singing and was so impressed with her , he encouraged her to come to New York . So in 1958 after graduating high school Maggie and the group did just that . They landed a number of stints on the Perry Como Show and the Pat Boone Show , and in 1959 they released their album `` It 's the Most Happy Sound . '' Soon after , the band broke up and went back home . A short time later , Peterson joined another group , The Ernie Mariani Trio ( later renamed Margaret Ann and the Ernie Mariani Trio ) . The group traveled for several years and had stints in resort areas such as Las Vegas , Lake Tahoe and Reno , where Frank Sinatra and the Rat Pack were often seen in the audience while Maggie performed . It was while she was on tour that Maggie was discovered by The Andy Griffith Show director Bob Sweeny and producer Aaron Ruben . For The Andy Griffith Show , Peterson initially read for the role of love interest for Sheriff Andy Taylor , but the role went to Elinor Donahue ( Ellie Walker ) . Soon after , she was selected to play the role of Charlene Darling . The only daughter of Briscoe Darling , she had a crush on Sheriff Taylor ( `` Pa , ca n't I just look at the pretty man ? '' ) . The Darlings , including Briscoe 's four boys ( played by The Dillards bluegrass band ) , lived in the mountains and came to town on many occasions . When in town , they enjoyed playing music with Andy . One of Charlene 's favorite songs is `` Salty Dog . '' The one that made her cry was `` Boil that Cabbage Down . '' Ernest T. Bass had his eyes on Charlene and believed he had courting rights because her marriage to Dud Wash had been performed by Sheriff Andy Taylor acting as a justice of the peace . He tried to steal her away on the day they were to be remarried by a preacher . Threatening the gathering with a high - powered rifle , he runs off with the fully veiled `` bride . '' While Charlene and Dud are hurriedly married by the preacher , Ernest T. discovers the person in the veil is really Barney Fife . Charlene and Dud had a daughter together , Andilina . They tried to betroth Andilina to Opie as it was customary in their family . Briscoe called off the engagement of Opie and Andilina when he discovered there was witchery in the Taylor family . In 1968 , while she was singing as an opening act for Andy Griffith at a casino in Lake Tahoe , Peterson met jazz musician Gus Mancuso who was playing bass in a lounge act . The two married and have been together ever since . The couple spent a number of years in Los Angeles , where Peterson worked doing commercials , until they decided to settle in Las Vegas where Maggie now works as a location scout for film and television . In April 2008 The Darlings received a star on the Missouri Walk of Fame in Marshfield , Missouri . Peterson and Darlings / Dillards band members Dean Webb and Mitch Jayne were on hand representing The Darlings . In May 2016 Peterson appeared as the guest of honor at the Mayberry In The Midwest Festival in Danville , Indiana . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Maggie Peterson AKA Margaret Ann Peterson '' . NNDB.com ( Soylent Communications ) . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2015 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , David C. ( 2010 ) . Lost Laughs of ' 50S and ' 60S Television : Thirty Sitcoms That Faded Off Screen . McFarland . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0786455829 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Day , Patrick Kevin ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` The residents of Andy Griffith 's Mayberry : Where are they now ? '' . Los Angeles Times . External links ( edit ) Maggie Peterson on IMDb ( as Maggie Mancuso ) Margaret Ann & the Ja - Da Quartet at AllMusic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maggie_Peterson&oldid=815373398 '' Categories : 1941 births Living people American television actresses Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 12 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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you're just too good to be true wikipedia
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Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You
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can't take my eyes off you
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`` The Proud One '' ( 1966 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' ( 1967 ) `` I Make a Fool of Myself '' ( 1967 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' is a 1967 single credited to Frankie Valli . The song was among his biggest hits , earning a gold record and reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for a week , stuck behind `` Windy '' by The Association . It was co-written by producer Bob Crewe and Bob Gaudio , a bandmate of Valli 's in The Four Seasons . It was Valli 's biggest solo hit until he hit # 1 in 1974 with `` My Eyes Adored You '' . `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' has had hundreds of cover versions , many of which have been on the charts in different countries . The song is a staple of television and film soundtracks , even being featured as part of the plot of some films , such as when the lead characters sing or arrange their own version of the song . Its chorus has also become a popular football chant , with supporters of various teams inserting their club 's name or a popular player 's name into the beat ( for instance , A.S. Roma fans sing `` Francesco Totti , la la , la la la la ! '' ) . The Valli version was also used by NASA as a wake - up song on the STS - 126 space shuttle mission , to celebrate the anniversary of astronaut Christopher Ferguson , one of the mission 's crew members . Contents 1 Credits 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Notable cover versions 3.1 1967 -- 1969 3.2 1970 -- 1989 3.3 1990 -- 1999 3.4 2000 -- 2009 3.5 2010 -- present 4 References 5 External links Credits ( edit ) The song was written by Bob Crewe and Bob Gaudio . Arrangement was done by Artie Schroeck and Gaudio . The original recording was made at A&R Recording Studios at 799 7th Avenue , with Bob Crewe producing and Phil Ramone engineering . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Rank Canada 18 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Cash Box Notable cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song has been covered by some 200 artists over the years , in many countries , under both versions of the title . A few notable examples of cover versions that appeared on the charts : 1967 -- 1969 ( edit ) The Lettermen ( # 7 in 1967 , in a medley with `` Goin ' Out of My Head '' ) A version by Andy Williams made it to # 5 on the UK singles chart in 1968 . The arranger and producer was Nick DeCaro and the conductor was Eddie Karam . This version is included in the soundtrack of the 2001 film Bridget Jones 's Diary . In 2002 he recorded a new version of the song , as a duet with British actress and singer Denise van Outen , which reached # 23 in the UK singles charts . Vicki Carr recorded a cover of the song on her 1967 album It Must Be Him . Nancy Wilson ( # 52 in 1969 ) Engelbert Humperdinck covered the song on his 1968 album A Man Without Love . The Easybeats covered the song on their 1968 album Vigil , only released on the UK / European version of the album . 1970 -- 1989 ( edit ) In 1970 , Brook Benton recorded the song on his album Brook Benton Today . In 1972 , Bobby Darin performed the song on his summer television series , Dean Martin Presents : The Bobby Darin Amusement Company , and this version was included in the 2004 album Aces Back to Back . In 1974 , Anna Maria Alberghetti performed the song as part of a medley on the 1974 Jerry Lewis Labor Day MDA Telethon . In 1975 , Julio Iglesias sang the song on his TV show . Shirley Bassey recorded this as a United Artist Single in 1976 . In 1978 actors Robert De Niro , Christopher Walken and John Cazale sang the lyrics in the movie The Deer Hunter . Maureen McGovern ( # 27 on the US Adult Contemporary chart in 1979 ; # 5 Canadian AC in 1980 ) . In 1982 , San Francisco based disco band Boys Town Gang performed a disco version of the song which reached number one in the Netherlands , Belgium , Spain and number four in the United Kingdom . This version was also successful in Japan , receiving a gold digital certification by the RIAJ in 2011 , and is also on games such as Just Dance 4 . In 1987 , Hong Kong singer Prudence Liew recorded a Cantonese version and released it as the fourth single from her sophomore album , Why . In 1989 , Michelle Pfeiffer sang the song in The Fabulous Baker Boys . 1990 -- 1999 ( edit ) 1991 , onwards various versions from by disco singer Gloria Gaynor . 1991 , Pet Shop Boys used part of the song on their cover version of U2 's `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' , which reached # 4 in the U.K. and # 72 in the U.S. 1992 , Dutch singers Gerard Joling and Tatjana Šimić recorded a duet version of the song ( including a rap segment by Darrell Bell ) , which peaked at # 5 in the Dutch Top 40 charts . 1993 , the song was recorded by a-ha singer Morten Harket for the soundtrack of the movie Coneheads ( 1993 ) . 1998 , Lauryn Hill ( # 35 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart and # 2 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart in 1998 and # 8 on the Australian Singles Charts ) . This version was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1999 . 1999 , Heath Ledger sang the song in the film 10 Things I Hate About You . 1999 , Denise Richards sang the song in the film Drop Dead Gorgeous . 2000 -- 2009 ( edit ) 2000 , Japanese singer Ringo Sheena , for the single `` Tsumi to Batsu '' . 2000 , Hong Kong singer Leon Lai did a Cantonese version in his album Beijing Station . 2000 , Sheena Easton recorded her version for her album Fabulous . 2001 , Jimmy Somerville released his version as a single . 2001 , British group Muse , for the single `` Dead Star '' / `` In Your World '' . 2002 , Japanese singer Tommy february6 , on her eponymous album . 2004 , Jennifer Peña recorded a Latin version of the song , `` No Hay Nadie Igual Como Tú '' , which reached # 33 on the Latin charts . 2004 , Bad Manners , for The Ultimate Bad Collection - Crooners 2005 , Jamie Kennedy , for The Son of the Mask . 2006 , Barry Manilow including this song on his album The Greatest Songs of the Sixties . 2007 , Greek singer Efi Thodi included this song in her album I Love You Baby . 2008 , John Barrowman recorded a cover for his album Music Music Music . 2008 , Chinese soft rock duet Yu Quan recorded a cover as an EP titled Fall in Love with Your Beauty . 2008 , Frankie Valli 's version of the song was played by NASA as the morning wake - up call for astronaut Christopher Ferguson , in honor of his anniversary while he was on the STS - 126 Space Shuttle mission . 2010 -- present ( edit ) In 2010 , A cappella group Straight No Chaser included a cover of the song on their album With a Twist . In 2010 , Clay Aiken included a cover of the song on his album Tried and True . In 2011 , Japanese R&B singer Misia , included a cover of the song as a B - side to her single `` Kioku '' . The song was later included on her cover album , Misia no Mori : Forest Covers . In 2011 , Taiwanese - American singer - songwriter Joanna Wang , included a cover of the song on her cover album , The Things We Do for Love . 2011 , Stereophonics frontman Kelly Jones sang an acoustic version of the song in tribute to former Wales national football team manager Gary Speed . The song has been an adopted anthem for Welsh football fans during Speed 's playing career with Wales after being used in a BBC Wales promo for the 1994 World Cup qualifying campaign . In 2013 , South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation performed a version of this song as part of their Japan 2nd Tour ~ Girls&Peace ~ and 2013 Girls ' Generation World Tour - Girls & Peace . In 2013 , the vocal harmony group The Overtones covered the song for the official soundtrack of the German movie Buddy , and also included the song on the Christmas and Mother 's Day editions of their 2013 platinum selling album , Saturday Night at the Movies . In 2014 , John Lloyd Young covered the song for the movie Jersey Boys about the band The Four Seasons where he played Frankie Valli . He was also the original performer on the Broadway musical of the same name which premiered in 2005 . Jessie J recorded her version in 2016 , for the French cosmetics brand Make Up For Ever . Valli 's version appears in two 2018 TV commercials , one for Applebee 's , and another for Heineken . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official Frankie Valli Site '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . 1967 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred . The Billboard book of number 1 hits . p. 398 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Valli - Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You / The Trouble With Me ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , July 15 , 1967 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1967 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Musicoutfitters.com '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1967 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1967 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 40 Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Love , Andy by Andy Williams , album sleeve , 1967 . New York : Columbia Records CS 9566 Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 40 Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Engelbert Humperdinck - A Man Without Love ( Vinyl , LP ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Brook Benton - Brook Benton Today ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 - lijst van week 24 , 1982 '' . Top40.nl . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 74 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gloria Gaynor - Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You - YourDancefloorTV on YouTube . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` JAARLIJST 1992 '' . Members.chello.nl . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Coneheads - Original Soundtrack Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic. 1993 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lauryn Hill Awards '' . AllMusic. 1975 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` MP3 file '' . Spaceflight.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Girls ' Generation Second Japan Arena Tour Set List Retrieved April 5th , 2013 . Jump up ^ 2013 Girls ' Generation World Tour Set List . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Applebee 's 2 For $20 TV Commercial , ' I Love You , Baby ' Song by Frankie Valli '' . iSpot.tv . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heineken TV Commercial , ' Perfect Introduction ' Song By Frankie Valli '' . ispot.tv . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) `` Official Frankie Valli Site '' . Retrieved 2010 - 2 - 16 . Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics RIAA - Gold & Platinum Searchable Database Andy Williams Studio albums Andy Williams Sings Steve Allen Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein Two Time Winners To You Sweetheart , Aloha Lonely Street The Village of St. Bernadette Under Paris Skies Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes Warm and Willing Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests The Andy Williams Christmas Album The Wonderful World of Andy Williams The Academy Award - Winning `` Call Me Irresponsible '' and Other Hit Songs from the Movies The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits Andy Williams ' Dear Heart Merry Christmas The Shadow of Your Smile In the Arms of Love Born Free Love , Andy Honey Happy Heart Get Together with Andy Williams Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head The Andy Williams Show Love Story You 've Got a Friend Love Theme from `` The Godfather '' Alone Again ( Naturally ) Solitaire The Way We Were Christmas Present You Lay So Easy on My Mind The Other Side of Me Andy Let 's Love While We Can Greatest Love Classics Close Enough for Love I Still Believe in Santa Claus Nashville We Need a Little Christmas I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up Compilations Andy Williams Andy Williams ' Best Million Seller Songs Canadian Sunset Andy Williams ' Newest Hits May Each Day The Andy Williams Sound of Music Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits The Impossible Dream Love Story Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( CBS ) Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflections The Best of Andy Williams ( 1992 ) Personal Christmas Collection 16 Most Requested Songs : Encore ! The Best of Andy Williams ( 1996 ) The Love Songs In the Lounge with ... The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2000 ) Andy The Essential Andy Williams B Sides and Rarities Music to Watch Girls By : The Very Best of Andy Williams Moon River : The Very Best of Andy Williams The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2009 ) The Classic Christmas Album Live albums Greatest Hits The New Andy Williams Christmas Album Singles `` Walk Hand in Hand '' `` Canadian Sunset '' `` Butterfly '' `` I Like Your Kind of Love '' `` Lips of Wine '' `` Are You Sincere ? '' `` Promise Me , Love '' `` The Hawaiian Wedding Song '' `` Lonely Street '' `` The Village of St. Bernadette '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Fly by Night '' `` Stranger on the Shore '' `` Do n't You Believe It '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Ca n't Get Used to Losing You '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Hopeless '' `` A Fool Never Learns '' `` Charade '' `` Wrong for Each Other '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Almost There '' `` Dear Heart '' `` ... and Roses and Roses '' `` Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ( Corcovado ) '' `` May Each Day '' `` You 're Gonna Hear from Me '' `` Bye Bye Blues '' `` How Can I Tell Her It 's Over '' `` In the Arms of Love '' `` Music to Watch Girls By '' `` Holly '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Sweet Memories '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Happy Heart '' `` Live and Learn '' `` A Woman 's Way '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` One Day of Your Life '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Home Lovin ' Man '' `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' `` A Song for You '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Speak Softly Love ( Love Theme from The Godfather ) '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Solitaire '' `` Love 's Theme '' `` Another Lonely Song '' `` Cry Softly '' `` Sad Eyes '' `` The Other Side of Me '' `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' B - Sides `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Summertime '' `` So Rare '' `` Emily '' `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' `` I 'll Remember You '' `` Something '' `` My Love '' `` They Long to Be Close to You '' `` I Love My Friend '' Related articles Discography The Williams Brothers The Four Seasons Frankie Valli Tommy DeVito Bob Gaudio Nick Massi Charles Calello Joe Long Gerry Polci Albums Sherry & 11 Others ( 1962 ) The 4 Seasons Greetings ( 1962 ) Big Girls Do n't Cry and Twelve Others ( 1963 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Ai n't That a Shame and 11 Others ( 1963 ) Golden Hits of the 4 Seasons ( 1963 ) Dawn ( 1964 ) Rag Doll ( 1964 ) Born to Wonder ( 1964 ) Stay and Other Great Hits ( 1964 ) 4 Seasons Entertain You ( 1965 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Big Hits by Burt Bacharach ... Hal David ... Bob Dylan ( 1965 ) Working My Way Back to You and More Great New Hits ( 1966 ) Lets Hang On ( 1966 ) On Stage with The Four Seasons ( 1965 ) New Gold Hits ( 1967 ) Edizione D'Oro ( Gold Edition ) ( 1968 ) The Genuine Imitation Life Gazette ( 1969 ) Half and Half ( 1970 ) Chameleon ( 1972 ) Who Loves You ( 1975 ) Helicon ( 1977 ) The Very Best of Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons ( 2002 ) Singles `` Bermuda '' `` Sherry '' `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Walk Like a Man '' `` Ai n't That a Shame '' `` Candy Girl '' `` New Mexican Rose '' `` Dawn ( Go Away ) '' `` Stay '' `` Ronnie '' `` Alone ( Why Must I Be Alone ) '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Silence Is Golden '' `` Save It for Me '' `` Sincerely '' `` Big Man in Town '' `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` Bye , Bye , Baby ( Baby Goodbye ) '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Girl Come Running '' `` The Sun Ai n't Gonna Shine ( Anymore ) '' `` Let 's Hang On ! '' `` Do n't Think Twice '' `` Working My Way Back to You '' `` Opus 17 ( Do n't You Worry ' bout Me ) '' `` On the Good Ship Lollipop '' `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' `` The Proud One '' `` Tell It to the Rain '' `` Beggin ' '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` C'mon Marianne '' `` Lonesome Road '' `` Watch the Flowers Grow '' `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' `` My Eyes Adored You '' `` Our Day Will Come '' `` Who Loves You '' `` December , 1963 ( Oh , What a Night ) '' `` Silver Star '' `` Grease '' Related topics Discography Members Albums Songs The Four Lovers The Wonder Who ? Bob Crewe `` Ces soirées - là '' Jersey Boys : Original Broadway Cast Recording Jersey Boys ( musical ) Jersey Boys ( film ) Book : The Four Seasons Jimmy Somerville Discography Studio albums Read My Lips Dare to Love Manage the Damage Home Again Compilations The Singles Collection 1984 / 1990 The Very Best of Jimmy Somerville , Bronski Beat and The Communards For a Friend : The Best of Bronski Beat , The Communards & Jimmy Somerville Singles `` Suspicious Minds '' `` Comment te dire adieu '' `` You Make Me Feel ( Mighty Real ) '' `` Read My Lips ( Enough Is Enough ) '' `` To Love Somebody '' `` Smalltown Boy ( ' 91 Remix ) '' `` Gimme Shelter '' `` Heartbeat '' `` Hurt So Good '' `` By Your Side '' `` The Number One Song in Heaven '' `` Why ? ( Almighty Mix ) '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' Other songs `` Love to Love You Baby '' `` Johnny Remember Me '' `` Lover Man '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` From This Moment On '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' `` But Not Tonight '' `` I Was Born This Way '' `` Tell Me Why '' Related articles Bronski Beat The Communards Book Nancy Wilson Albums Like in Love Something Wonderful The Swingin 's Mutual ! Nancy Wilson / Cannonball Adderley Broadway -- My Way Hollywood -- My Way Yesterday 's Love Songs / Today 's Blues Today , Tomorrow , Forever The Nancy Wilson Show ! Tender Loving Care Lush Life Welcome to My Love But Beautiful Love , Nancy A Nancy Wilson Christmas R.S.V.P. ( Rare Songs , Very Personal ) Turned to Blue Songs `` ( You Do n't Know ) How Glad I Am '' `` Uptight ( Everything 's Alright ) '' `` You 've Got Your Troubles '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` She Called Me Baby '' `` Love Wo n't Let Me Wait '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Related articles Discography Jazz Profiles The Lettermen Tony Butala Bobby Poynton Donovan Tea Studio albums Once Upon a Time ( 1962 ) The Best of The Lettermen ( 1966 ) I Have Dreamed ( 1969 ) Spin Away ( 1972 ) Singles `` The 7th Dawn '' `` Allentown Jail '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Chanson D'Amour '' `` Come Back Silly Girl '' `` Eastward '' `` How Is Julie ? '' `` Hurt So Bad '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Love '' `` Our Winter Love '' `` Put Your Head on My Shoulder '' `` Secretly '' `` Shangri - La '' `` She Cried '' `` Silly Boy ( She Does n't Love You ) '' `` Sweet September '' `` Theme from A Summer Place '' `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` Where or When '' Related Vocal Group Hall of Fame Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Take_My_Eyes_Off_You&oldid=855375846 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1968 singles 1969 singles Songs written by Bob Crewe Songs written by Bob Gaudio Frankie Valli songs The Four Seasons ( band ) songs Jay and the Americans songs Andy Williams songs Lauryn Hill songs Barry Manilow songs The Lettermen songs Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs Schlager songs Maureen McGovern songs Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in the Netherlands Song recordings produced by Bob Crewe 1967 songs Philips Records singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 20 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%2527t%20Take%20My%20Eyes%20Off%20You
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who sings hold me thrill me kiss me
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Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me
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hold me, thrill me, kiss me
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`` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me '' is a popular song written by Harry Noble and originally performed by Karen Chandler in 1952 . It has been re-recorded several times since then , with the most notable covers being by Mel Carter in 1965 and by Gloria Estefan in 1994 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Karen Chandler version 2 Mel Carter version 2.1 Chart performance 2.1. 1 Weekly charts 2.1. 2 Year - end charts 3 Gloria Estefan version 3.1 Formats and track listings 3.2 Official versions 3.3 Release history 3.4 Chart performance 3.5 Certifications 4 Other versions 5 Influence 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Karen Chandler version ( edit ) The original version was released by Karen Chandler in 1952 , released by Coral Records . It first appeared in the Billboard charts on October 25 , 1952 and last appeared on April 11 , 1953 , peaking at No. 5 on Billboard 's chart of `` Most Played by Jockeys '' , No. 7 on Billboard 's chart of `` Best Selling Singles '' , and No. 9 on Billboard 's chart of `` Most Played in Juke Boxes '' . Mel Carter version ( edit ) `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me '' Single by Mel Carter from the album Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me B - side `` A Sweet Little Girl '' Released June 1965 Genre Pop music Soul Length 2 : 27 Label Imperial Songwriter ( s ) Harry Noble Mel Carter singles chronology `` High Noon '' ( 1965 ) `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me '' ( 1965 ) `` ( All of a Sudden ) My Heart Sings '' ( 1965 ) `` High Noon '' ( 1965 ) `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me '' ( 1965 ) `` ( All of a Sudden ) My Heart Sings '' ( 1965 ) The version most often associated with the song was recorded by Mel Carter , released in 1965 on Imperial . Carter 's version spent 15 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at No. 8 , while reaching No. 1 on Billboard 's Easy Listening chart , No. 2 on Canada 's `` RPM Play Sheet '' , and No. 4 on Canada 's CHUM Hit Parade . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Peak position Australia KMR 21 Canada RPM Play Sheet Canada CHUM Hit Parade U.S. Billboard Hot 100 8 U.S. Billboard Easy Listening U.S. Cash Box Top 100 12 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Rank U.S. Billboard Hot 100 14 U.S. Cash Box 51 Gloria Estefan version ( edit ) `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me '' Single by Gloria Estefan from the album Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me Released November 21 , 1994 Format CD Single CD Maxi single Cassette Single 12 '' Vinyl Single Recorded 1993 -- 1994 Genre Pop Length 3 : 21 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Harry Noble , Jr . Producer ( s ) Emilio Estefan , Jr . Jorge Casas Clay Ostwald Gloria Estefan singles chronology `` Turn the Beat Around '' ( 1994 ) `` ' Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me ' '' ( 1994 ) `` Everlasting Love '' ( 1995 ) `` Turn the Beat Around '' ( 1994 ) `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me '' ( 1994 ) `` Everlasting Love '' ( 1995 ) Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me track listing `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me '' ( 1 ) `` How Can I Be Sure '' ( 2 ) `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me '' was released as single ( only in Europe and Australia ) from Gloria Estefan 's fourth solo - credited studio album Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me ( 1994 ) . Formats and track listings ( edit ) ( show ) Europe CD Single ( EPC 661080 1 ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me '' Harry Noble , Jr . 3 : 21 2 . `` Miami Hit Mix '' ( Dr. Beat , Conga , Rhythm Is Gonna Get You , 1 - 2 - 3 , Get On Your Feet ) Enrique Garcia , Gloria Estefan , John DeFaria , Jorge Casas , Clay Ostwald 5 : 17 ( show ) Europe CD - Maxi Single ( 661080 2 ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me '' Harry Noble , Jr . 3 : 21 2 . `` If We Were Lovers '' ( Con Los Años Que Me Quedan -- English Version ) Gloria Estefan , Emilio Estefan , Jr . 4 : 35 3 . `` Miami Hit Mix '' ( Dr. Beat , Conga , Rhythm Is Gonna Get You , 1 - 2 - 3 , Get On Your Feet ) Enrique Garcia , Gloria Estefan , John DeFaria , Jorge Casas , Clay Ostwald 5 : 17 ( show ) U.K. CD - Maxi Single # 1 ( 661080 2 ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me '' Harry Noble , Jr . 3 : 21 2 . `` If We Were Lovers '' ( Con Los Años Que Me Quedan -- English Version ) Gloria Estefan , Emilio Estefan , Jr . 4 : 35 3 . `` Miami Hit Mix '' ( Dr. Beat , Conga , Rhythm Is Gonna Get You , 1 - 2 - 3 , Get On Your Feet ) Enrique Garcia , Gloria Estefan , John DeFaria , Jorge Casas , Clay Ostwald 5 : 17 ( show ) U.K. CD - Maxi Single # 2 ( 661080 5 ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me '' Harry Noble , Jr . 3 : 21 2 . `` The Christmas Song ( Chesnuts Roasting On An Open Fire ) '' Mel Torme , Robert Wells 4 : 13 3 . `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' Sammy Cahn , Jule Styne 3 : 55 ( show ) U.K. Cassette Single ( 661080 4 ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me '' Harry Noble , Jr . 3 : 21 2 . `` Christmas Through Your Eyes '' Gloria Estefan , Diane Warren 4 : 49 ( show ) U.K. 12 '' Vinyl Single ( 661080 6 ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Miami Hit Mix '' ( Dr. Beat , Conga , Rhythm Is Gonna Get You , 1 - 2 - 3 , Get On Your Feet ) Enrique Garcia , Gloria Estefan , John DeFaria , Jorge Casas , Clay Ostwald 5 : 17 2 . `` Turn the Beat Around '' ( Damien 's Foutainbleau Mix ) Peter Jackson , Gerald Jackson 7 : 18 3 . `` Mi Tierra '' ( Pablo Flores ' 12 '' Latin Club Mix ) Estéfano 6 : 45 4 . `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me '' Harry Noble , Jr . 3 : 21 ( show ) U.K. Promo CD Single ( XPCD 564 ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me '' Harry Noble , Jr . 3 : 21 ( show ) Mexico Promo CD Single ( PRCD 96308 ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me '' Harry Noble , Jr . 3 : 21 ( show ) Australia CD - Maxi Single ( 661080 2 ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me '' Harry Noble , Jr . 3 : 21 2 . `` If We Were Lovers '' ( Con Los Años Que Me Quedan -- English Version ) Gloria Estefan , Emilio Estefan , Jr . 4 : 35 3 . `` Miami Hit Mix '' ( Dr. Beat , Conga , Rhythm Is Gonna Get You , 1 - 2 - 3 , Get On Your Feet ) Enrique Garcia , Gloria Estefan , John DeFaria , Jorge Casas , Clay Ostwald 5 : 17 ( show ) Australia Cassette Single ( 661080 4 ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me '' Harry Noble , Jr . 3 : 21 2 . `` If We Were Lovers '' ( Con Los Años Que Me Quedan -- English Version ) Gloria Estefan , Emilio Estefan , Jr . 4 : 35 3 . `` Miami Hit Mix '' ( Dr. Beat , Conga , Rhythm Is Gonna Get You , 1 - 2 - 3 , Get On Your Feet ) Enrique Garcia , Gloria Estefan , John DeFaria , Jorge Casas , Clay Ostwald 5 : 17 Official versions ( edit ) Original versions Album version -- ( 3 : 21 ) Release history ( edit ) Region Date Europe November 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 21 ) U.K. November 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 21 ) Australia January 1995 ( 1995 - 01 ) Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 48 German Singles Chart 97 Irish Singles Chart 22 Spanish Singles Chart UK Singles Chart 11 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Sales U.K. Silver 200,000 Other versions ( edit ) A version was released by American singer Muriel Smith in 1953 , which reached No. 3 on the United Kingdom 's New Musical Express chart . American songstress Connie Francis included a memorable version on her 1959 album The Exciting Connie Francis . Greece singer Nana Mouskouri released a version of the song produced by Quincy Jones in 1962 . Dick and Dee Dee released a version of the song on their 1966 album , Songs We 've Sung on Shindig . Shirley Bassey also covered the song on her 1969 album Does Anybody Miss Me . In 1977 , Bobby Vinton released a version of the song on the album The Name Is Love and as a single . Vinton 's version reached No. 43 on Billboard 's Easy Listening chart . Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me was performed by She and Him and is featured on their fourth album Volume 3 , in 2013 . Influence ( edit ) The song gave title for albums by Mel Carter ( 1965 ) , Johnny Mathis ( 1977 ) , and Gloria Estefan ( 1994 ) , and was later referenced by U2 's 1995 song `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me , Kill Me '' . Mel Carter 's version was featured in the film named after the song , Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me . In the 1995 film , To Wong Foo , Thanks for Everything ! Julie Newmar , a fragment of Johnny Mathis ' recording backs an internal summit point . See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1965 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 45 discography for Coral Records 60000 series '' . Globaldogproductions.info . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Music Popularity Charts '' , Billboard , October 25 , 1952 . p. 60 . Accessed September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Popular Records '' , Billboard , April 11 , 1953 . p. 30 . Accessed September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Popular Records '' , Billboard , March 7 , 1953 . p. 32 . Accessed October 21 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Top Popular Records '' , Billboard , February 7 , 1953 . p. 32 . Accessed October 21 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Top Popular Records '' , Billboard , February 21 , 1953 . p. 44 . Accessed October 21 , 2015 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1973 ) . Top Pop Records 1940 - 1955 . Record Research . Jump up ^ `` 45 Discography for Imperial Records - 66000 series '' . Globaldogproductions.info . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Mel Carter - Chart History - The Hot 100 , Billboard.com . Accessed October 21 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Top 40 Easy Listening '' , Billboard , August 28 , 1965 . p. 20 . Accessed October 21 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : `` R.P.M. Play Sheet '' , RPM Weekly , Volume 3 , Ed . 24 , August 9 , 1965 . Accessed October 21 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` CHUM Hit Parade -- Week of August 23 , 1965 '' . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2006 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Chart No. 441 . CHUM . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1965 / Top 100 Songs of 1965 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1965 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1965 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` australian-charts.com > Gloria Estefan discography '' . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Muriel Smith - Full Official Chart History , Official Charts Company . Accessed August 27 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` The Exciting Connie Francis - Connie Francis '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.nanamouskouri.de/lp795.htm Jump up ^ `` Dick And DeeDee * - Songs We 've Sung On Shindig ( Vinyl , LP ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Does Anybody Miss Me - Shirley Bassey '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Easy Listening '' , Billboard , August 27 , 1977 . p. 57 . Accessed October 21 , 2015 External links ( edit ) Gloria Estefan Discography Database at the Wayback Machine ( archived October 27 , 2009 ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Gloria Estefan singles Eyes of Innocence `` Dr. Beat '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` I Need a Man '' Primitive Love `` Conga '' `` Bad Boy '' `` Words Get in the Way '' `` Falling in Love ( Uh - Oh ) '' Let It Loose / Anything for You `` Rhythm Is Gonna Get You '' `` Betcha Say That '' `` Ca n't Stay Away from You '' `` Anything for You '' `` 1 - 2 - 3 '' Cuts Both Ways `` Do n't Wanna Lose You '' `` Get on Your Feet '' `` Here We Are '' `` Oye Mi Canto ( Hear My Voice ) '' `` Cuts Both Ways '' Exitos de Gloria Estefan `` Renacer '' Into the Light `` Coming Out of the Dark '' `` Seal Our Fate '' `` Remember Me with Love '' `` Ca n't Forget You '' `` Nayib 's Song ( I Am Here for You ) '' `` Live for Loving You '' Greatest Hits `` Always Tomorrow '' `` Megamix '' `` I See Your Smile '' `` Go Away '' Mi Tierra `` Mi Tierra '' `` Con Los Años Que Me Quedan '' `` Tradición '' `` Montuno `` ¡ Sí Señor ! ... '' '' `` Mi Buen Amor '' `` Ayer '' Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me `` Turn the Beat Around '' `` Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me '' `` Everlasting Love '' `` It 's Too Late '' `` Cherchez La Femme '' Abriendo Puertas `` Abriendo Puertas '' `` Más Allá '' `` Tres Deseos '' `` Dulce Amor '' `` La Parranda '' `` Lejos De Ti '' `` Felicidad '' `` Abriendo Puertas A La Navidad '' Destiny `` Reach '' `` You 'll Be Mine ( Party Time ) '' `` I 'm Not Giving You Up '' `` Higher '' `` Show Me the Way Back to Your Heart '' `` No Pretendo '' gloria ! `` Heaven 's What I Feel / Corazón Prohibido '' `` Oye ! '' `` Cuba Libre '' `` Do n't Let This Moment End '' `` Do n't Stop '' Alma Caribeña - Caribbean Soul `` No Me Dejes de Querer '' `` Como Me Duele Perderte '' `` Tres Gotas De Agua Bendita '' `` Tengo Que Decirte Algo '' `` Me Voy '' `` Por Un Beso '' Greatest Hits Vol. II `` You Ca n't Walk Away from Love '' `` Out of Nowhere '' `` Y - Tu - Conga '' Unwrapped `` Wrapped / Hoy '' `` I Wish You '' `` Te Amaré '' `` Tu Fotografía '' 90 Millas `` No Llores '' `` Me Odio '' `` Píntame De Colores '' Miss Little Havana `` Wepa '' `` Hotel Nacional '' Other notable songs & Collaborations `` En El Jardín '' `` Santo Santo '' `` Music of My Heart '' `` What More Can I Give `` Dr. Pressure '' `` Somos El Mundo '' Book Template Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hold_Me,_Thrill_Me,_Kiss_Me&oldid=816209883 '' Categories : 1952 songs 1952 singles 1965 singles 1994 singles Mel Carter songs Dick and Dee Dee songs Bobby Vinton songs Gloria Estefan songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Imperial Records singles Coral Records singles Epic Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 23 : 40 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold%20Me%2C%20Thrill%20Me%2C%20Kiss%20Me
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when do youtubers get the silver play button
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The Silver Play Button , for channels that surpass 100,000 subscribers . The old version was made of nickel - plated cupronickel alloy .
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YouTube Play Button
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youtube play button
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YouTube Play Buttons , a part of the YouTube Creator Rewards , are a recognition by YouTube of its most popular channels .
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These are distinct from the YouTube Awards , which are intended to recognize the best quality videos ; YouTube Creator Rewards are based solely on a channel 's subscriber count . Awards ( edit ) When a verified YouTuber reaches a specific milestone , they are awarded a relatively flat trophy in a metal casing with a YouTube play button symbol . The trophies are of different sizes : each button and plaque gets progressively bigger the more subscribers the channel gets . There are currently three different tiers of rewards , plus a fourth that has been awarded just once : The Silver Play Button , for channels that surpass 100,000 subscribers . The old version was made of nickel - plated cupronickel alloy . The Gold Play Button , for channels that surpass 1,000,000 subscribers . It is made of gold - plated brass . The Diamond Play Button , for channels that surpass 10,000,000 subscribers . Made of silver - plated metal inset with a large piece of crystal in the shape of a play button triangle . The Ruby Play Button . In December 2016 , YouTuber PewDiePie received a ruby trophy as a gift for reaching 50,000,000 subscribers . It was made in the shape of his channel 's logo : a hand giving a `` bro fist '' , or a fist bump . It also came with several mini-awards to be gifted to subscribers that had been subscribed the longest and were still active . It is not referenced in the Creators Award page and it is unknown if such a trophy will be given out to any other YouTuber who surpasses the milestone in the future . Notes ( edit ) Acuna , Kirsten ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` YouTube Is Rewarding Its Most Popular Users With Gold '' . Business Insider . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Brouwer , Bree ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` YouTube Gives New Diamond Play Button To Channels With 10 Million Subscribers '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Cohen , Joshua ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` YouTube Gives 24 - Karat Gold ' Play Button ' to Channels with 1M+ Subs '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Dillon , Poppy ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` YouTube Announced Diamond Play Button '' . TenEighty . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` YouTube Creator Rewards '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Creator Hub '' . YouTube . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is the Gold Play Button REALLY Made Of ? '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PewdiePie 's video on receiving the award '' . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Sends PewDiePie Custom Ruby Play Button To Commemorate 50 Million Subscribers '' . TubeFilter . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . YouTube History Censorship Copyright issues Social impact Founders Steve Chen Chad Hurley Jawed Karim Channels Personalities Most - subscribed channels Spotlight Original channels YouTube Red ( List of original programs ) Culture and videos Elsagate Play Buttons YouTube Poop YouTube Rewind Vevo Lists Most - viewed videos Most - liked videos Most - disliked videos Most - viewed Vevo videos Multi-channel networks Events Awards CNN / YouTube presidential debates Comedy Week Live Music Awards Orchestra Playlist Live VidCon Related articles API Viacom conflict Viral video YouTube Kids YouTube Music This Internet - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YouTube_Play_Button&oldid=826295098 '' Categories : YouTube Awards established in 2012 Internet stubs Talk About Wikipedia Afrikaans Cebuano فارسی Français Português Русский Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 09 : 27 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube%20Play%20Button
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which of the following landscapes is suitable for biostimulation
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Biostimulation
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biostimulation
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Biostimulation involves the modification of the environment to stimulate existing bacteria capable of bioremediation . This can be done by addition of various forms of rate limiting nutrients and electron acceptors , such as phosphorus , nitrogen , oxygen , or carbon ( e.g. in the form of molasses ) . Alternatively , remediation of halogenated contaminants in anaerobic environments may be stimulated by adding electron donors ( organic substrates ) , thus allowing indigenous microorganisms to use the halogenated contaminants as electron acceptors. EPA Anaerobic Bioremediation Technologies Additives are usually added to the subsurface through injection wells , although injection well technology for biostimulation purposes is still emerging . Removal of the contaminated material is also an option , albeit an expensive one . Biostimulation can be enhanced by bioaugmentation . This process , overall , is referred to as bioremediation and is an EPA - approved method for reversing the presence of oil or gas spills . While biostimulation is usually associated with remediation of hydrocarbon or high production volume chemical spills , it is also potentially useful for treatment of less frequently encountered contaminant spills , such as pesticides , particularly herbicides .
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The primary advantage of biostimulation is that bioremediation will be undertaken by already present native microorganisms that are well - suited to the subsurface environment , and are well distributed spatially within the subsurface . The primary disadvantage is that the delivery of additives in a manner that allows the additives to be readily available to subsurface microorganisms is based on the local geology of the subsurface . Tight , impermeable subsurface lithology ( tight clays or other fine - grained material ) make it difficult to spread additives throughout the affected area . Fractures in the subsurface create preferential pathways in the subsurface which additives preferentially follow , preventing even distribution of additives . Recently a number of products have been introduced which allow popular use of bioremediation using biostimulative methods . They may harness local bacteria using biostimulation by creating a hospitable environment for hydrocarbon - devouring microorganisms , or they may introduce foreign bacteria into the environment as a direct application to the hydrocarbon . While the jury is out as to whether either is particularly more effective than the other , prima facie consideration suggests the introduction of foreign bacteria to any environment stands a chance of mutating organisms already present and affecting the biome . Investigations to determine subsurface characteristics ( such as natural groundwater velocity during ambient conditions , hydraulic conductivity of the subsurface , and lithology of the subsurface ) are important in developing a successful biostimulation system . In addition , a pilot - scale study of the potential biostimulation system should be undertaken prior to full - scale design and implementation . However , some biostimulative agents may be used in chaotic surfaces such as open water and sand so long as they are ( oleophilic ) , meaning that they bond exclusively to hydrocarbons , and basically sink in the water column , bonding to oil , where they then float to the water 's surface , exposing the hydrocarbon to more abundant sunlight and oxygen where greater micro-organic aerobic activity can be encouraged . Some consumer - targeted biostimulants bond possess this quality , others do not . See also ( edit ) Biotreatment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kanissery , R.G. , and G.K. Sims. 2011 . Biostimulation for the enhanced degradation of herbicides in soil . Applied and Environmental Soil Science . Volume 2011 ( 2011 ) , Article ID 843450 , doi : 10.1155 / 2011 / 843450 . http://www.hindawi.com/journals/aess/2011/843450/ External links ( edit ) FRTR reference guide on enhanced bioremediation USEPA fact sheet on bioremediation in oil spill response Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biostimulation&oldid=805362129 '' Categories : Biotechnology Environmental soil science Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Français Italiano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2017 , at 21 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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films with the word green in the title
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List of films : g
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list of films : g
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This is an alphabetical list of film articles ( or sections within articles about films ) . It includes made for television films . See the talk page for the method of indexing used .
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Contents 1.1 Ga - Ge 1.2 Gh - Gi 1.3 Gl - Gn 1.4 Go 1.5 Gr 1.6 Gu - Gw 2 See also 3 References G - Block City ( 1996 ) G - Force ( 2009 ) G - Men from Hell ( 2000 ) G - SALE ( 2003 ) G.I. Blues ( 1960 ) G.I. Jane ( 1997 ) G.I. Joe : The Movie ( 1987 ) G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra ( 2009 ) G.I. Joe : Retaliation ( 2013 ) G.O.R.A. ( 2005 ) G@me ( 2003 ) G Men ( 1935 ) Ga - Ge ( edit ) Gabbeh ( 1997 ) Gabriel : ( 1976 & 2007 ) Gabriel Over the White House ( 1933 ) Gabrielle : ( 1954 , 2005 & 2013 ) Gaby ( 1956 ) Gada Meilin ( 2002 ) Gagamboy ( 2004 ) Galaxina ( 1980 ) The Galaxy on Earth ( 2014 ) Galaxy Quest ( 1999 ) Galaxy of Terror ( 1981 ) Galaxy Turnpike ( 2015 ) Gallipoli : ( 1981 & 2005 ) Gambit : ( 1966 & 2012 ) The Gambler : ( 1974 & 2014 ) The Game : ( 1984 & 1997 ) Game of Death ( 1978 ) Game of Death II ( 1981 ) Game Over : ( 2003 TV , 2012 & 2017 ) Game Over , Man ! ( 2018 ) Game Over : Kasparov and the Machine ( 2003 ) The Game Plan ( 2007 ) The Game of Their Lives : ( 2002 & 2005 ) Gamer ( 2009 ) Gamera vs. Guiron ( 1969 ) Gamera vs. Gyaos ( 1967 ) Gamera vs. Zigra ( 1971 ) Gamera : Guardian of the Universe ( 1995 ) Gamera 2 : Attack of Legion ( 1996 ) Gamera 3 : The Revenge of Iris ( 1999 ) Gamers ( 2006 ) The Gamers ( 2002 ) Ganbare ! Gian ! ! ( 2001 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Gang in Blue ( 1996 ) Gang Related ( 1997 ) The Gang That Could n't Shoot Straight ( 1971 ) Gangaajal ( 2003 ) Gangs of New York ( 2002 ) Gangs of Wasseypur ( 2012 ) Gangster No. 1 ( 2000 ) Gangster Payday ( 2014 ) Gangster Squad ( 2013 ) Ganja and Hess ( 1973 ) Gantz : O ( 2016 ) Garage Days ( 2002 ) Garakowa - Restore the World - ( 2016 ) Garbo ( 1992 ) Garden of Evil ( 1954 ) The Garden of the Finzi - Continis ( 1971 ) Garden of Heaven ( 2003 ) Garden State ( 2004 ) Gardens of Stone ( 1987 ) Garfield : The Movie ( 2004 ) Garfield : A Tale of Two Kitties ( 2006 ) Garçon stupide ( 2004 ) Garm Wars : The Last Druid ( 2014 ) Garōden ( 1995 ) Gas Food Lodging ( 1992 ) Gas ! ( 1971 ) Gaslight : ( 1940 & 1944 ) Gasoline ( 2001 ) The Gate : ( 1987 & 2014 ) Gate of Flesh ( 1964 ) Gates of Heaven ( 1980 ) The Gathering : ( 1977 TV & 2002 ) A Gathering of Eagles ( 1963 ) Gattaca ( 1997 ) The Gauntlet ( 1977 ) The Gay Divorcee ( 1934 ) Gay Purr - ee ( 1962 ) GeGeGe no Nyōbō ( 2010 ) A Geisha ( 1953 ) The Geisha Boy ( 1958 ) Gekijōban Meiji Tokyo Renka : Yumihari no Serenade ( 2015 ) Gemini : ( 1999 , 2002 Tamil & 2002 Telugu ) Gemini Man ( 2019 ) The Gene Generation ( 2006 ) Gene - X ( 2006 ) The General : ( 1927 & 1998 ) General della Rovere ( 1959 ) General Idi Amin Dada : A Self Portrait ( 1974 ) General Spanky ( 1936 ) The General 's Daughter ( 1999 ) A Generation ( 1955 ) Generation X ( 1996 TV ) Genevieve ( 1953 ) Genova ( 1953 ) The Gentle Art of Burglary ( 1916 ) Gentleman Jim ( 1942 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Gentlemen Broncos ( 2009 ) Gentlemen of Fortune ( 1971 ) Gentlemen Prefer Blondes ( 1953 ) Georg ( 2007 ) George of the Jungle ( 1997 ) George of the Jungle 2 ( 2003 ) George Lucas in Love ( 1999 ) George Wallace ( 1997 ) ( TV ) George Washington ( 2000 ) George White 's 1935 Scandals ( 1935 ) Georgia : ( 1988 & 1995 ) Georgia Rule ( 2007 ) Georgica ( 1998 ) Georgy Girl ( 1966 ) Geostorm ( 2017 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 1951 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) Geraldine 's Fortune ( 2004 ) Geri 's Game ( 1997 ) Germany Pale Mother ( 1980 ) Germany , Year Zero ( 1948 ) Geronimo 's Last Raid ( 1912 ) Gerry ( 2002 ) Gertie the Dinosaur ( 1914 ) Gertrud ( 1964 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) Get on the Bus ( 1996 ) Get Carter : ( 1971 & 2000 ) Get Christie Love ! ( 1974 ) ( TV ) Get a Clue ( 2002 ) ( TV ) Get the Gringo ( 2012 ) Get Hard ( 2015 ) Get Him to the Greek ( 2010 ) Get Low ( 2009 ) Get on Up ( 2014 ) Get Out ( 2017 ) Get Out of My Room ( 1985 ) Get Out Your Handkerchiefs ( 1978 ) Get Over It ( 2001 ) Get Real ( 1998 ) Get Rich or Die Tryin ' ( 2005 ) Get Shorty ( 1995 ) Get Smart ( 2008 ) Get Up ! ( 2003 ) Getaway ( 2013 ) The Getaway : ( 1972 & 1994 ) Gettin ' Square ( 2003 ) Getting Any ? ( 1995 ) Getting Away with Murder ( 1996 ) Getting Away with Murder : The JonBenét Ramsey Mystery ( 2000 ) Getting Even with Dad ( 1994 ) Getting Home ( 2007 ) Getting In ( 1994 ) Getting My Brother Laid ( 2001 ) Getting There ( 2002 ) Gettysburg ( 1993 ) Geulimja ( 1935 ) Geumbungeo ( 1927 ) GG Bond 2 ( 2014 ) Gh - gi ( edit ) Ghajini ( 2008 ) Ghidorah , the Three - Headed Monster ( 1965 ) Ghilli ( 2004 ) The Ghost : ( 1963 , 1982 , 2004 , 2008 & 2010 ) Ghost : ( 1990 , 1998 & 2012 ) Ghost : In Your Arms Again ( 2010 ) The Ghost Breakers ( 1940 ) Ghost Dad ( 1990 ) The Ghost and the Darkness ( 1996 ) Ghost Dog : The Way of the Samurai ( 1999 ) The Ghost of Frankenstein ( 1942 ) The Ghost Goes West ( 1935 ) Ghost House ( 2004 ) The Ghost Inside ( 2005 ) Ghost in Love ( 1998 ) Ghost in the Machine ( 1993 ) The Ghost and Mr. Chicken ( 1966 ) The Ghost and Mrs. Muir ( 1947 ) Ghost in the Noonday Sun ( 1973 ) Ghost Rider : ( 1982 & 2007 ) Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance ( 2012 ) Ghost in the Shell : ( 1995 & 2017 ) Ghost in the Shell 2 : Innocence ( 2004 ) The Ghost Ship ( 1944 ) Ghost Ship : ( 1952 & 2002 ) Ghost Station ( 2007 ) Ghost Story ( 1981 ) Ghost Town ( 2008 ) Ghost World ( 2001 ) The Ghost Writer ( 2010 ) Ghostbusters ( 1984 & 2016 ) Ghostbusters II ( 1989 ) Ghosts : ( 1915 , 2005 , 2006 & 2014 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) The Ghosts of Buxley Hall ( 1980 ) ( TV ) Ghosts Ca n't Do It ( 1990 ) Ghosts of Girlfriends Past ( 2009 ) Ghosts of Mars ( 2001 ) Ghosts of Mississippi ( 1996 ) Ghosts ... of the Civil Dead ( 1988 ) Ghoulies ( 1985 ) Ghoulies 2 ( 1987 ) Ghoulies III : Ghoulies Go To College ( 1991 ) Ghoulies IV ( 1994 ) Ghulam ( 1998 ) Gia ( 1998 ) Giallo ( 2010 ) Giant ( 1956 ) The Giant Claw ( 1957 ) The Giant Spider Invasion ( 1975 ) Gidget ( 1959 ) Gidget Goes Hawaiian ( 1961 ) Gie ( 2005 ) The Gift ( 2000 ) Gift of Gab ( 1934 ) Gigantic ( 2009 ) Gigantic ( A Tale of Two Johns ) ( 2002 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Gigli ( 2003 ) Gilda ( 1946 ) Gimme Shelter ( 1970 ) Ginger and Fred ( 1986 ) Ginger in the Morning ( 1974 ) Ginger Snaps series : Ginger Snaps ( 2000 ) Ginger Snaps Back : The Beginning ( 2004 ) Ginger Snaps 2 : Unleashed ( 2004 ) The Gingerbread Man ( 1998 ) Gintama ( 2017 ) The Girl ( 2000 & 2014 ) Girl 6 ( 1996 ) A Girl and a Dolphin ( 1979 ) Girl on the Bridge ( 1999 ) The Girl Ca n't Help It ( 1956 ) Girl Crazy : ( 1932 & 1943 ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo : ( 2009 & 2011 ) Girl in Gold Boots ( 1969 ) Girl Happy ( 1965 ) A Girl from Hunan ( 1986 ) The Girl from Monday ( 2005 ) Girl Most Likely ( 2013 ) The Girl Next Door : ( 2004 & 2007 ) The Girl in the Park ( 2007 ) Girl with a Pearl Earring ( 2003 ) Girl Shy ( 1924 ) The Girl in the Spider 's Web ( 2018 ) The Girl in the Taxi ( 1937 ) The Girl on the Train : ( 2013 & 2016 ) The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest ( 2009 ) The Girl Who Knew Too Much ( 1969 ) The Girl Who Leapt Through Time ( 2006 ) The Girl Who Played with Fire ( 2009 ) Girl , Interrupted ( 1999 ) Girlfight ( 2000 ) The Girlfriend Experience ( 2009 ) Girlfriend From Hell ( 1990 ) Girlfriends ( 1978 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Girls Just Want to Have Fun ( 1985 ) The Girls of Pleasure Island ( 1953 ) Girls Town ( 1959 ) Girls und Panzer der Film ( 2015 ) Girls Will Be Girls ( 2003 ) Girls ! Girls ! Girls ! ( 1962 ) Give Seven Days ( 2014 ) Gl - Gn ( edit ) The Gladiator : ( 1938 & 1986 ) Gladiator : ( 1992 & 2000 ) The Gladiators ( 1969 ) Glass : ( 1958 & 2019 ) The Glass Bottom Boat ( 1966 ) The Glass Castle ( 2017 ) The Glass House : ( 1972 , 2001 & 2009 ) Glass House : The Good Mother ( 2006 ) Glass Houses ( 1972 ) The Glass Key ( 1935 & 1942 ) The Glass Slipper ( 1955 ) Gleaming the Cube ( 1989 ) Glen or Glenda ( 1953 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1992 ) The Glenn Miller Story ( 1953 ) The Glimmer Man ( 1996 ) A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III ( 2013 ) Glitter ( 2001 ) Gloomy Sunday ( 1999 ) Gloria ( 1980 & 1999 ) Glorious 39 ( 2009 ) Glorious Betsy ( 1928 ) Glory : ( 1956 , 1989 & 2016 ) Glory Road ( 2006 ) Glow of the Firefly ( 2014 ) Gnanambika ( 1940 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Gnomes And Trolls ( 2016 ) Go ( edit ) Go : ( 1999 & 2001 ) Go Figure ( 2005 TV ) Go West : ( 1925 & 1940 ) The Go - Between : ( 1971 & 2015 TV ) Goal ! series : Goal ! The Dream Begins ( 2005 ) Goal ! 2 : Living the Dream ... ( 2007 ) Goal 3 ( 2007 ) The Goalkeeper 's Fear of the Penalty ( 1972 ) The Goat : ( 1917 , 1918 & 1921 ) Goat : ( 2015 & 2016 ) Goats ( 2012 ) God Bless America ( 2012 ) God Father ( 2017 ) God of Gamblers ( 1989 ) God Grew Tired of Us ( 2006 ) God On My Side ( 2006 ) God Sleeps in Rwanda ( 2005 ) God Told Me To ( 1976 ) God 's Angry Man ( 1980 TV ) God 's Army ( 2000 ) God 's Clay : ( 1919 & 1928 ) God 's Club ( 2015 ) God 's Little Acre ( 1958 ) God 's Not Dead series : God 's Not Dead ( 2014 ) God 's Not Dead 2 ( 2016 ) God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness ( 2018 ) Godbeast Megazord : Return of Green Dragon ( 2016 ) Goddess ( 2013 ) The Goddess : ( 1934 & 1958 ) The Goddess of 1967 ( 2002 ) Godfather : ( 1991 , 2007 & 2012 ) The Godfather series : The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) Gods and Generals ( 2003 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) The Gods Must Be Crazy ( 1980 ) The Gods Must Be Crazy II ( 1989 ) Godsend : ( 2004 & 2014 ) The Godson ( 1998 ) Godspell ( 1973 ) Godzilla series Godzilla : ( 1998 & 2014 ) Goemon ( 2009 ) Gog ( 1954 ) Goin ' Coconuts ( 1978 ) Goin ' South ( 1978 ) Going Berserk ( 1983 ) Going by the Book ( 2007 ) Going Clear ( 2015 ) Going the Distance : ( 2004 & 2010 ) Going Hollywood ( 1933 ) Going to the Mat ( 2004 TV ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) Going Overboard ( 1989 ) Going Places ( 1974 ) Going in Style : ( 1979 & 2017 ) Going Upriver : The Long War of John Kerry ( 2004 ) Gokulamlo Seetha ( 1997 ) Gol Maal ( 1979 ) Gold Diggers series : Gold Diggers of Broadway ( 1929 ) Gold Diggers of ' 49 ( 1935 ) Gold Diggers of 1933 ( 1933 ) Gold Diggers of 1935 ( 1935 ) The Gold Rush ( 1925 ) Gold Rush Daze ( 1939 ) The Golden Age ( 2007 ) The Golden Bowl ( 2000 ) Golden Boy ( 1939 ) Golden Brother ( 2014 ) The Golden Child ( 1986 ) The Golden Coach ( 1953 ) The Golden Compass ( 2007 ) The Golden Doll ( 2016 ) The Golden Voyage of Sinbad ( 1974 ) Golden Yeggs ( 1950 ) GoldenEye ( 1995 ) The Goldfinch ( 2019 ) Goldfinger ( 1964 ) Goldwyn Follies ( 1938 ) The Golem : How He Came Into the World ( 1920 ) Gomorrah ( 2008 ) Gone : ( 2007 & 2012 ) Gone in 60 Seconds : ( 1974 & 2000 ) Gone Baby Gone ( 2007 ) Gone to Earth ( 1950 ) Gone Fishin ' ( 1997 ) Gone Girl ( 2014 ) Gone Nutty ( 2002 ) Gone with the Pope ( 1976 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Good Boy ! ( 2003 ) Good Burger ( 1997 ) Good Bye Lenin ! ( 2003 ) A Good Day to Die Hard ( 2013 ) Good Deeds ( 2012 ) Good Dick ( 2008 ) The Good Earth ( 1937 ) The Good German ( 2006 ) The Good Girl ( 2002 ) Good Guys Wear Black ( 1978 ) Good Hair ( 2009 ) A Good Lawyer 's Wife ( 2003 ) The Good Lie ( 2014 ) The Good Life : ( 1996 , 1997 , 2007 & 2008 ) Good Luck Chuck ( 2008 ) Good Men , Good Women ( 1995 ) Good Morning ( 1959 ) Good Morning and ... Goodbye ! ( 1967 ) Good Morning , Boys ( 1937 ) Good Morning , Vietnam ( 1987 ) Good Neighbor Sam ( 1964 ) Good News : ( 1930 & 1947 ) Good Night , and Good Luck ( 2005 ) A Good Old Fashioned Orgy ( 2011 ) Good Scouts ( 1938 ) The Good Shepherd ( 2006 ) The Good Son ( 1993 ) The Good Thief ( 2002 ) Good Time ( 2017 ) Good Times ( 1967 ) Good Will Hunting ( 1997 ) A Good Woman ( 2004 ) A Good Year ( 2006 ) The Good , the Bad and the Ugly ( 1966 ) The Good , the Bad , the Weird ( 2008 ) Goodbye Again : ( 1933 & 1961 ) Goodbye Casanova ( 2000 TV ) The Goodbye Girl ( 1977 ) Goodbye Lover ( 1999 ) Goodbye , Columbus ( 1969 ) Goodbye , Dragon Inn ( 2003 ) Goodbye , Mr. Chips : ( 1939 & 1969 ) Goodfellas ( 1990 ) The Goods : Live Hard , Sell Hard ( 2009 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) Goofy and Wilbur ( 1939 ) Goon ( 2012 ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) The Goose Steps Out ( 1942 ) The Gore Gore Girls ( 1972 ) Gorgeous ( 1999 ) Gorgo ( 1961 ) Gorillas in the Mist : The Story of Dian Fossey ( 1988 ) Gorky Park ( 1983 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) The Gospel ( 2005 ) The Gospel According to St. Matthew ( 1964 ) The Gospel of John ( 2003 ) Gossip : ( 2000 American & 2000 Swedish ) Gotcha ! ( 1985 ) Gothic ( 1986 ) Gothika ( 2003 ) Gotta Kick It Up ! ( 2002 TV ) The Governess ( 1998 ) Goya 's Ghosts ( 2006 ) Gozu ( 2003 ) Gr ( edit ) Grace : ( 2009 & 2014 ) Grace Is Gone ( 2008 ) Grace of My Heart ( 1996 ) Grace Quigley ( 1984 ) Gracie 's Choice ( 2004 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Grain in Ear ( 2005 ) Gran Torino ( 2008 ) Grand Canyon : ( 1958 & 1991 ) Grand Canyon Adventure : River at Risk ( 2008 ) Grand Champion ( 2002 ) A Grand Day Out with Wallace and Gromit ( 1990 ) Grand Hotel : ( 1927 & 1932 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) Grand Illusion ( 1937 ) The Grandmaster ( 2013 ) Grand Prix : ( 1934 , 1966 & 2010 ) Grand Slam : ( 1967 & 1978 ) Grand Theft Auto ( 1977 ) Grand Theft Parsons ( 2003 ) Le Grand Voyage ( 2004 ) Grande École ( 2004 ) La Grande Vadrouille ( 1966 ) Grandhotel ( 2006 ) Grandma : ( 1979 & 2015 ) Grandma 's Boy : ( 1922 & 2006 ) Grandview , U.S.A. ( 1984 ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) Grass : ( 1925 , 1968 & 1999 ) The Grass Is Greener ( 1960 ) Grass Roots ( production ) Grasshopper ( 2015 ) Grassroots ( 2012 ) Grave Encounters ( 2011 ) Grave of the Fireflies ( 1988 ) The Gravedancers ( 2008 ) Graveyard Keeper 's Daughter ( 2011 ) Graveyard Shift : ( 1987 & 1990 ) Gravity : ( 2009 & 2013 ) Gray Lady Down ( 1978 ) Gray Matters : ( 2006 & 2014 ) Gray 's Anatomy ( 1996 ) Grayson ( 2004 ) Grease ( 1978 ) Grease 2 ( 1982 ) Greased Lightning ( 1977 ) Great Balls of Fire ! ( 1989 ) The Great Buck Howard ( 2009 ) The Great Caruso ( 1951 ) The Great Debaters ( 2007 ) The Great Detective ( 2017 ) The Great Dictator ( 1940 ) The Great Escape ( 1963 ) Great Expectations : ( 1917 , 1934 , 1946 , 1998 , 1999 & 2012 ) The Great Game : ( 1930 , 1953 & 2015 ) The Great Gatsby : ( 1926 , 1949 , 1974 , 2000 TV & 2013 ) The Great Lie ( 1941 ) The Great Man ( 1956 ) The Great McGinty ( 1940 ) The Great Morgan ( 1946 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) The Great Muppet Caper ( 1981 ) The Great New Wonderful ( 2006 ) The Great Outdoors ( 1988 ) The Great Race ( 1965 ) The Great Raid ( 2005 ) The Great Rupert ( 1950 ) The Great Santini ( 1979 ) The Great Silence ( 1968 ) The Great St. Trinian 's Train Robbery ( 1966 ) The Great Train Robbery : ( 1903 & 1979 ) The Great Waldo Pepper ( 1975 ) The Great Wall ( 2017 ) Great White ( 1980 ) The Great White Hope ( 1970 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Greatest : ( 1977 & 2009 ) The Greatest Game Ever Played ( 2005 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) The Greatest Story Ever Told ( 1965 ) Greed ( 1924 ) Greedy ( 1994 ) The Green Berets ( 1968 ) Green Card ( 1990 ) Green Card Fever ( 2003 ) Green for Danger ( 1946 ) Green Fire ( 1954 ) Green Fish ( 1997 ) The Green Hornet ( 1940 , 1994 , 2006 & 2011 ) The Green Hornet Strikes Again ! ( 1941 ) Green Lantern series : Green Lantern : First Flight ( 2009 ) Green Lantern : Emerald Knights ( 2011 ) Green Lantern ( 2011 ) Green Mansions ( 1959 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Green Room ( 2016 ) The Green Slime ( 1969 ) Green Snake ( 1993 ) Green Street Hooligans ( 2005 ) Green Tea ( 2003 ) The Green Years ( 1946 ) Green Zone ( 2010 ) Greenberg ( 2010 ) Greenfingers ( 2000 ) Greetings : ( 1968 & 2004 ) Greetings from Tim Buckley ( 2012 ) Gregory 's Girl ( 1981 ) Gregory 's Two Girls ( 1999 ) Gremlins ( 1984 ) Gremlins 2 : The New Batch ( 1990 ) Grendel Grendel Grendel ( 1981 ) The Grey ( 2012 ) Grey Gardens ( 1975 ) Grey Matter ( 2011 ) Grey Owl ( 1999 ) The Grey Zone ( 2001 ) Greystoke - The Legend of Tarzan , Lord of the Apes ( 1984 ) Gridiron Gang ( 2006 ) Gridlock 'd ( 1997 ) Il Grido ( 1957 ) The Grifters ( 1991 ) Grill Point ( 2002 ) Grilled ( 2006 ) The Grim Game ( 1919 ) Grind : ( 1997 & 2003 ) The Grind : ( 1915 & 2009 ) Grindhouse ( 2007 ) El Gringo ( 2012 ) Grizzly ( 1976 ) Grizzly II : The Predator ( unreleased ) Grizzly Man ( 2005 ) Groom Lake ( 2002 ) The Groomsmen ( 2006 ) Groove ( 2000 ) The Groove Tube ( 1974 ) Gross Anatomy ( 1989 ) Grosse Pointe Blank ( 1997 ) Groundhog Day ( 1993 ) The Grow ( 2012 ) The Grow 2 ( 2015 ) Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) The Grudge series : The Grudge ( 2004 ) The Grudge 2 ( 2006 ) The Grudge 3 ( 2008 ) Grudge Match ( 2013 ) Grumpier Old Men ( 1995 ) Grumpy Old Men ( 1993 ) Gu - gw ( edit ) Guadalcanal Diary ( 1943 ) The Guard : ( 1990 , 2001 & 2011 ) The Guard from Underground ( 1992 ) The Guardian : ( 1990 & 2006 ) Guardians of the Galaxy series : Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( 2020 ) Guarding Tess ( 1994 ) The Guatemalan Handshake ( 2006 ) Guddi : ( 1961 & 1971 ) The Guerrilla : ( 1983 & 1973 ) Guerrilla : ( 1985 & 2011 ) Guess Who ( 2005 ) Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner ( 1967 ) Guest from the Future ( 1985 TV ) Guest House Paradiso ( 1999 ) A Guide for the Married Man ( 1967 ) A Guide to Recognizing Your Saints ( 2006 ) The Guilt Trip ( 2012 ) Guilty : ( 1916 , 2011 & 2015 ) The Guilty : ( 1947 & 2000 ) Guilty Bystander ( 1950 ) Guilty as Sin ( 1993 ) Guilty by Suspicion ( 1991 ) Guilty ? ( 1930 ) Guinea Pig film series ( 1985 - 1988 ) The Guinea Pig ( 1948 ) Guinevere ( 1999 ) The Gulf Between ( 1917 ) Gulliver Mickey ( 1934 ) Gulliver 's Travels : ( 1939 , 1977 & 2010 ) The Gumball Rally ( 1976 ) Gumby : The Movie ( 1995 ) Gummo ( 1997 ) Gumshoe ( 1972 ) Gun Crazy ( 1950 ) Gun Shy ( 2000 ) Gun Woman ( 2014 ) Gunfight at the O.K. Corral ( 1957 ) The Gunfighter ( 1950 ) Gung Ho ( 1986 ) Gunga Din ( 1939 ) The Gunman ( 2015 ) Gunman ( 1983 ) Gunman in the Streets ( 1950 ) Guns of El Chupacabra ( 1997 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Gupt : The Hidden Truth ( 1997 ) The Guru ( 1969 & 2002 ) Guru ( 1980 , 1989 , 1997 , 2007 , 2012 , 2016 & 2017 ) Gustave ( 2007 ) A Guy Named Joe ( 1943 ) A Guy Thing ( 2003 ) Guyana Tragedy : The Story Of Jim Jones ( 1980 ) Guyana : Crime Of The Century ( 1979 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) Guyver ( 1992 ) Guyver : Dark Hero ( 1994 ) The Gruffalo 's Child Guzaarish : ( 2010 & 2015 ) Gymkata ( 1985 ) Gypsy : ( 1937 , 1962 , 1993 TV & 2011 ) Gypsy 83 ( 2001 ) The Gwaii ( 2009 ) Previous : List of films : F Next : List of films : H See also ( edit ) Lists of films Lists of actors List of film and television directors List of documentary films List of film production companies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` God 's Club ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_films:_G&oldid=843320127 '' Categories : Lists of films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Română Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 10 : 40 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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who's flag is white with a red cross
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Flags of Europe
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flags of europe
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This is a list of international , national and subnational flags used in Europe .
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Contents 1 Supranational and international flags 2 Flags of European sovereign states 3 Flags of other European sovereign entities 4 Disputed or partially recognised states 5 Flags of European dependencies 6 Flags of European sub-divisions 6.1 Austria 6.2 Belgium 6.3 Bosnia and Herzegovina 6.4 France 6.5 Georgia 6.6 Germany 6.7 Greece 6.8 Ireland 6.9 Italy 6.10 Malta 6.11 Netherlands 6.12 Portugal 6.13 Russia 6.14 Serbia 6.15 Spain 6.16 Sweden 6.17 Switzerland 6.18 Ukraine 6.19 United Kingdom 7 Notes 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Supranational and international flags ( edit ) Flag Date Use Description 1957 / 1958 -- Flag of the Benelux Combines features from the flags of the member countries : Belgium , the Netherlands and Luxembourg Unknown Flag of the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine Light blue flag with four dark blue stripes horizontally across the lower half of the flag covered by a yellow anchor . Top half has six yellow stars in a circle . 1990s -- Flag of the Central European Free Trade Agreement ( CEFTA ) 1991 -- Flag of the Commonwealth of Independent States The flag of the Commonwealth of Independent States is blue with the emblem of the organisation in the centre . 1955 -- Flag of the Council of Europe A circle of 12 upward - oriented 5 - pointed golden stars centred on a blue field : represents the continent beyond the organisations as the Flag of Europe 1986 -- Flag of the European Union 1984 -- Flag of the Nordic Council White stylised swan in a white circle upon a blue background . 1986 -- Flag of the Sami people Flags of European Sovereign States ( edit ) Flag Date Use Description 1912 -- Flag of Albania The flag of Albania , adopted in April 1912 , is a red flag with a black two - headed eagle in the centre . It is derived from the seal of Gjergj Kastriot Skanderbeg , a 15th - century Albanian who led the revolt against the Ottoman Empire that resulted in brief independence for Albania from 1443 to 1478 . 1866 -- Flag of Andorra The flag of Andorra , adopted in 1866 , is a tricolour of blue , yellow , and red with the coat of arms of Andorra in the centre . It is based on the flags of France and Spain . The coat of arms of Andorra is based on the Catalan flag ( 4 - red - coloured ribbons with yellow background ) . 1918 -- 1920 1991 -- Flag of Armenia After gaining independence , the First Republic of Armenia adopted the modern Armenian tricolor . The independent Armenian government selected the colours used during the last period of Rubenid Dynasty , red , blue and yellow . The Red emblematizes the Armenian Highland , the Armenian people 's continued struggle for survival , maintenance of the Christian faith , Armenia 's independence and freedom . The Blue emblematizes the will of the people of Armenia to live beneath peaceful skies . The Orange emblematizes the creative talent and hard - working nature of the people of Armenia . 1918 -- 1938 1945 -- Flag of Austria Originally adopted in 1918 , was officially adopted ( again ) in 1945 , after being banned during World War II . Stripes of red and white have been a collective emblem of Austria for over 800 years , and their first usage on the flag occurred in 1191 . According to long established legend , the red and white flag was designed to resemble the bloodstained white coat worn by the Duke of Austria during a fierce battle . 1918 -- 1920 1991 -- Flag of Azerbaijan Originally adopted in 1918 as a flag of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan , was officially adopted again in 1991 , after Azerbaijan gained its independence . The flag of Azerbaijan is the national ensign of Azerbaijan . It consists of three equal horizontal bands colored blue , red , and green , with a white crescent and an eight - pointed star are centered in the red band . The blue band refers to Turkic heritage , the red is for progress and Europeanisation and the green refers to Islam . 1995 -- Flag of Belarus Belarus ' flag was officially adopted on May 16 , 1995 . The dominant red and green were colours used on its flag when it was a republic of the former Soviet Union . The woven fabric ornament on the left uses traditional Belarusian red and white colours . 1831 -- Flag of Belgium The flag was officially adopted on January 23 , 1831 . Black , gold and red are symbolic of the country 's coat of arms . The three striped vertical layout was inspired by the French Tricolour . Black and gold were chosen , being the colours of the Duchy of Brabant where the Belgian Revolution started . Red was added as a symbol of the blood spilled during the uprising . 1998 -- Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina The flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of a wide medium blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag . The remainder of the flag is medium blue with seven five - pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle . The three points of the triangle stand for the three nations of Bosnia : Bosniaks , Croats , and Serbs . It is said to represent the map of Bosnia . 1878 -- 1946 1991 -- Flag of Bulgaria The flag of Bulgaria was adopted in 1989 and consists of three horizontal bands of white , green and red . 1990 -- Flag of Croatia The flag of Croatia , adopted in December 1990 , consists of three equal horizontal stripes of red , white and blue , which has been the Croatian flag since 1848 . In the middle is the Coat of arms of Croatia . 1960 -- Flag of Cyprus The flag was officially adopted on August 16 , 1960 . The island is depicted in a copper shade representative of its name ; the name Cyprus has roots in the Sumerian word for copper ( zubar ) from the large deposits of copper found on the island . The crossed green olive branches symbolise the hope for peace between the Turks and the Greeks . It was designed by İsmet Güney , a Turkish Cypriot painter . 1920 -- 1939 1945 -- Flag of the Czech Republic The first flag of Czechoslovakia was white over red , and those colours are the heraldic colours of Bohemia . The blue triangle was added to the flag in an effort to distinguish it from the flag of Poland , and blue is said to represent the State of Moravia . 1219 -- Flag of Denmark It is the world 's oldest state flag still in use . Legend has it that it appeared as a sign from heaven to King Valdemar II in 1219 . Known as the Dannebrog ( `` Danish Cloth '' ) , this blood - red flag with an off - centred white cross ( a `` Scandinavian Cross '' ) became a model for other regional flags . 1918 -- 1940 1990 -- Flag of Estonia It was officially re-adopted on May 8 , 1990 . Blue represents loyalty , and the country 's beautiful blue skies , seas and lakes ; black is symbolic of past oppression and the fertile soil ; and white represents virtue , winter snows , and Estonia 's long struggle for freedom and independence . 1918 -- Flag of Finland It was officially adopted on May 29 , 1918 . The off - centred blue cross is based on the Scandinavian Cross , widely used on Scandinavian national flags . The blue colour is symbolic of blue skies , and the thousands of lakes in Finland . The white represents the winter snows . 1794 -- 1814 1830 -- Flag of France It was officially adopted on February 15 , 1794 . The tricolore consists of three vertical bands of equal width , displaying the country 's national colours : blue , white , and red . The blue band is positioned nearest the flag - staff , the white in the middle , and the red on the outside . Red , white and blue have come to represent liberty , equality and fraternity -- the ideals of the French Revolution . Blue and red are also the time - honoured colours of Paris , while white is the colour of the Royal House of Bourbon . 2004 -- Flag of Georgia This recently adopted flag is a simple white rectangle , with a central red cross connecting all four sides of the flag ; in each of the four corners is a small red cross . The flag is based on a historic five - cross design that dates back to the 14th century . 1919 -- 1933 1949 -- Flag of Germany It was officially re-adopted on May 23 , 1949 and subsequently used by West Germany while the country was divided into East and West before reunification in 1990 . The tricolour flag was designed in 1832 , and the black , red , and gold colours were taken from the uniforms of German soldiers during the Napoleonic Wars ( Out of the blackness ( black ) of servitude through bloody ( red ) battles to the golden ( gold ) light of freedom . ) or taken from the coat of arms of Holy Roman Empire . 1821 -- Flag of Greece The flag of Greece was officially adopted in 1822 . Features a white cross and a combination of nine , five blue ( sky & sea ) and four white ( sea foam & clouds ) , horizontal stripes . The shade of blue has varied over the years , and darker blue ( shown ) is now commonly used . The cross is symbolic of the vision of Constantine i.e. a white cross in a blue sky . The alternating white and blue stripes represent the nine syllables of the phrase `` Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος '' ( `` Freedom or Death '' ) , a popular motto of the struggle for independence of the Greek people . 1957 -- Flag of Hungary The flag of Hungary was officially adopted in 1848 . The tricolour design is modelled after that of the flag of France . The colors are derived from the historical Hungarian coat of arms . Red is said to symbolise strength , white faithfulness , and green hope . 1915 -- Flag of Iceland The flag of Iceland was adopted in June 1915 to represent Iceland . In June 1944 it was instated as the flag of the independent republic of Iceland . Like other Scandinavian flags , it is based on the Scandinavian Cross . It is a reverse colour image of the Flag of Norway . The blue represents the sea , the white represents the snow and glaciers and the red symbolises volcanic lava . 1922 -- Flag of Ireland Although dating from the 19th century , the tricolour flag of Ireland was not popularised until its use by rebels during the 1916 Easter Rising . It was officially adopted by the revolutionary First Dáil ( assembly ) of the Irish Republic on January 21 , 1919 and used thereafter by the Irish Free State . The current 1937 Constitution of Ireland defines it as the national flag . Modeled after the French tricolour , the colours of the Irish tricolour symbolises two communities . Green represents the Roman Catholic nationalist tradition . Orange represents the Protestant unionist community . White symbolises peace between both . 1948 -- Flag of Italy Derived from an original design by Napoleon , it consists of three vertical bands of equal width , displaying the national colours of Italy : green , white , and red . Green was said to be Napoleon 's favourite colour . 1992 -- Flag of Kazakhstan 1937 -- Flag of Liechtenstein The flag of Liechtenstein consists of two horizontal bands of blue and red with a gold crown in the canton . 1918 -- 1940 1990 -- Flag of Latvia The flag of Latvia was officially re-adopted on February 27 , 1990 . The design is adopted from a 13th - century chronicle where `` red divided by white '' is said to be a Latvian flag . To differ from Austrian flag , the proportion 2 : 1 : 2 and `` Latvian red '' color has been adopted . 1918 -- 1940 1989 -- Flag of Lithuania The flag of Lithuania was officially re-adopted on March 20 , 1989 , before Lithuania gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1990 . Yellow is symbolic of the country 's wheat fields , green symbolic of the forests , and red symbolises patriotism . Collectively the colours represent hope for the future , freedom from oppression , and the courage of the Lithuanian people . 1845 -- Flag of Luxembourg The flag of Luxembourg was officially adopted in 1972 , although used since 1848 following Luxembourg 's independence from the Netherlands in the late 19th century . The flag uses a combination of red , white , and blue that date to the 13th century , and the Grand Duke 's coat of arms . 1995 -- Flag of Macedonia The flag of the Republic of Macedonia depicts a rising yellow sun with eight rays extending to the edges of the red field . It represents `` the new sun of liberty '' , evoked in the Macedonian national anthem Denes nad Makedonija ( Today Over Macedonia ) . 1964 -- Flag of Malta The flag of Malta was officially adopted on September 21 , 1964 . The flag uses the traditional red and white colours which pre-date those of the Knights of Malta and which Government emulate the arms of the former Universitas of Mdina . The George Cross ( upper left ) , outlined in red , was added to the flag in the 1940s , as King George VI of the United Kingdom presented it to islanders for outstanding gallantry during World War II . 1990 -- Flag of Moldova Moldova 's flag was officially adopted on May 12 , 1990 . Once part of Romania , Moldova 's flag reflects that association , as the two countries use almost identical shades of red , yellow and blue in their national flags . The centred Moldova shield 's main feature is a golden eagle holding an Orthodox Christian Cross in its beak . The olive branch is said to symbolise peace . 1881 -- Flag of Monaco The flag of Monaco has two horizontal bands of red and white -- these have been the heraldic colours of the House of Grimaldi since at least 1339 . 2004 -- Flag of Montenegro The flag of Montenegro , adopted in July 2004 , is a red banner bearing the coat of arms adopted in 1993 . The coat of arms derives from those of King Nikola . 1937 -- Flag of the Netherlands The flag of the Netherlands was officially adopted on February 19 , 1937 . At one time this tricolour flag was orange , white , and blue , as those were the livery colours of William of Orange , a Dutch prince . In the 17th century , red replaced the orange as a flag colour , because the orange dye used on the flag was unstable , and turned red after exposure to the sun . It is the oldest tricolour flag still in national use and has influenced both the French ( 1794 ) and Russian flag ( 1693 ) , both of these flags have in turn influenced many other European and African flags . 1821 -- 1844 1898 -- Flag of Norway The flag of Norway is red with a blue Scandinavian cross outlined in white ; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog , the flag of Denmark . It was adopted in 1821 , but a union mark was added in the canton from 1844 to 1898 . 1919 -- Flag of Poland The flag of Poland was officially adopted on August 1 , 1919 . The colours red and white have long been associated with Poland and its coat of arms , at least since 3 May 1791 . 1911 -- Flag of Portugal The flag of Portugal was officially adopted on June 30 , 1911 . The design is that of a rectangular bi-colour ( 2 : 3 ratio ) with a field vertically divided into two stripes of different width -- a green stripe on the hoist , and a larger red stripe on the fly . The minor version of the national coat of arms ( armillary sphere and Portuguese shield ) is entered over the boundary between the colours at equal distance from the upper and lower edges . The field colours , especially the green , originally represented a radical republican - inspired change that broke the bond with the former religious monarchical flag . In the ensuing decades , these colours were popularly propagandised as representing the hope of the nation ( green ) and the blood ( red ) of those who died defending it , as a means to endow them with a more patriotic and dignified , therefore less political , sentiment . 1848 , 1867 -- 1948 1989 -- Flag of Romania The flag of Romania was officially re-adopted in 1989 . The first red - yellow - blue flag dates from 1834 but the colours themselves are thought to have had special significance from earlier times . The current layout dates since 1848 . A vertical tricolour of bands of blue , yellow , and red of equal width and overall proportions of 2 : 3 ( height - width ) . It could be inspired by the French flag . 1883 -- 1918 1993 -- Flag of Russia The Russian Federation flag was officially adopted on August 22 , 1991 . The flag was hoisted shortly after the former Soviet Union collapsed . The white , red and blue are Pan-Slavic colours . 1862 -- Flag of San Marino The flag of San Marino comprises equal horizontal bands of white and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the centre . 2004 -- Flag of Serbia The flag of Serbia consists of three horizontal bands of red , blue and white , with the coat - of - arms located left of centre . By accident or design the colours are that of the Russian flag reversed . Flag with three horizontal bands of red , blue and white has been used as the national flag of Serbia and Serbs since 1835 . Red , blue , and white are considered Pan-Slavic colours , but red and blue also occur on flags attributed to a 13th - century king of Serbia . The entered coat of arms of Serbia is double - headed white eagle and a red shield with a white cross surrounded by 4 firesteels ( `` ocila '' ) , a symbol that draws roots from Byzantine coat of arms ( where cross is surrounded by four Greek letters Beta ) and from much deeper past of the Balkan peninsula , as it can be seen on 7000 years old Vinca culture pottery and many other later traditional Balkan cultural remains . 1992 -- Flag of Slovakia The flag of Slovakia was officially adopted on September 1 , 1992 . Red , white , and blue are traditional Pan-Slavic colours . The entered Slovakian arms features a dominant white cross atop a blue symbolic reference to the European country 's mountains . 1991 -- Flag of Slovenia The flag of Slovenia was officially adopted on June 24 , 1991 . Red , white , and blue are taken from the Carniolan coat of arms . The flag without the coat of arms was in use from 1848 to 1945 . The Slovenian coat of arms features three gold stars , symbolizing the Counts of Celje . The mountains shown in white are representative of the Alps , and Mount Triglav , Slovenia 's national symbol , in particular ; the wavy blue lines across the bottom indicate Slovenia 's access to the sea . ( 1785 original design ) 1981 -- Flag of Spain The flag of Spain was officially adopted on 19th July 1927 , as merchant naval flag and on 29th December 1978 as the national flag on the current Spanish Constitution . Nevertheless , the first original reference dates back to 15th May 1785 when Charles III of Spain adopted one of the designs proposed by Antonio Valdés y Bazán , commissioned by the king himself , in order to easily differentiate his ships from those of other European nations given the fact that many used the royal coat of arms over a white background , i.e. the French Bourbon royal flag . The red and golden - yellow colours were used after that day with mere changes on the coat of arms ( with the exception of the Spanish Second Republic ) and are the original colours found within the coat of arms of the medieval kingdoms of Castile , Aragon and Navarre , first united by King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile . 1569 -- Flag of Sweden The flag of Sweden was officially adopted on June 22 , 1906 . The off - centred yellow cross ( The Scandinavian Cross ) is taken from the Danish flag . The yellow and blue colours are taken from the national coat of arms . 1889 -- Flag of Switzerland The flag of Switzerland consists of a red square with a bold , equilateral white Greek cross in the centre . It is one of only two square flags , the other being that of the Vatican City . It is based on the flag of the Canton of Schwyz , which dates back to 1474 at least . 1844 -- Flag of Turkey The flag of Turkey is a red flag with a white crescent moon and a star in its centre . The flag is called Ay Yıldız ( literally , moon star . ) or Albayrak ( Red flag ) which were adopted in 1844 with the Tanzimat reforms ; though the shape , placement and shade of the colour vary . The geometric proportions of the flag were legally standardised with the Turkish Flag Law in 1936 . 1918 -- 1920 1992 -- Flag of Ukraine Ukraine 's flag was adopted on September 4 , 1991 , shortly after the collapse of the former Soviet Union . This is the country 's original flag used by the short - lived Ukrainian People 's Republic , but it was banned for many decades under Soviet regime . The shade of blue is said to be symbolic of the sky , while the yellow represents Ukraine 's golden wheat fields . 1801 -- Flag of the United Kingdom The current flag of the United Kingdom dates from the Act of Union 1800 , which merged the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The ' Union Jack ' merges the red cross of Saint George ( patron saint of England ) , edged in white , superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick ( patron saint of Ireland ) , which are superimposed on the saltire of Saint Andrew ( patron saint of Scotland ) . The flag of Wales , the other country of the United Kingdom , is not graphically represented . 1929 -- Flag of the Vatican City The flag of Vatican City , adopted in June 1929 , consists of two vertical bands of yellow and white with the crossed keys of Saint Peter and the Papal Tiara centred in the white band . It is one of only two square country flags in the world , the other being that of Switzerland . Flags of other European Sovereign entities ( edit ) Flag Date Use Description 1130 -- Sovereign Military Order of Malta The flag of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta is a red rectangular flag quartered by a white cross . Disputed or partially recognised States ( edit ) Flag Date Use Claimed by Description 1992 -- Flag of Abkhazia Georgia The flag of Abkhazia consists of seven green and white stripes with a red upper left canton bearing a white open right hand and seven white stars . 1992 -- Flag of Artsakh Armenia The flag of Artsakh is based on the Flag of Armenia , and has a white pattern added . 2008 -- Flag of Kosovo Serbia Adopted by Kosovo on 17 February 2008 as it unilaterally proclaimed independence from Serbia . 1984 -- Flag of Northern Cyprus Cyprus Adopted by the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ( recognized only by Turkey and the Autonomous Republic of Nakhichevan ) on 7 March 1984 following the Turkish invasion and the occupation of the northern part of the island in 1974 . 1990 -- Flag of South Ossetia Georgia The flag of the South Ossetia is a tricolour , the top stripe white , the middle stripe red and the bottom stripe yellow . 2000 -- Flag of Transnistria Moldova The flag of Transnistria consists of three stripes ( red - green - red ) and the Soviet hammer and sickle ; it is based on the flag of the Moldavian SSR . Flags of European dependencies ( edit ) Flag Date Use State ( status ) Description 1960 -- Flag of Akrotiri and Dhekelia UK ( overseas territory ) Same as the United Kingdom . 1954 -- Flag of Åland Finland ( autonomous region ) The flag was officially adopted 3 April 1954 . As of 1992 , it serves as the civil and state flag and ensign . This traditional Scandinavian Cross flag features blue , yellow , and red , all said to be borrowed from the national colours of Sweden and Finland . 1940 -- Flag of Faroe Islands Denmark ( autonomous country ) The flag of the Faroe Islands , called Merkið , was first used in 1919 , was mandated by the British as the civil and state ensign in 1940 , and became the official civil and state flag and ensign on 23 March 1948 . The flag uses Norwegian colours , commemorating the Faroes once being part of Norway . 1502 -- Flag of Gibraltar UK ( overseas territory ) The Gibraltar flag dates from 1502 , as it is based on the original arms granted it by Spain . The red and white field is taken from the arms , and it is dominated by a red three - towered fortress , complete with a gold key . 1985 -- Flag of Guernsey UK ( crown dependency ) The flag of Guernsey , adopted in 1985 , consists of the red cross of St. George with an additional gold cross within it . The change was prompted by confusion over Guernsey and England using the same flag . The gold cross represents Duke William of Normandy , who had such a cross on his flag in the Battle of Hastings , given to him by Pope Alexander II . c13 -- Flag of the Isle of Man UK ( crown dependency ) The flag of the Isle of Man features a red field with a centred triskelion of three bent legs joined at a central point . 1980 -- Flag of Jersey UK ( crown dependency ) The flag of Jersey , adopted in June 1979 , is white with a diagonal red cross , surmounted by a yellow Plantagenet crown , the badge of Jersey ( a red shield holding the three leopards of Normandy in yellow ) . Prior to this , the flag was a plain red saltire on a white field . Flags of European sub-divisions ( edit ) Austria ( edit ) Main articles : Flags of Austrian states and List of Austrian flags Flag Date Use Description 1921 -- Flag of Burgenland A horizontal biicolor of yellow and red . 1946 -- Flag of Carinthia A horizontal tricolor of yellow , red and white . 1954 -- Flag of Lower Austria A horizontal bicolor of blue and yellow . 1921 -- Flag of Salzburg A bicolor of white over green . 1960 -- Flag of Styria A bicolor of red over white . 1945 -- Flag of Tyrol The flag of Tyrol is a white over red bicolor . 1949 -- Flag of Upper Austria The flag of Upper Austria is a white over red bicolor . 1938 -- Flag of Vorarlberg A bicolor of red over white . 1844 -- Flag of Vienna A bicolor of red over white . Belgium ( edit ) Main article : List of Belgian flags Flag Date Use Description 1973 -- Flag of Flanders Flanders is a Dutch - speaking ethnic region in the northern half of Belgium . 1991 -- Flag of Wallonia Wallonia is a mostly French - speaking ethnic region comprising the southern half of Belgium . Bosnia and Herzegovina ( edit ) Main article : List of flags of Bosnia and Herzegovina Flag Date Use Description 1995 -- Flag of Republika Srpska A horizontal tricolour of red , blue and white , very similar to the flag of Serbia without the Coat of Arms ( with slightly differently coloured shades ) . France ( edit ) Main articles : Flags of the regions of France and List of French flags Flag Date Use Description 1923 -- Flag of Brittany The flag , called Gwen ha du ( White and black ) was created in 1923 by Morvan Marchal ( 1900 -- 1963 , a member of various political and cultural organizations ) . He used as his inspiration the old Breton flag ( a centred black cross on a white background ) , called Kroaz Du ( Black cross ) , and the flags of the United States and Greece as these two countries were seen at that time as the respective symbols of liberty and democracy . The nine horizontal stripes represent the traditional dioceses of Brittany into which the duchy was divided historically . The five black stripes represent the French or Gallo speaking dioceses of Dol , Nantes , Rennes , Saint - Malo and Saint - Brieuc -- while the four white stripes represent the Breton speaking dioceses of Trégor , Léon , Cornouaille and Vannes . The ermine canton recalls the ducal arms of Brittany . Flag of Bourgogne - Franche - Comté Flag of Centre - Val de Loire 1755 -- Flag of Corsica The Flag of Corsica was adopted by General of the Nation Pasquale di Paoli in 1755 and was based on a traditional flag used previously . It portrays a Moor 's Head in black wearing a white bandana above his eyes on a white background . Previously , the bandana covered his eyes . Flag of Île - de-France Flag of Normandy 12th century -- Flag of Occitanie Flag of Pays - de-la - Loire 12th century -- Flag of Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur Georgia ( edit ) Main article : List of flags of Georgia ( country ) Flag Date Use Description 2004 -- Flag of Adjara Germany ( edit ) Main articles : Flags of German states and List of German flags Many states have separate civil and state versions of their flags ; the state flags ( listed ) include the state arms , while the civil versions do n't . See Flags of German states . Flag Date Use Description 1954 -- Flag of Baden - Württemberg A black over gold bi-color . 1953 -- Flag of Bavaria There are two official flags of Bavaria . One is an array of 21 or more lozenges of blue and white , the other is a white over blue bicolor . 1954 -- 1990 ( West Berlin ) 1990 -- Flag of Berlin White with red bars at the top and bottom , with a bear off - centre towards the hoist . 1991 -- Flag of Brandenburg A horizontal bi-color of red over white , with the arms of the state ( land ) , in the center . 1952 -- Flag of Bremen Eight or more alternating red and white stripes , checked at the hoist . 1751 -- Flag of Hamburg A white castle with three towers and a closed gate . 1948 -- Flag of Hesse The state flag of Hesse consists of a bicolor of a red top and a bottom white stripe . 1951 -- Flag of Lower Saxony The flag of Lower Saxony consists of the flag of the Federal Republic of Germany in Schwarz - Rot - Gold , with the coat of arms of Lower Saxony , shifted slightly toward the hoist . 1990 -- Flag of Mecklenburg - Western Pomerania 1953 -- Flag of North Rhine - Westphalia A horizontal tricolour of green , white , and red . 1945 -- Flag of Rhineland - Palatinate The flag of Rhineland - Palatinate is a tricolor of three horizontal bands of black , red and gold . These colors are Germany 's national colors and are sometimes referred to as schwarz - rot - gold . In the canton , or the upper left corner , are the arms of the state of Rhineland - Palatinate . 1957 -- Flag of Saarland The flag of Saarland is based on the flag of Germany and is a black , red , and gold ( yellow ) horizontal tricolor . In the center of the flag is the coat of arms of Saarland . 1991 -- Flag of Saxony A bicolour of white over green . 1991 -- Flag of Saxony - Anhalt The state flag of Saxony - Anhalt is a yellow and black bi-color . 1948 -- Flag of Schleswig - Holstein The state flag of Schleswig - Holstein is a horizontal tricolour of blue , white , and red . 1991 -- Flag of Thuringia The state flag of Thuringia consists of a bicolor of a white top and a bottom red stripecentre . Greece ( edit ) Main article : List of Greek flags Flag Date Use Description 1900s -- Flag of Mount Athos The flag of Mount Athos , adopted in 1900s , is a yellow banner bearing the double - headed eagle of the Byzantine Empire . 1980s -- Flag of Macedonia ( Greece ) The flag of Macedonia ( Greece ) , adopted in 1980s , is a blue banner featuring the Vergina Sun , the emblem of the Ancient Greek Kingdom of Macedon . 2000s -- Flag of Epirus The flag of Epirus , adopted in the early 2000s , is a white field featuring various symbols from different periods of Epirus ' history and the Greek words `` ΠΕΡΙΦΕΡΕΙΑ ΗΠΕΙΡΟΥ '' , meaning `` PREFECTURE OF EPIRUS '' . The symbols include an Ancient Greek Column of the Doric Order symbolizing the region 's Ancient Greek heritage , a Roman road symbolizing its Ancient Roman period , the Castle of Ioannina symbolizing the Byzantine Empire 's rule of Epirus as well as the Medieval period in general , the Bridge of Arta symbolizing the Ottoman Empire 's rule over the region , Stars in a semi-circle symbolizing modern Epirus and the European Union of which Greece is a member state and a river and a hill symbolizing the landscape of Epirus . 1821 -- Flag of Spetses The flag of Spetses , adopted in early 1821 during the Greek Revolution , features an azure field surrounded by a thick red border , defaced with a Cross on an overturned Crescent ( symbolizing the Christian Greek victory over the Muslim Ottoman Empire ) , a spear ( symbolizing the armed struggle for freedom ) , an anchor ( symbolizing the maritime tradition and merchant wealth of the island as well as most of Greece ) , a snake around the anchor ( symbolizing the Goddess Athena , wisdom and the island 's ancient Greek heritage ) , a dove ( symbolizing peace , justice and prosperity ) and the words `` ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΑ Ή ΘΑΝΑΤΟΣ '' , meaning `` FREEDOM OR DEATH '' , Greece 's National Motto . 1821 -- Flag of Hydra The flag of Hydra , adopted in early 1821 during the Greek Revolution , its design and symbolism are almost identical to those of the Flag of Spetses ( see above ) , though the colours are slightly different . The Symbols are also almost identical , though instead of a spear there is a flagpole with a flag and some of the symbols are grey instead of red . 1828 -- Flag of Kastellorizo The flag of Kastellorizo , adopted in early 1828 during the Greek Revolution , it features a white field surrounded by a blue border . It is defaced with a Cross , an Anchor and a Heart . On the left and right of these symbols are the words `` ΜΕΓΙΣΤΗ '' and `` ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΟΡΙΖΟ '' ( `` MEGISTE '' & `` KASTELLORIZO '' ) , the two names of the island . 1864 -- Flag of Corfu The flag of the island of Corfu , adopted in 1864 after the annexation of the United States of the Ionian Islands by the Kingdom of Greece as a gift to the George I of Greece by the United Kingdom , features a blue field surrounded by a golden border and a thicker dark red one . It is defaced with an Ancient Greek Galley which is surrounded by a circle and the words `` ΔΗΜΟΣ ΚΕΡΚΥΡΑΙΩΝ '' meaning `` MUNICIPALITY / PEOPLE OF THE CORFIOTS '' . 1864 -- Flag of Zakynthos The flag of the island of Zakynthos , adopted in 1864 after the annexation of the United States of the Ionian Islands by the Kingdom of Greece as a gift to the George I of Greece by the United Kingdom , features a Green field with a golden depiction of Zakynthos ( person ) , the figure from Ancient Greek Mythology after whom the island was named . Near the top left side of Zakynthos the name of the island in Greek ( `` ΖΑΚΥΝΘΟΣ '' ) is written while under the depiction is the island 's motto , `` ΘΕΛΕΙ ΑΡΕΤΗ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΛΜΗ Η ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΑ '' ( `` FREEDOM DEMANDS VALOUR AND BRAVERY '' ) by the Zakynthian poet Andreas Kalvos . 1821 -- Flag of Psara The flag of the island of Psara , adopted in 1821 during the Greek Revolution , is almost identical in style and design to the flags of Hydra , Spetses and other islands ( see above ) with some differences . The field is white and the surrounding border is red while all the symbols it is defaced with are all red . The symbols are also almost identical though instead of a dove there is an eagle , probably a reference to the Eagle of Zeus , a symbol of power and authority . The flag features the words `` ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΑ Ή ΘΑΝΑΤΟΣ '' ( `` FREEDOM OR DEATH '' , Greece 's National Motto ) and `` ΨΑΡΑ '' ( `` PSARA '' , the island 's name in the Greek language ) . 1821 -- Flag of Mani Peninsula The flag of the island of the Mani Peninsula , adopted in 1821 during the Greek Revolution , features a white field with a blue Greek cross and the phrases `` ΝΙΚΗ Ή ΘΑΝΑΤΟΣ '' ( `` VICTORY OR DEATH '' , a traditional Greek battle cry ) and `` ΤΑΝ Ή ΕΠΙ ΤΑΣ '' ( a Laconic phrase said by Spartan mothers to their sons when they left for war ; lit . `` IT OR ON IT '' meaning that if the Spartan is to return alive he should return with his shield ( so as to have not dropped it and fled the battle ) or be returned on it by his comrades , dead ) . Ireland ( edit ) Main article : List of Irish flags Flag Date Use Description Flag of Connacht The flag of Connacht is a heraldic banner of the arms of Connacht , a dimidiated ( divided in half from top to bottom ) eagle and armed hand . Flag of Leinster The flag of the Irish province of Leinster is a banner with the provincial coat of arms : a gold Irish harp with silver strings on a green field ( blazon : vert a harp or stringed argent ) . These arms are similar to the arms of Ireland , which have the same device on a field of blue rather than green Flag of Munster The flag of Munster consists of three gold crowns on a blue field . The crowns were the arms of Ireland before being superseded by the golden harp in the 16th century . The meaning of the crowns on the flag is not certain , but one possibility is that they may represent three of the medieval Hiberno - Norman lordships in Munster ; the O'Briens ( Thomond ) , the Butlers ( Ormond ) and the Fitzgeralds ( Desmond ) . Flag of Ulster Ulster is one of the four traditional provinces of Ireland . Only three of the nine counties of Ulster are part of the Republic of Ireland , the other six making up Northern Ireland , part of the United Kingdom . However , the flag is still used to represent Ulster as a whole . The Red Hand of Ulster is a symbol that is either derived from the O'Neill dynasty , then the most prominent Irish clan in Ulster , or the Dextra Dei of early Christian iconography . The gold background featuring a red cross comes from the coat of arms of the Burkes , a Hiberno - Norman noble family . Italy ( edit ) Main articles : Flags of regions of Italy and List of Italian flags Flag Date Use Description 1999 -- Flag of Abruzzo 1947 -- Flag of the Aosta Valley The flag of the Aosta Valley consists of two vertical stripes ( the left black the right red ) , sometimes with the arms of the Aosta Valley in the centre . 2001 -- Flag of Apulia 1973 -- Flag of Basilicata 1992 -- Flag of Calabria 1971 -- Flag of Campania The Campania Region has taken as its emblem the one given the Maritime Republic of Amalfi in its infancy . Said emblem consists of a red stripe on a white field Regional Law n . 1 of July 21 , 1971 1992 -- Flag of Emilia Romagna 2001 -- Flag of Friuli - Venezia Giulia 1992 -- Flag of Lazio 1992 -- Flag of Lombardy 1997 -- Flag of Liguria 1995 -- Flag of Marche 1995 -- Flag of Molise 1995 -- Flag of Piedmont 1999 -- Flag of Sardinia 1990 -- Flag of Sicily The current flag was adopted July 28 , 1990 under regional law N. 2 , Art . 12 . The law was later updated in 1998 . It was not until January 1 , 2000 , under regional law N. 1 , that the flag was adopted as the official symbol of Sicily , including legislation mandating public display of the flag at all Sicilian public buildings . The flag , officially used by the ancient Kingdom of Sicily , has existed in various forms since 1282 . The flag is rectangular in form and is characterised by the presence of the Trinacria ( triskelion ) in the centre . It features a softened image of the winged - head of Medusa and three ears of wheat ( replacing snakeheads ) representing the island 's fertility . The three bent legs represent the island 's three capes or points , while in mythology it is said to represent good luck and prosperity . The background of the flag is divided by a diagonal from left to right , and is coloured gold ( lower left ) and red - orange ( upper right ) . The colours represent the cities of Palermo and Corleone , respectively , the first two to found a confederation against the Angevin rule . 1983 -- Flag of Trentino - Alto Adige / Südtirol 1995 -- Flag of Tuscany 2003 -- Flag of Umbria 1999 -- Flag of Veneto Malta ( edit ) Main article : List of flags of Malta Flag Date Use Description 1964 -- Flag of Gozo Symbolises the islands nickname ' The Island of the Three Hills ' , and also the fact that it is surrounded by sea . Netherlands ( edit ) Main articles : Flags of provinces of the Netherlands and List of Dutch flags Flag Date Use Description 1947 -- Flag of Drenthe 1986 -- Flag of Flevoland The flag of Flevoland recalls how the new province was reclaimed from the IJsselmeer . The central yellow stripe , wavy then straight , symbolises the transformation of the sea into land . Its colour symbolises rapeseed , planted to stabilise the land . The blue represents water , the green the land . The white fleur - de-lys ( lily ) is a pun . It commemorates Cornelis Lely , designer of the original polders , essential to the province . 1897 -- Flag of Friesland The flag of Friesland consists of four blue and three white diagonal stripes ; in the white stripes are a total of seven red pompeblêden , leaves of yellow water - lily . Flag of Gelderland Flag of Groningen Flag of Limburg 1959 -- Flag of North Brabant Flag of North Holland Flag of Overijssel Flag of South Holland Flag of Utrecht 1949 -- Flag of Zeeland In the centre of the flag , the coat of arms of Zeeland is depicted . The wavy blue lines represent the waves and the constant struggle against the sea . Portugal ( edit ) Main article : List of Portuguese flags Flag Date Use Description 1979 -- Flag of Azores The flag of Azores has the colours of the flag of Portugal until 1910 . It also has 9 stars representing the islands of the archipelago , the Portuguese shield and a Goshawk ( in Portuguese Açor ) that gives the name to the archipelago . It is an adaption of the first autonomy flag used during the autonomic movement in 1893 , itself adapted of the then monarchist flag . 1978 -- Flag of Madeira The design consists of a blue - gold - blue vertical triband with a red - bordered white Cross of Christ in the centre . Russia ( edit ) Main articles : Flags of the federal subjects of Russia and List of Russian flags Flag Date Use Description 1992 -- Flag of Adygea 1992 -- Flag of Bashkortostan 2004 -- Flag of Chechnya 1992 -- Flag of Chuvashia The flag of Chuvashia consists of a stylized tree of life , a symbol of rebirth , with the three suns , a traditional emblem popular in Chuvash art . 2014 -- Flag of Crimea Controlled by Russia but recognized as part of Ukraine by most of the international community . Flag adopted by the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in 1992 . 1994 -- Flag of Dagestan 1994 -- Flag of Ingushetia 1993 -- Flag of Kalmykia On the Flag of Kalmykia , the yellow stands for the sun , the people and the religious faith of the nation . The blue represents the sky , eternity , and steadiness . The lotus is a symbol of purity , spiritual rebirth and happiness . Its five upper petals represent the continents and the lower four stand for the quarters of the globe . Together , they symbolize the will of the Kalmyk Russians to live in friendship and to cooperate with all the nations of the world . 1994 -- Flag of Kabardino - Balkaria 1996 -- Flag of Karachay - Cherkessia 1993 -- Flag of Karelia The national flag of the Republic of Karelia is a rectangle with equal horizontal stripes : the upper stripe is red , the middle one is blue and the lower is green . 1997 -- Flag of the Komi Republic The flag is a horizontal tricolour composed of three bars of , from top to bottom , medium blue , green , and white . Together , they represent Komi 's natural wealth . The blue represents the splendour and spaciousness of the northern sky . The green represents nature , its bounty , and the taiga . The white represents the color of snow , the purity of nature in the north , simplicity , and austerity , as well as Komi being a country in the north . According to a different interpretation , the white represents the equality and unity of the people and cultures living in Komi . 2011 -- Flag of Mari El 1995 -- Flag of Mordovia 1995 -- Flag of Moscow 1991 -- Flag of North Ossetia 1991 -- Flag of Saint Petersburg 2000 -- Flag of Sevastopol 1991 -- Flag of Tatarstan 1993 -- Flag of Udmurtia The cross / star symbol represents the solar sign , a protective symbol that according to folklore protects man from misfortunes . Serbia ( edit ) Main article : List of Serbian flags Flag Date Use Description 2004 -- Flag of Vojvodina Horitonzal tricolour of red , blue and white with larger blue portion and three yellow stars . Spain ( edit ) Main articles : Flags of the autonomous communities of Spain and List of Spanish flags Flag Date Use Description 1918 -- Flag of Andalusia The flag of Andalusia consists of a horizontal tricolour ( green - white - green ) with the Andalusian arms in the centre . 1982 -- Flag of Aragon 1982 -- Flag of Asturias The flag of Asturias is light blue with the Victory Cross slightly left of the centre . 1983 -- Flag of the Balearic Islands 1978 -- Flag of the Basque Country 1984 -- Flag of Cantabria 1982 -- Flag of the Canary Islands The flag of the Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands is a vertical tricolour of three equal bands of white , blue , and yellow . The state flag includes the Coat of arms of the Canary Islands in the central band ; the civil flag omits this . The designs were made official by the Statute of Autonomy of the Canarian Autonomous Community ( Organic Law 10 / 82 ) on 16 August 1982 . 1982 -- Flag of Castile - La Mancha ( 1230 -- 1715 ) 1983 -- Flag of Castile and León It is formed by the combination of the historical flags of two of the oldest kingdom is the Iberian peninsula in the Middle Ages , the Kingdom of León ( purple lion on silver in reference to the meaning of `` león '' ) and the Kingdom of Castile ( golden castle on red in reference to the many castles that were erected all over the country ) . The joint historical flag dates back to mid 13th century when Ferdinand III , `` the Saint '' , unified the two kingdoms in 1230 , inaugurating the Kingdom of Castile and León , later named Crown of Castile . May 25 , 1933 -- Flag of Catalonia The flag of Catalonia consists four red bars on top of a yellow background . One popular ( and unproven ) legend mentions this flag originating with the streaking of 4 blood - stained fingers across a plain shield . The flag derives from the royal coat of arms of the historical royal family of the Crown of Aragon , House of Trastamara . 1983 -- Flag of Extremadura 19th century ( official from 1984 ) -- Flag of Galicia The flag of Galicia appeared for the first time in the 19th century , probably based on the colours of the ancient medieval flags of the Kingdom of Galicia . Originally , the flag was a blue St Andrew 's Cross over a white field -- St Andrew is one of the most popular saints in Galicia . The coat of arms of Galicia was the former flag of the Kingdom of Galicia . Colors blue , white and gold were always related with Galicia . The chalice and the golden crosses on blue background have been its symbol since medieval times ( 13th century ) . For some time it was thought that it was based on the flag of the maritime province of Corunna , but today it is known that the design is earlier . 1982 -- Flag of La Rioja 1983 -- Flag of the Community of Madrid The seven stars represent the stars of the constellation Ursa Minor . They 're five - pointed because they represent the five Spanish provinces which surround the Community of Madrid . 1982 -- Flag of the Region of Murcia 1982 -- Flag of Navarre 1982 -- Flag of the Valencian Community Sweden ( edit ) Main article : List of flags of Sweden Flag Date Use Description 1902 ( ? ) -- Flag of Scania Switzerland ( edit ) Main article : Cantonal flags and coats of arms ( Switzerland ) Flag Date Use Description 1289 -- Flag of Bern 15th century -- Flag of Geneva The flag of Geneva is the historical flag of the city of Geneva , showing the Imperial Eagle and a Key of St. Peter ( symbolizing the status of Geneva as Reichsstadt and as episcopal seat , respectively ) , in use since the 15th century . 1386 -- Flag of Lucerne 1803 -- Flag of St. Gallen A white upright fasces with the axe blade facing the hoist on green field . 1240 -- Flag of Schwyz A white banner with a cross on the top - left 13th century -- Flag of Uri A bull 's head seen face on , with a red tongue and a red nose ring , on a yellow field . 1220 ( ? ) -- Flag of Zürich Ukraine ( edit ) Main articles : Flags of the oblasts of Ukraine and List of flags of Ukraine Flag Date Use Description 1998 -- Flag of Cherkasy Oblast 2000 -- Flag of Chernihiv Oblast 2001 -- Flag of Chernivtsi Oblast 1999 -- Flag of Crimea Controlled by Russia but recognized as part of Ukraine by most of the international community . 1999 -- Flag of Donetsk Oblast 2002 -- Flag of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast 2001 -- Flag of Ivano - Frankivsk Oblast 1999 -- Flag of Kharkiv Oblast 2001 -- Flag of Kherson Oblast 2002 -- Flag of Khmelnytskyi Oblast 1998 -- Flag of Kirovohrad Oblast 1995 -- Flag of Kiev 1999 -- Flag of Kiev Oblast 1998 -- Flag of Luhansk Oblast 2001 -- Flag of Lviv Oblast 2001 -- Flag of Mykolaiv Oblast 2002 -- Flag of Odessa Oblast 2000 -- Flag of Poltava Oblast 2005 -- Flag of Rivne Oblast 2000 -- Flag of Sevastopol 2000 -- Flag of Sumy Oblast 2003 -- Flag of Ternopil Oblast 1997 -- Flag of Vinnytsia Oblast 2004 -- Flag of Volyn Oblast 2001 -- Flag of Zaporizhia Oblast 2009 -- Flag of Zakarpattia Oblast 2003 -- Flag of Zhytomyr Oblast United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : List of British flags Flag Date Use Description 16C -- Flag of England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . The St George 's Cross is the official national flag . 1953 -- Flag of Northern Ireland Northern Ireland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . The ' Ulster Banner ' ( Ulster Scots : Ulstèr Bannèr ; Irish : Meirge Uladh ) however is the unofficial flag as the country lacks an official flag . 14C -- Flag of Scotland Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . The ' Saltire ' is the official national flag . 9C -- Flag of Wales Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . The Red Dragon ( Welsh : Y Ddraig Goch ) is the official national flag . The Welsh dragon has ancient origins , but was first officially flown in the modern era in 1959 . Notes ( edit ) ^ Part of Transcaucasian Region , at the crossroads of Europe and Asia . Physiographically , Armenia falls entirely in Western Asia , while Georgia and Azerbaijan are mostly in Western Asia with small portions north of the Caucasus Mountains divide in Europe . ^ The island of Cyprus , which comprises the Republic of Cyprus , Northern Cyprus and Akrotiri and Dhekelia , is geographically located in Asia , closer to Asian Turkey than to the European mainland . However , the Republic of Cyprus is a member state of the European Union . ^ Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Turkey has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . ^ Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Kazakhstan has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . See also ( edit ) Coats of arms of Europe Lists of flags of European countries List of Austrian flags List of Belgian flags List of Bosnian and Herzegovinian flags List of Dutch flags Flags of the regions of France List of German flags List of Greek flags List of Irish flags List of Italian flags List of flags of Montenegro List of flags of Norway List of Polish flags List of Portuguese flags List of flags of Romania List of Russian flags Flags of the Soviet Republics List of Spanish flags List of flags of Sweden Flags of Swiss cantons List of flags of the United Kingdom List of English flags List of Scottish flags List of Welsh flags Northern Ireland flags issue List of flags Other pages about European flags Nordic Cross flag Pan-Slavic colours References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The European Parliament adopted the Council of Europe 's flag in 1983 . Jump up ^ Adopted by the European Communities in 1986 , which became the European Union in 1992 continuing its usage . Jump up ^ ( in German ) Scheidler , Karl Hermann ( 1865 - 08 - 05 ) Illustrierte Zeitung , Leipzig , 98 Jump up ^ Agency , Central Intelligence ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) . The CIA World Factbook 2016 . Skyhorse Publishing , Inc . ISBN 9781510700895 . Jump up ^ `` flag of France '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` flag of Russia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Flag of Poland Jump up ^ Vinča culture Jump up ^ Infos on romaniatricolor.deviantart.com External links ( edit ) Media related to Flags of Europe at Wikimedia Commons Flags of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Sovereign Military Order of Malta Lists of flags Lists of flags State - related Civil flag State flag War flag Civil ensign Naval ensign Jack Diplomatic flag Country Date of Adoption Historical flags Arab states Pan-African flag Mobile Air Forces Roundels Air Forces Fin Flashes Civil air ensign Other entities Ethnic Country subdivisions Oceania By design Color by number by combination Two - sided Aspect ratio By nations Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Brazil Cambodia Canada Chile China People 's Republic of China ( Mainland China ) Hong Kong Macau Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Denmark Dem . 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Congo Dominican Republic Egypt regions Estonia Fiji Finland France regions Germany Georgia Greece Haiti Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Israel Iraq Italy regions Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea North Korea South Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malaysia Myanmar Mexico Malta Moldova Morocco Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan State of Palestine ( UN observer ) Peru Philippines regions provinces Poland naval and maritime voivodeships Portugal Rhodesia Romania Russia / Soviet Union federal subjects Russian Navy republics Soviet Navy Saudi Arabia Serbia Kosovo Singapore South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Falkland Islands Gibraltar United States states Puerto Rico CSA Uzbekistan Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Yugoslavia Zimbabwe By continent Africa Antarctica Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Names in italics indicate non-sovereign ( dependent ) territories , disputed states and / or former countries . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Europe&oldid=852290531 '' Categories : Lists and galleries of flags Europe - related lists Flags of Europe Hidden categories : Articles with German - language external links Articles containing German - language text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 22 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags%20of%20Europe
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which of the following nsa offices oversees the function of the military cryptologic system
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National Security Agency
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national security agency
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The National Security Agency ( NSA ) is a national - level intelligence agency of the United States Department of Defense , under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence . The NSA is responsible for global monitoring , collection , and processing of information and data for foreign intelligence and counterintelligence purposes , specializing in a discipline known as signals intelligence ( SIGINT ) . The NSA is also tasked with the protection of U.S. communications networks and information systems . The NSA relies on a variety of measures to accomplish its mission , the majority of which are clandestine .
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Originating as a unit to decipher coded communications in World War II , it was officially formed as the NSA by President Harry S. Truman in 1952 . Since then , it has become one of the largest U.S. intelligence organizations in terms of personnel and budget. . The NSA currently conducts worldwide mass data collection and has been known to physically bug electronic systems as one method to this end . The NSA has also been alleged to have been behind such attack software as Stuxnet , which severely damaged Iran 's nuclear program . The NSA , alongside the CIA , maintain a physical presence in many countries across the globe ; the CIA / NSA joint Special Collection Service ( a highly classified intelligence team ) inserts eavesdropping devices in high value targets ( such as Presidential palaces or embassies ) . SCS collection tactics allegedly encompass `` close surveillance , burglary , wiretapping , ( and ) breaking and entering '' . Unlike the Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) and the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , both of which specialize primarily in foreign human espionage , the NSA does not publically conduct human - source intelligence gathering . The NSA is entrusted with providing assistance to , and the coordination of , SIGINT elements for other government organizations - which are prevented by law from engaging in such activities on their own . As part of these responsibilities , the agency has a co-located organization called the Central Security Service ( CSS ) , which facilitates cooperation between the NSA and other U.S. defense cryptanalysis components . To further ensure streamlined communication between the signals intelligence community divisions , the NSA Director simultaneously serves as the Commander of the United States Cyber Command and as Chief of the Central Security Service . The NSA 's actions have been a matter of political controversy on several occasions , including its spying on anti-Vietnam - war leaders and the agency 's participation in economic espionage . In 2013 , the NSA had many of its secret surveillance programs revealed to the public by Edward Snowden , a former NSA contractor . According to the leaked documents , the NSA intercepts and stores the communications of over a billion people worldwide , including United States citizens . The documents also revealed the NSA tracks hundreds of millions of people 's movements using cellphones metadata . Internationally , research has pointed to the NSA 's ability to surveil the domestic Internet traffic of foreign countries through `` boomerang routing '' . The NSA is currently facing litigation from the Wikimedia Foundation for its potential violation of millions of Americans ' constitutional rights , including users of the site Wikipedia , during the government 's use of mass collection methods such as Upstream . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation 1.2 The Black Chamber 1.3 World War II and its aftermath 1.4 Vietnam War 1.5 Church Committee hearings 1.6 From 1980s to 1990s 1.7 War on Terror 1.8 Global surveillance disclosures 2 Mission 3 Scope 4 Controversy and litigation 4.1 Warrantless wiretaps 4.2 AT&T Internet monitoring 4.3 Data mining 4.4 Illegally obtained evidence 4.5 Barack Obama administration 4.6 Section 215 metadata collection 4.7 Fourth Amendment encroachment 4.8 Congressional oversight 4.9 Official responses 4.10 Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA 4.11 Responsibility for international ransomware attack 5 Operations 5.1 Collection overseas 5.1. 1 CAPRI OS 5.1. 2 Echelon 5.1. 3 Other SIGINT operations overseas 5.1. 4 BoundlessInformant 5.1. 5 Bypassing encryption 5.1. 6 Software backdoors 5.1. 6.1 Linux kernel 5.1. 6.2 IBM Notes 5.1. 7 Boomerang routing 5.1. 8 Hardware implanting 5.2 Domestic collection 5.2. 1 George W. Bush administration 5.2. 1.1 The PRISM program 5.2. 1.2 June 2015 -- WikiLeaks : Industrial espionage 5.2. 1.3 July 2015 -- WikiLeaks : Espionage against German federal ministries 5.2. 1.4 Claims of prevented terrorist attacks 5.3 Hacking operations 5.3. 1 NSA 's China hacking group 5.3. 2 Syrian internet blackout 6 Organizational structure 6.1 Directorates 6.2 NSANet 6.3 Watch centers 6.4 Employees 6.4. 1 Personnel security 6.4. 1.1 Polygraphing 6.4. 2 Arbitrary firing 7 Facilities 7.1 Headquarters 7.1. 1 History of headquarters 7.1. 2 Power consumption 7.1. 3 Computing assets 7.2 National Computer Security Center 7.3 Other U.S. facilities 7.4 International stations 7.4. 1 Thailand 8 Research and development 8.1 Data Encryption Standard 8.2 Advanced Encryption Standard 8.3 NSA encryption systems 8.4 SHA 8.5 Dual_EC_DRBG random number generator cryptotrojan 8.6 Clipper chip 8.7 Perfect Citizen 8.8 Academic research 8.9 Patents 9 Insignia and memorials 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Formation ( edit ) The origins of the National Security Agency can be traced back to April 28 , 1917 , three weeks after the U.S. Congress declared war on Germany in World War I. A code and cipher decryption unit was established as the Cable and Telegraph Section which was also known as the Cipher Bureau . It was headquartered in Washington , D.C. and was part of the war effort under the executive branch without direct Congressional authorization . During the course of the war it was relocated in the army 's organizational chart several times . On July 5 , 1917 , Herbert O. Yardley was assigned to head the unit . At that point , the unit consisted of Yardley and two civilian clerks . It absorbed the navy 's cryptoanalysis functions in July 1918 . World War I ended on November 11 , 1918 , and the army cryptographic section of Military Intelligence ( MI - 8 ) moved to New York City on May 20 , 1919 , where it continued intelligence activities as the Code Compilation Company under the direction of Yardley . The Black Chamber ( edit ) Main article : Black Chamber Black Chamber cryptanalytic work sheet for solving Japanese diplomatic cipher , 1919 After the disbandment of the US Army cryptographic section of Military Intelligence , known as MI - 8 , in 1919 , the United States government created The Cipher Bureau , also known as the Black Chamber . The Black Chamber was the United States ' first peacetime cryptanalytic organization . Jointly funded by the Army and the State Department , the Cipher Bureau was disguised as a New York City commercial code company ; it actually produced and sold such codes for business use . Its true mission , however , was to break the communications ( chiefly diplomatic ) of other nations . Its most notable known success was during the Washington Naval Conference during which it aided American negotiators considerably by providing them with the decrypted traffic of many of the Conference delegations , most notably the Japanese . The Black Chamber successfully persuaded Western Union , the largest U.S. telegram company at the time , as well as several other communications companies to illegally give the Black Chamber access to the cable traffic of foreign embassies and consulates . Eventually , these companies publically discontinued their collaboration . Despite the American Black Chamber 's initial successes , it was shut down in 1929 by U.S. Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson , who defended his decision by stating : `` Gentlemen do not read each other 's mail '' . World War II and its aftermath ( edit ) During World War II , the Signal Security Agency ( SSA ) was created to intercept and decipher the communications of the Axis powers . When the war ended , the SSA was reorganized as the Army Security Agency ( ASA ) , and it was placed under the leadership of the Director of Military Intelligence . On May 20 , 1949 , all cryptologic activities were centralized under a national organization called the Armed Forces Security Agency ( AFSA ) . This organization was originally established within the U.S. Department of Defense under the command of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The AFSA was tasked to direct Department of Defense communications and electronic intelligence activities , except those of U.S. military intelligence units . However , the AFSA was unable to centralize communications intelligence and failed to coordinate with civilian agencies that shared its interests such as the Department of State , Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) . In December 1951 , President Harry S. Truman ordered a panel to investigate how AFSA had failed to achieve its goals . The results of the investigation led to improvements and its redesignation as the National Security Agency . The agency was formally established by Truman in a memorandum of October 24 , 1952 , that revised National Security Council Intelligence Directive ( NSCID ) 9 . Since President Truman 's memo was a classified document , the existence of the NSA was not known to the public at that time . Due to its ultra-secrecy the U.S. intelligence community referred to the NSA as `` No Such Agency '' . Vietnam War ( edit ) Main articles : Project MINARET and NESTOR ( encryption ) In the 1960s , the NSA played a key role in expanding America 's commitment to the Vietnam War by providing evidence of a North Vietnamese attack on the American destroyer USS Maddox during the Gulf of Tonkin incident . A secret operation , code - named `` MINARET '' , was set up by the NSA to monitor the phone communications of Senators Frank Church and Howard Baker , as well as major civil rights leaders , including Martin Luther King , Jr. , and prominent U.S. journalists and athletes who criticized the Vietnam War . However , the project turned out to be controversial , and an internal review by the NSA concluded that its Minaret program was `` disreputable if not outright illegal '' . The NSA mounted a major effort to secure tactical communications among U.S. forces during the war with mixed success . The NESTOR family of compatible secure voice systems it developed was widely deployed during the Vietnam War , with about 30,000 NESTOR sets produced . However a variety of technical and operational problems limited their use , allowing the North Vietnamese to exploit intercepted U.S. communications . Church Committee Hearings ( edit ) Further information : Watergate scandal and Church Committee In the aftermath of the Watergate scandal , a congressional hearing in 1975 led by Sen. Frank Church revealed that the NSA , in collaboration with Britain 's SIGINT intelligence agency Government Communications Headquarters ( GCHQ ) , had routinely intercepted the international communications of prominent anti-Vietnam war leaders such as Jane Fonda and Dr. Benjamin Spock . Following the resignation of President Richard Nixon , there were several investigations of suspected misuse of FBI , CIA and NSA facilities . Senator Frank Church uncovered previously unknown activity , such as a CIA plot ( ordered by the administration of President John F. Kennedy ) to assassinate Fidel Castro . The investigation also uncovered NSA 's wiretaps on targeted American citizens . After the Church Committee hearings , the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 was passed into law . This was designed to limit the practice of mass surveillance in the United States . From 1980s to 1990s ( edit ) In 1986 , the NSA intercepted the communications of the Libyan government during the immediate aftermath of the Berlin discotheque bombing . The White House asserted that the NSA interception had provided `` irrefutable '' evidence that Libya was behind the bombing , which U.S. President Ronald Reagan cited as a justification for the 1986 United States bombing of Libya . In 1999 , a multi-year investigation by the European Parliament highlighted the NSA 's role in economic espionage in a report entitled ' Development of Surveillance Technology and Risk of Abuse of Economic Information ' . That year , the NSA founded the NSA Hall of Honor , a memorial at the National Cryptologic Museum in Fort Meade , Maryland . The memorial is a , `` tribute to the pioneers and heroes who have made significant and long - lasting contributions to American cryptology '' . NSA employees must be retired for more than fifteen years to qualify for the memorial . NSA 's infrastructure deteriorated in the 1990s as defense budget cuts resulted in maintenance deferrals . On January 24 , 2000 , NSA headquarters suffered a total network outage for three days caused by an overloaded network . Incoming traffic was successfully stored on agency servers , but it could not be directed and processed . The agency carried out emergency repairs at a cost of $3 million to get the system running again . ( Some incoming traffic was also directed instead to Britain 's GCHQ for the time being . ) Director Michael Hayden called the outage a `` wake - up call '' for the need to invest in the agency 's infrastructure . War on Terror ( edit ) In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks , the NSA created new IT systems to deal with the flood of information from new technologies like the Internet and cellphones . ThinThread contained advanced data mining capabilities . It also had a `` privacy mechanism '' ; surveillance was stored encrypted ; decryption required a warrant . The research done under this program may have contributed to the technology used in later systems . ThinThread was cancelled when Michael Hayden chose Trailblazer , which did not include ThinThread 's privacy system . Trailblazer Project ramped up in 2002 and was worked on by Science Applications International Corporation ( SAIC ) , Boeing , Computer Sciences Corporation , IBM , and Litton Industries . Some NSA whistleblowers complained internally about major problems surrounding Trailblazer . This led to investigations by Congress and the NSA and DoD Inspectors General . The project was cancelled in early 2004 . Turbulence started in 2005 . It was developed in small , inexpensive `` test '' pieces , rather than one grand plan like Trailblazer . It also included offensive cyber-warfare capabilities , like injecting malware into remote computers . Congress criticized Turbulence in 2007 for having similar bureaucratic problems as Trailblazer . It was to be a realization of information processing at higher speeds in cyberspace . Global surveillance disclosures ( edit ) Main article : Global surveillance disclosures ( 2013 -- present ) The massive extent of the NSA 's spying , both foreign and domestic , was revealed to the public in a series of detailed disclosures of internal NSA documents beginning in June 2013 . Most of the disclosures were leaked by former NSA contractor , Edward Snowden . Mission ( edit ) Part of a series on Global surveillance Disclosures Origins Pre-2013 2013 -- present Reactions Systems XKeyscore PRISM ECHELON Carnivore DISHFIRE STONEGHOST Tempora Frenchelon Fairview MYSTIC DCSN Boundless Informant BULLRUN PINWALE Stingray SORM Agencies Five Eyes BND DGSE FSB MSS People Michael S. Rogers Keith Alexander James Bamford James Clapper Duncan Campbell Edward Snowden Russ Tice Barack Obama Julian Assange Places The Doughnut Fort Meade Menwith Hill Pine Gap Southern Cross Cable Utah Data Center Bad Aibling Station Dagger Complex Laws Five Eyes UKUSA Agreement Lustre U.S. USA Freedom Act FISA amendments EU Data Retention Directive Data Protection Directive Proposed changes U.S. FISA Improvements Act Other proposals Concepts Mass surveillance Culture of fear Secure communication SIGINT Call detail record Surveillance issues in smart cities Related topics Espionage Intelligence agency Cryptography Tor VPNs Human rights Privacy Liberty Satellites Stop Watching Us Nothing to hide argument Mass surveillance portal NSA 's eavesdropping mission includes radio broadcasting , both from various organizations and individuals , the Internet , telephone calls , and other intercepted forms of communication . Its secure communications mission includes military , diplomatic , and all other sensitive , confidential or secret government communications . According to The Washington Post , `` ( e ) very day , collection systems at the National Security Agency intercept and store 1.7 billion e-mails , phone calls and other types of communications . The NSA sorts a fraction of those into 70 separate databases . '' Because of its listening task , NSA / CSS has been heavily involved in cryptanalytic research , continuing the work of predecessor agencies which had broken many World War II codes and ciphers ( see , for instance , Purple , Venona project , and JN - 25 ) . In 2004 , NSA Central Security Service and the National Cyber Security Division of the Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) agreed to expand NSA Centers of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Education Program . As part of the National Security Presidential Directive 54 / Homeland Security Presidential Directive 23 ( NSPD 54 ) , signed on January 8 , 2008 , by President Bush , the NSA became the lead agency to monitor and protect all of the federal government 's computer networks from cyber-terrorism . Scope ( edit ) The NSA intercepts telephone and Internet communications of over a billion people worldwide , seeking information on foreign politics , military developments , terrorist activity , pertinet economic developments , and `` commercial secrets '' . A dedicated unit of the NSA locates targets for the CIA for extrajudicial assassination in the Middle East . The NSA has also spied extensively on the European Union , the United Nations and numerous governments including allies and trading partners in Europe , South America and Asia . Controversy and litigation ( edit ) Main article : Mass surveillance in the United States In the United States , at least since 2001 , there has been legal controversy over what signal intelligence can be used for and how much freedom the National Security Agency has to use signal intelligence . The government has made , in 2015 , slight changes in how it uses and collects certain types of data , specifically phone records . Warrantless wiretaps ( edit ) Main article : NSA warrantless surveillance ( 2001 -- 07 ) On December 16 , 2005 , The New York Times reported that , under White House pressure and with an executive order from President George W. Bush , the National Security Agency , in an attempt to thwart terrorism , had been tapping phone calls made to persons outside the country , without obtaining warrants from the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court , a secret court created for that purpose under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act ( FISA ) . One such surveillance program , authorized by the U.S. Signals Intelligence Directive 18 of President George Bush , was the Highlander Project undertaken for the National Security Agency by the U.S. Army 513th Military Intelligence Brigade . NSA relayed telephone ( including cell phone ) conversations obtained from ground , airborne , and satellite monitoring stations to various U.S. Army Signal Intelligence Officers , including the 201st Military Intelligence Battalion . Conversations of citizens of the U.S. were intercepted , along with those of other nations . Proponents of the surveillance program claim that the President has executive authority to order such action , arguing that laws such as FISA are overridden by the President 's Constitutional powers . In addition , some argued that FISA was implicitly overridden by a subsequent statute , the Authorization for Use of Military Force , although the Supreme Court 's ruling in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld deprecates this view . In the August 2006 case ACLU v. NSA , U.S. District Court Judge Anna Diggs Taylor concluded that NSA 's warrantless surveillance program was both illegal and unconstitutional . On July 6 , 2007 , the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals vacated the decision on the grounds that the ACLU lacked standing to bring the suit . On January 17 , 2006 , the Center for Constitutional Rights filed a lawsuit , CCR v. Bush , against the George W. Bush Presidency . The lawsuit challenged the National Security Agency 's ( NSA 's ) surveillance of people within the U.S. , including the interception of CCR emails without securing a warrant first . In September 2008 , the Electronic Frontier Foundation ( EFF ) filed a class action lawsuit against the NSA and several high - ranking officials of the Bush administration , charging an `` illegal and unconstitutional program of dragnet communications surveillance , '' based on documentation provided by former AT&T technician Mark Klein . As a result of the USA Freedom Act passed by Congress in June 2015 , the NSA had to shut down its bulk phone surveillance program on November 29 of the same year . The USA Freedom Act forbids the NSA to collect metadata and content of phone calls unless it has a warrant for terrorism investigation . In that case the agency has to ask the telecom companies for the record , which will only be kept for six months . AT&T Internet monitoring ( edit ) Further information : Hepting v. AT&T , Jewel v. NSA , Mark Klein , and NSA warrantless surveillance controversy In May 2006 , Mark Klein , a former AT&T employee , alleged that his company had cooperated with NSA in installing Narus hardware to replace the FBI Carnivore program , to monitor network communications including traffic between American citizens . Data mining ( edit ) NSA was reported in 2008 to use its computing capability to analyze `` transactional '' data that it regularly acquires from other government agencies , which gather it under their own jurisdictional authorities . As part of this effort , NSA now monitors huge volumes of records of domestic email data , web addresses from Internet searches , bank transfers , credit - card transactions , travel records , and telephone data , according to current and former intelligence officials interviewed by The Wall Street Journal . The sender , recipient , and subject line of emails can be included , but the content of the messages or of phone calls are not . A 2013 advisory group for the Obama administration , seeking to reform NSA spying programs following the revelations of documents released by Edward J. Snowden . mentioned in ' Recommendation 30 ' on page 37 , `` ... that the National Security Council staff should manage an interagency process to review on a regular basis the activities of the US Government regarding attacks that exploit a previously unknown vulnerability in a computer application . '' Retired cyber security expert Richard A. Clarke was a group member and stated on April 11 that NSA had no advance knowledge of Heartbleed . Illegally obtained evidence ( edit ) Further information : Parallel construction § Parallel construction in the United States Drug Enforcement Administration In August 2013 it was revealed that a 2005 IRS training document showed that NSA intelligence intercepts and wiretaps , both foreign and domestic , were being supplied to the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) and Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) and were illegally used to launch criminal investigations of US citizens . Law enforcement agents were directed to conceal how the investigations began and recreate an apparently legal investigative trail by re-obtaining the same evidence by other means . Barack Obama administration ( edit ) In the months leading to April 2009 , the NSA intercepted the communications of American citizens , including a Congressman , although the Justice Department believed that the interception was unintentional . The Justice Department then took action to correct the issues and bring the program into compliance with existing laws . United States Attorney General Eric Holder resumed the program according to his understanding of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act amendment of 2008 , without explaining what had occurred . Polls conducted in June 2013 found divided results among Americans regarding NSA 's secret data collection . Rasmussen Reports found that 59 % of Americans disapprove , Gallup found that 53 % disapprove , and Pew found that 56 % are in favor of NSA data collection . Section 215 metadata collection ( edit ) On April 25 , 2013 , the NSA obtained a court order requiring Verizon 's Business Network Services to provide metadata on all calls in its system to the NSA `` on an ongoing daily basis '' for a three - month period , as reported by The Guardian on June 6 , 2013 . This information includes `` the numbers of both parties on a call ... location data , call duration , unique identifiers , and the time and duration of all calls '' but not `` ( t ) he contents of the conversation itself '' . The order relies on the so - called `` business records '' provision of the Patriot Act . In August 2013 , following the Snowden leaks , new details about the NSA 's data mining activity were revealed . Reportedly , the majority of emails into or out of the United States are captured at `` selected communications links '' and automatically analyzed for keywords or other `` selectors '' . Emails that do not match are deleted . The utility of such a massive metadata collection in preventing terrorist attacks is disputed . Many studies reveal the dragnet like system to be ineffective . One such report , released by the New America Foundation concluded that after an analysis of 225 terrorism cases , the NSA `` had no discernible impact on preventing acts of terrorism . '' Defenders of the program said that while metadata alone ca n't provide all the information necessary to prevent an attack , it assures the ability to `` connect the dots '' between suspect foreign numbers and domestic numbers with a speed only the NSA 's software is capable of . One benefit of this is quickly being able to determine the difference between suspicious activity and real threats . As an example , NSA director General Keith Alexander mentioned at the annual Cybersecurity Summit in 2013 , that metadata analysis of domestic phone call records after the Boston Marathon bombing helped determine that another attack in New York was baseless . In addition to doubts about its effectiveness , many people argue that the collection of metadata is an unconstitutional invasion of privacy . As of 2015 , the collection process remains legal and grounded in the ruling from Smith v. Maryland ( 1979 ) . A prominent opponent of the data collection and its legality is U.S. District Judge Richard J. Leon , who issued a report in 2013 in which he stated : `` I can not imagine a more ' indiscriminate ' and ' arbitrary invasion ' than this systematic and high tech collection and retention of personal data on virtually every single citizen for purposes of querying and analyzing it without prior judicial approval ... Surely , such a program infringes on ' that degree of privacy ' that the founders enshrined in the Fourth Amendment '' . As of May 7 , 2015 , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled that the interpretation of Section 215 of the Patriot Act was wrong and that the NSA program that has been collecting Americans ' phone records in bulk is illegal . It stated that Section 215 can not be clearly interpreted to allow government to collect national phone data and , as a result , expired on June 1 , 2015 . This ruling `` is the first time a higher - level court in the regular judicial system has reviewed the N.S.A. phone records program . '' The replacement law known as the U.S.A. Freedom Act , which will enable the NSA to continue to have bulk access to citizens ' metadata but with the stipulation that the data will now be stored by the companies themselves . This change will not have any effect on other Agency procedures - outside of metadata collection - which have purportedly challenged Americans ' Fourth Amendment rights ; , including Upstream collection , a mass of techniques used by the Agency to collect and store American 's data / communications directly from the Internet backbone . Under programs like PRISM , the NSA paid billions of dollars to telecommunications companies in order to collect data from them . While companies such as Google and Yahoo ! claim that they do not provide `` direct access '' from their servers to the NSA unless under a court order , the NSA had access to emails , phone calls and cellular data users . Under this new ruling , telecommunications companies maintain bulk user metadata on their servers for at least 18 months , to be provided upon request to the NSA . This ruling made the mass storage of specific phone records at NSA datacenters illegal , but it did not rule on Section 215 's constitutionality . Fourth Amendment encroachment ( edit ) In a declassified document it was revealed that 17,835 phone lines were on an improperly permitted `` alert list '' from 2006 to 2009 in breach of compliance , which tagged these phone lines for daily monitoring . Eleven percent of these monitored phone lines met the agency 's legal standard for `` reasonably articulable suspicion '' ( RAS ) . The NSA tracks the locations of hundreds of millions of cellphones per day , allowing it to map people 's movements and relationships in detail . The NSA has been reported to have access to all communications made via Google , Microsoft , Facebook , Yahoo , YouTube , AOL , Skype , Apple and Paltalk , and collects hundreds of millions of contact lists from personal email and instant messaging accounts each year . It has also managed to weaken much of the encryption used on the Internet ( by collaborating with , coercing or otherwise infiltrating numerous technology companies to leave `` backdoors '' into their systems ) , so that the majority of encryption is inadverently vulnerable to different forms of attack . Domestically , the NSA has been proven to collect and store metadata records of phone calls , including over 120 million US Verizon subscribers , as well as intercept vast amounts of communications via the internet ( Upstream ) . The government 's legal standing had been to rely on a secret interpretation of the Patriot Act whereby the entirety of US communications may be considered `` relevant '' to a terrorism investigation if it is expected that even a tiny minority may relate to terrorism . The NSA also supplies foreign intercepts to the DEA , IRS and other law enforcement agencies , who use these to initiate criminal investigations . Federal agents are then instructed to `` recreate '' the investigative trail via parallel construction . The NSA also spies on influential Muslims to obtain information that could be used to discredit them , such as their use of pornography . The targets , both domestic and abroad , are not suspected of any crime but hold religious or political views deemed `` radical '' by the NSA . According to a report in The Washington Post in July 2014 , relying on information provided by Snowden , 90 % of those placed under surveillance in the U.S. are ordinary Americans , and are not the intended targets . The newspaper said it had examined documents including emails , text messages , and online accounts that support the claim . Congressional oversight ( edit ) Play media Excerpt of James Clapper 's testimony before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Despite White House claims that these programs have congressional oversight , many members of Congress were unaware of the existence of these NSA programs or the secret interpretation of the Patriot Act , and have consistently been denied access to basic information about them . To further understand what our country leaders were unaware of , one must look into a classified document exposed by Edward Snowden , which revealed that NSA was monitoring thirty - five world leader phone conversations . The United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court , the secret court charged with regulating the NSA 's activities is , according to its chief judge , incapable of investigating or verifying how often the NSA breaks even its own secret rules . It has since been reported that the NSA violated its own rules on data access thousands of times a year , many of these violations involving large - scale data interceptions . NSA officers have even used data intercepts to spy on love interests ; `` most of the NSA violations were self - reported , and each instance resulted in administrative action of termination . '' The NSA has `` generally disregarded the special rules for disseminating United States person information '' by illegally sharing its intercepts with other law enforcement agencies . A March 2009 FISA Court opinion , which the court released , states that protocols restricting data queries had been `` so frequently and systemically violated that it can be fairly said that this critical element of the overall ... regime has never functioned effectively . '' In 2011 the same court noted that the `` volume and nature '' of the NSA 's bulk foreign Internet intercepts was `` fundamentally different from what the court had been led to believe '' . Email contact lists ( including those of US citizens ) are collected at numerous foreign locations to work around the illegality of doing so on US soil . Legal opinions on the NSA 's bulk collection program have differed . In mid-December 2013 , U.S. District Judge Richard Leon ruled that the `` almost - Orwellian '' program likely violates the Constitution , and wrote , `` I can not imagine a more ' indiscriminate ' and ' arbitrary invasion ' than this systematic and high - tech collection and retention of personal data on virtually every single citizen for purposes of querying and analyzing it without prior judicial approval . Surely , such a program infringes on ' that degree of privacy ' that the Founders enshrined in the Fourth Amendment . Indeed , I have little doubt that the author of our Constitution , James Madison , who cautioned us to beware ' the abridgement of freedom of the people by gradual and silent encroachments by those in power , ' would be aghast . '' Later that month , U.S. District Judge William Pauley ruled that the NSA 's collection of telephone records is legal and valuable in the fight against terrorism . In his opinion , he wrote , `` a bulk telephony metadata collection program ( is ) a wide net that could find and isolate gossamer contacts among suspected terrorists in an ocean of seemingly disconnected data '' and noted that a similar collection of data prior to 9 / 11 might have prevented the attack . Official responses ( edit ) At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing , Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper , `` does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans ? '' Clapper replied `` No , sir ... Not wittingly . There are cases where they could inadvertently perhaps collect , but not wittingly . '' This statement came under scrutiny months later , in June 2013 , details of the PRISM surveillance program were published , showing that `` the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data . '' Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a `` straight answer '' in his testimony . Clapper , in response to criticism , said , `` I responded in what I thought was the most truthful , or least untruthful manner . '' Clapper added , `` There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ' collection ' to me , that has a specific meaning , which may have a different meaning to him . '' NSA whistler - blower Edward Snowden additionally revealed the existence of XKeyscore , a top secret NSA program that allows the agency to search vast databases of `` the metadata as well as the content of emails and other internet activity , such as browser history , '' with capability to search by `` name , telephone number , IP address , keywords , the language in which the internet activity was conducted or the type of browser used . '' XKeyscore `` provides the technological capability , if not the legal authority , to target even US persons for extensive electronic surveillance without a warrant provided that some identifying information , such as their email or IP address , is known to the analyst . '' Regarding the necessity of these NSA programs , Alexander stated on June 27 that the NSA 's bulk phone and Internet intercepts had been instrumental in preventing 54 terrorist `` events '' , including 13 in the US , and in all but one of these cases had provided the initial tip to `` unravel the threat stream '' . On July 31 NSA Deputy Director John Inglis conceded to the Senate that these intercepts had not been vital in stopping any terrorist attacks , but were `` close '' to vital in identifying and convicting four San Diego men for sending US $8,930 to Al - Shabaab , a militia that conducts terrorism in Somalia . The U.S. government has aggressively sought to dismiss and challenge Fourth Amendment cases raised against it , and has granted retroactive immunity to ISPs and telecoms participating in domestic surveillance . The U.S. military has acknowledged blocking access to parts of The Guardian website for thousands of defense personnel across the country , and blocking the entire Guardian website for personnel stationed throughout Afghanistan , the Middle East , and South Asia . An October 2014 United Nations report condemned mass surveillance by the United States and other countries as violating multiple international treaties and conventions that guarantee core privacy rights . Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA ( edit ) See also : Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA The Wikimedia Foundation and several other plaintiffs filed suit against the NSA in 2015 , Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA , for the violation of their user 's First and Fourth Amendement rights by the Agency 's mass surveillance programs like Upstream . The suit was initially dismissed , but was later found to have plausible and legal standing to its complaints by the US Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit and was remanded . The case is currently awaiting further proceedings at the United States District Court for the District of Maryland . Responsibility for International ransomware attack ( edit ) An exploit , EternalBlue , which is believed to have been created by the NSA , was used in the unprecedented worldwide WannaCry ransomware attack in May 2017 . The exploit had been leaked online by a hacking group , The Shadow Brokers , nearly a month prior to the attack . A number of experts have pointed the finger at the NSA 's non-disclosure of the underlying vulnerability , and their loss of control over the EternalBlue attack tool that exploited it . Edward Snowden said that if the NSA had `` privately disclosed the flaw used to attack hospitals when they found it , not when they lost it , ( the attack ) might not have happened '' . Wikipedia co-founder , Jimmy Wales , stated that he joined `` with Microsoft and the other leaders of the industry in saying this is a huge screw - up by the government ... the moment the NSA found it , they should have notified Microsoft so they could quietly issue a patch and really chivvy people along , long before it became a huge problem . '' Operations ( edit ) Operations by the National Security Agency can be divided in three types : Collection overseas , which falls under the responsibility of the Global Access Operations ( GAO ) division . Domestic collection , which falls under the responsibility of the Special Source Operations ( SSO ) division . Hacking operations , which falls under the responsibility of the Tailored Access Operations ( TAO ) division . Collection overseas ( edit ) Capri OS ( edit ) CAPRI OS is a National Security Agency codename for a project that is sent SSH and SSL intercepts for post-processing . Echelon ( edit ) Main article : ECHELON `` Echelon '' was created in the incubator of the Cold War . Today it is a legacy system , and several NSA stations are closing . NSA / CSS , in combination with the equivalent agencies in the United Kingdom ( Government Communications Headquarters ) , Canada ( Communications Security Establishment ) , Australia ( Defence Signals Directorate ) , and New Zealand ( Government Communications Security Bureau ) , otherwise known as the UKUSA group , was reported to be in command of the operation of the so - called ECHELON system . Its capabilities were suspected to include the ability to monitor a large proportion of the world 's transmitted civilian telephone , fax and data traffic . During the early 1970s , the first of what became more than eight large satellite communications dishes were installed at Menwith Hill . Investigative journalist Duncan Campbell reported in 1988 on the `` ECHELON '' surveillance program , an extension of the UKUSA Agreement on global signals intelligence SIGINT , and detailed how the eavesdropping operations worked . In November 3 , 1999 the BBC reported that they had confirmation from the Australian Government of the existence of a powerful `` global spying network '' code - named Echelon , that could `` eavesdrop on every single phone call , fax or e-mail , anywhere on the planet '' with Britain and the United States as the chief protagonists . They confirmed that Menwith Hill was `` linked directly to the headquarters of the US National Security Agency ( NSA ) at Fort Meade in Maryland '' . NSA 's United States Signals Intelligence Directive 18 ( USSID 18 ) strictly prohibited the interception or collection of information about `` ... U.S. persons , entities , corporations or organizations ... '' without explicit written legal permission from the United States Attorney General when the subject is located abroad , or the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court when within U.S. borders . Alleged Echelon - related activities , including its use for motives other than national security , including political and industrial espionage , received criticism from countries outside the UKUSA alliance . Protesters against NSA data mining in Berlin wearing Chelsea Manning and Edward Snowden masks Other SIGINT Operations overseas ( edit ) The NSA was also involved in planning to blackmail people with `` SEXINT '' , intelligence gained about a potential target 's sexual activity and preferences . Those targeted had not committed any apparent crime nor were they charged with one . In order to support its facial recognition program , the NSA is intercepting `` millions of images per day '' . The Real Time Regional Gateway is a data collection program introduced in 2005 in Iraq by NSA during the Iraq War that consisted of gathering all electronic communication , storing it , then searching and otherwise analyzing it . It was effective in providing information about Iraqi insurgents who had eluded less comprehensive techniques . This `` collect it all '' strategy introduced by NSA director , Keith B. Alexander , is believed by Glenn Greenwald of The Guardian to be the model for the comprehensive worldwide mass archiving of communications which NSA is engaged in as of 2013 . Boundlessinformant ( edit ) Edward Snowden revealed in June 2013 that between February 8 and March 8 , 2013 , the NSA collected about 124.8 billion telephone data items and 97.1 billion computer data items throughout the world , as was displayed in charts from an internal NSA tool codenamed Boundless Informant . It was reported that some of these data reflected eavesdropping on citizens in countries like Germany , Spain and France . BoundlessInformant employs big data databases , cloud computing technology , and Free and Open Source Software ( FOSS ) to analyze data collected worldwide by the NSA . Bypassing encryption ( edit ) In 2013 , reporters uncovered a secret memo that claims the NSA created and pushed for the adoption of the Dual EC DRBG encryption standard that contained built - in vulnerabilities in 2006 to the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) , and the International Organization for Standardization ( aka ISO ) . This memo appears to give credence to previous speculation by cryptographers at Microsoft Research . Edward Snowden claims that the NSA often bypasses encryption altogether by lifting information before it is encrypted or after it is decrypted . XKeyscore rules ( as specified in a file xkeyscorerules100. txt , sourced by German TV stations NDR and WDR , who claim to have excerpts from its source code ) reveal that the NSA tracks users of privacy - enhancing software tools , including Tor ; an anonymous email service provided by the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory ( CSAIL ) in Cambridge , Massachusetts ; and readers of the Linux Journal . Software backdoors ( edit ) Linux kernel ( edit ) Linus Torvalds , the founder of Linux kernel , joked during a LinuxCon keynote on September 18 , 2013 , that the NSA , who are the founder of SELinux , wanted a backdoor in the kernel . However , later , Linus ' father , a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) , revealed that the NSA actually did this . When my oldest son was asked the same question : `` Has he been approached by the NSA about backdoors ? '' he said `` No '' , but at the same time he nodded . Then he was sort of in the legal free . He had given the right answer , everybody understood that the NSA had approached him . -- Nils Torvalds , LIBE Committee Inquiry on Electronic Mass Surveillance of EU Citizens -- 11th Hearing , 11 November 2013 IBM Notes ( edit ) IBM Notes was the first widely adopted software product to use public key cryptography for client -- server and server -- server authentication and for encryption of data . Until US laws regulating encryption were changed in 2000 , IBM and Lotus were prohibited from exporting versions of Notes that supported symmetric encryption keys that were longer than 40 bits . In 1997 , Lotus negotiated an agreement with the NSA that allowed export of a version that supported stronger keys with 64 bits , but 24 of the bits were encrypted with a special key and included in the message to provide a `` workload reduction factor '' for the NSA . This strengthened the protection for users of Notes outside the US against private - sector industrial espionage , but not against spying by the US government . Boomerang routing ( edit ) While it is assumed that foreign transmissions terminating in the U.S. ( such as a non-U.S. citizen accessing a U.S. website ) subject non-U.S. citizens to NSA surveillance , recent research into boomerang routing has raised new concerns about the NSA 's ability to surveil the domestic Internet traffic of foreign countries . Boomerang routing occurs when an Internet transmission that originates and terminates in a single country transits another . Research at the University of Toronto has suggested that approximately 25 % of Canadian domestic traffic may be subject to NSA surveillance activities as a result of the boomerang routing of Canadian Internet service providers . Hardware implanting ( edit ) Intercepted packages are opened carefully by NSA employees A `` load station '' implanting a beacon A document included in NSA files released with Glenn Greenwald 's book No Place to Hide details how the agency 's Tailored Access Operations ( TAO ) and other NSA units gain access to hardware . They intercept routers , servers and other network hardware being shipped to organizations targeted for surveillance and install covert implant firmware onto them before they are delivered . This was described by an NSA manager as `` some of the most productive operations in TAO because they preposition access points into hard target networks around the world . '' Computers seized by the NSA due to interdiction are often modified with a physical device known as Cottonmouth . Cottonmouth is a device that can be inserted in the USB port of a computer in order to establish remote access to the targeted machine . According to NSA 's Tailored Access Operations ( TAO ) group implant catalog , after implanting Cottonmouth , the NSA can establish Bridging ( networking ) `` that allows the NSA to load exploit software onto modified computers as well as allowing the NSA to relay commands and data between hardware and software implants . '' Domestic collection ( edit ) Further information : Mass surveillance in the United States NSA 's mission , as set forth in Executive Order 12333 in 1981 , is to collect information that constitutes `` foreign intelligence or counterintelligence '' while not `` acquiring information concerning the domestic activities of United States persons '' . NSA has declared that it relies on the FBI to collect information on foreign intelligence activities within the borders of the United States , while confining its own activities within the United States to the embassies and missions of foreign nations . The appearance of a ' Domestic Surveillance Directorate ' of the NSA was soon exposed as a hoax in 2013 . NSA 's domestic surveillance activities are limited by the requirements imposed by the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution . The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court for example held in October 2011 , citing multiple Supreme Court precedents , that the Fourth Amendment prohibitions against unreasonable searches and seizures applies to the contents of all communications , whatever the means , because `` a person 's private communications are akin to personal papers . '' However , these protections do not apply to non-U.S. persons located outside of U.S. borders , so the NSA 's foreign surveillance efforts are subject to far fewer limitations under U.S. law . The specific requirements for domestic surveillance operations are contained in the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 ( FISA ) , which does not extend protection to non-U.S. citizens located outside of U.S. territory . George W. Bush administration ( edit ) George W. Bush , president during the 9 / 11 terrorist attacks , approved the Patriot Act shortly after the attacks to take anti-terrorist security measures . Title 1 , 2 , and 9 specifically authorized measures that would be taken by the NSA . These titles granted enhanced domestic security against terrorism , surveillance procedures , and improved intelligence , respectively . On March 10 , 2004 , there was a debate between President Bush and White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales , Attorney General John Ashcroft , and Acting Attorney General James Comey . The Attorney Generals were unsure if the NSA 's programs could be considered constitutional . They threatened to resign over the matter , but ultimately the NSA 's programs continued . On March 11 , 2004 , President Bush signed a new authorization for mass surveillance of Internet records , in addition to the surveillance of phone records . This allowed the president to be able to override laws such as the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act , which protected civilians from mass surveillance . In addition to this , President Bush also signed that the measures of mass surveillance were also retroactively in place . The PRISM program ( edit ) PRISM : a clandestine surveillance program under which the NSA collects user data from companies like Microsoft and Facebook . Under the PRISM program , which started in 2007 , NSA gathers Internet communications from foreign targets from nine major U.S. Internet - based communication service providers : Microsoft , Yahoo , Google , Facebook , PalTalk , AOL , Skype , YouTube and Apple . Data gathered include email , video and voice chat , videos , photos , VoIP chats such as Skype , and file transfers . June 2015 -- WikiLeaks : industrial espionage ( edit ) In June 2015 , Wikileaks published documents , which showed that NSA spied on French companies . July 2015 -- WikiLeaks : espionage against German federal ministries ( edit ) In July 2015 , WikiLeaks published documents , which showed that NSA spied on federal German ministries since 1990s . Even Germany 's Chancellor Angela Merkel 's cellphones and phone of her predecessors had been intercepted . Claims of prevented terrorist attacks ( edit ) Former NSA director General Keith Alexander claimed that in September 2009 the NSA prevented Najibullah Zazi and his friends from carrying out a terrorist attack . However , this claim has been debunked and no evidence has been presented demonstrating that the NSA has ever been instrumental in preventing a terrorist attack . Hacking Operations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Besides the more traditional ways of eavesdropping in order to collect signals intelligence , NSA is also engaged in hacking computers , smartphones and their networks . These operations are conducted by the Tailored Access Operations ( TAO ) division . NSA 's China hacking group ( edit ) According to the Foreign Policy magazine , `` ... the Office of Tailored Access Operations , or TAO , has successfully penetrated Chinese computer and telecommunications systems for almost 15 years , generating some of the best and most reliable intelligence information about what is going on inside the People 's Republic of China . '' Syrian Internet blackout ( edit ) In an interview with Wired magazine , Edward Snowden said the Tailored Access Operations division accidentally caused Syria 's internet blackout in 2012 . Organizational structure ( edit ) Michael S. Rogers , the director of the NSA . The NSA is led by the Director of the National Security Agency ( DIRNSA ) , who also serves as Chief of the Central Security Service ( CHCSS ) and Commander of the United States Cyber Command ( USCYBERCOM ) and is the highest - ranking military official of these organizations . He is assisted by a Deputy Director , who is the highest - ranking civilian within the NSA / CSS . NSA also has an Inspector General , head of the Office of the Inspector General ( OIG ) , a General Counsel , head of the Office of the General Counsel ( OGC ) and a Director of Compliance , who is head of the Office of the Director of Compliance ( ODOC ) . Unlike other intelligence organizations such as CIA or DIA , NSA has always been particularly reticent concerning its internal organizational structure . As of the mid-1990s , the National Security Agency was organized into five Directorates : The Operations Directorate , which was responsible for SIGINT collection and processing . The Technology and Systems Directorate , which develops new technologies for SIGINT collection and processing . The Information Systems Security Directorate , which was responsible for NSA 's communications and information security missions . The Plans , Policy and Programs Directorate , which provided staff support and general direction for the Agency . The Support Services Directorate , which provided logistical and administrative support activities . Each of these directorates consisted of several groups or elements , designated by a letter . There were for example the A Group , which was responsible for all SIGINT operations against the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe , and G Group , which was responsible for SIGINT related to all non-communist countries . These groups were divided in units designated by an additional number , like unit A5 for breaking Soviet codes , and G6 , being the office for the Middle East , North Africa , Cuba , Central and South America . Directorates ( edit ) As of 2013 , NSA has about a dozen directorates , which are designated by a letter , although not all of them are publicly known . The directorates are divided in divisions and units starting with the letter of the parent directorate , followed by a number for the division , the sub-unit or a sub-sub - unit . The main elements of the organizational structure of the NSA are : F -- Directorate only known from unit F6 , the Special Collection Service ( SCS ) , which is a joint program created by CIA and NSA in 1978 to facilitate clandestine activities such as bugging computers throughout the world , using the expertise of both agencies . G -- Directorate only known from unit G112 , the office that manages the Senior Span platform , attached to the U2 spy planes . I -- Information Assurance Directorate ( IAD ) , which ensures availability , integrity , authentication , confidentiality , and non-repudiation of national security and telecommunications and information systems ( national security systems ) . J -- Directorate only known from unit J2 , the Cryptologic Intelligence Unit L -- Installation and Logistics M -- Human Resources Q -- Security and Counterintelligence R -- Research Directorate , which conducts research on signals intelligence and on information assurance for the U.S. Government . S -- Signals Intelligence Directorate ( SID ) , which is responsible for the collection , analysis , production and dissemination of signals intelligence . This directorate is led by a director and a deputy director . The SID consists of the following divisions : S1 -- Customer Relations S2 -- Analysis and Production Centers , with the following so - called Product Lines : S2A : South Asia , S2B : China and Korea , S2C : International Security , S2E : Middle East / Asia , S2F : International Crime , S2G : Counter-proliferation , S2H : Russia , S2I : Counter-terrorism , S2J : Weapons and Space , S2T : Current Threats S3 -- Data Acquisition , with these divisions for the main collection programs : S31 -- Cryptanalysis and Exploitation Services ( CES ) S32 -- Tailored Access Operations ( TAO ) , which hacks into foreign computers to conduct cyber-espionage and reportedly is `` the largest and arguably the most important component of the NSA 's huge Signal Intelligence ( SIGINT ) Directorate , consisting of over 1,000 military and civilian computer hackers , intelligence analysts , targeting specialists , computer hardware and software designers , and electrical engineers . '' S33 -- Global Access Operations ( GAO ) , which is responsible for intercepts from satellites and other international SIGINT platforms . A tool which details and maps the information collected by this unit is code - named Boundless Informant . S34 -- Collections Strategies and Requirements Center S35 -- Special Source Operations ( SSO ) , which is responsible for domestic and compartmented collection programs , like for example the PRISM program . Special Source Operations is also mentioned in connection to the FAIRVIEW collection program . T -- Technical Directorate ( TD ) Directorate for Education and Training Directorate for Corporate Leadership Foreign Affairs Directorate , which acts as liaison with foreign intelligence services , counter-intelligence centers and the UKUSA - partners . Acquisitions and Procurement Directorate Information Sharing Services ( ISS ) , led by a chief and a deputy chief . In the year 2000 , a leadership team was formed , consisting of the Director , the Deputy Director and the Directors of the Signals Intelligence ( SID ) , the Information Assurance ( IAD ) and the Technical Directorate ( TD ) . The chiefs of other main NSA divisions became associate directors of the senior leadership team . After president George W. Bush initiated the President 's Surveillance Program ( PSP ) in 2001 , the NSA created a 24 - hour Metadata Analysis Center ( MAC ) , followed in 2004 by the Advanced Analysis Division ( AAD ) , with the mission of analyzing content , Internet metadata and telephone metadata . Both units were part of the Signals Intelligence Directorate . A 2016 proposal would combine the Signals Intelligence Directorate with the Information Assurance Directorate into a Directorate of Operations . NSANet ( edit ) Behind the Green Door -- Secure communications room with separate computer terminals for access to SIPRNET , GWAN , NSANET , and JWICS NSANet stands for National Security Agency Network and is the official NSA intranet . It is a classified network , for information up to the level of TS / SCI to support the use and sharing of intelligence data between NSA and the signals intelligence agencies of the four other nations of the Five Eyes partnership . The management of NSANet has been delegated to the Central Security Service Texas ( CSSTEXAS ) . NSANet is a highly secured computer network consisting of fiber - optic and satellite communication channels which are almost completely separated from the public Internet . The network allows NSA personnel and civilian and military intelligence analysts anywhere in the world to have access to the agency 's systems and databases . This access is tightly controlled and monitored . For example , every keystroke is logged , activities are audited at random and downloading and printing of documents from NSANet are recorded . In 1998 , NSANet , along with NIPRNET and SIPRNET , had `` significant problems with poor search capabilities , unorganized data and old information '' . In 2004 , the network was reported to have used over twenty commercial off - the - shelf operating systems . Some universities that do highly sensitive research are allowed to connect to it . The thousands of Top Secret internal NSA documents that were taken by Edward Snowden in 2013 were stored in `` a file - sharing location on the NSA 's intranet site '' so they could easily be read online by NSA personnel . Everyone with a TS / SCI - clearance had access to these documents and as a system administrator , Snowden was responsible for moving accidentally misplaced highly sensitive documents to more secure storage locations . Watch Centers ( edit ) The NSA maintains at least two watch centers : National Security Operations Center ( NSOC ) , which is the NSA 's current operations center and focal point for time - sensitive SIGINT reporting for the United States SIGINT System ( USSS ) . This center was established in 1968 as the National SIGINT Watch Center ( NSWC ) and renamed into National SIGINT Operations Center ( NSOC ) in 1973 . This `` nerve center of the NSA '' got its current name in 1996 . NSA / CSS Threat Operations Center ( NTOC ) , which is the primary NSA / CSS partner for Department of Homeland Security response to cyber incidents . The NTOC establishes real - time network awareness and threat characterization capabilities to forecast , alert , and attribute malicious activity and enable the coordination of Computer Network Operations . The NTOC was established in 2004 as a joint Information Assurance and Signals Intelligence project . Employees ( edit ) The number of NSA employees is officially classified but there are several sources providing estimates . In 1961 , NSA had 59,000 military and civilian employees , which grew to 93,067 in 1969 , of which 19,300 worked at the headquarters at Fort Meade . In the early 1980s NSA had roughly 50,000 military and civilian personnel . By 1989 this number had grown again to 75,000 , of which 25,000 worked at the NSA headquarters . Between 1990 and 1995 the NSA 's budget and workforce were cut by one third , which led to a substantial loss of experience . In 2012 , the NSA said more than 30,000 employees worked at Fort Meade and other facilities . In 2012 , John C. Inglis , the deputy director , said that the total number of NSA employees is `` somewhere between 37,000 and one billion '' as a joke , and stated that the agency is `` probably the biggest employer of introverts . '' In 2013 Der Spiegel stated that the NSA had 40,000 employees . More widely , it has been described as the world 's largest single employer of mathematicians . Some NSA employees form part of the workforce of the National Reconnaissance Office ( NRO ) , the agency that provides the NSA with satellite signals intelligence . As of 2013 about 1,000 system administrators work for the NSA . Personnel Security ( edit ) The NSA received criticism early on in 1960 after two agents had defected to the Soviet Union . Investigations by the House Un-American Activities Committee and a special subcommittee of the United States House Committee on Armed Services revealed severe cases of ignorance in personnel security regulations , prompting the former personnel director and the director of security to step down and leading to the adoption of stricter security practices . Nonetheless , security breaches reoccurred only a year later when in an issue of Izvestia of July 23 , 1963 , a former NSA employee published several cryptologic secrets . The very same day , an NSA clerk - messenger committed suicide as ongoing investigations disclosed that he had sold secret information to the Soviets on a regular basis . The reluctance of Congressional houses to look into these affairs had prompted a journalist to write , `` If a similar series of tragic blunders occurred in any ordinary agency of Government an aroused public would insist that those responsible be officially censured , demoted , or fired . '' David Kahn criticized the NSA 's tactics of concealing its doings as smug and the Congress ' blind faith in the agency 's right - doing as shortsighted , and pointed out the necessity of surveillance by the Congress to prevent abuse of power . Edward Snowden 's leaking of the existence of PRISM in 2013 caused the NSA to institute a `` two - man rule '' , where two system administrators are required to be present when one accesses certain sensitive information . Snowden claims he suggested such a rule in 2009 . Polygraphing ( edit ) Defense Security Service ( DSS ) polygraph brochure given to NSA applicants The NSA conducts polygraph tests of employees . For new employees , the tests are meant to discover enemy spies who are applying to the NSA and to uncover any information that could make an applicant pliant to coercion . As part of the latter , historically EPQs or `` embarrassing personal questions '' about sexual behavior had been included in the NSA polygraph . The NSA also conducts five - year periodic reinvestigation polygraphs of employees , focusing on counterintelligence programs . In addition the NSA conducts periodic polygraph investigations in order to find spies and leakers ; those who refuse to take them may receive `` termination of employment '' , according to a 1982 memorandum from the director of the NSA . Play media NSA - produced video on the polygraph process There are also `` special access examination '' polygraphs for employees who wish to work in highly sensitive areas , and those polygraphs cover counterintelligence questions and some questions about behavior . NSA 's brochure states that the average test length is between two and four hours . A 1983 report of the Office of Technology Assessment stated that `` It appears that the NSA ( National Security Agency ) ( and possibly CIA ) use the polygraph not to determine deception or truthfulness per se , but as a technique of interrogation to encourage admissions . '' Sometimes applicants in the polygraph process confess to committing felonies such as murder , rape , and selling of illegal drugs . Between 1974 and 1979 , of the 20,511 job applicants who took polygraph tests , 695 ( 3.4 % ) confessed to previous felony crimes ; almost all of those crimes had been undetected . In 2010 the NSA produced a video explaining its polygraph process . The video , ten minutes long , is titled `` The Truth About the Polygraph '' and was posted to the Web site of the Defense Security Service . Jeff Stein of The Washington Post said that the video portrays `` various applicants , or actors playing them -- it 's not clear -- describing everything bad they had heard about the test , the implication being that none of it is true . '' AntiPolygraph.org argues that the NSA - produced video omits some information about the polygraph process ; it produced a video responding to the NSA video . George Maschke , the founder of the Web site , accused the NSA polygraph video of being `` Orwellian '' . After Edward Snowden revealed his identity in 2013 , the NSA began requiring polygraphing of employees once per quarter . Arbitrary firing ( edit ) The number of exemptions from legal requirements has been criticized . When in 1964 the Congress was hearing a bill giving the director of the NSA the power to fire at will any employee , The Washington Post wrote : `` This is the very definition of arbitrariness . It means that an employee could be discharged and disgraced on the basis of anonymous allegations without the slightest opportunity to defend himself . '' Yet , the bill was accepted by an overwhelming majority . Also , every person hired to a job in the US after 2007 , at any private organization , state or federal government agency , must be reported to the New Hire Registry , ostensibly to look for child support evaders , except that employees of an intelligence agency may be excluded from reporting if the director deems it necessary for national security reasons . Facilities ( edit ) Headquarters ( edit ) History of headquarters ( edit ) Headquarters at Fort Meade circa 1950s When the agency was first established , its headquarters and cryptographic center were in the Naval Security Station in Washington , D.C. The COMINT functions were located in Arlington Hall in Northern Virginia , which served as the headquarters of the U.S. Army 's cryptographic operations . Because the Soviet Union had detonated a nuclear bomb and because the facilities were crowded , the federal government wanted to move several agencies , including the AFSA / NSA . A planning committee considered Fort Knox , but Fort Meade , Maryland , was ultimately chosen as NSA headquarters because it was far enough away from Washington , D.C. in case of a nuclear strike and was close enough so its employees would not have to move their families . Construction of additional buildings began after the agency occupied buildings at Ft . Meade in the late 1950s , which they soon outgrew . In 1963 the new headquarters building , nine stories tall , opened . NSA workers referred to the building as the `` Headquarters Building '' and since the NSA management occupied the top floor , workers used `` Ninth Floor '' to refer to their leaders . COMSEC remained in Washington , D.C. , until its new building was completed in 1968 . In September 1986 , the Operations 2A and 2B buildings , both copper - shielded to prevent eavesdropping , opened with a dedication by President Ronald Reagan . The four NSA buildings became known as the `` Big Four . '' The NSA director moved to 2B when it opened . National Security Agency headquarters in Fort Meade , 2013 Headquarters for the National Security Agency is located at 39 ° 6 ′ 32 '' N 76 ° 46 ′ 17 '' W / 39.10889 ° N 76.77139 ° W / 39.10889 ; - 76.77139 in Fort George G. Meade , Maryland , although it is separate from other compounds and agencies that are based within this same military installation . Ft . Meade is about 20 mi ( 32 km ) southwest of Baltimore , and 25 mi ( 40 km ) northeast of Washington , DC . The NSA has two dedicated exits off Baltimore -- Washington Parkway . The Eastbound exit from the Parkway ( heading toward Baltimore ) is open to the public and provides employee access to its main campus and public access to the National Cryptology Museum . The Westbound side exit , ( heading toward Washington ) is labeled `` NSA Employees Only '' . The exit may only be used by people with the proper clearances , and security vehicles parked along the road guard the entrance . NSA is the largest employer in the U.S. state of Maryland , and two - thirds of its personnel work at Ft . Meade . Built on 350 acres ( 140 ha ; 0.55 sq mi ) of Ft . Meade 's 5,000 acres ( 2,000 ha ; 7.8 sq mi ) , the site has 1,300 buildings and an estimated 18,000 parking spaces . NSA headquarters building in Fort Meade ( left ) , NSOC ( right ) The main NSA headquarters and operations building is what James Bamford , author of Body of Secrets , describes as `` a modern boxy structure '' that appears similar to `` any stylish office building . '' The building is covered with one - way dark glass , which is lined with copper shielding in order to prevent espionage by trapping in signals and sounds . It contains 3,000,000 square feet ( 280,000 m ) , or more than 68 acres ( 28 ha ) , of floor space ; Bamford said that the U.S. Capitol `` could easily fit inside it four times over . '' The facility has over 100 watchposts , one of them being the visitor control center , a two - story area that serves as the entrance . At the entrance , a white pentagonal structure , visitor badges are issued to visitors and security clearances of employees are checked . The visitor center includes a painting of the NSA seal . The OPS2A building , the tallest building in the NSA complex and the location of much of the agency 's operations directorate , is accessible from the visitor center . Bamford described it as a `` dark glass Rubik 's Cube '' . The facility 's `` red corridor '' houses non-security operations such as concessions and the drug store . The name refers to the `` red badge '' which is worn by someone without a security clearance . The NSA headquarters includes a cafeteria , a credit union , ticket counters for airlines and entertainment , a barbershop , and a bank . NSA headquarters has its own post office , fire department , and police force . The employees at the NSA headquarters reside in various places in the Baltimore - Washington area , including Annapolis , Baltimore , and Columbia in Maryland and the District of Columbia , including the Georgetown community . The NSA maintains a shuttle service from the Odenton station of MARC to its Visitor Control Center and has done so since 2005 . Power consumption ( edit ) Due to massive amounts of data processing , NSA is the largest electricity consumer in Maryland . Following a major power outage in 2000 , in 2003 and in follow - ups through 2007 , The Baltimore Sun reported that the NSA was at risk of electrical overload because of insufficient internal electrical infrastructure at Fort Meade to support the amount of equipment being installed . This problem was apparently recognized in the 1990s but not made a priority , and `` now the agency 's ability to keep its operations going is threatened . '' On August 6 . 2006 , The Baltimore Sun reported that the NSA had completely maxed out the grid , and that Baltimore Gas & Electric ( BGE , now Constellation Energy ) was unable to sell them any more power . NSA decided to move some of its operations to a new satellite facility . BGE provided NSA with 65 to 75 megawatts at Ft . Meade in 2007 , and expected that an increase of 10 to 15 megawatts would be needed later that year . In 2011 , NSA at Ft . Meade was Maryland 's largest consumer of power . In 2007 , as BGE 's largest customer , NSA bought as much electricity as Annapolis , the capital city of Maryland . One estimate put the potential for power consumption by the new Utah Data Center at US $ 40 million per year . Computing assets ( edit ) In 1995 , The Baltimore Sun reported that the NSA is the owner of the single largest group of supercomputers . NSA held a groundbreaking ceremony at Ft . Meade in May 2013 for its High Performance Computing Center 2 , expected to open in 2016 . Called Site M , the center has a 150 megawatt power substation , 14 administrative buildings and 10 parking garages . It cost $3.2 billion and covers 227 acres ( 92 ha ; 0.355 sq mi ) . The center is 1,800,000 square feet ( 17 ha ; 0.065 sq mi ) and initially uses 60 megawatts of electricity . Increments II and III are expected to be completed by 2030 , and would quadruple the space , covering 5,800,000 square feet ( 54 ha ; 0.21 sq mi ) with 60 buildings and 40 parking garages . Defense contractors are also establishing or expanding cybersecurity facilities near the NSA and around the Washington metropolitan area . National computer Security Center ( edit ) The DoD Computer Security Center was founded in 1981 and renamed the National Computer Security Center ( NCSC ) in 1985 . NCSC was responsible for computer security throughout the federal government . NCSC was part of NSA , and during the late 1980s and the 1990s , NSA and NCSC published Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria in a six - foot high Rainbow Series of books that detailed trusted computing and network platform specifications . The Rainbow books were replaced by the Common Criteria , however , in the early 2000s . Other U.S. facilities ( edit ) Buckley Air Force Base in Colorado Utah Data Center As of 2012 , NSA collected intelligence from four geostationary satellites . Satellite receivers were at Roaring Creek Station in Catawissa , Pennsylvania and Salt Creek Station in Arbuckle , California . It operated ten to twenty taps on U.S. telecom switches . NSA had installations in several U.S. states and from them observed intercepts from Europe , the Middle East , North Africa , Latin America , and Asia . NSA had facilities at Friendship Annex ( FANX ) in Linthicum , Maryland , which is a 20 to 25 - minute drive from Ft . Meade ; the Aerospace Data Facility at Buckley Air Force Base in Aurora outside Denver , Colorado ; NSA Texas in the Texas Cryptology Center at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio , Texas ; NSA Georgia at Fort Gordon in Augusta , Georgia ; NSA Hawaii in Honolulu ; the Multiprogram Research Facility in Oak Ridge , Tennessee , and elsewhere . On January 6 , 2011 , a groundbreaking ceremony was held to begin construction on NSA 's first Comprehensive National Cyber-security Initiative ( CNCI ) Data Center , known as the `` Utah Data Center '' for short . The $1.5 B data center is being built at Camp Williams , Utah , located 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of Salt Lake City , and will help support the agency 's National Cyber-security Initiative . It is expected to be operational by September 2013 . In 2009 , to protect its assets and to access more electricity , NSA sought to decentralize and expand its existing facilities in Ft . Meade and Menwith Hill , the latter expansion expected to be completed by 2015 . The Yakima Herald - Republic cited Bamford , saying that many of NSA 's bases for its Echelon program were a legacy system , using outdated , 1990s technology . In 2004 , NSA closed its operations at Bad Aibling Station ( Field Station 81 ) in Bad Aibling , Germany . In 2012 , NSA began to move some of its operations at Yakima Research Station , Yakima Training Center , in Washington state to Colorado , planning to leave Yakima closed . As of 2013 , NSA also intended to close operations at Sugar Grove , West Virginia . International stations ( edit ) RAF Menwith Hill has the largest NSA presence in the United Kingdom . Following the signing in 1946 -- 1956 of the UKUSA Agreement between the United States , United Kingdom , Canada , Australia and New Zealand , who then cooperated on signals intelligence and ECHELON , NSA stations were built at GCHQ Bude in Morwenstow , United Kingdom ; Geraldton , Pine Gap and Shoal Bay , Australia ; Leitrim and Ottawa , Ontario , Canada ; Misawa , Japan ; and Waihopai and Tangimoana , New Zealand . NSA operates RAF Menwith Hill in North Yorkshire , United Kingdom , which was , according to BBC News in 2007 , the largest electronic monitoring station in the world . Planned in 1954 , and opened in 1960 , the base covered 562 acres ( 227 ha ; 0.878 sq mi ) in 1999 . The agency 's European Cryptologic Center ( ECC ) , with 240 employees in 2011 , is headquartered at a US military compound in Griesheim , near Frankfurt in Germany . A 2011 NSA report indicates that the ECC is responsible for the `` largest analysis and productivity in Europe '' and focusses on various priorities , including Africa , Europe , the Middle East and counterterrorism operations . In 2013 , a new Consolidated Intelligence Center , also to be used by NSA , is being built at the headquarters of the United States Army Europe in Wiesbaden , Germany . NSA 's partnership with Bundesnachrichtendienst ( BND ) , the German foreign intelligence service , was confirmed by BND president Gerhard Schindler . Thailand ( edit ) Thailand is a `` 3rd party partner '' of the NSA along with nine other nations . These are non-English - speaking countries that have made security agreements for the exchange of SIGINT raw material and end product reports . Thailand is the site of at least two US SIGINT collection stations . One is at the US Embassy in Bangkok , a joint NSA - CIA Special Collection Service ( SCS ) unit . It presumably eavesdrops on foreign embassies , governmental communications , and other targets of opportunity . The second installation is a FORNSAT ( foreign satellite interception ) station in the Thai city of Khon Kaen . It is codenamed INDRA , but has also been referred to as LEMONWOOD . The station is approximately 40 ha ( 100 acres ) in size and consists of a large 3,700 -- 4,600 m ( 40,000 -- 50,000 ft ) operations building on the west side of the ops compound and four radome - enclosed parabolic antennas . Possibly two of the radome - enclosed antennas are used for SATCOM intercept and two antennas used for relaying the intercepted material back to NSA . There is also a PUSHER - type circularly - disposed antenna array ( CDAA ) array just north of the ops compound . NSA activated Khon Kaen in October 1979 . Its mission was to eavesdrop on the radio traffic of Chinese army and air force units in southern China , especially in and around the city of Kunming in Yunnan Province . Back in the late 1970s the base consisted only of a small CDAA antenna array that was remote - controlled via satellite from the NSA listening post at Kunia , Hawaii , and a small force of civilian contractors from Bendix Field Engineering Corp. whose job it was to keep the antenna array and satellite relay facilities up and running 24 / 7 . According to the papers of the late General William Odom , the INDRA facility was upgraded in 1986 with a new British - made PUSHER CDAA antenna as part of an overall upgrade of NSA and Thai SIGINT facilities whose objective was to spy on the neighboring communist nations of Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia . The base apparently fell into disrepair in the 1990s as China and Vietnam became more friendly towards the US , and by 2002 archived satellite imagery showed that the PUSHER CDAA antenna had been torn down , perhaps indicating that the base had been closed . At some point in the period since 9 / 11 , the Khon Kaen base was reactivated and expanded to include a sizeable SATCOM intercept mission . It is likely that the NSA presence at Khon Kaen is relatively small , and that most of the work is done by civilian contractors . Research and development ( edit ) NSA has been involved in debates about public policy , both indirectly as a behind - the - scenes adviser to other departments , and directly during and after Vice Admiral Bobby Ray Inman 's directorship . NSA was a major player in the debates of the 1990s regarding the export of cryptography in the United States . Restrictions on export were reduced but not eliminated in 1996 . Its secure government communications work has involved the NSA in numerous technology areas , including the design of specialized communications hardware and software , production of dedicated semiconductors ( at the Ft . Meade chip fabrication plant ) , and advanced cryptography research . For 50 years , NSA designed and built most of its computer equipment in - house , but from the 1990s until about 2003 ( when the U.S. Congress curtailed the practice ) , the agency contracted with the private sector in the fields of research and equipment . Data encryption standard ( edit ) Main article : Data Encryption Standard FROSTBURG was the NSA 's first supercomputer , used from 1991 to 1997 NSA was embroiled in some minor controversy concerning its involvement in the creation of the Data Encryption Standard ( DES ) , a standard and public block cipher algorithm used by the U.S. government and banking community . During the development of DES by IBM in the 1970s , NSA recommended changes to some details of the design . There was suspicion that these changes had weakened the algorithm sufficiently to enable the agency to eavesdrop if required , including speculation that a critical component -- the so - called S - boxes -- had been altered to insert a `` backdoor '' and that the reduction in key length might have made it feasible for NSA to discover DES keys using massive computing power . It has since been observed that the S - boxes in DES are particularly resilient against differential cryptanalysis , a technique which was not publicly discovered until the late 1980s , but which was known to the IBM DES team . agency Advanced encryption standard ( edit ) Main article : Advanced Encryption Standard The involvement of NSA in the selection of a successor to Data Encryption Standard ( DES ) , the Advanced Encryption Standard ( AES ) , was limited to hardware performance testing ( see AES competition ) . NSA has subsequently certified AES for protection of classified information when used in NSA - approved systems . NSA encryption systems ( edit ) STU - III secure telephones on display at the National Cryptologic Museum Main article : NSA encryption systems The NSA is responsible for the encryption - related components in these legacy systems : FNBDT Future Narrow Band Digital Terminal KL - 7 ADONIS off - line rotor encryption machine ( post-WWII -- 1980s ) KW - 26 ROMULUS electronic in - line teletypewriter encryptor ( 1960s -- 1980s ) KW - 37 JASON fleet broadcast encryptor ( 1960s -- 1990s ) KY - 57 VINSON tactical radio voice encryptor KG - 84 Dedicated Data Encryption / Decryption STU - III secure telephone unit , phased out by the STE The NSA oversees encryption in following systems which are in use today : EKMS Electronic Key Management System Fortezza encryption based on portable crypto token in PC Card format SINCGARS tactical radio with cryptographically controlled frequency hopping STE secure terminal equipment TACLANE product line by General Dynamics C4 Systems The NSA has specified Suite A and Suite B cryptographic algorithm suites to be used in U.S. government systems ; the Suite B algorithms are a subset of those previously specified by NIST and are expected to serve for most information protection purposes , while the Suite A algorithms are secret and are intended for especially high levels of protection . SHA ( edit ) The widely used SHA - 1 and SHA - 2 hash functions were designed by NSA . SHA - 1 is a slight modification of the weaker SHA - 0 algorithm , also designed by NSA in 1993 . This small modification was suggested by NSA two years later , with no justification other than the fact that it provides additional security . An attack for SHA - 0 that does not apply to the revised algorithm was indeed found between 1998 and 2005 by academic cryptographers . Because of weaknesses and key length restrictions in SHA - 1 , NIST deprecates its use for digital signatures , and approves only the newer SHA - 2 algorithms for such applications from 2013 on . A new hash standard , SHA - 3 , has recently been selected through the competition concluded October 2 , 2012 with the selection of Keccak as the algorithm . The process to select SHA - 3 was similar to the one held in choosing the AES , but some doubts have been cast over it , since fundamental modifications have been made to Keccak in order to turn it into a standard . These changes potentially undermine the cryptanalysis performed during the competition and reduce the security levels of the algorithm . Dual_EC_DRBG random number generator cryptotrojan ( edit ) Main article : Dual_EC_DRBG NSA promoted the inclusion of a random number generator called Dual EC DRBG in the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology 's 2007 guidelines . This led to speculation of a backdoor which would allow NSA access to data encrypted by systems using that pseudo random number generator . This is now deemed to be plausible based on the fact that the output of the next iterations of the PRNG can provably be determined if the relation between two internal elliptic curve points is known . Both NIST and RSA are now officially recommending against the use of this PRNG . Clipper chip ( edit ) Main article : Clipper chip Because of concerns that widespread use of strong cryptography would hamper government use of wiretaps , NSA proposed the concept of key escrow in 1993 and introduced the Clipper chip that would offer stronger protection than DES but would allow access to encrypted data by authorized law enforcement officials . The proposal was strongly opposed and key escrow requirements ultimately went nowhere . However , NSA 's Fortezza hardware - based encryption cards , created for the Clipper project , are still used within government , and NSA ultimately declassified and published the design of the Skipjack cipher used on the cards . Perfect citizen ( edit ) Main article : Perfect Citizen Perfect Citizen is a program to perform vulnerability assessment by the NSA on U.S. critical infrastructure . It was originally reported to be a program to develop a system of sensors to detect cyber attacks on critical infrastructure computer networks in both the private and public sector through a network monitoring system named Einstein . It is funded by the Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative and thus far Raytheon has received a contract for up to $100 million for the initial stage . Academic research ( edit ) NSA has invested many millions of dollars in academic research under grant code prefix MDA904 , resulting in over 3,000 papers as of October 11 , 2007 . NSA / CSS has , at times , attempted to restrict the publication of academic research into cryptography ; for example , the Khufu and Khafre block ciphers were voluntarily withheld in response to an NSA request to do so . In response to a FOIA lawsuit , in 2013 the NSA released the 643 - page research paper titled , `` Untangling the Web : A Guide to Internet Research , '' written and compiled by NSA employees to assist other NSA workers in searching for information of interest to the agency on the public Internet . Patents ( edit ) NSA has the ability to file for a patent from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office under gag order . Unlike normal patents , these are not revealed to the public and do not expire . However , if the Patent Office receives an application for an identical patent from a third party , they will reveal NSA 's patent and officially grant it to NSA for the full term on that date . One of NSA 's published patents describes a method of geographically locating an individual computer site in an Internet - like network , based on the latency of multiple network connections . Although no public patent exists , NSA is reported to have used a similar locating technology called trilateralization that allows real - time tracking of an individual 's location , including altitude from ground level , using data obtained from cellphone towers . Insignia and memorials ( edit ) The heraldic insignia of NSA consists of an eagle inside a circle , grasping a key in its talons . The eagle represents the agency 's national mission . Its breast features a shield with bands of red and white , taken from the Great Seal of the United States and representing Congress . The key is taken from the emblem of Saint Peter and represents security . When the NSA was created , the agency had no emblem and used that of the Department of Defense . The agency adopted its first of two emblems in 1963 . The current NSA insignia has been in use since 1965 , when then - Director , LTG Marshall S. Carter ( USA ) ordered the creation of a device to represent the agency . The NSA 's flag consists of the agency 's seal on a light blue background . National Cryptologic Memorial Crews associated with NSA missions have been involved in a number of dangerous and deadly situations . The USS Liberty incident in 1967 and USS Pueblo incident in 1968 are examples of the losses endured during the Cold War . The National Security Agency / Central Security Service Cryptologic Memorial honors and remembers the fallen personnel , both military and civilian , of these intelligence missions . It is made of black granite , and has 171 names carved into it , as of 2013 . It is located at NSA headquarters . A tradition of declassifying the stories of the fallen was begun in 2001 . See also ( edit ) FAPSI -- Russia ( 1991 -- 2003 ) Australian Signals Directorate or ASD -- Australia Communications Security Establishment Canada or CSE -- Canada Five Eyes Canadian -- American -- Australian -- British -- New Zealander intelligence sharing agreement Garda National Surveillance Unit or NSU -- Ireland Government Communications Security Bureau or GCSB -- New Zealand Government Communications Headquarters or GCHQ -- United Kingdom Internal Security Department ( Singapore ) or ISD -- Singapore Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom Mass surveillance in the United States Ministry of State Security or Stasi -- former German Democratic Republic Ministry of State Security ( China ) or MSS -- China National Technical Research Organisation or NTRO -- India National Intelligence Priorities Framework Special Communications Service of Russia or Spetssvyaz -- Russia Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Operation Ivy Bells Operation Eikonal Edward Snowden Harold T. Martin III USS Maddox incident Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomas L. Burns . `` The Origins of the National Security Agency '' ( PDF ) . p. 97 . ^ Jump up to : `` 60 Years of Defending Our Nation '' ( PDF ) . National Security Agency . 2012 . p. 3 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . `` On November 4 , 2012 , the National Security Agency ( NSA ) celebrates its 60th anniversary of providing critical information to U.S. decision makers and Armed Forces personnel in defense of our Nation . NSA has evolved from a staff of approximately 7,600 military and civilian employees housed in 1952 in a vacated school in Arlington , VA , into a workforce of more than 30,000 demographically diverse men and women located at NSA headquarters in Ft . Meade , MD , in four national Cryptologic Centers , and at sites throughout the world . '' Jump up ^ Priest , Dana ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` NSA growth fueled by need to target terrorists '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . `` Since the attacks of Sept. 11 , 2001 , its civilian and military workforce has grown by one - third , to about 33,000 , according to the NSA . Its budget has roughly doubled . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Introverted ? Then NSA wants you . '' Florida Championship Wrestling. April 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prism Exposed : Data Surveillance with Global Implications '' . Spiegel Online International . June 10 , 2013 . p. 2 . `` How can an intelligence agency , even one as large and well - staffed as the NSA with its 40,000 employees , work meaningfully with such a flood of information ? '' ^ Jump up to : Gellman , Barton ; Greg Miller ( August 29 , 2013 ) . `` U.S. spy network 's successes , failures and objectives detailed in ' black budget ' summary '' . The Washington Post . p. 3 . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shane , Scott ( August 29 , 2013 ) . `` New Leaked Document Outlines U.S. Spending on Intelligence Agencies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About NSA : Mission '' . National Security Agency . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ellen Nakashima ( January 26 , 2008 ) . `` Bush Order Expands Network Monitoring : Intelligence Agencies to Track Intrusions '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Executive Order 13470 -- 2008 Amendments to Executive Order 12333 , United States Intelligence Activities , July 30 , 2008 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Bamford , James . Body of Secrets : Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency , Random House Digital , Inc. , December 18 , 2007 Jump up ^ Malkin , Bonnie . NSA surveillance : US bugged EU offices . The Daily Telegraph , June 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Ngak , Chenda . NSA leaker Snowden claimed U.S. and Israel co-wrote Stuxnet virus , CBS , July 9 , 2013 Jump up ^ Bamford , James ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Secret War '' . Wired Magazine . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ann Curry ( anchor ) , John Pike ( guest ) , Pete Williams ( guest ) and James Bamford ( guest ) ( February 27 , 2001 ) . `` Congress to Hold Closed Hearings on Accused Spy Robert Hanssen Later This Week '' . Today . NBC . Jump up ^ Lichtblau , Eric ( February 28 , 2001 ) . `` Spy Suspect May Have Revealed U.S. Bugging ; Espionage : Hanssen left signs that he told Russia where top - secret overseas eavesdropping devices are placed , officials say '' . Los Angeles Times . p . A1 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Executive Order 13470 -- 2008 Amendments to Executive Order 12333 , United States Intelligence Activities , Section C. 2 , July 30 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Obar , Jonathan A. ; Clement , Andrew ( 2013 ) . `` Internet Surveillance and Boomerang Routing : A Call for Canadian Network Sovereignty '' . TEM 2013 : Proceedings of the Technology & Emerging Media Track -- Annual Conference of the Canadian Communication Association ( Victoria , June 5 -- 7 , 2012 ) . SSRN 2311792 . Jump up ^ `` The National Archives , Records of the National Security Agency '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Many Lives of Herbert O. Yardley '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yardley , Herbert O. ( 1931 ) . The American black chamber . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 989 - 4 . Jump up ^ James Bamford . `` Building America 's secret surveillance state '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hastedt , Glenn P. ; Guerrier , Steven W. ( 2009 ) . Spies , wiretaps , and secret operations : An encyclopedia of American espionage . ABC - CLIO . p. 32 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 807 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Army Security Agency Established , 15 September 1945 '' . United States Army . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , Thomas L. `` The Origins of the National Security Agency 1940 -- 1952 ( U ) '' ( PDF ) . National Security Agency . p. 60 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Creation of NSA -- Part 2 of 3 : The Brownell Committee '' ( PDF ) . National Security Agency . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Truman , Harry S. ( October 24 , 1952 ) . `` Memorandum '' ( PDF ) . National Security Agency . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anne Gearan ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' No Such Agency ' spies on the communications of the world '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shane , Scott ( October 31 , 2005 ) . `` Vietnam Study , Casting Doubts , Remains Secret '' . The New York Times . The National Security Agency has kept secret since 2001 a finding by an agency historian that during the Tonkin Gulf episode , which helped precipitate the Vietnam War ^ Jump up to : `` Declassified NSA Files Show Agency Spied on Muhammad Ali and MLK Operation Minaret Set Up in 1960s to Monitor Anti-Vietnam Critics , Branded ' Disreputable If Not Outright Illegal ' by NSA Itself '' The Guardian , September 26 , 2013 Jump up ^ Boak , David G. ( July 1973 ) ( 1966 ) . A History of U.S. Communications Security ; the David G. Boak Lectures , Vol. 1 ( pdf ) ( 2015 partial declassification ed . ) . Ft . George G. Meade , MD : U.S. National Security Agency . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-Emption -- The Nsa And The Telecoms -- Spying On The Home Front -- FRONTLINE -- PBS '' . pbs.org . Jump up ^ Cohen , Martin ( 2006 ) . No Holiday : 80 Places You Do n't Want to Visit . New York : Disinformation Company Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932857 - 29 - 0 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Moyers Journal ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` The Church Committee and FISA '' . Public Affairs Television . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Book IV , Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Foreign and Military Intelligence ( 94th Congress , Senate report 94 - 755 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence . April 23 , 1976 . p. 67 ( 72 ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Book II , Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans ( 94th Congress , Senate report 94 - 755 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence . April 26 , 1976 . p. 124 ( 108 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seymour M. Hersh ( February 22 , 1987 ) . `` TARGET QADDAFI '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Wise ( May 18 , 1986 ) . `` Espionage Case Pits CIA Against News Media '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . the President took an unprecedented step in discussing the content of the Libyan cables . He was , by implication , revealing that NSA had broken the Libyan code . Jump up ^ Peggy Becker ( October 1999 ) . DEVELOPMENT OF SURVEILLANCE TECHNOLOGY AND RISK OF ABUSE OF ECONOMIC INFORMATION ( Report ) . STOA , European Parliament . p. 12 . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( June 13 , 2003 ) . `` NSA honors 4 in the science of codes '' . The Baltimore Sun . Tribune Company . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James Bamford ( 2007 ) . Body of Secrets : Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . p. 454 . ISBN 0 - 307 - 42505 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Siobhan ( May 17 , 2006 ) . `` NSA killed system that sifted phone data legally '' . Baltimore Sun . Tribune Company ( Chicago , IL ) . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved March 7 , 2008 . The privacy protections offered by ThinThread were also abandoned in the post -- September 11 push by the president for a faster response to terrorism . Jump up ^ Bamford , Shadow Factory , pp. 325 -- 340 . Jump up ^ Baltimore Sun ( May 6 , 2007 ) . `` Management shortcomings seen at NSA '' . baltimoresun.com . Jump up ^ Bamford , James ( December 25 , 2005 ) . `` The Agency That Could Be Big Brother '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Priest , Dana and Arkin , William , A hidden world , growing beyond control , The Washington Post Jump up ^ `` National Security Agency and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Form New Partnership to Increase National Focus on Cyber Security Education '' ( Press release ) . NSA Public and Media Affairs . April 22 , 2004 . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Laura Poitras , Marcel Rosenbach & Holger Stark . `` Ally and Target : US Intelligence Watches Germany Closely '' . Der Spiegel . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DeYoung , Karen ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Colombia asks Kerry to explain NSA spying '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greg Miller and Julie Tate , October 17 , 2013 , `` Documents reveal NSA 's extensive involvement in targeted killing program '' , The Washington Post . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Laura Poitras , Marcel Rosenbach , Fidelius Schmid und Holger Stark . `` Geheimdokumente : NSA horcht EU - Vertretungen mit Wanzen aus '' . Der Spiegel ( in German ) . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US - Geheimdienst hörte Zentrale der Vereinten Nationen ab '' . Der Spiegel ( in German ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ECHELON AND THE LEGAL RESTRAINTS ON SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE : A NEED FOR REEVALUATION by LAWRENCE D. SLOAN on April 30 , 2001 Jump up ^ Liu , Edward C. et . al. ( May 21 , 2015 ) Overview of Constitutional Challenges to NSA Collection Activities . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's changes to NSA data collection published on February 5 , 2015 , by Christina Murray quoting David E. Sanger of The New York Times '' . Jump up ^ James Risen & Eric Lichtblau ( December 16 , 2005 ) , Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts , The New York Times Jump up ^ `` Gwu.edu '' . Gwu.edu . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Circuit Court of Appeals Decision '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mike Rosen - Molina ( May 19 , 2007 ) . `` Ex-Guantanamo lawyers sue for recordings of client meetings '' . The Jurist . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2008 . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CCR v. Bush '' . Center for Constitutional Rights . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ KJ Mullins ( September 20 , 2008 ) . `` Jewel Vs. NSA Aims To Stop Illegal Surveillance '' . Digital Journal . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jewel v. NSA ( complaint ) . September 18 , 2008 . Electronic Frontier Foundation . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kravets , David ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Claims Immunity , As New Spy Case Takes Center Stage '' . Wired . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For Your Eyes Only ? '' . NOW . February 16 , 2007 . on PBS Jump up ^ Gorman , Siobahn ( March 10 , 2008 ) . `` NSA 's Domestic Spying Grows As Agency Sweeps Up Data '' . The Wall Street Journal Online . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2009 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Liberty and Security in a Changing World -- Report and Recommendations of The President 's Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies , December 12 , 2013 , 308 pages Jump up ^ Mark Hosenball ; Will Dunham ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` White House , spy agencies deny NSA exploited ' Heartbleed ' bug '' . Reuters . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ John Shiffman and Kristina Cooke ( August 5 , 2013 ) Exclusive : U.S. directs agents to cover up program used to investigate Americans . Reuters . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John Shiffman and David Ingram ( August 7 , 2013 ) Exclusive : IRS manual detailed DEA 's use of hidden intel evidence . Reuters . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lichtblau , Eric & Risen , James ( April 15 , 2009 ) . `` N.S.A. 's Intercepts Exceed Limits Set by Congress '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Spencer ( April 16 , 2009 ) . `` NSA Revelations Spark Push to Restore FISA '' . The Washington Independent . Center for Independent Media . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2009 . Retrieved April 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics on whether the NSA 's Secret Data Collection is Acceptable '' . Statista . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 59 % Oppose Government 's Secret Collecting of Phone Records '' . Rasmussen Reports . June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newport , Frank ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Americans Disapprove of Government Surveillance Programs '' . Gallup . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Majority Views NSA Phone Tracking as Acceptable Anti-terror Tactic '' . Pew Research Center . June 10 , 2013 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Glenn Greenwald ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` Revealed : NSA collecting phone records of millions of Americans daily '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Charlie Savage , Edward Wyatt ( 2013 - 06 - 05 ) . `` U.S. Is Secretly Collecting Records of Verizon Calls '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` N.S.A. Said to Search Content of Messages to and From U.S '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nakashima , Ellen . `` NSA phone record collection does little to prevent terrorist attacks , group says '' , The Washington Post , January 12 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Nakashima , Ellen . / `` NSA chief defends collecting Americans ' data '' , The Washington Post , September 25 , 2013 Jump up ^ Federal judge rules NSA program is likely unconstitutional , The Washington Post , December 16 , 2013 Jump up ^ New Rules for the National Security Agency by the Editorial Board on May 10 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Charlie Savage , Jonathan Weisman ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) . `` N.S.A. Collection of Bulk Call Data is Ruled Illegal '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Rand Paul vs. Washington DC on the USA Freedom Act '' . HotAir . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Top Level Telecommunications , Slides about NSA 's Upstream collection , January 17 , 2014 Jump up ^ NSA paying U.S. companies for access to communications networks by Craig Timberg and Barton Gellman on August 29 , 2013 Jump up ^ NSA PRISM Controversy : Apple , Facebook , Google , more deny knowledge by Digital Spy on June 6 , 2013 Jump up ^ Microsoft , Facebook , Google and Yahoo release US surveillance requests by Spencer Ackerman and Dominic Rushe on February 3 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Memorandum of the United States in Response to the Court 's Order Dated January 28 , 2009 ( PDF ) . Washington DC : Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court Washington DC . January 28 , 2009 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Andy . `` NSA Secretly Admitted Illegally Tracking Thousands Of ' Alert List ' Phone Numbers For Years '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Russel . `` NSA illegally searched 15,000 suspects ' phone records , according to declassified report '' . The Verge . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Timm , Trevor . `` Government Releases NSA Surveillance Docs and Previously Secret FISA Court Opinions in Response to EFF Lawsuit '' . Electronic Frontier Foundation . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barton Gellman and Ashton Solanti , December 5 , 2013 , `` NSA tracking cellphone locations worldwide , Snowden documents show '' , The Washington Post . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwald , Glenn ; MacAskill , Ewen ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple , Google and others '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gellman and Soltani , October 15 , 2013 `` NSA collects millions of e-mail address books globally '' , The Washington Post . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Perlroth , Larson and Shane , `` N.S.A. Able to Foil Basic Safeguards of Privacy on Web '' , The New York Times September 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles `` Academics criticise NSA and GCHQ for weakening online encryption '' , The Guardian September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Senators : Limit NSA snooping into US phone records '' . Associated Press . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . `` Is it the goal of the NSA to collect the phone records of all Americans ? '' Udall asked at Thursday 's hearing . `` Yes , I believe it is in the nation 's best interest to put all the phone records into a lockbox that we could search when the nation needs to do it . Yes , '' Alexander replied . Jump up ^ Glenn Greenwald ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` NSA collecting phone records of millions of Verizon customers daily '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Court Reveals ' Secret Interpretation ' Of The Patriot Act , Allowing NSA To Collect All Phone Call Data , September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : U.S. directs agents to cover up program used to investigate Americans '' . Reuters . August 5 , 2013 . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Glenn Greenwald , Ryan Gallagher & Ryan Grim , November 26 , 2013 , `` Top - Secret Document Reveals NSA Spied On Porn Habits As Part Of Plan To Discredit ' Radicalizers ' '' , Huffington Post . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vast majority of NSA spy targets are mistakenly monitored '' . Philadelphia News.Net . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glen , `` Members of Congress denied access to basic information about NSA '' , The Guardian , August 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NSA Monitored Calls of 35 World Leaders After US Official Handed Over Contacts '' . The Guardian . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Loennig , C. , `` Court : Ability to police U.S. spying program limited '' , The Washington Post , August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gellman , B. NSA broke privacy rules thousands of times per year , audit finds , The Washington Post , August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , S. NSA Officers Spy on Love Interests , Wall St Journal , August 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andrea Peterson , LOVEINT : When NSA officers use their spying power on love interests , The Washington Post ( August 24 , 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : Spencer Ackerman , November 19 , 2013 , `` Fisa court documents reveal extent of NSA disregard for privacy restrictions '' , The Guardian . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John D Bates ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` ( redacted ) '' . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Ellen Nakashima , Julie Tate and Carol Leonnig ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Declassified court documents highlight NSA violations in data collection for surveillance '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richard Leon , December 16 , 2013 , Memorandum Opinion , Klayman vs. Obama . U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia . Reproduced on The Guardian website . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bazzle , Steph ( December 27 , 2013 ) . `` Judge Says NSA 's Data Collection Is Legal '' . Indyposted . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2013 . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kessler , Glenn , James Clapper 's ' least untruthful ' statement to the Senate , June 12 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Glenn Greenwald , XKeyscore : NSA tool collects ' nearly everything a user does on the internet ' , The Guardian ( July 31 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Kube , C. , June 27 , 2013 , `` NSA chief says surveillance programs helped foil 54 plots '' , US News on nbcnews.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NSA Confirms Dragnet Phone Records Collection , But Admits It Was Key in Stopping Just 1 Terror Plot '' , Democracy Now August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indictment : USA vs Basaaly Saeed Moalin , Mohamed Mohamed Mohamud and Issa Doreh '' . Southern District of California July 2010 Grand Jury . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 54 Attacks in 20 Countries Thwarted By NSA Collection '' ( Press release ) . The Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence . July 23 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Senate caves , votes to give telecoms retroactive immunity '' . Ars Technica . February 13 , 2008 . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Forget Retroactive Immunity , FISA Bill is also about Prospective Immunity '' . The Progressive . July 10 , 2008 . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Restricted Web access to the Guardian is Armywide , say officials '' , Philipp Molnar , Monterey Herald , June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Spencer ; Roberts , Dan ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` US Army Blocks Access to Guardian Website to Preserve ' Network Hygiene ' -- Military Admits to Filtering Reports and Content Relating to Government Surveillance Programs for Thousands of Personnel '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Spencer ( July 1 , 2013 ) . `` US military blocks entire Guardian website for troops stationed abroad '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` UN Report Finds Mass Surveillance Violates International Treaties and Privacy Rights '' . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Ingram , NSA sued by Wikimedia , rights groups over mass surveillance , Reuters ( March 10 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` Federal Court Revives Wikimedia 's Challenge to N.S.A. Surveillance '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Wong , Julia Carrie ; Solon , Olivia ( 12 May 2017 ) . `` Massive ransomware cyber-attack hits 74 countries around the world '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Kharpal , Arjun ( 19 May 2017 ) . `` Cyberattack that hit 200,000 users was ' huge screw - up ' by government , Wikipedia 's Jimmy Wales says '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Intro to the VPN Exploitation Process '' ( PDF ) . http://www.spiegel.de/ . Spiegel . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hager , Nicky ( 1996 ) . Secret Power : New Zealand 's Role in the International Spy Network . Craig Potton Publishing . p. 55 . ISBN 0 - 908802 - 35 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's kind of a legacy system , this whole idea , the Echelon , '' Bamford said . `` Communications have changed a great deal since they built it . '' in Muir , Pat ( May 27 , 2013 ) . `` Secret Yakima facility may be outdated , expert says '' . Yakima Herald - Republic . Seattle Times . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richelson , Jeffrey T. ; Ball , Desmond ( 1985 ) . The Ties That Bind : Intelligence Cooperation Between the UKUSA Countries . London : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 327092 - 1 Jump up ^ Patrick S. Poole , Echelon : America 's Secret Global Surveillance Network ( Washington , D.C. : Free Congress Foundation , October 1998 ) Jump up ^ Echelon `` , 60 Minutes , February 27 , 2000 Jump up ^ Campbell , Duncan ( August 12 , 1988 ) . `` They 've Got It Taped '' ( PDF ) . New Statesman via duncancampbell.org . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ Bomford , Andrew ( November 3 , 1999 ) . `` Echelon spy network revealed '' . BBC . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` European Parliament Report on Echelon '' ( PDF ) . July 2001 . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nicky Hager Appearance before the European Parliament Echelon Committee '' . Nicky Hager. April 2001 . Jump up ^ Glenn Greenwald ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Top - Secret Documents Reveal NSA Spied on Porn Habits as Part of Plan to Discredit ' Radicalizers ' '' . The Huffington Post . London . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ James Risen ; Laura Poitras ( May 31 , 2014 ) . `` N.S.A. Collecting Millions of Faces From Web Images '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ellen Nakashima ; Joby Warrick ( July 14 , 2013 ) . `` For NSA chief , terrorist threat drives passion to ' collect it all , ' observers say '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Collect it all , tag it , store it ... And whatever it is you want , you go searching for it . Jump up ^ Glenn Greenwald ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` The crux of the NSA story in one phrase : ' collect it all ' : The actual story that matters is not hard to see : the NSA is attempting to collect , monitor and store all forms of human communication '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ France in the NSA 's crosshair : phone networks under surveillance Le Monde October 21 , 2013 Jump up ^ The Guardian , June 8 , 2013 Jump up ^ Perlroth , Nicole ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Government Announces Steps to Restore Confidence on Encryption Standards '' . The New York Times ( Bits blog ) . ^ Jump up to : Perlroth , Nicole , Larson , Jeff , and Shane , Scott ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` The NSA 's Secret Campaign to Crack , Undermine Internet Security '' . ProPublica . This story has been reported in partnership between The New York Times , the Guardian and ProPublica based on documents obtained by The Guardian . For the Guardian : James Ball , Julian Borger , Glenn Greenwald ; For the New York Times : Nicole Perlroth , Scott Shane ; For ProPublica : Jeff Larson CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Schneier on Security : The Strange Story of Dual_EC_DRBG '' . Schneier.com . November 15 , 2007 . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ J. Appelbaum ; A. Gibson ; J. Goetz ; V. Kabisch ; L. Kampf ; L. Ryge ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` NSA targets the privacy - conscious '' . Panorama . Norddeutscher Rundfunk . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lena Kampf , Jacob Appelbaum & John Goetz , Norddeutscher Rundfunk ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` Deutsche im Visier des US - Geheimdienstes : Von der NSA als Extremist gebrandmarkt '' ( in German ) . ARD . Jump up ^ `` TechWeekEurope : Linus Torvalds Jokes The NSA Wanted A Backdoor In Linux '' . linuxfoundation.org . Jump up ^ `` NSA Asked Linus Torvalds To Install Backdoors Into GNU / Linux '' . falkvinge.net . Jump up ^ `` Civil Liberties , Justice and Home Affairs -- Hearings '' . europa.eu . Jump up ^ `` The Swedes discover Lotus Notes has key escrow ! '' The Risks Digest , Volume 19 , Issue 52 , December 24 , 1997 Jump up ^ Only NSA can listen , so that 's OK Heise , 1999 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Sean ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Photos of an NSA `` upgrade '' factory show Cisco router getting implant `` . Ars Technica . Jump up ^ Whitwam , Ryan ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` The NSA regularly intercepts laptop shipments to implant malware report says '' . extremetech.com . Jump up ^ http://www.spiegel.de/static/happ/netzwelt/2014/na/v1/pub/img/USB/S3223_COTTONMOUTH-I.jpg Jump up ^ nsa.gov : The NSA story , retrieved January 19 , 2015 -- Page 3 : ' NSA ... will work with the FBI and other agencies to connect the dots between foreign - based actors and their activities in the U.S. ' Jump up ^ Domestic Surveillance Directorate website , retrieved January 19 , 2015 Jump up ^ forbes.com : The Definitive NSA Parody Site Is Actually Informative , retrieved January 19 , 2015 Jump up ^ John D Bates ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` ( redacted ) '' ( PDF ) . pp. 73 -- 74 . ^ Jump up to : David Alan Jordan . Decrypting the Fourth Amendment : Warrantless NSA Surveillance and the Enhanced Expectation of Privacy Provided by Encrypted Voice over Internet Protocol Archived 2007 - 10 - 30 at the Wayback Machine ... Boston College Law Review . May 2006 . Last access date January 23 , 2007 Jump up ^ Provost , Colin ( 2009 ) . President George W. Bush 's Influence Over Bureaucracy and Policy . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 94 -- 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 60954 - 9 . Jump up ^ Charlie Savage ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) . `` George W. Bush Made Retroactive N.S.A. ' Fix ' After Hospital Room Showdown '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gellman , Barton ; Poitras , Laura ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` U.S. intelligence mining data from nine U.S. Internet companies in broad secret program '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` NSA taps in to internet giants ' systems to mine user data , secret files reveal '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft handed the NSA access to encrypted messages '' . The Guardian . July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spiegel.de : Wikileaks - Enthüllung , NSA soll auch französische Wirtschaft bespizelt haben ( German ) , June 2015 Jump up ^ kwi ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` Wikileaks : Und täglich grüßt die NSA '' . handelsblatt.com . Jump up ^ Sueddeutsche.de : US - Spionage ist eine Demütigung für Deutschland ( German ) , 10 July 2015 Jump up ^ Reuters ( 8 July 2015 ) . `` NSA tapped German Chancellery for decades , WikiLeaks claims '' -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ Angwin , Julia ( 2014 ) . Dragnet Nation : A Quest for Privacy , Security , and Freedom in a World of Relentless Surveillance . Times Books / Henry Holt and Company . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 9807 - 5 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Justin and Meyer , Theodoric https://www.propublica.org/article/claim-on-attacks-thwarted-by-nsa-spreads-despite-lack-of-evidence ProPublica . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Masnick , Mike https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20131220/11312025653/judge-intelligence-task-force-both-seem-stunned-nsa-couldnt-provide-single-example-data-collection-stopping-terrorism.shtml Techdirt . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Adam and Apuzzo , Matt http://bigstory.ap.org/article/nyc-bomb-plot-details-settle-little-nsa-debate Associated Press . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Isikoff , Michael http://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/nsa-program-stopped-no-terror-attacks-says-white-house-panel-f2D11783588 NBC News . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. NSA Unit ' TAO ' Hacking China For Years '' . Business Insider . June 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Secret NSA hackers from TAO Office have been pwning China for nearly 15 years '' . Computerworld . June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flubbed NSA Hack Caused Massive 2012 Syrian Internet Blackout , Snowden Says '' . International Business Times . August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ These offices are for example mentioned in a FISA court order from 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Security Agency '' . fas.org . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matthew M. Aid , The Secret Sentry , New York , 2009 , pp. 130 , 138 , 156 -- 158 . Jump up ^ See also the information about the historical structure of NSA that is archived at FAS.org Jump up ^ TheWeek.com : The NSA 's secret org chart , September 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ D.B. Grady . `` Inside the secret world of America 's top eavesdropping spies '' . Jump up ^ Marc Ambinder , Solving the mystery of PRISM , June 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ National Intelligence -- a consumer 's guide ( PDF ) 2009 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Aid , Matthew M. ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Inside the NSA 's Ultra-Secret China Hacking Group '' . Foreign Policy . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marc Ambinder , How a single IT tech could spy on the world , June 10 , 2013 Jump up ^ The Special Source Operations logo can be seen on slides about the FAIRVIEW program . Jump up ^ This is mentioned in a FISA court order from 2011 . Jump up ^ National Security Agency -- 60 Years of Defending Our Nation , Anniversary booklet , 2012 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Marc Ambinder , 3008 Selectors , June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ellen Nakashima . National Security Agency plans major reorganization . The Washington Post , Feb 2016 . Jump up ^ National Security Agency ( 2009 ) . `` ARC Registration '' ( PDF ) . NSA ARC . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DNI ( 2009 ) . `` 2009 National Intelligence Consumer 's Guide '' ( PDF ) . Director of National Intelligence . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ US Army . `` Theater Army Operations , Field Manual No. 3 - 93 ( 100 -- 7 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ LACKLAND SECURITY HILL ENTERPRISE INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT , October 1 , 2010 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Marc Ambinder , How a single IT tech could spy on the world , June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Misiewicz ( September 1998 ) . `` Thesis ; Modeling and Simulation of a Global Reachback Architecture ... '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joe Jarzombek ( 2004 ) . `` Systems , Network , and Information Integration Context for Software Assurance '' ( PDF ) . Carnegie Mellon University . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christopher Griffin ( 2010 ) . `` Dealing with Sensitive Data at Penn State 's Applied Research Laboratory : Approach and Examples '' ( PDF ) . msu.edu . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NPR.org : Officials : Edward Snowden 's Leaks Were Masked By Job Duties , September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Top Level Telecommunications : Pictures at the NSA 's 60th anniversary Jump up ^ National Security Agency -- 60 Years of Defending Our Nation , Anniversary booklet , 2012 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Matthew M. Aid , The Secret Sentry , New York , 2009 , pp. 128 , 148 , 190 and 198 . Jump up ^ Harvey A. Davis ( March 12 , 2002 ) . Statement for the Record ( Speech ) . 342 Dirksen Senate Office Building , Washington , D.C . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Drew , Christopher & Somini Sengupta ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` N.S.A. Leak Puts Focus on System Administrators '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : David Kahn , The Codebreakers , Scribner Press , 1967 , chapter 19 , pp. 672 -- 733 . Jump up ^ Barton Gellman ( December 25 , 2013 ) . `` Edward Snowden , after months of NSA revelations , says his mission 's accomplished '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Bauer , Craig P. ( 2013 ) . Secret History : The Story of Cryptology . CRC Press . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4665 - 6186 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Bamford. `` page 538 '' . Body of Secrets . Jump up ^ `` Your Polygraph Examination : An Important Appointment to Keep '' ( PDF ) . National Security Agency . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Susan . `` The truth about the polygraph '' . Salon . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nagesh , Gautham ( June 14 , 2010 ) . `` NSA video tries to dispel fear about polygraph use during job interviews '' . The Hill . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stein , Jeff . `` NSA lie detectors no sweat , video says . '' The Washington Post . June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Drezner , Daniel . `` Tone - Deaf at the Listening Post . '' Foreign Policy . December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . `` Snowden has also changed the way the NSA is doing business . Analysts have gone from being polygraphed once every five years to once every quarter . '' Jump up ^ `` 60 Years of Defending Our Nation '' ( PDF ) . National Security Agency . 2012 . p. 15 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 60 Years of Defending Our Nation '' ( PDF ) . National Security Agency . 2012 . p. 10 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 60 Years of Defending Our Nation '' ( PDF ) . National Security Agency . 2012 . p. 23 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 60 Years of Defending Our Nation '' ( PDF ) . National Security Agency . 2012 . p. 39 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Cryptologic Support Battalion : Intelligence Department : Fort Meade , MD : New Joins '' . United States Marine Corps . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Just off the Baltimore - Washington Parkway , about 25 miles northeast of Washington , is a secret city . Fort Meade , in suburban Maryland , is home to the National Security Agency -- the NSA , sometimes wryly referred to as No Such Agency or Never Say Anything . '' and `` It contains almost 70 miles of roads , 1,300 buildings , each identified by a number , and 18,000 parking spaces as well as a shopping centre , golf courses , chain restaurants and every other accoutrement of Anywhere , USA . '' in `` Free introduction to : Who 's reading your emails ? '' . The Sunday Times . June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Sernovitz , Daniel J. `` NSA opens doors for local businesses . '' Baltimore Business Journal . August 26 , 2010 . Updated August 27 , 2010 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . `` But for many more , the event was the first time attendees got the chance to take the `` NSA Employees Only '' exit off the Baltimore - Washington Parkway beyond the restricted gates of the agency 's headquarters . '' Jump up ^ Weiland and Wilsey , p. 208 . `` ( ... ) housing integration has invalidated Montpelier 's Ivory Pass and the National Security Agency has posted an exit ramp off the Baltimore - Washington Parkway that reads NSA . '' Jump up ^ Grier , Peter and Harry Bruinius . `` In the end , NSA might not need to snoop so secretly . '' The Christian Science Monitor . June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barnett , Mark L. ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Small Business Brief '' ( PDF ) . Office of Small Business Programs , NSA , via The Greater Baltimore Committee . p. 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 13 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Siobhan ( August 6 , 2006 ) . `` NSA risking electrical overload '' . The Baltimore Sun . Tribune Company . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dozier , Kimberly ( June 9 , 2013 ) . `` NSA claims know - how to ensure no illegal spying '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Geeks ' R ' us '' . The Baltimore Sun . Tribune Company . January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bamford , Body of Secrets : Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency , p. 488 . `` At the heart of the invisible city is NSA 's massive Headquarters / Operations Building . With more than sixty - eight acres of floor space , ( ... ) '' and `` Entrance is first made through the two - story Visitor Control Center , one ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ Bamford , Body of Secrets : Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency , p. 488 -- 489 . `` ( ... ) one of more than 100 fixed watch posts within the secret city manned by the armed NSA police . It is here that clearances are checked and visitor badges are issued . '' ^ Jump up to : Bamford , Body of Secrets : Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency , p. 490 . `` And then there is the red badge -- ( ... ) and is normally worn by people working in the `` Red Corridor '' -- the drugstore and other concession areas ( ... ) Those with a red badge are forbidden to go anywhere near classified information and are restricted to a few corridors and administrative areas -- the bank , the barbershop , the cafeteria , the credit union , the airline and entertainment ticket counters . '' and `` Once inside the white , pentagonal Visitor Control Center , employees are greeted by a six - foot painting of the NSA seal ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ Bamford , Body of Secrets : Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency , p. 489 . `` It is here that clearances are checked and visitor badges are issued . '' Jump up ^ Bamford , Body of Secrets : Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency , p. 491 . `` From the Visitor Control Center one enters the eleven - story , million OPS2A , the tallest building in the City . Shaped like a dark glass Rubik 's Cube , the building houses much of NSA 's Operations Directorate , which is responsible for processing the ocean of intercepts and prying open the complex cipher systems . '' ^ Jump up to : Bamford , James ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Secret War '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Career Fields / Other Opportunities / NSA Police Officers section of the NSA website '' . Nsa.gov . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ T.C. Carrington ; Debra L.Z. Potts ( September 1999 ) . `` National Security Agency Newsletter , Protective Services - More Than Meets the Eye . An Overview of NSA 's Protective Services volume XLVII , No. 9 '' ( PDF ) . nsa.gov . pp. 8 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Explore NSA . '' ( Archive ) National Security Agency . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . `` Other Locations '' and `` Our employees live along the Colonial - era streets of Annapolis and Georgetown ; in the suburban surroundings of Columbia ; near the excitement of Baltimore 's Inner Harbor ; along rolling hills adjacent to working farms ; near the shores of the Chesapeake Bay ; and amid the monumental history of Washington , DC . '' Jump up ^ McCombs , Alan J. ( 2009 - 02 - 23 ) . `` Fort Meade launches commuter shuttle service '' . United States Army . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Sabar , Ariel ( January 2 , 2003 ) . `` NSA still subject to electronic failure '' . and `` Agency officials anticipated the problem nearly a decade ago as they looked ahead at the technology needs of the agency , sources said , but it was never made a priority , and now the agency 's ability to keep its operations going is threatened . '' and `` The NSA is Baltimore Gas & Electric 's largest customer , using as much electricity as the city of Annapolis , according to James Bamford ... '' in Gorman , Siobhan ( August 6 , 2006 ) . `` NSA risking electrical overload '' . and Gorman , Siobhan ( January 26 , 2007 ) . `` NSA electricity crisis gets Senate scrutiny '' . and Gorman , Siobhan ( June 24 , 2007 ) . `` Power supply still a vexation for the NSA '' . The Baltimore Sun . Tribune Company . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2006-08-06/news/0608060158_1_agency-power-surges-nsa Jump up ^ `` The NSA uses about 65 to 75 megawatt - hours of electricity , The Sun reported last week . Its needs are projected to grow by 10 to 15 megawatt - hours by next fall . '' in Staff ( January 26 , 2007 ) . `` NSA electricity crisis gets Senate scrutiny '' . The Baltimore Sun . Tribune Company . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bamford , James ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` The NSA Is Building the Country 's Biggest Spy Center ( Watch What You Say ) '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott Shane and Tom Bowman ( December 10 , 1995 ) . `` No Such Agency Part Four -- Rigging the Game '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Matthew Hay ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` NSA plans new computing center for cyber threats '' . The Baltimore Sun . Tribune Company . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Security Agency : FY 2014 Military Construction , Defense - Wide '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) , USA.gov . pp. 3 -- 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 25 , 2014 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The DoD Computer Security Center ( DoDCSC ) was established in January 1981 ... '' and `` In 1985 , DoDCSC 's name was changed to the National Computer Security Center ... '' and `` its responsibility for computer security throughout the federal government ... '' in `` A Guide to Understanding Audit in Trusted Systems '' . National Computer Security Center via National Institute of Standards and Technology CSRC . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NSA and its National Computer Security Center ( NCSC ) have responsibility for ... '' in `` Computer Systems Laboratory Bulletin '' . National Institute of Standards and Technology CSRC . February 1991 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NSA / NCSC Rainbow Series '' . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Meade '' . Expeditionary Combat Readiness Center , United States Navy . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Steve Fidel ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Utah 's billion cyber-security center under way '' . Deseret News . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ LaPlante , Matthew D. ( July 2 , 2009 ) . `` New NSA center unveiled in budget documents '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . MediaNews Group . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Norton - Taylor , Richard ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Menwith Hill eavesdropping base undergoes massive expansion '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richelson , Jeffrey T. ( August 2012 ) . `` Eavesdroppers in Disguise '' . Air Force Magazine . Air Force Association . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Troianello , Craig ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` NSA to close Yakima Training Center facility '' . Yakima Herald - Republic . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UKUSA Agreement Release : 1940 -- 1956 '' . National Security Agency . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bamford , James ( September 13 , 2002 ) . `` What big ears you have '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tangimoana listed in : `` Government Communications Security Bureau ( GCSB ) '' . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ECHELON Main Stations '' . World-Information.org . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UK agrees missile defence request '' . BBC News . July 25 , 2007 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Duncan ( December 6 , 1999 ) . `` 1980 -- America 's big ear on Europe '' . New Statesman . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Laura Poitras , Marcel Rosenbach and Holger Stark , Ally and Target : US Intelligence Watches Germany Closely , August 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Snowden Interview : NSA and the Germans ' In Bed Together ' '' . Spiegel International . July 7 , 2013 . and `` Snowden : NSA is ' in bed with the Germans ' '' . RT News . TV - Novosti . July 7 , 2013 . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Duncan . `` Paper 1 : Echelon and its role in COMINT '' . heise online . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NSA 's global interception network '' . electrospaces.net . July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NSA Satellite Communications SIGINT Station in Thailand Found '' . matthewaid.com/ . July 27 , 2013 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No title '' . Google Maps . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sabar , Ariel ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Congress curbs NSA 's power to contract with suppliers '' . Baltimore Sun . Tribune Company . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weeks , Bryan ; et al. `` Hardware Performance Simulations of Round 2 Advanced Encryption Standard Algorithms '' ( PDF ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` the NIST standards that define Suite B ... '' in `` Suite B Cryptography / Cryptographic Interoperability '' . National Security Agency . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Committee on C4ISR for Future Naval Strike Groups , National Research Council ( 2006 ) . C4ISR for Future Naval Strike Groups . National Academies Press . p. 167 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 09600 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Adkins Family asked for a pic of the KL - 7 . Here you go ! ... '' in `` NSA -- National Cryptologic Museum '' . Facebook . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cryptographic Damage Assessment : DOCID : 3997687 '' ( PDF ) . National Security Agency . 1968 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cryptologic Excellence : Yesterday , Today and Tomorrow '' ( PDF ) . National Security Agency . 2002 . p. 17 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hickey , Kathleen ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` NSA certifies Sectera Viper phone for classified communications '' . GCN. 1105 Media . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` JITC Networks , Transmissions , and Integration Division Electronic Key Management System ( EKMS ) '' . U.S. Department of Defense : Defense Information Systems Agency : Joint Interoperability Certifier . February 1991 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 6.2. 6 What is Fortezza ? '' . RSA Laboratories , EMC Corporation . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AN / ARC - 231 Airborne Communication System '' . Raytheon . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NSA approves TACLANE - Router '' . United Press International . October 24 , 2007 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Draft NIST SP 800 - 131 , June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lorenzo , Joseph ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` What the heck is going on with NIST 's cryptographic standard , SHA - 3 ? Center for Democracy & Technology '' . Cdt.org . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / marshray : Believe it or not , NIST is '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` kelsey - invited - ches - 0820. pdf -- Google Drive '' . Docs.google.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schneier , Bruce ( November 15 , 2007 ) . `` Did NSA Put a Secret Backdoor in New Encryption Standard ? '' . Wired News . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Matthew Green ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` A Few Thoughts on Cryptographic Engineering : The Many Flaws of Dual_EC_DRBG '' . Blog.cryptographyengineering.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dual_Ec_Drbg backdoor : a proof of concept at Aris ' Blog -- Computers , ssh and rock'n roll '' . 0xbadc0de.be . Jump up ^ `` itlbul2013 09 Supplemental '' . ProPublica . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matthew Green ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` A Few Thoughts on Cryptographic Engineering : RSA warns developers not to use RSA products '' . Blog.cryptographyengineering.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baker , Stewart A. `` Do n't Worry Be Happy '' . Wired . Condé Nast ( 2.06 ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Key Escrow , Key Recovery , Trusted Third Parties & Govt . Access to Keys '' . Electronic Frontier Foundation . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schneier , Bruce ( July 15 , 1998 ) . `` Declassifying Skipjack '' . Crypto - Gram ( schneier.com ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SKIPJACK and KEA Algorithm Specifications '' ( PDF ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . May 29 , 1998 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NSA Denies It Will Spy on Utilities , Threat Level , Wired.com Jump up ^ Mick , Jason ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` DailyTech -- NSA 's `` Perfect Citizen '' Program : Big Brother or Cybersecurity Savior ? `` . DailyTech . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Lance ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` Report : NSA initiating program to detect cyberattacks '' . CNET.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Siobhan ( July 7 , 2010 ) . `` U.S. Program to Detect Cyber Attacks on Infrastructure '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robyn Winder & Charlie Speight ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Untangling the Web : A Guide to Internet Research '' ( PDF ) . National Security Agency Public Information . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zetter , Kim ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Use These Secret NSA Google Search Tips to Become Your Own Spy Agency '' . Wired Magazine . Jump up ^ Schneier , Bruce ( 1996 ) . Applied Cryptography , Second Edition . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 609 -- 610 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 11709 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` United States Patent 6,947,978 -- Method for geolocating logical network addresses '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . September 20 , 2005 . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ James Risen and Eric Lichtblau ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` How the U.S. Uses Technology to Mine More Data More Quickly '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions About NSA : 9 . Can you explain the NSA and CSS seals ? '' . National Security Agency . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of The Insignia '' . National Security Agency . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The National Security Agency Insignia '' . National Security Agency via Internet Archive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2008 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Dangerous Business : The U.S. Navy and National Reconnaissance During the Cold War '' ( PDF ) . National Security Agency . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Cryptologic Memorial ( List of Names ) -- NSA / CSS '' . NSA.gov . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . References ( edit ) Bamford , James . Body of Secrets : Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency , Random House Digital , Inc. , December 18 , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 307 - 42505 - 3 . Previously published as : Doubleday , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 385 - 49907 - 8 . Bauer , Craig P. Secret History : The Story of Cryptology ( Volume 76 of Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications ) . CRC Press , 2013 . ISBN 1 - 4665 - 6186 - 6 . Weiland , Matt and Sean Wilsey . State by State . HarperCollins , October 19 , 2010 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 204357 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Bamford , James , The Puzzle Palace , Penguin Books , ISBN 0 - 14 - 006748 - 5 . Bamford , James , The Shadow Factory , Anchor Books , 2009 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27939 - 2 . Church Committee , Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans : 1976 US Senate Report on Illegal Wiretaps and Domestic Spying by the FBI , CIA and NSA , Red and Black Publishers ( May 1 , 2008 ) . Hanyok , Robert J. ( 2002 ) . Spartans in Darkness : American SIGINT and the Indochina War , 1945 -- 1975 . National Security Agency . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . Johnson , Thomas R. ( 2008 ) . American Cryptology during the Cold War . National Security Agency : Center for Cryptological History . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . Levy , Steven , Crypto : How the Code Rebels Beat the Government -- Saving Privacy in the Digital Age , Penguin Books , ISBN 0 - 14 - 024432 - 8 . Radden Keefe , Patrick , Chatter : Dispatches from the Secret World of Global Eavesdropping , Random House , ISBN 1 - 4000 - 6034 - 6 . Liston , Robert A. , The Pueblo Surrender : a Covert Action by the National Security Agency , ISBN 0 - 87131 - 554 - 8 . Kahn , David , The Codebreakers , 1181 pp. , ISBN 0 - 684 - 83130 - 9 . Look for the 1967 rather than the 1996 edition . Tully , Andrew , The Super Spies : More Secret , More Powerful than the CIA , 1969 , LC 71080912 . Bamford , James , The New York Times , December 25 , 2005 ; The Agency That Could Be Big Brother . Adams , Sam , War of Numbers : An Intelligence Memoir Steerforth ; new edition ( June 1 , 1998 ) . Prados , John , The Soviet estimate : U.S. intelligence analysis & Russian military strength , hardcover , 367 pages , ISBN 0 - 385 - 27211 - 1 , Dial Press ( 1982 ) . Perro , Ralph J. `` Interviewing With An Intelligence Agency ( or , A Funny Thing Happened On The Way To Fort Meade ) . '' ( Archive ) Federation of American Scientists . November 2003 . Updated January 2004 . -- About the experience of a candidate of an NSA job in pre-employment screening . `` Ralph J. Perro '' is a pseudonym that is a reference to Ralph J. Canine ( perro is Spanish for `` dog '' and a dog is a type of canine ) Laqueur , Walter , A World of secrets . Kent , Sherman , Strategic Intelligence for American Public Policy . Aid , Matthew , The Secret Sentry : The Untold History of the National Security Agency , 432 pages , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59691 - 515 - 2 , Bloomsbury Press ( June 9 , 2009 ) . Shaker , Richard J. `` The Agency That Came in from the Cold . '' ( Archive Notices . American Mathematical Society . May / June 1992 pp. 408 -- 411 . Jackson , David ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Obama : NSA surveillance programs are ' transparent ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . `` National Security Agency Releases History of Cold War Intelligence Activities . '' George Washington University . National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 260 . Posted November 14 , 2008 . `` The NSA Files '' . London : The Guardian . June 8 , 2013 . `` Just what is the NSA ? '' ( video ) CNN . June 7 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Security Agency , United States . Official website National Security Agency -- 60 Years of Defending Our Nation Records of the National Security Agency / Central Security Service The National Security Archive at George Washington University `` United States Intelligence Community : Who We Are / NSA section '' . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2006 . National Security Agency ( NSA ) Archive on the Internet Archive National Security Agency Locations Alaskan Mission Operations Center Colorado Cryptologic Center Consolidated Intelligence Center CSSG Dorsey Road European Cryptologic Center European Technical Center Fort Meade Friendship Annex Georgia Cryptologic Center Hawaii Cryptologic Center Interagency Training Center Kent Island Misawa Security Operations Center Multiprogram Research Facility Pine Gap RAF Menwith Hill Roaring Creek Room 641A Salt Creek Sugar Grove Texas Cryptologic Center Utah Data Center Leaders Ralph Canine John A. Samford Laurence Hugh Frost Gordon Blake Marshall Carter Noel Gayler Samuel C. Phillips Lew Allen Bobby Ray Inman Lincoln D. Faurer William Eldridge Odom Bill Studeman John Michael McConnell Kenneth Minihan Michael Hayden Keith B. Alexander Michael S. 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language sources ( de ) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2015 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2007 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikisource Languages Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 04 : 59 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Security%20Agency
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the birthday massacre walking with strangers full album
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Walking with Strangers
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walking with strangers
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Walking with Strangers is the third studio album by Canadian rock band The Birthday Massacre . The album was released on September 10 , 2007 , in North America and September 21 , 2007 , in Europe .
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The song `` To Die For '' is a reworked and re-recorded version of the track of the same name that appeared on the band 's first album , Nothing & Nowhere , in 2002 . `` Remember Me '' is also a reworked and re-recorded version of the track of the same name that appeared on the band 's limited edition demo 1 Imagica . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 1.1 Singles 2 Credits and personnel 3 Reviews 4 Charts 5 Release history 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Length 1 . `` Kill the Lights '' Rainbow , Chibi Rainbow , M. Falcore 3 : 55 2 . `` Goodnight '' Rainbow Rainbow , M. Falcore 4 : 02 3 . `` Falling Down '' Rainbow , Chibi Rainbow , M. Falcore , O.E. 4 : 12 4 . `` Unfamiliar '' Rainbow , O.E. Rainbow , M. Falcore , O.E. 3 : 18 5 . `` Red Stars '' Rainbow , Chibi , O.E. Rainbow , M. Falcore , O.E. 3 : 41 6 . `` Looking Glass '' Rainbow , Chibi , O.E. Rainbow , M. Falcore , O.E. 4 : 25 7 . `` Science '' Rainbow Rainbow , M. Falcore 4 : 04 8 . `` Remember Me '' Rainbow , Chibi Rainbow , M. Falcore 4 : 07 9 . `` To Die For '' Rainbow Rainbow , M. Falcore 5 : 05 10 . `` Walking with Strangers '' Rainbow , Chibi , O.E. Rainbow , M. Falcore , O.E. 3 : 55 11 . `` Weekend '' Rainbow , Chibi Rainbow 3 : 53 12 . `` Movie '' Rainbow Rainbow , M. Falcore , O.E. 5 : 03 Singles ( edit ) The first single , Red Stars , was released as a digital download on iTunes on August 21 , 2007 . An EP for the song Looking Glass was released on May 6 , 2008 . Credits and personnel ( edit ) The Birthday Massacre Chibi - lead vocals Rainbow - guitar , synth / percussion programming , vocals Mike Falcore - guitar , synth / percussion programming O.E. - live bass , vocals O - EN - live keyboards Rhim - live drums Reviews ( edit ) Stylus Magazine ( B - ) link AbsolutePunk ( 93 % ) link Sputnikmusic link Release Magazine ( 8 / 10 ) link Charts ( edit ) On the issue date of September 29 , 2007 , Walking with Strangers debuted at number # 10 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart . It stayed on the chart for two weeks . Chart Peak position Billboard Top Heatseekers 10 Billboard Independent Albums 32 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Netherlands September 21 , 2007 Notes ( edit ) `` Weekend '' features elements from `` Sunday Bloody Sunday '' by U2 . The track `` Red Stars '' is the album 's first single and was released as an iTunes digital download . `` Looking Glass '' , the second single off the album , received a physical release and a music video . To promote the CD the band went on two tours . The first being the `` Walking with Strangers Tour '' in 2007 . For 2008 the band co-toured with Mindless Self Indulgence on their `` If '' tour . A demo version of `` Kill The Lights '' was released on January 1 , 2007 . The band also played this demo version on their Broken Minds Tour in both North America and Europe in 2006 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/28799/The-Birthday-Massacre-Walking-With-Strangers/ Jump up ^ http://www.ultimate-guitar.com/reviews/compact_discs/the_birthday_massacre/violet/index.html Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/us/artist/the-birthday-massacre/id76797904 Jump up ^ `` iTunes Store '' . Phobos.apple.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Metropolis Records : The Birthday Massacre Jump up ^ ' Looking Glass ' EP on Metropolis Records Website ^ Jump up to : `` Top Heatseekers for the 9 / 29 / 2007 issue '' . Reuters . September 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Walking With Strangers , Birthday Massacre '' ( in Dutch ) . bol.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walking With Strangers ; The Birthday Massacre '' ( in Dutch ) . Free Record Shop . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) thebirthdaymassacre.com , the band 's official website The Birthday Massacre Chibi Rainbow Falcore Rhim Owen Nate Manor O.E. Aslan Adm Dank Studio albums Nothing and Nowhere Violet Walking with Strangers Pins and Needles Hide and Seek Superstition Under Your Spell Live albums Show and Tell Demo albums Imagica Video albums Blue Show and Tell Extended plays Violet Looking Glass Imaginary Monsters Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walking_with_Strangers&oldid=810353746 '' Categories : 2007 albums The Birthday Massacre albums Metropolis Records albums Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use mdy dates from January 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 19 : 25 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking%20with%20Strangers
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who is the little boy in pet sematary
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Miko John Hughes ( born February 22 , 1986 ) is an American actor known for his film roles , as a child , as Gage Creed in Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) , as astronaut Jim Lovell 's son Jeffrey in Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) , as a child on the autistic spectrum named Simon opposite Bruce Willis in Mercury Rising ( 1998 ) , and as Dylan ( Heather Langenkamp 's son ) in Wes Craven 's New Nightmare ( 1994 ) , as well as his recurring role as Aaron on Full House from 1990 to 1995 .
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Miko John Hughes
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Miko Hughes
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miko hughes
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Miko John Hughes ( born February 22 , 1986 ) is an American actor known for his film roles , as a child , as Gage Creed in Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) , as astronaut Jim Lovell 's son Jeffrey in Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) , as a child on the autistic spectrum named Simon opposite Bruce Willis in Mercury Rising ( 1998 ) , and as Dylan ( Heather Langenkamp 's son ) in Wes Craven 's New Nightmare ( 1994 ) , as well as his recurring role as Aaron on Full House from 1990 to 1995 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Early Life ( edit ) Hughes was born in Apple Valley , California the son of Mary ( née Phelps ) and John Hughes , a special effects technician ( not to be confused with late Breakfast Club director John Hughes ) . He has three siblings : Mike , Mitch and Molly . He has English and Chickasaw Native American ancestry . Career ( edit ) Hughes started his acting career in a public service announcement when he was 22 months old , and followed that up by appearing in his first feature film five months later . From his years as a child actor , Hughes was consistently one of the busiest young actors in Hollywood . One of his first films was Jack the Bear , opposite Danny DeVito ; in addition , he has starred on film in Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) , Kindergarten Cop ( 1990 ) , Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) , Spawn ( 1997 ) , Zeus and Roxanne ( 1997 ) , and Mercury Rising ( 1998 ) alongside Bruce Willis . Hughes has also appeared in numerous television movies . He has been a series regular , recurring character or guest star on many television series . He played Aaron Bailey on Full House from 1990 to 1995 . Other appearances have been in Baywatch ( 1989 ) , Sister Kate ( 1989 -- 90 ) , Beverly Hills , 90210 ( 1991 ) , Melrose Place ( 1992 ) , Touched by an Angel ( 1994 ) , and The Nanny ( 1994 ) . Hughes received an Emmy Award certificate for his participation as the voice of Tommy in the number - one - rated Fox animated television series Life with Louie ( 1995 ) . His other voice - over credits include twin babies , Sly and Witt , in the feature film Baby Geniuses ( 1999 ) . After a break in his career , Hughes re-emerged as a teen in the science - fiction series Roswell . He played a lovable villain who was part of a renegade group of aliens . As a musician , Hughes released two albums in 1995 , at the age of nine . One is self - titled and the other is called Halloween Haunts . He wrote songs for both albums . They were recorded and released by his own company , Little Chief Inc . In 2013 , Hughes directed the segment `` See '' in the horror anthology film Chilling Visions : 5 Senses of Fear . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Pet Sematary Gage Creed 1990 Kindergarten Cop Joseph 1993 Jack the Bear Dylan Leary 1994 Cops and Robbersons Billy Robberson 1994 Wes Craven 's New Nightmare Dylan Porter 1995 Apollo 13 Jeffrey Lovell 1997 Zeus and Roxanne Jordan Barnett 1997 Spawn Zack 1998 Mercury Rising Simon Lynch 1999 Baby Geniuses Sly / Whit Voice role 1999 One Last Flight Ray Magic Rock Jesse 2002 Clockstoppers Young Dopler Escape to Grizzly Mountain Jimmy 2005 Dogg 's Hamlet , Cahoot 's Macbeth Ghost / Gravedigger / Osiric 2006 Surf School Taz 2007 Thou Shalt Not The Kid Short 2008 Tropic Thunder Radio DJ Uncredited 2011 Steve Niles ' Remains Jensen Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1990 Out of This World Younger Billy Episode : `` Four Men and a Baby '' 1990 Unspeakable Acts Chad Hershel Movie 1990 Sister Kate Buster 2 episodes 1990 Babes Billy Episode : `` Rent Strike '' 1991 Beverly Hills , 90210 Young Chuckie Episode : `` Chuckie 's Back '' 1992 Doogie Howser , M.D. Matthew , Cecilia'a Son Episode : `` If This Is Adulthood , I 'd Rather Be in Philadelphia '' 1992 The Burden of Proof Sam Movie 1992 A Child Lost Forever : The Jerry Sherwood Story Robert Jurgens ( age 3 ) Movie 1992 Hangin ' with Mr. Cooper Aaron Bailey Episode : `` Hangin ' with Michelle '' 1992 Melrose Place David Patterson Episode : `` Jake vs. Jake '' 1993 Shaky Ground Michael Episode : `` Of Human Bonding '' 1993 CBS Schoolbreak Special Andy Walters Episode : `` Big Boys Do n't Cry '' 1993 Picket Fences Elliot Doyle Episode : `` Rights of Passage '' 1993 The Town Santa Forgot Young Jeremy Creek ( voice ) Movie 1994 Natural Selection Nick ' Nicky ' Braden Movie 1994 The Nanny Frank Bradley Jr . Episode : `` Sunday in the Park with Fran '' 1994 Life with Louie : A Christmas Surprise for Mrs. Stillman Tommy Anderson ( voice ) TV short 1990 -- 95 Full House Aaron Bailey 13 episodes 1995 Touched by an Angel Daniel Duncan Episode : `` Sympathy for the Devil 1995 Trail of Tears Ethan Movie The Story of Santa Claus Clement ( voice ) Movie The Parent ' Hood Arnie 3 episodes 1997 Adventures from the Book of Virtues Prince Fredolin ( voice ) Episode : `` Generosity '' 1995 -- 98 Life with Louie Tommy Anderson 32 episodes 1998 The Puppies Present Incredible Animal Tales Bingo Movie 1998 At the End of the Day : The Sue Rodriguez Story Jesse Rodriguez Movie 1998 Baywatch Timmy Greyson Episode : `` Dolphin Quest '' 1999 Lethal Wows Graham Farris Movie 2000 Twice in a Lifetime Max Bogart Episode : `` Curveball '' 2000 Roswell Nicholas Crawford 3 episodes 2002 Hey Arnold ! Alan Redmond ( voice ) Episode : `` Harold vs. Patty / Rich Guy '' 2003 Boston Public Peter Feldman 3 episodes 2005 Veronica Mars Stoner Dude # 1 Episode : `` Driver Ed '' 2006 Scrubs Medical Student # 3 Episode : `` Doctor 's In '' 2007 Cavemen Kyle Episode : `` Nick Get Job '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miko Hughes Biography ( 1986 - ) Jump up ^ Miko Hughes Biography -- Yahoo ! Movies Jump up ^ Rector , Lisa ( 2001 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Awards prove Indian stars still dazzle Hollywood : First Americans in the Arts '' . News From Indian Country . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb : Jack the Bear ( 1993 ) '' . IMDb . External links ( edit ) Miko Hughes on IMDb Hollywood.com Profile at Archive.is ( archived 2013 - 01 - 11 ) ( hide ) Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film 1979 -- 1990 Dennis Christopher ( 1979 ) Justin Henry ( 1980 ) Ricky Schroder ( 1981 ) Henry Thomas ( 1982 ) C. Thomas Howell ( 1983 ) Anthony Michael Hall ( 1984 ) Sean Astin ( 1985 ) Peter Billingsley ( 1986 ) River Phoenix ( 1987 ) Fred Savage ( 1987 ) Patrick Dempsey ( 1987 ) Corey Feldman ( 1987 ) Christian Bale ( 1988 ) Corey Feldman ( 1988 ) Corey Haim ( 1988 ) Lukas Haas ( 1988 ) Sean Astin ( 1989 ) Macaulay Culkin ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2010 Ethan Embry ( 1991 ) Elijah Wood ( 1993 ) Edward Furlong ( 1994 ) Jason James Richter ( 1994 ) Mason Gamble ( 1994 ) Brad Renfro ( 1995 ) Wil Horneff ( 1996 ) Lucas Black ( 1997 ) Blake Heron ( 1998 ) Kevin Zegers ( 1998 ) Miko Hughes ( 1999 ) Haley Joel Osment ( 2000 ) Rob Brown ( 2001 ) Anton Yelchin ( 2002 ) Tyler Hoechlin ( 2003 ) Jeremy Sumpter ( 2004 ) Jamie Bell ( 2005 ) Josh Hutcherson ( 2006 ) Logan Lerman ( 2007 ) Josh Hutcherson ( 2008 ) Nate Hartley ( 2009 ) Max Records ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Jaden Smith ( 2011 ) Dakota Goyo ( 2012 ) Tom Holland ( 2013 ) Miles Elliot ( 2014 ) Reese Hartwig ( 2015 ) Michael Grant ( 2016 ) Julian Feder ( 2017 ) VIAF : 76514009 LCCN : no2003024497 ISNI : 0000 0000 5927 4488 GND : 1059431181 BNF : cb14025425s ( data ) IATH : w6qj8csr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miko_Hughes&oldid=801761833 '' Categories : 1986 births Living people American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Male actors from California People from Apple Valley , California Chickasaw people American people of Chickasaw descent American beekeepers Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from November 2014 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Webarchive template archiveis links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 17 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko%20Hughes
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who does david hayter voice in the long dark
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Year Title Role Notes 1998 Metal Gear Solid Solid Snake Metal Gear Solid 2 : Sons of Liberty Solid Snake 2002 Eternal Darkness : Sanity 's Requiem Roman Legionnaire 1 / Roman Legionnaire 2 / Angkor Thom Guard Metal Gear Solid : The Twin Snakes Solid Snake Metal Gear Solid 3 : Snake Eater Naked Snake / Big Boss 2005 Metal Gear Acid 2 Snake 2006 Metal Gear Solid : Portable Ops Naked Snake 2008 Super Smash Bros. Brawl Solid Snake Metal Gear Solid 4 : Guns of the Patriots Old Snake / Himself Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker Snake ( Big Boss ) 2011 Star Wars : The Old Republic Jedi Knight Male 2013 Marvel Heroes Winter Soldier 2013 - 15 République Daniel Zager 2014 Oddworld : New ' n ' Tasty ! Mudokons 2015 Dragon Age : Inquisition Lieutenant Renn The Descent DLC 2016 The Long Dark Jeremiah Deponia Doomsday Old Rufus 2018 Bloodstained : Ritual of the Night Gebel
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Jeremiah
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David Hayter
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david hayter
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David Hayter ( born February 6 , 1969 ) is a Canadian - American voice and screen actor and screenwriter . He is well known as the English voice actor for Solid Snake and Naked Snake throughout many titles in the Metal Gear video game series . His works as a screenwriter include X-Men , X2 and Watchmen .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early acting career 2.2 Metal Gear series 2.3 Filmmaking 3 Filmography 3.1 Anime 3.2 Animation 3.3 Video Games 3.4 Live action 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Hayter was born in Santa Monica , California to Canadian parents . He started acting at the age of 9 . Hayter spent most of his childhood living around the world and at the age of 15 , Hayter moved to Kobe , Japan where he graduated from the Canadian Academy , an international school , in 1987 . After high school , he attended Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute for two years until transferring to Ryerson University in Toronto , Ontario , Canada where he stayed until the age of 20 , when he moved to Hollywood . Career ( edit ) Early acting career ( edit ) Hayter did some live acting in the early 1990s , but became interested in voice acting after acting in an episode of the sitcom Major Dad , and later landed the role of Captain America in the popular 1994 Spider - Man animated series . He also provided the voice of Arsène Lupin III in the English version of the anime film The Castle of Cagliostro and the voice of Tamahome in the English version of the anime series Fushigi Yūgi . He also starred in the 1994 straight - to - video movie Guyver : Dark Hero , taking over the role of protagonist Sean Barker from previous actor Jack Armstrong . Metal Gear series ( edit ) In 1998 , Hayter voiced protagonist Solid Snake in the highly successful video game Metal Gear Solid . He would reprise the role in Metal Gear Solid 2 : Sons of Liberty , Metal Gear Solid : The Twin Snakes ( a remake of the original ) , Super Smash Bros. Brawl and Metal Gear Solid 4 : Guns of the Patriots ( where the character appears in aged form as Old Snake ) . Hayter also voiced Naked Snake , a young version of Solid Snake 's `` father '' Big Boss , who serves as the protagonist in Metal Gear Solid 3 : Snake Eater , Metal Gear Solid : Portable Ops and Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker , which were prequels set prior to the events of the original Metal Gear . Hayter has an extended live - action cameo as himself in Metal Gear Solid 4 in one of the fictional TV programs prior to the start of the game . In the scene , he wears the `` Solid Eye '' , the technologically advanced eye patch that Old Snake wears throughout the game . Hayter is one of the few Metal Gear Solid actors to have played and completed the Metal Gear games he 's voiced in , while co-star Christopher Randolph has only played Metal Gear Solid . According to an interview with Paul Eiding , Hayter gave up half of his own paycheck in order to bring back the cast of Metal Gear Solid for Twin Snakes . His work with Metal Gear Solid has also led Hayter to do voice work in other video game projects such as Eternal Darkness : Sanity 's Requiem and Star Wars : The Old Republic . He also cited the Metal Gear Solid series as an influence on his screenwriting , stating that `` Kojima and I have different styles , '' `` but I 've certainly learned things from him , especially about ambiguity and telling a story without giving all the answers . '' Following the announcement of Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain in 2013 , Hayter announced that he was not asked to reprise his role as Snake . This was later confirmed on June 6 , when Konami announced that Kiefer Sutherland would be the new voice of Snake . Hayter has since revealed in an interview that he had to re-audition for the role of Snake in Metal Gear Solid 3 and 4 , suggesting that Kojima was already considering recasting the part much earlier , with Kurt Russell ( who played Snake Plissken , the inspiration for Solid Snake , in Escape from New York and Escape from L.A. ) having allegedly been offered the role during the development of MGS3 . Despite this , Hayter would later reprise his role as Solid Snake in a Metal Gear Solid - themed advertisement for the 2016 Ford Focus SE . Filmmaking ( edit ) In 2000 he wrote the screenplay for the movie version of X-Men , and then went on to co-write the screenplay for its sequel X2 with writing team Michael Dougherty and Dan Harris . Shortly after his work on X-Men , Hayter was hired to write and direct a project based on the heroine Black Widow . However , due to the limited success of similar themed films featuring female vigilante protagonists at the time , Marvel withdrew their offer to Hayter stating , `` We do n't think it 's time to do this movie '' . Hayter 's daughter Natasha , born whilst he was writing the Black Widow script , is named after the titular character . Hayter also wrote an adaptation of the graphic novel Watchmen by Alan Moore and David Gibbons . Noted for being a harsh critic of translations of his works to film , Moore said of the script `` David Hayter 's screenplay was as close as I could imagine anyone getting to ( a film version of ) Watchmen . That said , I sha n't be going to see it . My book is a comic book . Not a movie , not a novel . A comic book . It 's been made in a certain way , and designed to be read a certain way . '' Hayter and writer Alex Tse shared credit on the finished screenplay . Tse drew `` the best elements '' from two of the project 's previous drafts written by screenwriter Hayter . The script did not keep the contemporary atmosphere that Hayter created , but instead returned to the original Cold War setting of the Watchmen comic . Warner Bros. was amenable to the 1980s setting , and the director also added a title montage sequence to introduce the audience to the events of alternate history United States in that time period . On September 7 , 2012 , it was announced that Hayter would pen the screen adaptation Caught Stealing , and would star Patrick Wilson and Alec Baldwin . On September 13 , 2012 , Hayter began filming on his directorial debut , Wolves . On July 8 , 2013 , Hayter was hired by Lakeshore Entertainment to write the film The Sword , based on the Image Comics series . On August 7 , 2013 , it was announced Hayter was developing a television show on Fox tentatively titled World War III , about a fiction global conflict that chronicles `` a perfect storm of world events places us in the center of a global battle which may bring the world as we know it to an end . '' Hayter will be writing the series ' story bible and pilot episode , as well as producing and serving as showrunner . Filmography ( edit ) Anime ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1994 Moldiver Hiroshi Ozora Rakusho ! Hyper Doll Reporter as Sean Barker They Were Eleven Doricas Soldam IV as Sean Barker 1997 Street Fighter II V Additional Voices as Sean Barker Black Jack Leslie Harris as Sean Barker 1998 -- 2000 Fushigi Yûgi Tamahome / Taka Sukunami / Yoshui as Sean Barker 1998 Giant Robo : The Animation Shoji Gen as Sean Barker Yu Yu Hakusho : The Movie Kurama as Sean Barker 1999 Mobile Suit Gundam 0080 : War in the Pocket Bernard Wiseman as Sean Barker 2000 The Castle of Cagliostro Arsène Lupin III as Sean Barker 2000 -- 1 Dual ! Parallel Trouble Adventure Additional Voices Animation ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1996 - 7 Spider - Man : The Animated Series Captain America TV series ; 8 episodes 2009 Hey Ash , Whatcha Playin ' ? Solid Snake 1 episode ; `` The Sons of Big Boss '' Video Games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Metal Gear Solid Solid Snake Metal Gear Solid 2 : Sons of Liberty Solid Snake 2002 Eternal Darkness : Sanity 's Requiem Roman Legionnaire 1 / Roman Legionnaire 2 / Angkor Thom Guard Metal Gear Solid : The Twin Snakes Solid Snake Metal Gear Solid 3 : Snake Eater Naked Snake / Big Boss 2005 Metal Gear Acid 2 Snake 2006 Metal Gear Solid : Portable Ops Naked Snake 2008 Super Smash Bros. Brawl Solid Snake Metal Gear Solid 4 : Guns of the Patriots Old Snake / Himself Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker Snake ( Big Boss ) 2011 Star Wars : The Old Republic Jedi Knight Male 2013 Marvel Heroes Winter Soldier 2013 - 15 République Daniel Zager 2014 Oddworld : New ' n ' Tasty ! Mudokons 2015 Dragon Age : Inquisition Lieutenant Renn The Descent DLC 2016 The Long Dark Jeremiah Deponia Doomsday Old Rufus 2018 Bloodstained : Ritual of the Night Gebel Live action ( edit ) Year Film Director Producer Writer Actor Role Notes Major Dad No No No Yes Misha Sarotsky 1 episode ; `` From Russia with Like '' 1994 Guyver : Dark Hero No No No Yes Sean Barker Main role Long Shadows No No No Yes Ed 's secretary TV movie The Great War and the Shaping of the 20th Century No No No Yes Voice 2 episodes ; `` Stalemate '' and `` Total War '' 1997 Drive No No No Yes Cop # 1 1998 Burn No Yes No Yes Tom Rice Main role 2000 Wild on the Set No No No Yes Narrator TV series X-Men No No Yes Yes Museum Cop 2002 Lost in Oz No Yes Yes No TV movie The Scorpion King No No Yes No 2003 X2 No No Yes No 2008 Metal Gear Solid 4 : Guns of the Patriots No No No Yes Himself - Celebrity Moralist 2009 Watchmen No No Yes No Chasm Yes No Yes No Short 2014 Devil 's Mile No No No Yes Toby McTeague Main role Wolves Yes No Yes No Directorial debut 2015 A Christmas Horror Story No Yes No No Executive producer only 2016 The Flash No No No Yes King Shark Voice Only TBA Untitled Voltron live - action film No No Yes No References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TWiG -- David Hayter Special Interview '' Jump up ^ http://www.pcgamesn.com/marvel-heroes-2015/a-chat-with-solid-snake-david-hayter-on-marvel-heroes-voice-acting-and-if-video-game-movies-will-ever-be-good Jump up ^ `` UK PSP '' . Retrieved 15 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Fitch , Andrew ( May 7 , 2008 ) . `` Anime Expo : David Hayter Critical of Some MGS Moments '' . 1UP.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Narcisse , Evan ( 27 March 2013 ) . `` Beloved Solid Snake Voice Actor Says He Was n't Asked to Be in Metal Gear Solid V '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Retrieved 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` Kiefer Sutherland Playing Snake in Metal Gear Solid V '' . IGN . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carson , Ben ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` The Inside Story Of Recording Metal Gear Solid '' . Game Informer . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Hayter reprises Metal Gear Solid role in Ford commercials '' . Eurogamer.net. April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.digitalspy.com/movies/news/a585310/x-mens-david-hayter-wants-to-revive-black-widow-film/ Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( 2005 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Watchmen : An Oral History '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Gregory Ellwood ( 2006 - 07 - 18 ) . `` World awaits Watchmen '' . Variety . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Zack Snyder talks Watchmen '' . Empire . 2006 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Patrick Lee ( 2006 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Snyder : Watchmen Remains True '' . Sci Fi Wire . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 7 September 2012 ) . `` The Hollywood Reporter '' . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Horizons '' . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff . `` ' Watchmen ' Writer David Hayter to Adapt ' The Sword ' for Lakeshore '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair . `` Fox Starts ' World War III ' With David Hayter '' . Crave Online . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/buried-treasure/2007-08-16 Jump up ^ BioWare ( 2011 - 12 - 20 ) . Star Wars : The Old Republic . Electronic Arts , LucasArts . Scene : closing credits , 9 : 50 in , English Cast . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to David Hayter . Official website David Hayter on IMDb David Hayter at Behind The Voice Actors David Hayter Geeks Out with NERDSociety 10 Questions : David Hayter at IGN This Week In Geek Interview with David Hayter Audio Interview ( 2010 ) with The Rafferty / Mills Connection podcast David Hayter Discusses Watchmen at AMCtv.com Metal Gear franchise Games Main series Metal Gear Metal Gear 2 Metal Gear Solid The Twin Snakes 2 : Sons of Liberty 3 : Snake Eater 4 : Guns of the Patriots Online Peace Walker V : Ground Zeroes The Phantom Pain Other games Snake 's Revenge Ghost Babel Acid Acid 2 Portable Ops Mobile Touch Social Ops Rising : Revengeance Survive Collections HD Collection The Legacy Collection Characters Solid Snake Big Boss Revolver Ocelot Otacon Liquid Snake Raiden Meryl Silverburgh The Boss Gray Fox Sniper Wolf EVA Venom Snake Quiet People Hideo Kojima Yoji Shinkawa Shinta Nojiri Mineshi Kimura Norihiko Hibino Harry Gregson - Williams Project Itoh Ashley Wood David Hayter Akio Ōtsuka Related Kojima Productions Fox Engine Metal Gear ( weapon ) Discography Philanthropy DreamMix TV World Fighters Super Smash Bros. Brawl PlayStation All - Stars Battle Royale Book : Metal Gear series Category : Metal Gear Portal : Video games Saturn Award for Best Writing William Peter Blatty ( 1973 ) Ib Melchior / Harlan Ellison ( 1974 / 75 ) Jimmy Sangster ( 1976 ) George Lucas ( 1977 ) Elaine May and Warren Beatty ( 1978 ) Nicholas Meyer ( 1979 ) William Peter Blatty ( 1980 ) Lawrence Kasdan ( 1981 ) Melissa Mathison ( 1982 ) Ray Bradbury ( 1983 ) James Cameron and Gale Anne Hurd ( 1984 ) Tom Holland ( 1985 ) James Cameron ( 1986 ) Michael Miner and Edward Neumeier ( 1987 ) Gary Ross and Anne Spielberg ( 1988 ) William Peter Blatty ( 1989 / 90 ) Ted Tally ( 1991 ) James V. Hart ( 1992 ) Michael Crichton and David Koepp ( 1993 ) Jim Harrison and Wesley Strick ( 1994 ) Andrew Kevin Walker ( 1995 ) Kevin Williamson ( 1996 ) Mike Werb and Michael Colleary ( 1997 ) Andrew Niccol ( 1998 ) Charlie Kaufman ( 1999 ) David Hayter ( 2000 ) Steven Spielberg ( 2001 ) Scott Frank and Jon Cohen ( 2002 ) Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson ( 2003 ) Alvin Sargent ( 2004 ) Christopher Nolan and David S. Goyer ( 2005 ) Michael Dougherty and Dan Harris ( 2006 ) Brad Bird ( 2007 ) Christopher and Jonathan Nolan ( 2008 ) James Cameron ( 2009 ) Christopher Nolan ( 2010 ) Jeff Nichols ( 2011 ) Quentin Tarantino ( 2012 ) Spike Jonze ( 2013 ) Christopher and Jonathan Nolan ( 2014 ) Lawrence Kasdan , J.J. Abrams , and Michael Arndt ( 2015 ) Eric Heisserer ( 2016 ) VIAF : 46930587 LCCN : nb2003031268 ISNI : 0000 0001 0896 3854 GND : 139201440 SUDOC : 057762996 BNF : cb135839876 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Hayter&oldid=795570599 '' Categories : 1969 births American male child actors Canadian male child actors American male film actors Canadian male film actors American male screenwriters Canadian screenwriters American male television actors American male video game actors American male voice actors American people of Canadian descent American expatriates in Japan Canadian expatriates in Japan Living people Male actors from Santa Monica , California Writers from Santa Monica , California Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from October 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with a promotional tone from October 2013 All articles with a promotional tone Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 02 : 29 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Hayter
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who was president when the transcontinental railroad was finished
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First Transcontinental railroad
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first transcontinental railroad
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First Transcontinental Railroad The ceremony for the driving of the `` Last Spike '' at Promontory Summit , Utah , May 10 , 1869 Overview Locale United States Termini Omaha , Nebraska ( Council Bluffs , Iowa ) Oakland Long Wharf ( San Francisco Bay ) Operation Opened May 10 , 1869 ; 149 years ago ( 1869 - 05 - 10 ) Owner U.S. Government Operator ( s ) Central Pacific Union Pacific Technical Line length 3,007 km ( 1,868 mi ) Track gauge 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ) standard gauge Map of the line Transcontinental Railroad 75th Anniversary Issue stamp of 1944 The First Transcontinental Railroad ( also called the Great Transcontinental Railroad , known originally as the `` Pacific Railroad '' and later as the `` Overland Route '' ) was a 1,912 - mile ( 3,077 km ) continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Omaha , Nebraska / Council Bluffs , Iowa with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay . The rail line was built by three private companies over public lands provided by extensive US land grants . Construction was financed by both state and US government subsidy bonds as well as by company issued mortgage bonds . The Western Pacific Railroad Company built 132 mi ( 212 km ) of track from Oakland / Alameda to Sacramento , California . The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California ( CPRR ) constructed 690 mi ( 1,110 km ) eastward from Sacramento to Promontory Summit , Utah Territory ( U.T. ) . The Union Pacific built 1,085 mi ( 1,746 km ) from the road 's eastern terminus at Council Bluffs near Omaha , Nebraska westward to Promontory Summit . The railroad opened for through traffic on May 10 , 1869 when CPRR President Leland Stanford ceremonially drove the gold `` Last Spike '' ( later often referred to as the `` Golden Spike '' ) with a silver hammer at Promontory Summit . The coast - to - coast railroad connection revolutionized the settlement and economy of the American West . It brought the western states and territories into alignment with the northern Union states and made transporting passengers and goods coast - to - coast considerably quicker and less expensive . Paddle steamers linked Sacramento to the cities and their harbor facilities in the San Francisco Bay until 1869 , when the CPRR completed and opened the WP grade ( which the CPRR had acquired control of in 1867 -- 68 ) to Alameda and Oakland . The first transcontinental rail passengers arrived at the Pacific Railroad 's original western terminus at the Alameda Mole on September 6 , 1869 where they transferred to the steamer Alameda for transport across the Bay to San Francisco . The road 's rail terminus was moved two months later to the Oakland Long Wharf about a mile to the north . Service between San Francisco and Oakland Pier continued to be provided by ferry . The CPRR eventually purchased 53 miles ( 85 km ) of UPRR - built grade from Promontory Summit ( MP 828 ) to Ogden , U.T. ( MP 881 ) , which became the interchange point between trains of the two roads . The transcontinental line was popularly known as the Overland Route after the principal passenger rail service that operated over the length of the line until 1962 . Contents 1 Origins 1.1 Preliminary exploration 1.2 Possible routes 2 Key individuals 2.1 Asa Whitney 2.2 Theodore Judah 2.3 The Big Four 2.4 Thomas Durant 3 Authorization and funding 3.1 Federal financing 3.2 Union Pacific financing 3.3 Central Pacific financing 3.4 Land grants 3.5 Railroad self - dealing 3.6 Labor and wages 4 Transcontinental route 4.1 Construction begun 4.2 Rail standards 4.3 Time zones and telegraph usage 4.4 Union Pacific route 4.5 Central Pacific route 5 Construction 5.1 Labor 5.2 Central Pacific construction 5.3 Union Pacific construction 5.4 The `` Last Spike '' ceremony 6 Aftermath 6.1 Railroad developments 6.2 Crédit Mobilier 6.3 Visible remains 6.4 Current passenger service 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Origins ( edit ) Title page of Dr. Hartwell Carver 's 1847 Pacific Railroad proposal to Congress Building a railroad line that connected the United States coast - to - coast was advocated in 1832 when Dr. Hartwell Carver published an article in the New York Courier & Enquirer advocating building a transcontinental railroad from Lake Michigan to Oregon . In 1847 he submitted to the U.S. Congress a `` Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean '' , seeking a congressional charter to support his idea . Preliminary exploration ( edit ) The official poster announcing the Pacific Railroad 's grand opening . Congress agreed to support the idea . Under the direction of the Department of War , the Pacific Railroad Surveys were conducted from 1853 through 1855 . These included an extensive series of expeditions of the American West seeking possible routes . A report on the explorations described alternative routes and included an immense amount of information about the American West , covering at least 400,000 sq mi ( 1,000,000 km ) . It included the region 's natural history and illustrations of reptiles , amphibians , birds , and mammals . The report failed however to include detailed topographic maps of potential routes needed to estimate the feasibility , cost and select the best route . The survey was detailed enough to determine that the best southern route lay south of the Gila River boundary with Mexico in mostly vacant desert , through the future territories of Arizona and New Mexico . This in part motivated the United States to complete the Gadsden Purchase . In 1856 the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph of the US House of Representatives published a report recommending support for a proposed Pacific railroad bill : The necessity that now exists for constructing lines of railroad and telegraphic communication between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of this continent is no longer a question for argument ; it is conceded by every one . In order to maintain our present position on the Pacific , we must have some more speedy and direct means of intercourse than is at present afforded by the route through the possessions of a foreign power . Possible routes ( edit ) The U.S. Congress was strongly divided on where the eastern terminus of the railroad should be -- in a southern or northern city . Three routes were considered : A northern route roughly along the Missouri River through present - day northern Montana to Oregon Territory . This was considered impractical due to the rough terrain and extensive winter snows . A central route following the Platte River in Nebraska through to the South Pass in Wyoming , following most of the Oregon Trail. Snow on this route remained a concern . A southern route across Texas , New Mexico Territory , the Sonora desert , connecting to Los Angeles , California . Surveyors found during a 1848 survey that the best route lay south of the border between the United States and Mexico . This was resolved by the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 . Once the central route was chosen , it was immediately obvious that the western terminus should be Sacramento . But there was considerable difference of opinion about the eastern terminus . Three locations along 250 miles ( 400 km ) of Missouri River were considered : St. Joseph , Missouri , accessed via the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad . Kansas City , Kansas / Leavenworth , Kansas accessed via the Leavenworth , Pawnee and Western Railroad , controlled by Thomas Ewing Jr. and later by John C. Fremont . Council Bluffs , Iowa / Omaha , Nebraska , accessed via an extension of Union Pacific financier Thomas C. Durant 's proposed Mississippi and Missouri Railroad and the new Union Pacific Railroad , also controlled by Durant . Council Bluffs had several advantages : It was well north of the Civil War fighting in Missouri ; it was the shortest route to South Pass in the Rockies in Wyoming ; and it would follow a fertile river that would encourage settlement . Durant had hired the future president Abraham Lincoln in 1857 when he was an attorney to represent him in a business matter about a bridge over the Missouri . Now Lincoln was responsible for choosing the eastern terminus , and he relied on Durant 's counsel . Durant advocated for Omaha , and he was so confident of the choice that he began buying up land in Nebraska . Key individuals ( edit ) Leland Stanford and the officers of the CPRR in 1870 Asa Whitney ( edit ) One of the most prominent champions of the central route railroad was Asa Whitney . He envisioned a route from Chicago and the Great Lakes to northern California , paid for by the sale of land to settlers along the route . Whitney traveled widely to solicit support from businessmen and politicians , printed maps and pamphlets , and submitted several proposals to Congress , all at his own expense . In June 1845 , he led a team along part of the proposed route to assess its feasibility . Legislation to begin construction of the Pacific Railroad ( called the Memorial of Asa Whitney ) was first introduced to Congress by Representative Zadock Pratt . Congress did not immediately act on Whitney 's proposal . Theodore Judah ( edit ) Main article : Theodore Judah Theodore Judah , architect of the Transcontinental Railroad and first chief engineer of the Central Pacific . Lewis M. Clement , Chief Assistant Engineer and Superintendent of Track Theodore Judah was a fervent supporter of the central route railroad . He lobbied vigorously in favor of the project and undertook the survey of the route through the rugged Sierra Nevada , one of the chief obstacles of the project . In 1852 , Judah was chief engineer for the newly formed Sacramento Valley Railroad , the first railroad built west of the Mississippi River . Although the railroad later went bankrupt once the easy placer gold deposits around Placerville , California were depleted , Judah was convinced that a properly financed railroad could pass from Sacramento through the Sierra Nevada mountains to reach the Great Basin and hook up with rail lines coming from the East . In 1856 , Judah wrote a 13,000 - word proposal in support of a Pacific railroad and distributed it to Cabinet secretaries , congressmen and other influential people . In September 1859 , Judah was chosen to be the accredited lobbyist for the Pacific Railroad Convention , which indeed approved his plan to survey , finance and engineer the road . Judah returned to Washington in December 1859 . He had a lobbying office in the United States Capitol , received an audience with President James Buchanan , and represented the Convention before Congress . Judah returned to California in 1860 . He continued to search for a more practical route through the Sierra suitable for a railroad . In mid-1860 , local miner Daniel Strong had surveyed a route over the Sierra for a wagon toll road , which he realized would also suit a railroad . He described his discovery in a letter to Judah . Together , they formed an association to solicit subscriptions from local merchants and businessmen to support their proposed railroad . From January or February 1861 until July , Judah and Strong led a 10 - person expedition to survey the route for the railroad over the Sierra Nevada through Clipper Gap and Emigrant Gap , over Donner Pass , and south to Truckee . They discovered a way across the Sierras that was gradual enough to be made suitable for a railroad , although it still needed a lot of work . The Big four ( edit ) Main articles : The Big Four and Central Pacific Railroad Leland Stanford 's official gubernatorial portrait Four northern California businessmen formed the Central Pacific Railroad : Leland Stanford , ( 1824 -- 1893 ) , President ; Collis Potter Huntington , ( 1821 -- 1900 ) , Vice President ; Mark Hopkins , ( 1813 -- 1878 ) , Treasurer ; Charles Crocker , ( 1822 -- 1888 ) , Construction Supervisor . All became substantially wealthy from their association with the railroad . Thomas Durant ( edit ) Main articles : Thomas C. Durant and Union Pacific Railroad Dr. Thomas C. Durant Former ophthalmologist Dr. Thomas Clark `` Doc '' Durant was nominally only a vice president of Union Pacific , so he installed a series of respected men like John Adams Dix as president of the railroad . Durant and its financing arrangements were , unlike those of the CPRR , mired in controversy and scandals . Authorization and funding ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Railroad Act In February 1860 , Iowa Representative Samuel Curtis introduced a bill to fund the railroad . It passed the House but died when it could not be reconciled with the Senate version due to opposition from southern states who wanted a southern route near the 42nd parallel . Curtis tried and failed again in 1861 . After the southern states seceded from the Union , the House of Representatives approved the bill on May 6 , 1862 , and the Senate on June 20 . Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 into law on July 1 . It authorized creation of two companies , the Central Pacific in the west and the Union Pacific in the mid-west , to build the railroad . The legislation called for building and operating a new railroad from the Missouri River at Council Bluffs , Iowa , west to Sacramento , California , and on to San Francisco Bay . A second law to supplement the first was passed in 1864 . Federal financing ( edit ) To finance the project , the act authorized the federal government to issue 30 - year U.S. government bonds ( at 6 % interest ) . The railroad companies were paid $16,000 / mile ( approximately $436,000 today ) for track laid on a level grade , $32,000 / mile ( about $872,000 today ) for track laid in foothills , and $48,000 / mile ( or about $1,307,000 today ) for track laid in mountains . The two railroad companies sold similar amounts of company - backed bonds and stock . Union Pacific financing ( edit ) While the federal legislation for the Union Pacific required that no partner was to own more than 10 percent of the stock , the UP had problems selling its stock . One of the few subscribers was Mormon leader Brigham Young , who also supplied crews for building much of the railroad through Utah . Durant enticed other investors by offering to front money for the stock they purchased in their names . This scheme enabled Durant to control about half of the railroad stock . The initial construction of UP grade traversed land owned by Durant . Durant 's railroad was paid by the mile , and to further inflate its profits , the UP built oxbows of unneeded track , and by July 4 , 1865 , it had only reached 40 miles ( 64 km ) from Omaha after 21⁄2 years of construction . Durant manipulated market prices on his stocks by spreading rumors about which railroads he had an interest in were being considered for connection with the Union Pacific . First he touted rumors that his fledgling M&M Railroad had a deal in the works , while secretly buying stock in the depressed Cedar Rapids and Missouri Railroad . Then he circulated rumors that the CR&M had plans to connect to the Union Pacific , at which point he began buying back the M&M stock at depressed prices . It 's estimated his scams produced over $5 million in profits for him and his cohorts . Central Pacific financing ( edit ) Collis Huntington , a Sacramento hardware merchant , heard Judah 's presentation about the railroad at the St. Charles Hotel in November 1860 . He invited Judah to his office to hear his proposal in detail . Huntington persuaded Judah to accept financing from himself and four others : Mark Hopkins , his business partner ; James Bailey , a jeweler ; Leland Stanford , a grocer ; and Charles Crocker , a dry - goods merchant . They initially invested $1,500 each and formed a board of directors . These investors became known as The Big Four , and their railroad was called the Central Pacific Railroad . Each eventually made millions of dollars from their investments and control of the Central Pacific Railroad . Before major construction could begin , Judah traveled back to New York City to raise funds to buy out The Big Four . However , shortly after arriving in New York , Judah died on November 2 , 1863 , of yellow fever that he had contracted while traveling over the Panama Railroad 's transit of the Isthmus of Panama . The CPRR Engineering Department was taken over by his successor Samuel S. Montegue , as well as Canadian trained Chief Assistant Engineer ( later Acting Chief Engineer ) Lewis Metzler Clement who also became Superintendent of Track . Land grants ( edit ) To allow the companies to raise additional capital , Congress granted the railroads a 400 - foot ( 120 m ) right - of - way corridor , lands for additional facilities like sidings and maintenance yards . They were also granted alternate sections of government - owned lands -- 6,400 acres ( 2,600 ha ) per mile ( 1.6 km ) -- for 10 miles ( 16 km ) on both sides of the track , forming a checkerboard pattern . The railroad companies were given the odd - numbered sections while the federal government retained the even - numbered sections . The exception was in cities , at rivers , or on non-government property . The railroads sold bonds based on the value of the lands , and in areas with good land like the Sacramento Valley and Nebraska sold the land to settlers , contributing to a rapid settlement of the West . The total area of the land grants to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific was larger than the area of the state of Texas : federal government land grants totaled about 203,128,500 square miles , and state government land grants totaled about 76,565,000 square miles . It was far from a given that the railroads operating in the thinly - settled west would make enough money to repay their construction and operation . If the railroad companies failed to sell the land granted them within three years , they were required to sell it at prevailing government price for homesteads : $1.25 per 1 acre ( 0.40 ha ) . If they failed to repay the bonds , all remaining railroad property , including trains and tracks , would revert to the U.S. government . To encourage settlement in the west , Congress ( 1861 -- 1863 ) passed the Homestead Acts which granted an applicant 160 acres ( 65 ha ) of land with the requirement that the applicant improve the land . This incentive encouraged thousands of settlers to move west . Railroad self - dealing ( edit ) The federal legislation lacked adequate oversight and accountability . The two companies took advantage of these weaknesses in the legislation to manipulate the project and produce extra profit for themselves . Despite the generous subsidies offered by the federal government , the railroad capitalists knew they would not turn a profit on the railroad business for many months , possibly years . They determined to make a profit on the construction itself . Both groups of financiers formed independent companies to complete the project , and they controlled management of the new companies along with the railroad ventures . This self - dealing allowed them to build in generous profit margins paid out by the railroad companies . In the west , the four men heading the Central Pacific chose a simple name for their company , the `` Contract and Finance Company . '' In the east , the Union Pacific selected a foreign name , calling their construction firm `` Crédit Mobilier of America . '' The latter company was later implicated in a far - reaching scandal , described later . Labor and wages ( edit ) Many of the engineers and surveyors who were hired by the Union Pacific had been employed during the American Civil War to repair and operate the over 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) of railroad line the U.S. Military Railroad controlled by the end of the war . The UP also utilized their experience repairing and building truss bridges during the war . Most of the semi-skilled workers on the Union Pacific were recruited from the many soldiers discharged from the Union and Confederate armies along with emigrant Irishmen . Pacific Railroad Bond , City and County of San Francisco , 1865 After 1864 , the Central Pacific Railroad received the same Federal financial incentives as the Union Pacific Railroad , along with some construction bonds granted by the state of California and the city of San Francisco . The Central Pacific hired some Canadian and British engineers and surveyors with extensive experience building railroads , but it had a difficult time finding semi-skilled labor . Most Caucasians in California preferred to work in the mines or agriculture . The railroad experimented by hiring local emigrant Chinese as manual laborers , many of whom were escaping the poverty and terrors of the Taiping Rebellion in the Guangdong province in China . When they proved themselves as workers , the CPRR from that point forward preferred to hire Chinese , and even set up recruiting efforts in Canton . Despite their small stature and lack of experience , the Chinese laborers were responsible for most of the heavy manual labor , since only a very limited amount of that work could be done by animals , simple machines , or black powder . The railroad also hired some black people escaping the aftermath of the American Civil War . Most of the black and white workers were paid $30 per month and given food and lodging . Most Chinese were initially paid $31 per month and provided lodging , but they preferred to cook their own meals . In 1867 the CPRR raised their wage to $35 ( equivalent to $610 in 2017 ) per month after a strike . Transcontinental route ( edit ) Profile of the Pacific Railroad from Council Bluffs / Omaha to San Francisco . Harper 's Weekly December 7 , 1867 Construction begun ( edit ) The Central Pacific broke ground on January 8 , 1863 . Due to the lack of transportation alternatives from the manufacturing centers on the east coast , virtually all of their tools and machinery including rails , railroad switches , railroad turntables , freight and passenger cars , and steam locomotives were transported first by train to east coast ports . They were then loaded on ships which either sailed around South America 's Cape Horn , or offloaded the cargo at the Isthmus of Panama , where it was sent across via paddle steamer and the Panama Railroad . The Panama Railroad gauge was 5 ft ( 1524 mm ) , which was incompatible with the 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 inch ( 1435mm ) gauge used by the CPRR equipment . The latter route was about twice as expensive per pound . Once the machinery and tools reached the San Francisco Bay area , they were put aboard river paddle steamers which transported them up the final 130 miles ( 210 km ) of the Sacramento River to the new state capital in Sacramento . Many of these steam engines , railroad cars , and other machinery were shipped dismantled and had to be reassembled . Wooden timbers for railroad ties , trestles , bridges , firewood , and telegraph poles were harvested in California and transported to the project site . The Union Pacific Railroad did not start construction for another 18 months until July 1865 . They were delayed by difficulties obtaining financial backing and the unavailability of workers and materials due to the Civil War . Their start point in the new city of Omaha , Nebraska was not yet connected via railroad to Council Bluffs , Iowa . Equipment needed to begin work was initially delivered to Omaha and Council Bluffs by paddle steamers on the Missouri River . The Union Pacific was so slow in beginning construction during 1865 that they sold two of the four steam locomotives they had purchased . After the U.S. Civil War ended on June 22 , 1865 , the Union Pacific still competed for railroad supplies with companies who were building or repairing railroads in the south , and prices rose . Rail standards ( edit ) First Day Cover for the 75th Anniversary of the Driving of the Last Spike ( May 10 , 1944 ) At that time in the United States , there were two primary standards for track gauge , as defined by the distance between the two rails . In England , the standard gauge was 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 inch ( 1.435 m ) , and this had been adopted by the majority of northern railways . But much of the south had adopted a 5 - foot gauge . Transferring railway cars across a break of gauge required changing out the wheel trucks . Alternatively , cargo was offloaded and reloaded , a time - consuming effort that delayed cargo shipments . For the transcontinental railroad , the builders adopted the English standard , what is now called standard gauge . The Bessemer process and open hearth furnace steel - making were in use by 1865 , but the advantages of steel rails which lasted much longer than iron rails had not yet been demonstrated . The rails used initially in building the rail way were nearly all made of iron of a flat - bottomed modified I - beam profile weighing 56 pounds ( 25 kg ) per 1 yard ( 0.91 m ) or 66 pounds ( 30 kg ) per 1 yard ( 0.91 m ) . The railroad companies were intent on completing the project as rapidly as possible at a minimum cost . Within a few years , nearly all railroads converted to steel rails . Time zones and telegraph usage ( edit ) Time was not standardized across the United States and Canada until November 18 , 1883 . In 1865 , each railroad set its own time to minimize scheduling errors . To communicate easily up and down the line , the railroads built telegraph lines alongside the railroad . These lines eventually superseded the original First Transcontinental Telegraph which followed much of the Mormon Trail up the North Platte River and across the very thinly populated Central Nevada Route through central Utah and Nevada . The telegraph lines along the railroad were easier to protect and maintain . Many of the original telegraph lines were abandoned as the telegraph business was consolidated with the railroad telegraph lines . Union Pacific route ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Route of the first American transcontinental railroad from Sacramento , California , to Council Bluffs , Iowa . Other railroads connected at Council Bluffs to cities throughout the East and Midwest . The Union Pacific 's 1,087 miles ( 1,749 km ) of track started at MP 0.0 in Council Bluffs , Iowa , on the eastern side of the Missouri River . Omaha was chosen by President Abraham Lincoln as the location of its Transfer Depot where up to seven railroads could transfer mail and other goods to Union Pacific trains bound for the west . Trains were initially transported across the Missouri River by ferry before they could access the western tracks beginning in Omaha , Nebraska Territory . The river froze in the winter , and the ferries were replaced by sleighs . A bridge was not built until 1872 , when the 2,750 - foot - long ( 840 m ) Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge was completed . After the rail line 's initial climb through the Missouri River bluffs west of Omaha and out of the Missouri River Valley , the route bridged the Elkhorn River and then crossed over the new 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) Loup River bridge as it followed the north side of the Platte River valley west through Nebraska along the general path of the Oregon , Mormon and California Trails . By December 1865 , the Union Pacific had only completed 40 miles ( 64 km ) of track , reaching Fremont , Nebraska , and a further 10 miles ( 16 km ) of roadbed . At the end of 1865 , Peter A. Dey , Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific , resigned over a routing dispute with Thomas C. Durant , one of the chief financiers of the Union Pacific . With the end of the Civil War and increased government supervision in the offing , Durant hired his former M&M engineer Grenville M. Dodge to build the railroad , and the Union Pacific began a mad dash west . Former Union General John `` Jack '' Casement was hired as the new Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific . He equipped several railroad cars to serve as portable bunkhouses for the workers and gathered men and supplies to push the railroad rapidly west . Among the bunkhouses Casement added a galley car to prepare meals , and he even provided for a herd of cows to be moved with the railhead and bunk cars to provide fresh meat . Hunters were hired to provide buffalo meat from the large herds of American bison . The small survey parties who scouted ahead to locate the roadbed were sometimes attacked and killed by raiding Native Americans . In response , the U.S. Army instituted active cavalry patrols that grew larger as the Native Americans grew more aggressive . Temporary , `` Hell on wheels '' towns , made mostly of canvas tents , accompanied the railroad as construction headed west . The Platte River was too shallow and meandering to provide river transport , but the Platte river valley headed west and sloped up gradually at about 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) per 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) , often allowing to lay a mile ( 1.6 km ) of track a day or more in 1866 as the Union Pacific finally started moving rapidly west . Building bridges to cross creeks and rivers was the main source of delays . Near where the Platte River splits into the North Platte River and South Platte River , the railroad bridged the North Platte River over a 2,600 - foot - long ( 790 m ) bridge ( nicknamed 1⁄2 mile bridge ) . It was built across the shallow but wide North Platte resting on piles driven by steam pile drivers . Here they built the `` railroad '' town of North Platte , Nebraska in December 1866 after completing about 240 miles ( 390 km ) of track that year . In late 1866 , former Major General Grenville M. Dodge was appointed Chief Engineer on the Union Pacific , but hard working General `` Jack '' Casement continued to work as chief construction `` boss '' and his brother Daniel Casement continued as financial officer . The original emigrant route across Wyoming of the Oregon , Mormon and California Trails , after progressing up the Platte River valley , went up the North Platte River valley through Casper , Wyoming , along the Sweetwater River and over the Continental Divide at 7,412 feet ( 2,259 m ) South Pass . The original westward travellers in their ox and mule pulled wagons tried to stick to river valleys to avoid as much road building as possible -- gradients and sharp corners were usually of little or no concern to them . The ox and mule pulled wagons were the original off - road vehicles in their day , since nearly all of the Emigrant Trails went cross country over rough , un-improved trails . The route over South Pass 's main advantage for wagons pulled by oxen or mules was a shorter elevation over an `` easy '' pass to cross and its `` easy '' connection to nearby river valleys on both sides of the continental divide for water and grass . The emigrant trails were closed in winter . The North Platte / South Pass route was far less beneficial for a railroad , as it was about 150 miles ( 240 km ) longer and much more expensive to construct up the narrow , steep and rocky canyons of the North Platte . The route along the North Platte was also further from Denver , Colorado , and went across difficult terrain , while a railroad connection to that City was already being planned for and surveyed . Efforts to survey a new , shorter , `` better '' route had been under way since 1864 . By 1867 , a new route was found and surveyed that went along part of the South Platte River in western Nebraska and after entering what is now the state of Wyoming , ascended a gradual sloping ridge between Lodgepole Creek and Crow Creek to 8,200 feet ( 2,500 m ) Evans pass ( also called Sherman 's Pass ) which was discovered by the Union Pacific employed English surveyor and engineer , James Evans , in about 1864 . This pass now is marked by the Ames Monument ( 41.131281 , - 105.398045 lat. , long . ) marking its significance and commemorating two of the main backers of the Union Pacific Railroad . From North Platte , Nebraska ( elevation 2,834 feet ( 864 m ) ) , the railroad proceeded westward and upward along a new path across the Nebraska Territory and Wyoming Territory ( then part of the Dakota Territory ) along the north bank of the South Platte River and into what would become the state of Wyoming at Lone Pine , Wyoming . Evans Pass was located between what would become the new `` railroad '' towns of Cheyenne and Laramie . Connecting to this pass , about 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of Cheyenne , was the one place across the Laramie Mountains that had a narrow `` guitar neck '' of land that crossed the mountains without serious erosion at the so - called `` gangplank '' ( 41.099746 , - 105.153205 lat. , long . ) discovered by Major General Grenville Dodge in 1865 when he was in the U.S. Army . The new route surveyed across Wyoming was over 150 miles ( 240 km ) shorter , had a flatter profile , allowed for cheaper and easier railroad construction , and also went closer by Denver and the known coalfields in the Wasatch and Laramie Ranges . The railroad gained about 3,200 feet ( 980 m ) in the 220 miles ( 350 km ) climb to Cheyenne from North Platte , Nebraska -- about 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) per mile ( 1.6 km ) -- a very gentle slope of less than one degree average . This `` new '' route had never become an emigrant route because it lacked the water and grass to feed the emigrants ' oxen and mules . Steam locomotives did not need grass , and the railroad companies could drill wells for water if necessary . Coal had been discovered in Wyoming and reported on by John C. Frémont in his 1843 expedition across Wyoming , and was already being exploited by Utah residents from towns like Coalville , Utah and later Kemmerer , Wyoming by the time the Transcontinental railroad was built . Union Pacific needed coal to fuel its steam locomotives on the almost treeless plains across Nebraska and Wyoming . Coal shipments by rail were also looked on as a potentially major source of income -- this potential is still being realized . Dale Creek Bridge The Union Pacific reached the new railroad town of Cheyenne in December 1867 , having laid about 270 miles ( 430 km ) that year . They paused over the winter , preparing to push the track over Evans ( Sherman 's ) pass . At 8,247 feet ( 2,514 m ) , Evans / Sherman 's pass is the highest point reached on the transcontinental railroad . About 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) beyond Evans / Sherman 's pass , the railroad had to build an extensive bridge over the Dale Creek canyon ( 41.103803 , − 105.454797 , lat. , long . ) . The Dale Creek Crossing was one of their more difficult railroad engineering challenges . Dale Creek Bridge was 650 - foot ( 200 m ) long and 125 feet ( 38 m ) above Dale Creek . The bridge components were pre-built of timber in Chicago , Illinois and then shipped on rail cars to Dale Creek for assembly . The eastern and western approaches to the bridge site , near the highest elevation on the transcontinental railroad , required cutting through granite for nearly a mile on each side . The initial Dale Creek bridge had a train speed limit of 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) per hour across the bridge . Beyond Dale Creek , railroad construction paused at what became the town of Laramie , Wyoming to build a bridge across the Laramie River . Located 35 miles ( 56 km ) from Evans pass , Union Pacific connected the new `` railroad '' town of Cheyenne to Denver and its Denver Pacific Railway and Telegraph Company railroad line in 1870 . Elevated 6,070 feet ( 1,850 m ) above sea level , and sitting on the new Union Pacific route with a connection to Denver , Cheyenne was chosen to become a major railroad center and was equipped with extensive railroad yards , maintenance facilities and a Union Pacific presence . Its location made it a good base for helper locomotives to couple to trains with snowplows to help clear the tracks of snow or help haul heavy freight over Evans pass . The Union Pacific 's junction with the Denver Railroad with its connection to Kansas City , Kansas , Kansas City , Missouri and the railroads east of the Missouri River again increased Cheyenne 's importance as the junction of two major railroads . Cheyenne later became Wyoming 's largest city and the capital of the new state of Wyoming . The railroad established many townships along the way : Fremont , Elkhorn , Grand Island , North Platte , Ogallala and Sidney as the railroad followed the Platte River across Nebraska territory . The railroad even dipped into what would become the new state of Colorado after crossing the North Platte River as it followed the South Platte River west into what would become Julesburg before turning northwest along Lodgepole Creek into Wyoming . In the Dakota Territory ( Wyoming ) the new towns of Cheyenne , Laramie , Rawlins ( named for Union General John Aaron Rawlins , who camped in the locality in 1867 . ) , Green River and Evanston ( named after James Evans ) were established , as well as many more fuel and water stops . The Green River was crossed with a new bridge , and the new `` railroad '' town of Green River constructed there after the tracks reached the Green River on October 1 , 1868 -- the last big river to cross . On December 4 , 1868 , the Union Pacific reached Evanston , having laid almost 360 miles ( 580 km ) of track over the Green River and the Laramie Plains that year . By 1871 , Evanston became a significant maintenance shop town equipped to carry out extensive repairs on the cars and steam locomotives . In the Utah Territory , the railroad once again diverted from the main emigrant trails to cross the Wasatch Mountains and went down the rugged Echo Canyon ( Summit County , Utah ) and Weber River canyon . To speed up construction as much as possible , Union Pacific contracted several thousand Mormon workers to cut , fill , trestle , bridge , blast and tunnel its way down the rugged Weber River Canyon to Ogden , Utah , ahead of the railroad construction . The Mormon and Union Pacific rail work was joined in the area of the present - day border between Utah and Wyoming . The longest of four tunnels built in Weber Canyon was 757 - foot - long ( 231 m ) Tunnel 2 . Work on this tunnel started in October 1868 and was completed six months later . Temporary tracks were laid around it and Tunnels 3 ( 508 feet ( 155 m ) ) , 4 ( 297 feet ( 91 m ) ) and 5 ( 579 feet ( 176 m ) ) to continue work on the tracks west of the tunnels . The tunnels were all made with the new dangerous nitroglycerine explosive , which expedited work but caused some fatal accidents . While building the railroad along the rugged Weber River Canyon , Mormon workers signed the Thousand Mile Tree which was lone tree alongside the track 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) from Omaha . A historic marker has been placed there . The tracks reached Ogden , Utah , on March 27 , 1869 , although finishing work would continue on the tracks , tunnels and bridges in Weber Canyon for over a year . From Ogden , the railroad went north of the Great Salt Lake to Brigham City and Corinne using Mormon workers , before finally connecting with the Central Pacific Railroad at Promontory Summit in Utah territory on May 10 , 1869 . Some Union Pacific officers declined to pay the Mormons all of the agreed upon construction costs of the work through Weber Canyon , and beyond , claiming Union Pacific poverty despite the millions they had extracted through the Crédit Mobilier of America scandal . Only partial payment was secured through court actions against Union Pacific . Central Pacific route ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Central Pacific Rail road at Cape Horn circa 1880 The Central Pacific laid 690 miles ( 1,110 km ) of track , starting in Sacramento , California , in 1863 and continuing over the rugged 7,000 - foot ( 2,100 m ) Sierra Nevada mountains at Donner Pass into the new state of Nevada . The elevation change from Sacramento ( elev. 40 ft or 12 m ) to Donner Summit ( elev . 7,000 ft or 2,100 m ) had to be accomplished in about 90 miles ( 140 km ) with an average elevation change of 76 feet per mile ( 14 meters per km ) , and there were only a few places in the Sierra where this type of `` ramp '' existed . The discovery and detailed map survey with profiles and elevations of this route over the Sierra Nevada is credited to Theodore Judah , chief engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad until his death in 1863 . This route is up a ridge between the North fork of the American River on the south and Bear River ( Feather River ) and South Yuba River on the north . As the railroad climbed out of Sacramento up to Donner Summit , there was only one 3 - mile ( 4.8 km ) section near `` Cape Horn CPRR '' where the railroad grade slightly exceeded two percent . 1864 advertisement for the opening of the Dutch Flat Wagon Road . In June 1864 , the Central Pacific railroad entrepreneurs opened Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Wagon Road ( DFDLWR ) . Costing about $300,000 and a years worth of work , this toll road wagon route was opened over much of the route the Central Pacific railroad ( CPRR ) would use over Donner Summit to carry freight and passengers needed by the CPRR and to carry other cargo over their toll road to and from the ever advancing railhead and over the Sierra to the gold and silver mining towns of Nevada . As the railroad advanced , their freight rates with the combined rail and wagon shipments would become much more competitive . The volume of the toll road freight traffic to Nevada was estimated to be about $13,000,000 a year as the Comstock Lode boomed , and getting even part of this freight traffic would help pay for the railroad construction . When the railroad reached Reno , it had the majority of all Nevada freight shipments , and the price of goods in Nevada dropped significantly as the freight charges to Nevada dropped significantly . The rail route over the Sierras followed the general route of the Truckee branch of the California Trail , going east over Donner Pass and down the rugged Truckee River valley . The route over the Sierra had been plotted out by Judah in preliminary surveys before his death in 1863 . Judah 's deputy , Samuel S. Montague was appointed as Central Pacific 's new Chief Engineer , with Lewis M. Clement as Assistant Chief Engineer and Charles Cadwalader as second assistant . To build the new railroad , detailed surveys had to be run that showed where the cuts , fills , trestles , bridges and tunnels would have to be built . Work that was identified as taking a long time was started as soon as its projected track location could be ascertained and work crews , supplies and road work equipment found to be sent ahead . Tunnels , trestles and bridges were nearly all built this way . The spread - out nature of the work resulted in the work being split into two divisions , with L.M. Clement taking the upper division from Blue Cañon to Truckee and Cadwalader taking the lower division from Truckee to the Nevada border . Other assistant engineers were assigned to specific tasks such as building a bridge , tunnel or trestle which was done by the workers under experienced supervisors . The CPRR grade at Donner Summit as it appeared in 1869 and 2003 In total , the Central Pacific had eleven tunnel projects ( Nos. 3 through 13 ) under construction in the Sierra from 1865 -- 68 , with seven tunnels located in a 2 - mile ( 3.2 km ) stretch on the east side of Donner Summit . The tunnels were usually built by drilling a series of holes in the tunnel face , filling them with black powder and detonating it to break the rock free . The black powder was provided by the California Powder Works near Santa Cruz , California . These works had started production in 1864 after the U.S. Civil War had cut off shipments of black powder from the East to the mining and railroad industry of California and Nevada . The Central Pacific was a prolific user of black powder , often using up to 500 kegs of 25 pounds ( 11 kg ) each per day . The summit tunnel ( Number 6 ) , 1,660 feet ( 510 m ) , was started in late 1865 , well ahead of the railhead . Through solid granite , the summit tunnel progressed at a rate of only about 0.98 feet ( 0.30 m ) per day per face as it was being worked by three eight - hour shifts of workers , hand drilling holes with a rock drill and hammer , filling them with black powder and trying to blast the granite loose . One crew worked drilling holes on the faces and another crew collected and removed the loosened rock after each explosion . The workers were pulled off the summit tunnel and the track grading east of Donner Pass in the winter of 1865 -- 66 as there was no way to supply them , nor quarters they could have lived in . The crews were transferred to work on bridges and track grading on the Truckee River canyon . The vertical central shaft of the CPRR `` Summit Tunnel '' ( Tunnel # 6 ) at Donner Summit which allowed drilling and excavation to be carried out on four faces at once In 1866 they put in a 125 - foot ( 38 m ) vertical shaft in the center of the summit tunnel and started work towards the east and west tunnel faces , giving four working faces on the summit tunnel to speed up progress . A steam engine off an old locomotive was brought up with much effort over the wagon road and used as a winch driver to help remove loosened rock from the vertical shaft and two working faces . By the winter of 1866 -- 67 , work had progressed sufficiently and a camp had been built for workers on the summit tunnel which allowed work to continue . The cross section of a tunnel face was a 16 - foot - wide ( 4.9 m ) , 16 - foot - high ( 4.9 m ) oval with an 11 - foot ( 3.4 m ) vertical wall . Progress on the tunnel sped up to over 1.5 feet ( 0.46 m ) per day per face when they started using the newly invented nitroglycerin -- manufactured near the tunnel . They used nitroglycerin to deepen the summit tunnel to the required 16 - foot ( 4.9 m ) height after the four tunnel faces met , and made even faster progress . Nearly all other tunnels were worked on both tunnel faces and met in the middle . Depending on the material the tunnels penetrated , they were left unlined or lined with brick , rock walls or timber and post . Some tunnels were designed to bend in the middle to align with the track bed curvature . Despite this potential complication , nearly all the different tunnel center lines met within 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) or so . The detailed survey work that made these tunnel digs as precise as required were nearly all done by the Canadian born and trained Lewis Clement , the CPRR 's Chief Assistant Engineer and Superintendent of Track , and his assistants . Hills or ridges in front of the railroad road bed would have to have a flat - bottomed , V shaped `` cut '' made to get the railroad through the ridge or hill . The type of material determined the slope of the V and how much material would have to be removed . Ideally , these cuts would be matched with valley fills that could use the dug out material to bring the road bed up to grade -- cut and fill construction . In the 1860s there was no heavy equipment that could be used to make these cuts or haul it away to make the fills . The options were to dig it out by pick and shovel , haul the hillside material by wheelbarrow and / or horse or mule cart or blast it loose . To blast a V shaped cut out , they had to drill several holes up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) deep in the material , fill them with black powder , and blast the material away . Since the Central Pacific was in a hurry , they were profligate users of black powder to blast their way though the hills . The only disadvantage came when a nearby valley needed fill to get across it . The explosive technique often blew most of the potential fill material down the hillside , making it unavailable for fill . Initially , many valleys were bridged by `` temporary '' trestles that could be rapidly built and were later replaced by much lower maintenance and permanent solid fill . The existing railroad made transporting and putting material in valleys much easier -- load it on railway dump cars , haul where needed and dump it over the side of the trestle . The Summit Tunnel at Donner Summit , West Portal ( Composite image with the tracks removed in 1993 digitally restored ) The route down the eastern Sierras was done on the south side of Donner Lake with a series of switchbacks carved into the mountain . The Truckee River , which drains Lake Tahoe , had already found and scoured out the best route across the Carson Range of mountains east of the Sierras . The route down the rugged Truckee River Canyon , including required bridges , was done ahead of the main summit tunnel completion . To expedite the building of the railroad through the Truckee River canyon , the Central Pacific hauled two small locomotives , railcars , rails and other material on wagons and sleighs to what is now Truckee , California and worked the winter of 1867 -- 68 on their way down Truckee canyon ahead of the tracks being completed to Truckee . In Truckee canyon , five Howe truss bridges had to be built . This gave them a head start on getting to the `` easy '' miles across Nevada . In order to keep the higher portions of the Sierra grade open in the winter , 37 miles ( 60 km ) of timber snow sheds were built between Blue Cañon and Truckee in addition to utilizing snowplows pushed by locomotives , as well as manual shovelling . With the advent of more efficient oil fired steam and later diesel electric power to drive plows , flangers , spreaders , and rotary snow plows , most of the wooden snowsheds have long since been removed as obsolete . Tunnels 1 -- 5 and 13 of the original 1860s tunnels on Track 1 of the Sierra grade remain in use today , while additional new tunnels were later driven when the grade was double tracked over the first quarter of the twentieth century . In 1993 , the Southern Pacific Railroad ( which operated the CPRR - built Oakland -- Ogden line until its 1996 merger with the UP ) closed and pulled up the 6.7 - mile ( 10.8 km ) section of Track # 1 over the summit running between the Norden complex ( Shed 26 , MP 192.1 ) and the covered crossovers in Shed # 47 ( MP 198.8 ) about a mile east of the old flyover at Eder , bypassing and abandoning the tunnel 6 -- 8 complex , the concrete snowsheds just beyond them , and tunnels 9 -- 12 ending at MP 195.7 , all of which had been located on Track 1 within two miles of the summit . Since then all east - and westbound traffic has been run over the Track # 2 grade crossing the summit about one mile ( 1.6 km ) south of Donner Pass through the 10,322 - foot - long ( 3,146 m ) Tunnel # 41 ( aka `` The Big Hole '' ) running under Mt . Judah between Soda Springs and Eder , which was opened in 1925 when the summit section of the grade was double tracked . This routing change was made because the Track 2 and Tunnel 41 Summit crossing is far easier and less expensive to maintain and keep open in the harsh Sierra winters . On June 18 , 1868 , the Central Pacific reached Reno , Nevada , after completing 132 miles ( 212 km ) of railroad up and over the Sierras from Sacramento , California . By then the railroad had already been prebuilt down the Truckee River on the much flatter land from Reno to Wadsworth , Nevada , where they bridged the Truckee for the last time . From there , they struggled across a forty mile desert to the end of the Humboldt river at the Humboldt Sink . From the end of the Humboldt , they continued east over the Great Basin Desert bordering the Humboldt River to Wells , Nevada . One of the most troublesome problems found on this route along the Humboldt was at Palisade Canyon ( near Carlin , Nevada ) , where for 12 miles ( 19 km ) the line had to be built between the river and basalt cliffs . From Wells , Nevada to Promontory Summit , the Railroad left the Humboldt and proceeded across the Nevada and Utah desert . Water for the steam locomotives was provided by wells , springs , or pipelines to nearby water sources . Water was often pumped into the water tanks with windmills . Train fuel and water spots on the early trains with steam locomotives may have been as often as every 10 miles ( 16 km ) . On one memorable occasion , not far from Promontory , the Central Pacific crews organized an army of workers and five train loads of construction material , and laid 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track on a prepared rail bed in one day -- - a record that still stands today . The Central Pacific and Union Pacific raced to get as much track laid as possible , and the Central Pacific laid about 560 miles ( 900 km ) of track from Reno to Promontory Summit in the one year before the Last Spike was driven on May 10 , 1869 . Central Pacific had 1,694 freight cars available by May 1869 , with more under construction in their Sacramento yard . Major repairs and maintenance on the Central Pacific rolling stock was done in their Sacramento maintenance yard . Near the end of 1869 , Central Pacific had 162 locomotives , of which 2 had two drivers ( drive wheels ) , 110 had four drivers , and 50 had six drivers . The steam locomotives had been purchased in the eastern states and shipped to California by sea . Thirty - six additional locomotives were built and coming west , and twenty - eight more were under construction . There was a shortage of passenger cars and more had to be ordered . The first Central Pacific sleeper , the `` Silver Palace Sleeping Car '' , arrived at Sacramento on June 8 , 1868 . The CPRR route passed through Newcastle and Truckee in California , Reno , Wadsworth , Winnemucca , Battle Mountain , Elko and Wells in Nevada ( with many more fuel and water stops ) , before connecting with the Union Pacific line at Promontory Summit in the Utah Territory . When the eastern end of the CPRR was extended to Ogden by purchasing the Union Pacific Railroad line from Promontory for about $2.8 million in 1870 , it ended the short period of a boom town for Promontory , extended the Central Pacific tracks about 60 miles ( 97 km ) and made Ogden a major terminus on the transcontinental railroad , as passengers and freight switched railroads there . CPRR issued ticket for passage from Reno to Virginia City , NV on the V&TRR , 1878 Subsequent to the railhead 's meeting at Promontory Summit , U.T. , the San Joaquin River Bridge at Mossdale Crossing ( near present - day Lathrop , California ) was completed on September 8 , 1869 . As a result , the western part of the route was extended from Sacramento to the Alameda Terminal in Alameda , California , and shortly thereafter , to the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point in Oakland , California , and on to San Jose , California . Train ferries transferred some railroad cars to and from the Oakland wharves and tracks to wharves and tracks in San Francisco . Before the CPRR was completed , developers were building other feeder railroads like the Virginia and Truckee Railroad to the Comstock Lode diggings in Virginia City , Nevada , and several different extensions in California and Nevada to reach other cities there . Some of their main cargo was the thousands of cords of firewood needed for the many steam engines and pumps , cooking stoves , heating stoves etc. in Comstock Lode towns and the tons of ice needed by the miners as they worked ever deeper into the `` hot '' Comstock Lode ore body . In the mines , temperatures could get above 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) at the work face and a miner often used over 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) of ice per shift . This new railroad connected to the Central Pacific near Reno , and went through Carson City , the new capital of Nevada . After the transcontinental railroads were completed , many other railroads were built to connect up to other population centers in Utah , Wyoming , Kansas , Colorado , Oregon , Washington territories , etc . In 1869 , the Kansas Pacific Railway started building the Hannibal Bridge , a swing bridge across the Missouri River between Kansas City , Missouri and Kansas City , Kansas which connected railroads on both sides of the Missouri while still allowing passage of paddle steamers on the river . After completion , this became another major east - west railroad . To speed completion of the Kansas Pacific Railroad to Denver , construction started east from Denver in March 1870 to meet the railroad coming west from Kansas city . The two crews met at a point called Comanche Crossing , Kansas Territory , on August 15 , 1870 . Denver was now firmly on track to becoming the largest city and the future capital of Colorado . The Kansas Pacific Railroad linked with the Denver Pacific Railway via Denver to Cheyenne in 1870 . The original transcontinental railroad route did not pass through the two biggest cities in the so - called Great American Desert -- Denver , Colorado , and Salt Lake City , Utah . Feeder railroad lines were soon built to service these two and other cities and states along the route . Modern - day Interstate 80 roughly follows the path of the railroad from Sacramento across modern day California , Nevada , Wyoming and Nebraska , with a few exceptions . Most significantly , the two routes are different between Wells , Nevada and Echo , Utah . In this area the freeway passes along the south shore of the Great Salt Lake and passes through Salt Lake City , cresting the Wasatch Mountains at Parley 's Summit . The railroad was originally routed along the north shore , and later with the Lucin Cutoff directly across the center of the Great Salt Lake , passing through the city of Ogden instead of Salt Lake City . The railroad crosses the Wasatch Mountains via a much gentler grade through Weber Canyon . Most of the other deviations are in mountainous areas where interstate highways allow for grades up to six - percent grades , which allows them to go many places the railroads had to go around , since their goal was to hold their grades to less than two percent . Construction ( edit ) The Jupiter , which carried Leland Stanford ( one of the `` Big Four '' owners of the Central Pacific ) and other railway officials to the Last Spike Ceremony . Most of the capital investment needed to build the railroad was generated by selling government - guaranteed bonds ( granted per mile of completed track ) to interested investors . The Federal donation of right - of - way saved money and time as it did not have to be purchased from others . The financial incentives and bonds would hopefully cover most of the initial capital investment needed to build the railroad . The bonds would be paid back by the sale of government - granted land , as well as prospective passenger and freight income . Most of the engineers and surveyors who figured out how and where to build the railroad on the Union Pacific were engineering college trained . Many of Union Pacific engineers and surveyors were Union Army veterans ( including two generals ) who had learned their railroad trade keeping the trains running and tracks maintained during the U.S. Civil War . After securing the finances and selecting the engineering team , the next step was to hire the key personnel and prospective supervisors . Nearly all key workers and supervisors were hired because they had previous railroad on - the - job training , knew what needed to be done and how to direct workers to get it done . After the key personnel were hired , the semi-skilled jobs could be filled if there was available labor . The engineering team 's main job was to tell the workers where to go , what to do , how to do it , and provide the construction material they would need to get it done . Survey teams were put out to produce detailed contour maps of the options on the different routes . The engineering team looked at the available surveys and chose what was the `` best '' route . Survey teams under the direction of the engineers closely led the work crews and marked where and by how much hills would have to be cut and depressions filled or bridged . Coordinators made sure that construction and other supplies were provided when and where needed , and additional supplies were ordered as the railroad construction consumed the supplies . Specialized bridging , explosive and tunneling teams were assigned to their specialized jobs . Some jobs like explosive work , tunneling , bridging , heavy cuts or fills were known to take longer than others , so the specialized teams were sent out ahead by wagon trains with the supplies and men to get these jobs done by the time the regular track - laying crews arrived . Finance officers made sure the supplies were paid for and men paid for their work . An army of men had to be coordinated and a seemingly never - ending chain of supplies had to be provided . The Central Pacific road crew set a track - laying record by laying 10 mi ( 16 km ) of track in a single day , commemorating the event with a signpost beside the track for passing trains to see . In addition to the track - laying crews , other crews were busy setting up stations with provisions for loading fuel , water and often also mail , passengers and freight . Personnel had to be hired to run these stations . Maintenance depots had to be built to keep all of the equipment repaired and operational . Telegraph operators had to be hired to man each station to keep track of where the trains were so that trains could run in each direction on the available single track without interference or accidents . Sidings had to be built to allow trains to pass . Provision had to be made to store and continually pay for coal or wood needed to run the steam locomotives . Water towers had to be built for refilling the water tanks on the engines , and provision made to keep them full . Labor ( edit ) The majority of the Union Pacific track across the Nebraska and Wyoming territories was built by veterans of the Union and Confederate armies , as well as many recent immigrants . Brigham Young , President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , landed contracts with the Union Pacific that offered jobs for around 2,000 members of the church with the hope that the railroad would support commerce in Utah . Church members built most of the road through Utah . Construction superintendent Durant repeatedly failed to pay the wages agreed upon . The Union Pacific train carrying him to the final spike ceremony was held up by a strike by unpaid workers in Piedmont , Wyoming until he paid them for their work . Representatives of Brigham Young had less success , and failed in court to force him to honor the contract . Chinese railroad workers greet a train on a snowy day . The manual labor to build the Central Pacific 's roadbed , bridges and tunnels was done primarily by many thousands of emigrant workers from China under the direction of skilled non-Chinese supervisors . The Chinese were commonly referred to at the time as `` Celestials '' and China as the `` Celestial Kingdom . '' Labor - saving devices in those days consisted primarily of wheelbarrows , horse or mule pulled carts , and a few railroad pulled gondolas . The construction work involved an immense amount of manual labor . Initially , Central Pacific had a hard time hiring and keeping unskilled workers on its line , as many would leave for the prospect of far more lucrative gold or silver mining options elsewhere . Despite the concerns expressed by Charles Crocker , one of the `` big four '' and a general contractor , that the Chinese were too small in stature and lacking previous experience with railroad work , they decided to try them anyway . After the first few days of trial with a few workers , with noticeably positive results , Crocker decided to hire as many as he could , looking primarily at the California labor force , where the majority of Chinese worked as independent gold miners or in the service industries ( e.g. : laundries and kitchens ) . Most of these Chinese workers were represented by a Chinese `` boss '' who translated , collected salaries for his crew , kept discipline and relayed orders from an American general supervisor . Most Chinese workers spoke only rudimentary or no English , and the supervisors typically only learned rudimentary Chinese . Many more workers were imported from the Guangdong Province of China , which at the time , beside great poverty , suffered from the violence of the Taiping Rebellion . Most Chinese workers were planning on returning with their new found `` wealth '' when the work was completed . Most of the men received between one and three dollars per day , the same as unskilled white workers ; but the workers imported directly from China sometimes received less . A diligent worker could save over $20 per month after paying for food and lodging -- a `` fortune '' by Chinese standards . A snapshot of workers in late 1865 showed about 3,000 Chinese and 1,700 white workers employed on the railroad . Nearly all of the white workers were in supervisory or skilled craft positions and made more money than the Chinese . Most of the early work on the Central Pacific consisted of constructing the railroad track bed , cutting and / or blasting through or around hills , filling in washes , building bridges or trestles , digging and blasting tunnels and then laying the rails over the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) mountains . Once the Central Pacific was out of the Sierras and the Carson Range , progress sped up considerably as the railroad bed could be built over nearly flat ground . In those days , the Central Pacific once did a section of 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track in one day as a `` demonstration '' of what they could do on flat ground like most of the Union Pacific had in Wyoming and Nebraska . The track laying was divided up into various parts . In advance of the track layers , surveyors consulting with engineers determined where the track would go . Workers then built and prepared the roadbed , dug or blasted through hills , filled in washes , built trestles , bridges or culverts across streams or valleys , made tunnels if needed , and laid the ties . The actual track - laying gang would then lay rails on the previously laid ties positioned on the roadbed , drive the spikes , and bolt the fishplate bars to each rail . At the same time , another gang would distribute telegraph poles and wire along the grade , while the cooks prepared dinner and the clerks busied themselves with accounts , records , using the telegraph line to relay requests for more materials and supplies or communicate with supervisors . Usually the workers lived in camps built near their work site . Supplies were ordered by the engineers and hauled by rail , possibly then to be loaded on wagons if they were needed ahead of the railhead . Camps were moved when the railhead moved a significant distance . Later , as the railroad started moving long distances every few days , some railroad cars had bunkhouses built in them that moved with the workers -- the Union Pacific had used this technique since 1866 . Almost all of the roadbed work had to be done manually , using shovels , picks , axes , two - wheeled dump carts , wheelbarrows , ropes , scrapers , etc. , with initially only black powder available for blasting . Carts pulled by mules , and horses were about the only labor saving devices available then . Lumber and ties were usually provided by independent contractors who cut , hauled and sawed the timber as required . CPRR Tunnel # 3 near Cisco , California ( MP 180.1 ) opened in 1866 and remains in daily use today . Tunnels were blasted through hard rock by drilling holes in the rock face by hand and filling them with black powder . Sometimes cracks were found which could be filled with powder and blasted loose . The loosened rock would be collected and hauled out of the tunnel for use in a fill area or as roadbed , or else dumped over the side as waste . A foot or so advance on a tunnel face was a typical day 's work . Some tunnels took almost a year to finish and the Summit Tunnel , the longest , took almost two years . In the final days of working in the Sierras , the recently invented nitroglycerin explosive was introduced and used on the last tunnels including Summit Tunnel . Supply trains carried all the necessary material for the construction up to the railhead , with mule or horse - drawn wagons carrying it the rest of the ways if required . Ties were typically unloaded from horse - drawn or mule - drawn wagons and then placed on the track ballast and levelled to get ready for the rails . Rails , which weighed the most , were often kicked off the flatcars and carried by gangs of men on each side of the rail to where needed . The rails just in front of the rail car would be placed first , measured for the correct gauge with gauge sticks and then nailed down on the ties with spike mauls . The fishplates connecting the ends of the rails would be bolted on and then the car pushed by hand to the end of the rail and rail installation repeated . Track ballast was put between the ties as they progressed . Where a proper railbed had already been prepared , the work progressed rapidly . Constantly needed supplies included `` food , water , ties , rails , spikes , fishplates , nuts and bolts , track ballast , telegraph poles , wire , fire wood ( or coal on the UP ) and water for the steam train locomotives , etc . '' After a flatcar was unloaded , it would usually be hooked to a small locomotive and pulled back to a siding , so another flatcar with rails etc. could be advanced to the railhead . Since juggling railroad cars took time on flat ground , where wagon transport was easier , the rail cars would be brought to the end of the line by steam locomotive , unloaded , and the flat car returned immediately to a siding for another loaded car of either ballast or rails . Temporary sidings were often installed where it could be easily done to expedite getting needed supplies to the railhead . The railroad tracks , spikes , telegraph wire , locomotives , railroad cars , supplies etc. were imported from the east on sailing ships that sailed the about 18,000 miles ( 29,000 km ) and about 200 day trip around Cape Horn . Some freight was put on Clipper ships which could do the trip in about 120 days . Some passengers and high priority freight were shipped over the newly ( 1855 ) completed Panama Railroad across the Isthmus of Panama . Using paddle steamers to and from Panama , this short cut could be done in as little as 40 days . Supplies were normally offloaded at the Sacramento , California docks where the railroad started . Central Pacific construction ( edit ) On January 8 , 1863 , Governor Leland Stanford ceremoniously broke ground in Sacramento , California , to begin construction of the Central Pacific Railroad . After great initial progress along the Sacramento Valley , construction was slowed , first by the foothills of the Sierra Nevada , then by cutting a railroad bed up the mountains themselves . As they progressed higher in the mountains , winter snowstorms and a shortage of reliable labor compounded the problems . Consequently , after a trial crew of Chinese workers was hired and found to work successfully , the Central Pacific expanded its efforts to hire more emigrant laborers -- mostly Chinese . Emigrants from poverty stricken regions of China , many of which suffered from the strife of the Taiping Rebellion , seemed to be more willing to tolerate the living and working conditions on the railroad construction , and progress on the railroad continued . The increasing necessity for tunneling as they proceeded up the mountains then began to slow progress of the line yet again . Example of hand drilled granite from within Tunnel # 6 , the `` Summit Tunnel '' . The first step of construction was to survey the route and determine the locations where large excavations , tunnels and bridges would be needed . Crews could then start work in advance of the railroad reaching these locations . Supplies and workers were brought up to the work locations by wagon teams and work on several different sections proceeded simultaneously . One advantage of working on tunnels in winter was that tunnel work could often proceed since the work was nearly all `` inside '' . Unfortunately , living quarters would have to be built outside and getting new supplies was difficult . Working and living in winter in the presence of snow slides and avalanches caused some deaths . To carve a tunnel , one worker held a rock drill on the granite face while one to two other workers swung eighteen - pound sledgehammers to sequentially hit the drill which slowly advanced into the rock . Once the hole was about 10 inches ( 25 cm ) deep , it would be filled with black powder , a fuse set and then ignited from a safe distance . Nitroglycerin , which had been invented less than two decades before the construction of the first transcontinental railroad , was used in relatively large quantities during its construction . This was especially true on the Central Pacific Railroad , which owned its own nitroglycerin plant to ensure it had a steady supply of the volatile explosive . This plant was operated by Chinese laborers as they were willing workers even under the most trying and dangerous of conditions . However , Chinese laborers did far more than mix the volatile ingredients of nitroglycerin for the Central Pacific . Their hard work was also crucial in the construction of 15 tunnels along the railroad 's line through the Sierra Nevada mountains . These tunnels were about 32 feet ( 10 m ) high and 16 feet ( 5 m ) wide . When tunnels with vertical shafts were dug to increase construction speed , and tunneling began in the middle of the tunnel , at first hand - powered derricks were used to help remove loose rocks up the vertical shafts . These derricks were later replaced with steam hoists as work progressed . By using vertical shafts , four faces of the tunnel could be worked at the same time , two in the middle and one at each end . The average daily progress in some tunnels was only 0.85 feet ( 26 cm ) a day per face , which was very slow , or 1.18 feet ( 36 cm ) daily according to historian George Kraus . J.O. Wilder , a Central Pacific - Southern Pacific employee , commented that `` The Chinese were as steady , hard - working a set of men as could be found . With the exception of a few whites at the west end of Tunnel No. 6 , the laboring force was entirely composed of Chinamen with white foremen and a `` boss / translator '' . A single foreman ( often Irish ) with a gang of 30 to 40 Chinese men generally constituted the force at work at each end of a tunnel ; of these , 12 to 15 men worked on the heading , and the rest on the bottom , removing blasted material . When a gang was small or the men were needed elsewhere , the bottoms were worked with fewer men or stopped so as to keep the headings going . '' The laborers usually worked three shifts of 8 hours each per day , while the foremen worked in two shifts of 12 hours each , managing the laborers . Once out of the Sierras , construction was much easier and faster . Horace Hamilton Minkler , track foreman for the Central Pacific , laid the last rail and tie before the Last Spike was driven . CPRR snow gallery under construction in 1868 . In order to keep the CPRR 's Sierra grade open during the winter months , beginning in 1867 , 37 miles of massive wooden snow sheds and galleries were built between Blue Cañon and Truckee , covering cuts and other points where there was danger of avalanches . 2,500 men and six material trains were employed in this work , which was completed in 1869 . The sheds were built with two sides and a steep peaked roof , mostly of locally cut hewn timber and round logs. Snow galleries had one side and a roof that sloped upward until it met the mountain side , thus permitting avalanches to slide over the galleries , some of which extended up the mountainside as much as two hundred feet ( 60 m ) . Masonry walls such as the `` Chinese Walls '' at Donner Summit were built across canyons to prevent avalanches from striking the side of the vulnerable wooden construction . A few concrete sheds ( mostly at crossovers ) are still in use today . Union Pacific construction ( edit ) Grenville M. Dodge wearing a major general 's uniform The major investor in the Union Pacific was Thomas Clark Durant , who had made his stake money by smuggling Confederate cotton with the aid of Grenville M. Dodge . Durant chose routes that would favor places where he held land , and he announced connections to other lines at times that suited his share dealings . He paid an associate to submit the construction bid to another company he controlled , Crédit Mobilier , manipulating the finances and government subsidies and making himself another fortune . Durant hired Dodge as chief engineer and Jack Casement as construction boss . In the East , the progress started in Omaha , Nebraska , by the Union Pacific Railroad which initially proceeded very quickly because of the open terrain of the Great Plains . This changed , however , as the work entered Indian - held lands . The Native Americans saw the railroad as a violation of their treaties with the United States . War parties began to raid the moving labor camps that followed the progress of the line . Union Pacific responded by increasing security and hiring marksmen to kill American Bison , which were both a physical threat to trains and the primary food source for many of the Plains Indians . The Native Americans then began killing laborers when they realized that the so - called `` Iron Horse '' threatened their existence . Security measures were further strengthened , and progress on the railroad continued . The `` Last Spike '' ceremony ( edit ) Main article : Golden spike Golden spike , one of four ceremonial spikes driven at the completion ( but not the final one ) The Last Spike by Thomas Hill ( 1881 ) Six years after the groundbreaking , laborers of the Central Pacific Railroad from the west and the Union Pacific Railroad from the east met at Promontory Summit , Utah Territory . It was here on May 10 , 1869 , that Leland Stanford drove The Last Spike ( or golden spike ) that joined the rails of the transcontinental railroad . The spike is now on display at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University , while a second `` Last '' Golden Spike is also on display at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento . In perhaps the world 's first live mass - media event , the hammers and spike were wired to the telegraph line so that each hammer stroke would be heard as a click at telegraph stations nationwide -- the hammer strokes were missed , so the clicks were sent by the telegraph operator . As soon as the ceremonial `` Last Spike '' had been replaced by an ordinary iron spike , a message was transmitted to both the East Coast and West Coast that simply read , `` DONE . '' Travel from coast to coast was reduced from six months or more to just one week . Aftermath ( edit ) Railroad developments ( edit ) Display ads for the CPRR and UPRR the week the rails were joined on May 10 , 1869 UPRR & CPRR `` Great American Over-Land Route '' Timetable cover 1881 When the last spike was driven , the rail network was not yet connected to the Atlantic or Pacific but merely connected Omaha to Sacramento . To get from Sacramento to the Pacific , the Central Pacific purchased the struggling Western Pacific Railroad ( unrelated to the railroad of the same name that would later parallel its route ) and resumed construction on it , which had halted in 1866 due to funding troubles . In November 1869 , the Central Pacific finally connected Sacramento to the east side of San Francisco Bay by rail at Oakland , California , where freight and passengers completed their transcontinental link to the city by ferry . The original route from the Central Valley to the Bay skirted the Delta by heading south out of Sacramento through Stockton and crossing the San Joaquin River at Mossdale , then climbed over the Altamont Pass and reached the East Bay through Niles Canyon . The Western Pacific was originally chartered to go to San Jose , but the Central Pacific decided to build along the East Bay instead , as going from San Jose up the Peninsula to San Francisco itself would have brought it into conflict with competing interests . The railroad entered Alameda and Oakland from the south , roughly paralleling what would later become U.S. Route 50 and later still Interstates 5 , 205 , and 580 . A more direct route was obtained with the purchase of the California Pacific Railroad , crossing the Sacramento River and proceeding southwest through Davis to Benicia , where it crossed the Carquinez Strait by means of an enormous train ferry , then followed the shores of the San Pablo and San Francisco bays to Richmond and the Port of Oakland ( paralleling U.S. Route 40 which ultimately became Interstate 80 ) . In 1930 , a rail bridge across the Carquinez replaced the Benicia ferries . Very early on , the Central Pacific learned that it would have trouble maintaining an open track in winter across the Sierras . At first they tried plowing the road with special snowplows mounted on their steam engines . When this was only partially successful , an extensive process of building snow sheds over some of the track was instituted to protect it from deep snows and avalanches . These eventually succeeded at keeping the tracks clear for all but a few days of the year . Both railroads soon instituted extensive upgrade projects to build better bridges , viaducts and dugways as well as install heavier duty rails , stronger ties , better road beds etc . The original track had often been laid as fast as possible with only secondary attention to maintenance and durability . The primary incentive had been getting the subsidies , which meant that upgrades of all kinds were routinely required in the following years . Frontispiece of Crofutt 's Great Trans - Continental Tourist 's Guide , 1870 The Union Pacific would not connect Omaha to Council Bluffs until completing the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge in 1872 . Several years after the end of the Civil War , the competing railroads coming from Missouri finally realized their initial strategic advantage and a building boom ensued . In July 1869 , the H&SJ finished the Hannibal Bridge in Kansas City which was the first bridge to cross the Missouri River . This in turn connected to Kansas Pacific trains going from Kansas City to Denver , which in turn had built the Denver Pacific Railway connecting to the Union Pacific . In August 1870 , the Kansas Pacific drove the last spike connecting to the Denver Pacific line at Strasburg , Colorado and the first true Atlantic to Pacific United States railroad was completed . Kansas City 's head start in connecting to a true transcontinental railroad contributed to it rather than Omaha becoming the dominant rail center west of Chicago . The Kansas Pacific became part of the Union Pacific in 1880 . On June 4 , 1876 , an express train called the Transcontinental Express arrived in San Francisco via the First Transcontinental Railroad only 83 hours and 39 minutes after it had left New York City . Only ten years before , the same journey would have taken months over land or weeks on ship , possibly all the way around South America . The Central Pacific got a direct route to San Francisco when it was merged with the Southern Pacific Railroad to create the Southern Pacific Company in 1885 . The Union Pacific initially took over the Southern Pacific in 1901 but was forced by the U.S. Supreme Court to divest it because of monopoly concerns . The two railroads would once again unite in 1996 when the Southern Pacific was sold to the Union Pacific . Having been bypassed with the completion of the Lucin Cutoff in 1904 , the Promontory Summit rails were pulled up in 1942 to be recycled for the World War II effort . This process began with a ceremonial `` undriving '' at the Last Spike location . Crédit Mobilier ( edit ) Oakes Ames Main article : Crédit Mobilier of America scandal Despite the transcontinental success and millions in government subsidies , the Union Pacific faced bankruptcy less than three years after the Last Spike as details surfaced about overcharges that Crédit Mobilier had billed Union Pacific for the formal building of the railroad . The scandal hit epic proportions in the United States presidential election , 1872 , which saw the re-election of Ulysses S. Grant and became the biggest scandal of the Gilded Age . It would not be resolved until the death of the congressman who was supposed to have reined in its excesses but instead wound up profiting from it . Durant had initially come up with the scheme to have Crédit Mobilier subcontract to do the actual track work . Durant gained control of the company after buying out employee Herbert Hoxie for $10,000 . Under Durant 's guidance , Crédit Mobilier was charging Union Pacific often twice or more the customary cost for track work ( thus in effect paying himself to build the railroad ) . The process mired down Union Pacific work . Lincoln asked Massachusetts Congressman Oakes Ames , who was on the railroad committee , to clean things up and get the railroad moving . Ames got his brother Oliver Ames Jr. named president of the Union Pacific , while he himself became president of Crédit Mobilier . Ames then in turn gave stock options to other politicians while at the same time continuing the lucrative overcharges . The scandal was to implicate Vice President Schuyler Colfax ( who was cleared ) and future President James Garfield among others . The scandal broke in 1872 when the New York Sun published correspondence detailing the scheme between Henry S. McComb and Ames . In the ensuing Congressional investigation , it was recommended that Ames be expelled from Congress , but this was reduced to a censure and Ames died within three months . Durant later left the Union Pacific and a new rail baron , Jay Gould , became the dominant stockholder . As a result of the Panic of 1873 , Gould was able to pick up bargains , among them the control of the Union Pacific Railroad and Western Union . Visible remains ( edit ) Visible remains of the historic line are still easily located -- hundreds of miles are still in service today , especially through the Sierra Nevada Mountains and canyons in Utah and Wyoming . While the original rail has long since been replaced because of age and wear , and the roadbed upgraded and repaired , the lines generally run on top of the original , handmade grade . Vista points on Interstate 80 through California 's Truckee Canyon provide a panoramic view of many miles of the original Central Pacific line and of the snow sheds which made winter train travel safe and practical . In areas where the original line has been bypassed and abandoned , primarily due to the Lucin Cutoff re-route in Utah , the original road grade is still obvious , as are numerous cuts and fills , especially the Big Fill a few miles east of Promontory . The sweeping curve which connected to the east end of the Big Fill now passes a Thiokol rocket research and development facility . In 1957 , Congress authorized the Golden Spike National Historic Site . Today the site feature replica engines of Union Pacific No. 119 and Central Pacific Jupiter having been built by O'Connor Engineering Laboratories . The engines are fired up periodically by the National Park Service for the public . On May 10 , 2006 , on the anniversary of the driving of the spike , Utah announced that its state quarter design would be a representation of the driving of the Last Spike . Current passenger service ( edit ) Amtrak 's California Zephyr , a daily passenger service from Emeryville , California ( San Francisco Bay Area ) to Chicago , uses the First Transcontinental Railroad from Sacramento to central Nevada . Because this rail line currently operates in a directional running setup across most of Nevada , the California Zephyr will switch to the Central Corridor at either Winnemucca or Wells . In popular culture ( edit ) The joining of the Union Pacific line with the Central Pacific line in May 1869 at Promontory Summit , Utah , was one of the major inspirations for French writer Jules Verne 's book entitled Around the World in Eighty Days , published in 1873 . While not exactly accurate , John Ford 's 1924 silent movie The Iron Horse captures the fervent nationalism that drove public support for the project . Among the cooks serving the film 's cast and crew between shots were some of the Chinese laborers who worked on the Central Pacific section of the railroad . Poster for the film Union Pacific . The feat is depicted in various movies , including the 1939 film Union Pacific , starring Joel McCrea and Barbara Stanwyck and directed by Cecil B. DeMille , which depicts the fictional Central Pacific investor Asa Barrows obstructing attempts of the Union Pacific to reach Ogden , Utah . The 1939 movie is said to have inspired the Union Pacific Western television series starring Jeff Morrow , Judson Pratt and Susan Cummings which aired in syndication from 1958 until 1959 . The 1962 film How the West Was Won has a whole segment devoted to the construction ; one of the movie 's most famous scenes , filmed in Cinerama , is of a buffalo stampede over the railroad . The construction of what presumably is -- or is suggested to be -- the Transcontinental Railroad provides the backdrop of the 1968 epic spaghetti western Once Upon a Time in the West , directed by Italian director Sergio Leone . Kristiana Gregory 's book The Great Railroad Race ( part of the `` Dear America '' series ) is written as the fictional diary of Libby West , who chronicles the end of the railroad construction and the excitement which engulfed the country at the time . Graham Masterton 's 1981 novel A Man of Destiny ( published in the UK as Railroad ) is a fictionalized account of the line 's construction . In the 1999 Will Smith film , Wild Wild West , the joining ceremony is the setting of an assassination attempt on then U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant by the film 's antagonist Dr. Arliss Loveless . The building of the railway is covered by the 2004 BBC documentary series Seven Wonders of the Industrial World in episode 6 , `` The Line '' . The series American Experience also documents the railway in the episode titled `` Transcontinental Railroad '' . The main character in The Claim ( 2000 ) is a surveyor for the Central Pacific Railroad , and the film is partially about the efforts of a frontier mayor to have the railroad routed through his town . The popular British television show Doctor Who featured the Transcontinental Railroad in a BBC audio book entitled The Runaway Train , read by Matt Smith and written for audio by Oli Smith . The children 's book Ten Mile Day by Mary Ann Fraser tells the story of the record setting push by the Central Pacific in which they set a record by laying 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track in a single day on April 28 , 1869 , to settle a $10,000 bet . The construction of the Transcontinental Railroad provides the setting for the AMC television series Hell on Wheels . Thomas Durant is a regular character in the series and is portrayed by actor Colm Meaney . In 2015 , a Lego model depicting the Golden Spike Ceremony , the event that symbolically marked the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad , was submitted to the Lego Ideas website . In the 2002 DreamWorks Animation movie , Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron , the main character , the horse Spirit , is delivered with other horses to pull a steam locomotive at a work site for the Transcontinental Railroad . Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Transcontinental Railroad . See also ( edit ) History portal Trains portal United States portal History of rail transportation in California Chin Lin Sou Interstate 80 -- contemporary New York - to - San Francisco transport link ( highway ) List of heritage railroads in the United States Overland Route ( Union Pacific Railroad ) Transcontinental railroad Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The total value of the thirty year 6 % US Government subsidy bonds issued to the three companies was $55,092,192 and the amount of federal lands specified by Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864 to which the UPRR , CPRR and WPRR were entitled was 21,100,000 acres ( 8,500,000 hectares ) of which 2,390,009 acres ( 967,202 hectares ) had been patented as of March 1876 . Jump up ^ `` The charter of the last - named Company ( Western Pacific Railroad ) contemplated a line from Sacramento toward San Francisco , making the circuit of the Bay of that name ( to San José ) . Their franchise has recently ( late 1867 ) been assigned to parties in the interest of the Central Pacific Railroad Company ; and it is probable that this line will be formally incorporated with the Central Pacific Railroad , and the road extended from Sacramento to San Francisco by the `` best , most direct and practicable route '' so soon as the overland connection is completed . In the meantime the travel is abundantly accommodated by first - class steamers . '' -- Central Pacific Railroad Company of California `` Railroad Across the Continent , with an account of the Central Pacific Railroad of California '' , pp. 9 - 10 , New York : Brown & Hewitt , Printers . September 1868 . Jump up ^ The legal `` date of completion '' of the WPRR grade was subsequently designated to be January 22 , 1870 . The formal consolidation of the Central Pacific Railroad of California with the Western Pacific Railroad Co. , San Joaquin Valley Railroad Co. , and San Francisco , Oakland & Alameda Railroad Co. under the name of the Central Pacific Railroad Company became effective on June 22 , 1870 with the filing of Articles of Consolidation drawn under the laws of California with the California Secretary of State . Jump up ^ The new terminus opened on November 8 , later deemed to be two days after the official `` completion date '' of the Pacific Railroad . Section 6 of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , et seq . required that an official date of completion be determined for the purpose of determining how other provisions of the Acts would be carried out . November 6 , 1869 was confirmed as being that date by the US Supreme Court in Part I of the Court 's Opinion and Order dated January 27 , 1879 , in re Union Pacific Railroad vs. United States ( 99 U.S. 402 ) . Jump up ^ Later , the Northern Pacific Railway ( NP ) found and built a better route across the northern tier of the western United States from Minnesota to the Pacific Coast . It was approved by Congress in 1864 and given nearly 40 million acres ( 160,000 km ) of land grants , which it used to raise money in Europe . Construction began in 1870 and the main line opened all the way from the Great Lakes to the Pacific Ocean on September 8 , 1883 . Jump up ^ The southern route was constructed in 1880 when the Southern Pacific Railroad crossed Arizona territory . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vernon , Edward ( Ed ) `` Travelers ' Official Railway Guide of the United States and Canada '' Philadelphia : The National General Ticket Agents ' Association . June , 1870 , Tables 215 , 216 Jump up ^ Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , § 2 & § 3 Jump up ^ Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , § 5 & § 6 Jump up ^ `` FIRST MORTGAGE BONDS OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD , Business Prospects and Operations of the Company . Remarkable Exhibit of Earnings , &c. , for Quarter Ending Sept. 30 , 1867 CPRR.org Jump up ^ $1,000 Pacific Railroad Bond , City and County of San Francisco , June 24 , 1864 CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` Report on the Pacific Railroads '' , US House of Representatives , Committee on the Judiciary , House Ex . Doc . # 440 , 44th Congress , First Session , April 25 , 1876 , pp. 3 , 6 ^ Jump up to : Executive Order of Abraham Lincoln , President of the United States , Fixing the Point of Commencement of the Union Pacific Railroad at Council Bluffs , Iowa , dated March 7 , 1864 ( 38th Congress , 1st Session SENATE Ex . Doc . No. 27 ) . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. , `` Riding the Transcontinental Rails : Overland Travel on the Pacific Railroad 1865 -- 1881 '' ( 2005 ) , Polyglot Press , Philadelphia , ISBN 1 - 4115 - 9993 - 4 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Appleton 's Railway and Steam Navigation Guide '' . New York : D. Appleton & Co. , December 1870 . p. 236 . Jump up ^ Bowman , J.N. `` Driving the Last Spike at Promontory , 1869 California Historical Society Quarterly , Vol . XXXVI , No. 2 , June 1957 , pp. 96 -- 106 , and Vol . XXXVI , No. 3 , September 1957 , pp. 263 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Hill , Thomas `` The Last Spike '' San Francisco : Thomas Hill ( privately published ) . January 1881 . Jump up ^ Letter from Charles F. Conant , Assistant Secretary , US Department of the Treasury , to US Rep. William Lawrence ( R - OH8 ) , March 9 , 1876 Jump up ^ Letter from Z.B. Sturgus , Chief , Lands and Railroad Division , Office of the Secretary , US Department of the Interior , to US Rep. William Lawrence ( R - OH8 ) , April 28 , 1876 Jump up ^ Speech by Rep. William A. Piper ( D - CA1 ) in the US House of Representatives , April 8 , 1876 Jump up ^ Works Progress Administration ( 2001 ) . San Francisco in the 1930s : The WPA Guide to the City by the Bay . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 32 . ISBN 9780520948877 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mel ( 1985 ) . The San Francisco Bay Area : A Metropolis in Perspective ( second ed . ) . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780520055124 . Jump up ^ The Official `` Date of Completion '' of the Transcontinental Railroad under the Provisions of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , et seq. , as Established by the Supreme Court of the United States to be November 6 , 1869 . ( 99 U.S. 402 ) 1879 Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Jump up ^ `` Union Pacific R. Co. v. United States , 99 U.S. 402 , 25 L. Ed . 274 , 1878 U.S. LEXIS 1556 -- CourtListener.com '' . CourtListener . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce Clement ( Ed ) , The Classic Western American Railroad Routes . New York : Chartwell Books ( US ) / Bassingbourn : Worth Press ( UK ) ; 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 9 ; ISBN 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 8 ; BINC : 3099794 . pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Carver , Dr. Hartwell `` Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean '' Washington , DC , January 18 , 1847 Centpacrr.com Jump up ^ `` Dr. Hartwell Carver 's Proposal to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean '' CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` Reports of Explorations and Surveys , to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean , made under the direction of the Secretary of War , in 1853 - 4 . '' 12 Volumes . Washington , DC : US Government Printing Office , 1855 -- 61 Jump up ^ Woodward , C. Vann `` Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction '' . Oxford : Oxford University Press ( 1991 ) p. 92 Jump up ^ `` Report of the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph '' US House of Representatives , 36th Congress , 1st Session , No. 358 . August 16 , 1856 . Jump up ^ Zelizer , Julian E. ( Ed ) `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Kerr , K. Austin , Chapter 17 : Railroad Policy ( pp. 286 - 297 ) . New York : Houghton Mifflin Co. ( 2004 ) . p. 288 Jump up ^ Gadsden Purchase , 1853 -- 1854 U.S. Department of State , Office of the Historian . Jump up ^ Whitney , Asa `` A project for a railroad to the Pacific '' . New York : George W. Wood ( 1849 ) p. 55 Jump up ^ `` PBS American Experience -- Transcontinental Railroad -- Whitney Biography '' . Jump up ^ Markham , Edwin `` The Romance of the ' C.P. ' '' SUCCESS ( magazine ) . New York : The Success Company , Vol . VI , Number 106 , March , 1903 . pp. 127 - 130 ^ Jump up to : `` A Memorial and Biographical History of Northern California : Illustrated . Containing a History of This Important Section of the Pacific Coast from the Earliest Period of Its Occupancyand Biographical Mention of Many of Its Most Eminent Pioneers and Also of Prominent Citizens of Today '' . Chicago : Lewis Publishing Company . ( 1891 ) pp. 214 - 221 Jump up ^ `` An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean , and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal , military , and other purposes 12 Stat. 489 , July 1 , 1862 . Jump up ^ Pacific Railroad Acts accessed March 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Klein , Maury . `` Financing the Transcontinental Railroad '' . New York City , New York : The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , John J. `` The Iron Trail to the Golden Spike '' Chapter 7 `` Utah 's Role in the Pacific Railroad '' p. 175 , Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book Co. ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ `` PBS American Experience -- Transcontinental Railroad -- Durant Biography '' . Jump up ^ `` In Memoriam , Theodore D. Judah , Died November 2 , 1863 '' . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Bruce C. Lewis Metzler Clement : A Pioneer of the Central Pacific Railroad The Central Pacific Photographic History Museum . Jump up ^ Walton , Gary M. ; Rockoff , Hugh ( 2005 ) . `` Railroads and Economic Change '' . History of the American Economy ( 10th ed . ) . United States : South - Western . pp. 313 -- 4 . ISBN 0 - 324 - 22636 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen , 2000 , p. 376 . Jump up ^ Map of Land Grants to Railroads accessed January 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ The Silent Spikes : Chinese Laborers and the Construction of North American Railroads , comp. and ed . Huang Annian , trans . Zhang Juguo ( n.p. : China Intercontinental Press , 2006 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Military Bridges : With Suggestions for New Expedients and Constructions for Crossing Streams and Chasms ; Including , Also , Designs for Trestle and Truss Bridges for Military Railroads , Adapted Especially to the Wants of the Service in the United States . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Workers of the Union Pacific Railroad accessed March 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kraus , George ( 1969 ) . `` Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific '' ( PDF ) . Utah Historical Quarterly . 37 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Reef , Catherine `` Working in America '' , p. 79 . New York : Infobase Publishing , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Picture of black workers on the CPR '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris , Robert L. , `` THE PACIFIC RAILROAD -- UNOPEN '' . The Overland Monthly , September 1869 . pp. 244 -- 252 . Jump up ^ Central Pacific Railroad : Statement Made to the President of the United States , and Secretary of the Interior , of the Progress of the Work . Sacramento : H.S. Crocker & Company . October 10 , 1865 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Daspit , Tom . `` The Days They Changed the Gauge '' . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transcontinental Telegraph Line ( U.S. ) '' . Engineering and Technology History Wiki . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Union Pacific Timeline accessed March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Klein , Maury ( 2006 ) ( 1987 ) . Union Pacific : Volume I , 1862 -- 1893 . U of Minnesota press . pp. 100 -- 101 . ISBN 1452908737 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 2000 ) . Nothing Like It In the World . pp. 217 -- 219 . Jump up ^ North Platte Bridge accessed March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Discovery of Evans Pass Archived April 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . accessed March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gankplank discovery accessed March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pride and pitfalls along a coast to coast track , by Michael Kenney . Boston Globe . January 10 , 2000 . A book review : Empire Express : Building the First Transcontinental Railroad , by David Haward Bain . Jump up ^ `` UP construction '' . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E ( 2001 ) . Nothing like it in the world : the men who built the transcontinental railroad , 1863 -- 1869 . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 0317 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stewart , George R. ( 1970 ) American Place - Names , p. 401 , New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Mormon workers on UP transcontinental tracks ( 1 ) accessed August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Construction on Echo and Weber Canyon ( 2 ) accessed March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ F.V. Hayden & Daniel M. Davis . `` Sun Pictures of Rocky Mountain Scenery , Photographic Collection '' . Utah State University Special Collections and Archives . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Union Pacific Map '' . Central Pacific Railroad Museum . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Promotory Summit - NPS ( 3 ) accessed February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cape Horn CPRR ( 4 ) accessed March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Wagon Road ( 5 ) Accessed July 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ California Powder Works ( 6 ) accessed March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Use of Black Powder and Nitroglycerine on the Transcontinental Railroad ( 7 ) accessed March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ California Newspapers , 1865 -- 66 ( 8 ) accessed March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Norden at 39 ° 19 ′ 03 '' N 120 ° 21 ′ 30 '' W / 39.3176 ° N 120.3584 ° W / 39.3176 ; - 120.3584 Jump up ^ Shed 47 visible at 39 ° 18 ′ 42 '' N 120 ° 16 ′ 08 '' W / 39.3116 ° N 120.269 ° W / 39.3116 ; - 120.269 Jump up ^ East end of Tunnel 41 at 39 ° 18 ′ 04 '' N 120 ° 18 ′ 01 '' W / 39.301 ° N 120.3003 ° W / 39.301 ; - 120.3003 with former track 1 passing above . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. ( August 2003 ) . `` Summit Tunnel & Donner Pass '' . CPRR.org . Jump up ^ Constructing the Central Pacific Railroad ( 9 ) accessed March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Central Pacific Railroad Map '' . Central Pacific Railroad Museum . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` PBS -- General Article : Workers of the Central Pacific Railroad '' . Jump up ^ Arrington , Leonard J. ( 2005 ) . Great Basin Kingdom : An Economic History of the Latter - day Saints , 1830 - 1900 ( New ed . ) . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press . p. 261 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07283 - 3 . LCCN 2004015281 . Under the terms of the contract the Mormons were to do all the grading , tunneling , and bridge masonry on the U.P. line for the 150 - odd miles from the head of Echo Canyon through Weber Canyon to the shores of the Great Salt Lake . Jump up ^ Allen , James B. ; Glen M. Leonard ( 1976 ) . The Story of the Latter - day Saints . Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book Company . pp. 328 -- 329 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Griswold , Wesley A Work of Giants . New York : McGraw - Hill , 1962 . pg. 109 - 111 ^ Jump up to : Alta California ( San Francisco ) , November 9 , 1868 . Jump up ^ Kraus , High Road to Promontory , p. 110. ; Robert West Howard , The Great Iron Trail : The Story of the First Transcontinental Railroad ( New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1962 ) , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Nothing Like It in the World , pp. 160 , 201 . Jump up ^ Howard , Robert The Great Iron Trail . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1962 . pg. 222 Jump up ^ Howard , Robert The Great Iron Trail . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1962 . pg. 222 ^ Jump up to : Tzu - Kuei , `` Chinese Workers and the First Transcontinental Railroad of the United States of America '' , p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : Kraus , `` Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific , '' p. 49 . Jump up ^ John R. Gillis , `` TUNNELS OF THE PACIFIC RAILROAD . '' Van Nostrand 's Eclectic Engineering Magazine , January 5 , 1870 , pp. 418 -- 423 . Jump up ^ Galloway , C.E. , John Debo The First Transcontinental Railroad . New York : Simmons - Boardman , ( 1950 ) . Ch. 7 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. `` CPRR Summit Tunnel ( # 6 ) , Tunnels # 7 & # 8 , Snowsheds , `` Chinese '' Walls , Donner Trail , and Dutch Flat Donner - Lake Wagon Road at Donner Pass '' CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` Period construction images of snowsheds at Cisco and Donner Summit '' CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` People & Events : Thomas Clark Durant ( 1820 -- 1885 ) '' . American Experience : Transcontinental Railroad . PBS . 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` See the `` Lost '' Golden Spike at the Museum '' Archived July 24 , 2012 , at Archive.is California State Railroad Museum . Jump up ^ Central Pacific snow sheds ( 10 ) accessed January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha '' . The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer . Wheeling , West Virginia . March 26 , 1872 . p. 1 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ United States National Park Service ( 2002 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Promontory After May 10 , 1869 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` People & Events : Oakes Ames ( 1804 -- 1873 ) -- American Experience Transcontinental Railroad '' . Jump up ^ Panic on Wall Street : A History of America 's Financial Disasters , p. 193 , Robert Sobel , Beard Books , 1999 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 893122 - 46 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sources : Pentrex , 1997 . Golden Spike . `` Everlasting Steam : The Story of Jupiter and No. 119 '' ( PDF ) . nps.gov . Brigham City , Utah : National Park Service . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on April 5 , 2015 . `` Golden Spike Pictures '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Best , Gerald M ( 1980 ) . Promontory 's Locomotives . Golden West Books . pp. 12 -- 43 . ISBN 9780870950827 . `` Central Pacific Jupiter and Union Pacific 119 at Promontory , Utah , June 8 , 2009 '' -- via YouTube . Dowty , Robert R. ( 1994 ) . Rebirth of the Jupiter and the 119 : Building the Replica Locomotives at Golden Spike . Western National Parks Association . pp. 5 -- 46 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 877856 - 43 - 3 . Goran , David ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Steam locomotives Jupiter and Union Pacific No. 119 : Striking symbols of one of the most important periods in American history '' . The Vintage News . They were painted and lettered by Disney employees and are incredibly accurate replicas of the originals . ( numerous photgraphs of engines ) Jump up ^ `` Eureka County , Yucca Mountain Existing Transportation Corridor Study '' . Eureka County -- Yucca Mountain Project . 2005 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ William Butcher ( translation and introduction ) . Around the World in Eighty Days , Oxford Worlds Classics , 1995 , Introduction . Jump up ^ `` Golden Spike Ceremony '' . Jump up ^ `` Man wants Utah railroad moment to get the Lego treatment '' . Further reading ( edit ) External video Booknotes interview with David Haward Bain on Empire Express : Building the First Transcontinental Railroad , March 5 , 2000 , C - SPAN Allen , James B. ; Glen M. Leonard ( 1976 ) . The Story of the Latter - day Saints . Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book Company . Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 2000 ) . Nothing Like It In The World ; The men who built the Transcontinental Railroad 1863 -- 1869 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84609 - 8 . Bain , David Haward ( 1999 ) . Empire Express ; Building the first Transcontinental Railroad . Viking Penguin . ISBN 0 - 670 - 80889 - X . Beebe , Lucius ( 1969 ) . The Central Pacific & The Southern Pacific Railroads : Centennial Edition . Howell - North . ISBN 0 - 8310 - 7034 - X . Cooper , Bruce C. , `` Riding the Transcontinental Rails : Overland Travel on the Pacific Railroad 1865 -- 1881 '' ( 2005 ) , Polyglot Press , Philadelphia ISBN 1 - 4115 - 9993 - 4 Cooper , Bruce Clement ( Ed ) , `` The Classic Western American Railroad Routes '' . New York : Chartwell Books / Worth Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 9 ; ISBN 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 8 ; BINC : 3099794 . Duran , Xavier , `` The First U.S. Transcontinental Railroad : Expected Profits and Government Intervention , '' Journal of Economic History , 73 ( March 2013 ) , 177 -- 200 . Lee , Willis T. ; Ralph W. Stone & Hoyt S. Gale ( 1916 ) . Guidebook of the Western United States , Part B . The Overland Route . USGS Bulletin 612 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . White , Richard . Railroaded : The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America ( 2010 ) Willumson , Glenn . Iron Muse : Photographing the Transcontinental Railroad ( University of California Press ; 2013 ) 242 pages ; studies the production , distribution , and publication of images of the railroad in the 19th and early 20th centuries . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Transcontinental Railroad . For maps and railroad pictures of this era shortly after the advent of photography see : Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum CPRR Railroad Map collection / museum 1871 CPRR & UPRR Overland Railroad Map `` Map of the Central Pacific Railroad and its Connections '' published in the California Mail Bag San Francisco News Letter and California Advertiser , Vol. 1 , No. 4 , Oct -- Nov. 1871 . accessed May 1 , 2013 . Union Pacific Railroad picture Museum Excursion to the 100th Meridian -- 1866 accessed March 1 , 2013 . The Pacific Tourist Williams , Henry T. ; published by Adams & Bishop , New York , 1881 ed . Gives insights to travel in the late 1880s on the transcontinental railroad . `` I Hear the Locomotives : The Impact of the Transcontinental Railroad '' Golden Spike National Historical Site in Utah Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Union Pacific Railroad History The Transcontinental Railroad Pacific Railway Act and related resources at the Library of Congress Chinese - American Contribution to transcontinental railroad Linda Hall Library 's Transcontinental Railroad educational site with free , full - text access to 19th century American railroad periodicals Newspaper articles and clippings about the Transcontinental Railroad at Newspapers.com Maps Route map at the Library of Congress Map of Union Pacific Railroad with Dates Abandoned route of the transcontinental railroad in Utah ( with map ) Rail transport in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands List of United States railroads by political division Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington , D.C. Puerto Rico Railroads in Omaha Depots 34th Street Station Amtrak Station Burlington Station Florence Depot Gibson Station Omaha Quartermaster Depot Ralston Station Union Station Webster Street Station Major carriers Union Pacific Burlington North Western Missouri Pacific Rock Island Milwaukee Illinois Central Great Western Wabash Minor carriers Brandon Railroad Amtrak Omaha Traction Company Omaha Belt Line Omaha Zoo Railroad Omaha Road Omaha and Republican Valley Railway South Omaha Terminal Railway Omaha Southern Railway Chicago Great Western Railway Omaha , Lincoln and Beatrice Railway Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Facilities First Transcontinental Railroad Original Union Pacific Headquarters Union Pacific Center Union Pacific Harriman Dispatch Center Union Pacific Shops Omaha Rail and Commerce Historic District Kenefick Park Burlington Headquarters Building Public transportation Omaha and Council Bluffs Street Railway Omaha and Southern Interurban Railway Omaha Cable Tramway Omaha Horse Railway Omaha Traction Company Bridges Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge East Omaha Bridge O Street Viaduct Manufacturing McKeen Motor Car Company Nebraska Rail Car Related templates Transportation Boulevards Bridges Streetcars Streets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Transcontinental_Railroad&oldid=866500314 '' Categories : First Transcontinental Railroad History of rail transportation in the United States Railway lines in the United States Southern Pacific Railroad Union Pacific Railroad American Old West History of United States expansionism History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Rail lines receiving land grants Rail transportation in California Rail transportation in Nevada Railway lines in Omaha , Nebraska Rail transportation in Utah 1869 in the United States 1860s in California Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Use mdy dates from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 18 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Transcontinental%20Railroad
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what is canada's debt to gdp ratio
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The Canadian government debt , commonly called the `` public debt '' or the `` national debt '' , is the amount of money owed by the Government of Canada to holders of Canadian Treasury security . In 2013 , this number stood at CAD $1.2 trillion across federal and provincial governments . With the total GDP somewhere around CAD $1.8 trillion , Canada 's overall debt / GDP ratio is around 66 % . `` Gross debt '' is the national debt plus intragovernmental debt obligations or debt held by trust funds . Types of securities sold by the government include treasury bills , notes , bonds , Real Return Bonds , Canada Savings Bonds , and provincial government securities .
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around 66 %
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Canadian public debt
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canadian public debt
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The Canadian government debt , commonly called the `` public debt '' or the `` national debt '' , is the amount of money owed by the Government of Canada to holders of Canadian Treasury security . In 2013 , this number stood at CAD $1.2 trillion across federal and provincial governments . With the total GDP somewhere around CAD $1.8 trillion , Canada 's overall debt / GDP ratio is around 66 % . `` Gross debt '' is the national debt plus intragovernmental debt obligations or debt held by trust funds . Types of securities sold by the government include treasury bills , notes , bonds , Real Return Bonds , Canada Savings Bonds , and provincial government securities .
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The annual government `` deficit '' is the difference between government receipts and spending . Contents ( hide ) 1 Revenue and spending 2 History 2.1 Foreign ownership 3 Public debt held by Canadian provinces 4 Calculating and projecting the debt 5 Advocacy Groups 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Revenue and spending ( edit ) Further information : Taxation in Canada and Canadian federal budget History ( edit ) Canada 's federal debt grew steadily between 5 % and 10 % per year until 1975 . For the next 12 years it grew on average over 20 % per year . It surpassed $100 billion in 1981 , $200 billion in 1985 , $300 billion in 1988 , $400 billion in 1992 , and $500 billion in 1994 . It peaked at $563 billion in 1997 , before then declining to $458 billion by 2008 . With a recession , and an increase in federal spending from 2008 , the federal debt grew by $5.8 billion in 2008 -- 09 . Large annual deficits from 2008 to 2013 has Canadian debt surpassing the $600 billion mark by November 2012 , making it larger than the 1997 peak in absolute dollars ( although far smaller in comparison to GDP ) . Starting in 2014 , Canada returned to balanced budgets and has posted a small surplus ( despite the debt continuing to increase in the following table ) . End of Fiscal Year Net Debt $ Billions ( Adjusted for inflation , 2017 ) as % of GDP GDP $ Billions 1962 14.8 ( 121.4 ) 33.0 % 44.9 1971 20.3 ( 126.1 ) 20.6 % 98.4 1981 91.9 ( 240.2 ) 25.5 % 360.5 1991 377.7 ( 592.0 ) 55.1 % 685.4 562.9 ( 811.1 ) 63.8 % 882.7 2002 511.9 ( 664.2 ) 44.4 % 1,152.9 2008 457.6 ( 515.3 ) 31.4 % 1,453.6 2009 463.7 ( 495.1 ) 32.8 % 1,413.3 519.1 ( 579.5 ) 35.5 % 1,458.8 551.4 ( 599.19 ) 36.9 % 1,495.7 2012 583.6 ( 626.4 ) 38.3 % 1,576.8 2013 609.4 ( 645.5 ) 37.4 % 1,608.5 2014 611.9 ( 634.78 ) 37.1 % 1,649.2 2015 612.3 ( 627.21 ) 31.0 % 2016 616.0 ( 623.17 ) 31.1 % Foreign Ownership ( edit ) In 1960 , 4 % of the Canadian government debt was held by foreign investors . From 2009 - 2010 to 2013 - 2014 , the amount of the Canadian 's debt held by foreign investors passed from 15 % to 27 % with a peak at 30 % in 2012 - 2013 . Even if growing , this level is still lower than most G7 countries in 2013 - 2014 ( France , 64 % , Germany , 62 % , United States , 48 % , Italy , 33 % , United Kingdom , 29 % and Japan , 8 % ) . Public debt held by Canadian provinces ( edit ) In fiscal year 2017 - 2018 , the debt - to - GDP ratios of the provinces are projected to range from 7.1 % for Alberta to 49.9 % for Newfoundland & Labrador . Calculating and projecting the debt ( edit ) In 2002 -- 2003 , Canada changed its calculation for net debt . Before this , net debt was defined as the total liabilities minus total assets ; now it is the total liabilities minus financial assets , as the government prefers the concept of `` accumulated deficit '' , which corresponds to the old definition of net debt . Advocacy groups ( edit ) Generation Squeeze is a Canadian not - for - profit organization advocating for intergenerational equity . See also ( edit ) Canadian federal budget Taxation in Canada Economy of Canada Ontario debt General : Government budget deficit Public debt International : List of sovereign states by public debt Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NP 16 May 2013 `` Beyond our means : Government debt tops $1.2 - trillion and spending is still rising '' Jump up ^ Canada 's Debt History Archived 26 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Canadian Taxpayers Foundation Jump up ^ Inflation Calculator Bank of Canada Jump up ^ World Bank data Jump up ^ http://www.fin.gc.ca/afr-rfa/2014/report-rapport-eng.asp ^ Jump up to : http://www.fin.gc.ca/afr-rfa/2015/report-rapport-eng.asp Jump up ^ http://www.fin.gc.ca/afr-rfa/2016/report-rapport-eng.asp Jump up ^ Safaraian , A.E. The Hegemony of International Business , 1945 -- 1970 , Volume IV : Foreign Ownership of Canadian Industry . New York : Routledge , 1973 . 12 . Jump up ^ Department of Finance Canada , Debt Management Report 2011 -- 2012 , http://www.fin.gc.ca/dtman/2011-2012/dmr-rgd1201-eng.asp#Toc340732968 Jump up ^ Department of Finance Canada , Debt Management Report 2013 -- 2014 , http://www.fin.gc.ca/dtman/2013-2014/dmr-rgd1401-eng.asp#toc12 Jump up ^ `` Canadian Federal and Provincial Fiscal Tables '' ( PDF ) . Economic Forecasts & Special Reports . Royal Bank of Canada . 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . External links ( edit ) Canadian Debt Clock , by the Canadian Taxpayers Federation Canadian Governments Compared ( hide ) Economy of Canada General topics Advance Commercial Information Bay Street Branch plant economy CHRP ( Designation ) Canada Development Corporation Canadian Agreement on Internal Trade Canadian public debt Canadian transfer payments Credit Institute of Canada Crow Rate Economic impact of immigration to Canada Comparison of Canadian and American economies Equalization payments in Canada Federal Contractors ' Program Federal financing for small businesses in Canada International rankings of Canada LLQP Land ownership in Canada Great Recession in the Americas Montreal Exchange NAFTA superhighway NASDAQ Canada National Child Benefit National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy Oil reserves in Canada Canadian Payroll Association List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product Canada Savings Bond Canadian Securities Course Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America Student Connections Student Connections Red River College 3rd Summit of the Americas System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval Industry Athabasca oil sands Automotive industry in Canada Nuclear industry in Canada Tax Canadian import duties List of tariffs in Canada Taxation in Canada Labour Canadian labour law Minimum wage in Canada Social Union Framework Agreement Social welfare in Canada Indices Canadian Index of Consumer Confidence International rankings of Canada Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_public_debt&oldid=822869982 '' Categories : Economy of Canada Canadian public debt Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018 , at 00 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20public%20debt
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who played superman in the hindi version of the film in 1987
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Superman is a 1987 Hindi movie . Produced and directed by B. Gupta . The film stars Urmila Bhatt , Dharmendra , Puneet Issar , Sonia Sahni and Ranjeeta Kaur . Puneet Issar in lead role as Superman .
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Puneet Issar
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Superman ( 1987 film )
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superman ( 1987 film )
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Superman is a 1987 Hindi movie . Produced and directed by B. Gupta . The film stars Urmila Bhatt , Dharmendra , Puneet Issar , Sonia Sahni and Ranjeeta Kaur . Puneet Issar in lead role as Superman .
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Cast ( edit ) Arthur Robini ... Shekhar / Superman Sonia Sahni ... Editor Dharmendra ... Superman 's Biological Father Ranjeeta Kaur ... Superman 's Biological Mother Ashok Kumar ... Superman 's Foster Father Urmila Bhatt Birbal ... Birbal Chamcha Bob Christo ... Bob Preeti Ganguli ... Woman from Zambia Rajan Haksar ... Goga Dinesh Hingoo ... Rustom Jagdeep Jankidas Shakti Kapoor ... Verma Lalita Kumari ... Mrs. Jankidas Guddi Maruti ... Guddi Jhunjhunwali Murad ... Chief of the other planet Sudhir Piloo J. Wadia ... Lucy Soundtrack ( edit ) Raat Ho To Aisi Ho Mastani - Alka Yagnik This article about a Hindi film of the 1980s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superman_(1987_film)&oldid=807104758 '' Categories : 1987 films Hindi - language films Indian films 1980s Hindi - language films 1980s Hindi - language film stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2015 Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles lacking sources from July 2015 All articles lacking sources All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी नेपाल भाषा Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 22 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman%20%281987%20film%29
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what are the events of the 2018 winter olympics
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2018 Winter Olympics
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2018 winter olympics
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The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( Korean : 제 23 회 동계 올림픽 , translit . Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , Gangwon Province , South Korea , with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018 , the eve of the opening ceremony .
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Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011 , during the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . This was the first time that South Korea had hosted the Winter Olympics and the second Olympics held in the country overall , after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . It was the third time that an East Asian country had hosted the Winter Games , after Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) , both in Japan . It was also the first of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , the other two being the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing . The Games featured 102 events in fifteen sports , with the addition of `` big air '' snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing to the Winter Olympic programme . 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed , including the debuts of Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . After a state - sponsored doping program was exposed following the 2014 Winter Olympics , the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended , and selected athletes were allowed to compete neutrally under the IOC designation of `` Olympic Athletes from Russia '' . Despite tense relations , North Korea agreed to participate in the Games , enter with South Korea during the opening ceremony as a unified Korea , and field a unified team in women 's ice hockey . Norway led the total medal tally with 39 , followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29 . Germany and Norway were tied for the most gold medals won ; both won fourteen golds . Host nation South Korea won seventeen medals , their highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics , five of which were gold . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding and election 2 Development and preparation 2.1 Medals 2.2 Torch relay 2.3 Venues 2.3. 1 Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) 2.3. 2 Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) 2.4 Ticketing 3 The Games 3.1 Opening ceremony 3.2 Sports 3.3 Participating National Olympic Committees 3.3. 1 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee 3.4 Event scheduling 3.5 Calendar 3.6 Medal table 3.7 Podium sweeps 3.8 Records 3.9 Closing ceremony 4 Broadcasting 5 Marketing 5.1 Branding 5.2 Mascots 5.3 Video games 5.4 Sponsors 6 Concerns and controversies 6.1 North Korean relations 6.2 Russian doping 6.3 National Hockey League 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Bidding and election ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics Pyeongchang bid to host both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics , but lost in the final rounds of voting to Vancouver and Sochi respectively . Munich also launched a bid to host these Games . Prior to Beijing 's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid , Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games , having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics , but received only 25 votes . Annecy ( in southeastern France ) launched their own bid , which failed to secure public support from the local citizens . Their bid ended up receiving seven votes . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban in 2011 , earning the necessary majority of at least 48 votes in just one round of voting , more votes than its competitors combined . With this , Pyeongchang became the third Asian city to host the Winter Games ; the first two were in Japan , at Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) . 2018 Winter Olympics bidding results City Nation Votes Pyeongchang South Korea 63 Munich Germany 25 Annecy France 7 Development and preparation ( edit ) Pyeongchang Location in South Korea On 5 August 2011 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission . On 4 October 2011 , it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics would be headed by Kim Jin - sun . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games ( POCOG ) was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011 . The first tasks of the organizing committee were putting together a master plan for the Games as well as forming a design for the venues . The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012 . By then , construction was already underway on the Olympic Village . In June 2012 , construction began on a high - speed rail line that would connect Pyeongchang to Seoul . The International Paralympic Committee met for an orientation with the Pyeongchang 2018 organizing committee in July 2012 . Then - IOC President Jacques Rogge visited Pyeongchang for the first time in February 2013 . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games created Pyeongchang WINNERS in 2014 by recruiting university students living in South Korea to spread awareness of the Olympic Games through social networking services and news articles . 2018 Olympics gold medal 2018 Winter Olympics torch Medals ( edit ) The Games ' medal designs were unveiled on 21 September 2017 . Designed by Lee Suk - woo , they feature a pattern of diagonal ridges on both sides , with the front including the Olympic rings , and the obverse featuring the Games ' emblem , the event name and the discipline . The edge of the medals features extrusions of hangul alphabets , while the ribbons are made from a traditional South Korean textile . Torch relay ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay The torch relay started on 24 October 2017 in Greece and ended at the start of the Olympics on 9 February 2018 . On 1 November 2017 the relay entered Korea . The relay lasted 101 days . There were 7,500 torch bearers to represent the Korean population of 75 million people . There were also 2,018 support runners to guard the torch and act as messengers . The torch and its bearers traveled by a diverse means of transportation , including by turtle ship in Hansando Island , sailboat on the Baengmagang River in Buyeo , marine cable car in Yeosu , zip - wire over Bamseom Island , steam train in the Gokseong Train Village , marine rail bike along the east coast in Samcheok , and by yacht in Busan Metropolitan City . There were also robot torch relays in Jeju and Daejeon . Venues ( edit ) Olympic venues 2018 Main article : Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics Dragon Valley ( Alpensia ) Ski Resort Most of the outdoor snow events were held in the county of Pyeongchang , while the downhill , combined and super-G events in the Alpine skiing were held in the neighboring county of Jeongseon . The indoor ice events were held in Pyeongchang 's neighboring city of Gangneung . Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) ( edit ) The Alpensia Sports Park in Daegwallyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang , was the focus of the 2018 Winter Olympics . It was home to the Olympic Stadium , the Olympic Village and most of the outdoor sports venues . Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre -- ski jumping , Nordic combined , snowboarding ( big air ) Alpensia Biathlon Centre -- biathlon Alpensia Cross-Country Skiing Centre -- cross-country skiing , Nordic combined Alpensia Sliding Centre -- luge , bobsleigh , skeleton Yongpyong Alpine Centre -- alpine skiing ( slalom , giant slalom ) Additionally , a stand - alone outdoor sports venue was located in Bongpyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang : Phoenix Snow Park -- freestyle skiing , snowboarding Another stand - alone outdoor sports venue was located in Pyeongchang 's neighboring county of Jeongseon : Jeongseon Alpine Centre -- alpine skiing ( downhill , super-G , combined ) Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) ( edit ) The Gangneung Olympic Park in the city of Gangneung includes four indoor sports venues , all in close proximity to one another . Gangneung Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( men 's competition ) Gangneung Curling Centre -- curling Gangneung Oval -- long track speed skating Gangneung Ice Arena -- short track speed skating , figure skating Additionally , a stand - alone indoor sports venue was located in the grounds of Catholic Kwandong University . Kwandong Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( women 's competition ) Ticketing ( edit ) Ticket prices for the 2018 Winter Olympics were announced in April 2016 and tickets went on sale in October 2016 . Event tickets ranged in price from ₩ 20,000 ( approx . US $ 18 ) to ₩ 900,000 ( ~ US $796 ) while tickets for the opening and closing ceremonies ranged from ₩ 220,000 ( ~ US $195 ) to ₩ 1.5 million ( ~ US $1327 ) . The exact prices were determined through market research ; around 50 % of the tickets were expected to cost about ₩ 80,000 ( ~ US $71 ) or less , and tickets in sports that are relatively unknown in the region , such as biathlon and luge , were made cheaper in order to encourage attendance . By contrast , figure skating and the men 's ice hockey gold - medal game carried the most expensive tickets of the Games . As of 11 October 2017 , domestic ticket sales for the Games were reported to be slow . Of the 750,000 seats allocated to South Koreans , only 20.7 % had been sold . International sales were more favorable , with 59.7 % of the 320,000 allocated tickets sold . However , as of 31 January 2018 , 77 % of all tickets had been sold . The Games ( edit ) Parade of Nations at 2018 Olympic Opening Ceremony Opening ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 9 February 2018 ; the US $100 million facility was only intended to be used for the opening and closing ceremonies of these Olympics and the subsequent Paralympics , and is scheduled to be demolished following their conclusion . Sports ( edit ) The 2018 Winter Olympics featured 102 events in 15 sports , making it the first Winter Olympics to surpass 100 medal events . Six new events in existing sports were introduced to the Winter Olympic program in Pyeongchang , including men 's and ladies ' big air snowboarding , mixed doubles curling , men 's and ladies ' mass start speed skating , and mixed team alpine skiing . Alpine skiing ( 11 ) ( details ) Biathlon ( 11 ) ( details ) Bobsleigh ( 3 ) ( details ) Cross-country skiing ( 12 ) ( details ) Curling ( 3 ) ( details ) Figure skating ( 5 ) ( details ) Freestyle skiing ( 10 ) ( details ) Ice hockey ( 2 ) ( details ) Luge ( 4 ) ( details ) Nordic combined ( 3 ) ( details ) Short track speed skating ( 8 ) ( details ) Skeleton ( 2 ) ( details ) Ski jumping ( 4 ) ( details ) Snowboarding ( 10 ) ( details ) Speed skating ( 14 ) ( details ) Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sport . Participating National Olympic Committees ( edit ) A total of 92 teams qualified at least one athlete to compete in the Games . The number of athletes who qualified per country is listed in the table below ( number of athletes shown in parentheses ) . Six nations made their Winter Olympics debut : Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . Athletes from three further countries -- the Cayman Islands , Dominica and Peru -- qualified to compete , but all three National Olympic Committees returned the quota spots back to the International Ski Federation ( FIS ) . Under an historic agreement facilitated by the IOC , qualified athletes from North Korea were allowed to cross the Korean Demilitarized Zone into South Korea to compete in the Games . The two nations marched together under the Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony . A unified Korean team , consisting of 12 players from North Korea and 23 from South Korea , competed in the women 's ice hockey tournament under a special IOC country code designation ( COR ) following talks in Panmunjom on 17 January 2018 . The two nations also participated separately : the South Korea team competed in every sport and the North Korea team competed in alpine skiing , cross-country skiing , figure skating and short track speed skating . See North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics for further details . On 5 December 2017 , the IOC announced that the Russian Olympic Committee had been suspended due to the Russian doping controversy and the investigation into the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi . Individual Russian athletes , who qualified and could demonstrate they had complied with the IOC 's doping regulations , were given the option to compete at the 2018 Games as `` Olympic Athletes from Russia '' ( OAR ) under the Olympic flag and with the Olympic anthem played at any ceremony . The participating countries at the Winter Olympics 2018 Debuting countries at the Winter Olympics ( hide ) Participating National Olympic Committees Albania ( 2 ) Andorra ( 5 ) Argentina ( 7 ) Armenia ( 3 ) Australia ( 50 ) Austria ( 105 ) Azerbaijan ( 1 ) Belarus ( 33 ) Belgium ( 22 ) Bermuda ( 1 ) Bolivia ( 2 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 4 ) Brazil ( 9 ) Bulgaria ( 21 ) Canada ( 225 ) Chile ( 7 ) China ( 80 ) Chinese Taipei ( 4 ) Colombia ( 4 ) Croatia ( 19 ) Cyprus ( 1 ) Czech Republic ( 93 ) Denmark ( 17 ) East Timor ( 1 ) Ecuador ( 1 ) Eritrea ( 1 ) Estonia ( 22 ) Finland ( 100 ) France ( 106 ) Georgia ( 4 ) Germany ( 153 ) Ghana ( 1 ) Great Britain ( 58 ) Greece ( 4 ) Hong Kong ( 1 ) Hungary ( 19 ) Iceland ( 5 ) India ( 2 ) Iran ( 4 ) Ireland ( 5 ) Israel ( 10 ) Italy ( 120 ) Jamaica ( 3 ) Japan ( 124 ) Kazakhstan ( 46 ) Kenya ( 1 ) Korea ( 35 ) Kosovo ( 1 ) Kyrgyzstan ( 2 ) Latvia ( 34 ) Lebanon ( 3 ) Liechtenstein ( 3 ) Lithuania ( 9 ) Luxembourg ( 1 ) Macedonia ( 3 ) Madagascar ( 1 ) Malaysia ( 2 ) Malta ( 1 ) Mexico ( 4 ) Moldova ( 2 ) Monaco ( 4 ) Mongolia ( 2 ) Montenegro ( 3 ) Morocco ( 2 ) Netherlands ( 33 ) New Zealand ( 21 ) Nigeria ( 3 ) North Korea ( 10 ) Norway ( 109 ) Olympic Athletes from Russia ( 168 ) Pakistan ( 2 ) Philippines ( 2 ) Poland ( 62 ) Portugal ( 2 ) Puerto Rico ( 1 ) Romania ( 27 ) San Marino ( 1 ) Serbia ( 4 ) Singapore ( 1 ) Slovakia ( 56 ) Slovenia ( 71 ) South Africa ( 1 ) South Korea ( 122 ) ( host nation ) Spain ( 13 ) Sweden ( 116 ) Switzerland ( 166 ) Thailand ( 4 ) Togo ( 1 ) Tonga ( 1 ) Turkey ( 8 ) Ukraine ( 33 ) United States ( 241 ) Uzbekistan ( 2 ) NOCs that participated in 2014 , but not in 2018 . NOCs that participated in 2018 , but not in 2014 . British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Dominica Nepal Paraguay Peru Russia Tajikistan Venezuela Virgin Islands Zimbabwe Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Eritrea Ghana Kenya Korea Kosovo Madagascar Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Olympic Athletes from Russia Puerto Rico Singapore South Africa Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee ( edit ) ( show ) IOC Code Country Athletes USA United States 242 CAN Canada 225 SUI Switzerland 169 OAR Olympic Athletes from Russia 168 GER Germany 156 JPN Japan 124 KOR South Korea 122 ITA Italy 122 SWE Sweden 116 NOR Norway 109 FRA France 107 FIN Finland 106 AUT Austria 105 CZE Czech Republic 95 CHN China 80 SLO Slovenia 71 POL Poland 62 GBR Great Britain 58 SVK Slovakia 56 AUS Australia 50 KAZ Kazakhstan 46 COR Korea 35 LAT Latvia 34 NED Netherlands 33 BLR Belarus 33 UKR Ukraine 33 ROU Romania 27 EST Estonia 22 BEL Belgium 22 BUL Bulgaria 21 NZL New Zealand 20 CRO Croatia 19 HUN Hungary 19 DEN Denmark 17 ESP Spain 13 ISR Israel 10 PRK North Korea 10 BRA Brazil 9 LTU Lithuania 9 TUR Turkey 8 CHI Chile 7 ARG Argentina 7 AND Andorra 5 ISL Iceland 5 IRL Ireland 5 BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina COL Colombia GEO Georgia GRE Greece IRI Iran MEX Mexico MON Monaco SRB Serbia TPE Chinese Taipei THA Thailand ARM Armenia JAM Jamaica LBN Lebanon LIE Liechtenstein MKD Macedonia MNE Montenegro NGR Nigeria ALB Albania BOL Bolivia IND India KGZ Kyrgyzstan MAS Malaysia MDA Moldova MGL Mongolia MAR Morocco PAK Pakistan PHI Philippines POR Portugal UZB Uzbekistan AZE Azerbaijan BER Bermuda CYP Cyprus ECU Ecuador ERI Eritrea GHA Ghana HKG Hong Kong KEN Kenya KOS Kosovo LUX Luxembourg MAD Madagascar MLT Malta PUR Puerto Rico SMR San Marino SGP Singapore RSA South Africa TLS East Timor TGA Tonga TOG Togo Apart from the respective delegations , North Korea and South Korea formed a unified Korean women 's ice hockey team . Russian athletes participated as Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) if individually cleared by the IOC . Event scheduling ( edit ) To accommodate primetime broadcasts in the Americas , figure skating events were scheduled with morning start times ; figure skating is one of the most popular Winter Olympic sports among U.S. viewers . This scheduling practice had an impact on the events themselves , including skaters having to adjust to the modified schedule , as well as the attendance levels of the sessions themselves . Conversely , and somewhat controversially , eight of the eleven biathlon events were scheduled at night , making it necessary for competitors to ski and shoot under floodlights , with colder temperatures and blustery winds . Calendar ( edit ) See also : Chronological summary of the 2018 Winter Olympics All dates are KST ( UTC + 9 ) OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Event finals EG Exhibition gala CC Closing ceremony February 8th Thu 9th Fri 10th Sat 11th Sun 12th Mon 13th Tue 14th Wed 15th Thu 16th Fri 17th Sat 18th Sun 19th Mon 20th Tue 21st Wed 22nd Thu 23rd Fri 24th Sat 25th Sun Events Ceremonies OC CC N / A Alpine skiing 11 Biathlon 11 Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing 12 Curling Figure skating EG 5 Freestyle skiing 10 Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating 8 Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding 10 Speed skating 14 Daily medal events 0 0 5 6 7 8 9 7 9 6 5 7 10 8 102 Cumulative total 0 0 5 11 18 26 30 39 46 55 61 64 69 76 86 90 98 102 February 8th Thu 9th Fri 10th Sat 11th Sun 12th Mon 13th Tue 14th Wed 15th Thu 16th Fri 17th Sat 18th Sun 19th Mon 20th Tue 21st Wed 22nd Thu 23rd Fri 24th Sat 25th Sun Total events Medal table ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics medal table * Host nation ( South Korea ) Rank NOC Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway ( NOR ) 14 14 11 39 Germany ( GER ) 14 10 7 31 Canada ( CAN ) 11 8 10 29 United States ( USA ) 9 8 6 23 5 Netherlands ( NED ) 8 6 6 20 6 Sweden ( SWE ) 7 6 14 7 South Korea ( KOR ) * 5 8 17 8 Switzerland ( SUI ) 5 6 15 9 France ( FRA ) 5 6 15 10 Austria ( AUT ) 5 6 14 11 Japan ( JPN ) 5 13 12 Italy ( ITA ) 5 10 13 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 6 9 17 14 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 7 15 Belarus ( BLR ) 0 16 China ( CHN ) 6 9 17 Slovakia ( SVK ) 0 18 Finland ( FIN ) 6 19 Great Britain ( GBR ) 0 5 20 Poland ( POL ) 0 21 Hungary ( HUN ) 0 0 Ukraine ( UKR ) 0 0 23 Australia ( AUS ) 0 24 Slovenia ( SLO ) 0 25 Belgium ( BEL ) 0 0 26 Spain ( ESP ) 0 0 New Zealand ( NZL ) 0 0 28 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) 0 0 Latvia ( LAT ) 0 0 Liechtenstein ( LIE ) 0 0 Total ( 30 NOCs ) 103 102 102 307 Podium sweeps ( edit ) Three podium sweeps were recorded during the Games . Date Sport Event NOC Gold Silver Bronze Ref 10 February Speed skating Women 's 3000 metres Netherlands Carlijn Achtereekte Ireen Wüst Antoinette de Jong 11 February Cross-country skiing Men 's 30 km skiathlon Norway Simen Hegstad Krüger Martin Johnsrud Sundby Hans Christer Holund 20 February Nordic combined Individual large hill / 10 km Germany Johannes Rydzek Fabian Rießle Eric Frenzel Records ( edit ) Main article : World and Olympic records set at the 2018 Winter Olympics Noriaki Kasai of Japan became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics when he took part in the ski jumping qualification the day before the opening of the Games . The previous record of seven Winter Olympics was held by Russian luger Albert Demchenko . American Nathan Chen became the first figure skater to land five quadruple jumps in one program . German figure skaters Aliona Savchenko and Bruno Massot set a new ISU best free skating score of 159.31 in pair skating . Canadian figure skaters Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir set a new ISU best short dance score of 83.67 and a new ISU best combined total score of 206.07 in ice dance . French ice dancers Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron set a new ISU best free dance score of 123.35 . Russian figure skater Alina Zagitova set a new ISU best short program score of 82.92 in Ladies ' single skating . Dutch speed skater Sven Kramer won gold in the men 's 5000m event , becoming the only male speed skater to win the same Olympic event three times . He was also the first man to win a total of eight Olympic medals in speed skating . Dutch speed skater Ireen Wüst won an individual gold medal for the fourth Olympics in a row , the first time this had been achieved by a Winter Olympian . She also became the first speed skater ( male or female ) to win ten Winter Olympic medals and the first female Winter Olympian to win nine individual medals . Chinese short track speed skater Wu Dajing beat the men 's 500m world record twice en route to winning a gold medal , becoming only the second person in history to skate the discipline in under 40 seconds ( after American J.R. Celski ) , and the first to achieve this at `` sea level '' . Dutch athlete Jorien ter Mors became the first female athlete to win Olympic medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games ; she won a speed skating gold medal in the 1000 metres and she was also part of the Dutch short track team that won bronze in the 3000 metre relay . Ester Ledecká of the Czech Republic won gold in the skiing super-G event and another gold in the snowboarding parallel giant slalom , making her the first female athlete to win Olympic gold medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games . Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen won bronze in the women 's team sprint and gold in the 30 kilometre classical event , bringing her total Olympic medal haul to fifteen , the most won by any athlete ( male or female ) in Winter Olympics history . The record was previously held by fellow Norwegian athlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen who has thirteen Olympic medals . Germany and Canada tied for gold in the two - man bobsleigh event , only the second time in history that two countries had tied for a gold medal in this particular event , the first time being in the 1998 Winter Olympics twenty years earlier . Norway won a total of 39 medals , setting a new record for the highest number of medals won at a single Winter Olympics . Their 39th medal was the gold won by cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen in the 30 km classical event . The record was previously held by the USA who won 37 medals in Vancouver in 2010 . Olympic cauldron in Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Closing ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony The closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 25 February 2018 , as Thomas Bach , the IOC president , declared the Games closed , and the cauldron extinguished . Broadcasting ( edit ) Main article : List of 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasters Broadcast rights to the 2018 Winter Olympics in some countries were already sold as part of long - term broadcast rights deals , including the Games ' local rightsholder SBS , which in July 2011 had extended its rights to the Olympics through to 2024 . SBS sub-licensed its rights to MBC and KBS . On 29 June 2015 , the IOC announced that Discovery Communications had acquired exclusive rights to the Olympics across all of Europe outside of Russia , from 2018 through to 2024 . Discovery 's pan-European Eurosport networks were promoted as the main rightsholder of the Games , but Discovery free - to - air channels such as DMAX in Spain , Kanal 5 in Sweden and TVNorge in Norway , were also involved . Discovery was required to sub-licence at least 100 hours of coverage to free - to - air broadcasters in each market ; some of these agreements required certain sports to be exclusive to Eurosport and its affiliated networks . The deal did not initially cover France due to France Télévisions ' rights , which run through to the 2020 Games . In the United Kingdom , Discovery held exclusive pay television rights under license from the BBC , in return for BBC sub-licencing the free - to - air rights to the 2022 and 2024 Olympics from Discovery . Despite the Russian team being formally banned from competing under its flag in Pyeongchang , Russian state broadcaster Channel One , and sports channel Match TV , still committed to covering the Games with a focus on Russian athletes . Russia was not affected by the Eurosport deal , due to a pre-existing contract held by a marketing agency which runs through to 2024 . In the United States , the Games were once again broadcast by NBCUniversal properties under a long - term contract . As U.S. Eastern Time is fourteen hours behind Pyeongchang , morning events naturally fell within traditional U.S. prime time hours ( 8 : 00 to 11 : 00 pm ) . This allowed NBC to broadcast its prime time coverage live in all U.S. time zones , rather than showing `` plausibly live '' delayed footage as they had in previous Olympics . As per previous Games , the ceremonies were still shown on TV via tape delay only , but NBC did , for the first time , offer live streaming of the opening ceremony online . Notably , figure skating events were deliberately scheduled for the morning in Pyeongchang to accommodate the network 's live broadcast to a peak U.S. audience in the evening . NHK and Olympic Broadcasting Services ( OBS ) once again filmed portions of the Games , including 90 hours of footage of selected events and the opening ceremonies , in high - dynamic - range 8K resolution video . In South Korea , ATSC 3.0 digital terrestrial television at 4K resolution was introduced in 2017 in time for the Olympics . In the U.S. , this footage was delivered in 4K by NBCUniversal parent Comcast to participating television providers , including its own Xfinity , as well as DirecTV and Dish Network . NBC 's Raleigh , North Carolina affiliate WRAL - TV also held demonstration viewings as part of its ATSC 3.0 test broadcasts . The 2018 Winter Olympics were also used to showcase 5G wireless technologies , as part of a collaboration between domestic wireless sponsor KT , and worldwide sponsor Intel . Several venues were outfitted with 5G networks to facilitate features such as live camera feeds from bobsleds , and multi-camera views from cross-country and figure skating events . These were offered as part of public demonstrations coordinated by KT and Intel . Marketing ( edit ) Branding ( edit ) The emblem for the Games was unveiled on 3 May 2013 . It is a stylised representation of the hangul letters ᄑ p and ᄎ ch , these being the initial sounds of 평창 Pyeongchang . The left - hand symbol is said to represent the Korean philosophical triad of heaven , earth and humanity ( Korean : 천지인 cheon - ji - in ) , and the right - hand symbol represents a crystal of ice . In the emblem and all official materials , Pyeongchang was stylised in CamelCase as `` PyeongChang '' , in order to alleviate potential confusion with Pyongyang , the similarly - named capital of neighbouring North Korea . Soohorang ( left ) and Bandabi ( right ) , respective mascots of 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics . Mascots ( edit ) Main article : Soohorang and Bandabi The official mascots of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 2 June 2016 . The Olympic mascot , Soohorang ( Korean : 수 호랑 ) , is a white tiger . The mascot 's name is a portmanteau of `` Sooho '' , a Korean word for `` protection '' , and `` Rang '' which is derived both from the Korean word for `` tiger '' and from the name of a traditional Korean folk song originating from Gangwon Province . Tigers have a strong association with Korean culture and folklore . Video Games ( edit ) Intel Extreme Masters Season 12 -- Pyeongchang Tournament information Sport StarCraft II Location Pyeongchang , South Korea Administrator ( s ) Electronic Sports League Final positions Champions Scarlett Runner - up sOs ← Oakland 2017 Katowice 2018 → In June 2017 , Ubisoft announced that it would release an expansion pack for its winter sports video game Steep entitled Road to the Olympics , which features new game modes and content inspired by the 2018 Winter Olympics . In November 2017 , the IOC announced it would support and sponsor an Intel Extreme Masters StarCraft II tournament in Pyeongchang preceding the Games . Its support of the tournament as a de facto demonstration event came on the heels of a report by the IOC which recognised that eSports `` could be considered as a sporting activity '' . The tournament was won by Sasha `` Scarlett '' Hostyn of Canada ; she became the second North American pro to place first at a major StarCraft II tournament in South Korea , and the first woman to win a major tournament . Sponsors ( edit ) The 2018 Winter Olympics saw increasing granularity in official sponsorships for technology vendors ; Intel signed with the IOC to become part of its Worldwide Olympic Partner program , to promote 5G wireless technology , as well as broadcasting technology such as 360 - degree video and virtual reality . Alibaba Group was also named the official e-commerce and cloud services provider . These categories affected how the vendors were allowed to promote themselves within the context of the Olympics : Samsung could showcase VR experiences but only within the context of its own smartphones due to Intel 's sponsorship rights in relation to VR ; Alibaba could not promote Alipay due to Visa Inc. sponsorship rights ; and Intel could not promote end - user applications of 5G due to national sponsorship rights held by KT Corporation . Concerns and controversies ( edit ) Main article : Concerns and controversies at the 2018 Winter Olympics North Korean relations ( edit ) See also : North Korea -- South Korea relations , 2017 -- 18 North Korea crisis , and North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics Due to the state of relations between North and South Korea , concerns were raised over the security of the 2018 Winter Olympics , especially in the wake of tensions over North Korean missile and nuclear tests . On 20 September 2017 , South Korean president Moon Jae - in stated that the country would ensure the security of the Games . The next day , Laura Flessel - Colovic , the French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports , stated that France would pull out of the Games if the safety of its delegation could not be guaranteed . Protesters at Gwanghwamun Plaza criticising the game 's pro-North Korean measures The next day , Austria and Germany raised similar concerns and also threatened to skip the Games . France later reaffirmed its participation . In early December 2017 , the United States Ambassador to the United Nations , Nikki Haley , told Fox News that it was an `` open question '' whether the United States was going to participate in the Games , citing security concerns in the region . However , days later the White House Press Secretary , Sarah Huckabee Sanders , stated that the United States would participate . In his New Year 's address on 1 January 2018 , North Korean leader Kim Jong - un proposed talks in Seoul over the country 's participation in the Games , which would be the first high - level talks between the North and South in over two years . Because of the talks , held on 9 January , North Korea agreed to field athletes in Pyeongchang . On 17 January 2018 , it was announced that North and South Korea had agreed to field a unified Korean women 's ice hockey team at the Games , and to enter together under a Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony . These moves were met with opposition in South Korea , including protests and online petitions ; critics argued that the government was attempting to use the Olympics to spread pro-North Korean sentiment , and that the unified hockey team would fail . A rap video entitled `` The Regret for Pyeongchang '' ( 평창 유감 ) , which echoed this criticism and called the event the `` Pyongyang Olympics '' , went viral in the country . Japan 's foreign affairs minister Tarō Kōno warned South Korea to be wary of North Korea 's `` charm offensive '' , and not to ease its pressure on the country . The South Korean President , Moon Jae - in , at the start of the Olympics shook hands with the sister of North Korean leader Kim Jong - un and a prominent figure of the regime , Kim Yo - jong . This marked the first time since the Korean War that a member of the ruling Kim dynasty had visited South Korea . In contrast , U.S. vice president Mike Pence met with Fred Warmbier ( father of Otto Warmbier , who had died after being released from captivity in North Korea ) and a group of North Korean defectors in Pyeongchang . American officials said that North Korea cancelled a meeting with Pence at the last minute . At the closing ceremony , North Korea sent general Kim Yong - chol as its delegate . His presence was met with hostility from South Korean conservatives , as there were allegations that he had a role in the ROKS Cheonan sinking and other past attacks . The Ministry of Unification stated that `` there is a limitation in pinpointing who was responsible for the incident . '' Although he is subject to sanctions , they did not affect his ability to visit the country for the Games . Russian doping ( edit ) Main articles : Doping in Russia , McLaren Report , Oswald Commission , Russia at the 2014 Winter Olympics § Doping scandal after Olympics , Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics , and Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics Russia 's participation in the 2018 Winter Olympics was affected by the aftermath of its state - sponsored doping program . As a result , the IOC suspended the Russian Olympic Committee in December 2017 , although Russian athletes whitelisted by the IOC were allowed to compete neutrally under the OAR ( Olympic Athletes from Russia ) designation . The official sanctions imposed by the IOC included : the exclusion of Russian government officials from the Games ; the use of the Olympic flag and Olympic Anthem in place of the Russian flag and anthem ; and the submission of a replacement logo for the OAR uniforms . By early January 2018 , the IOC had banned 43 Russian athletes from competing in the 2018 Winter Olympics and all future Olympic Games ( as part of the Oswald Commission ) . Of those athletes , 42 appealed against their bans to the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) and 28 of the appeals were successful , but eleven of the athletes had their sanctions upheld due to the weight of evidence against them . The IOC stated that the court ruling did not prove that the 28 athletes were innocent and that they would not necessarily be invited to the 2018 Games . Three of the athletes who appealed are still awaiting their hearings . The eventual number of neutral Russian athletes that participated at the 2018 Games was 168 . These were selected from an original pool of 500 athletes that was put forward for consideration and , in order to receive an invitation to the Games , they were obliged to meet a number of pre-games conditions to rule out any possibility of doping . Russian president Vladimir Putin and other officials had signalled in the past that it would be a humiliation if Russian athletes were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag . However , there were never actually any official plans to boycott the 2018 Games and in late 2017 the Russian government agreed to allow their athletes to compete at the Games as individuals under a neutral designation . Despite this public show of co-operation , there were numerous misgivings voiced by leading Russian politicians , including a statement from Putin himself saying that he believed the United States had used its influence within the IOC to `` orchestrate the doping scandal '' . 86 % of the Russian population opposed participation at the Olympics under a neutral flag , and many Russian fans attended the Games wearing the Russian colours and chanting `` Russia ! '' in unison , in an act of defiance against the ban . The IOC 's decision was heavily criticised by Jack Robertson , primary investigator of the Russian doping program on behalf of the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) , in whose opinion the judgement was commercially and politically motivated . He argued that not only was doping rife amongst Russian athletes but that there was no sign of it being eradicated . The CAS decision to overturn the life bans of 28 Russian athletes and restore their medals was also fiercely criticised , by Olympic officials , IOC president Thomas Bach and whistleblower Grigory Rodchenkov 's lawyer . National hockey League ( edit ) For the first time since 1998 , the National Hockey League did not provide accommodations ( including a break in the season for all teams during the Olympics ) to allow its players to participate in the men 's ice hockey tournament . The NHL 's decision stemmed from their demands that the IOC cover the cost of insuring the NHL players who participated in the Games . Although the IOC did pay to insure NHL players in Sochi , the commission was unwilling to do so for Pyeongchang , and was concerned that the NHL 's demand could set a precedent for other professional sports bodies to follow . NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman added that a factor in the decision was that the IOC did not allow the NHL to promote the involvement of its players in the Olympics . The NHL secured the cooperation of the International Ice Hockey Federation and the IOC , who agreed to establish a blacklist forbidding national teams from nominating or accepting players under NHL contract to their Olympic rosters . Other leagues , such as the Swedish Hockey League , did not close during the games , but teams had to accept that some players took part in the games instead of the league . See also ( edit ) 2010s portal Olympics portal South Korea portal 2018 Winter Paralympics 2018 Summer Youth Olympics Winter Olympic Games Olympic Games International Olympic Committee List of IOC country codes Soohorang and Bandabi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boram , Kim ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` ( Olympics ) S. Korean speed skater Mo Tae - bum takes Olympic Oath '' . Yonhap News Agency . english.yonhapnews.co.kr . 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Archived from the original on 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2018 Winter Olympics Are Already Tainted '' . The New York Times . 27 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC Chief Disappointed By Court Lifting Doping Ban On Russians '' . rferl.org. 4 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NHL will not participate in 2018 Pyeongchang Olympic Games '' . Sportsnet. Rogers Media . Archived from the original on 3 April 2017 . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics and N.H.L. Face Off Over Who Pays to Insure Players '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . 19 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC decides not to cover costs for NHL players at Olympics '' . Sportsnet. Rogers Media . 23 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Whyno , Stephen ( 15 September 2017 ) . `` Capitals ' Ovechkin says Olympic decision out of his hands '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 15 September 2017 . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Ovechkin , other NHL players reluctantly accept 2018 Olympics decision '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHL Fixtures '' . Swedish Hockey League . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . ( shows that SHL games were played during the Olympic games 9 -- 25 February ) External links ( edit ) Find more about2018 Winter Olympicsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Pyeongchang 2018 Pyeongchang 2018 ( IOC ) Preceded by Sochi Winter Olympics Pyeongchang XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( 2018 ) Succeeded by Beijing Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Events at the 2018 Winter Olympics ( Pyeongchang ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling men women mixed doubles Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea Africa Eritrea Ghana Kenya Madagascar Morocco Nigeria South Africa Togo Americas Argentina Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Ecuador Jamaica Mexico Puerto Rico United States Asia China East Timor Hong Kong India Iran Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia North Korea Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Chinese Taipei Thailand Uzbekistan Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Tonga Other Korea Olympic Athletes from Russia Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) Alpensia Resort Alpensia Biathlon Centre Cross-Country Centre Ski Jumping Centre Sliding Centre Convention Centre International Broadcast Centre Yongpyong Alpine Centre Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Pyeongchang Olympic Village Stand - alone venues Bogwang Snow Park Jeongseon Alpine Centre Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) Gangneung Olympic Park Gangneung Curling Centre Gangneung Hockey Centre Gangneung Ice Arena Gangneung Oval Kwandong Hockey Centre Gangneung Olympic Village Italics indicate non-competition venues . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Winter_Olympics&oldid=842427645 '' Categories : 2018 Winter Olympics 2018 in multi-sport events 2018 in South Korean sport 2018 in winter sports February 2018 sports events in Asia Olympic Games in South Korea Sport in Gangneung Sport in Pyeongchang County Winter Olympics by year Winter sports competitions in South Korea Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from February 2018 Articles containing Korean - language text Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans Аҧсшәа Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Коми Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 74 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 11 : 15 . 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who's killing the great chefs of europe
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Who is Killing the Great chefs of Europe ?
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who is killing the great chefs of europe?
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Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe ? is a 1978 comedy mystery film starring George Segal , Jacqueline Bisset and Robert Morley based on the novel Someone is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe by Nan and Ivan Lyons . It was released in the U.K. under the title Too Many Chefs . The chefs are each killed in a manner reflecting their most famous dishes ( for example , the lobster chef is drowned ) . The film was co-produced by the U.S. , Italy , France and West Germany . The film was originally distributed by Warner Bros. and produced by Lorimar . Warner Communications acquired Lorimar in 1989 and now owns the rights to the film .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Awards 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Natasha `` Nat '' O'Brien is a celebrated pastry chef invited to London to assist in preparing a state dinner for the Queen , organized by culinary critic Maximillian `` Max '' Vandeveer . Natasha 's ex-husband , Robert `` Robby '' Ross , is a fast food entrepreneur ( `` the Taco King '' ) serving the `` everyman '' consumer while she caters to the affluent . Max is the `` calamitously fat '' grand gourmand publisher of a gourmet magazine Epicurious and is patron of several famous European chefs , each renowned for a signature dish . When Natasha arrives , Max is gloating over his latest issue , featuring `` the world 's most fabulous meal , '' which highlights the culinary masterpieces of his favorite chefs . However , Max 's health is failing from an addiction to those chefs ' specialties . After completing the meal at Buckingham Palace , Natasha has a one - night fling with chef Louis Kohner whose speciality is baked pigeon in crust . The next morning , Natasha finds Louis dead in a 450 ° oven . After being questioned by Inspector Blodgett , Natasha and Robby depart for Venice , where Natasha is wooed by another chef , Fausto Zoppi , whose speciality is a lobster dish . However , when turning up for their date at his kitchen , Natasha finds Zoppi dead in a tank of lobsters . After more questioning , this time by Venice police , Natasha receives a call from Robby to come to Paris to help prevent one member of a group of French chefs from being murdered . When they arrive , they hold a meeting discussing how Louis and Zoppi were killed and what to do next . Later that night , after a phone call from Max ( who learns from Beecham that Natasha is no longer in Venice , but in Paris staying with Robby ) , Natasha puts together what Louis and Zoppi had in common -- both made a dish featured in the aforementioned magazine article . It is now known that the next to be killed will be Jean - Claude Moulineau , whose speciality is pressed duck . The disturbing fact is that the killings are following the order of a meal , so Natasha will be the last to be killed , her speciality being a dessert known as `` Le ' Bombe Richelieu . '' Robby tries to calm Natasha down by suspecting Max as the killer , with the motive that he was the one who selected Natasha , Louis , Fausto and Jean - Claude to be in the magazine , but Natasha believes the killer is really Auguste Grandvilliers , with the motive that he was left off the list ; however , when they attempt to call Moulineau to warn him , instead they receive a phone call from Grandvilliers that someone is at his restaurant . When they arrive , Robby and Natasha find Grandvilliers on a meat hook in the freezer , still alive . Robby and Natasha begin falling in love again . After being questioned by police , Natasha and Robby learn from Inspector Doyle that Moulineau was killed after being pushed headfirst into a duck - press . Back in London , Natasha is set to be a guest on A Moveable Feast . Robby initially decides to stay with her to keep her safe . However , Robby and Natasha learn from Max that Blodgett called Beecham to inform her that Grandvilliers confessed to the murders , so Robby can head to Brussels . As he is heading to the airport , he 's watching Natasha on TV and realizes that the cake that Natasha is set to light -- the cake Robby poked three holes into like a bowling ball -- was switched and now has a bomb inside it . He calls Blodgett to confront him about Grandvilliers ' confession , only to learn no one confessed . That 's when Robby once again suspects Max is the killer . He arrives at the TV studio and rescues her just in time , as 30 - 45 seconds later , the cake explodes on - air . In the end , the killer turns out to be not Max , as Robby suspected , but Beecham , Max 's dedicated assistant whose motive was to kill the chefs in a vain attempt to keep Max on his severe diet by removing the focus of his addiction . In the final scene , Robby and Natasha get remarried . Cast ( edit ) George Segal as Robert Ross Jacqueline Bisset as Natasha O'Brien Robert Morley as Maximillian Vandeveer Jean - Pierre Cassel as Louis Kohner Philippe Noiret as Jean - Claude Moulineau Jean Rochefort as Auguste Grandvilliers Gigi Proietti as Ravello ( as Luigi Proietti ) Stefano Satta Flores as Fausto Zoppi Madge Ryan as Beecham Frank Windsor as Blodgett Peter Sallis as St. Claire Tim Barlow as Inspector Doyle John Le Mesurier as Dr. Deere Joss Ackland as Cantrell Jean Gaven as Salpetre Daniel Emilfork as Saint - Juste Jacques Marin as Massenet Jacques Balutin as Chappemain Jean Parédès as Brissac Michael Chow as Soong Anita Graham as Blonde Nicholas Ball as Skeffington David Cook as Bussingbill Nigel Havers as Counterman Caroline Langrishe as Loretta Awards ( edit ) Morley won Best Supporting Actor at the 1978 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards ( 1978 ) and at the National Society of Film Critics Awards ( 1979 ) . He was also nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture Actor in a Supporting Role along with Bisset for Best Motion Picture Actress ( 1979 ) . References ( edit ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) External links ( edit ) Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe ? on IMDb Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe ? at the TCM Movie Database Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe ? at AllMovie ( hide ) Films directed by Ted Kotcheff Tiara Tahiti ( 1962 ) Life at the Top ( 1965 ) Two Gentlemen Sharing ( 1969 ) Wake in Fright ( 1971 ) Billy Two Hats ( 1974 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 1974 ) Fun with Dick and Jane ( 1977 ) Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe ? ( 1978 ) North Dallas Forty ( 1979 ) Split Image ( 1982 ) First Blood ( 1982 ) Uncommon Valor ( 1983 ) Joshua Then and Now ( 1985 ) Switching Channels ( 1988 ) Winter People ( 1989 ) Weekend at Bernie 's ( 1989 ) Folks ! ( 1992 ) The Shooter ( 1995 ) Family of Cops ( 1995 ) Borrowed Hearts ( 1997 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Is_Killing_the_Great_Chefs_of_Europe%3F&oldid=825853153 '' Categories : English - language films 1978 films 1970s black comedy films 1970s comedy films American black comedy films American films Comedy mystery films Cooking films Films scored by Henry Mancini Films directed by Ted Kotcheff Films set in London Films set in Paris Films set in Venice Serial killer films West German films Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles lacking sources from March 2013 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 20 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%20Is%20Killing%20the%20Great%20Chefs%20of%20Europe%253F
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major natural disasters in the last 20 years
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List of natural disasters by death toll
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list of natural disasters by death toll
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A natural disaster is a sudden event that causes widespread destruction , lots of collateral damage or loss of life , brought about by forces other than the acts of human beings . A natural disaster might be caused by earthquakes , flooding , volcanic eruption , landslide , hurricanes etc . In order to be classified as a disaster , it will have profound environmental effect and / or human loss and frequently incurs financial loss .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Ten deadliest natural disasters 2 Ten deadliest natural disasters since 1900 3 Lists of natural disasters by cause 3.1 Deadliest earthquakes 3.2 Deadliest famines 3.3 Deadliest impact events 3.4 Deadliest limnic eruptions 3.5 Deadliest wildfires / bushfires 3.6 Ten deadliest avalanches 3.7 Ten deadliest blizzards 3.8 Ten deadliest floods / landslides 3.9 Ten deadliest heat waves 3.10 Ten deadliest storms ( non-cyclones ) 3.11 Ten deadliest tornadoes 3.12 Ten deadliest tropical cyclones 3.13 Ten deadliest tsunamis 3.14 Ten deadliest volcanic eruptions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Ten deadliest natural disasters ( edit ) Rank Death toll ( estimate ) Event Location Date 1 . 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 -- 4,000,000 * 1931 China floods China 000000001931 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1931 2 . 7005900000000000000 ♠ 900,000 -- 2,000,000 1887 Yellow River flood China 000000001887 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1887 3 . 7005830000000000000 ♠ 830,000 1556 Shaanxi earthquake China 000000001556 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 1556 4 . 7005300000000000000 ♠ 300,000 1839 India cyclone India 000000001839 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 1839 1737 Calcutta Cyclone India 000000001737 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1737 6 . 280,000 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami Indian Ocean 000000002004 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 2004 7 . 273,400 1920 Haiyuan earthquake China 000000001920 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1920 8 . 7005250000000000000 ♠ 250,000 -- 500,000 1970 Bhola cyclone East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) 000000001970 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 1970 9 . 7005250000000000000 ♠ 250,000 -- 300,000 526 Antioch earthquake Byzantine Empire ( now Turkey ) 000000000526 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 526 10 . 7005242000000000000 ♠ 242,000 -- 655,000 1976 Tangshan earthquake China 000000001976 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 1976 * Estimate by Nova 's sources are close to 4 million and yet Encarta 's sources report as few as 1 million . Expert estimates report wide variance . The list does not include several volcanic eruptions with uncertain death tolls resulting from collateral effects ( crop failures , etc . ) , though these may have numbered in the millions ; see List of volcanic eruptions by death toll . The list does not include the man - made 1938 Yellow River flood , caused entirely by a deliberate man - made act ( an act of war , destroying dikes ) . An alternative listing is given by Peter Hough in his 2008 book Global Security . Ten deadliest natural disasters since 1900 ( edit ) Rank Death toll ( estimate ) Event * Location Date 1 . 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 -- 4,000,000 1931 China floods China 000000001931 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1931 2 . 7005280000000000000 ♠ 280,000 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami Indian Ocean 000000002004 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 2004 3 . 7005273400000000000 ♠ 273,400 1920 Haiyuan earthquake China 000000001920 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1920 4 . 7005250000000000000 ♠ 250,000 -- 500,000 1970 Bhola cyclone East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) 000000001970 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1970 5 . 7005242000000000000 ♠ 242,000 -- 655,000 1976 Tangshan earthquake China 000000001976 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 1976 6 . 7005229000000000000 ♠ 229,000 Typhoon Nina -- contributed to Banqiao Dam failure China 000000001975 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 1975 7 . 7005160000000000000 ♠ 160,000 2010 Haiti earthquake Haiti 000000002010 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2010 8 . 7005145000000000000 ♠ 145,000 1935 Yangtze river flood China 000000001935 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1935 9 . 7005143000000000000 ♠ 143,000 1923 Great Kantō earthquake Japan 000000001923 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1923 10 . 7005138866000000000 ♠ 138,866 1991 Bangladesh cyclone Bangladesh 000000001991 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1991 This list does not include industrial or technological accidents , epidemics , or the 1938 Yellow River flood . Lists of natural disasters by cause ( edit ) Deadliest earthquakes ( edit ) See also : Lists of earthquakes § Deadliest earthquakes on record Rank Death toll ( estimate ) Event Location Date 1 . 7005820000000000000 ♠ 820,000 -- 830,000 1556 Shaanxi earthquake China 000000001556 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 1556 2 . 7005280000000000000 ♠ 280,000 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake Indonesia 000000002004 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 2004 3 . 7005242769000000000 ♠ 242,769 -- 700,000 1976 Tangshan earthquake China 000000001976 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 1976 4 . 7005273400000000000 ♠ 273,400 1920 Haiyuan earthquake Ningxia , China 000000001920 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1920 5 . 7005250000000000000 ♠ 250,000 -- 300,000 526 Antioch earthquake Byzantine Empire ( now Turkey ) 000000000526 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 526 6 . 7005260000000000000 ♠ 260,000 115 Antioch earthquake Roman Empire ( now Turkey ) 000000000115 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 115 7 . 7005230000000000000 ♠ 230,000 1138 Aleppo earthquake Zengid dynasty ( now Syria ) 000000001138 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 1138 8 . 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 1303 Hongdong earthquake Mongol Empire ( now China ) 000000001303 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1303 856 Damghan earthquake Abbasid Caliphate ( now Iran ) 000000000856 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 856 1780 Tabriz earthquake Iran 000000001780 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 1780 11 . 7005170000000000000 ♠ 170,000 1896 Udaipur earthquake India 000000001896 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1896 12 . 7005160000000000000 ♠ 160,000 2010 Haiti earthquake Haiti 000000002010 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2010 13 . 7005150000000000000 ♠ 150,000 893 Ardabil earthquake Abbasid Caliphate ( now Iran ) 000000000893 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 893 14 . 7005142807000000000 ♠ 142,807 1923 Great Kantō earthquake Japan 000000001923 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1923 15 . 7005130000000000000 ♠ 130,000 533 Aleppo earthquake Byzantine Empire ( now Syria ) 000000000533 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 533 16 . 7005123000000000000 ♠ 123,000 1908 Messina earthquake Italy 000000001908 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28 , 1908 17 . 7005110000000000000 ♠ 110,000 1948 Ashgabat earthquake Turkmen SSR , Soviet Union ( now Turkmenistan ) 000000001948 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1948 18 . 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 1290 Chihli earthquake Mongol Empire ( now China ) 000000001290 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 1290 2005 Kashmir earthquake Pakistan ( Azad Kashmir ) 000000002005 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 2005 20 . 7004875870000000000 ♠ 87,587 2008 Sichuan earthquake China 000000002008 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 2008 21 . 7004800000000000000 ♠ 80,000 1721 Tabriz earthquake Iran 000000001721 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 1721 458 Antioch earthquake Byzantine Empire ( now Turkey ) 000000000458 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 458 1667 Shamakhi earthquake Safavid dynasty ( now Azerbaijan ) 000000001667 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1667 1854 Great Nankaidō earthquake Japan 000000001854 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1854 1169 Aleppo earthquake Zengid dynasty ( now Syria ) 000000001169 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1169 26 . 7004770000000000000 ♠ 77,000 1727 Tabriz earthquake Iran 000000001727 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 1727 27 . 7004730000000000000 ♠ 73,000 1718 Gansu earthquake Qing Empire ( now China ) 000000001718 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 1718 28 . 7004700000000000000 ♠ 70,000 1970 Ancash earthquake Peru 000000001970 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 1970 1033 Ramala earthquake Fatimid Caliphate ( now West Bank ) 000000001033 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1033 847 Damascus earthquake Abbasid Caliphate ( now Syria ) 000000000847 - 01 - 01 - 0000 847 1868 Ecuador earthquakes Ecuador 000000001868 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1868 and August 16 , 1868 32 . 7004600000000000000 ♠ 60,000 587 Antioch earthquake Byzantine Empire ( now Turkey ) 000000000587 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 587 1101 Khorasan earthquake Great Seljuq Empire ( now Iran ) 000000001101 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1101 1268 Cilicia earthquake Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia ( now Turkey ) 000000001268 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1268 1693 Sicily earthquake Kingdom of Sicily ( now Italy ) 000000001693 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1693 1935 Quetta earthquake India ( now part of Pakistan ) 000000001935 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 1935 37 . 7004500000000000000 ♠ 50,000 844 Damascus earthquake Abbasid Caliphate ( now Syria ) 000000000844 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 844 1042 Tabriz earthquake Abbasid Caliphate ( now Iran ) 000000001042 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 1042 1783 Calabrian earthquakes Kingdom of Naples ( now Italy ) 000000001783 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1783 1990 Manjil -- Rudbar earthquake Iran 000000001990 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 , 1990 41 . 7004400000000000000 ♠ 40,000 -- 50,000 1755 Lisbon earthquake Portugal 000000001755 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 1755 42 . 7004450000000000000 ♠ 45,000 850 Iran earthquake Abbasid Caliphate ( now Iran ) 000000000850 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 850 856 Corinth earthquake Byzantine Empire ( now Greece ) 000000000856 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 856 856 Tunisia earthquake Abbasid Caliphate ( now Tunisia ) 000000000856 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 856 45 . 7004425710000000000 ♠ 42,571 1668 Shandong earthquake Qing Empire ( now China ) 000000001668 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 1668 46 . 7004409000000000000 ♠ 40,900 1927 Gulang earthquake Gansu , China 000000001927 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 1927 47 . 7004400000000000000 ♠ 40,000 342 Antioch earthquake Roman Empire ( now Turkey ) 000000000342 - 01 - 01 - 0000 342 662 Damghan earthquake Umayyad Caliphate ( now Iran ) 000000000662 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 662 1455 Naples earthquake Crown of Aragon ( now Italy ) 000000001455 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1455 1754 Cairo earthquake Ottoman Empire ( now Egypt ) 000000001754 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 , 1754 1755 Tabriz earthquake Iran 000000001755 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 1755 1797 Riobamba earthquake Spanish Empire ( now Ecuador ) 000000001797 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 1797 Deadliest famines ( edit ) Main articles : Famine , List of famines , and List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll § Famine Note : Some of these famines may be caused or partially caused by humans . Rank Death toll Event Location Date 1 . 15,000,000 -- 43,000,000 Great Chinese Famine China 000000001958 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1958 -- 1961 2 . 25,000,000 Chinese Famine of 1907 China 000000001907 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1907 3 . 13,000,000 Northern Chinese Famine of 1876 -- 1879 China 000000001876 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1876 -- 1879 4 . 11,000,000 Doji bara famine or Skull famine India 000000001789 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1789 -- 1792 5 . 10,000,000 Bengal famine of 1770 , incl . Bihar & Orissa India 000000001769 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1769 -- 1771 6 . 6,000,000 + Indian Famine British India 000000001896 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1896 -- 1902 7 . 7,500,000 Great European Famine Europe ( all ) 000000001315 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1315 -- 1317 8 . 7,000,000 -- 10,000,000 Soviet famine of 1932 -- 1933 ( Holodomor in Ukraine ) Soviet Union 000000001932 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1932 -- 1934 9 . 5,250,000 Indian Great Famine of 1876 -- 78 India 000000001876 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1876 -- 1878 10 . 5,000,000 Chinese Famine of 1936 China 000000001936 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1936 Russian famine of 1921 Russia , Ukraine 000000001921 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1921 -- 1922 12 . 3,000,000 Chinese famine of 1928 -- 1930 China 000000001928 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1928 -- 1930 13 . 2,000,000 -- 3,000,000 Chinese Drought 1941 China 000000001942 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1942 -- 1943 14 . 2,000,000 Russian famine of 1601 -- 1603 Russia ( Muscovy ) 000000001601 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1601 -- 1603 Deccan Famine of 1630 -- 32 India 000000001630 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1630 -- 1632 Upper Doab famine of 1860 -- 61 India 000000001860 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1860 -- 1861 French Famine France 000000001693 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1693 -- 1694 Great Persian Famine of 1870 -- 71 Persia 000000001870 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1870 -- 1871 19 . 1,500,000 -- 7,000,000 Bengal Famine of 1943 India 000000001943 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1943 20 . 1,500,000 Great Irish Famine Ireland 000000001846 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1846 -- 1849 Deadliest Impact events ( edit ) Main articles : Impact event , Meteorite fall , Meteor shower , and List of meteor air bursts Note : Although there have been no scientifically verified cases of astronomical objects resulting in human fatalities , there have been several reported occurrences throughout human history . Consequently , the casualty figures for all events listed are considered unofficial . Rank Death toll ( unofficial ) Location Date Notes 1 . 10,000 + Qingyang , Gansu , China 1490 1490 Ch'ing - yang event 2 . `` Tens '' Changshou District , China 1639 10 homes destroyed 3 . 10 + China 616 AD a large meteorite fell onto the rebel Lu Ming - Yueh 's camp , destroying a wall - attacking tower 4 . Malacca ship , Indian Ocean 1648 2 sailors killed on board a ship Podkamennaya Tunguska River , Siberia , Russian Empire 1908 Tunguska event 6 . Cremona , Lombardy , Italy 1511 a monk and several animals were killed by stones weighing up to 50 kg Milan , Italy 1633 or 1664 a monk died after being struck on the thigh by a meteorite Gascony , France 1790 a farmer was reportedly struck and killed by a meteorite Oriang , Malwate , India 1825 Chin - kuei Shan , China 1874 a cottage was crushed by a meteorite , killing a child Newtown , Indiana , United States 1879 a man was killed in bed by a meteorite Dun - le - Poëlier , France 1879 a farmer was killed by a meteorite Zvezvan , Yugoslavia 1929 a meteorite hit a bridal party Deadliest limnic eruptions ( edit ) Main article : Limnic eruption ( Only 2 recorded cases . ) Rank Death toll Event Location Date 1 . 1,744 Lake Nyos Cameroon 1986 2 . 37 Lake Monoun Cameroon 1984 Deadliest wildfires / bushfires ( edit ) Main articles : Wildfire , Bushfire , and List of wildfires Rank Death toll Event Location Date 1 . 1,200 -- 2,500 Peshtigo Fire , Wisconsin United States 000000001871 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 1871 2 . 1,200 Kursha - 2 Fire Soviet Union 000000001936 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1936 3 . 453 Cloquet Fire , Minnesota United States 000000001918 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1918 4 . 418 Great Hinckley Fire , Minnesota United States 000000001894 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1894 5 . 282 Thumb Fire , Michigan United States 000000001881 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 , 1881 6 . 273 Matheson Fire , Ontario Canada 000000001916 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 1916 7 . 213 Black Dragon Fire China 000000001987 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1987 8 . 173 Black Saturday bushfires Australia 000000002009 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2009 9 . 160 Miramichi Fire Canada 000000001825 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1825 10 . 87 Great Fire of 1910 United States 000000001910 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 1910 11 . 84 2007 Greek forest fires Greece 000000002007 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 2007 12 . 82 1949 Landes Forest Fire France 000000001949 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 1949 13 . 75 Ash Wednesday bushfires Australia 000000001983 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 1983 14 . 73 Great Porcupine Fire Canada 000000001911 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 1911 15 . 71 Black Friday bushfires Australia 000000001939 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1939 16 . 64 2017 Portugal wildfires Portugal 000000002017 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 , 2017 17 . 62 1967 Tasmanian fires Australia 000000001967 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 1967 18 . 60 1926 Victorian bushfires Australia 000000001926 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1926 19 . 54 2010 Russian wildfires Russia 000000002010 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 2010 20 . 49 October 2017 Iberian wildfires Portugal and Spain 000000002017 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 2017 21 . 44 Mount Carmel Forest Fire Israel 000000002010 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2010 October 2017 Northern California wildfires United States 000000002017 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 2017 23 . 43 Great Fire of 1922 Canada 000000001922 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1922 24 . 35 1921 Mari wildfires Russia 000000001921 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1921 25 . 33 2015 Russian wildfires Russia 000000002015 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2015 Ten deadliest avalanches ( edit ) Main articles : Avalanches and List of avalanches Rank Death toll ( estimate ) Event Location Date 1 . 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20,000 1970 Huascarán avalanche ; triggered by the 1970 Ancash earthquake Peru 000000001970 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1970 2 . 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 Tyrolean Alps Avalanche Italy 000000001916 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1916 3 . 7003400000000000000 ♠ 4,000 1962 Huascarán avalanche Peru 000000001962 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1962 4 . 7002310000000000000 ♠ 310 2015 Afghanistan avalanches Afghanistan 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 5 . 7002265000000000000 ♠ 265 Winter of Terror Austria - Switzerland 000000001951 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1951 6 . 7002201000000000000 ♠ 201 2012 Afghanistan avalanches Afghanistan 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 7 . 7002172000000000000 ♠ 172 2010 Salang avalanches Afghanistan 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2010 8 . 7002140000000000000 ♠ 140 2012 Siachen Glacier avalanche Pakistan 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 9 . 7002125000000000000 ♠ 125 Kolka - Karmadon rock ice slide Russia 000000002002 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2002 10 . 7002107000000000000 ♠ 107 Saint - Martin ( Hautes - Pyrénées ) France 000000001600 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1600 Ten deadliest blizzards ( edit ) Main article : Blizzard Rank Death toll ( estimate ) Event Location Date 1 . 7003400000000000000 ♠ 4,000 1972 Iran blizzard Iran 000000001972 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1972 2 . 7003300000000000000 ♠ 3,000 Carolean Death March Sweden / Norway 000000001719 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1719 3 . 7002926000000000000 ♠ 926 2008 Afghanistan blizzard Afghanistan 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 4 . 7002400000000000000 ♠ 400 Great Blizzard of 1888 United States 000000001888 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1888 5 . 7002353000000000000 ♠ 353 Great Appalachian Storm of 1950 United States 000000001950 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1950 6 . 7002318000000000000 ♠ 318 1993 Storm of the Century United States 000000001993 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1993 7 . 7002250000000000000 ♠ 250 Great Lakes Storm of 1913 United States and Canada ( Great Lakes region ) 000000001913 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1913 8 . 7002235000000000000 ♠ 235 Schoolhouse Blizzard United States 000000001888 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1888 9 . 7002199000000000000 ♠ 199 Hakko - da Mountains incident Japan 000000001902 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1902 10 . 7002154000000000000 ♠ 154 North American blizzard of 1996 United States 000000001996 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1996 Ten deadliest floods / landslides ( edit ) Main articles : Flood , List of floods , List of deadliest floods , List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll § Floods and landslides , Landslide , and List of landslides Note : Some of these floods and landslides may be partially caused by humans -- for example , by failure of dams , levees , seawalls or retaining walls . Rank Death toll Event Location Date 1 . 1,000,000 -- 4,000,000 1931 China floods China 1931 2 . 900,000 -- 2,000,000 1887 Yellow River ( Huang He ) flood China 1887 3 . 229,000 Failure of 62 dams , the largest of which was Banqiao Dam , result of Typhoon Nina . China 4 . 145,000 1935 Yangtze river flood China 1935 5 . more than 100,000 St. Felix 's Flood , storm surge Netherlands 1530 6 . 100,000 Hanoi and Red River Delta flood North Vietnam 1971 7 . up to 100,000 1911 Yangtze River flood China 1911 8 . 50,000 -- 80,000 St. Lucia 's flood , storm surge Netherlands 1287 9 . 60,000 North Sea flood , storm surge Netherlands 1212 10 . 36,000 St. Marcellus flood , storm surge Netherlands 1219 The list does not include the man - made 1938 Yellow River flood caused entirely by a deliberate man - made act ( an act of war , destroying dikes ) . Ten deadliest heat waves ( edit ) Measuring the number of deaths caused by a heat wave requires complicated statistical analysis , since heat waves tend to cause large numbers of deaths among people weakened by other conditions . As a result , the number of deaths is only known with any accuracy for heat waves in the modern era in countries with developed healthcare systems . Main article : Heat wave Rank Death toll Event Location Date 1 . 70,000 2003 European heat wave Europe 2003 2 . 56,000 2010 Russian heat wave Russia 3 . 9,500 1901 eastern United States heat wave United States 1901 4 . 5,000 -- 10,000 1988 United States heat wave United States 5 . 3,418 2006 European heat wave Europe 2006 6 . 2,541 1998 India heat wave India 1998 7 . 2,500 2015 Indian heat wave India 2015 2015 Pakistan heat wave Pakistan 2015 9 . 1,700 -- 5,000 1980 United States heat wave United States 1980 10 . 1,718 2010 Japanese heat wave Japan Ten deadliest storms ( non-cyclones ) ( edit ) This section is incomplete . ( June 2017 ) Main article : Storm Rank Death toll Event Location Date 1 . 10,000 -- 30,000 Vargas tragedy Venezuela 1999 2 . 903 Rio de Janeiro floods and mudslides Brazil 2011 3 . 500 Lofoten , Heavy storm Norway 1849 4 . 329 Mocoa tragedy Colombia 2017 5 . 246 1888 Moradabad hailstorm India 1888 6 . 242 1996 Amarnath Yatra tragedy India 7 . 210 Trøndelag , storm ( `` Follastormen '' ) Norway 1625 8 . 189 Eyemouth , Scotland , storm ( `` Black Friday '' ) United Kingdom 1881 9 . 156 1972 Hong Kong rainstorm disasters Hong Kong 1972 10 . 140 Trøndelag , storm ( `` Titran disaster '' ) Norway 1899 Ten deadliest tornadoes ( edit ) Main articles : Tornado and List of tornadoes causing 100 or more deaths Rank Death toll Event Location Date 1 . 1,300 The Daulatpur - Salturia Tornado Manikganj , Bangladesh 2 . 695 The Tri-State Tornado United States ( Missouri -- Illinois -- Indiana ) 1925 3 . 681 1973 Dhaka Tornado Bangladesh 1973 4 . 660 1969 East Pakistan Tornado East Pakistan , Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) 1969 5 . 600 The Valletta , Malta Tornado Malta 1551 or 1556 6 . 500 The Sicily Tornadoes Sicily , Two Sicilies ( now Italy ) 1851 The Narail - Magura Tornado Jessore , East Pakistan , Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) 1964 The Madaripur - Shibchar Tornado Bangladesh 1977 9 . 400 The Ivanovo - Yaroslavl , Russia , Tornado Soviet Union ( now Russia ) 1984 10 . 317 The Great Natchez Tornado United States ( Mississippi -- Louisiana ) 1840 Ten deadliest tropical Cyclones ( edit ) Main articles : Tropical cyclone and List of deadliest Atlantic hurricanes Rank Death toll Event Location Date 1 . 375,000 ( 250,000 -- 500,000 ) 1970 Bhola cyclone East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) 000000001970 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 1970 2 . 7005300000000000000 ♠ 300,000 1737 Calcutta cyclone India 000000001737 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1737 1839 India Cyclone India 000000001839 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 1839 4 . 229,000 Super Typhoon Nina -- contributed to Banqiao Dam failure China 000000001975 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 1975 5 . 200,000 Great Backerganj Cyclone of 1876 India ( now Bangladesh ) 000000001876 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 1876 6 . 150,000 ( 30,000 to 300,000 ) 1881 Haiphong Typhoon Vietnam 000000001881 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 1881 7 . 138,866 1991 Bangladesh cyclone Bangladesh 000000001991 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1991 8 . 138,366 Cyclone Nargis Myanmar 000000002008 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2008 9 . 100,000 July 1780 Typhoon Philippines 000000001780 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1780 Earlier versions of this list have included the so - called ' Bombay Cyclone of 1882 ' in tenth position , but this supposed event has been proved a hoax . Ten deadliest tsunamis ( edit ) See also : List of historic tsunamis Rank Death toll Event Location Date 1 . 7005300000000000000 ♠ 300,000 -- 500,000 ( est . ) 365 Crete earthquake Greece 000000000365 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 365 2 . 7005280000000000000 ♠ 280,000 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami Indian Ocean 000000002004 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 2004 3 . 7005123000000000000 ♠ 123,000 1908 Messina earthquake Italy 000000001908 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28 , 1908 4 . 7004364170000000000 ♠ 36,417 -- 120,000 1883 eruption of Krakatoa Indonesia 000000001883 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 1883 5 . 7004400000000000000 ♠ 40,000 -- 50,000 1755 Lisbon earthquake Portugal 000000001755 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 1755 6 . 7004300000000000000 ♠ 30,000 - 100,000 ( est . ) Minoan Eruption Greece 000000000001 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2nd Millennium BC 7 . 7004310000000000000 ♠ 31,000 1498 Meiō Nankaidō earthquake Japan 000000001498 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1498 8 . 7004300000000000000 ♠ 30,000 1707 Hōei earthquake Japan 000000001707 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 1707 9 . 7004271220000000000 ♠ 27,122 1896 Sanriku earthquake Japan 000000001896 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 1896 10 . 7004256740000000000 ♠ 25,674 1868 Arica earthquake Chile 000000001868 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 , 1868 A 1782 possible tsunami causing about 40,000 deaths in the Taiwan Strait area may have been of `` meteorological '' origin ( a cyclone ) Ten deadliest volcanic eruptions ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanic eruptions by death toll Rank Death toll Event Location Date 1 . 71,000 + 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora ( see also Year Without a Summer ) Indonesia 000000001815 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 1815 2 . 36,000 + 1883 eruption of Krakatoa Indonesia 000000001883 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 1883 3 . 30,000 Mount Pelée Martinique 000000001902 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 1902 4 . 23,000 Armero tragedy Colombia 000000001985 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 1985 5 . 15,000 1600 Eruption of Huaynaputina Peru 000000001600 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 1600 6 . 15,000 1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami Japan 000000001792 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1792 7 . 10,000 Mount Kelud Indonesia 000000001586 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1586 8 . 6,000 Santa Maria Guatemala 000000001902 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 1902 9 . 5,000 Mount Kelud Indonesia 000000001919 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1919 10 . 4,011 Mount Galunggung Indonesia 000000001822 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1822 See also ( edit ) Disasters portal Death portal List of countries by natural disaster risk List of all known deadly earthquakes since 1900 List of natural disasters in Haiti List of natural disasters in the United States Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents Global catastrophic risk List of epidemics List of famines List of natural disasters in Great Britain and Ireland Other lists organized by death toll List of wars and disasters by death toll List of accidents and disasters by death toll List of battles and other violent events by death toll List of disasters in Australia by death toll List of Canadian disasters by death toll List of New Zealand disasters by death toll List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll List of United States disasters by death toll Tsunamis in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The world 's worst natural disasters Calamities of the 20th and 21st centuries CBC News ' . ' Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` NOVA Online Flood ! Dealing with the Deluge '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Deadliest Earthquakes '' . Time . January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved May 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Worst Natural Disasters by Death Toll '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 ' Worst ' Natural Disasters '' . Eas.slu.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death toll of 1920 China earthquake higher than previously estimated '' . News.xinhuanet.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Paula Dunbar . `` Significant Earthquake '' . Ngdc.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Understanding Global Security , Peter Hough , 2008 , chapter 8 , page 192 , table 8.1 ' The ten worst natural disasters in history ' ^ Jump up to : `` Mortality , crime and access to basic needs before and after the Haiti earthquake : a random survey of Port - au - Prince households '' . Taylor Francis Online . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths '' . Archived from the original on 20 October 2014 . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ 1976 Tangshan earthquake # Death toll Jump up ^ ja : 地震 の 年 表 #. E8. A2. AB. E5. AE. B3. E3. 81.8 C. E5. A4. A7. E3. 81.8 D. E3. 81. AA. E5. 9C. B0. E9. 9C. 87 Jump up ^ Paula Dunbar . `` Significant Earthquake '' . Ngdc.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` china virtual museums_quake '' . Kepu.net.cn . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://earthquakes.sciencedaily.com/l/1320/Iran-Tabriz Jump up ^ ja : 地震 の 年 表 #. E5. 8D. 97. E3. 83. BB. E4. B8. AD. E5. A4. AE. E3. 83. BB. E8. A5. BF. E3. 82. A2. E3. 82. B8. E3. 82. A2. E3. 83. BB. E8. BF. 91. E4. BB. A3. E4. BB. A5. E5. 89.8 D Jump up ^ `` Today in Earthquake History '' . Earthquake.usgs.gov. 2012 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Paula Dunbar . `` Significant Earthquake '' . Ngdc.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Paula Dunbar . `` Significant Earthquake '' . Ngdc.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Deaths from Earthquakes in 2008 '' . Earthquake.usgs.gov. 2010 - 04 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Paula Dunbar . `` Significant Earthquake '' . Ngdc.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Paula Dunbar . `` Significant Earthquake '' . Ngdc.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Paula Dunbar . `` Significant Earthquake '' . Ngdc.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Syria : Halab ( Aleppo ) , Dimashq ( Damascus ) . `` Syria : Halab ( Aleppo ) , Dimashq ( Damascus ) Earthquake of 1169 '' . Earthquakes.findthedata.org . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` What was the magnitude of the Syria : Halab ( Aleppo ) , Dimashq ( Damascus ) Earthquake in 1169 ? '' . Earthquakes.findthedata.org . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Paula Dunbar . `` Significant Earthquake '' . Ngdc.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Ancash earthquake of 1970 -- Peru '' . Jump up ^ Paula Dunbar . `` Significant Earthquake '' . Ngdc.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Paula Dunbar . `` Significant Earthquake '' . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Paula Dunbar . `` Significant Earthquake '' . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Paula Dunbar . `` Significant Earthquake '' . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Paula Dunbar . `` Significant Earthquake '' . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Paula Dunbar . `` Significant Earthquake '' . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Paula Dunbar . `` Significant Earthquake '' . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Opportunity of a Disaster : The Economic Impact of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake . Discussion Paper 06 / 03 , Centre for Historical Economics and Related Research at York , York University , 2006 Jump up ^ Paula Dunbar . `` Significant Earthquake '' . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo ! Groups '' . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ http://earthquakes.findthedata.org/l/223/Tunisia-Tunis-Syria-Egypt-Yemen Jump up ^ `` How many casualties did the Tunisia : Tunis ; Syria ; Egypt ; Yemen Earth ... '' . 18 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Paula Dunbar . `` Significant Earthquake '' . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Paula Dunbar . `` Significant Earthquake '' . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Paula Dunbar . `` Significant Earthquake '' . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Paula Dunbar . `` Significant Earthquake '' . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ http://earthquakes.findthedata.org/l/1220/Egypt-Al-qahirah-cairo Jump up ^ Paula Dunbar . `` Significant Earthquake '' . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Dimensions of need -- People and populations at risk . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Reported Deaths and Injuries from Meteorite Impact '' . delong.typepad.com . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gritzner , C. `` Human Casualties in Impact Events '' . SAO / NASA Astrophysics Data System ( ADS ) . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Some interesting meteorite falls of the last two centuries '' . International Comet Quarterly . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , John . Rain Of Iron And Ice : The Very Real Threat Of Comet And Asteroid Bombardment . Basic Books . p. 172 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Peru Earthquake : A Special Study '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Oct 1970 : 17 . Jump up ^ `` This Day in History '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Italian Alps Avalanche of 1916 '' . 2013 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Natural Disasters In History '' . Nbc10.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ 229,000 is the highest of a range of unofficial estimates , including also deaths of ensuing epidemics and famine , in Yi 1998 ^ Jump up to : `` You 're experiencing world 's 5th deadliest heatwave ever '' . Times of India . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Kanoko Matsuyama ; Shigeru Sato ( 13 July 2011 ) . `` Heatstroke Deaths Quadruple as Japan Shuns Air Conditioners to Save Power '' . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 1 June 2012 . `` last year , when a record 1,718 people died of heatstroke as the summer heat broke records . '' Jump up ^ ThinkQuest Team # C003603 . `` Hurricanes : case studies '' . Library.thinkquest.org . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ David Longshore ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Hurricanes , Typhoons , and Cyclones , New Edition . Facts on File , New York , NY , US . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Pedro Ribera , Ricardo Garcia - Herrera and Luis Gimeno ( July 2008 ) . `` Historical Deadly Typhoons in the Philippines '' . Weather . Royal Meteorological Society . 63 ( 7 ) : 196 . Bibcode : 2008Wthr ... 63 ... 194R . doi : 10.1002 / wea. 275 . Jump up ^ Paula Dunbar . `` Significant Earthquake '' . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Written records of historical tsunamis in the northeastern South China Sea Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , Clive ( 1 June 2003 ) . `` Climatic , environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption : Tambora volcano ( Indonesia ) 1815 '' . Progress in Physical Geography . pp. 230 -- 259 . doi : 10.1191 / 0309133303pp379ra . Jump up ^ `` Krakatoa Volcano : Facts About Deadly Eruption '' . Live Science . Jump up ^ `` Benchmarks : May 8 , 1902 : The deadly eruption of Mount Pelée EARTH Magazine '' . www.earthmagazine.org . Jump up ^ `` BBC ON THIS DAY 13 1985 : Volcano kills thousands in Colombia '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Mount Unzen eruption of 1792 Japanese history '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` What is the largest eruption ever ? Volcano World Oregon State University '' . volcano.oregonstate.edu . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia 's Mount Kelut Erupts : Natural Hazards '' . earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Galunggung Volcano World Oregon State University '' . volcano.oregonstate.edu . External links ( edit ) Natural Hazards Data from NOAA National Geophysical Data Center `` When Nature Attacks '' from Newsweek World 's worst natural disasters since 1900 Earthquake Hazards Program -- USGS EM - DAT : The International Disaster Database managed by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters Disasters Database Report from Emergency Management Australia Natural disasters Geological Earthquakes Mass wasting Landslides Mudflows Lahars Ice calving Volcano eruption Avalanches Sinkholes Quicksands Water Flood Coastal flood Flash flood Storm surge Limnic eruption Tsunami Cloudburst Meteotsunami Weather Ice Cold wave Winter storm Thundersnow Ice storm Blizzard Ground blizzard Snowsquall Hail Freezing rain Whiteout ( weather ) Black ice Cryoseism Freezing drizzle Ice dam Ice jacking Jumble ice Heat Droughts Heat waves Heat burst Backdraft Megadrought Torridness Wind Storms Storm surge Dust storm Thunderstorm Severe thunderstorm Supercell Firestorm Gale Sirocco Simoon Haboob Cyclone Mesocyclone Tropical cyclones Extratropical cyclone Subtropical cyclone European windstorm Derechos Atlantic hurricane Typhoon Downdraft Tornado Multiple - 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journey to regionals
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`` Journey to Regionals '' is the twenty - second episode and first season finale of the American television series Glee . The episode was written and directed by series creator Brad Falchuk , and premiered on the Fox network on June 8 , 2010 . In `` Journey to Regionals '' , New Directions performs at Regionals in front of celebrity judges Josh Groban , Olivia Newton - John , Rod Remington ( Bill A. Jones ) and Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) . Club member Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) gives birth to her daughter , Beth , whom rival glee club coach Shelby Corcoran ( Idina Menzel ) adopts . Co-captains Finn ( Cory Monteith ) and Rachel ( Lea Michele ) reunite , and director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) professes his love for guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury ( Jayma Mays ) . Although New Directions comes in last in the competition , Sue persuades Principal Figgins ( Iqbal Theba ) not to disband the club for another year .
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The episode features cover versions of nine songs , seven of which are included on the EP Glee : The Music , Journey to Regionals , released on June 8 , 2010 . The album charted at number one in America , setting the record for the shortest span between first weeks at the top of the Billboard 200 with different releases , charting only three weeks after the soundtrack album Glee : The Music , Volume 3 Showstoppers also reached number one . While `` Journey to Regionals '' is the first episode of Glee to have none of its musical performances released as singles , all six EP tracks charted on the Billboard Hot 100 and the Canadian Hot 100 . `` Journey to Regionals '' was watched by 10.92 million American viewers and attained the highest finale rating for a new show in the 2009 -- 2010 television season . The episode was the most - watched scripted show of the week of broadcast in the 18 - 49 demographic , and received generally positive reviews from critics . Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club deemed it among the best of the entire season , and Time 's James Ponieowzik felt that the episode was a return to Glee 's roots , justifying its renewal for a second season . In contrast , Brett Berk of Vanity Fair felt that `` Journey to Regionals '' was a mediocre episode , while Jean Bentley of MTV found it uneven , representative of the season as a whole . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The episode begins with a flashback of the night Quinn Fabray lost her virginity to Noah Puckerman when they had sex in her bed , unbeknownst to her then boyfriend , Finn Hudson . When cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) announces that she will be one of the judges at Regionals , along with Josh Groban , Olivia Newton - John , and local news anchor Rod Remington ( Bill A. Jones ) , the glee club members worry that New Directions will soon be disbanded . Principal Figgins ( Iqbal Theba ) stands by his requirement that glee club must place at Regionals to continue , despite director Will Schuester 's ( Matthew Morrison ) protestation that Sue is attempting to sabotage them . Will turns to guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury ( Jayma Mays ) , who reveals that she has begun dating her dentist , Carl Howell . Rachel ( Lea Michele ) kisses Finn ( Cory Monteith ) when he encourages her to be more optimistic . At Regionals , Aural Intensity is first to perform , singing a mash - up of `` Magic '' by Olivia Newton - John and `` You Raise Me Up '' by Josh Groban . Will gives New Directions a pep talk , and Finn professes his love for Rachel just before going on stage . The club pays tribute to Journey , performing `` Faithfully '' , a mash - up of `` Any Way You Want It '' and `` Lovin ' , Touchin ' , Squeezin ' '' , and `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' . Quinn 's ( Dianna Agron ) mother , Judy Fabray ( Charlotte Ross ) , comes to watch Quinn perform . She tells Quinn that she kicked her father out of the house after she found out he was having an affair and invites Quinn to come back home . Quinn informs her that her water has broken , and is rushed to the hospital , where she gives birth to a girl . While the other New Directions members accompany Quinn to the hospital , Rachel stays at Regionals to watch Vocal Adrenaline 's performance of `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . She asks their coach , her biological mother Shelby Corcoran ( Idina Menzel ) , to help coach New Directions , but Shelby tells Rachel that she 's tired of coaching glee clubs , and is stepping down as Vocal Adrenaline 's coach to settle down and start a family . Shelby adopts Quinn 's baby , whom she names Beth at Puck 's ( Mark Salling ) request . During the pre-vote discussion , the other celebrity judges insult Sue for her lack of fame . Aural Intensity is named runner - up , and Vocal Adrenaline wins , with New Directions coming in last . Emma argues with Figgins about the club 's future , but he remains intent on disbanding it , since it failed to place . Will has accepted their loss , and professes his love for Emma and kisses her . Sue overhears New Directions ' performance of `` To Sir With Love '' in appreciation of all that Will has done to help them grow . It is revealed that Sue voted for New Directions to win , and has agreed to end her blackmail of Principal Figgins in exchange for giving New Directions at least one more year to prove themselves and win Regionals . She explains to Will that she may not like him , but she respects his work with the students . Will tells the club of its extension , and performs Israel Kamakawiwoʻole 's version of `` Over the Rainbow '' with Puck in celebration . Production ( edit ) Olivia Newton - John ( left ) and Josh Groban ( right ) guest starred as celebrity judges `` Journey to Regionals '' was filmed in April 2010 , with fans of Glee invited through Facebook and Twitter to attend the filming of Regionals at the Saban Theatre in Beverly Hills , California . In the episode , both Josh Groban and Olivia Newton - John reprise their roles from earlier in the season , appearing as themselves to judge the Ohio Regionals round of show choir competition alongside Sue and Rod Remington . Series creator Ryan Murphy explained : `` The theme of Regionals is celebrity judges . Sue is now a nationwide celebrity . And Olivia and Josh only like choirs that sing their songs , so that 's funny . They wanted to do something that played against what people think about them ... to play against type . So we gave them an opportunity . And it 's funny to have Sue as a judge when she does n't really know about ( music ) , and she has it out for that darn Glee club . '' Other recurring characters who appear in the episode are glee club members Santana Lopez ( Naya Rivera ) , Brittany ( Heather Morris ) , Mike Chang ( Harry Shum , Jr . ) and Matt Rutherford ( Dijon Talton ) , Principal Figgins , Vocal Adrenaline lead singer Jesse St. James ( Jonathan Groff ) , Vocal Adrenaline coach and Rachel 's birth mother Shelby Corcoran , and Quinn 's mother Judy Fabray . Emma 's new love interest does not appear in the episode , but will become a major character from early in the show 's second season , played by John Stamos . Will and Emma 's kiss in `` Journey to Regionals '' was unscripted . Falchuk chose not to inform Mays that it was planned to ensure authenticity in her reaction . Glee : The Music , Journey to Regionals , an EP containing songs from the episode , was released on June 8 , 2010 . It features cover versions of Journey 's `` Faithfully '' and `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' , as well as a mash - up of `` Any Way You Want It '' and `` Lovin ' Touchin ' Squeezin ' '' . `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' by Queen is also on the EP , as is `` To Sir With Love '' by Lulu and Judy Garland 's `` Over the Rainbow '' as reinvented by Israel Kamakawiwoʻole . The EP debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 selling 158,000 copies , and at number two on the Canadian Albums Chart , selling 14,000 copies . It entered the Irish Albums Chart at number 14 , climbing to number 1 in its second week of release , becoming the fourth Glee cast release to top the Irish charts . In America , Journey to Regionals was the cast 's third number one album , charting only three weeks after Glee : The Music , Volume 3 Showstoppers , and beating its own record for shortest span between first weeks at the top position with different releases , previously held with Glee : The Music , The Power of Madonna and Volume 3 Showstoppers . `` Journey to Regionals '' is the first episode of Glee to have none of its musical performances released as singles . Despite this , all six EP tracks charted on the Billboard Hot 100 and the Canadian Hot 100 , the highest - charting being `` Faithfully '' at number 36 in the US , and `` Over the Rainbow '' at number 31 in Canada . A mash - up of Newton - John 's `` Magic '' and Groban 's `` You Raise Me Up '' is also used in the episode , but does not feature on the EP . Groff was injured during the filming of `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' , receiving a five inch scar during the staging of the performance . Glee 's costume designer Lou Eyrich took inspiration from 1960s girl groups for the outfits worn by the show choirs , selecting black and fuchsia sequined dresses for Vocal Adrenaline , and Betsey Johnson 's `` Goldie '' brocade halter dress for New Directions . Reception ( edit ) In its original broadcast , `` Journey to Regionals '' was watched by 10.92 million American viewers , and tied with the 2010 NBA Finals to lead in the 18 -- 49 demographic in its timeslot , attaining a 4.6 Nielsen rating . The series ' 18 -- 49 viewership was up 18 percent on the previous episode , giving Glee the highest finale rating for a new show in the 2009 -- 2010 television season . `` Journey to Regionals '' was the fourth most - watched show of the week in the 18 - 49 demographic , the highest scripted show , and the sixth most - watched program amongst all viewers . In the UK , the episode was broadcast on Monday 14 June 2010 , and was watched by 2.354 million viewers ( 1.952 million on E4 , and 402,000 on E4 + 1 ) , becoming the most - watched show on E4 and E4 + 1 for the week , and the most - watched show on cable for the week . The episode received generally positive reviews from critics . Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly called it `` just about perfect '' , writing : `` this was one of those high - energy episodes that narrowed its song focus ( ... ) and found a just - right mix of cynicism and optimism , of banal reality and glam performance . '' Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal commented : `` It 's been a long premiere season of ups and downs , and this last show is a warm embrace that -- let 's face it -- you just do n't want to let go . '' The Houston Chronicle 's Bobby Hankinson deemed the episode `` awesome '' , observing : `` While it was light on the usual humor , it was heavy on emotion , and I think that 's ideal for a season finale . Glee ended its freshman season with a real wallop that took a couple of unexpected turns before pulling nicely into a satisfying finish . '' Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club graded the episode `` A - '' , deeming it among the best of the entire season . He felt that : `` On its own , ' Journey to Regionals ' is a fantastic episode of Glee . As a capper to the season , it mostly works . '' While VanDerWerff had some issues with the episode , including Shelby 's sudden decision to adopt Beth , he summarized that : `` for once in this back nine , the good stuff absolutely overwhelms the stupid stuff . '' Jessica Derschowitz of CBS News felt that : `` Glee wrapped up on a high note , leaving some of the season 's less - appealing plotlines behind and heading towards the promise of more performances and more amazing Sue Sylvester one - liners next season . '' Time 's James Poniewozik wrote that with `` Journey to Regionals '' , Glee `` returned to its roots , balancing its weirdness , snark and bombast with intimate stories of small - town high school life . And it , too , by showing what it can be at its best , made its case for staying around another year . '' IGN 's Eric Goldman rated `` Journey to Regionals '' 8.5 / 10 , signifying a `` great '' episode . He felt that while it did not match the standards of the mid -- season finale episode `` Sectionals '' , it was `` still a very satisfying wrap up to the first year of Glee . '' Gerrick D. Kennedy of the Los Angeles Times noted that he `` went into the finale peeved at how incredibly messy last week 's episode was '' , but overall he deemed the finale a success . Vanity Fair 's Brett Berk found `` Journey to Regionals '' a fulfilling , albeit `` pretty mediocre '' episode , describing it as having `` a sense of narrative cohesion that went beyond the writers ' usual throwing - flatware - down - the - garburator modality '' . Jean Bentley of MTV found the episode representative of the first season as a whole , explaining : `` Much like the entire first year of the show , the uneven episode started out with a promising , action - packed plot , impressed with a couple of flashy musical numbers , then got too cheesy for its own good and petered out with an overly sentimental song . '' Fellow MTV writer Aly Semigran noted : `` I was hoping for a little more excitement from the episode , though it all did feel very full circle for so many of our characters we 've come to know and love . Here 's to hoping Glee can get back its stellar momentum in season two . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Donahue , Ann ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` Glee : The Billboard Cover Story '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ; Bell , Carrie ( April 13 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' season finale scoop : Celeb judges set for Regionals ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ( GLE - 122 ) `` Journey to Regionals '' `` . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 21 , 2010 ) , `` A Glee Spoiler With Some Teeth '' , Entertainment Weekly , Time Inc. ( 1103 ) Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` It 's Official ! John Stamos Will Come to Glee Next Season '' . E ! Online . E !. Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ; Abdolian , Lisa ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` Five Glee Finale Secrets : That Will and Emma Kiss Was n't Scripted ! '' . E ! Online . E !. Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glee : The Music , Journey to Regionals - EP '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' Rises Past ' Twilight ' To Top Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Williams , John ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` Johnson 's ' Sea ' sails to No. 1 '' . Toronto Sun . Sun Media . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( June 11 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' album continues Irish chart reign '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( June 18 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' finale album tops Irish chart '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glee Cast '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glee Cast '' . acharts.us . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Journey : Featured Music '' . Fox . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2010 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` I was left with a 5in scar after filming Bohemian Rhapsody for Glee , reveals heart - throb Jonathan Groff '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Portuguez , Enid ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Glee : Get The Scoop on Tonight 's Finale Style ! '' . InStyle . Time Inc . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ram , Archana ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Style Hunter : The girls ' regional dresses from ' Glee ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` TV ratings : ' Glee ' finale solid , but NBA Finals win Tuesday '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Tuesday : NBA Finals Rise , Glee Finishes Strong '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Top 25 : NBA Finals Top Ratings Ranks , Glee Finale Leads Scripted '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . BARB . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' season finale recap : Journey to the Center of the Birth '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Flandez , Raymund ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' Season One Finale , ' Journey ' : TV Recap '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hankinson , Bobby ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Glee Finale : The journey to Regionals gets serious '' . Houston Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Journey '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Derschowitz , Jessica ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` '' To Sir With Love : '' `` Glee '' Ends First Season on a High Note `` . CBS News . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Glee Watch : Hold On to the Feelin ' '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Glee : `` Journey '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Gerrick D. ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' : Journey 's end '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Berk , Brett ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` The Gay Guide to Glee : Episode 22 , `` Journey '' `` . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' Finale Recap : Do n't Stop Believin ' '' . MTV . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Semigran , Aly ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : Season 1 Finale , ' Journey ' '' . MTV . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Glee portal `` Journey to Regionals '' at Fox.com `` Journey to Regionals '' on IMDb `` Journey to Regionals '' at TV.com ( hide ) Glee episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Showmance '' `` Acafellas '' `` Preggers '' `` The Rhodes Not Taken '' `` Vitamin D '' `` Throwdown '' `` Mash - Up '' `` Wheels '' `` Ballad '' `` Hairography '' `` Mattress '' `` Sectionals '' `` Hell - O '' `` The Power of Madonna '' `` Home '' `` Bad Reputation '' `` Laryngitis '' `` Dream On '' `` Theatricality '' `` Funk '' `` Journey to Regionals '' Season 2 `` Audition '' `` Britney / Brittany '' `` Grilled Cheesus '' `` Duets '' `` The Rocky Horror Glee Show '' `` Never Been Kissed '' `` The Substitute '' `` Furt '' `` Special Education '' `` A Very Glee Christmas '' `` The Sue Sylvester Shuffle '' `` Silly Love Songs '' `` Comeback '' `` Blame It on the Alcohol '' `` Sexy '' `` Original Song '' `` A Night of Neglect '' `` Born This Way '' `` Rumours '' `` Prom Queen '' `` Funeral '' `` New York '' Season 3 `` The Purple Piano Project '' `` I Am Unicorn '' `` Asian F '' `` Pot O ' Gold '' `` The First Time '' `` Mash Off '' `` I Kissed a Girl '' `` Hold On to Sixteen '' `` Extraordinary Merry Christmas '' `` Yes / No '' `` Michael '' `` The Spanish Teacher '' `` Heart '' `` On My Way '' `` Big Brother '' `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' `` Dance with Somebody '' `` Choke '' `` Prom - asaurus '' `` Props '' `` Nationals '' `` Goodbye '' Season 4 `` The New Rachel '' `` Britney 2.0 '' `` Makeover '' `` The Break Up '' `` The Role You Were Born to Play '' `` Glease '' `` Dynamic Duets '' `` Thanksgiving '' `` Swan Song '' `` Glee , Actually '' `` Sadie Hawkins '' `` Naked '' `` Diva '' `` I Do '' `` Girls ( and Boys ) On Film '' `` Feud '' `` Guilty Pleasures '' `` Shooting Star '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Lights Out '' `` Wonder - ful '' `` All or Nothing '' Season 5 `` Love , Love , Love '' `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds '' `` The Quarterback '' `` A Katy or a Gaga '' `` The End of Twerk '' `` Movin ' Out '' `` Puppet Master '' `` Previously Unaired Christmas '' `` Frenemies '' `` Trio '' `` City of Angels '' `` 100 '' `` New Directions '' `` New New York '' `` Bash '' `` Tested '' `` Opening Night '' `` The Back - up Plan '' `` Old Dog , New Tricks '' `` The Untitled Rachel Berry Project '' Season 6 `` Loser Like Me '' `` Homecoming '' `` Jagged Little Tapestry '' `` The Hurt Locker , Part One '' `` The Hurt Locker , Part Two '' `` What the World Needs Now '' `` Transitioning '' `` A Wedding '' `` Child Star '' `` The Rise and Fall of Sue Sylvester '' `` We Built This Glee Club '' `` 2009 '' `` Dreams Come True '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journey_to_Regionals&oldid=799769979 '' Categories : 2010 American television episodes Glee ( season 1 ) episodes Hidden categories : Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Bahasa Indonesia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 18 : 54 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey%20to%20Regionals
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should auld acquaintance be forgot and never brought to mind meaning
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The song begins by posing a rhetorical question : Is it right that old times be forgotten ? The answer is generally interpreted as a call to remember long - standing friendships . Thomson 's Select Songs of Scotland was published in 1799 in which the second verse about greeting and toasting was moved to its present position at the end .
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Auld lang Syne
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auld lang syne
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`` Auld Lang Syne '' ( Scots pronunciation : ( ˈɔːl ( d ) lɑŋˈsəin ) : note `` s '' rather than `` z '' ) is a Scots poem written by Robert Burns in 1788 and set to the tune of a traditional folk song ( Roud # 6294 ) . It is well known in many countries , especially in the English - speaking world , its traditional use being to bid farewell to the old year at the stroke of midnight on New Year 's Eve . By extension , it is also sung at funerals , graduations , and as a farewell or ending to other occasions . The international Scouting movement , in many countries , uses it to close jamborees and other functions .
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The song 's Scots title may be translated into standard English as `` old long since '' , or more idiomatically , `` long long ago '' , `` days gone by '' or `` old times '' . Consequently , `` For auld lang syne '' , as it appears in the first line of the chorus , might be loosely translated as `` for ( the sake of ) old times '' . The phrase `` Auld Lang Syne '' is also used in similar poems by Robert Ayton ( 1570 -- 1638 ) , Allan Ramsay ( 1686 -- 1757 ) , and James Watson ( 1711 ) as well as older folk songs predating Burns . Matthew Fitt uses the phrase `` In the days of auld lang syne '' as the equivalent of `` Once upon a time ... '' in his retelling of fairy tales in the Scots language . Contents 1 History 2 Lyrics 3 Melody 4 Uses 4.1 At New Year 4.2 Other than New Year 4.2. 1 In the English - speaking world 4.2. 2 In non-English - speaking countries 4.3 Use in films 5 Notable performances 5.1 Live and broadcast 5.2 Recordings 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Robert Burns sent a copy of the original song to the Scots Musical Museum with the remark , `` The following song , an old song , of the olden times , and which has never been in print , nor even in manuscript until I took it down from an old man . '' Some of the lyrics were indeed `` collected '' rather than composed by the poet ; the ballad `` Old Long Syne '' printed in 1711 by James Watson shows considerable similarity in the first verse and the chorus to Burns ' later poem , and is almost certainly derived from the same `` old song '' . Should Old Acquaintance be forgot , and never thought upon ; The flames of Love extinguished , and fully past and gone : Is thy sweet Heart now grown so cold , that loving Breast of thine ; That thou canst never once reflect On old long syne . CHORUS : On old long syne my Jo , On old long syne , That thou canst never once reflect , On old long syne . It is a fair supposition to attribute the rest of the poem to Burns himself . There is some doubt as to whether the melody used today is the same one Burns originally intended , but it is widely used in Scotland and in the rest of the world . Singing the song on Hogmanay or New Year 's Eve very quickly became a Scots custom that soon spread to other parts of the British Isles . As Scots ( not to mention English , Welsh and Irish people ) emigrated around the world , they took the song with them . Lyrics ( edit ) The song begins by posing a rhetorical question : Is it right that old times be forgotten ? The answer is generally interpreted as a call to remember long - standing friendships . Thomson 's Select Songs of Scotland was published in 1799 in which the second verse about greeting and toasting was moved to its present position at the end . Most common use of the song involves only the first verse and the chorus . The last lines of both of these are often sung with the extra words `` For the sake of '' or `` And days of '' , rather than Burns ' simpler lines . This allows one note for each word , rather than the slight melisma required to fit Burns ' original words to the melody . Complete lyrics Burns ' original Scots verse English translation ( minimalist ) Scots pronunciation guide ( as Scots speakers would sound ) IPA pronunciation guide ( Burns ' own Ayrshire dialect ) Should auld acquaintance be forgot , and never brought to mind ? Should auld acquaintance be forgot , and auld lang syne * ? CHORUS : For auld lang syne , my jo , for auld lang syne , we 'll tak ' a cup o ' kindness yet , for auld lang syne . And surely ye 'll be your pint - stoup ! and surely I 'll be mine ! And we 'll tak ' a cup o ' kindness yet , for auld lang syne . CHORUS We twa hae run about the braes , and pou 'd the gowans fine ; But we 've wander 'd mony a weary fit , sin ' auld lang syne . CHORUS We twa hae paidl 'd in the burn , frae morning sun till dine ; But seas between us braid hae roar 'd sin ' auld lang syne . CHORUS And there 's a hand , my trusty fiere ! and gie 's a hand o ' thine ! And we 'll tak ' a right gude - willie waught , for auld lang syne . CHORUS Should old acquaintance be forgot , and never brought to mind ? Should old acquaintance be forgot , and old lang syne ? CHORUS : For auld lang syne , my dear , for auld lang syne , we 'll take a cup of kindness yet , for auld lang syne . And surely you 'll buy your pint cup ! and surely I 'll buy mine ! And we 'll take a cup o ' kindness yet , for auld lang syne . CHORUS We two have run about the slopes , and picked the daisies fine ; But we 've wandered many a weary foot , since auld lang syne . CHORUS We two have paddled in the stream , from morning sun till dine ; But seas between us broad have roared since auld lang syne . CHORUS And there 's a hand my trusty friend ! And give me a hand o ' thine ! And we 'll take a right good - will draught , for auld lang syne . CHORUS Shid ald akwentans bee firgot , an nivir brocht ti mynd ? Shid ald akwentans bee firgot , an ald lang syn * ? CHORUS : Fir ald lang syn , ma jo , fir ald lang syn , wil tak a cup o kyndnes yet , fir ald lang syn . An sheerly yil bee yur pynt - staup ! an sheerly al bee myn ! An will tak a cup o kyndnes yet , fir ald lang syn . CHORUS We twa hay rin aboot the braes , an pood the gowans fyn ; Bit weev wandert monae a weery fet , sin ald lang syn . CHORUS We twa hay pedilt in the burn , fray mornin sun til dyn ; But seas between us bred hay roard sin ald lang syn . CHORUS An thers a han , my trustee feer ! an gees a han o thyn ! And we 'll tak a richt gude - willie - waucht , fir ald lang syn . CHORUS ʃɪd o̜ːld ə. kwɛn. təns bi fəɾ. ɡot , ən nɪ. vəɾ brɔxt tɪ məin ? ʃɪd o̜ːld ə. kwɛn. təns bi fəɾ. ɡot , ən o̜ːl lɑŋ səin ? CHORUS : fəɾ o̜ːl lɑŋ səin , mɑ dʒo , fəɾ o̜ːl lɑŋ səin , wiːl tɑk ə kʌp ə kəin. nəs jɛt , fəɾ o̜ːl lɑŋ səin . ən ʃeːr. li jiːl bi juːɾ pəin. stʌup ! ən ʃeːr. li ɑːl bi məin ! ən wiːl tɑk ə kʌp ə kəin. nəs jɛt , fəɾ o̜ːl lɑŋ səin . CHORUS wi two̜̜ː heː rɪn ə. but ðə breːz , ən puːd ðə ɡʌu. ənz fəin ; bʌt wiːv wɑn. əɾt mʌ.ne ə wiːɾɪ fɪt , sɪn o̜ːl lɑŋ səin . CHORUS wi two̜̜ː heː pe. dlt ɪn ðə bʌɾn , freː moːɾ. nɪn sɪn tɪl dəin ; bʌt siːz ə. twin ʌs bred heː roːrd sɪn o̜lː lɑŋ səin . CHORUS ən ðeːrz ə ho̜ːn , mɑ trʌs. tɪ fiːɾ ! əŋ ɡiːz ə ho̜ːn ə ðəin ! ən wiːl tɑk ə rɪxt ɡɪd wʌ. lɪ wo̜ːxt , fəɾ o̜lː lɑŋ səin . CHORUS dine = `` dinner time '' ch = voiceless velar fricative , / x / , at the back of the mouth like / k / but with the mouth partly open like / f / . Similar to `` Bach '' in German syne = `` since '' or `` then '' -- pronounced like `` sign '' rather than `` zine '' . Melody ( edit ) The tune to which `` Auld Lang Syne '' is commonly sung is a pentatonic Scots folk melody , probably originally a sprightly dance in a much quicker tempo . English composer William Shield seems to quote the `` Auld Lang Syne '' melody briefly at the end of the overture to his opera Rosina , which may be its first recorded use . The contention that Burns borrowed the melody from Shield is for various reasons highly unlikely , although they may very well both have taken it from a common source , possibly a strathspey called The Miller 's Wedding or The Miller 's Daughter . The problem is that tunes based on the same set of dance steps necessarily have a similar rhythm , and even a superficial resemblance in melodic shape may cause a very strong apparent similarity in the tune as a whole . For instance , Burns ' poem Coming Through the Rye is sung to a tune that might also be based on the Miller 's Wedding . The origin of the tune of God Save the Queen presents a very similar problem and for just the same reason , as it is also based on a dance measure . ( See the note in the William Shield article on this subject . ) In 1855 , different words were written for the Auld Lang Syne tune by Albert Laighton and titled , `` Song of the Old Folks . '' This song was included in the tunebook , Father Kemp 's Old Folks Concert Tunes published in Boston , Massachusetts in 1860 . For many years it was the tradition of the Stoughton Musical Society to sing this version in memory of those who had died that year . Songwriter George M. Cohan quotes the first line of the `` Auld Lang Syne '' melody in the second to last line of the chorus of You 're a Grand Old Flag . It is plain from the lyrics that this is deliberate . John Philip Sousa quotes the melody in the Trio section of his 1924 march `` Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company '' In the Sacred Harp choral tradition , an arrangement of it exists under the name `` Plenary '' . The lyrics are a memento mori and begin with the words `` Hark ! from the tomb a doleful sound '' . Another Christian setting , using the name `` Fair Haven '' for the same tune , uses the text `` Hail ! Sweetest , Dearest Tie That Binds '' by Amos Sutton . The University of Virginia 's alma mater ( `` The Good Old Song '' ) is also sung to the tune of `` Auld Lang Syne '' . Uses ( edit ) At New Year ( edit ) `` Auld Lang Syne '' is traditionally sung at the conclusion of New Year gatherings in Scotland and around the world , especially in English - speaking countries . At Hogmanay in Scotland , it is common practice that everyone joins hands with the person next to them to form a great circle around the dance floor . At the beginning of the last verse , everyone crosses their arms across their breast , so that the right hand reaches out to the neighbour on the left and vice versa . When the tune ends , everyone rushes to the middle , while still holding hands . When the circle is re-established , everyone turns under the arms to end up facing outwards with hands still joined . In countries other than Scotland the hands are often crossed from the beginning of the song at variance with Scottish custom . The Scottish practice was demonstrated by the Queen at the Millennium Dome celebrations for the year 2000 . The English press berated her for not `` properly '' crossing her arms , unaware that she was correctly following the Scottish tradition . Other than New Year ( edit ) As well as celebrating the New Year , `` Auld Lang Syne '' is very widely used to symbolise other `` endings / new beginnings '' -- including farewells , funerals ( and other memorials of the dead ) , graduations , the end of a ( non-New Year ) party or a Scout gathering , the election of a new government , the last lowering of the Union Jack as a British colony achieves independence and even as a signal that a retail store is about to close for the day . The melody is also widely used for other words , especially hymns , the songs of sporting and other clubs , and even national anthems . In Scotland and other parts of Britain , in particular , it is associated with celebrations and memorials of Robert Burns . The following list of specific uses is far from comprehensive . In the English - speaking world ( edit ) In Scotland , it is often sung at the end of a cèilidh , a dance , and at weddings . At weddings , it is performed in the same way as at New Year , but the bride and groom are often lifted up in the centre of the circle . The tune is played , and sung by the crowd , in the final stages of the annual Edinburgh Military Tattoo . In many Burns Clubs , it is sung at the end of the Burns supper . In Great Britain , it is played at the close of the annual Congress ( conference ) of the Trades Union Congress . The song is sung at the end of the Last Night of the Proms by the audience ( rather than the performers ) and so it is not often listed on the official programme . The song is played at the Passing Out Parade of Young Officers in the Royal Navy as they march up the steps of the Britannia Royal Naval College ; and at the Sovereign 's Parade at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst for young officers joining the British Army , as the cadets march up the steps of their famous Old College building -- to the beat of the slow march , after the tune `` Will ye no come back ? '' . This custom ( or something very like it ) is also followed in Naval and Military colleges in many other countries , especially members and former members of the Commonwealth of Nations . Examples include the Royal Military College of Canada , the Royal Military College ( Malaysia ) , the National Defence Academy ( India ) , the Indian Military Academy , the Officers Training Academy ( India ) , the Pakistan Military Academy , Bangladesh Military Academy and at the equivalent colleges in Singapore , Burma and Nigeria . Since 2007 , the melody has been used as an introduction to the mass chorus of `` America the Beautiful '' that is played by the twelve finalist corps at the Finals Retreat at the Drum Corps International World Championships . Coincidentally , `` Auld Lang Syne '' and `` America the Beautiful '' have the same metre , and the lyrics can be sung interchangeably . In non-english - speaking countries ( edit ) `` Auld Lang Syne '' has been translated into many languages , and the song is widely sung all over the world . The song 's pentatonic scale matches scales used in Korea , Japan , India , China and other East Asian countries , which has facilitated its `` nationalisation '' in the East . The following particular examples mostly detail things that are special or unusual about the use of the song in a particular country . In India and Bangladesh , the melody was the direct inspiration for the popular Bengali folk song `` Purano shei diner kotha '' ( Memories of the Good Old Days ) composed by Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore , and forms one of the more recognisable tunes in Rabindra Sangeet ( Rabindra 's Songs ) , a body of work of 2,230 songs and lyrical poems that form the backbone of Bengali music . In Denmark , the song was translated in 1927 by the famous Danish poet Jeppe Aakjær . Much like Robert Burns ' use of dialect , Aakjær translated the song into the Danish dialect sallingbomål , a dialect from the northern part of western Jutland , south of the Limfjord , often hard for other Danes to understand . The song `` Skuld gammel venskab rejn forgo '' , is an integral part of the Danish Højskole tradition , and often associated with more rural areas and old traditions . Also , the former Danish rock group Gasolin modernised the melody in 1974 with their pop ballad Stakkels Jim ( `` Poor Jim '' ) . Before 1972 , it was the tune for the Gaumii salaam anthem of The Maldives ( with the current words ) . In the Netherlands , the melody is best known as the Dutch football song `` Wij houden van Oranje '' ( We love Orange ) performed by André Hazes . In Thailand , the song `` Samakkhi Chumnum '' ( `` สามัคคี ชุมนุม '' , `` Together in unity '' ) , which is set to the familiar melody , is sung after sporting fixtures , and at the end of Boy Scout jamborees , as well as for the New Year . The Thai lyrics are about the King and national unity , and many Thais are not aware of the song 's `` Western '' origin . In Japan , although the original song is not unknown , people usually associate the melody with Hotaru no Hikari , which sets completely different lyrics to the familiar tune . Hotaru no Hikari is played at some school graduation ceremonies , and at the end of the popular New Year 's Eve show NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen . It is played as background music in various establishments such as bars , restaurants , or department stores in Japan to let the customers know that the establishment is closing soon . In South Korea , the song is known as Jakbyeol ( 작별 / Farewell ) or ( less commonly ) as Seokbyeol - ui Jeong ( 석별 의 정 / The Feeling of Farewell ) . From 1919 to 1945 it served as the national anthem of the Korean exile government and from 1945 to 1948 , it was the melody of South Korea 's national anthem . The lyrics used then are the same as the current South Korean national anthem . Use in films ( edit ) The strong and obvious associations of the song and its melody have made it a common staple for film soundtracks from the very early days of `` talking '' pictures to the present -- a large number of films and television series ' episodes having used it for background , generally but by no means exclusively to evoke the New Year . Notable performances ( edit ) Live and broadcast ( edit ) 1939 : Guy Lombardo and His Royal Canadians performed it in on New Year 's Eve for decades until his death in 1977 . Several sources credit Lombardo with `` popularising '' the use of the song , at least in the United States . Lombardo 's version is played in Times Square every New Year 's immediately following the dropping of the ball . 1997 : On 30 June , the day before Hong Kong was handed over from the UK to China , the tune was played by the silver and pipe bands from the Royal Hong Kong Police Force , at the departure of Hong Kong 's 28th and last British Governor , Chris Patten , from his official residence , Government House , Hong Kong 2009 : On 30 November -- St. Andrew 's Day -- students and staff at the University of Glasgow sang the song in 41 different languages simultaneously 2015 : On 25 March , the song was played with a bagpipe on the transfer of Lee Kuan Yew 's body from the Istana to the Parliament House Recordings ( edit ) As a standard in music , Auld Lang Syne has been recorded many times , in every conceivable style , by many artists , both well - known and obscure . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Susan Rennie ( ed . ) . `` Lang Syne '' . Dictionary of the Scots Language . Dsl.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Burns -- Auld Lang Syne '' . BBC . 23 April 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History and Words of Auld Lang Syne '' . Scotland.org . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` USSSP -- History : Auld Lang Syne '' . usscouts.org . ^ Jump up to : Burns , Robert ( 1947 ) ( Transcribed 1788 ) . George Frederick Maine , ed . Songs from Robert Burns 1759 -- 1796 ( leather - bound sextodecimo ) . Collins Greetings Booklets ( in English and Scots ) . Glasgow : Collins Clear - Type Press . pp. 47 -- 48 . This book was purchased at Burns Cottage , and was reprinted in 1967 , and 1973 ^ Jump up to : `` nls.uk '' . nls.uk . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Bernie ; Vaughan , David ( November 28 , 2004 ) . `` '' WEE REID RIDIN HOOD `` : MATTHEW FITT AND HIS SCOTS FAIRY TALES IN DEEPEST BOHEMIA '' . Radio Prague . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lindsay , Maurice ( December 1996 ) ( 1959 ) . `` Auld Lang Syne '' . The Burns Encyclopedia ( New Third ed . ) . Robert Hale Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7090 - 5719 - 9 . Retrieved 28 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Traditional ( 2006 ) . `` Auld Lang Syne '' . Traditional Songs from Scotland . Ukmagic.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Electric Scotland history site '' . Electricscotland.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Wilson , James ( Sir ) ( 1923 ) The dialect of Robert Burns as spoken in central Ayrshire , Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Scholes , Percy A . The Oxford Companion to Music , Tenth Edition . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Father Kemp and Auld Lang Syne '' . Americanmusicpreservation.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Hail ! Sweetest , Dearest Tie That Binds ; '' . Hymntime.com . Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas in Scotland : Christmas Around the World , Volume 11 '' . p. 37 . World Book , Incorporated , 2001 Jump up ^ Logan , James ( 1831 ) . The Scottish Gaël ; Or , Celtic Manners , as Preserved Among the Highlanders : Being an Historical and Descriptive Account of the Inhabitants , Antiquities , and National Peculiarities of Scotland : More Particularly of the Northern , Or Gäelic Parts of the Country , where the Singular Habits of the Aboriginal Celts are Most Tenaciously Retained. 2 . Smith Elder . p. 253 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aslet , Clive ( 13 July 2007 ) . `` One does n't do tantrums and tiaras -- Telegraph '' . London : Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 25 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Queen stays at arm 's length '' . Archive.thisislancashire.co.uk . Retrieved 10 December 2010 . Jump up ^ National Defence Academy Retrieved 8 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bengali Traditional Folk Music -- Various Artists -- Songs , Reviews , Credits -- AllMusic '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Purano Sai Diner katha by Srikanto Acharya Voice of Srikanto Acharya . YouTube user - account efface1 . Retrieved 14 March 2013 Jump up ^ Japanische Reichball ( 28 January 2017 ) . `` National Anthem of Provisional Korea ( Rare Instrumental Recording ) 대한민국 임시 정부 애국가 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Guy Lombardo > Biography ( All Music Guide ) '' . Jump up ^ `` ' The Governor 's Last Farewell ' '' . BBC News . 1997 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' New record ' for Auld Lang Syne '' . BBC News . 30 November 2009 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lee Kuan Yew : A very Singaporean send - off '' . BBC News . 29 March 2015 . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Auld Lang Syne Image of Robert Burns ' autograph manuscript Wikisource has original text related to this article : `` Auld Lang Syne '' in NSRW Auld Lang Syne score from the Robert Burns website at National Library of Scotland Digitised copy of Auld Lang Syne in James Johnson 's Scots Musical Museum , printed between 1787 and 1803 , from National Library of Scotland . JPEG , PDF , XML versions . Auld Lang Syne Sheet Music Auld Lang Syne in Russian tool music ( Quartet SKAZ Moskow ) McKellar , Kenneth . `` Auld Lang Syne ( in Scots ) '' ( MP3 ) . Retrieved 28 December 2007 . Scotland on TV Auld Lang Syne video performance with lyrics Article on songs variant perceptions The complete poem by James Watson in the National Library of Scotland Les Deux Love Orchestra Classic New Year 's Eve Version ( mp3 ) Variant lyrics Multiple versions and tunes at The Mudcat Cafe 's `` Digital Traditions '' Song of the Old Folks at American Music Preservation.com Robert Burns Poems `` Comin ' Thro ' the Rye '' ( 1782 ) `` John Barleycorn '' ( 1782 ) `` Address to the Deil '' ( 1785 ) `` Epitaph for James Smith '' ( 1785 ) `` Halloween '' ( 1785 ) `` Holy Willie 's Prayer '' ( 1785 ) `` To a Mouse '' ( 1785 ) The Kilmarnock volume ( 1786 ) `` To a Louse '' ( 1786 ) `` To a Mountain Daisy '' ( 1786 ) `` The Battle of Sherramuir '' ( 1787 ) `` The Birks of Aberfeldy '' ( 1787 ) `` Auld Lang Syne '' ( 1788 ) `` My Heart 's in the Highlands '' ( 1789 ) Tam o ' Shanter ( 1790 ) `` Ae Fond Kiss '' ( 1791 ) `` Such a Parcel of Rogues in a Nation '' ( 1791 ) `` Sweet Afton '' ( 1791 ) `` The Slave 's Lament '' ( 1792 ) `` Oh , whistle and I 'll come to you , my lad '' ( 1793 ) `` Scots Wha Hae '' ( 1793 ) `` A Red , Red Rose '' ( 1794 ) `` Ca ' the yowes ( revised , 1794 ) `` Is There for Honest Poverty '' ( 1795 ) Places Brownhill Inn Burns Cottage Drukken Steps Ellisland Farm The Hermitage , Friars Carse Writers ' Museum Family Jean Armour ( wife ) Agnes Broun ( mother ) William Burnes ( father ) Gilbert Burns ( brother ) Robert Burnes ( Uncle ) People John Anderson Alison Begbie Thomas Blacklock Nelly Blair Richard Brown May Cameron Mary Campbell Jenny Clow Lord Glencairn Frances Dunlop Jean Gardner Jean Glover Helen Hyslop Nelly Kilpatrick John MacKenzie Agnes Maclehose Ann Park Elizabeth Paton David Sillar Peggy Thompson Related Bachelors ' Club , Tarbolton Burns Clubs Irvine Atlanta Burns supper Memorials Kilmarnock Montreal Barre Robert Burns ( Stevenson ) Robert Burns ( Varga ) Robert Burns ( Steell ) Robert Burns 's diamond point engravings Robert Burns and the Eglinton Estate Robert Burns Humanitarian Award Robert Burns World Federation The Loves of Robert Burns ( 1930 film ) New Year 's Eve and New Year 's Day Events America 's Party First Night Hogmanay New Year 's Eve in London Objects dropped on New Year 's Eve Peach Drop Pelican Drop Réveillon de Copacabana Sydney New Year 's Eve The Possum Drop Times Square Ball Vienna New Year 's Concert Sports College Football Playoff bowls Rose Orange Sugar Fiesta Cotton Peach Citrus Bowl Gator Bowl Outback Bowl Tour de Ski Four Hills Tournament NHL Winter Classic Spengler Cup Final IIHF World U20 Championship Saint Silvester Road Race New Year Sprint Nos Galan road race Parades Tournament of Roses Parade London 's New Year 's Day Parade Florida Citrus Parade Mummers Parade Television New Year 's Rockin ' Eve Fox 's New Year 's Eve with Steve Harvey New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly New Year Live CNN New Year 's Eve Live ¡ Feliz ! MTV New Year 's The Big Fat Quiz of the Year Bye Bye Dinner for One Happy New Year , America Hogmanay Live Hootenanny Kōhaku Uta Gassen Little Blue Light Only an Excuse ? Red Bull New Year No Limits Rudolph 's Shiny New Year Scotch and Wry Silvesterstadl `` Silvesterpunsch `` 2000 Today ( US , Ireland ) Happy New Year , Charlie Brown ! First Night 2013 with Jamie Kennedy Music `` Auld Lang Syne '' `` Happy New Year '' `` What Are You Doing New Year 's Eve ? '' `` Levy - Dew '' `` New Year 's Day '' Related topics New Year films Gregorian calendar Baby New Year Calennig Hogmanay Holiday season Leap second Guy Lombardo New Year 's resolution New Year tree Saint Sylvester 's Day Vasilopita Watchnight service Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auld_Lang_Syne&oldid=853417911 '' Categories : 1788 in Scotland 1788 poems 1788 songs Poetry by Robert Burns The Beach Boys songs New Year songs Scottish folk songs Drinking songs Anthems Graduation Scots - language works Scottish words and phrases Traditional ballads Songs with lyrics by Robert Burns Hogmanay Songs based on poems Hidden categories : CS1 foreign language sources ( ISO 639 - 2 ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 17 : 11 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auld%20Lang%20Syne
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where does the term rook come from in chess
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Persian war chariots were heavily armored , carrying a driver and at least one ranged - weapon bearer , such as an archer . The sides of the chariot were built to resemble fortified stone work , giving the impression of small , mobile buildings , causing terror on the battlefield . In the West , the rook is almost universally represented as a crenellated turret . One possible explanation is that when the game was imported to Italy , the Persian rukh became the Italian word rocca ( `` fortress '' ) , and from there spread in the rest of Europe . Another possible explanation is that rooks represent siege towers -- the piece is called torre ( `` tower '' ) , in Italian , Portuguese , and Spanish ; tour in French ; toren in Dutch ; Turm in German ; and torn in Swedish . In Hungarian it is bástya ( `` bastion '' ) and in Hebrew language it is called צריח ( pronounced `` Tzariach '' , meaning `` fortified tower '' ) . Another possibility is that , as chess moved to Europe long after chariot warfare had been abandoned , a different symbol was needed to represent the rook 's concept of feudal power ( the chariot being a method of warfare only used by the elite , very similar to medieval knights ) , and as such the Europeans adopted a castle to represent a lord and his feudal power , further supported by the ( albeit later ) name for the rook , the `` marquess '' , named after a nobleperson . Finally , the chariot was sometimes represented as a silhouette , a square with two points above representing the horse 's heads , which may have been seen to resemble a building with arrowports to the medieval imagination . An exception is seen in the British Museum 's collection of the medieval Lewis chess pieces in which the rooks appear as stern warders or wild - eyed Berserker warriors . Rooks usually are similar in appearance to small castles , and as a result a rook is sometimes called a `` castle '' ( Hooper & Whyld 1992 ) . This usage was common in the past ( `` The Rook , or Castle , is next in power to the Queen '' -- Howard Staunton , 1847 ) but today it is rarely if ever used in chess literature or among players , except in the expression `` castling '' .
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Rook ( Chess )
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rook ( chess )
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A rook ( / rʊk / ; ♖ , ♜ ) is a piece in the strategy board game of chess . Formerly the piece was called the tower , marquess , rector , and comes ( Sunnucks 1970 ) . The term castle is considered informal , incorrect , or old - fashioned .
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Each player starts the game with two rooks , one on each of the corner squares on their own side of the board . Contents ( hide ) 1 Initial placement and movement 2 Strategy 2.1 Relative value 2.2 Placement 2.3 Endgame 3 History 4 Heraldry 5 Unicode 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves . Initial placement and movement ( edit ) The white rooks start on squares a1 and h1 , while the black rooks start on a8 and h8 . The rook moves horizontally or vertically , through any number of unoccupied squares ( see diagram ) . As with captures by other pieces , the rook captures by occupying the square on which the enemy piece sits . The rook also participates , with the king , in a special move called castling . Permitted rook moves d f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 d f g h Starting positions of the rooks d f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 d f g h The white rook can move to any square marked with a white dot . The black rook can move to squares with a black dot , or it can capture the white pawn on e7 . Strategy ( edit ) Relative value ( edit ) In general , rooks are stronger than bishops or knights ( which are called minor pieces ) and are considered greater in value than either of those pieces by nearly two pawns but less valuable than two minor pieces by approximately a pawn . Two rooks are generally considered to be worth slightly more than a queen ( see chess piece relative value ) . Winning a rook for a bishop or knight is referred to as winning the exchange . Rooks and queens are called heavy pieces or major pieces , as opposed to bishops and knights , the minor pieces . Placement ( edit ) In the opening , the rooks are blocked in by other pieces and can not immediately participate in the game ; so it is usually desirable to connect one 's rooks on the first rank by clearing all pieces except the king and rooks from the first rank and then castling . In that position , the rooks support each other , and can more easily move to occupy and control the most favorable files . A common strategic goal is to place a rook on the first rank of an open file ( i.e. one unobstructed by pawns of either player ) , or a half - open file ( i.e. , one unobstructed by friendly pawns ) . From this position , the rook is relatively unexposed to risk but can exert control on every square on the file . If one file is particularly important , a player might advance one rook on it , then position the other rook behind -- doubling the rooks . A rook on the seventh rank ( the opponent 's second rank ) is typically very powerful , as it threatens the opponent 's unadvanced pawns and hems in the enemy king . A rook on the seventh rank is often considered sufficient compensation for a pawn ( Fine & Benko 2003 : 586 ) . In the diagrammed position from a game between Lev Polugaevsky and Larry Evans , the rook on the seventh rank enables White to draw , despite being a pawn down ( Griffiths 1992 : 102 -- 3 ) . Two rooks on the seventh rank are often enough to force victory , or at least a draw by perpetual check . Polugaevsky vs. Evans , 1970 One white rook on the 7th rank d f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 d f g h White to move , draws Chigorin vs. Steinitz , Havana 1892 Two connected black rooks on the 7th rank d f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 d f g h Black to move , 32 ... Rxh2+ and White resigns , seeing that 33. Kg1 Rdg2 # Endgame ( edit ) Rooks are most powerful towards the end of a game ( i.e. , the endgame ) , when they can move unobstructed by pawns and control large numbers of squares . They are somewhat clumsy at restraining enemy pawns from advancing towards promotion , unless they can occupy the file behind the advancing pawn . As well , a rook best supports a friendly pawn towards promotion from behind it on the same file ( see Tarrasch rule ) . In a position with a rook and one or two minor pieces versus two rooks , generally in addition to pawns , and possibly other pieces -- Lev Alburt advises that the player with the single rook should avoid exchanging the rook for one of his opponent 's rooks ( Alburt 2009 : 44 ) . The rook is a very powerful piece to deliver checkmate . Below are a few examples of rook checkmates that are easy to force . d f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 d f g h A two - rook checkmate d f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 d f g h A king and rook mate . The king and rook work together to force the enemy king to the edge of the board , where it can be checkmated . d f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 d f g h A back rank checkmate History ( edit ) Further information : History of chess Illustration of a siege tower , which the rook may be intended to represent In the medieval shatranj , the rook symbolized a chariot . The Persian word rukh means chariot ( Davidson 1949 : 10 ) , and the corresponding pieces in the original Indian version chaturanga have ratha ( meaning `` chariot '' ) , in modern times it 's mostly known as हाथी ( elephant ) to hindi speaking players , while east Asian chess games such as xiangqi and shogi have names also meaning chariot ( 車 ) for the same piece . Persian war chariots were heavily armored , carrying a driver and at least one ranged - weapon bearer , such as an archer . The sides of the chariot were built to resemble fortified stone work , giving the impression of small , mobile buildings , causing terror on the battlefield . In the West , the rook is almost universally represented as a crenellated turret . One possible explanation is that when the game was imported to Italy , the Persian rukh became the Italian word rocca ( `` fortress '' ) , and from there spread in the rest of Europe . Another possible explanation is that rooks represent siege towers -- the piece is called torre ( `` tower '' ) , in Italian , Portuguese , and Spanish ; tour in French ; toren in Dutch ; Turm in German ; and torn in Swedish . In Hungarian it is bástya ( `` bastion '' ) and in Hebrew language it is called צריח ( pronounced `` Tzariach '' , meaning `` fortified tower '' ) . Another possibility is that , as chess moved to Europe long after chariot warfare had been abandoned , a different symbol was needed to represent the rook 's concept of feudal power ( the chariot being a method of warfare only used by the elite , very similar to medieval knights ) , and as such the Europeans adopted a castle to represent a lord and his feudal power , further supported by the ( albeit later ) name for the rook , the `` marquess '' , named after a nobleperson . Finally , the chariot was sometimes represented as a silhouette , a square with two points above representing the horse 's heads , which may have been seen to resemble a building with arrowports to the medieval imagination . An exception is seen in the British Museum 's collection of the medieval Lewis chess pieces in which the rooks appear as stern warders or wild - eyed Berserker warriors . Rooks usually are similar in appearance to small castles , and as a result a rook is sometimes called a `` castle '' ( Hooper & Whyld 1992 ) . This usage was common in the past ( `` The Rook , or Castle , is next in power to the Queen '' -- Howard Staunton , 1847 ) but today it is rarely if ever used in chess literature or among players , except in the expression `` castling '' . In some languages the rook is called a ship : Thai เรือ ( reūa ) , Armenian Նավակ ( navak ) , Russian ладья ( ladya ) . In Bulgarian it is called the cannon ( Топ , Romanised top ) . In Kannada it is known as ಆನೆ ( āāne ) , meaning `` elephant '' . This is unusual , as the term `` elephant '' is in many other languages applied to the bishop . Heraldry ( edit ) Arms of the English family of Rookwood , featuring chess rooks as a cant on the name Chess rooks frequently occur as heraldic charges . Heraldic rooks are usually shown as they looked in medieval chess - sets , with the usual battlements replaced by two outward - curving horns . They occur in arms from around the 13th century onwards . In Canadian heraldry , the chess rook is the cadency mark of a fifth daughter . Unicode ( edit ) Main article : Chess symbols in Unicode Unicode defines two codepoints for rook : ♖ U + 2656 White Chess Rook ( HTML & # 9814 ; ) ♜ U + 265C Black Chess Rook ( HTML & # 9820 ; ) See also ( edit ) Chess piece relative value ( the ) Exchange -- a rook for a minor piece Lucena position -- winning position Philidor position -- drawing position Rook and pawn versus rook endgame Staunton chess set Tarrasch rule -- rooks belong behind passed pawns Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2nd ed. ( online version , accessed Jan. 27 , 2009 ) , entry for `` Castle '' , def. 9 . `` Chess . One of the pieces , made to represent a castle ; also called a ROOK . '' . New Oxford American Dictionary , 2nd ed. ( 2005 ) says that `` castle '' is informal and an `` old - fashioned term for rook '' . The Oxford Companion to Chess , by David Hooper & Kenneth Whyld , 2nd ed. ( 1992 ) , p. 344 says `` In English - speaking countries non-players sometimes call it a castle ... '' . Let 's Play Chess by Bruce Pandolfini ( 1986 ) p. 30 , says `` The rook is the piece mistakenly called the castle . '' ; The Everything Chess Basics Book by Peter Kurzdorfer and the United States Chess Federation , Adams Media 2003 , page 30 , says `` ... often incorrectly referred to as a castle by the uninitiated '' . Jump up ^ The Official Rules of Chess by Eric Schiller , The US Chess Federation Official Rules of Chess ( five editions by various authors ) , Official Chess Handbook , by Kenneth Harkness , Official Chess Rulebook by Harkness , and The Official Laws of Chess by FIDE ( two editions ) all use only the term `` rook '' . Books for beginners such as Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess , A World Champion 's Guide to Chess by Susan Polgar , The Complete Book of Chess by I.A. Horowitz & P.L. Rothenberg , and Chess Fundamentals by José Capablanca ( 2006 revision by Nick de Firmian ) also only mention `` rook '' . Jump up ^ Polugaevsky vs. Evans Jump up ^ The two rooks are sometimes colloquially referred to as `` pigs on the seventh '' , because they often threaten to `` eat '' the opponent 's pieces or pawns . Jump up ^ 現代 漢語 詞典 ISBN 978 - 962 - 07 - 0211 - 2 Jump up ^ Lasker 1947 , p. 8 : `` The name ' Castle ' is rarely if ever used in modern chess literature for this piece . '' Horton 1959 , p. 175 : `` Sometimes the Rook has been called a `` Castle '' but in modern chess literature this term is rarely , if ever , used . '' References ( edit ) Alburt , Lev ( December 2009 ) , `` Back to Basics '' , Chess Life , 2009 ( 12 ) : 44 -- 45 Barden , Leonard ( 1980 ) , Play Better Chess with Leonard Barden , Octopus Books Limited , p. 10 , ISBN 0 - 7064 - 0967 - 1 Brace , Edward R. ( 1977 ) , `` rook '' , An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess , Hamlyn Publishing Group , pp. 241 -- 42 , ISBN 1 - 55521 - 394 - 4 Davidson , Henry ( 1949 ) , A Short History of Chess ( 1981 paperback ) , McKay , ISBN 0 - 679 - 14550 - 8 Fine , Reuben ; Benko , Pal ( 2003 ) , Basic Chess Endings ( 1941 ) ( 2nd ed . ) , McKay , ISBN 0 - 8129 - 3493 - 8 Griffiths , Peter ( 1992 ) , Exploring the Endgame , American Chess Promotions , ISBN 0 - 939298 - 83 - X Hooper , David ; Whyld , Kenneth ( 1992 ) , `` rook '' , The Oxford Companion to Chess ( 2nd ed . ) , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 280049 - 3 Horton , Byrne J. ( 1959 ) , Dictionary of modern chess , New York : Philosophical Library , p. 175 , ISBN 0 - 8065 - 0173 - 1 , OCLC 606992 Lasker , Emanuel ( 1947 ) , Lasker 's Manual of Chess , David McKay Company , p. 8 , ISBN 0 - 486 - 20640 - 8 , OCLC 3636924 Pandolfini , Bruce ( 1986 ) , Let 's Play Chess , Fireside , ISBN 0 - 671 - 61983 - 7 Sunnucks , Anne ( 1970 ) , `` rook , the '' , The Encyclopaedia of Chess , St. Martins Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7091 - 4697 - 1 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chess rooks . Piececlopedia : Rook by Fergus Duniho and Hans Bodlaender , The Chess Variant Pages Chess pieces Orthodox pieces Rook Knight Bishop Queen King Pawn Fairy pieces Alfil Amazon Berolina Pawn Camel Centaur Dabbaba Empress Ferz Giraffe Grasshopper Kirin Mann Nightrider Phoenix Princess Threeleaper Tripper Wazir Zebra Related Chess set Chess box Hippogonal Colorbound Piece point values ( hide ) Chess Outline Chess theory Chess titles Grandmaster list of Grandmasters Computer chess glossary matches engines software Correspondence chess FIDE Glossary History timeline Rating system world rankings norms Variants Courier World records Equipment Chess set chessboard pieces King Queen Rook Bishop Knight Pawn Chess box Chess clock Chess table Rules Castling Check Checkmate Draw by agreement Fifty - move rule Perpetual check Stalemate Threefold repetition En passant Pawn promotion Time control Fast chess Touch - move rule Terms Blunder Chess notation algebraic descriptive PGN annotation symbols symbols in Unicode Fianchetto Gambit Key square King walk Pawns backward connected doubled isolated Maróczy Bind passed Open file Half - open file Outpost School romantic hypermodern Swindle Tempo Transposition Trap Tactics Battery Alekhine 's gun Block Checkmate patterns Combination Decoy Deflection Desperado Discovered attack Double check Fork Interference Overloading Pin Sacrifice Skewer Undermining Windmill X-ray Zwischenzug Strategy Artificial castling Compensation Exchange the exchange Initiative first - move advantage Middlegame Pawn storm Pawn structure Piece values Prophylaxis Openings Flank opening English Opening Zukertort Opening Réti Opening King 's Indian Attack Larsen 's Opening Bird 's Opening Grob 's Attack Dunst Opening Benko Opening King 's Pawn Game Alekhine 's Defence Caro -- Kann Defence French Defence Modern Defence Nimzowitsch Defence Open Game Italian Game Semi-Italian Opening Giuoco Piano King 's Gambit Petrov 's Defence Philidor Defence Ruy Lopez Scotch Game Owen 's Defence Pirc Defence Scandinavian Defense Tennison Gambit Sicilian Defence Alapin Dragon / Accelerated Dragon Najdorf Scheveningen Queen 's Pawn Game Dutch Defence Indian Defence Benoni Defence Modern Benoni Bogo - Indian Defence Grünfeld Defence King 's Indian Defence Nimzo - Indian Defence Queen 's Indian Defence Trompowsky Attack London System Queen 's Gambit Accepted Declined Slav Defence Catalan Opening Other List of openings theory table List of chess gambits Irregular Quick checkmates Fool 's mate Scholar 's mate Endgames Bishop and knight checkmate King and pawn vs king Opposite - coloured bishops Pawnless endgame Queen and pawn vs queen Queen vs pawn Rook and bishop vs rook Rook and pawn vs rook Lucena position Philidor position Strategy fortress opposition Tarrasch rule triangulation Zugzwang Study Tablebase Two knights endgame Wrong bishop Wrong rook pawn Tournaments List of strong chess tournaments Chess Olympiad Women World Chess Championship List Candidates Tournament Chess World Cup FIDE Grand Prix Other world championships Women Team Rapid Blitz Junior Youth Senior Amateur Chess composition Solving Computer chess Computer speed chess Related Cheating in chess Chess aesthetics Chess in the arts in early literature Chess books opening books endgame literature Chess boxing Chess club Chess composer Chess in Europe Göttingen manuscript Chess libraries Chess newspaper columns Chess periodicals Chess problem glossary joke chess Chess prodigy Gökyay Association Chess Museum Hall of Fame Deep Blue Mutilated chessboard problem Notable games PRO Chess League Simultaneous exhibition Solving chess Staunton chess set Top player comparison LCCN : sh85115347 GND : 4061257 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rook_(chess)&oldid=835504425 '' Categories : Chess pieces Hidden categories : Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 02 : 30 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook%20%28chess%29
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what kinds of animals live in the blue areas on a map
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Tropics
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tropics
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The tropics are a region of the Earth surrounding the Equator . They are delimited in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at 23 ° 26 ′ 13.0 '' ( or 23.43695 ° ) N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at 23 ° 26 ′ 13.0 '' ( or 23.43695 ° ) S ; these latitudes correspond to the axial tilt of the Earth . The tropics are also referred to as the tropical zone and the torrid zone ( see geographical zone ) . The tropics include all the areas on the Earth where the Sun contacts the zenith , a point directly overhead , at least once during the solar year ( which is a subsolar point ) .
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The tropics are distinguished from the other climatic and biomatic regions of Earth , which are the middle latitudes and the polar regions on either side of the equatorial zone . The tropics comprise 40 % of the Earth 's surface area and contain 36 % of the Earth 's landmass.As of 2014 , the region is home to 40 % of the world population , and this figure is projected to reach 50 % by the late 2030s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seasons and climate 2 Ecosystems 3 Tropicality 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Seasons and climate ( edit ) Main articles : Tropical climate and Wet season A graph showing the zonally averaged monthly precipitation . The tropics receive more precipitation than higher latitudes . The precipitation maximum , which follows the solar equator through the year , is under the rising branch of the Hadley circulation ; the sub-tropical minima are under the descending branch and cause the desert areas . Aerial view of Bora Bora , French Polynesia Tropical sunset over the sea in Kota Kinabalu , Malaysia `` Tropical '' is sometimes used in a general sense for a tropical climate to mean warm to hot and moist year - round , often with the sense of lush vegetation . Many tropical areas have a dry and wet season . The wet season , rainy season or green season is the time of year , ranging from one or more months , when most of the average annual rainfall in a region falls . Areas with wet seasons are disseminated across portions of the tropics and subtropics . Under the Köppen climate classification , for tropical climates , a wet - season month is defined as a month where average precipitation is 60 millimetres ( 2.4 in ) or more . Tropical rainforests technically do not have dry or wet seasons , since their rainfall is equally distributed through the year . Some areas with pronounced rainy seasons see a break in rainfall during mid-season when the intertropical convergence zone or monsoon trough moves poleward of their location during the middle of the warm season ; typical vegetation in these areas ranges from moist seasonal tropical forests to savannahs . When the wet season occurs during the warm season , or summer , precipitation falls mainly during the late afternoon and early evening hours . The wet season is a time when air quality improves , freshwater quality improves and vegetation grows significantly , leading to crop yields late in the season . Floods cause rivers to overflow their banks , and some animals to retreat to higher ground . Soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases . The incidence of malaria increases in areas where the rainy season coincides with high temperatures . Animals have adaptation and survival strategies for the wetter regime . Unfortunately , the previous dry season leads to food shortages into the wet season , as the crops have yet to mature . However , regions within the tropics may well not have a tropical climate . Under the Köppen climate classification , much of the area within the geographical tropics is classed not as `` tropical '' but as `` dry '' ( arid or semi-arid ) , including the Sahara Desert , the Atacama Desert and Australian Outback . Also , there are alpine tundra and snow - capped peaks , including Mauna Kea , Mount Kilimanjaro , and the Andes as far south as the northernmost parts of Chile and Argentina . Ecosystems ( edit ) Coconut palms in the warm , tropical climate of northern Brazil Tropical forest near Fonds - Saint - Denis , Martinique Tropical plants and animals are those species native to the tropics . Tropical ecosystems may consist of tropical rainforests , seasonal tropical forests , dry ( often deciduous ) forests , spiny forests , desert and other habitat types . There are often significant areas of biodiversity , and species endemism present , particularly in rainforests and seasonal forests . Some examples of important biodiversity and high endemism ecosystems are El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico , Costa Rican and Nicaraguan rainforests , Amazon Rainforest territories of several South American countries , Madagascar dry deciduous forests , the Waterberg Biosphere of South Africa , and eastern Madagascar rainforests . Often the soils of tropical forests are low in nutrient content , making them quite vulnerable to slash - and - burn deforestation techniques , which are sometimes an element of shifting cultivation agricultural systems . In biogeography , the tropics are divided into Paleotropics ( Africa , Asia and Australia ) and Neotropics ( Caribbean , Central America , and South America ) . Together , they are sometimes referred to as the Pantropic . The Neotropical region should not be confused with the ecozone of the same name ; in the Old World , there is no such ambiguity , as the Paleotropics correspond to the Afrotropical , Indomalayan , and partly the Australasian and Oceanic ecozones . Tropicality ( edit ) `` Tropicality '' refers to the geographic imagery that many people outside the tropics have of that region . The idea of tropicality gained renewed interest in modern geographical discourse when French geographer Pierre Gourou published Les Pays Tropicaux ( The Tropical World , in English ) , in the late 1940s . Tropicality encompasses at least two contradictory imageries . One is that the tropics represent a Garden of Eden , a heaven on Earth ; the alternative is that the tropics are primitive and essentially lawless . The latter view was often discussed in Western literature -- more so than the first . Western scholars also theorized about the reasons that tropical areas were deemed `` inferior '' to regions in the Northern Hemisphere . A popular explanation focused on the differences in climate -- tropical regions typically have much warmer weather than northern regions . This theme led some scholars , including Gourou , to argue that warmer climates correlate to primitive indigenous populations lacking control over nature , compared to northern populations having `` mastered nature '' . See also ( edit ) Geography portal Subtropics Tropical disease Tropical ecology Tropical marine climate Tropical year Hardiness zone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How much land is in the tropics ? '' . God Plays Dice. 2007 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` tropics '' . National Geographic Encyclopedia . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/06/expanding-tropics-will-play-greater-global-role-report-predicts Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . Rainy season . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved on 2008 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Michael Pidwirny ( 2008 ) . CHAPTER 9 : Introduction to the Biosphere . PhysicalGeography.net . Retrieved on 2008 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Updated world Koppen - Geiger climate classification map '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Elisabeth M. Benders - Hyde ( 2003 ) . World Climates . Blue Planet Biomes . Retrieved on 2008 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ J . S. 0guntoyinbo and F. 0 . Akintola ( 1983 ) . Rainstorm characteristics affecting water availability for agriculture . IAHS Publication Number 140 . Retrieved on 2008 - 12 - 27 Jump up ^ Arnold , David . `` Illusory Riches : Representations of the Tropical World , 1840 - 1950 '' , p. 6 . Journal of Tropical Geography ^ Jump up to : Arnold , David . `` Illusory Riches : Representations of the Tropical World , 1840 - 1950 '' , p. 7 . Journal of Tropical Geography Jump up ^ Arnold , David . `` Illusory Riches : Representations of the Tropical World , 1840 - 1950 '' , p. 13 . Journal of Tropical Geography External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tropics . Tropen , Goethe - Institut https://web.archive.org/web/20150311063809/http://www.goethe.de/tropen ( bilingual web site English / German with a lot of information and extracts from novels , short stories , essays , etc. written by explorers , conquerors and writers since the discovery of the so - called New World ) VIAF : 248970673 GND : 4060997 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropics&oldid=817597832 '' Categories : Tropics Seasons Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray Wolof 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 11 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropics
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who needs a visa to go to turkey
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Even though Turkey is a candidate country for the membership in the European Union , it has a more complex visa policy than the visa policy of the Schengen Area . Turkey requires visas from citizens of certain EU member states and Schengen Annex II countries and territories -- Antigua and Barbuda , Australia , Austria , Belgium , Bahamas , Barbados , Canada , Croatia , Cyprus , Dominica , East Timor , Grenada , Ireland , Kiribati , Malta , Marshall Islands , Mauritius , Mexico , Micronesia , Norway , Netherlands , Palau , Poland , Portugal , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Samoa , Solomon Islands , Spain , Taiwan , Tonga , Tuvalu , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom , United States , and Vanuatu . On the other hand , Turkey grants visa - free access to citizens of other countries and territories -- Azerbaijan , Belarus , Belize , Bolivia , Ecuador , Iran , Kosovo , Kyrgyzstan , Jordan , Lebanon , Mongolia , Morocco , Qatar , Russia , Tajikistan , Thailand , Tunisia , Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan .
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Visa policy of Turkey
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visa policy of turkey
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The visa policy of Turkey deals with the requirements which a foreign national wishing to enter Turkey must meet to be permitted to travel to , enter and remain in the country .
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Visitors to Turkey must obtain a visa from one of the Turkish diplomatic missions unless they come from one of the 78 visa - exempt countries and territories or one of the 42 countries and territories whose citizens are eligible for an e-Visa on arrival . Turkish visas are documents issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its subsequent diplomatic missions abroad with the stated goal of regulating and facilitating migratory flows . e-Visas can be obtained online or via interactive kiosks placed in Turkish airports . Visitors of most nationalities must hold a passport valid for no less than 60 days beyond the duration of stay of their visa , e-Visa , visa exemption period , or residence permit . The Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs recommends visitors to hold a passport with at least six months of remaining validity . The passport validity requirement does not apply to citizens of Belgium , France , Luxembourg , Portugal , Spain and Switzerland who can enter with a passport expired for no more than five years , citizens of Germany who can enter with a passport or an ID card expired for less than one year , and citizens of Bulgaria who are only required to have a passport valid for their period of stay . An identity card is accepted in lieu of a passport for citizens of Belgium , France , Georgia , Germany , Greece , Italy , Liechtenstein , Luxembourg , Malta , Netherlands , Northern Cyprus , Portugal , Spain , Switzerland and Ukraine . The validity period requirement also does not apply to nationals of countries whose identity cards are accepted . Even though Turkey is a candidate country for the membership in the European Union , it has a more complex visa policy than the visa policy of the Schengen Area . Turkey requires visas from citizens of certain EU member states and Schengen Annex II countries and territories -- Antigua and Barbuda , Australia , Austria , Belgium , Bahamas , Barbados , Canada , Croatia , Cyprus , Dominica , East Timor , Grenada , Ireland , Kiribati , Malta , Marshall Islands , Mauritius , Mexico , Micronesia , Norway , Netherlands , Palau , Poland , Portugal , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Samoa , Solomon Islands , Spain , Taiwan , Tonga , Tuvalu , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom , United States , and Vanuatu . On the other hand , Turkey grants visa - free access to citizens of other countries and territories -- Azerbaijan , Belarus , Belize , Bolivia , Ecuador , Iran , Kosovo , Kyrgyzstan , Jordan , Lebanon , Mongolia , Morocco , Qatar , Russia , Tajikistan , Thailand , Tunisia , Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Visa policy map 2 As of right 3 Visa - free 3.1 90 days per visit , 90 days per 180 - day period 3.2 60 days per visit , 90 days per 180 - day period 3.3 30 days per visit , 90 days per 180 - day period 4 e-Visa 4.1 Conditional e-Visa 5 Visa on arrival only under limited circumstances 6 Sticker visa required 7 Visitor statistics 8 See also 9 External links 10 References Visa policy map ( edit ) Visa policy of Turkey As of right ( edit ) Citizens of the following countries do not require a visa to enter , reside , study , and work indefinitely in Turkey without any immigration restrictions : Turkish citizens Northern Cyprus Visa - free ( edit ) Citizens of the following 78 countries and territories do not require a visa to visit Turkey for the durations described below for tourism or business purposes ( unless otherwise stated ) . For visits of up to 90 days within a 180 - day period , an identity card is accepted in lieu of a passport for citizens of some countries . 90 days per visit , 90 days per 180 - day period ( edit ) Albania Andorra Argentina Belize Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Chile Colombia Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador El Salvador Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Guatemala Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland Iran Israel Italy Japan Jordan Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malaysia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Morocco New Zealand Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Qatar Romania Saint Kitts and Nevis San Marino Serbia Seychelles Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Korea Sweden Switzerland Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Ukraine Uruguay Vatican City Venezuela 60 days per visit , 90 days per 180 - day period ( edit ) Macedonia Russia Tajikistan 30 days per visit , 90 days per 180 - day period ( edit ) Azerbaijan Belarus Costa Rica Kazakhstan Latvia Macao Mongolia Thailand Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Visa is also not required for holders of a `` Laissez - Passer '' issued by the United Nations . The visa - free regime also applies to the citizens of the following countries under certain conditions : Cyprus - provided residing in Northern Cyprus and directly arriving from Ercan International Airport or seaports of Famagusta , Kyrenia , or Karavostassi for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days Palestine - provided holding a VIP passport Citizens of Algeria , Austria , Azerbaijan , Bahamas , Bahrain , Bangladesh , Barbados , Belgium , Bosnia and Herzegovina , China , Côte d'Ivoire , Croatia , Cuba , Djibouti , Egypt , Grenada , Guyana , Iraq , Indonesia , Jamaica , Kenya , Kuwait , Maldives , Malta , Mauritania , Mozambique , Netherlands , Norway , Oman , Pakistan , Philippines , Poland , Portugal , Spain , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Tanzania , Tajikistan , United Arab Emirates , Vietnam and Yemen and for holders of diplomatic passports of Afghanistan , Benin , Burkina Faso , Burundi , Republic of the Congo , Ethiopia , Fiji , Gabon , Gambia , Guinea , India , Mali , Mauritius , Mexico , Niger , Nigeria , Palestine , Senegal , South Sudan , Sudan , and Uzbekistan -- provided holding diplomatic , service and special passports for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days Visa waiver agreement for diplomatic was signed with Sierra Leone in May 2017 and it is yet to come into force . E-Visa ( edit ) Holders of passports of the following 40 countries and territories can obtain e-Visas online for a fee prior to arrival . Unless otherwise stated , e-visas can also be obtained at interactive kiosks placed in Turkish airports , albeit with higher fees for some nationalities . The duration of stay for most of these nationalities is 90 days ( some 30 days ) within 180 days . Antigua and Barbuda Armenia Australia Austria Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belgium Canada China Croatia Cyprus Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Fiji Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Jamaica Maldives Malta Mauritius Mexico Netherlands Norway Oman Poland Portugal Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saudi Arabia South Africa Spain Suriname Taiwan United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Conditional e-Visa ( edit ) Citizens of these countries and territories are eligible to apply for a single entry e-Visa OR e-visa on arrival at Istanbul Ataturk ( IST ) on which they can stay for up to 30 days only if meeting the conditions listed below : Afghanistan Algeria Angola Bangladesh Benin Bhutan Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Côte d'Ivoire DR Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau India Iraq Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Namibia Nepal Niger Nigeria Pakistan Palestine Philippines R Congo Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Vanuatu Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Conditions : All nationalities , except for citizens of Gabon and Zambia , must hold a valid visa or residence permit from one of the following countries : Schengen area countries , Ireland , the United Kingdom or the United States . Electronic visas or e-residence permits are not accepted . Egyptian citizens who are under 20 or over 45 years old do not need to fulfill this requirement . All citizens except for the citizens of Afghanistan , Bangladesh , India , Pakistan and Philippines must travel with one of the airlines that has protocols with Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs . The following airlines meet the criteria : AtlasGlobal , Onur Air , Pegasus Airlines and Turkish Airlines . Citizens of Egypt may also travel on flights operated by EgyptAir . Must hold a hotel reservation and adequate financial means ( US $50 per day ) . Algerian citizens must be aged below 18 or over 35 years old to be eligible for e-Visa . Otherwise , a sticker visa is required . Afghanistan , Iraq , Zambia and Philippines citizens not eligible for e-visa on arrival at Istanbul Ataturk Visa on arrival only under limited circumstances ( edit ) Citizens of North Korea may only obtain a visa on arrival at Istanbul Ataturk Airport if holding a valid visa or residence permit issued by Schengen area countries , Ireland , the United Kingdom or the United States . Sticker visa required ( edit ) Citizens of the following countries and territories must obtain a sticker - type visa in advance at one of the Turkish diplomatic missions : Algeria ( for those between 18 and 35 years old ) Cuba Guyana Kiribati Laos Marshall Islands Micronesia Myanmar Nauru North Korea Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa South Sudan Syria Tonga Tuvalu Visitor Statistics ( edit ) Most visitors arriving to Turkey were from the following countries of nationality : ( show ) Country 2017 2016 2015 2014 Russia 4,715,438 866,256 3,649,003 4,479,049 Germany 3,584,653 3,890,074 5,580,792 5,250,036 Iran 2,501,948 1,665,160 1,700,385 1,590,664 Georgia 2,438,730 2,206,266 1,911,832 1,755,289 Bulgaria 1,852,867 1,690,766 1,821,480 1,693,591 United Kingdom 1,658,715 1,711,481 2,512,139 2,600,360 Ukraine 1,284,735 1,045,043 706,551 657,051 Iraq 896,876 420,831 1,094,144 857,246 Netherlands 799,006 906,336 1,232,487 1,303,730 Azerbaijan 765,514 606,223 602,488 657,684 Total 32,410,034 25,352,213 36,244,632 36,837,900 Turkey issued 16,199,968 electronic visas between April 2013 and January 1 , 2017 . Acceptance rate was 87.79 % as 18,452,733 applications were filed in this period . Most visas were issued to nationals of the United Kingdom ( 4.6 million ) , Iraq ( 2 million ) and the Netherlands ( 1.8 million ) . See also ( edit ) Turkey portal Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Turkey . Visa requirements for Turkish citizens Visa policy of Northern Cyprus External links ( edit ) Turkish e-Visa Application System Turkish Sticker - type visa application Turkey visa information References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Country information ( visa section ) '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` From Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs '' . Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Passport Validity Requirements While Entering Turkey in Accordance with Law on Foreigners and International Protection '' . Turkish MFA . Jump up ^ `` Countries whose citizens are allowed to enter Turkey with their national ID 's / Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs '' . Mfa.gov.tr . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` From Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs '' . Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey Introduces Visa Regime for Russian Journalists '' . themoscowtimes.com . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TÜRKİYE , HİZMET PASAPORTU HAMİLİ RUSYA ... - T.C. Moskova Büyükelçiliği - Посольство Турции Москва - Turkish Embassy Moscow '' . Facebook . 2016 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey in Ethiopia on Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Electronic Visa Application System '' . Electronic Visa Application System . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.mfa.gov.tr/data/KONSOLOSLUK/vize-harc-miktarlari-en.pdf Jump up ^ Must be below 18 or over 35 years old . Jump up ^ `` Electronic Visa Application System '' . Electronic Visa Application System . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Border Statistics 2015 '' . turkstat.gov.tr . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ NUMBER OF ARRIVING - DEPARTING VISITORS , FOREIGNERS AND CITIZENS December 2017 Jump up ^ `` Turkey issued over 16 million online visas since 2013 '' . dailysabah.com . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast ( ASEAN ) Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Abkhazia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , and South Ossetia are often regarded as transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia , Artsakh , Cyprus , and Northern Cyprus are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Visa policies and requirements in the European Union Schengen Area Common Travel Area Special territories Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Overseas Visa policy of the British Overseas Territories Visa policy of the French overseas departments and territories Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean Candidates Albania Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Turkey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_policy_of_Turkey&oldid=842120817 '' Categories : Foreign relations of Turkey Visa policy by country Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 10 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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| 42,484 |
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where was the first newspaper published in the world
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Johann Carolus ( 1575 − 1634 ) was a German publisher of the first newspaper , called Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien ( Account of all distinguished and commemorable news ) . The Relation is recognised by the World Association of Newspapers , as well as many authors , as the world 's first newspaper . The German - language newspaper was published in Strasbourg , which had the status of a free imperial city in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation .
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Strasbourg , which had the status of a free imperial city in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
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Johann Carolus
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johann carolus
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Johann Carolus ( 1575 − 1634 ) was a German publisher of the first newspaper , called Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien ( Account of all distinguished and commemorable news ) . The Relation is recognised by the World Association of Newspapers , as well as many authors , as the world 's first newspaper . The German - language newspaper was published in Strasbourg , which had the status of a free imperial city in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 2 Dating 3 Definition 4 See also 5 Notes and references 6 Further reading 7 External links Life ( edit ) Johann Carolus was born in 1575 in Muhlbach - sur - Munster in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation . He was the son of a priest and his wife . He made an apprenticeship as a bookbinder and later worked as a bookseller , a scribe for a newspaper and as a printshop owner . Because of these professions , especially his job as scribe , he held good relationships to postmen and traders , what helped him later to create the Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien in 1605 . Dating ( edit ) In 2005 , the World Association of Newspapers accepted evidence that the Carolus pamphlet was printed beginning in 1605 , not 1609 as previously thought . The Carolus petition discovered in the Strasbourg Municipal Archive during the 1980s may be regarded as the birth certificate of the newspaper : Whereas I have hitherto been in receipt of the weekly news advice ( handwritten news reports ) and , in recompense for some of the expenses incurred yearly , have informed yourselves every week regarding an annual allowance ; Since , however , the copying has been slow and has necessarily taken much time , and since , moreover , I have recently purchased at a high and costly price the former printing workshop of the late Thomas Jobin and placed and installed the same in my house at no little expense , albeit only for the sake of gaining time , and since for several weeks , and now for the twelfth occasion , I have set , printed and published the said advice in my printing workshop , likewise not without much effort , inasmuch as on each occasion I have had to remove the formes from the presses ... Soon the Relation was followed by other periodicals , such as , the Avisa Relation oder Zeitung . Definition ( edit ) If a newspaper is defined by the functional criteria of publicity , seriality , periodicity , and currency or actuality ( that is , as a single current - affairs series published regularly at intervals short enough for readers to keep abreast of incoming news ) then Relation was the first European newspaper . Using a single criterion of `` format '' rather than frequency and function , however , English historian of printing Stanley Morison held that the Relation should be classified as a newsbook , on the grounds that it still employed the format and most of the conventions of a book : it is printed in quarto size and the text is set in a single wide column . By Morison 's definition , the world 's first newspaper would be the Dutch Courante uyt Italien , Duytslandt , &c. from 1618 . By the same definition no German , English , French , or Italian weekly or daily news publications from the first half of the seventeenth century could be considered `` newspapers '' either . As noted above , the World Association of Newspapers and many authorities have not adopted his definition . See also ( edit ) List of newspapers by date Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WAN - Newspapers : 400 Years Young ! '' . Wan-press.org . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Many authors do not make a distinction between a newsbook / pamphlet and a newspaper . See for example : Chappell , W. ( 1999 ) A Short History of the Printed Word . Hartley & Marks , Vancouver . Smith , A. ( 1979 ) The Newspaper : an international history . Thames and Hudson Ltd , London . ^ Jump up to : Johannes Weber , `` Straßburg , 1605 . The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe '' , German History 24 / 2006 , pp. 387 -- 412 ( 409ff . ) Jump up ^ `` Strasbourg - Archives de la Ville et de la Communauté urbaine '' . Archives.strasbourg.fr . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Fischer , H. - D. Die Zeitung als Forschungsproblem . In Deutsche Zeitungen des 17 . bis 20 . Jahrhunderts . Pullach bei München , 1972 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Morison , S. ( 1980 ) The Origins of the Newspaper . In Selected Essays on the History of Letter - Forms in Manuscript and Print , ( Ed , McKitterick , D . ) Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , Further reading ( edit ) Pettegree , Andrew . The Invention of News : How the World Came to Know about Itself ( Yale University Press , 2014 ) Weber , Johannes . `` Strassburg , 1605 : The origins of the newspaper in Europe . '' German History ( 2006 ) 24 # 3 pp : 387 - 412 . `` Weber , Johannes : `` Unterthenige Supplication Johann Caroli / Buchtruckers '' . Der Beginn gedruckter politischer Wochenzeitungen im Jahre 1605 , Erstveröffentlichung in : Archiv für Geschichte des Buchwesens , Vol. 38 ( 1992 ) , S. 257 - 265 '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 06 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Johann Carolus . University Heidelberg , `` Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien '' - Facsimile of 1609 World Association of Newspapers , `` Newspapers : 400 Years Young ! '' `` 400 Jahre Zeitung , '' exhibition at Gutenberg Museum , Mainz , Germany Mitchell Stephens , `` History of Newspapers , '' from Collier 's Encyclopedia VIAF : 68981772 LCCN : no2014165473 ISNI : 0000 0000 0054 683X GND : 138878536 SUDOC : 077273753 BNF : cb12230367h ( data ) BNE : XX4899865 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Carolus&oldid=816696056 '' Categories : German journalists German male journalists German printers 17th - century German newspaper publishers ( people ) 1575 births 1634 deaths German male writers German inventors Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Nederlands Português Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 02 : 10 . 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| 16,601 |
where is the pericardium attached to the heart
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When the visceral layer of serous pericardium comes into contact with heart ( not the great vessels ) it is known as the epicardium . The epicardium is the layer immediately outside of the heart muscle proper ( the myocardium ) . The epicardium is largely made of connective tissue and functions as a protective layer . During ventricular contraction , the wave of depolarization moves from the endocardial to the epicardial surface .
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epicardium
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Pericardium
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pericardium
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The pericardium is a double - walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels . The pericardial sac has two layers , a serous layer and a fibrous layer . It encloses the pericardial cavity which contains pericardial fluid .
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The pericardium fixes the heart to the mediastinum , gives protection against infection , and provides the lubrication for the heart . It receives its name from Ancient Greek peri ( περί ; `` around '' ) and cardion ( κάρδιον ; `` heart '' ) . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Fibrous pericardium 1.2 Serous pericardium 1.3 Anatomical relationships 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) The pericardium is a tough double layered fibroserous sac which covers the heart . The space between the two layers of serous pericardium ( see below ) , the pericardial cavity , is filled with serous fluid which protects the heart from any kind of external jerk or shock . There are two layers to the pericardial sac : the outermost fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium . Fibrous pericardium ( edit ) The fibrous pericardium is the most superficial layer of the pericardium . It is made up of dense and loose connective tissue , which acts to protect the heart , anchoring it to the surrounding walls , and preventing it from overfilling with blood . It is continuous with the outer adventitial layer of the neighboring great blood vessels . Serous pericardium ( edit ) The serous pericardium , in turn , is divided into two layers , the parietal pericardium , which is fused to and inseparable from the fibrous pericardium , and the visceral pericardium , which is part of , or in some textbooks synonymous with , the epicardium . Both of these layers function in lubricating the heart to prevent friction during heart activity . The visceral layer extends to the beginning of the great vessels ( the large blood vessels serving the heart ) becoming one with the parietal layer of the serous pericardium . This happens at two areas : where the aorta and pulmonary trunk leave the heart and where the superior vena cava , inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins enter the heart . In between the parietal and visceral pericardial layers there is a potential space called the pericardial cavity , which contains a supply of lubricating serous fluid known as the pericardial fluid . When the visceral layer of serous pericardium comes into contact with heart ( not the great vessels ) it is known as the epicardium . The epicardium is the layer immediately outside of the heart muscle proper ( the myocardium ) . The epicardium is largely made of connective tissue and functions as a protective layer . During ventricular contraction , the wave of depolarization moves from the endocardial to the epicardial surface . Anatomical relationships ( edit ) A transverse section of the thorax , showing the contents of the middle and the posterior mediastinum . The pleural cavity and the pericardial cavity are exaggerated since normally there is no space between the pleurae or between the pericardium and heart . Pericardium is also known as cardiac epidermis . The pericardial cavity in this image is labeled d and is part of the inferior mediastium . Here we can see its relation to the superior mediastinum a , the pleural cavities c , and the diaphragm e . Surrounds heart and bases of pulmonary artery and aorta . Deep to sternum and anterior chest wall . The right phrenic nerve passes to the right of the pericardium . The left phrenic nerve passes over the pericardium of the left ventricle . Pericardial arteries supply blood to the dorsal portion of the pericardium . Function ( edit ) Sets heart in mediastinum and limits its motion Protects it from infections coming from other organs ( such as lungs ) Prevents excessive dilation of the heart in cases of acute volume overload Lubricates the heart Clinical significance ( edit ) Inflammation of the pericardium is called pericarditis . This condition typically causes chest pain that spreads to the back that is worsened by lying flat . In patients suffering with pericarditis , a pericardial friction rub can often be heard when listening to the heart with a stethoscope . Pericarditis is often caused by a viral infection ( glandular fever , cytomegalovirus , or coxsackievirus ) , or more rarely with a bacterial infection , but may also occur following a myocardial infarction . Pericarditis is usually a short - lived condition that can be successfully treated with painkillers , anti-inflammatories , and colchicine . In some cases , pericarditis can become a long - term condition causing scarring of the pericardium which restricts the heart 's movement , known as constrictive pericarditis . Constrictive pericarditis is sometimes treated by surgically removing the pericardium in a procedure called a pericardiectomy . Fluid can build up within the pericardial sack , referred to as a pericardial effusion . Pericardial effusions often occur secondary to pericarditis , kidney failure , or tumours and frequently do not cause any symptoms . However , large effusions or effusions that accumulate rapidly can compress the heart in a condition known as cardiac tamponade , causing breathlessness and potentially fatal low blood pressure . Fluid can be removed from the pericardial space for diagnosis or to relieve tamponade using a syringe in a procedure called pericardiocentesis . For cases of recurrent pericardial effusion , an operation to create a hole between the pericardial and pleural spaces can be performed , known as a pericardial fenestration . Additional images ( edit ) Fibrous pericardium See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Pericardial sinus Pericardiocentesis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dorland 's ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Elsevier Saunders . p. 1412 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tortora , Gerard J. ; Nielsen , Mark T. ( 2009 ) . Principles of Human Anatomy ( 11th ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 84 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 78931 - 4 . Jump up ^ Color atlas of fetal and neonatal histology . Ernst , Linda. , Ruchelli , Eduardo D. , Huff , Dale S. New York : Springer . 2011 . p. 5 . ISBN 9781461400196 . OCLC 755068872 . ^ Jump up to : Laizzo , P.A. ( 2009 ) . Handbook of Cardiac Anatomy , Physiology , and Devices ( 2nd ed . ) . Humana Press . pp. 125 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60327 - 371 - 8 . Jump up ^ Byrne , John G ; Karavas , Alexandros N ; Colson , Yolonda L ; Bueno , Raphael ; Richards , William G ; Sugarbaker , David J ; Goldhaber , Samuel Z ( 2002 ) . `` Cardiac Decortication ( Epicardiectomy ) for Occult Constrictive Cardiac Physiology After Left Extrapleural Pneumonectomy '' . Chest. 122 ( 6 ) : 2256 -- 9 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 122.6. 2256 . PMID 12475875 . Jump up ^ Davidson 's 2010 , pp. 638 -- 639 . External links ( edit ) Anatomy photo : 21 : st - 1500 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` Mediastinum : Pericardium ( pericardial sac ) '' thoraxlesson4 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) ( heartpericardium ) Atlas image : ht_pericard2 at the University of Michigan Health System - `` MRI of chest , lateral view '' Anatomy of the heart General Surface base apex sulci coronary interatrial anterior interventricular posterior interventricular borders right left Internal atria interatrial septum pectinate muscles terminal sulcus ventricles interventricular septum trabeculae carneae chordae tendineae papillary muscle valves cusps atrioventricular septum cardiac skeleton intervenous tubercle Chambers Right heart ( venae cavae , coronary sinus ) → right atrium ( atrial appendage , fossa ovalis , limbus of fossa ovalis , crista terminalis , valve of inferior vena cava , valve of coronary sinus ) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle ( infundibulum , moderator band / septomarginal trabecula , crista supraventricularis ) , → pulmonary valve → ( pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation ) Left heart ( pulmonary veins ) → left atrium ( atrial appendage ) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve ( aortic sinus ) → ( aorta and systemic circulation ) Layers Endocardium heart valves Myocardium Conduction system cardiac pacemaker SA node Bachmann 's bundle AV node bundle of His bundle branches Purkinje fibers Pericardial cavity pericardial sinus Pericardium fibrous pericardium sternopericardial ligaments serous pericardium epicardium / visceral layer fold of left vena cava Blood supply Circulatory system Coronary circulation Coronary arteries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericardium&oldid=853019714 '' Categories : Cardiac anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 22 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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| 14,398 |
when was kwanzaa first celebrated in the united states
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Kwanzaa ( / ˈkwɑːn. zə / ) is a celebration held in the United States and in other nations of the African diaspora in the Americas and lasts a week . The celebration honors African heritage in African - American culture and is observed from December 26 to January 1 , culminating in a feast and gift - giving . Kwanzaa has seven core principles ( Nguzo Saba ) . It was created by Maulana Karenga and was first celebrated in 1966 -- 67 .
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1966 -- 67
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Kwanzaa
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kwanzaa
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Kwanzaa ( / ˈkwɑːn. zə / ) is a celebration held in the United States and in other nations of the African diaspora in the Americas and lasts a week . The celebration honors African heritage in African - American culture and is observed from December 26 to January 1 , culminating in a feast and gift - giving . Kwanzaa has seven core principles ( Nguzo Saba ) . It was created by Maulana Karenga and was first celebrated in 1966 -- 67 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 History and etymology 2 Principles and symbols 3 Observance 4 Popularity 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History and etymology ( edit ) Maulana Karenga , also known as Ronald McKinley Everett , created Kwanzaa in 1966 , as the first specifically African - American holiday , ( but see also Juneteenth ) . According to Karenga , the name Kwanzaa derives from the Swahili phrase matunda ya kwanza , meaning `` first fruits of the harvest '' , although a more conventional translation would simply be `` first fruits '' . The choice of Swahili , an East African language , reflects its status as a symbol of Pan-Africanism , especially in the 1960s , although most of the Atlantic slave trade that brought African people to America originated in West Africa . First fruits festivals exist in Southern Africa , celebrated in December / January with the southern solstice , and Karenga was partly inspired by an account he read of the Zulu festival Umkhosi Wokweshwama . It was decided to spell the holiday 's name with an additional `` a '' so that it would have a symbolic seven letters . Kwanzaa is a celebration with its roots in the black nationalist movement of the 1960s . Karenga established it to help African Americans reconnect with their African cultural and historical heritage by uniting in meditation and study of African traditions and Nguzo Saba , the `` seven principles of African Heritage , '' which Karenga said `` is a communitarian African philosophy . '' For Karenga , a major figure in the Black Power movement of the 1960s and 1970s , the creation of such holidays also underscored an essential premise `` you must have a cultural revolution before the violent revolution . The cultural revolution gives identity , purpose and direction . '' During the early years of Kwanzaa , Karenga said it was meant to be an alternative to Christmas . He believed Jesus was psychotic and Christianity was a `` white '' religion black people should shun . However , as Kwanzaa gained mainstream adherents , Karenga altered his position so practicing Christians would not be alienated , then stating in the 1997 , Kwanzaa : A Celebration of Family , Community , and Culture , `` Kwanzaa was not created to give people an alternative to their own religion or religious holiday . '' Many African Americans who celebrate Kwanzaa do so in addition to observing Christmas . Principles and symbols ( edit ) 2003 Kwanzaa celebration with its founder and others Kwanzaa celebrates what its founder called the seven principles of Kwanzaa , or Nguzo Saba ( originally Nguzu Saba -- the seven principles of African Heritage ) , which Karenga said `` is a communitarian African philosophy , '' consisting of what Karenga called `` the best of African thought and practice in constant exchange with the world . '' These seven principles comprise Kawaida , a Swahili word meaning `` common '' . Each of the seven days of Kwanzaa is dedicated to one of the following principles , as follows : Umoja ( Unity ) : To strive for and to maintain unity in the family , community , nation , and race . Kujichagulia ( Self - Determination ) : To define and name ourselves , as well as to create and speak for ourselves . Ujima ( Collective Work and Responsibility ) : To build and maintain our community together and make our brothers ' and sisters ' problems our problems and to solve them together . Ujamaa ( Cooperative Economics ) : To build and maintain our own stores , shops , and other businesses and to profit from them together . Nia ( Purpose ) : To make our collective vocation the building and developing of our community in order to restore our people to their traditional greatness . Kuumba ( Creativity ) : To do always as much as we can , in the way we can , in order to leave our community more beautiful and beneficial than we inherited it . Imani ( Faith ) : To believe with all our hearts in our people , our parents , our teachers , our leaders , and the righteousness and victory of our struggle . Kwanzaa celebratory symbols include a mat ( Mkeka ) on which other symbols are placed : a Kinara ( candle holder ) , Mishumaa Saba ( seven candles ) , mazao ( crops ) , Muhindi ( corn ) , a Kikombe cha Umoja ( unity cup ) for commemorating and giving shukrani ( thanks ) to African Ancestors , and Zawadi ( gifts ) . Supplemental representations include a Nguzo Saba poster , the black , red , and green bendera ( flag ) , and African books and artworks -- all to represent values and concepts reflective of African culture and contribution to community building and reinforcement . Corn is the primary symbol for both decoration and celebratory dining . Observance ( edit ) A woman lighting kinara candles Families celebrating Kwanzaa decorate their households with objects of art , colorful African cloth such as kente , especially the wearing of kaftans by women , and fresh fruits that represent African idealism . It is customary to include children in Kwanzaa ceremonies and to give respect and gratitude to ancestors . Libations are shared , generally with a common chalice , Kikombe cha Umoja , passed around to all celebrants . Non-African Americans also celebrate Kwanzaa . The holiday greeting is `` Joyous Kwanzaa '' . A Kwanzaa ceremony may include drumming and musical selections , libations , a reading of the African Pledge and the Principles of Blackness , reflection on the Pan-African colors , a discussion of the African principle of the day or a chapter in African history , a candle - lighting ritual , artistic performance , and , finally , a feast ( karamu ) . The greeting for each day of Kwanzaa is Habari Gani ? which is Swahili for `` How are you ? '' At first , observers of Kwanzaa avoided the mixing of the holiday or its symbols , values , and practice with other holidays , as doing so would violate the principle of kujichagulia ( self - determination ) and thus violate the integrity of the holiday , which is partially intended as a reclamation of important African values . Today , many African American families celebrate Kwanzaa along with Christmas and New Year 's . Frequently , both Christmas trees and kinaras , the traditional candle holder symbolic of African American roots , share space in Kwanzaa - celebrating households . For people who celebrate both holidays , Kwanzaa is an opportunity to incorporate elements of their particular ethnic heritage into holiday observances and celebrations of Christmas . Cultural exhibitions include the Spirit of Kwanzaa , an annual celebration held at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts featuring interpretive dance , African dance , song and poetry . Popularity ( edit ) The National Retail Federation has sponsored a marketing survey on winter holidays since 2004 , and in 2015 found that 1.9 % of those polled planned to celebrate Kwanzaa -- about six million people . In a 2006 speech , Maulana Karenga asserted that 28 million people celebrate Kwanzaa . He has always claimed it is celebrated all over the world . Lee D. Baker puts the number at 12 million . The African American Cultural Center claimed 30 million in 2009 . According to University of Minnesota Professor Keith Mayes , the author of Kwanzaa : Black Power and the Making of the African - American Holiday Tradition , the popularity within the U.S. has `` leveled off '' as the black power movement there has declined , and as of 2009 between 500 thousand and two million Americans celebrated Kwanzaa , or between one and five percent of African Americans . Mayes added that white institutions now celebrate it . Starting in the 1990s , the holiday became increasingly commercialized , with the first Hallmark Card being sold in 1992 , and there has been concern about this damaging the holiday 's values . The holiday also saw a greater public recognition as the first Kwanzaa stamp , designed by Synthia Saint James , was issued by the United States Post Office in 1997 , and in the same year Bill Clinton gave the first presidential declaration marking the holiday . The holiday has also spread to Canada and is celebrated by Black Canadians in a similar fashion as in the United States . According to the Language Portal of Canada , `` this fairly new tradition has ( also ) gained in popularity in France , Great Britain , Jamaica and Brazil '' . In Brazil , in recent years the term Kwanzaa has been applied by a few institutions as a synonym for the festivities of the Black Awareness Day , commemorated on November 20 in honor of Zumbi dos Palmares , having little to do with the celebration as it was originally conceived . Stjepan Meštrović , a sociology professor at the Texas A&M University , sees Kwanzaa as an example of postmodernism . According to Meštrović , modern society has discarded ancient traditions as racist , sexist or otherwise oppressive , but since living in a world where nothing is true is too terrifying to most people , `` nice '' and `` synthetic '' traditions like Kwanzaa have been created to cope with the nihilistic , individualistic modern society . Maya Angelou narrated a documentary film about Kwanzaa , The Black Candle , written and directed by M.K. Asante , Jr. and featuring Chuck D . See also ( edit ) Dashiki -- a shirt or suit worn during Kwanzaa celebrations References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Why Kwanzaa Video '' . `` Maulana Karenga '' . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Ron ( December 30 , 1983 ) . `` The Evening Hours '' . New York Times `` . Retrieved December 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Holly Hartman . `` Kwanzaa -- Honoring the values of ancient African cultures '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Atlantic Slave Trade - Herbert S. Klein - Google Books '' . Books.google.com. April 13 , 1999 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mugane , John M. ( 2015 - 07 - 15 ) . The Story of Swahili . Ohio University Press . p. 6 . ISBN 9780896804890 . Jump up ^ Mayes , Keith A. ( 2009 - 09 - 10 ) . Kwanzaa : Black Power and the Making of the African - American Holiday Tradition . Routledge . p. 84 . ISBN 9781135284008 . Jump up ^ Mayes , Keith A. ( 2009 - 09 - 10 ) . Kwanzaa : Black Power and the Making of the African - American Holiday Tradition . Routledge . p. 228 . ISBN 9781135284015 . Jump up ^ Mayes , Keith A. ( 2009 ) . Kwanzaa : Black Power and the Making of the African - American Holiday Tradition . pp. 63 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 0415998550 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karenga , Maulana ( 1967 ) . `` Religion '' . In Clyde Halisi , James Mtume . The quotable Karenga . Los Angeles : University of Sankore Press . pp. 25 . 23769.8 . Jump up ^ Karenga , Maulana ( 1997 ) . Kwanzaa : A Celebration of Family , Community and Culture . University of Sankore Press . p. 121 . ISBN 978 - 0943412214 . Jump up ^ Williams , Lena ( December 20 , 1990 ) . `` In Blacks ' Homes , the Christmas and Kwanzaa Spirits Meet '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Karenga , Maulana ( 2008 ) . `` Nguzo Saba '' . The Official Kwanzaa Web Site . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Angaza , Maitefa ( 2007 ) . Kwanzaa -- From Holiday to Every Day : A complete guide for making Kwanzaa a part of your life . New York : Dafina Books . p. 56 . ISBN 0758216653 . Jump up ^ `` The Symbols of Kwanzaa '' . The Official Kwanzaa Website . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Megan K. ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` Kwanzaa celebrations continue , but boom is over , popularity fading '' . The Plain Dealer . Associated Press . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bush , George W. ( December 23 , 2004 ) . `` Presidential Kwanzaa Message , 2004 '' . Office of the Press Secretary . Retrieved December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Clinton offers holiday messages '' . CNN . December 23 , 1997 . Retrieved December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gale , Elaine ( December 26 , 1998 ) . `` Appeal of Kwanzaa continues to grow ; holidays : today marks start of the seven - day celebration of African culture , which began in Watts 32 years ago and is now observed by millions '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Founder 's Message 2000 '' . The Official Kwanzaa Web Site . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Useful Swahili phrases '' . Omniglot.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kwanzaa ( until Jan 1 ) in the United States '' . Timeanddate.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Spirit of Kwanzaa - The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts '' . Kennedy-center.org . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Institute of Washington '' . Web.archive.org . February 21 , 2001 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2001 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` KWANZAA FEATURED ON THIS YEAR 'S HOLIDAY U.S. POSTAGE STAMP '' . Web.archive.org . October 19 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2004 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Prosper Insights & Analytics TM , Monthly Consumer Survey , OCT - 15 '' ( PDF ) . National Retail Federation . October 2015 . Jump up ^ Manning Marable , Dispatches from the Ebony Tower , p. 224 . Jump up ^ `` Kwanzaa celebration unites African - American community '' , The Post , Ohio University , November 1 , 2011 . Accessed December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mayes , Keith A. ( 2009 ) . Kwanzaa : Black Power and the Making of the African - American Black Holiday Tradition . Taylor & Francis . p. 248 . ISBN 9780415998543 . Jump up ^ Martin , Douglas ( December 20 , 1993 ) . `` The Marketing of Kwanzaa ; Black American Holiday Earns Dollars , Causing Concern '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commercialized Kwanzaa worries enthusiasts '' . The Billings Gazette . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` William J. Clinton : Message on the Observance of Kwanzaa , 1997 '' . www.presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Pleck , Elizabeth ( 2001 ) . `` Kwanzaa : The Making of a Black Nationalist Tradition , 1966 - 1990 '' . Journal of American Ethnic History . 20 ( 4 ) : 3 -- 28 . Jump up ^ `` The principles of Kwanzaa '' . CBC . December 28 , 1993 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrate Kwanzaa ! '' . Government of Canada . February 21 , 2011 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Portal da Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo '' . Prefeitura.sp.gov.br . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ S.G. Mestrovic ( January 2000 ) . `` Postemotional Law '' . Ro.uow.edu.au . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kwanzaa Celebration Captured In ' Black Candle ' '' . National Public Radio . December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck D and Maya Angelou in Kwanzaa Documentary '' . Essence . December 18 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Black Candle : a Kwanzaa film narrated by Maya Angelou Why Kwanzaa was created by Karenga The History Channel : Kwanzaa Interview : Karenga discusses the evolution of the holiday and its meaning . Tavis Smiley ( NPR ) Pan-Africanism Ideology Variants Afrocentrism African nationalism African socialism Black nationalism Garveyism Nkrumaism Sankarism Uhuru Movement Zikism Concepts African century Black Power Négritude Ubuntu Ujamaa United States of Africa Proponents Politicians Nnamdi Azikiwe Amílcar Cabral David Comissiong Muammar Gaddafi Marcus Garvey Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof Kenneth Kaunda Jomo Kenyatta Patrice Lumumba Thabo Mbeki Robert Mugabe Abdias do Nascimento Gamal Abdel Nasser Kwame Nkrumah John Nyathi Pokela Julius Nyerere Thomas Sankara Ahmed Sékou Touré Haile Selassie Robert Sobukwe I. T. A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwanzaa
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where does the first fast and furious take place
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In the docks outside Los Angeles , a semi-trailer truck is loaded with electronics . As the truck leaves , a dockside worker notifies an unknown caller about the shipment . On the road , it is hijacked by three heavily modified black Honda Civics with green underglow . The Honda drivers fire a grappling hook into the truck 's windshield , incapacitate the driver , and corral the semi allowing them to heist the electronics and escape .
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Los Angeles
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The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 film )
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the fast and the furious ( 2001 film )
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The Fast and the Furious is a 2001 action crime film directed by Rob Cohen , produced by Neal H. Moritz and written by Gary Scott Thompson and David Ayer . It is the first installment in The Fast and the Furious franchise . The film stars Paul Walker , Vin Diesel , Michelle Rodriguez , Jordana Brewster , Rick Yune , Chad Lindberg , Johnny Strong , and Matt Schulze . The film follows undercover cop Brian O'Conner , who is tasked with stopping a group of unknown hijackers using high - performance racecars to hijack 18 - wheelers . It is an international co-production between the United States and Germany .
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Inspiration for the film was sought through a Vibe magazine article titled `` Racer X '' , which detailed the illegal street racing circuit operating within New York City . Filming locations include New York City and New England , with a majority of the film being shot in southern California . The Fast and the Furious was released on June 22 , 2001 , grossing over $207 million worldwide from an estimated $38 million budget . It was later re-released on June 22 , 2016 , to celebrate its 15th anniversary . It has a 53 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , which called it `` sleek and shiny on the surface '' in its critical consensus . The Fast and the Furious launched a franchise of seven sequels , starting followed by 2 Fast 2 Furious in 2003 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and filming 3.2 Music 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Accolades 4.4 Home video 4.5 Merchandising 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the docks outside Los Angeles , a semi-trailer truck is loaded with electronics . As the truck leaves , a dockside worker notifies an unknown caller about the shipment . On the road , it is hijacked by three heavily modified black Honda Civics with green underglow . The Honda drivers fire a grappling hook into the truck 's windshield , incapacitate the driver , and corral the semi allowing them to heist the electronics and escape . The next day , undercover LAPD officer Brian O'Conner is assigned to find the gang responsible for the crimes . Brian uses his cover job at an auto parts shop to infiltrate the L.A. street racing scene . While visiting Toretto 's Market , a local diner , he flirts with the shop 's owner , Mia Toretto , who is the younger sister of a well - known street racer , Dominic Toretto . Vince , one of Dominic 's henchmen and who has a crush on her , starts a fight with Brian , which Dominic is forced to break up . Later that night during a local street racing gathering , Brian arrives with his 1995 Mitsubishi Eclipse GS , and Dominic arrives in his 1993 Mazda RX - 7 . Dominic organizes a drag race with himself , Brian , and two other drivers . Despite monetary bets , Brian wagers a pink slip for his car . During the race , Brian overheats his engine , handing the victory to Dominic . But as Brian prepares to give Dominic the keys to his car , the LAPD arrives , forcing everyone to flee . Dominic parks his RX - 7 in a local garage to limit suspicions by walking home , but is immediately spotted by a police cruiser . Brian arrives and saves him from the cops . The duo unknowingly venture into Little Saigon , the territory of Dominic 's old racing rival , Vietnamese gang leader Johnny Tran and his cousin , Lance Nguyen . After confronting Brian and Dominic , Tran and Lance blow up Brian 's Eclipse . Afterwards , Dominic tells Brian that he owes Dominic a `` ten - second car '' , a car that can drive a quarter mile in 10 seconds , from a standstill . Brian goes to Dominic 's garage , where he brings a totaled 1995 Toyota Supra ( JZA80 ) as a replacement car for the Eclipse . There , he offers his skills as a driver and a mechanic . As Dominic and his crew begin the process of repairing the car , Brian begins dating Mia , much to Vince 's dismay . Brian investigates Hector and Tran , convinced that Tran is responsible for the truck hijackings . One night after he investigates Hector 's garage , he is cornered by Vince and Dominic , who demand an explanation . Brian lies about checking the cars of his rivals for the upcoming Race Wars , a street racing event in the desert . Brian , Vince , and Dominic then check out Tran 's garage , and while there , Brian notices a large shipment of electronics in the garage . Brian reports the batch of electronics to his superiors at the LAPD and FBI , and they arrest Tran and Lance . The raid turns out to be a bust , however , as it turns out the electronics had been bought legally , thus leading to the duo 's release . Despite his own doubts , Brian is now forced to assume that Dominic is the actual coordinator of the truck heists . Brian 's superiors then give him just 36 hours to find the perpetrators , as the truckers are now arming themselves to defend themselves against hijackings . The next day , with the Supra repaired , Dominic invites Brian to race wars , and he tells them that they will talk after Brian has proven his worth . At the Race Wars , Jesse , another one of Dominic 's henchmen , wages his father 's Volkswagen Jetta to Tran , but flees with the car after he loses . Tran confronts Dominic to claim the car , and then mocks him , accusing him of reporting him to the police . This leads to Dominic and Tran engaging in a fight . Later that night , Brian notices the crew leaving , and realizes that Dominic is indeed the hijacker that he 's been assigned to find . He then reveals his true identity to Mia , who is infuriated with him , but Brian soon convinces her to reveal the location of the Civics and aid him in his plans . Meanwhile , Dominic , his girlfriend Letty , Vince , and Leon ( another henchman ) , prepare to hijack a semi-trailer truck , which is also to be their last heist . However , this time , the truck driver is armed , and uses aggressive counter-hijack tactics against Dominic 's gang . Vince is trapped on the side of the truck and sustains a gunshot wound as well as other serious injuries , while Letty 's car is knocked over and flips from the highway ( later saved by Leon ) . Brian soon arrives with Mia , who commandeers the Supra while Brian rescues Vince . When Dominic arrives , Brian is forced to blow his cover and call for a medical evacuation to rescue Vince . Dominic leaves with Mia and the rest of the crew after Vince is saved . Brian drives back to Los Angeles and arrives at Dominic 's house just in time to see him pull his father 's 1970 Dodge Charger R / T out of the garage . Brian then confronts Dominic regarding Jesse 's whereabouts , saying that he 'll get the cops to find him before Tran does . At the same time , Jesse arrives , apologizing for his actions , and pleads for protection against Tran and Lance . He is then killed in a drive - by shooting by Tran and Lance on dirt bikes . Dominic and Brian pursue them , with Dominic ramming Lance 's bike off the road and injuring him before he can shoot Brian . Brian then shoots Tran , who loses control of the motorcycle and crashes into a curb , killing him instantly . As Brian checks on the lifeless Tran , he sees Dominic in the distance , and orders passersby to call the police . Brian proceeds to follow Dominic , culminating in a impromptu quarter - mile drag race . The race ends in a dead heat and they barely manage to cross a railroad crossing before a train passes by , but Dominic violently crashes into a semi-truck . Instead of arresting Dominic , Brian gives him the keys to his own car , telling him he still owes him a ten - second car ; Dominic goes in the car and escapes the police . In the post credits scene , Dominic is seen driving through Baja California , Mexico , in a 1970 Chevrolet Chevelle . Cast ( edit ) For more details on the characters , see List of The Fast and the Furious characters . Paul Walker as Brian O'Conner , a Los Angeles Police Department officer who is sent undercover by the FBI to locate and apprehend the crew of the truck hijackers to earn his detective 's badge . He works part - time at The Racer 's Edge , a chop shop , to connect with the street racing scene and find out more about the crews . He bonds with Dom after saving him from getting arrested . Brian drives a 1995 Mitsubishi Eclipse GSX and an orange 1995 Toyota Supra . Vin Diesel as Dominic Toretto , a professional street racer and leader of the hijackers . He lives with his sister Mia . His father was a stock car racer , who was killed during a race by fellow racer Kenny Linder . In retaliation , Dominic violently attacked Linder , becoming banished from the professional racetrack for life , while Linder became a school janitor who takes the bus everyday . Dominic becomes a street racer and starts hijacking with his crew ; he serves as a driver . He has a custom - built 1970 Dodge Charger . Michelle Rodriguez as Letty Ortiz , Dom 's girlfriend and part of the crew . Letty lived on the streets prior to encountering Dom and becoming love interests at 16 . Letty is street - smart and a skilled mechanic and driver , using her skills as one of the drivers during hijackings . She drives a dark - faded red 1997 Nissan 240SX . Jordana Brewster as Mia Toretto , Dom 's sister . Although aware of Dom 's criminal activities , she is not part of the crew . She runs a little store where the crew usually meets , and is Brian 's love interest , unaware that he is a cop . Mia is sad that her brother is a criminal , and wishes that he would reform his ways . Mia is also a skilled driver and drives an aqua - blue 1994 Acura Integra . Rick Yune as Johnny Tran , Dominic 's main rival and Vietnamese gang leader of the Little Saigon crew . He is initially Brian 's prime suspect in the hijacking case . Tran usually drives motorcycles with his cousin Lance , but he also has a custom black 2000 Honda S2000 . Tran comes from a very wealthy family , and has only minor offences on his criminal record . Tran kills Jesse at the very end , and is subsequently shot by Brian . Chad Lindberg as Jesse , Dominic 's friend and part of the crew . He grew up on the streets and he was brought into the crew by Leon . Jesse 's father is an old friend of Dom , who is serving time in jail . Although he is brilliant in math and algebra , Jesse suffers from ADD , which resulted in him dropping out of high school . A computer expert , Jesse also participates in hijackings as a driver . Jesse races in his white 1995 Volkswagen Jetta . He is killed by Tran when he escapes after losing a pink slip race to him . Johnny Strong as Leon , Dominic 's friend and part of the crew . He grew up with Vince and serves as an attacker during the hijacking , usually pulling out windshields of trucks to create safe passage for Vince . He drives a yellow 1995 Nissan Skyline GT - R. After the heist , it is suggested that he left L.A. Matt Schulze as Vince , Dominic 's childhood friend and part of the crew . He grew up with Dom and Leon . He has a crush on Dom 's sister Mia and dislikes Brian due to the former 's attraction to him . He also suspects that Brian is a cop . Vince drives a blue 1999 Nissan Maxima . On the last failed hijacking , Vince is shot by a truck driver . It is implied that Vince escapes from the hospital and flees to South America , settling in Rio de Janeiro . The central cast is rounded out by Ted Levine and Thom Barry as Tanner and Bilkins respectively , members of the team that organized the investigation to place Brian undercover . Noel Gugliemi appears as Hector , the organizer of the drag race . Musician Ja Rule and R.J. de Vera also act as Edwin and Danny , fellow drivers at the drag race . Vyto Ruginis plays Harry , an informant and owner of The Racer 's Edge . Reggie Lee portrays Lance Nguyen , Tran 's cousin , and right - hand man . Neal H. Moritz and Rob Cohen both appear in cameos . Production ( edit ) Development and filming ( edit ) Director Rob Cohen was inspired to make this film after reading a 1998 Vibe magazine article called `` Racer X '' about street racing in New York City and watching an actual illegal street race at night in Los Angeles . The film 's original title was Redline before it was changed to The Fast and The Furious . Roger Corman licensed the title rights of his 1955 film The Fast and the Furious to Universal so that the title could be used on this project ; both films were about racing . Producer Neal H. Moritz , who had previously worked with Paul Walker on the film The Skulls ( 2000 ) , gave the actor a script and offered him the role of Brian O'Conner . Originally , the studio told the producers they would green - light the film if they could get Timothy Olyphant to play the role of Dom Toretto . Olyphant , who had starred in the previous year 's car - themed blockbuster Gone in 60 Seconds , declined the role , however . Moritz instead suggested Diesel , who had to be convinced to take the role even though he had only played supporting roles up to that point . The film was shot in various locations within Los Angeles and parts of southern California . Key locations included Dodger Stadium ( on the opening scene where Brian tests his Eclipse on the parking lot ) , Angelino Heights , Silver Lake and Echo Park ( the neighborhoods around Toretto 's home ) , as well as Little Saigon ( where Tran destroys the Eclipse ) and the San Bernardino International Airport ( the venue for Race Wars , which attracted over 1,500 import car owners and enthusiasts ) . The entire last rig heist scene was filmed along Domenigoni Parkway on the southern side of San Jacinto / Hemet in the San Jacinto Valley near Diamond Valley Lake . Prior to filming , both Jordana Brewster and Michelle Rodriguez did not have driver 's licenses , so they took driving lessons during production . For the climactic race scene between Brian and Toretto , separate shots of both cars crossing the railroad and the train crossing the street were filmed , then composited together to give the illusion of the train narrowly missing the cars . A long steel rod was used as a ramp for Toretto 's car to crash through the semi-truck and fly in mid-air . An alternate ending titled `` More than Furious '' was filmed , in which Tanner drops Brian off at the Toretto home , where he encounters Mia packing , intending to move away . Brian reveals that he resigned from the LAPD , who let him go quietly , and that he wants another chance with her . When Mia tells him that it 's not going to be that simple , Brian tells her that he 's got time . This ending was released in the collection bundle DVD version . Music ( edit ) Main articles : The Fast and the Furious ( soundtrack ) and More Fast and Furious The film 's score was composed by music producer BT , mixing electronica with hip - hop and industrial influences . Two soundtracks were released for the film . The first one features mostly hip - hop and rap music . The second one , titled More Fast and Furious , features alternative metal , post-grunge and nu metal songs , as well as select tracks from BT 's score . Release ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious was released on June 22 , 2001 in North America and ranked # 1 at the box office , earning $40,089,015 during its opening weekend . Its widest release was 2,889 theaters . During its run , the film has made a domestic total of $144,533,925 along with a foreign total of $62,750,000 bringing its worldwide total of $207,283,925 on a budget of $38 million . Critical reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received a rating of 53 % based on reviews from 147 critics and an average score of 5.4 / 10 . The critical consensus reads : `` Sleek and shiny on the surface , The Fast and the Furious recalls those cheesy teenage exploitation flicks of the 1950s . '' On Metacritic , the film gained a metascore of 58 out of 100 based on reviews from 29 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Todd McCarthy of Variety called the film `` a gritty and gratifying cheap thrill , Rob Cohen 's high - octane hot - car meller is a true rarity these days , a really good exploitationer , the sort of thing that would rule at drive - ins if they still existed . '' Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times called it `` an action picture that 's surprising in the complexity of its key characters and portents of tragedy . '' Vin Diesel 's portrayal of Dominic Torretto won praise In particular with Reece Pendleton of the Chicago Reader writing `` Diesel carries the movie with his unsettling mix of Zen - like tranquillity and barely controlled rage . '' Other reviews were more mixed . Susan Wloszczyna of USA Today gave the film 2 ⁄ out of 4 stars , saying that Cohen `` at least knows how to keep matters moving and the action sequences exciting . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a C , saying it `` works hard to be exciting , but the movie scarcely lives up to its title . '' Rita Kempley of The Washington Post gave the film a scathing review , calling it `` Rebel Without a Cause without a cause . The Young and the Restless with gas fumes . The Quick and the Dead with skid marks . '' Paul Clinton of CNN wrote that Cohen `` created a high - octane , rubber - burning extravaganza '' but he criticized the film for `` plot holes you could drive the proverbial truck through '' and an idiotic ending . Accolades ( edit ) Award Category Nominee Result AFI Award Cinematographer of the Year Ericson Core Nominated ALMA Award Outstanding Song in a Motion Picture Soundtrack The Fast and the Furious Nominated ASCAP Award Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures Caddillac Tah Won Black Reel Theatrical - Best Actor Vin Diesel Nominated BMI Film Music Award BT Won Golden Trailer Best Action The Fast and the Furious Nominated Hollywood Breakthrough Award Breakthrough Male Performance Paul Walker Won Golden Reel Award ( Motion Picture Sound Editors ) Best Sound Editing - Effects & Foley , Domestic Feature Film Bruce Stambler ( supervising sound editor ) Jay Nierenberg ( supervising sound editor ) Michael Dressel ( supervising foley editor ) Steve Mann ( sound editor ) Kim Secrist ( sound editor ) Steve Nelson ( sound editor ) Howard Neiman ( sound editor ) Glenn Hoskinson ( sound editor ) Tim Walston ( sound effects designer ) Charles Deenen ( sound effects designer ) Scott Curtis ( foley editor ) Dan Yale ( foley editor ) Nominated Golden Reel Award ( Motion Picture Sound Editors ) Best Sound Editing - Dialogue & ADR , Domestic Feature Film Bruce Stambler ( supervising sound editor ) Jay Nierenberg ( supervising sound editor ) Becky Sullivan ( supervising dialogue editor / supervising adr editor ) Mildred Iatrou ( dialogue editor ) Donald L. Warner Jr. ( dialogue editor ) Robert Troy ( dialogue editor ) Paul Curtis ( dialogue editor ) William Dotson ( dialogue editor ) Cathie Speakman ( dialogue editor ) Nicholas Vincent Korda ( adr editor ) Lee Lemont ( adr editor ) Nominated MTV Movie Award Best On - Screen Team Vin Diesel Paul Walker Won MTV Movie Award Best Movie The Fast and the Furious Nominated MTV Movie Award Best Male Performance Vin Diesel Nominated MTV Movie Award Breakthrough Male Performance Paul Walker Nominated MTV Movie Award Best Action Sequence The Fast and the Furious Nominated Taurus Award Best Driving Matt Johnston Mike Justus Debbie Evans Tim Trella Christopher J. Tuck Kevin Scott ( semi driver ) Won Taurus Award Best Work With a Vehicle Christopher J. Tuck Mike Justus Won Taurus Award Best Stunt by a Stunt Woman Debbie Evans Won Taurus Award Best Stunt by a Stunt Man Christopher J. Tuck Tim Trella Won Taurus Award Best Stunt Coordinator and / or 2nd Unit Director : Feature Film Mic Rodgers Won Taurus Award Best Work With a Vehicle Jimmy N. Roberts Nominated Taurus Award Hardest Hit Mike Justus Nominated Home video ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious was released on DVD on January 2 , 2002 . A second DVD entitled the `` Tricked Out Edition '' , released on June 3 , 2003 , featured The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious , a short film that set the tone to the film 's sequel . An abridged version of the short film is also on the sequel 's DVD release . Merchandising ( edit ) Racing Champions released diecast metal replicas of the film 's cars in different scales from 1 / 18 to 1 / 64 . RadioShack sold ZipZaps micro RC versions of the cars in 2002 . 1 / 24 scale plastic model kits of the hero cars were manufactured by AMT Ertl . See also ( edit ) Film portal Film in the United States portal Germany portal United States portal 2000s portal No Man 's Land The Pritzker Estate References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Fast and the Furious '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Furious '' . British Film Institute . London . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Elvis Mitchell ( 2001 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Getaway Drivers , Take Note : This One 's Made for You '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Writer Who Made ' The Fast and the Furious ' Possible '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Interview found on the original DVD release Jump up ^ `` Roger Corman : How I Made 400 Films , Mentored Coppola and Ended Up Fighting in Court for My Fortune '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Vin Diesel Almost Was n't Dom in ' The Fast & the Furious ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast and the Furious , The : Production Notes '' . www.cinema.com . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious - Box Office Mojo '' . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious Reviews - Metacritic '' . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( June 21 , 2001 ) . `` The Fast and the Furious '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment News - Los Angeles Times '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Pendleton , Reece . `` The Fast and the Furious '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com - Car hoods rev up in ' Fast and Furious ' '' . www.usatoday.com . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious '' . ew.com. 22 June 2001 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ The Washington Post -- Fast Leaving Logic in the Dust Jump up ^ CNN -- Review : The Fast and the Furious Runs on Empty Jump up ^ Racing Champions Ertl Company Press Release Jump up ^ `` Micro RC Cars : Mods - RadioShack ZipZaps - These Zaps Zip From Radio Shack '' . www.microrccars.com . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ AMT Ertl -- The Fast and the Furious External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Fast and the Furious Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Fast and the Furious . The Fast and the Furious on IMDb The Fast and the Furious at Rotten Tomatoes The Fast and the Furious at the American Film Institute Catalog The Fast and the Furious Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Han Lue Gisele Yashar Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious ( arcade ) The Fast and the Furious ( PS2 / PSP ) Fast & Furious : Showdown Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious Attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` See You Again '' video `` Gang Up '' Category Films directed by Rob Cohen A Small Circle of Friends ( 1980 ) Scandalous ( 1984 ) Dragon : The Bruce Lee Story ( 1993 ) Dragonheart ( 1996 ) Daylight ( 1996 ) The Rat Pack ( 1998 ) The Skulls ( 2000 ) The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) XXX ( 2002 ) Stealth ( 2005 ) The Mummy : Tomb of the Dragon Emperor ( 2008 ) Alex Cross ( 2012 ) The Boy Next Door ( 2015 ) The Hurricane Heist ( 2018 ) David Ayer Films directed Harsh Times ( 2005 ) Street Kings ( 2008 ) End of Watch ( 2012 ) Sabotage ( 2014 ) Fury ( 2014 ) Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) Bright ( 2017 ) Films written U-571 ( 2000 ) Training Day ( 2001 ) The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) Dark Blue ( 2002 ) S.W.A.T. ( 2003 ) Harsh Times ( 2005 ) End of Watch ( 2012 ) Sabotage ( 2014 ) Fury ( 2014 ) Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fast_and_the_Furious_(2001_film)&oldid=798843894 '' Categories : 2001 films English - language films 2000s action thriller films 2000s crime thriller films American films American action thriller films American crime thriller films German films German action films German crime films Auto racing films The Fast and the Furious Fictional portrayals of the Los Angeles Police Department Films based on newspaper and magazine articles Films set in Los Angeles Films set in Mexico Films set in 2004 Films shot in Los Angeles Universal Pictures films Films directed by Rob Cohen Screenplays by David Ayer Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 04 : 25 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fast%20and%20the%20Furious%20%282001%20film%29
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where does the electron transport chain occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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Electron transport chain
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electron transport chain
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An electron transport chain ( ETC ) is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox ( both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously ) reactions , and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons ( H ions ) across a membrane . This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , a molecule that stores energy chemically in the form of highly strained bonds . The molecules of the chain include peptides , enzymes ( which are proteins or protein complexes ) , and others . The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration is molecular oxygen although a variety of acceptors other than oxygen such as sulfate exist in anaerobic respiration .
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Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or , such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars , cellular respiration . In eukaryotes , an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase . It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes . In bacteria , the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane . In chloroplasts , light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP to NADPH with transfer of H ions across chloroplast membranes . In mitochondria , it is the conversion of oxygen to water , NADH to NAD and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient . Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen , generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 In mitochondria 2.1 Mitochondrial redox carriers 2.1. 1 Complex I 2.1. 2 Complex II 2.1. 3 Complex III 2.1. 4 Complex IV 2.2 Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation 2.3 Summary 3 In bacteria 3.1 Electron donors 3.2 Dehydrogenases 3.3 Quinone carriers 3.4 Proton pumps 3.5 Cytochrome electron carriers 3.6 Terminal oxidases and reductases 3.7 Electron acceptors 3.8 Summary 4 Photosynthetic 5 Summary 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The electron transport chain consists of a spatially separated series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule . The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants and products . The Gibbs free energy is the energy available ( `` free '' ) to do work . Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous . The function of the electron transport chain is to produce a transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient as a result of the redox reactions . If protons flow back through the membrane , they enable mechanical work , such as rotating bacterial flagella . ATP synthase , an enzyme highly conserved among all domains of life , converts this mechanical work into chemical energy by producing ATP , which powers most cellular reactions . A small amount of ATP is available from substrate - level phosphorylation , for example , in glycolysis . In most organisms the majority of ATP is generated in electron transport chains , while only some obtain ATP by fermentation . In mitochondria ( edit ) Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria , which produce ATP from products of the citric acid cycle , fatty acid oxidation , and amino acid oxidation . At the mitochondrial inner membrane , electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen , which is reduced to water . The electron transport chain comprises an enzymatic series of electron donors and acceptors . Each electron donor will pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor , which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor , a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen , the most electronegative and terminal electron acceptor in the chain . Passage of electrons between donor and acceptor releases energy , which is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by actively `` pumping '' protons into the intermembrane space , producing a thermodynamic state that has the potential to do work . The entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation , since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many steps . A small percentage of electrons do not complete the whole series and instead directly leak to oxygen , resulting in the formation of the free - radical superoxide , a highly reactive molecule that contributes to oxidative stress and has been implicated in a number of diseases and aging . Mitochondrial redox carriers ( edit ) Energy obtained through the transfer of electrons down the ETC is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space , creating an electrochemical proton gradient ( ΔpH ) across the inner mitochondrial membrane ( IMM ) . This proton gradient is largely but not exclusively responsible for the mitochondrial membrane potential ( ΔΨ ) . It allows ATP synthase to use the flow of H through the enzyme back into the matrix to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) and inorganic phosphate . Complex I ( NADH coenzyme Q reductase ; labeled I ) accepts electrons from the Krebs cycle electron carrier nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NADH ) , and passes them to coenzyme Q ( ubiquinone ; labeled Q ) , which also receives electrons from complex II ( succinate dehydrogenase ; labeled II ) . Q passes electrons to complex III ( cytochrome bc complex ; labeled III ) , which passes them to cytochrome c ( cyt c ) . Cyt c passes electrons to Complex IV ( cytochrome c oxidase ; labeled IV ) , which uses the electrons and hydrogen ions to reduce molecular oxygen to water . Four membrane - bound complexes have been identified in mitochondria . Each is an extremely complex transmembrane structure that is embedded in the inner membrane . Three of them are proton pumps . The structures are electrically connected by lipid - soluble electron carriers and water - soluble electron carriers . The overall electron transport chain : NADH + H → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → H O ↑ Complex II ↑ Succinate Complex I ( edit ) In Complex I ( NADH : ubiquinone oxidoreductase , NADH - CoQ reductase , or NADH dehydrogenase ; EC 1.6. 5.3 ) , two electrons are removed from NADH and ultimately transferred to a lipid - soluble carrier , ubiquinone ( UQ ) . The reduced product , ubiquinol ( UQH ) , freely diffuses within the membrane , and Complex I translocates four protons ( H ) across the membrane , thus producing a proton gradient . Complex I is one of the main sites at which premature electron leakage to oxygen occurs , thus being one of the main sites of production of superoxide . The pathway of electrons is as follows : NADH is oxidized to NAD , by reducing Flavin mononucleotide to FMNH in one two - electron step . FMNH is then oxidized in two one - electron steps , through a semiquinone intermediate . Each electron thus transfers from the FMNH to an Fe - S cluster , from the Fe - S cluster to ubiquinone ( Q ) . Transfer of the first electron results in the free - radical ( semiquinone ) form of Q , and transfer of the second electron reduces the semiquinone form to the ubiquinol form , QH . During this process , four protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space . As the electrons become continuously oxidized and reduced throughout the complex an electron current is produced along the 180 Angstrom width of the complex within the membrane . This current powers the active transport of four protons to the intermembrane space per two electrons from NADH . Complex II ( edit ) In Complex II ( succinate dehydrogenase or succinate - CoQ reductase ; EC 1.3. 5.1 ) additional electrons are delivered into the quinone pool ( Q ) originating from succinate and transferred ( via flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ) ) to Q. Complex II consists of four protein subunits : succinate dehydrogenase , ( SDHA ) ; succinate dehydrogenase ( ubiquinone ) iron - sulfur subunit , mitochondrial , ( SDHB ) ; succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C , ( SDHC ) and succinate dehydrogenase complex , subunit D , ( SDHD ) . Other electron donors ( e.g. , fatty acids and glycerol 3 - phosphate ) also direct electrons into Q ( via FAD ) . Complex 2 is a parallel electron transport pathway to complex 1 , but unlike complex 1 , no protons are transported to the intermembrane space in this pathway . Therefore , the pathway through complex 2 contributes less energy to the overall electron transport chain process . Complex III ( edit ) In Complex III ( cytochrome bc complex or CoQH - cytochrome c reductase ; EC 1.10. 2.2 ) , the Q - cycle contributes to the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption / release of protons . Two electrons are removed from QH at the Q site and sequentially transferred to two molecules of cytochrome c , a water - soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space . The two other electrons sequentially pass across the protein to the Q site where the quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol . A proton gradient is formed by one quinol ( 2H + 2e - ) oxidations at the Q site to form one quinone ( 2H + 2e - ) at the Q site . ( in total four protons are translocated : two protons reduce quinone to quinol and two protons are released from two ubiquinol molecules ) . QH2 + 2 cytochrome c ( FeIII ) + 2 H + in → Q + 2 cytochrome c ( FeII ) + 4 H + out When electron transfer is reduced ( by a high membrane potential or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A ) , Complex III may leak electrons to molecular oxygen , resulting in superoxide formation . Complex IV ( edit ) In Complex IV ( cytochrome c oxidase ; EC 1.9. 3.1 ) , sometimes called cytochrome AA3 , four electrons are removed from four molecules of cytochrome c and transferred to molecular oxygen ( O ) , producing two molecules of water . At the same time , eight protons are removed from the mitochondrial matrix ( although only four are translocated across the membrane ) , contributing to the proton gradient . The activity of cytochrome c oxidase is inhibited by cyanide . Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation ( edit ) Depiction of ATP synthase , the site of oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP . According to the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis , proposed by Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Peter D. Mitchell , the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane . The efflux of protons from the mitochondrial matrix creates an electrochemical gradient ( proton gradient ) . This gradient is used by the F F ATP synthase complex to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation . ATP synthase is sometimes described as Complex V of the electron transport chain . The F component of ATP synthase acts as an ion channel that provides for a proton flux back into the mitochondrial matrix . It is composed of a , b and c subunits . Protons in the inter-membranous space of mitochondria first enters the ATP synthase complex through a subunit channel . Then protons move to the c subunits . The number of c subunits it has determines how many protons it will require to make the F turn one full revolution . For example , in humans , there are 8 c subunits , thus 8 protons are required . After c subunits , protons finally enters matrix using a subunit channel that opens into the mitochondrial matrix . This reflux releases free energy produced during the generation of the oxidized forms of the electron carriers ( NAD and Q ) . The free energy is used to drive ATP synthesis , catalyzed by the F component of the complex . Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation is a key step for ATP production . However , in specific cases , uncoupling the two processes may be biologically useful . The uncoupling protein , thermogenin -- present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of brown adipose tissue -- provides for an alternative flow of protons back to the inner mitochondrial matrix . This alternative flow results in thermogenesis rather than ATP production . Synthetic uncouplers ( e.g. , 2 , 4 - dinitrophenol ) also exist , and , at high doses , are lethal . Summary ( edit ) In the mitochondrial electron transport chain electrons move from an electron donor ( NADH or QH ) to a terminal electron acceptor ( O ) via a series of redox reactions . These reactions are coupled to the creation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane . There are three proton pumps : I , III , and IV . The resulting transmembrane proton gradient is used to make ATP via ATP synthase . The reactions catalyzed by Complex I and Complex III work roughly at equilibrium . This means that these reactions are readily reversible , by increasing the concentration of the products relative to the concentration of the reactants ( for example , by increasing the proton gradient ) . ATP synthase is also readily reversible . Thus ATP can be used to build a proton gradient , which in turn can be used to make NADH . This process of reverse electron transport is important in many prokaryotic electron transport chains . In bacteria ( edit ) In eukaryotes , NADH is the most important electron donor . The associated electron transport chain is NADH → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → O where Complexes I , III and IV are proton pumps , while Q and cytochrome c are mobile electron carriers . The electron acceptor is molecular oxygen . In prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ) the situation is more complicated , because there are several different electron donors and several different electron acceptors . The generalized electron transport chain in bacteria is : Donor Donor Donor ↓ ↓ ↓ dehydrogenase → quinone → bc → cytochrome ↓ ↓ oxidase ( reductase ) oxidase ( reductase ) ↓ ↓ Acceptor Acceptor Note that electrons can enter the chain at three levels : at the level of a dehydrogenase , at the level of the quinone pool , or at the level of a mobile cytochrome electron carrier . These levels correspond to successively more positive redox potentials , or to successively decreased potential differences relative to the terminal electron acceptor . In other words , they correspond to successively smaller Gibbs free energy changes for the overall redox reaction Donor → Acceptor . Individual bacteria use multiple electron transport chains , often simultaneously . Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors , a number of different dehydrogenases , a number of different oxidases and reductases , and a number of different electron acceptors . For example , E. coli ( when growing aerobically using glucose as an energy source ) uses two different NADH dehydrogenases and two different quinol oxidases , for a total of four different electron transport chains operating simultaneously . A common feature of all electron transport chains is the presence of a proton pump to create a transmembrane proton gradient . Bacterial electron transport chains may contain as many as three proton pumps , like mitochondria , or they may contain only one or two . They always contain at least one proton pump . Electron donors ( edit ) In the present day biosphere , the most common electron donors are organic molecules . Organisms that use organic molecules as an energy source are called organotrophs . Organotrophs ( animals , fungi , protists ) and phototrophs ( plants and algae ) constitute the vast majority of all familiar life forms . Some prokaryotes can use inorganic matter as an energy source . Such an organism is called a lithotroph ( `` rock - eater '' ) . Inorganic electron donors include hydrogen , carbon monoxide , ammonia , nitrite , sulfur , sulfide , manganese oxide , and ferrous iron . Lithotrophs have been found growing in rock formations thousands of meters below the surface of Earth . Because of their volume of distribution , lithotrophs may actually outnumber organotrophs and phototrophs in our biosphere . The use of inorganic electron donors as an energy source is of particular interest in the study of evolution . This type of metabolism must logically have preceded the use of organic molecules as an energy source . Dehydrogenases ( edit ) Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors . When organic matter is the energy source , the donor may be NADH or succinate , in which case electrons enter the electron transport chain via NADH dehydrogenase ( similar to Complex I in mitochondria ) or succinate dehydrogenase ( similar to Complex II ) . Other dehydrogenases may be used to process different energy sources : formate dehydrogenase , lactate dehydrogenase , glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase , H dehydrogenase ( hydrogenase ) , etc . Some dehydrogenases are also proton pumps ; others funnel electrons into the quinone pool . Most dehydrogenases show induced expression in the bacterial cell in response to metabolic needs triggered by the environment in which the cells grow . Quinone carriers ( edit ) Quinones are mobile , lipid - soluble carriers that shuttle electrons ( and protons ) between large , relatively immobile macromolecular complexes embedded in the membrane . Bacteria use ubiquinone ( the same quinone that mitochondria use ) and related quinones such as menaquinone . Another name for ubiquinone is Coenzyme Q10 . Proton pumps ( edit ) A proton pump is any process that creates a proton gradient across a membrane . Protons can be physically moved across a membrane ; this is seen in mitochondrial Complexes I and IV . The same effect can be produced by moving electrons in the opposite direction . The result is the disappearance of a proton from the cytoplasm and the appearance of a proton in the periplasm . Mitochondrial Complex III uses this second type of proton pump , which is mediated by a quinone ( the Q cycle ) . Some dehydrogenases are proton pumps ; others are not . Most oxidases and reductases are proton pumps , but some are not . Cytochrome bc is a proton pump found in many , but not all , bacteria ( it is not found in E. coli ) . As the name implies , bacterial bc is similar to mitochondrial bc ( Complex III ) . Proton pumps are the heart of the electron transport process . They produce the transmembrane electrochemical gradient that enables ATP Synthase to synthesize ATP . Cytochrome electron carriers ( edit ) Cytochromes are pigments that contain iron . They are found in two very different environments . Some cytochromes are water - soluble carriers that shuttle electrons to and from large , immobile macromolecular structures imbedded in the membrane . The mobile cytochrome electron carrier in mitochondria is cytochrome c . Bacteria use a number of different mobile cytochrome electron carriers . Other cytochromes are found within macromolecules such as Complex III and Complex IV . They also function as electron carriers , but in a very different , intramolecular , solid - state environment . Electrons may enter an electron transport chain at the level of a mobile cytochrome or quinone carrier . For example , electrons from inorganic electron donors ( nitrite , ferrous iron , etc . ) enter the electron transport chain at the cytochrome level . When electrons enter at a redox level greater than NADH , the electron transport chain must operate in reverse to produce this necessary , higher - energy molecule . Terminal oxidases and reductases ( edit ) When bacteria grow in aerobic environments , the terminal electron acceptor ( O ) is reduced to water by an enzyme called an oxidase . When bacteria grow in anaerobic environments , the terminal electron acceptor is reduced by an enzyme called a reductase . In mitochondria the terminal membrane complex ( Complex IV ) is cytochrome oxidase . Aerobic bacteria use a number of different terminal oxidases . For example , E. coli does not have a cytochrome oxidase or a bc complex . Under aerobic conditions , it uses two different terminal quinol oxidases ( both proton pumps ) to reduce oxygen to water . Anaerobic bacteria , which do not use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor , have terminal reductases individualized to their terminal acceptor . For example , E. coli can use fumarate reductase , nitrate reductase , nitrite reductase , DMSO reductase , or trimethylamine - N - oxide reductase , depending on the availability of these acceptors in the environment . Most terminal oxidases and reductases are inducible . They are synthesized by the organism as needed , in response to specific environmental conditions . Electron acceptors ( edit ) Just as there are a number of different electron donors ( organic matter in organotrophs , inorganic matter in lithotrophs ) , there are a number of different electron acceptors , both organic and inorganic . If oxygen is available , it is invariably used as the terminal electron acceptor , because it generates the greatest Gibbs free energy change and produces the most energy . In anaerobic environments , different electron acceptors are used , including nitrate , nitrite , ferric iron , sulfate , carbon dioxide , and small organic molecules such as fumarate . Since electron transport chains are redox processes , they can be described as the sum of two redox pairs . For example , the mitochondrial electron transport chain can be described as the sum of the NAD / NADH redox pair and the O / H O redox pair . NADH is the electron donor and O is the electron acceptor . Not every donor - acceptor combination is thermodynamically possible . The redox potential of the acceptor must be more positive than the redox potential of the donor . Furthermore , actual environmental conditions may be far different from standard conditions ( 1 molar concentrations , 1 atm partial pressures , pH = 7 ) , which apply to standard redox potentials . For example , hydrogen - evolving bacteria grow at an ambient partial pressure of hydrogen gas of 10 atm . The associated redox reaction , which is thermodynamically favorable in nature , is thermodynamic impossible under `` standard '' conditions . Summary ( edit ) Bacterial electron transport pathways are , in general , inducible . Depending on their environment , bacteria can synthesize different transmembrane complexes and produce different electron transport chains in their cell membranes . Bacteria select their electron transport chains from a DNA library containing multiple possible dehydrogenases , terminal oxidases and terminal reductases . The situation is often summarized by saying that electron transport chains in bacteria are branched , modular , and inducible . Photosynthetic ( edit ) In oxidative phosphorylation , electrons are transferred from a low - energy electron donor ( e.g. , NADH ) to an acceptor ( e.g. , O ) through an electron transport chain . In photophosphorylation , the energy of sunlight is used to create a high - energy electron donor and an electron acceptor . Electrons are then transferred from the donor to the acceptor through another electron transport chain . Photosynthetic electron transport chains have many similarities to the oxidative chains discussed above . They use mobile , lipid - soluble carriers ( quinones ) and mobile , water - soluble carriers ( cytochromes , etc . ) . They also contain a proton pump . It is remarkable that the proton pump in all photosynthetic chains resembles mitochondrial Complex III . Photosynthetic electron transport chains are discussed in greater detail in the articles Photophosphorylation , Photosynthesis , Photosynthetic reaction center and Light - dependent reaction . Summary ( edit ) Electron transport chains are redox reactions that transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor . The transfer of electrons is coupled to the translocation of protons across a membrane , producing a proton gradient . The proton gradient is used to produce useful work . About 30 work units are produced per electron transport . See also ( edit ) CoRR hypothesis Electron equivalent Hydrogen hypothesis Respirasome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Murray , Robert K. ; Daryl K. Granner ; Peter A. Mayes ; Victor W. Rodwell ( 2003 ) . Harper 's Illustrated Biochemistry . New York , NY : Lange Medical Books / MgGraw Hill . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 121766 - 5 . Jump up ^ Karp , Gerald ( 2008 ) . Cell and Molecular Biology ( 5th ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . p. 194 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 04217 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lauren , Biochemistry , Johnson / Cole , 2010 , pp 598 - 611 Jump up ^ Garrett & Grisham , Biochemistry , Brooks / Cole , 2010 , pp 598 - 611 Jump up ^ Garret and Grisham ( 2016 ) . biochemistry . University of Virginia . p. 687 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 57720 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jonckheere , An I. ; Smeitink , Jan A.M. ; Rodenburg , Richard J.T. ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Mitochondrial ATP synthase : architecture , function and pathology '' . Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease . 35 ( 2 ) : 211 -- 225 . doi : 10.1007 / s10545 - 011 - 9382 - 9 . ISSN 0141 - 8955 . PMC 3278611 . PMID 21874297 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Reginald H. ; Grisham , Charles M. ( 2012 ) . Biochemistry ( 5th ed . ) . Cengage learning . p. 664 . ISBN 1 - 133 - 10629 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fillingame , Robert H ; Angevine , Christine M ; Dmitriev , Oleg Y ( 2003 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Mechanics of coupling proton movements to c - ring rotation in ATP synthase '' . FEBS Letters. 555 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 34 . doi : 10.1016 / S0014 - 5793 ( 03 ) 01101 - 3 . ISSN 1873 - 3468 . Jump up ^ Berg , Jeremy M. ; Tymoczko , John L. ; Stryer , Lubert ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A Proton Gradient Powers the Synthesis of ATP '' . Jump up ^ Cannon , Barbara ; Nedergaard , Jan ( 2004 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Brown Adipose Tissue : Function and Physiological Significance '' . Physiological Reviews . 84 ( 1 ) : 277 -- 359 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00015.2003 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 14715917 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ; Johnson , Alexander ; Lewis , Julian ; Raff , Martin ; Roberts , Keith ; Walter , Peter ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Electron - Transport Chains and Their Proton Pumps '' . Fenchel T ; King GM ; Blackburn TH ( September 2006 ) . Bacterial Biogeochemistry : The Ecophysiology of Mineral Cycling ( 2nd ed . ) . Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 103455 - 9 . Lengeler JW ( January 1999 ) . Drews G ; Schlegel HG , eds . Biology of the Prokaryotes . Blackwell Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 05357 - 5 . Nelson DL ; Cox MM ( April 2005 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry ( 4th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 4339 - 2 . Nicholls DG ; Ferguson SJ ( July 2002 ) . Bioenergetics 3 . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 518121 - 1 . Stumm W ; Morgan JJ ( 1996 ) . Aquatic Chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 51185 - 4 . Thauer RK ; Jungermann K ; Decker K ( March 1977 ) . `` Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria '' . Bacteriol Rev. 41 ( 1 ) : 100 -- 80 . PMC 413997 . PMID 860983 . White D. ( September 1999 ) . The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512579 - 5 . Voet D ; Voet JG ( March 2004 ) . Biochemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 58651 - 7 . Kim HS. ; Patel , K ; Muldoon - Jacobs , K ; Bisht , KS ; Aykin - Burns , N ; Pennington , JD ; Van Der Meer , R ; Nguyen , P ; et al. ( January 2010 ) . `` SIRT3 is a mitochondria - localized tumor suppressor required for maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and metabolism during stress '' . Cancer Cell. 17 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ccr. 2009.11. 023 . PMC 3711519 . PMID 20129246 . External links ( edit ) Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Khan Academy , video lecture UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 3 - Complexes with cytochrome b - like domains UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 4 - Bacterial and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidases UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 2 - Photosynthetic reaction centers and photosystems UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 78 - Cytochrome PORN renodoxin reductase UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 130 - Electron transfer flavoproteins Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism : Citric acid cycle enzymes Cycle Citrate synthase Aconitase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase Succinyl CoA synthetase Succinate dehydrogenase ( SDHA ) Fumarase Malate dehydrogenase and ETC Anaplerotic to acetyl - CoA Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( E1 , E2 , E3 ) ( regulated by Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase ) to α - ketoglutaric acid Glutamate dehydrogenase to succinyl - CoA Methylmalonyl - CoA mutase to oxaloacetate Pyruvate carboxylase Aspartate transaminase Mitochondrial electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation Primary Complex I / NADH dehydrogenase Complex II / Succinate dehydrogenase Coenzyme Q Complex III / Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase Cytochrome c Complex IV / Cytochrome c oxidase Coenzyme Q10 synthesis : COQ2 COQ3 COQ4 COQ5 COQ6 COQ7 COQ9 COQ10A COQ10B PDSS1 PDSS2 Other Alternative oxidase Electron - transferring - flavoprotein dehydrogenase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electron_transport_chain&oldid=815125753 '' Categories : Cellular respiration Integral membrane proteins Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 22 : 27 . 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where was the perks of being a wallflower published
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The Perks of Being a Wallflower Author Stephen Chbosky Country United States Language English Genre Young adult / Epistolary Publisher Pocket Books ( original cover ) MTV Books ( movie cover version ) Publication date February 1 , 1999 Media type Print ( Paperback ) and Audiobook Pages 256 ( first edition paperback ) 224 ( regular edition paperback ) ISBN 0 - 671 - 02734 - 4 OCLC 40813072 Dewey Decimal 813 /. 54 21 + + + + + LC Class PS3553. H3469 P47 1999
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United States
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The Perks of Being a Wallflower
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the perks of being a wallflower
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The Perks of Being a Wallflower is a coming - of - age epistolary novel by American writer Stephen Chbosky which was first published on February 1 , 1999 , by Pocket Books . Set in the early 1990s , the novel follows Charlie , an introverted teenager , through his freshman year of high school in a Pittsburgh suburb . The novel details Charlie 's unconventional style of thinking as he navigates between the worlds of adolescence and adulthood , and attempts to deal with poignant questions spurred by his interactions with both his friends and family .
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Chbosky took five years to develop and publish The Perks of Being a Wallflower , creating the characters and other aspects of the story from his own memories . The novel addresses themes permeating adolescence , including introversion , sexuality , and drug use , while also making several references to other literary works , films , and pop culture in general . Although Chbosky 's first book was a commercial success , it was banned in some American schools for its content . In 2012 , he adapted and directed a film version starring Logan Lerman , Ezra Miller and Emma Watson . The film boosted the novel 's sales , and the book reached The New York Times Best Seller list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Background and writing 3 Style and themes 4 Publication and reception 5 Film adaptation 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The story begins with a quiet , sensitive 15 - year - old boy named Charlie writing letters about his life to an unknown recipient . Charlie chooses that person because he said that he heard the person was nice and thought that this person would not be judgmental . He discusses his first year at high school , grappling with two traumatic experiences from his past : the suicide of his only middle - school friend , Michael Dobson , a year before , and the death of his favorite aunt , Helen , during his early childhood . His English teacher , who encourages Charlie to call him Bill , notices Charlie 's passion for reading and writing , and acts as a mentor by assigning him extracurricular books and reports . Although he is a wallflower , Charlie is befriended by two seniors : Patrick and Sam . Patrick is secretly dating Brad , a closeted football player , and Sam is Patrick 's stepsister . Charlie quickly develops a crush on Sam and subsequently admits his feelings to her . It is revealed that Sam was sexually abused as a child , and she kisses Charlie to ensure that his first kiss is from someone who truly loves him . In parallel , Charlie witnesses his sister 's boyfriend hit her across the face , but she forbids him from telling their parents . He eventually mentions the occurrence to Bill , who tells Charlie 's parents about it . Charlie 's relationship with his sister rapidly deteriorates and she continues to see her boyfriend against her parents ' wishes . Eventually , he discovers that his sister is pregnant and agrees to bring her to an abortion clinic without telling anyone . His sister breaks up with her boyfriend , after which her and Charlie 's relationship begins to improve significantly . Charlie is accepted by Sam and Patrick 's group of friends and begins experimenting with tobacco , alcohol and other drugs . At a party Charlie trips on LSD . He can not control his flashbacks of Aunt Helen , who died in a car crash on her way to buy him a birthday gift . He ends up in the hospital after falling asleep in the snow . At a regular Rocky Horror Picture Show performance , Charlie is asked to fill in as Rocky for Sam 's boyfriend Craig , who is unavailable . Their friend Mary Elizabeth is impressed and asks Charlie to the Sadie Hawkins dance and they enter into a desultory relationship . The relationship ends , however , during a game of truth or dare when Charlie is dared to kiss the prettiest girl in the room . He kisses Sam , and Mary Elizabeth storms out of the room in response . Following this , Patrick suggests that Charlie stay away from Sam for a while , and the rest of the friend group shuns him . His flashbacks of Aunt Helen return . Patrick and Brad 's relationship is discovered by Brad 's abusive father , and Brad disappears from school for a few days . Upon returning , Brad is cold and mean towards Patrick , while Patrick attempts to reconnect with him . However , when Brad derogatorily attacks Patrick 's sexuality in public , Patrick physically attacks Brad until other football players join in and gang up on Patrick . Charlie joins in the fight to help Patrick , and breaks it up , regaining the respect of Sam and her friends . Patrick begins spending much of his time with Charlie and Patrick kisses Charlie impulsively and then apologizes , but Charlie understands that he is recovering from his romance with Brad . Soon Patrick sees Brad engaging with a stranger in the park and Patrick is able to move on from the relationship . As the school year ends , Charlie is anxious about losing his older friends -- especially Sam , who is leaving for a summer college - preparatory program and has learned that her boyfriend cheated on her . When Charlie helps her pack , they talk about his feelings for her ; she is angry that he never acted on them . They begin to engage sexually , but Charlie suddenly grows inexplicably uncomfortable and stops Sam . Charlie begins to realize that his sexual contact with Sam has stirred up repressed memories of him being molested by his Aunt Helen as a little boy . Charlie shows signs of PTSD from the incident and the revelation of his abuse helps the reader understand his view of relationships and love . In an epilogue , Charlie is discovered by his parents in a catatonic state and does not show any movement despite being hit reluctantly by his father . After being admitted to a mental hospital , it is revealed that Helen actually sexually abused him when he was young , and his love for her ( and empathy for her troubled youth ) caused him to repress his traumatic memories . This psychological damage explains his flashbacks and derealization phases throughout the book . In two months Charlie is released , and Sam and Patrick visit him . In the epilogue , Sam , Patrick and Charlie go through the tunnel again and Charlie stands up and exclaims that he felt infinite . Charlie eventually comes to terms with his past : `` Even if we do n't have the power to choose where we come from , we can still choose where we go from there '' . Charlie decides to `` participate '' in life , and his letter - writing ends . Background and writing ( edit ) Author Stephen Chbosky at the San Diego Comic - Con in 2006 Chbosky first conceived random ideas , including `` a kid standing up in a tunnel '' , a girl he likes , and parties he goes to . After five years with these elements in mind , he had the idea of writing the novel during a difficult period in his life . He was experiencing a `` bad breakup '' which led him to ask , `` Why good people let themselves get treated so badly ? '' The author tried to answer the question with the sentence `` we accept the love we think we deserve '' . This answer meant to be an advice to remark that one is in charge of one 's life as he is referring to `` not just romance love but also love of self , it 's love of your future , it 's the love you have for your life . '' The story began when Chbosky was in school , evolving from another book on which he was working . In that book he wrote the sentence , `` I guess that 's just one of the perks of being a wallflower '' , which led him to realize `` that somewhere in that ... was the kid I was really trying to find . '' Chbosky began writing the novel in the summer of 1996 while he was in college , and within ten weeks he completed the story . He rewrote it into two more drafts , concluding the published version in the summer of 1998 . Charlie , whom Chbosky has said is `` ( his ) hope in the form of a character '' , is loosely based on the author . In the novel , Chbosky included `` countless details '' from the time he lived in Pittsburgh . The other characters were `` pieces of real people in ( his ) life '' ; Chbosky focused on people 's struggles and what they are passionate about , attempting to `` home in ( on ) the essence of each . '' The characters of Sam and Patrick were an `` amalgamate and celebration '' of several people Chbosky has met ; Sam was based on girls who confided in him , and Patrick was `` all the kids I knew who were gay and finding their way to their own identity . '' Style and themes ( edit ) The idea of anonymous letters came from a real experience ; during his senior year in high school , Chbosky wrote an anonymous letter to Stewart Stern about how Rebel Without a Cause had influenced him . A year and a half later , Stern found Chbosky and became his mentor . By using a series of letters from Charlie to an anonymous character , Chbosky found `` the most intimate way '' to talk directly to the reader . He thought the letters would help him keep the story cohesive , `` to convey the highs and lows of being young -- one day , you 're on top of the world and you 've had the greatest of times '' . Critics have identified primary themes of teenage reality and nostalgia . According to David Edelstein of the New York Magazine , Chbosky captures the `` feeling you belong when among friends , yet you 'd soon be alone '' and notes that `` the pain of loss ... ( is ) almost as intense as the bliss ... it 's nostalgia with an emphasis on nostos , pain ( sic ) . '' Marty Beckerman of Word Riot says that The Perks of Being a Wallflower connects with young people because its scenes are `` so universal and happen to so many teenagers . '' Chbosky wanted to convey respect for teenagers , to `` validate and respect and celebrate what ( teenagers ) are going through every day '' , and said the novel is for `` anyone who 's felt like an outcast . '' Read by all ages , The Perks of Being a Wallflower is targeted at a teenage audience . The book addresses a range of themes dispassionately . These themes include drugs , friendship , body image , first love , suicide , eating disorders and sexuality . Chbosky appreciates the importance of entertainment in adolescence : `` Books , songs , and movies are more than entertainment when we 're young . They help all of us discover who we are , what we believe , and what we hope our life can be . '' As such , the book contains several cultural references across all mediums : musically the book references The Smiths and Fleetwood Mac , literarily the book references This Side of Paradise , On the Road , To Kill a Mockingbird and theatrically the book references The Rocky Horror Picture Show . Publication and reception ( edit ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower was first published on February 1 , 1999 by Pocket Books through its MTV Books imprint . It became the subsidiary 's best - selling book with 100,000 copies in print as of 2000 , and was included on school reading lists and gathered a cult following . Critical response was mixed ; Publishers Weekly called the novel `` trite '' , dealing with `` standard teenage issues '' in which `` Chbosky infuses a droning insistence on Charlie 's supersensitive disposition . '' Although Kirkus Review said it had `` the right combination of realism and uplift '' , the reviewer criticized Chbosky 's `` rip - off '' of J.D. Salinger 's The Catcher in the Rye . Although other reviewers made similar comparisons , Chbosky said he `` was not trying to mimic ( Salinger 's ) style as a writer '' ; he saw `` how readers could compare Charlie to Salinger 's Holden Caulfield '' , but `` they are very different people with unique problems and perspectives '' . Francisca Goldsmith of the School Library Journal said the novel `` cleverly '' makes the readers the recipients of Charlie 's letters , and it `` will engage teen readers for years to come . '' Common Sense Media 's Kate Pavao praised its relevant themes for teenagers : `` Readers will find themselves quickly feeling sorry for the protagonist and worrying about him throughout his transformative journey . '' For The A.V. Club , Marah Eakin wrote that although for an adult `` Perks suffers from an overabundance of pure , raw angst ... unlike some more arrested development - friendly young adult fare like Harry Potter , Perks speaks to a more specific age range and does it well . '' The Perks of Being a Wallflower has appeared six times on the American Library Association 's list of 10 most - frequently - challenged books for its content . A Wisconsin school board refused to ban the book , angering local parents , and the Glen Ellyn District 41 school board in suburban Chicago unanimously voted to reinstate the novel after it was removed from eighth - grade classrooms at Hadley Junior High School because of a parent 's objection to its sexual content . In an interview , Chbosky said that he knew of two school boards which have banned the book ( in Massachusetts and on Long Island ) . Since he `` did n't write it to be a controversial book , '' he was `` surprised '' by the bans . With the announcement of a film adaptation the novel received more attention ; it sales increased from 88,847 copies in 2011 to 425,933 in 2012 , and it reached the New York Times bestseller lists . It entered the Children 's Paperback Books category on the June 23 , 2012 list , and had 1.5 million copies in print in November 2012 . As of May 11 , 2014 it appeared on The New York Times top 10 list for the 71st non-consecutive week , and was in the top 15 on the November 23 list . The novel has been published in 16 countries in 13 languages . Perks has even been placed at number 15 on NPR 's list of the `` 100 Best - Ever Teen Novels '' , behind the likes of the Lord of the Rings series , the Harry Potter series , To Kill a Mockingbird , Fahrenheit 451 , the Catcher in the Rye , and other legendary titles . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( film ) Lerman , Watson , and Miller , the main actors in the film adaptation , played Charlie , Sam , and Patrick respectively Since he wrote The Perks of Being a Wallflower , Chbosky aspired to adapt it into a film , calling this `` a lifelong dream of mine '' . After the publication of the novel , the author said he received film offers , refusing them because he `` owed the fans a movie that was worthy of their love for the book '' . In 2010 Mr. Mudd began developing a film version , and the author was signed to write and direct the film by producers John Malkovich , Lianne Halfon and Russell Smith . The film , shot in the Pittsburgh area from May 9 to June 29 , 2011 , starred Logan Lerman as Charlie , Emma Watson as Sam , Ezra Miller as Patrick , and Nina Dobrev as Charlie 's sister , Candace . It premiered on September 8 , 2012 at the Toronto International Film Festival , and was released theatrically in the United States by Summit Entertainment on September 21 . According to Metacritic it has received `` generally favorable reviews '' , with an average of 67 out of 100 based on 36 reviews . Rotten Tomatoes reported an 85 % approval rate , based on 151 reviews . The film grossed over $33 million worldwide from a $13 million production budget . See also ( edit ) Repressed memory References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Beisch , Ann ( December 2001 ) . `` Interview with Stephen Chbosky , author of The Perks of Being a Wallflower '' . LA Youth . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Paperback Books - Best Sellers - The New York Times '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Surprise ! Interview with Perks of Being a Wallflower Stephen Chbosky '' . The Book Fever . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Aquino , Tara ( September 22 , 2012 ) . `` Interview : `` The Perks of Being A Wallflower '' Director Stephen Chbosky Talks Finding The Perfect Cast And Changing Teens ' Lives `` . Complex . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Durling , Roger ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower Q&A '' . Santa Barbara International Film Festival . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas , Edward ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Interview : Perks of Being a Wallflower Author / Director Stephen Chbosky '' . Comingsoon.net . CraveOnline . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Screenwriter and Novelist Stephen Chbosky : Rebel with a Cause '' . Script Magazine . September 21 , 2012 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ratcliff , Ashley ( February 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' The perks of being ' a filmmaker '' . Home Media Magazine . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ THEBIGFANBOY . `` THE PERKS OF BEING A WALLFLOWER - Interview with Stephen Chbosky ( Writer / Director ) '' . Youtube . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wertheimer , Linda ( September 23 , 2012 ) . `` ' Wallflower ' Film Puts Adolescence On Screen '' . NPR . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Edelstein , David ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` Freshman Disorientation '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Beckerman , Marty ( 2011 ) . `` An Interview with Stephen Chbosky '' . Word Riot . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Books for Your ' 90s Birth Year '' . Cosmopolitan . December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin ( July 8 , 2007 ) . `` Summer Reading Title Prompts Resistance From Parents , Not Students '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rooney , Chandra ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` AQ And A With Stephen Chbosky '' . Indigo Books and Music . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anguiano , Rosemary ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` Stephen Chbosky Interview : Author Sees His Characters Come To Life In ' Perks Of Being A Wallflower ' Movie '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Perks of being a Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky - review '' . The Guardian . July 22 , 2013 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bing , Jonathan ( October 4 , 2000 ) . `` ' Perks ' guy in pics ; Nerve racking up deals '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryzik , Melena . `` From Wizards to Wallflowers in the Suburbs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fiction Book Review : The Perks of Being a Wallflower '' . Publishers Weekly . February 1 , 1999 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky '' . Kirkus Review . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleishhacker , Joy ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower and Other Tales of Teen Angst and Alienation '' . School Library Journal . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eakin , Marah ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` How does the The Perks Of Being A Wallflower hold up to adult eyes ? '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Beckerman , Marty . `` An Interview with Stephen Chbosky '' . Word Riot . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently challenged books of the 21st century '' . American Library Association . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Perks Of Being A Wallflower ' Glen Ellyn Book Ban Busted By Judy Blume 's Intervention '' . The Huffington Post . November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ CalPoly . `` Stephen Chbosky on the Perks of Being a Wallflower '' . Youtube . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lodge , Sally ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` New Data on the Impact of YA Franchises to Be Unveiled at Nielsen Summit '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Olsen , Mark ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Perks of Being a Wallflower ' steadily blossoms '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Paperpack Books Best Sellers - June 23 , 2012 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Young Adult Best Sellers - May 11 , 2014 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Young Adult Best Sellers - November 23 , 2014 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( September 11 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Perks of Being a Wallflower ' ( 2012 ) Movie Review '' . Ropeofsilicon.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Your Favorites : 100 Best - Ever Teen Novels '' . NPR.org . National Public Radio . August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( May 19 , 2010 ) . `` Watson , Lerman in talks for ' Perks ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Filming In Pittsburgh Wants To Make Your Car A Star '' . WPXI. April 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Amy ( August 17 , 2012 ) . `` Emma Watson , Logan Lerman Take Us Inside ' Perks Of Being A Wallflower ' '' . MTV . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nina Dobrev on the red carpet at The Perks of Being a Wallflower premiere '' . Tribute . September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutThe Perks of Being a Wallflowerat Wikipedia 's sister projects Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata The Perks of Being a Wallflower official website Free download at archive.org Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Perks_of_Being_a_Wallflower&oldid=797536594 '' Categories : 1991 in fiction 1992 in fiction 1999 American novels American LGBT novels American novels adapted into films American young adult novels Coming - of - age fiction Debut novels Epistolary novels Novels with gay themes Novels set in Pittsburgh Novels set in the 1990s American bildungsromans Child sexual abuse in literature Mental illness in fiction Pocket Books books Novels by Stephen Chbosky Hidden categories : Good articles Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikiquote العربية বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Кыргызча 日本 語 Norsk Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 17 : 53 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Perks%20of%20Being%20a%20Wallflower
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why is it called latin and not roman
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Latin was originally spoken in Latium , in the Italian Peninsula . Through the power of the Roman Republic , it became the dominant language , initially in Italy and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire . Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages , such as Italian , Portuguese , Spanish , French , and Romanian . Latin and French have contributed many words to the English language . Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology , biology , and medicine .
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originally spoken in Latium , in the Italian Peninsula
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Latin
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latin
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Latin ( Latin : lingua latīna , IPA : ( ˈlɪŋɡwa laˈtiːna ) ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo - European languages . The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets , and ultimately from the Phoenician alphabet .
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Latin was originally spoken in Latium , in the Italian Peninsula . Through the power of the Roman Republic , it became the dominant language , initially in Italy and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire . Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages , such as Italian , Portuguese , Spanish , French , and Romanian . Latin and French have contributed many words to the English language . Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology , biology , and medicine . By the late Roman Republic ( 75 BC ) , Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin . Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence . Late Latin is the written language from the 3rd century , and Medieval Latin the language used from the 9th century to the Renaissance which used Renaissance Latin . Later , Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved . Latin was used as the language of international communication , scholarship , and science until well into the 18th century , when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars . Ecclesiastical Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church . Today , many students , scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently as a liturgical language . It is taught in primary , secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world . Latin is a highly inflected language , with three distinct genders , seven noun cases , four verb conjugations , four verb principal parts , six tenses , three persons , three moods , two voices , two aspects and two numbers . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Old Latin 1.2 Classical Latin 1.3 Vulgar Latin 1.4 Medieval Latin 1.5 Renaissance Latin 1.6 New Latin 1.7 Contemporary Latin 2 Legacy 2.1 Inscriptions 2.2 Literature 2.3 Influence on present - day languages 2.4 Education 2.5 Official status 3 Phonology 3.1 Consonants 3.2 Vowels 3.2. 1 Simple vowels 3.2. 2 Diphthongs 4 Orthography 4.1 Alternate scripts 5 Grammar 5.1 Nouns 5.2 Adjectives 5.2. 1 First - and second - declension adjectives 5.2. 2 Third - declension adjectives 5.2. 3 Participles 5.3 Prepositions 5.4 Verbs 5.4. 1 Deponent verbs 6 Vocabulary 7 Phrases 8 Numbers 9 Example text 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links 13.1 Language tools 13.2 Courses 13.3 Grammar and study 13.4 Phonetics 13.5 Latin language news and audio 13.6 Latin language online communities History ( edit ) Main article : History of Latin The linguistic landscape of Central Italy at the beginning of Roman expansion A number of historical phases of the language have been recognised , each distinguished by subtle differences in vocabulary , usage , spelling , morphology , and syntax . There are no hard and fast rules of classification ; different scholars emphasise different features . As a result , the list has variants , as well as alternative names . In addition to the historical phases , Ecclesiastical Latin refers to the styles used by the writers of the Roman Catholic Church as well as by Protestant scholars from Late Antiquity onward . After the Western Roman Empire fell in 476 , and Germanic kingdoms took its place , the Germanic people adopted Latin as a language more suitable for legal and other formal uses . Old Latin ( edit ) Main article : Old Latin The earliest known form of Latin is Old Latin , which was spoken from the Roman Kingdom to the middle of the Roman Republic period . It is attested both in inscriptions and in some of the earliest extant Latin literary works , such as the comedies of Plautus and Terence . The Latin alphabet was devised from the Etruscan alphabet . The writing later changed from an initial right - to - left or boustrophedon to a left - to - right script . Classical Latin ( edit ) Main article : Classical Latin During the late republic and into the first years of the empire , a new Classical Latin arose , a conscious creation of the orators , poets , historians and other literate men , who wrote the great works of classical literature , which were taught in grammar and rhetoric schools . Today 's instructional grammars trace their roots to such schools , which served as a sort of informal language academy dedicated to maintaining and perpetuating educated speech . Vulgar Latin ( edit ) Main articles : Vulgar Latin and Late Latin Philological analysis of Archaic Latin works , such as those of Plautus , which contain snippets of everyday speech , indicates that a spoken language , Vulgar Latin ( termed sermo vulgi , `` the speech of the masses '' , by Cicero ) , existed concurrently with literate Classical Latin . The informal language was rarely written , so philologists have been left with only individual words and phrases cited by classical authors and those found as graffiti . As it was free to develop on its own , there is no reason to suppose that the speech was uniform either diachronically or geographically . On the contrary , romanised European populations developed their own dialects of the language , which eventually led to the differentiation of Romance languages . The Decline of the Roman Empire meant a deterioration in educational standards that brought about Late Latin , a postclassical stage of the language seen in Christian writings of the time . It was more in line with everyday speech , not only because of a decline in education but also because of a desire to spread the word to the masses . Despite dialectal variation , which is found in any widespread language , the languages of Spain , France , Portugal , and Italy retained a remarkable unity in phonological forms and developments , bolstered by the stabilising influence of their common Christian ( Roman Catholic ) culture . It was not until the Moorish conquest of Spain in 711 cut off communications between the major Romance regions that the languages began to diverge seriously . The Vulgar Latin dialect that would later become Romanian diverged somewhat more from the other varieties , as it was largely cut off from the unifying influences in the western part of the Empire . One key marker of whether a Romance feature was in Vulgar Latin is to compare it with its parallel in Classical Latin . If it was not preferred in Classical Latin , then it most likely came from the undocumented contemporaneous Vulgar Latin . For example , the Romance for `` horse '' ( Italian cavallo , French cheval , Spanish caballo , Portuguese cavalo and Romanian cal ) came from Latin caballus . However , Classical Latin used equus . Therefore caballus was most likely the spoken form . Vulgar Latin began to diverge into distinct languages by the 9th century at the latest , when the earliest extant Romance writings begin to appear . They were , throughout the period , confined to everyday speech , as Medieval Latin was used for writing . Medieval Latin ( edit ) Main article : Medieval Latin The Latin Malmesbury Bible from 1407 . Medieval Latin is the written Latin in use during that portion of the postclassical period when no corresponding Latin vernacular existed . The spoken language had developed into the various incipient Romance languages ; however , in the educated and official world Latin continued without its natural spoken base . Moreover , this Latin spread into lands that had never spoken Latin , such as the Germanic and Slavic nations . It became useful for international communication between the member states of the Holy Roman Empire and its allies . Without the institutions of the Roman empire that had supported its uniformity , medieval Latin lost its linguistic cohesion : for example , in classical Latin sum and eram are used as auxiliary verbs in the perfect and pluperfect passive , which are compound tenses . Medieval Latin might use fui and fueram instead . Furthermore , the meanings of many words have been changed and new vocabularies have been introduced from the vernacular . Identifiable individual styles of classically incorrect Latin prevail . Renaissance Latin ( edit ) Main article : Renaissance Latin Most 15th century printed books ( incunabula ) were in Latin , with the vernacular languages playing only a secondary role . The Renaissance briefly reinforced the position of Latin as a spoken language by its adoption by the Renaissance Humanists . Often led by members of the clergy , they were shocked by the accelerated dismantling of the vestiges of the classical world and the rapid loss of its literature . They strove to preserve what they could and restore Latin to what it had been and introduced the practice of producing revised editions of the literary works that remained by comparing surviving manuscripts . By no later than the 15th century they had replaced Medieval Latin with versions supported by the scholars of the rising universities , who attempted , by scholarship , to discover what the classical language had been . New Latin ( edit ) Main article : New Latin During the Early Modern Age , Latin still was the most important language of culture in Europe . Therefore , until the end of the 17th century the majority of books and almost all diplomatic documents were written in Latin . Afterwards , most diplomatic documents were written in French and later just native or other languages . Contemporary Latin ( edit ) Main article : Contemporary Latin The signs at Wallsend Metro station are in English and Latin as a tribute to Wallsend 's role as one of the outposts of the Roman Empire . The largest organisation that retains Latin in official and quasi-official contexts is the Catholic Church . Latin remains the language of the Roman Rite ; the Tridentine Mass is celebrated in Latin . Although the Mass of Paul VI is usually celebrated in the local vernacular language , it can be and often is said in Latin , in part or whole , especially at multilingual gatherings . It is the official language of the Holy See , the primary language of its public journal , the Acta Apostolicae Sedis , and the working language of the Roman Rota . Vatican City is also home to the world 's only automatic teller machine that gives instructions in Latin . In the pontifical universities postgraduate courses of Canon law are taught in Latin , and papers are written in the same language . In the Anglican Church , after the publication of the Book of Common Prayer of 1559 , a Latin edition was published in 1560 for use at universities such as Oxford and the leading `` public schools '' ( English private academies ) , where the liturgy was still permitted to be conducted in Latin and there have been several Latin translations since . Most recently , a Latin edition of the 1979 USA Anglican Book of Common Prayer has appeared . Some films of ancient settings , such as Sebastiane and The Passion of the Christ , have been made with dialogue in Latin for the sake of realism . Occasionally , Latin dialogue is used because of its association with religion or philosophy , in such film / television series as The Exorcist and Lost ( `` Jughead '' ) . Subtitles are usually shown for the benefit of those who do not understand Latin . There are also songs written with Latin lyrics . The libretto for the opera - oratorio Oedipus rex ( opera ) by Igor Stravinsky is in Latin . Switzerland adopts the country 's Latin short name Helvetia on coins and stamps since there is no room to use all of the nation 's four official languages . For a similar reason , it adopted the international vehicle and internet code CH , which stands for Confoederatio Helvetica , the country 's full Latin name . The polyglot European Union has adopted Latin names in the logos of some of its institutions for the sake of linguistic compromise , an `` ecumenical nationalism '' common to most of the continent and as a sign of the continent 's heritage ( such as the EU Council : Consilium ) Many organizations today have Latin mottos , such as `` Semper paratus '' ( always ready ) , the motto of the United States Coast Guard , and `` Semper fidelis '' ( always faithful ) , the motto of the United States Marine Corps . Several of the states of the United States also have Latin mottos , such as `` Qui transtulit sustinet '' ( `` He who transplanted still sustains '' ) , the state motto of Connecticut ; `` Ad astra per aspera '' ( `` To the stars through hardships '' ) , that of Kansas ; `` Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam , circumspice '' ( `` If you seek a pleasant peninsula , look about you '' ) , that of Michigan ; `` Salus populi suprema lex esto '' ( `` The health of the people should be the highest law '' ) , that of Missouri ; `` Esse quam videri '' ( To be rather than to seem ) , that of North Carolina ; `` Sic semper tyrannis '' ( Thus always for tyrants ) , that of Virginia ; and `` Montani semper liberi '' ( Mountaineers are always free ) , that of West Virginia . Another Latin motto is `` Per ardua ad astra '' ( Through adversity / struggle to the stars ) , the motto of the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . Some schools adopt Latin mottos , for example Harvard University 's motto is `` Veritas '' meaning ( truth ) . Veritas was the goddess of truth , a daughter of Saturn , and the mother of Virtue . Similarly Canada 's motto `` A mari usque ad mare '' ( from sea to sea ) and most provincial mottos are also in Latin ( British Columbia 's is Splendor Sine Occasu ( splendor without diminishment ) ) . Occasionally , some media outlets broadcast in Latin , which is targeted at enthusiasts . Notable examples include Radio Bremen in Germany , YLE radio in Finland , and Vatican Radio & Television , all of which broadcast news segments and other material in Latin . There are many websites and forums maintained in Latin by enthusiasts . The Latin Wikipedia has more than 100,000 articles written in Latin . Latin is taught in many high schools , especially in Europe and the Americas . It is most common in British public schools and grammar schools , the Italian liceo classico and liceo scientifico , the German Humanistisches Gymnasium and the Dutch gymnasium . In the United States , it is taught in Baltimore City College , Boston Latin Academy , Boston Latin School , Brooklyn Latin School , Central High School of Philadelphia , English High School of Boston , Norwell High School ( Massachusetts ) , Oak Hall School , and many other public and private schools . Legacy ( edit ) The language has been passed down through various forms . Inscriptions ( edit ) Some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed , monumental , multivolume series , the `` Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum ( CIL ) '' . Authors and publishers vary , but the format is about the same : volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance and relevant information . The reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy . About 270,000 inscriptions are known . Literature ( edit ) Julius Caesar 's Commentarii de Bello Gallico is one of the most famous classical Latin texts of the Golden Age of Latin . The unvarnished , journalistic style of this patrician general has long been taught as a model of the urbane Latin officially spoken and written in the floruit of the Roman Republic . The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part , in substantial works or in fragments to be analyzed in philology . They are in part the subject matter of the field of classics . Their works were published in manuscript form before the invention of printing and are now published in carefully annotated printed editions , such as the Loeb Classical Library , published by Harvard University Press , or the Oxford Classical Texts , published by Oxford University Press . Latin translations of modern literature such as The Hobbit , Treasure Island , Robinson Crusoe , Paddington Bear , Winnie the Pooh , The Adventures of Tintin , Asterix , Harry Potter , Walter the Farting Dog , Le Petit Prince , Max and Moritz , How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! , The Cat in the Hat , and a book of fairy tales , `` fabulae mirabiles , '' are intended to garner popular interest in the language . Additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin , such as Meissner 's Latin Phrasebook . Influence on present - day languages ( edit ) The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development . In the Middle Ages , borrowing from Latin occurred from ecclesiastical usage established by Saint Augustine of Canterbury in the 6th century or indirectly after the Norman Conquest , through the Anglo - Norman language . From the 16th to the 18th centuries , English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words , dubbed `` inkhorn terms '' , as if they had spilled from a pot of ink . Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten , but some useful ones survived , such as ' imbibe ' and ' extrapolate ' . Many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French . Romance words make respectively 59 % , 20 % and 14 % of English , German and Dutch vocabularies . Those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included . The influence of Roman governance and Roman technology on the less - developed nations under Roman dominion led to the adoption of Latin phraseology in some specialized areas , such as science , technology , medicine , and law . For example , the Linnaean system of plant and animal classification was heavily influenced by Historia Naturalis , an encyclopedia of people , places , plants , animals , and things published by Pliny the Elder . Roman medicine , recorded in the works of such physicians as Galen , established that today 's medical terminology would be primarily derived from Latin and Greek words , the Greek being filtered through the Latin . Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole . Latin law principles have survived partly in a long list of Latin legal terms . A few international auxiliary languages have been heavily influenced by Latin . Interlingua is sometimes considered a simplified , modern version of the language . Latino sine Flexione , popular in the early 20th century , is Latin with its inflections stripped away , among other grammatical changes . One study analyzing the degree of differentiation of Romance languages in comparison to Latin ( comparing phonology , inflection , discourse , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation ) indicated the following percentages ( the higher the percentage , the greater the distance from Latin ) : Sardinian 8 % , Italian 12 % , Spanish 20 % , Romanian 23.5 % , Occitan 25 % , Portuguese 31 % , and French 44 % . Education ( edit ) A multivolume Latin dictionary in the University Library of Graz . Throughout European history , an education in the classics was considered crucial for those who wished to join literate circles . Instruction in Latin is an essential aspect . In today 's world , a large number of Latin students in the US learn from Wheelock 's Latin : The Classic Introductory Latin Course , Based on Ancient Authors . This book , first published in 1956 , was written by Frederic M. Wheelock , who received a PhD from Harvard University . Wheelock 's Latin has become the standard text for many American introductory Latin courses . The Living Latin movement attempts to teach Latin in the same way that living languages are taught , as a means of both spoken and written communication . It is available at the Vatican and at some institutions in the US , such as the University of Kentucky and Iowa State University . The British Cambridge University Press is a major supplier of Latin textbooks for all levels , such as the Cambridge Latin Course series . It has also published a subseries of children 's texts in Latin by Bell & Forte , which recounts the adventures of a mouse called Minimus . Latin and Ancient Greek at Duke University , 2014 . In the United Kingdom , the Classical Association encourages the study of antiquity through various means , such as publications and grants . The University of Cambridge , the Open University , a number of prestigious independent schools , for example Eton , Harrow , Haberdashers ' Aske 's Boys ' School and Via Facilis , a London - based charity , run Latin courses . In the United States and in Canada , the American Classical League supports every effort to further the study of classics . Its subsidiaries include the National Junior Classical League ( with more than 50,000 members ) , which encourages high school students to pursue the study of Latin , and the National Senior Classical League , which encourages students to continue their study of the classics into college . The league also sponsors the National Latin Exam . Classicist Mary Beard wrote in The Times Literary Supplement in 2006 that the reason for learning Latin is because of what was written in it . Official status ( edit ) Latin was or is the official language of European states : Holy See -- used in the diocese , with Italian being the official language of Vatican City Hungary - Latin was the sole official language of the Kingdom of Hungary from the 11th century to the mid 19th century , when it was replaced by Hungarian in 1844 . The best known Latin language poet originating from Hungary was Janus Pannonius . Croatia -- Latin was the official language of Croatian Parliament ( Sabor ) from the 13th to the 19th century ( 1847 ) . The oldest preserved records of the parliamentary sessions ( Congregatio Regni totius Sclavonie generalis ) -- held in Zagreb ( Zagabria ) , Croatia -- date from 19 April 1273 . An extensive Croatian Latin literature exists . Poland , Kingdom of Poland -- officially recognised and widely used between the 10th and 18th centuries , commonly used in foreign relations and popular as a second language among some of the nobility Phonology ( edit ) Main article : Latin spelling and pronunciation The ancient pronunciation of Latin has been reconstructed ; among the data used for reconstruction are explicit statements about pronunciation by ancient authors , misspellings , puns , ancient etymologies , and the spelling of Latin loanwords in other languages . Consonants ( edit ) The consonant phonemes of Classical Latin are shown in the following table : Labial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal plain labial Plosive voiced d ɡ ɡw voiceless p k kw Fricative voiced z voiceless f s h Nasal m n ( ŋ ) Rhotic r Approximant l j w In Old and Classical Latin , the Latin alphabet had no distinction between uppercase and lowercase , and the letters ⟨ JUW ⟩ did not exist . In place of ⟨ JU ⟩ , ⟨ IV ⟩ were used . ⟨ IV ⟩ represented both vowels and consonants . Most of the letterforms were similar to modern uppercase , as can be seen in the inscription from the Colosseum shown at the top of the article . The spelling systems used in Latin dictionaries and modern editions of Latin texts , however , normally use ⟨ iu ⟩ in place of Classical - era ⟨ iv ⟩ . Some systems use ⟨ jv ⟩ for the consonant sounds / jw / except in the combinations ⟨ gu su qu ⟩ for which ⟨ v ⟩ is never used . Some notes concerning the mapping of Latin phonemes to English graphemes are given below : Notes Latin grapheme Latin phone English examples ⟨ c ⟩ , ⟨ k ⟩ ( k ) Always hard as k in sky , never soft as in central , cello , or social ⟨ t ⟩ ( t ) As t in stay , never as t in nation ⟨ s ⟩ ( s ) As s in say , never as s in rise or issue ⟨ g ⟩ ( ɡ ) Always hard as g in good , never soft as g in gem ( ŋ ) Before ⟨ n ⟩ , as ng in sing ⟨ n ⟩ ( n ) As n in man ( ŋ ) Before ⟨ c ⟩ , ⟨ x ⟩ , and ⟨ g ⟩ , as ng in sing ⟨ l ⟩ ( l ) When doubled ⟨ ll ⟩ and before ⟨ i ⟩ , as clear l in link ( l exilis ) ( ɫ ) In all other positions , as dark l in bowl ( l pinguis ) ⟨ qu ⟩ ( kw ) Similar to qu in quick , never as qu in antique ⟨ u ⟩ ( w ) Sometimes at the beginning of a syllable , or after ⟨ g ⟩ and ⟨ s ⟩ , as w in wine , never as v in vine ⟨ i ⟩ ( j ) Sometimes at the beginning of a syllable , as y in yard , never as j in just ( jj ) Doubled between vowels , as yy in toy yacht ⟨ x ⟩ ( ks ) A letter representing ⟨ c ⟩ + ⟨ s ⟩ : as x in English axe , never as x in example In Classical Latin , as in modern Italian , double consonant letters were pronounced as long consonant sounds distinct from short versions of the same consonants . Thus the nn in Classical Latin annus , year , ( and in Italian / anno / ) is pronounced as a doubled / nn / as in English unnamed . ( In English , distinctive consonant length or doubling occurs only at the boundary between two words or morphemes , as in that example . ) Vowels ( edit ) Simple vowels ( edit ) Front Central Back Close iː ɪ ʊ uː Mid eː ɛ ɔ oː Open a aː In Classical Latin , ⟨ U ⟩ did not exist as a letter distinct from V ; the written form ⟨ V ⟩ was used to represent both a vowel and a consonant . ⟨ Y ⟩ was adopted to represent upsilon in loanwords from Greek , but it was pronounced like ⟨ u ⟩ and ⟨ i ⟩ by some speakers . It was also used in native Latin words by confusion with Greek words of similar meaning , such as sylva and ὕλη . Classical Latin distinguished between long and short vowels . Then , long vowels , except for ⟨ I ⟩ , were frequently marked using the apex , which was sometimes similar to an acute accent ⟨ Á É Ó V́ Ý ⟩ . Long / iː / was written using a taller version of ⟨ I ⟩ , called i longa `` long I '' : ⟨ ꟾ ⟩ . In modern texts , long vowels are often indicated by a macron ⟨ ā ē ī ō ū ⟩ , and short vowels are usually unmarked except when it is necessary to distinguish between words , when they are marked with a breve : ⟨ ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ ⟩ . Long vowels in Classical Latin were pronounced with a different quality from short vowels and also were longer . The difference is described in table below : Pronunciation of Latin vowels Latin grapheme Latin phone modern examples ⟨ a ⟩ ( a ) similar to u in cut when short ( aː ) similar to a in father when long ⟨ e ⟩ ( ɛ ) as e in pet when short ( eː ) similar to ey in they when long ⟨ i ⟩ ( ɪ ) as i in sit when short ( iː ) similar to i in machine when long ⟨ o ⟩ ( ɔ ) as o in sort when short ( oː ) similar to o in holy when long ⟨ u ⟩ ( ʊ ) similar to u in put when short ( uː ) similar to u in true when long ⟨ y ⟩ ( ʏ ) as in German Stück when short ( or as short u or i ) ( yː ) as in German früh when long ( or as long u or i ) A vowel letter followed by ⟨ m ⟩ at the end of a word , or a vowel letter followed by ⟨ n ⟩ before ⟨ s ⟩ or ⟨ f ⟩ , represented a long nasal vowel , as in monstrum / mõːstrũː / . Diphthongs ( edit ) Classical Latin had several diphthongs . The two most common were ⟨ ae au ⟩ . ⟨ oe ⟩ was fairly rare , and ⟨ ui eu ei ou ⟩ were very rare , at least in native Latin words . The sequences sometimes did not represent diphthongs . ⟨ ae ⟩ and ⟨ oe ⟩ also represented a sequence of two vowels in different syllables in aēnus ( aˈeː. nʊs ) `` of bronze '' and coēpit ( kɔˈeː. pɪt ) `` began '' , and ⟨ au ui eu ei ou ⟩ represented sequences of two vowels or of a vowel and one of the semivowels / jw / , in cavē ( ˈka. weː ) `` beware ! '' , cuius ( ˈkʊj. jʊs ) `` whose '' , monuī ( ˈmɔn. ʊ. iː ) `` I warned '' , solvī ( ˈsɔɫ. wiː ) `` I released '' , dēlēvī ( deːˈleː. wiː ) `` I destroyed '' , eius ( ˈɛj. jʊs ) `` his '' , and novus ( ˈnɔ. wʊs ) `` new '' . Old Latin had more diphthongs , but most of them changed into long vowels in Classical Latin . The Old Latin diphthong ⟨ ai ⟩ and the sequence ⟨ āī ⟩ became Classical ⟨ ae ⟩. Old Latin ⟨ oi ⟩ and ⟨ ou ⟩ changed to Classical ⟨ ū ⟩ , except in a few words whose ⟨ oi ⟩ became Classical ⟨ oe ⟩ . These two developments sometimes occurred in different words from the same root : for instance , Classical poena `` punishment '' and pūnīre `` to punish '' . Early Old Latin ⟨ ei ⟩ usually changed to Classical ⟨ ī ⟩ . In Vulgar Latin and the Romance languages , ⟨ ae au oe ⟩ merged with ⟨ e ō ē ⟩ . A similar pronunciation also existed during the Classical Latin period for less - educated speakers . Diphthongs classified by beginning sound Front Back Close ui / ui̯ / Mid ei / ei̯ / eu / eu̯ / oe / oe̯ / ou / ou̯ / Open ae / ae̯ / au / au̯ / Orthography ( edit ) Main article : Latin alphabet The Duenos Inscription , from the 6th century BC , is one of the earliest known Old Latin texts . Latin was written in the Latin alphabet , derived from the Old Italic script , which was in turn drawn from the Greek alphabet and ultimately the Phoenician alphabet . This alphabet has continued to be used over the centuries as the script for the Romance , Celtic , Germanic , Baltic , Finnic , and many Slavic languages ( Polish , Slovak , Slovene , Croatian and Czech ) ; and it has been adopted by many languages around the world , including Vietnamese , the Austronesian languages , many Turkic languages , and most languages in sub-Saharan Africa , the Americas , and Oceania , making it by far the world 's single most widely used writing system . The number of letters in the Latin alphabet has varied . When it was first derived from the Etruscan alphabet , it contained only 21 letters . Later , G was added to represent / ɡ / , which had previously been spelled C , and Z ceased to be included in the alphabet , as the language then had no voiced alveolar fricative . The letters Y and Z were later added to represent Greek letters , upsilon and zeta respectively , in Greek loanwords . W was created in the 11th century from VV . It represented / w / in Germanic languages , not Latin , which still uses V for the purpose . J was distinguished from the original I only during the late Middle Ages , as was the letter U from V. Although some Latin dictionaries use J , it is rarely used for Latin text , as it was not used in classical times , but many other languages use it . Classical Latin did not contain sentence punctuation , letter case , or interword spacing , but apices were sometimes used to distinguish length in vowels and the interpunct was used at times to separate words . The first line of Catullus 3 , originally written as LV́GÉTEÓVENERÉSCVPÍDINÉSQVE ( `` Mourn , O Venuses and Cupids '' ) or with interpunct as LV́GÉTE Ó VENERÉS CVPÍDINÉSQVE would be rendered in a modern edition as Lugete , o Veneres Cupidinesque or with macrons Lūgēte , ō Venerēs Cupīdinēsque . A replica of the Old Roman Cursive inspired by the Vindolanda tablets , the oldest surviving handwritten documents in Britain . The Roman cursive script is commonly found on the many wax tablets excavated at sites such as forts , an especially extensive set having been discovered at Vindolanda on Hadrian 's Wall in Britain . Curiously enough , most of the Vindolanda tablets show spaces between words , but spaces were avoided in monumental inscriptions from that era . Alternate scripts ( edit ) Occasionally , Latin has been written in other scripts : The Praeneste fibula is a 7th - century BC pin with an Old Latin inscription written using the Etruscan script . The rear panel of the early 8th - century Franks Casket has an inscription that switches from Old English in Anglo - Saxon runes to Latin in Latin script and to Latin in runes . Grammar ( edit ) Main articles : Latin grammar and Latin syntax Latin is a synthetic , fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology . In more traditional terminology , it is an inflected language , but typologists are apt to say `` inflecting '' . Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word . The fusion of root meaning and markers produces very compact sentence elements : amō , `` I love , '' is produced from a semantic element , ama - , `` love , '' to which - ō , a first person singular marker , is suffixed . The grammatical function can be changed by changing the markers : the word is `` inflected '' to express different grammatical functions , but the semantic element does not change . ( Inflection uses affixing and infixing . Affixing is prefixing and suffixing . Latin inflections are never prefixed . ) For example , amābit , `` he or she or it will love '' , is formed from the same stem , amā - , to which a future tense marker , - bi - , is suffixed , and a third person singular marker , - t , is suffixed . There is an inherent ambiguity : - t may denote more than one grammatical category : masculine , feminine , or neuter gender . A major task in understanding Latin phrases and clauses is to clarify such ambiguities by an analysis of context . All natural languages contain ambiguities of one sort or another . The inflections express gender , number , and case in adjectives , nouns , and pronouns , a process called declension . Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs , to denote person , number , tense , voice , mood , and aspect , a process called conjugation . Some words are uninflected and undergo neither process , such as adverbs , prepositions , and interjections . Nouns ( edit ) Main article : Latin declension A regular Latin noun belongs to one of five main declensions , a group of nouns with similar inflected forms . The declensions are identified by the genitive singular form of the noun . The first declension , with a predominant ending letter of a , is signified by the genitive singular ending of - ae . The second declension , with a predominant ending letter of o , is signified by the genitive singular ending of - i . The third declension , with a predominant ending letter of i , is signified by the genitive singular ending of - is . The fourth declension , with a predominant ending letter of u , is signified by the genitive singular ending of - ūs . The fifth declension , with a predominant ending letter of e , is signified by the genitive singular ending of - ei . There are seven Latin noun cases , which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun 's syntactic role in the sentence by means of inflections . Thus , word order is not as important in Latin as it is in English , which is less inflected . The general structure and word order of a Latin sentence can therefore vary . The cases are as follows : Nominative -- used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative . The thing or person acting : the girl ran : puella cucurrit , or cucurrit puella Genitive -- used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object : `` the horse of the man '' , or `` the man 's horse '' ; in both instances , the word man would be in the genitive case when it is translated into Latin ) . It also indicates the partitive , in which the material is quantified : `` a group of people '' ; `` a number of gifts '' : people and gifts would be in the genitive case ) . Some nouns are genitive with special verbs and adjectives : The cup is full of wine . Poculum plēnum vīnī est . The master of the slave had beaten him . Dominus servī eum verberāverat . Dative -- used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence , with special verbs , with certain prepositions , and if it is used as agent , reference , or even possessor : The merchant hands the stola to the woman . Mercātor fēminae stolam trādit . ) Accusative -- used when the noun is the direct object of the subject and as the object of a preposition demonstrating place to which. : The man killed the boy . Vir necāvit puerum . Ablative -- used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source , cause , agent or instrument or when the noun is used as the object of certain prepositions ; adverbial : You walked with the boy . Cum puerō ambulāvistī . Vocative -- used when the noun is used in a direct address . The vocative form of a noun is often the same as the nominative , but exceptions include second - declension nouns ending in - us . The - us becomes an - e in the vocative singular . If it ends in - ius ( such as fīlius ) , the ending is just - ī ( filī ) , as distinct from the nominative plural ( filiī ) in the vocative singular : `` Master ! '' shouted the slave . `` Domine ! '' clāmāvit servus . Locative -- used to indicate a location ( corresponding to the English `` in '' or `` at '' ) . It is far less common than the other six cases of Latin nouns and usually applies to cities and small towns and islands along with a few common nouns , such as the word domus ( house ) . In the singular of the first and second declensions , its form coincides with the genitive ( Roma becomes Romae , `` in Rome '' ) . In the plural of all declensions and the singular of the other declensions , it coincides with the ablative ( Athēnae becomes Athēnīs , `` at Athens '' ) . In the fourth - declension word domus , the locative form , domī ( `` at home '' ) differs from the standard form of all other cases . Latin lacks both definite and indefinite articles so puer currit can mean either `` the boy is running '' or `` a boy is running '' . Adjectives ( edit ) Main article : Latin declension There are two types of regular Latin adjectives : first - and second - declension and third - declension . They are so - called because their forms are similar or identical to first - and second - declension and third - declension nouns , respectively . Latin adjectives also have comparative ( more -- , - er ) and superlative ( most -- , est ) forms . There are also a number of Latin participles . Latin numbers are sometimes declined . See Numbers below . First - and second - declension adjectives ( edit ) First - and second - declension adjectives are declined like first - declension nouns for the feminine forms and like second - declension nouns for the masculine and neuter forms . For example , for mortuus , mortua , mortuum ( dead ) , mortua is declined like a regular first - declension noun ( such as puella ( girl ) ) , mortuus is declined like a regular second - declension masculine noun ( such as dominus ( lord , master ) ) , and mortuum is declined like a regular second - declension neuter noun ( such as auxilium ( help ) ) . First - and second - declension - er adjectives Some first - and second - declension adjectives have an - er as the masculine nominative singular form and are declined like regular first - and second - declension adjectives . Some but not all adjectives keep the e for all of the forms . Third - declension adjectives ( edit ) Third - declension adjectives are mostly declined like normal third - declension nouns , with a few exceptions . In the plural nominative neuter , for example , the ending is - ia ( omnia ( all , everything ) ) , and for third - declension nouns , the plural nominative neuter ending is - a or - ia ( capita ( heads ) , animalia ( animals ) ) They can have one , two or three forms for the masculine , feminine , and neuter nominative singular . Participles ( edit ) Latin participles , like English participles , are formed from a verb . There are a few main types of participles : Present Active Participles , Perfect Passive Participles , Future Active Participles , and Future Passive Participles . Prepositions ( edit ) Latin sometimes uses prepositions , depending on the type of prepositional phrase being used . Prepositions can take two cases for their object : the accusative ( `` apud puerum '' ( with the boy ) , with `` puerum '' being the accusative form of `` puer '' , boy ) and the ablative ( `` sine puero '' ( without the boy ) , `` puero '' being the ablative form of `` puer '' , boy ) . Verbs ( edit ) Main article : Latin conjugation A regular verb in Latin belongs to one of four main conjugations . A conjugation is `` a class of verbs with similar inflected forms . '' The conjugations are identified by the last letter of the verb 's present stem . The present stem can be found by omitting the - re ( - rī in deponent verbs ) ending from the present infinitive form . The infinitive of the first conjugation ends in - ā - re or - ā - ri ( active and passive respectively ) : amāre , `` to love , '' hortārī , `` to exhort '' ; of the second conjugation by - ē - re or - ē - rī : monēre , `` to warn '' , verērī , `` to fear ; '' of the third conjugation by - ere , - ī : dūcere , `` to lead , '' ūtī , `` to use '' ; of the fourth by - ī - re , - ī - rī : audīre , `` to hear , '' experīrī , `` to attempt '' . Irregular verbs may not follow the types or may be marked in a different way . The `` endings '' presented above are not the suffixed infinitive markers . The first letter in each case is the last of the stem so the conjugations are also called a-conjugation , e-conjugation and i - conjugation . The fused infinitive ending is - re or - rī . Third - conjugation stems end in a consonant : the consonant conjugation . Further , there is a subset of the third conjugation , the i - stems , which behave somewhat like the fourth conjugation , as they are both i - stems , one short and the other long . The stem categories descend from Indo - European and can therefore be compared to similar conjugations in other Indo - European languages . There are six general tenses in Latin ( present , imperfect , future , perfect , pluperfect and future perfect ) , three moods ( indicative , imperative and subjunctive , in addition to the infinitive , participle , gerund , gerundive and supine ) , three persons ( first , second and third ) , two numbers ( singular and plural ) , two voices ( active and passive ) and three aspects ( perfective , imperfective , and stative ) . Verbs are described by four principal parts : The first principal part is the first - person singular , present tense , indicative mood , active voice form of the verb . If the verb is impersonal , the first principal part will be in the third - person singular . The second principal part is the present infinitive active . The third principal part is the first - person singular , perfect indicative active form . Like the first principal part , if the verb is impersonal , the third principal part will be in the third - person singular . The fourth principal part is the supine form , or alternatively , the nominative singular , perfect passive participle form of the verb . The fourth principal part can show one gender of the participle or all three genders ( - us for masculine , - a for feminine and - m for neuter ) in the nominative singular . The fourth principal part will be the future participle if the verb can not be made passive . Most modern Latin dictionaries , if they show only one gender , tend to show the masculine ; but many older dictionaries instead show the neuter , as it coincides with the supine . The fourth principal part is sometimes omitted for intransitive verbs , but strictly in Latin , they can be made passive if they are used impersonally , and the supine exists for such verbs . There are six tenses in the Latin language . These are divided into two tense systems : the present system , which is made up of the present , imperfect and future tenses , and the perfect system , which is made up of the perfect , pluperfect and future perfect tenses . Each tense has a set of endings corresponding to the person and number referred to . Subject ( nominative ) pronouns are generally omitted for the first ( I , we ) and second ( you ) persons unless emphasis on the subject is desired . The table below displays the common inflected endings for the indicative mood in the active voice in all six tenses . For the future tense , the first listed endings are for the first and second conjugations , and the second listed endings are for the third and fourth conjugations : Tense 1st - Person Singular 2nd - Person Singular 3rd - Person Singular 1st - Person Plural 2nd - Person Plural 3rd - Person Plural Present - ō / m - s - t - mus - tis - nt Future - bō , - am - bis , - ēs - bit , - et - bimus , - ēmus - bitis , - ētis - bunt , - ent Imperfect - bam - bās - bat - bāmus - bātis - bant Perfect - ī - istī - it - imus - istis - ērunt Future Perfect - erō - eris - erit - erimus - eritis - erint Pluperfect - eram - erās - erat - erāmus - erātis - erant The future perfect endings are identical to the future forms of sum ( with the exception of erint ) and that the pluperfect endings are identical to the imperfect forms of sum . Deponent verbs ( edit ) Some Latin verbs are deponent , causing their forms to be in the passive voice but retain an active meaning : hortor , hortārī , hortātus sum ( to urge ) . Vocabulary ( edit ) As Latin is an Italic language , most of its vocabulary is likewise Italic , ultimately from the ancestral Proto - Indo - European language . However , because of close cultural interaction , the Romans not only adapted the Etruscan alphabet to form the Latin alphabet but also borrowed some Etruscan words into their language , including persona `` mask '' and histrio `` actor '' . Latin also included vocabulary borrowed from Oscan , another Italic language . After the Fall of Tarentum ( 272 BC ) , the Romans began hellenizing , or adopting features of Greek culture , including the borrowing of Greek words , such as camera ( vaulted roof ) , sumbolum ( symbol ) , and balineum ( bath ) . This hellenization led to the addition of `` Y '' and `` Z '' to the alphabet to represent Greek sounds . Subsequently the Romans transplanted Greek art , medicine , science and philosophy to Italy , paying almost any price to entice Greek skilled and educated persons to Rome and sending their youth to be educated in Greece . Thus , many Latin scientific and philosophical words were Greek loanwords or had their meanings expanded by association with Greek words , as ars ( craft ) and τέχνη ( art ) . Because of the Roman Empire 's expansion and subsequent trade with outlying European tribes , the Romans borrowed some northern and central European words , such as beber ( beaver ) , of Germanic origin , and bracae ( breeches ) , of Celtic origin . The specific dialects of Latin across Latin - speaking regions of the former Roman Empire after its fall were influenced by languages specific to the regions . The dialects of Latin evolved into different Romance languages . During and after the adoption of Christianity into Roman society , Christian vocabulary became a part of the language , either from Greek or Hebrew borrowings or as Latin neologisms . Continuing into the Middle Ages , Latin incorporated many more words from surrounding languages , including Old English and other Germanic languages . Over the ages , Latin - speaking populations produced new adjectives , nouns , and verbs by affixing or compounding meaningful segments . For example , the compound adjective , omnipotens , `` all - powerful , '' was produced from the adjectives omnis , `` all '' , and potens , `` powerful '' , by dropping the final s of omnis and concatenating . Often , the concatenation changed the part of speech , and nouns were produced from verb segments or verbs from nouns and adjectives . Phrases ( edit ) The phrases are mentioned with accents to show where stress is placed . In Latin , most words are stressed at the second - last ( penultimate ) syllable , called in Latin paenultima or syllaba paenultima . A few words are stressed at the third - last syllable , called in Latin antepaenultima or syllaba antepaenultima . sálve to one person / salvéte to more than one person - hello áve to one person / avéte to more than one person - greetings vále to one person / valéte to more than one person - goodbye cúra ut váleas - take care exoptátus to male / exoptáta to female , optátus to male / optáta to female , grátus to male / gráta to female , accéptus to male / accépta to female - welcome quómodo váles ? , ut váles ? - how are you ? béne - good amabo te - please béne váleo - I 'm fine mále - bad mále váleo - I 'm not good quáeso ( ( ' kwajso ) / ( ' kwe : so ) ) - please íta , íta est , íta véro , sic , sic est , étiam - yes non , minime - no grátias tíbi , grátias tíbi ágo - thank you mágnas grátias , mágnas grátias ágo - many thanks máximas grátias , máximas grátias ágo , ingéntes grátias ágo - thank you very much accípe sis to one person / accípite sítis to more than one person , libénter - you 're welcome qua aetáte es ? - how old are you ? 25 ánnos nátus to male / 25 ánnos náta to female - 25 years old loquerísne ... - do you speak ... Latíne ? - Latin ? Gráece ? ( ( ' grajke ) / ( ' gre : ke ) ) - Greek ? Ánglice ? ( ( ' aŋlike ) ) - English ? Italiáne ? - Italian ? Gallice ? - French ? Hispánice ? - Spanish ? Lusitánice ? - Portuguese ? Theodísce ? ( ( teo'diske ) ) - German ? Sínice ? - Chinese ? Japónice ? ( ( ja'po : nike ) ) - Japanese ? Coreane ? - Korean ? Arábice ? - Arabic ? Pérsice ? - Persian ? Indice ? - Hindi ? Rússice ? - Russian ? Cambrica ? - Welsh ? úbi latrína est ? - where is the toilet ? ámo te / te ámo - I love you Numbers ( edit ) In ancient times , numbers in Latin were written only with letters . Today , the numbers can be written with the Arabic numbers as well as with Roman numerals . The numbers 1 , 2 and 3 and every whole hundred from 200 to 900 are declined as nouns and adjectives , with some differences . ūnus , ūna , ūnum ( masculine , feminine , neuter ) one duo , duae , duo ( m. , f. , n . ) II two trēs , tria ( m. / f. , n . ) III three quattuor IIII or IV four quīnque V five sex VI six septem VII seven octō VIII eight novem VIIII or IX nine decem X ten quīnquāgintā fifty centum one hundred quīngentī five hundred mīlle one thousand The numbers from 4 to 100 often do not change their endings . Example text ( edit ) Commentarii de Bello Gallico , also called De Bello Gallico ( The Gallic War ) , written by Gaius Julius Caesar , begins with the following passage : Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres , quarum unam incolunt Belgae , aliam Aquitani , tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae , nostra Galli appellantur . Hi omnes lingua , institutis , legibus inter se differunt . Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen , a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit . Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae , propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt , minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important , proximique sunt Germanis , qui trans Rhenum incolunt , quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt . Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt , quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt , cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt . Eorum una pars , quam Gallos obtinere dictum est , initium capit a flumine Rhodano , continetur Garumna flumine , Oceano , finibus Belgarum ; attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum ; vergit ad septentriones . Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur ; pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni ; spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem . Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet ; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones . See also ( edit ) Ancient Rome portal Language portal Catholicism portal Classical compound Greek and Latin roots in English Hybrid word Latin mnemonics Latin school List of Greek and Latin roots in English List of Latin abbreviations List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names List of Latin phrases List of Latin translations of modern literature List of Latin words with English derivatives List of Latinised names Lorem ipsum Romanization ( cultural ) Toponymy Help : IPA / Latin Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Schools '' . Britannica ( 1911 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` Latin '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History . Jump up ^ Sandys , John Edwin ( 1910 ) . A companion to Latin studies . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 811 -- 812 . Jump up ^ Clark 1900 , pp. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Hu , Winnie ( 6 October 2008 ) . `` A Dead Language That 's Very Much Alive '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , Mike ( 2 December 2000 ) . `` The New case for Latin '' . TIME . Jump up ^ Diringer 1996 , pp. 533 -- 4 Jump up ^ Collier 's Encyclopedia : With Bibliography and Index . Collier. 1958 - 01 - 01 . p. 412 . In Italy , all alphabets were originally written from right to left ; the oldest Latin inscription , which appears on the lapis niger of the seventh century BC , is in bustrophedon , but all other early Latin inscriptions run from right to left . Jump up ^ Sacks , David ( 2003 ) . Language Visible : Unraveling the Mystery of the Alphabet from A to Z . London : Broadway Books . p. 80 . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1172 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pope , Mildred K ( 1966 ) . From Latin to modern French with especial consideration of Anglo - Norman ; phonology and morphology . Publications of the University of Manchester , no . 229 . French series , no . 6 . Manchester : Manchester university press . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Monroe , Paul ( 1902 ) . Source book of the history of education for the Greek and Roman period . London , New York : Macmillan & Co. pp. 346 -- 352 . Jump up ^ Herman & Wright 2000 , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Herman & Wright 2000 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Pei , Mario ; Gaeng , Paul A. ( 1976 ) . The story of Latin and the Romance languages ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Harper & Row . pp. 76 -- 81 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 013312 - 0 . Jump up ^ Herman & Wright 2000 , pp. 1 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : Elabani , Moe ( 1998 ) . Documents in medieval Latin . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . pp. 13 -- 15 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08567 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Incunabula Short Title Catalogue '' . British Library . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore , Malcolm ( 28 January 2007 ) . `` Pope 's Latinist pronounces death of a language '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 16 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liber Precum Publicarum , The Book of Common Prayer in Latin ( 1560 ) . Society of Archbishop Justus , resources , Book of Common Prayer , Latin , 1560 . Retrieved 22 May 2012 '' . Justus.anglican.org . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Society of Archbishop Justus , resources , Book of Common Prayer , Latin , 1979 . Retrieved 22 May 2012 '' . Justus.anglican.org . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Latein : Nuntii Latini mensis lunii 2010 : Lateinischer Monats rückblick '' ( in Latin ) . Radio Bremen . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . Dymond , Jonny ( 24 October 2006 ) . `` BBC NEWS Europe Finland makes Latin the King '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . `` Nuntii Latini '' ( in Latin ) . YLE Radio 1 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Finkenstaedt , Thomas ; Dieter Wolff ( 1973 ) . Ordered Profusion ; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon. C. Winter . ISBN 3 - 533 - 02253 - 6 . Jump up ^ Uwe Pörksen , German Academy for Language and Literature 's Jahrbuch ( Yearbook ) 2007 ( Wallstein Verlag , Göttingen 2008 , pp. 121 - 130 ) Jump up ^ Loanwords in the World 's Languages : A Comparative Handbook ( PDF ) . Walter de Gruyter. 2009 . p. 370 . Jump up ^ Pei , Mario ( 1949 ) . Story of Language . ISBN 03 - 9700 - 400 - 1 . Jump up ^ LaFleur , Richard A. ( 2011 ) . `` The Official Wheelock 's Latin Series Website '' . The Official Wheelock 's Latin Series Website . Jump up ^ `` University of Cambridge School Classics Project - Latin Course '' . Cambridgescp.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Open University Undergraduate Course - Reading classical Latin '' ... open.ac.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Latin Programme -- Via Facilis '' . Thelatinprogramme.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Beard , Mary ( 10 July 2006 ) . `` Does Latin `` train the brain '' ? `` . The Times Literary Supplement . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . No , you learn Latin because of what was written in it -- and because of the sexual side of life direct access that Latin gives you to a literary tradition that lies at the very heart ( not just at the root ) of Western culture . Jump up ^ Who only knows Latin can go across the whole Poland from one side to the other one just like he was at his own home , just like he was born there . So great happiness ! I wish a traveler in England could travel without knowing any other language than Latin ! , Daniel Defoe , 1728 Jump up ^ Anatol Lieven , The Baltic Revolution : Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and the Path to Independence , Yale University Press , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 300 - 06078 - 5 , Google Print , p. 48 Jump up ^ Kevin O'Connor , Culture And Customs of the Baltic States , Greenwood Press , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 313 - 33125 - 1 , Google Print , p. 115 Jump up ^ Karin Friedrich et al. , The Other Prussia : Royal Prussia , Poland and Liberty , 1569 -- 1772 , Cambridge University Press , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 58335 - 7 , Google Print , p. 88 Jump up ^ Karin Friedrich et al. , The Other Prussia : Royal Prussia , Poland and Liberty , 1569 -- 1772 , Cambridge University Press , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 58335 - 7 , Google Print , p. 88 Jump up ^ Allen 2004 , pp. viii - ix Jump up ^ Sihler , Andrew L. ( 1995 ) . New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 508345 - 3 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Sihler 2008 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Allen 2004 , pp. 33 -- 34 ^ Jump up to : Allen 2004 , pp. 60 -- 63 Jump up ^ Allen 2004 , pp. 53 -- 55 Jump up ^ Diringer 1996 , pp. 451 , 493 , 530 Jump up ^ Diringer 1996 , p. 536 ^ Jump up to : Diringer 1996 , p. 538 Jump up ^ Diringer 1996 , p. 540 Jump up ^ `` Conjugation '' . Webster 's II new college dictionary . Boston : Houghton Mifflin. 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Wheelock , Frederic M. ( 2011 ) . Wheelock 's Latin ( 7th ed . ) . New York : CollinsReference . ^ Jump up to : Holmes & Schultz 1938 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Sacks , David ( 2003 ) . Language Visible : Unraveling the Mystery of the Alphabet from A to Z . London : Broadway Books . p. 351 . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1172 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes & Schultz 1938 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Norberg , Dag ; Johnson , Rand H , Translator ( 2004 ) ( 1980 ) . `` Latin at the End of the Imperial Age '' . Manuel pratique de latin médiéval . University of Michigan . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Jenks 1911 , pp. 3 , 46 Jump up ^ Jenks 1911 , pp. 35 , 40 Jump up ^ Ebbe Vilborg - Norstedts svensk - latinska ordbok - Second edition , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Tore Janson - Latin - Kulturen , historien , språket - First edition , 2009 . References ( edit ) Allen , William Sidney ( 2004 ) . Vox Latina -- a Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Latin ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 22049 - 1 . Baldi , Philip ( 2002 ) . The foundations of Latin . Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter . Bennett , Charles E. ( 1908 ) . Latin Grammar . Chicago : Allyn and Bacon . ISBN 1 - 176 - 19706 - 1 . Buck , Carl Darling ( 1904 ) . A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian , with a collection of inscriptions and a glossary . Boston : Ginn & Company . Clark , Victor Selden ( 1900 ) . Studies in the Latin of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Lancaster : The New Era Printing Company . Diringer , David ( 1996 ) ( 1947 ) . The Alphabet -- A Key to the History of Mankind . New Delhi : Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Private Ltd . ISBN 81 - 215 - 0748 - 0 . Herman , József ; Wright , Roger ( Translator ) ( 2000 ) . Vulgar Latin . University Park , PA : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 271 - 02000 - 8 . Holmes , Urban Tigner ; Schultz , Alexander Herman ( 1938 ) . A History of the French Language . New York : Biblo - Moser . ISBN 0 - 8196 - 0191 - 8 . Janson , Tore ( 2004 ) . A Natural History of Latin . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 926309 - 4 . Jenks , Paul Rockwell ( 1911 ) . A Manual of Latin Word Formation for Secondary Schools . New York : D.C. Heath & Co . Palmer , Frank Robert ( 1984 ) . Grammar ( 2nd ed . ) . Harmondsworth , Middlesex , England ; New York , N.Y. , U.S.A. : Penguin Books . ISBN 81 - 206 - 1306 - 6 . Sihler , Andrew L ( 2008 ) . New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin . New York : Oxford University Press . Vincent , N. ( 1990 ) . `` Latin '' . In Harris , M. ; Vincent , N. The Romance Languages . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 520829 - 3 . Waquet , Françoise ; Howe , John ( Translator ) ( 2003 ) . Latin , or the Empire of a Sign : From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries . Verso . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 402 - 2 . Wheelock , Frederic ( 2005 ) . Latin : An Introduction ( 6th ed . ) . Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 078423 - 7 . Curtius , Ernst ( 2013 ) . European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages . Princeton University . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 15700 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Latin edition of Wikisource , the free library Latin edition of Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia Wikiquote has quotations related to : Latin proverbs Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Latin For a list of words relating to Latin , see the Latin language category of words in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Latin language . Language tools ( edit ) `` Latin Dictionary Headword Search '' . Perseus Hopper . Tufts University . Searches Lewis & Short 's A Latin Dictionary and Lewis 's An Elementary Latin Dictionary . Online results . `` Online Latin Dictionary with conjugator and declension tool '' . Olivetti Media Communication . Search on line Latin - English and English - Latin dictionary with complete declension or conjugation . Online results . `` Latin Word Study Tool '' . Perseus Hopper . Tufts University . Identifies the grammatical functions of words entered . Online results . Aversa , Alan . `` Latin Inflector '' . University of Arizona . Identifies the grammatical functions of all the words in sentences entered , using Perseus . `` Latin Verb Conjugator '' . Verbix . Displays complete conjugations of verbs entered in first - person present singular form . `` Online Latin Verb Conjugator '' . Displays conjugation of verbs entered in their infinitive form . Whittaker , William . `` Words '' . Notre Dame Archives . Archived from the original on 18 June 2006 . Identifies Latin words entered . Translates English words entered . `` Alpheios '' . Alpheios Project . Combines Whittakers Words , Lewis and Short , Bennett 's grammar and inflection tables in a browser addon . Latin Dictionaries at DMOZ Dymock , John ( 1830 ) . A new abridgment of Ainsworth 's Dictionary , English and Latin , for the use of Grammar Schools ( 4th ed . ) . Glasgow : Hutchison & Brookman . `` Classical Language Toolkit '' ( CLTK ) . A Natural Language Processing toolkit for Python offering a variety of functionality for Latin and other classical languages . Courses ( edit ) Latin Lessons ( free online through the Linguistics Research Center at UT Austin ) Free 47 - Lesson Online Latin Course , Learnlangs Learn Latin Grammar , vocabulary and audio Latin Links and Resources , Compiled by Fr . Gary Coulter der Millner , Evan ( 2007 ) . `` Latinum '' . Latin Latin Course on YouTube and audiobooks . Molendinarius . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Byrne , Carol ( 1999 ) . `` Simplicissimus '' ( PDF ) . The Latin Mass Society of England and Wales . Retrieved 20 April 2011 . ( a course in ecclesiastical Latin ) . Harsch , Ulrich ( 1996 -- 2010 ) . `` Ludus Latinus Cursus linguae latinae '' . Bibliotheca Augustiana ( in Latin ) . Augsburg : University of Applied Sciences . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Beginners ' Latin on The National Archives ( United Kingdom ) Grammar and study ( edit ) Bennett , Charles E. ( 2005 ) ( 1908 ) . New Latin Grammar ( 2nd ed . ) . Project Gutenberg . ISBN 1 - 176 - 19706 - 1 . Griffin , Robin ( 1992 ) . A student 's Latin Grammar ( 3rd ed . ) . University of Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 38587 - 3 . Lehmann , Winifred P. ; Slocum , Jonathan ( 2008 ) . `` Latin Online , Series Introduction '' . The University of Texas at Austin . Retrieved 16 September 2009 . Phonetics ( edit ) `` Latin Pronunciation -- a Beginner 's Guide '' . H2G2 , BBC . 2001 . Cui , Ray ( 2005 ) . `` Phonetica Latinae - How to pronounce Latin '' . Ray Cui . Retrieved 25 June 2010 . Latin language news and audio ( edit ) Ephemeris , online Latin newspaper Nuntii Latini , from Finnish YLE Radio 1 News in Latin , Radio Bremen Classics Podcasts in Latin and Ancient Greek , Haverford College Latinum Latin Language course and Latin Language YouTube Index Latin language Online communities ( edit ) Grex Latine Loquentium ( Flock of those Speaking Latin ) Circulus Latinus Interretialis ( Internet Latin Circle ) Latinitas Foundation , at the Vatican Ages of Latin until 75 BC Old Latin 75 BC -- 200 AD Classical Latin 200 -- 900 Late Latin 900 -- 1300 Medieval Latin 1300 -- 1500 Renaissance Latin 1500 -- present New Latin 1900 -- present Contemporary Latin History of Latin Latin literature Vulgar Latin Ecclesiastical Latin Romance languages Latino sine flexione Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum Hiberno - Latin Judeo - Latin Ancient Rome topics Outline Timeline Epochs Foundation Kingdom ( overthrow ) Republic Empire ( Pax Romana Principate Dominate ) Western Empire ( fall historiography of the fall ) Eastern ( Byzantine ) Empire ( decline fall ) Constitution History Kingdom Republic Empire Late Empire Senate Legislative assemblies ( Curiate Centuriate Tribal Plebeian ) Executive magistrates SPQR Government Curia Forum Cursus honorum Collegiality Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Praefectus Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Optimates Populares Province Magistrates Ordinary Tribune Quaestor Aedile Praetor Consul Censor Promagistrate Governor Extraordinary Dictator Magister Equitum Decemviri Consular Tribune Triumvir Rex Interrex Law Twelve Tables Mos maiorum Citizenship Auctoritas Imperium Status Litigation Military Borders Establishment Structure Campaigns Political control Strategy Engineering Frontiers and fortifications ( castra ) Technology Army ( Legion Infantry tactics Personal equipment Siege engines ) Navy ( fleets ) Auxiliaries Decorations and punishments Hippika gymnasia Economy Agriculture Deforestation Commerce Finance Currency Republican currency Imperial currency Technology Abacus Numerals Civil engineering Military engineering Military technology Aqueducts Bridges Circus Concrete Domes Forum Metallurgy Roads Sanitation Thermae Culture Architecture Art Bathing Calendar Clothing Cosmetics Cuisine Hairstyles Education Literature Music Mythology Religion Romanization Sexuality Theatre Wine Society Patricians Plebs Conflict of the Orders Secessio plebis Equites Gens Tribes Naming conventions Demography Women Marriage Adoption Slavery Bagaudae Language ( Latin ) History Alphabet Versions ( Old Classical Vulgar Late Medieval Renaissance New Contemporary Ecclesiastical ) Romance languages Writers Apuleius Caesar Catullus Cicero Ennius Horace Juvenal Livy Lucan Lucretius Martial Ovid Petronius Phaedrus Plautus Pliny the Elder Pliny the Younger Propertius Quintilian Quintus Curtius Rufus Sallust Seneca Statius Suetonius Tacitus Terence Tibullus Marcus Terentius Varro Virgil Vitruvius Major cities Alexandria Antioch Aquileia Berytus Bononia Carthage Constantinopolis Eboracum Leptis Magna Londinium Lutetia Mediolanum Pompeii Ravenna Roma Smyrna Vindobona Volubilis Lists and other topics Wars and battles Generals Legions Emperors Geographers Cities and towns Institutions Laws Consuls Tribunes Distinguished women Nomina Gentes Climate Legacy Fiction / Films Ancient Rome Portal GND : 4114364 - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin
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law and order svu season 4 episode 12 cast
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Law & Order : Special victims Unit ( season 12 )
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law & order : special victims unit ( season 12 )
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The twelfth season of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit premiered in the United States on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) on September 22 , 2010 , and concluded on May 18 , 2011 . This was the first season that the show did not air alongside the original Law & Order . Episodes initially aired on Wednesdays between 9pm / 8c and 10pm / 9c Eastern except for the season premiere which aired from 9pm / 8c to 11pm / 10c . After the winter hiatus , SVU returned with another two - hour showing on January 5 , 2011 , before the broadcast time switched to the 10pm / 9c time slot the following week .
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At the end of the season , Neal Baer resigned his position as showrunner . After the season finale , Christopher Meloni , BD Wong , and Tamara Tunie left the principal cast . Contents 1 Production 2 Cast changes and returning characters 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Special guest star 3.3 Recurring cast 3.4 Guest stars 4 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) For the first eleven years of Law & Order : SVU , the set had been located in New Jersey , at NBC 's Central Archives building in North Bergen . Faced with losing the state 's 20 percent tax incentive , the show moved to New York City into the studio space at Chelsea Piers that was occupied by the original Law & Order series . After the fourth episode of the season , the original New Jersey set was no longer used . Outdoor filming was halted on January 26 , 2011 , due to a blizzard . Production resumed in the Chelsea Piers studio . This season 's third episode focused on an investigation involving a rape kit , which took Detective Olivia Benson ( Hargitay ) from New York City to Los Angeles to meet Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) Detective Rex Winters ( Skeet Ulrich ) . The episode was shot while Hargitay was in Los Angeles for the Primetime Emmy Awards in August 2010 , and aired September 29 , before the Law & Order : LA premiere on NBC . Neal Baer left Law & Order : SVU at the end of the season , after serving eleven years ( seasons 2 -- 12 ) as showrunner . He chose not to renew his NBC contract , instead signing a three -- year deal with CBS Studios . Cast changes and returning characters ( edit ) Australian newspaper Courier - Mail reported in February 2010 that season twelve would be Christopher Meloni 's last , after his comment to the reporter that `` I think 12 years is enough , a good number '' was misunderstood . Meloni later clarified that , at the time , he had one year left on his contract and the show had not been picked up . He also said `` ( i ) t was n't ( the reporter 's ) fault '' , and that he would continue on the show as long as it is picked up . When asked in an interview if Mariska Hargitay could envision doing the show without him , she said , `` Oh man , it breaks my heart to even think about it . I just love that man and I love acting with him , and I think it 's our chemistry that makes the show what it is . So I do n't even want to think about it '' . This season marked Meloni 's last regular appearance on the show . On April 12 , 2010 , NBC officially picked up SVU for a twelfth season with Meloni and Hargitay returning as part of the one - year deal they struck with NBC before production began on season 11 , which included an option for a second year . The two started shooting new episodes in June and July 2010 . Hargitay expressed interest in her character having a baby this season , saying , `` A boyfriend ! A baby ! I do n't even have to get married . I just want a baby ! Give me a baby ! '' . On June 23 , 2010 , Michael Ausiello reported that Paula Patton was in `` advanced talks '' to join the show , as a permanent ADA . TV Guide later confirmed that Patton would play Assistant District Attorney Mikka Von in multiple episodes , beginning with the fifth episode . She was set to fill the ADA slot left vacant by both Stephanie March ( Alexandra Cabot ) and guest star Sharon Stone ( Jo Marlowe ) . Patton appeared in a single episode , but dropped out to film Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol . Her role was replaced by Melissa Sagemiller as ADA Gillian Hardwicke . Sagemiller and Mariska Hargitay previously worked together on the SVU season one episode `` Russian Love Poem '' , in which Sagemiller played a victim . `` There 's something in my past , a personal connection that we have , something that she did for me and a family member who she helped out ... She 's not aware of it yet ( but ) it becomes revealed in the next several episodes '' , Sagemiller said . ADA Hardwicke 's background was never revealed . Her personality , Sagemiller says , is front and center . `` She 's tough ... she has a heart , she just gets what she wants . '' Sagemiller also added , `` She sticks to the letter of the law , sometimes to a fault , but in the end I think she always does the right thing '' . Christine Lahti returned as EADA Sonya Paxton in the ninth episode `` Gray '' . Paxton , previously exposed as an alcoholic in season 11 , had apparently conquered her drinking problem . Baer told TVGuide.com , `` She has a huge scene where she faces off with Stabler '' . Her character was later killed in the seventeenth episode . Diane Neal returned as ADA Casey Novak for the episode `` Reparations '' . Neal had previously made her last appearance in the ninth - season finale , in which her character was censured for violating due process in a rape case . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit characters Main cast ( edit ) Christopher Meloni as Detective Elliot Stabler Mariska Hargitay as Detective Olivia Benson Richard Belzer as Sergeant John Munch Ice - T as Detective Fin Tutuola BD Wong as Dr. George Huang Tamara Tunie as ME Dr. Melinda Warner Dann Florek as Captain Don Cragen Special guest star ( edit ) Diane Neal as ADA Casey Novak Recurring cast ( edit ) Melissa Sagemiller as ADA Gillian Hardwicke James Chen as CSU Forensics Technician Adrian Sung Joel de la Fuente as TARU Lieutenant Ruben Morales Francie Swift as ADA Sherri West Jamie Concepcion as Officer Delgado Charlie Tahan as Calvin Arliss Joe Grifasi as Defense Attorney Hashi Horowitz Caren Browning as CSU Captain Judith Siper Isabel Gillies as Kathy Stabler Anne James as Dr. Jane Larom Neal Bledsoe as CSU Forensics Technician Clifton Montgomery Maria Bello as Vivian Arliss Stephen Gregory as Dr. Kyle Beresford Gloria Reuben as AUSA Christine Danielson Austin Lysy as Defense Attorney Russell Hunter Jeremy Irons as Dr. Cap Jackson Amir Arison as Dr. Manning Christine Lahti as Executive ADA Sonya Paxton Joanna Merlin as Judge Lena Petrovsky Michael Boatman as Defense Attorney Dave Seaver Robert John Burke as IAB Lieutenant Ed Tucker Lindsay Crouse as Judge D. Andrews Zack Grenier as Judge Miranski Joseph Sikora as Jason Gambel Kat Foster as Sarah Hoyt Henry Ian Cusick as Erik Weber Guest stars ( edit ) Maria Bello appeared twice in this season as Vivian Arliss , who briefly gives custody of her son to Benson . Henry Ian Cusick played a graphic artist named Erik Weber in the first two episodes . Joan Cusack played the mother of two missing girls in the first episode . Jennifer Love Hewitt played a rape victim afraid to leave her house in the episode `` Behave '' . Baer told TVGuide.com , `` One of the reasons we wanted to do this episode is because it addresses Mariska Hargitay 's passion for rape kits , which can help gather evidence to convict the rapists . But for some reason these kits have been sitting around unopened in cities all over the country . '' Skeet Ulrich guest - starred in the same episode as his Law & Order : LA character , Detective Rex Winters . Gloria Reuben guest starred as US Attorney Christine Danielson in the fourth episode `` Merchandise '' , in which the death of a girl who was struck by a car reveals a child trafficking and slavery ring . Baer said of her appearance , `` We 're bringing back characters we love this season . '' Prior to appearing in season 12 , Harden appeared twice in the series , her last appearance being on the season 8 premiere episode `` Informed '' . David Krumholtz guest starred in the fifth episode `` Wet '' with actress Rosemary Harris . Krumholtz played an expert on toxic mushrooms who is involved in the same murder investigation that involved Harris ' character . Paula Patton , who was originally cast in the role of ADA , also makes a guest appearance as ADA Mikka Von . In the episode , her character is fired because she sent a defense attorney on vacation in order to give the detectives more time in finding who actually committed the murder . In the sixth episode `` Branded '' , Michael Gladis and Kevin Alejandro played two of a trio of rape victims . `` They have been branded and sodomized by someone '' , revealed Baer , who said the show posed the questions , `` is there a connection between these men , and what nut case is on the loose ? '' David Alan Grier played defense attorney Jeremy Swift . Jason Wiles also joined Gladis , Alejandro , and Grier in the episode . Wiles played Alexander Gammon , who becomes a rapist 's target . Maria Bello appeared in the season 's seventh episode `` Trophy '' as Vivian Arliss . After identifying an ex-convict as the prime suspect for the rape and murder of a girl , Benson discovers that Arliss ' mother was raped by the same man . Arliss leaves her son Calvin ( Charlie Tahan ) in Benson 's custody to find the boy 's father . She later appeared in tenth episode `` Rescue '' . Marcia Gay Harden returned in the season 's eighth episode `` Penetration '' as FBI Agent Dana Lewis . Agent Lewis is raped while undercover , and her rapist has a connection to one of her previous undercover operations in `` Raw '' . Drea de Matteo guest starred as Sondra in the eleventh episode `` Pop '' , as a pregnant battered wife whose abuser also beats her son from another marriage . Matteo said in an interview that she had not read the script prior to accepting the role and explained that , `` I just knew that they wanted me to do something on the show and I 'm a fan of the show , I was really excited to be on this show . This is like a New York staple . It 's part of our culture here '' . Olympia Dukakis also guest - starred in that episode as an attorney named Debby Marsh , who is hired to represent the son ( Al Calderon ) of Sondra . Taryn Manning guest starred in the twelfth episode , `` Possessed '' , portraying a woman who years earlier had been coerced into porn . Peyton List also guest starred as the young version of Taryn Manning 's onscreen character , Larissa Welsh . They filmed scenes in December 2010 . Jeremy Irons guest starred in `` Mask '' as Dr. Cap Jackson , a sex therapist who runs a sex addiction rehab clinic . `` We 're elated to work with an actor of Jeremy 's caliber '' , Baer said . `` He brings depth , intelligence and charisma to all his varied roles and we could n't be luckier to have him guest - star on SVU . '' A.J. Cook guest starred in the same episode as Irons , and Cook portrayed OBGYN Debbie Shields , the lesbian lover of the daughter of Irons ' character . Baer mentioned that `` ( h ) er character is brutally attacked . '' Hargitay met Shohreh Aghdashloo at the 2009 Primetime Emmy Awards and the two `` hit it off '' so well that Baer invited her to guest star on the show . Lahti has appeared multiple times as EADA Sonya Paxton since season 11 . Her character was killed in the episode `` Pursuit '' . Shohreh Aghdashloo guest starred as Detective Saliyah `` Sunny '' Qadri , an employee of the Brooklyn DA 's office in the episode `` Dirty '' . Colm Feore played a wealthy sexual predator named Jordan Hayes in the episode `` Flight '' . Feore said of his character : `` Harder is the psychology of a guy who gets his kicks from taking advantage of young women , girls really to be brutally honest . ( It 's tough ) asking yourself what kind of a guy it is who needs to satisfy his desires , such as they are , with innocence '' . Debra Messing guest starred in the episode , `` Pursuit '' , as a TV journalist who becomes the target of a stalker . Baer described her character as `` ( a ) ballsy television journalist who sets out to nail pedophiles '' . LuAnn de Lesseps played a socialite who makes a gruesome discovery in the episode , `` Bully '' . Executive producer Dan Truly described her character as a `` slightly deranged , out of control artist '' . For her role , she had to pose semi-nude , for which she said she felt comfortable doing as it was `` tasteful '' . The episode also featured guest appearances from Kate Burton and opera singer Renée Fleming . Rose McGowan guest starred as another kind of temptress in the episode `` Bombshell '' . Baer said , `` Rose plays a grifter named Cassandra who strikes swinging men who frequent sex clubs . And we 're very excited to have her . '' Ryan Hurst also guest starred . Elizabeth Mitchell , signed for a `` horrifying '' guest role in the episode `` Totem '' . She guest starred alongside returning guest star Jeremy Irons , who appeared earlier in the season as Dr. Cap Jackson . Elizabeth played an unmarried piano teacher who was the last person to see one of her students alive . For the first time , the series dealt with a case in which a woman is suspected of sexually assaulting and murdering a child . Because of the rarity of this offense , Dr. Jackson is called in to consult with Benson and Stabler because he has studied women who have committed this type of crime . Diane Neal , who portrayed ADA Casey Novak from the fifth season until the end of the ninth season , reprised her role for the episode `` Reparations '' along with Law & Order : LA actor Terrence Howard , whose character ( DDA Joe Dekker ) comes to New York to defend his cousin . This episode was the second crossover - episode with Law & Order : LA of the season . Lori Singer played Dede , a mother whose baby is kidnapped in the episode `` Bang '' . John Stamos guest starred in the same episode playing an adoption attorney with a secret passion . Rita Wilson played Bree Mazelon , the protective mother of a teen ( Sterling Beaumon ) under investigation in the episode , `` Delinquent '' . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 249 `` Locum '' Arthur W. Forney Dawn DeNoon September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) 1201 9.68 Detectives Benson and Stabler investigate the disappearance of the ten - year - old adopted daughter ( Bailee Madison ) of a foster couple ( Joan Cusack and Peter Strauss ) . They soon discover that she ran away to meet with a man named Erik Weber ( Henry Ian Cusick ) , whom she met on the internet . Benson and Stabler suspect Weber has ulterior motives regarding the girl , but he denies any wrongdoing , and expresses romantic interest in Benson . As the investigation continues , the detectives realize that the girl 's foster parents have another child ( Amanda Dillard ) , which changes the entire course of the case . Inspired by the Jaycee Dugard case and the film Vertigo . 250 `` Bullseye '' Peter Leto Daniel Truly September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) 1202 10.36 Benson and Stabler are called to the hospital after a ten - year - old girl ( Ruby Jerins ) is raped . They arrive to find her so traumatized that she can not even tell them her name . Detective Tutuola and Sergeant Munch are able to identify the young victim , but they soon realize that her parents ( Melissa Rain Anderson and Daniel Stewart ) are far from normal . When the detectives find themselves without a lead , Erik Weber , a man they met on their previous case , decides to get involved and leads them to two suspects - a man with Noonan syndrome ( Adrian Martinez ) and a convicted child molester ( Stephen Tobolowsky ) . After talking to Weber 's sister ( Emily Dorsch ) about a number of suspicious occurrences , Benson is able to find out who the real rapist is . 251 `` Behave '' Helen Shaver Jonathan Greene September 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 29 ) 1203 9.48 A rape victim ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) is brought into the hospital initially claiming that the same man ( James LeGros ) has attacked her repeatedly for the past fifteen years . Benson is determined to help her , but she lives in such terror that she refuses to submit to a rape kit out of fear that she will be raped again . As Benson looks for a way to help , she is horrified to learn that there are police precincts and evidence labs across the country that never test their rape kits . The investigation leads her to Detroit , Chicago , and then to Los Angeles , where she finds evidence that could finally help the woman get justice . Special appearance by Skeet Ulrich as Det . Rex Winters . 252 `` Merchandise '' Peter Leto Judith McCreary October 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 06 ) 1204 8.69 A fifteen - year - old girl ( Michaela Annette ) is chased from a farmer 's market . When she is hit by a car and killed , Benson and Stabler are surprised when Dr. Warner rules it a homicide , as she found signs that the girl was being starved and had recently given birth . They learn from the girl 's father ( Paul Schulze ) that she and her teenage brother ( Devon Gearhart ) were kidnapped by an organization that claimed to be hiring farm hands . Tutuola and Dr. Huang arrest one of the conspirators ( Amanda Lisa Wong ) and find the surviving teenager . Although questioning him proves difficult at first , the boy breaks down upon learning that he got his sister killed , since he was trying to save her from being beaten . With the future of the case uncertain , Benson and Stabler reach out to Assistant U.S. Attorney Christine Danielson ( Gloria Reuben ) . 253 5 `` Wet '' Jonathan Kaplan Speed Weed October 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 13 ) 1205 8.13 Benson and Stabler arrive on the scene where a woman ( Lucy Owen ) is found dead in Bethesda Fountain . When her squeaky clean image does not match up with her promiscuous actions , their new ADA , Mikka Von ( Paula Patton ) , encourages the cops to dig deeper into her past . Benson and Stabler find out that the woman worked for a soft drink company that faced recent controversy over trying to privatize water rights in Bolivia . Upon finding out that she was poisoned with toxic mushrooms , the detectives suspect that an activist and professor ( David Krumholtz ) is responsible . Other suspects present themselves when SVU realizes that his lover ( Amanda Fuller ) is competing for her wealthy grandmother ( Rosemary Harris ) 's inheritance and ADA Von 's tricks in court cost her more than the case . 254 6 `` Branded '' Peter Leto Chris Brancato October 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 20 ) 1206 8.74 When Benson and Stabler investigate a brutal attack on an unassuming , upstanding father ( Michael Gladis ) , they find him branded on his chest with a wire coat hanger . Before long , another victim turns up ( Kevin Alejandro ) , who has suffered the same injuries . A connection is found when the SVU learns that both men work for the same employer ( Jason Wiles ) . When their assailant ( Bess Rous ) is captured , her story convinces Benson and new Assistant DA Gillian Hardwicke ( Melissa Sagemiller ) that she endured far greater suffering . 255 7 `` Trophy '' Donna Deitch Ken Storer November 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 03 ) 1207 8.13 After a young woman ( Tonya Glanz ) is raped and murdered , her body turns up in an industrial laundry facility . When the perp fires at Benson and Stabler from inside a house , they find a torture chamber in the basement and arrest the owner of the house ( Joseph Sikora ) . However , further investigation reveals that he is being set up by a serial rapist ( R. Lee Ermey ) and Benson builds a connection to a victim 's daughter ( Maria Bello ) and her son ( Charlie Tahan ) . 256 8 `` Penetration '' Peter Leto Christine M. Torres & Dawn DeNoon November 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 10 ) 1208 7.18 FBI Agent Dana Lewis ( Marcia Gay Harden ) is assaulted by a stranger and asks Benson to have her rape kit tested . Before the cops can help her , Lewis goes back undercover and refuses to talk about the assignment or the rape , for fear that she will be exposed and pulled off the case . With Benson and Stabler in pursuit , Lewis apprehends the rapist ( Jeremy Davidson ) herself . When Hardwicke questions Lewis on the stand , it is revealed that the mercenary was hired by someone ( J.C. MacKenzie ) who wanted revenge on Lewis . 257 9 `` Gray '' Helen Shaver George Huang November 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 17 ) 1209 7.65 Stabler goes to his daughter Kathleen 's ( Allison Siko ) university to discuss rape prevention at a Take Back the Night rally . When a girl from the crowd ( Anna Greenfield ) accuses another student ( Charlie Barnett ) of rape , Stabler and Benson are assigned the case . What emerges are conflicting accounts and fiery accusations without substantial evidence to back them up , but Kathleen finds evidence against the student , although Stabler questions its legality . Executive ADA Sonya Paxton ( Christine Lahti ) returns to SVU after her suspension and Stabler convinces her not to compel his daughter 's testimony . Paxton finds another way of prosecuting the student when they learn that he gave an abortive agent to his girlfriend ( Gwynneth Bensen ) claiming that it was a lubricant . 258 10 `` Rescue '' Peter Leto & Constantine Makris Daniel Truly December 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 01 ) 1210 9.22 With young Calvin Arliss ( Charlie Tahan ) in her care , Benson claims to be searching for his drug - addict mother Vivian ( Maria Bello ) . However , Stabler begins to question this after noticing the bond forming between Olivia and Calvin . After collaring two paramedics ( Mike Starr and James Martinez ) for violating an intoxicated partygoer ( Shea Glaser ) on the way to the hospital , the SVU discovers that Vivian was at an open house attended by the paramedics . Captain Cragen assigns Tutuola and Munch to the case , but Benson gets involved against his orders , leading to heartbreak for Olivia . Partially inspired by the 2010 Duke University faux sex thesis controversy . 259 11 `` Pop '' Norberto Barba Jonathan Greene January 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 05 ) 1211 10.60 A young boy is found dead on a park carousel after being dropped off by his uncle ( James Carpinello ) . Stabler discovers that he was beaten to death and the mother accuses a bully ( Sammuel Soifer ) at his school . The SVU discovers that the beating did not take place at school , but rather in a park where members of an unsettling gambling ring gather to watch teenagers fight . Stabler and Tutuola suspect that one of the ring leaders ( Adam Senn ) is beating his wife ( Drea de Matteo ) and son ( Al Calderon ) . When the abusive man is killed by a family member , Hardwicke must decide whom to prosecute for his murder . 260 12 `` Possessed '' Constantine Makris Brian Fagan January 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 05 ) 1212 10.60 A young man ( Michelangelo Milano ) finds that his girlfriend ( Taryn Manning ) has been attacked in her apartment with evidence that points to her buried past . Benson and Stabler go in search of her attacker ( Devin Ratray ) and discover that an elderly author ( David Patrick Kelly ) used to abuse children . With the statute of limitations coming up , Hardwicke has a hard time prosecuting the man , who acts as his own savvy defense attorney . Detectives reach out to a childhood friend ( Brian Justin Crum ) of the victim only to find that he never left the world of child pornography . 261 13 `` Mask '' Donna Deitch Speed Weed January 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 12 ) 1213 8.39 A man wearing a haunting mask ( Chandler Williams ) rapes an OBGYN ( A.J. Cook ) and assaults her partner ( Marguerite Stimpson ) . In trying to identify the rapist , the SVU discovers that the partner 's father Cap Jackson ( Jeremy Irons ) has a sordid past filled with sex and alcohol addiction . Ironically , he now works as a sex therapist who refuses to give detectives the names of his patients that they believe could have attacked his daughter . Stabler infiltrates the therapy group without Jackson 's knowledge and is able to find the rapist before he attacks another woman . 262 14 `` Dirty '' Helen Shaver Judith McCreary January 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ) 1214 6.97 A Brooklyn detective ( Shohreh Aghdashloo ) goes in search of one of her legal colleagues ( Julie Basem ) , whom she fears may be in danger . She finds the Assistant District Attorney just in time to witness her fall from the top of a parking garage . When Benson arrives , she discovers that the crime scene has been tampered with and turns to AUSA Danielson ( Gloria Reuben ) for help . The two of them investigate a member ( Doug Drucker ) of the Latin Kings and discover evidence that could implicate his girlfriend ( Samantha Galarza ) as a co-conspirator . Benson uses this as leverage to find out who the killer is and realizes that the suspect has been in her sights the entire time . 263 15 `` Flight '' Alex Chapple Dawn DeNoon & Christine M. Torres February 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 02 ) 1215 8.81 When a teenage girl ( Kristina Alexandra Makarian ) on a plane shows symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder due to sexual abuse , all leads point to a wealthy defense contractor ( Colm Feore ) . The billionaire counters that the girl raped him at a party he was throwing and Benson and Stabler find a woman ( Kelli Barrett ) who appears to seek out young girls for him . Afraid that the squad lacks the evidence to make an arrest , Munch works on making the girl 's blog go viral , which entices other rape victims to come forward . 264 16 `` Spectacle '' Peter Leto Chris Brancato February 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 09 ) 1216 7.89 After the sexual assault of a young woman ( Kellyn Lindsey ) is videotaped and featured on a college campus - wide intranet feed , Stabler and Tutuola go in search of the victim and her attacker . As they delve into the investigation , it becomes clear that the perpetrator ( Spencer Treat Clark ) created a spectacle to draw attention to his own issues and force the police to look for his younger sibling ( Dylan Reiff ) who was abducted off the streets , in plain sight , five years ago . 265 17 `` Pursuit '' Jonathan Kaplan Judith McCreary February 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 16 ) 1217 7.31 Alicia Harding ( Debra Messing ) , host of the Neighborhood Predator television series , gets a bloody scarf in the mail along with death threats . EADA Paxton informs SVU that she worked with the same woman years ago trying to find her sister 's abductor before the case went cold . As the stalker escalates , Harding grows increasingly convinced that the same person killed her sister and tries to draw him into the open by presenting new evidence on her show . Benson , Tutuola , and Paxton accompany Harding to a park where they find several dead bodies , but fear that any public announcement that they have made progress on the case will put her life in danger . The squad is able to find the murderer ( Christian Hoff ) , but only after a member of the team is attacked . 266 18 `` Bully '' Helen Shaver Ken Storer February 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 23 ) 1218 8.02 When an art patron ( LuAnn de Lesseps ) discovers a gruesome work of art , it leads gallery visitors to find a woman ( Kathryn Barnhardt ) dead in her apartment above . Benson and Stabler look into the victim 's personal contacts and find someone named Annette Cole ( Kate Burton ) , who appears to be a friend in the wine industry . However , she is later revealed to be an abusive boss with a habit of beating and berating her employees . The troubled Cole kills herself in the middle of a press conference , leaving the detectives to try to fill in the missing gaps . 267 19 `` Bombshell '' Patrick Creadon Daniel Truly March 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 23 ) 1219 8.84 When a man ( Tom Irwin ) is found stabbed in a parking garage , Benson and Stabler discover that he and his wife are open about having one night stands . When the detectives go undercover at a swingers club , they meet a popular lady ( Rose McGowan ) and an intruder whom she claims is her jealous boyfriend ( Ryan Hurst ) . However , further investigation reveals that they have a different type of relationship . As tensions grow , the detectives question just how far jealousy can push someone . This was the final episode to feature BD Wong ( Dr. George Huang ) as a regular . His departure from the cast was not announced until July 2011 . 268 20 `` Totem '' Jonathan Kaplan Jonathan Greene March 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 30 ) 1220 8.54 A young girl is found dead with a doll left as a totem . With Dr. Huang out of town , Benson and Stabler ask a psychiatrist from one of their previous cases , Cap Jackson ( Jeremy Irons ) , for help . Jackson joins the detectives as they retrace the girl 's last steps and go to meet with her piano teacher ( Elizabeth Mitchell ) . During the questioning , his skills prove invaluable in deciphering the meaning of the totem , ultimately finding the killer and more victims of abuse . 269 21 `` Reparations '' Constantine Makris Christine M. Torres April 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 06 ) 1221 8.29 A woman ( Virginia Kull ) is raped in her apartment and her friend ( Afton Williamson ) suspects that the rapist is one of the students from the inner city school where she teaches . However , the teacher accuses someone else ( Vondie Curtis - Hall ) , who happens to be the cousin of Los Angeles Deputy DA Joe Dekker ( Terrence Howard ) . ADA Casey Novak ( Diane Neal ) returns to Special Victims after a three year censure and challenges Dekker in court . The detectives discover a history of racism involving the victim 's family and the suspect 's family and Novak must convince both sides to tell the truth . Novak and Stabler learn that the intruder entered the victim 's home intending to commit rape to get revenge for his mother ( Irma P. Hall ) , who was raped by the teacher 's grandfather ( Robert Hogan ) . Special appearance by Terrence Howard as DDA Joe Dekker . 270 22 `` Bang '' Peter Leto Speed Weed May 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 04 ) 1222 8.53 After a man ( Jordan Dean ) abandons a baby in an alley , Benson and Stabler go in search of the child 's caregiver . Upon meeting the nanny ( Marta Milans ) and her boyfriend ( John Stamos ) , they soon realize that he is also engaged to the baby 's adoptive mother ( Lori Singer ) . Multiple references to broken condoms convince the detectives that he has a malevolent hobby and they enlist the help of an expert ( Noelle Beck ) . 271 23 `` Delinquent '' Holly Dale Dawn DeNoon May 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 11 ) 1223 8.10 When a young woman ( Marina Squerciati ) finds a teenage boy ( Sterling Beaumon ) asleep and naked in her bedroom , the boy 's mother ( Rita Wilson ) is quick to defend his actions . During his arraignment , the manipulative teenager accuses Stabler of inappropriate touching , which leads to a restraining order being filed and an IAB investigation . Benson and Stabler learn that the boy has a history of stalking and alcohol abuse and suspect him of being a serial rapist . Stabler puts his career on the line by trying to catch the suspect in the act and learns about someone else who played a role in shaping his sociopathic behavior . 272 24 `` Smoked '' Helen Shaver Jonathan Greene & Daniel Truly May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) 1224 8.98 When a woman ( Alice Barrett ) is murdered during an afternoon shopping trip with her daughter ( Hayley McFarland ) , Benson and Stabler are called in because she was scheduled to testify in their high - profile rape case . Benson and Stabler initially eye the accused rapist ( Andrew Howard ) , but they discover that he might have been framed by someone ( Michael Raymond - James ) . Stabler gets wrapped up in an ATF sting against a cigarette smuggling ring and discovers that the ATF agent running the operation ( Pedro Pascal ) is dirty , which leads them to arrest three suspects . Just when they are satisfied that the case has been closed , tragedy strikes in the squad room . Christopher Meloni ( Detective Elliot Stabler ) departed the cast after this episode . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` NBC Renews ' 30 Rock ' ; Announces ' Parks & Rec ' Return & Major Midseason Schedule Changes '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( 2010 - 11 - 23 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Showrunner Neal Baer Signs Big Overall Deal With CBS TV Studios '' . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( July 17 , 2011 ) . `` Fall TV Scoop : B.D. Wong Reveals His SVU Fate '' . TVLine . 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Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Survivor , Buster Posey ( NLCS ) , Criminal Minds The Defenders , Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up ; The Whole Truth Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : Criminal Minds , Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Criminal Minds ' , ' America 's Next Top Model ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 18 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , Glenn ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` The Inevitable Law & Order : SVU `` Duke F -- k List '' - Inspired Episode Is On Its Way `` . Sports Grid . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : America 's Next Top Model Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Cougar Town ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down ; ' Off The Map ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle , ' ' Better With You , ' ' Cougar Town ' Adjusted Down ; ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Off The Map ' Adjusted Up ; ' Live To Dance ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Human Target ' Adjusted Down , ' Modern Family , ' ' Better with You ' Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Mr. Sunshine , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' CM : Suspect Behavior ' All Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor , ' ' ANTM ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mr. Sunshine ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Law & Order : SVU , ' ' Minute ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law & Order : SVU , ' ' Survivor , ' ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Breaking In ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' The Middle ' ' Better With You , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Breaking In , ' ' Cougar Town ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Season 12 at TVGuide.com Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Season 12 at TV.com Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Season 12 -- TV IV Season 12 episodes at IMDb.com Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Characters Detectives Elliot Stabler Olivia Benson John Munch Monique Jeffries Fin Tutuola Chester Lake Nick Amaro Amanda Rollins Dominick Carisi Jr . Commanding officers Donald Cragen Olivia Benson Assistant District Attorneys Alexandra Cabot Casey Novak Kim Greylek Rafael Barba Peter Stone Doctors George Huang Melinda Warner Other characters Barry Moredock Brian Cassidy Elizabeth Donnelly Michael Cutter Sonya Paxton Jack McCoy Seasons Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Notable episodes `` Payback '' `` 911 '' `` Authority '' `` Cold '' `` Zebras '' `` Behave '' `` Smoked '' `` Scorched Earth '' `` Justice Denied '' `` Father Dearest '' `` Rhodium Nights '' `` Lost Reputation '' `` Above Suspicion '' `` Acceptable Loss '' `` Manhattan Vigil '' `` Comic Perversion '' `` Glasgowman 's Wrath '' `` Chicago Crossover '' See also Cast members Awards and nominations Law & Order franchise Chicago franchise Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_%26_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit_(season_12)&oldid=852778960 '' Categories : 2010 American television seasons 2011 American television seasons Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Italiano Nederlands Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 09 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20%2526%20Order%3A%20Special%20Victims%20Unit%20%28season%2012%29
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what happened to cameron's husband on house
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In season 6 , Cameron left PPTH and divorced Chase after finding out about the events that took place in the episode The Tyrant . Her last episode as a main character was Teamwork , the 7th episode of the season . She left when she realized that House had a heavy impact on Chase and she could n't live with it , after her failed attempt to make Chase quit the hospital as well .
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divorced
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Allison Cameron
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allison cameron
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Physician Immunologist
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Department of Diagnostic Medicine Fellow ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 ) Senior Attending Emergency Room ( season 4 -- 5 , 8 ) Interim Dean of Medicine ( episode 5.13 ) Family Unnamed brother Spouse ( s ) Bob ( widowed ) Robert Chase ( divorced ) Unnamed third husband Children Religion Deism Allison Cameron , M.D. , is a fictional character on the Fox medical drama House , portrayed by American actress Jennifer Morrison . An immunologist , Cameron was a member of Dr. Gregory House 's team of handpicked specialists at Princeton - Plainsboro Teaching Hospital 's Department of Diagnostic Medicine . She returned for the final episode of the series , `` Everybody Dies '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personality 2 Reception 3 Departure 4 References 5 External links Personality ( edit ) `` You live under the delusion that you can fix everything that is n't perfect . That 's why you married a man who was dying of cancer . You do n't love , you need . And now that your husband is dead , you 're looking for your new charity case . That 's why you 're going out with me . I 'm twice your age , I 'm not great looking , I 'm not charming , I 'm not even nice . What I am is what you need . I 'm damaged . '' -- House to Cameron on their date in `` Love Hurts '' . Cameron was the only woman on House 's initial diagnostic team . She is known for her honesty , sincerity , idealism and strong ethical center . Even so , she is not out of her depth teasing others , as she does when alone with Chase , telling him that women can have hour - long orgasms ( in response to Foreman telling her Chase is interested but shy ) ; but , when Foreman enters , she acts completely deadpan . She is a deist , claiming `` I believe in a higher order that 's in control of what happens , but not in one anthropomorphic entity called ' God ' that 's concerned with the everyday workings of you and me '' , but expresses a feeling of respect for people with religious beliefs , unlike House , who openly and mercilessly taunts religious people . Joyce Millman of The New York Times has stated she plays `` Jane Eyre to House 's Edward Rochester . '' Millman stated that House 's description of Cameron in `` Love Hurts '' ( see box on the right ) `` ( ... ) cut to the core of Cameron 's motivation and personality '' . Morrison has said that Cameron hates herself for being in love with House , `` but she ca n't help but find him desirable '' . Cameron objects to House 's reliance on deceiving their patients and has gone head - to - head with him several times on the issue . She has also been reluctant to deliver bad news to patients or their families . Cameron 's interest in House supposedly subsided as she began a relationship with Chase , although it resurfaces occasionally with flirtations and Freudian slips ; in the season 4 episode `` Ugly '' , Cameron lets slip to a documentary team that she loves House . In `` No More Mr. Nice Guy '' , when House is believed to have neurosyphillis , Chase asks her directly in front of Foreman and the other fellows if she has slept with House , to which she ambiguously replies `` It 's none of your business '' . Chase thinks she did ; however , later , when they are in private , she says she did not . In season 4 , Cameron also dyes her hair blonde . Early in season 4 , House , who was told by Dr. James Wilson ( Robert Sean Leonard ) and Dr. Lisa Cuddy ( Lisa Edelstein ) that Cameron and Chase moved to Arizona , finds her in the ER after finally discovering that they were still working at the hospital . House tells her that she was an `` idiot '' . When Cameron asks if it was either the hair or where she was working , he said where she was working , stating that her hair made her look like a hooker and that he liked it . In the season 5 episode `` Big Baby '' , Cameron temporarily moves up to Acting Dean of Medicine and Hospital Administrator , after Cuddy decides to spend more time being a mother . However , she soon quits , stating that she can never say no to House after studying under him for three years . In season 6 , Cameron left PPTH and divorced Chase after finding out about the events that took place in the episode The Tyrant . Her last episode as a main character was Teamwork , the 7th episode of the season . She left when she realized that House had a heavy impact on Chase and she could n't live with it , after her failed attempt to make Chase quit the hospital as well . She later appeared in the season 6 episode , Lockdown , to get Chase to sign their divorce and after having done so , the two of them ended on good terms . This was her last appearance in the show until her cameo in the series finale . Reception ( edit ) Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune reported that many fans were disappointed the character received less airtime in season 4 . David Shore and producer Katie Jacobs stated that Chase and Cameron would be getting sufficient screentime and storylines soon throughout the series when many of the show 's fans complained and took action . Departure ( edit ) Fox Broadcasting announced in September 2009 that Cameron would be written out of the series in the middle of season 6 . This was a decision on the part of the writers and producers , and not Morrison 's . Before her final episode aired on November 16 , 2009 , Morrison commented on the announcement of her departure , stating that it was not definite . `` I do n't think anyone really knows ... they 're always just a couple of episodes ahead , and ( executive producer ) David Shore has always been very true to the writing of the characters and what he believes them to be . '' Morrison says that Shore is currently trying to figure out the truth of where Cameron 's supposed to be right now , and `` if she fits into the hospital ... and as far as I know , they do n't know . So that 's what I know , '' Morrison said at the Star Trek home video premiere party . Cameron returned in the season 6 episode , Lockdown as well as in the series finale , Everybody Dies , as a hallucination . Cameron was also present at House 's funeral , telling everyone that `` somewhere ... he knew how to love . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Millman , Joyce ( 2006 - 03 - 26 ) . `` She Has a Thing for Older Doctors . Especially Jerks '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Deegan , Carol ( 2006 - 04 - 19 ) . `` ' House ' Reminds Viewers , ' Everyone Lies ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Damned If You Do '' . House . Season 1 . Episode 5 . 2004 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Role Model '' . House . Season 1 . Episode 17 . 2004 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Medicine '' . House . Season 1 . Episode 12 . 2005 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Scott ( 2006 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Confusion times three '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sleeping Dogs Lie '' . House . Season 2 . Episode 18 . 2006 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Informed Consent '' . House . Season 3 . Episode 3 . 2006 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Maternity '' . House . Season 1 . Episode 4 . 2007 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` ' House ' creator speaks : Cameron and Chase fans may not want to hear it - The Watcher '' . Featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com. 2008 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Godwin , Jennifer ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` Jennifer Morrison Talks About Her Exit from House and If She 'll Be Back ... '' E Online . Archived from the original on 17 March 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Allison Cameron on TVIV Dr. Allison Cameron on House M.D. Guide ( hide ) House Characters Main Gregory House Lisa Cuddy James Wilson Eric Foreman Robert Chase Allison Cameron Thirteen ( Remy Hadley ) Chris Taub Lawrence Kutner Martha Masters Jessica Adams Chi Park Recurring Stacy Warner Michael Tritter Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Paternity '' `` Love Hurts '' `` Three Stories '' Season 2 `` Acceptance '' `` Autopsy '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` Daddy 's Boy '' `` Spin '' `` Hunting '' `` The Mistake '' `` Deception '' `` Failure to Communicate '' `` Need to Know '' `` All In '' `` Clueless '' `` House vs. God '' `` Who 's Your Daddy ? '' `` No Reason '' Season 3 `` Meaning '' `` Informed Consent '' `` Lines in the Sand '' `` Fools for Love '' `` Que Será Será '' `` Son of Coma Guy '' `` Whac - A-Mole '' `` Finding Judas '' `` Merry Little Christmas '' `` Words and Deeds '' `` One Day , One Room '' `` Needle in a Haystack '' `` Insensitive '' `` Half - Wit '' `` Top Secret '' `` Fetal Position '' `` Airborne '' `` Act Your Age '' `` House Training '' `` Family '' `` Resignation '' `` The Jerk '' `` Human Error '' Season 4 `` Alone '' `` The Right Stuff '' `` 97 Seconds '' `` Guardian Angels '' `` Mirror Mirror '' `` Whatever It Takes '' `` Ugly '' `` You Do n't Want to Know '' `` Games '' `` It 's a Wonderful Lie '' `` Frozen '' `` Do n't Ever Change '' `` No More Mr. Nice Guy '' `` Living the Dream '' `` House 's Head '' `` Wilson 's Heart '' Season 5 `` Dying Changes Everything '' `` Not Cancer '' `` Adverse Events '' `` Birthmarks '' `` Lucky Thirteen '' `` Joy '' `` The Itch '' `` Emancipation '' `` Last Resort '' `` Let Them Eat Cake '' `` Joy to the World '' `` Big Baby '' `` The Greater Good '' `` Unfaithful '' `` The Softer Side '' `` The Social Contract '' `` Here Kitty '' `` Locked In '' `` Simple Explanation '' `` Saviors '' `` House Divided '' `` Under My Skin '' `` Both Sides Now '' Season 6 `` Broken '' `` Epic Fail '' `` The Tyrant '' `` Instant Karma '' `` Brave Heart '' `` Known Unknowns '' `` Teamwork '' `` Ignorance Is Bliss '' `` Wilson '' `` The Down Low '' `` Remorse '' `` Moving the Chains '' `` 5 to 9 '' `` Private Lives '' `` Black Hole '' `` Lockdown '' `` Knight Fall '' `` Open and Shut '' `` The Choice '' `` Baggage '' `` Help Me '' Season 7 `` Now What ? '' `` Selfish '' `` Unwritten '' `` Massage Therapy '' `` Unplanned Parenthood '' `` Office Politics '' `` A Pox on Our House '' `` Small Sacrifices '' `` Larger than Life '' `` Carrot or Stick '' `` Family Practice '' `` You Must Remember This '' `` Two Stories '' `` Recession Proof '' `` Bombshells '' `` Out of the Chute '' `` Fall from Grace '' `` The Dig '' `` Last Temptation '' `` Changes '' `` The Fix '' `` After Hours '' `` Moving On '' Season 8 `` Twenty Vicodin '' `` Transplant '' `` Charity Case '' `` Risky Business '' `` The Confession '' `` Parents '' `` Dead & Buried '' `` Perils of Paranoia '' `` Better Half '' `` Runaways '' `` Nobody 's Fault '' `` Chase '' `` Man of the House '' `` Love Is Blind '' `` Blowing the Whistle '' `` Gut Check '' `` We Need the Eggs '' `` Body & Soul '' `` The C - Word '' `` Post Mortem '' `` Holding On '' `` Everybody Dies '' Related Cast list Accolades Diagnoses Soundtrack Nurse Jeffrey Doctor Richter Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allison_Cameron&oldid=826981242 '' Categories : House ( TV series ) characters Fictional characters introduced in 2004 Fictional female doctors Fictional physicians Fictional methamphetamine users Hidden categories : Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Español Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 02 : 28 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison%20Cameron
| 68,817 |
when was ktm duke 200 launched in india
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KTM 200 Duke
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ktm 200 duke
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The KTM 200 Duke is a standard or `` naked '' motorcycle made by KTM and sold in most markets worldwide . It has a single - cylinder , four - stroke , spark - ignition liquid - cooled engine . It has six - speed gearbox with the gear ratios and a cable actuated multi-disc clutch . The bike has an underbelly exhaust and a three - chamber silencer positioned close to its centre of gravity .
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The Duke 200 is manufactured at Bajaj Autos Chakan Plant in India . In Colombia , it is being assembled by the company Auteco S.A. In Argentina , is being assembled by the company Simpa S.A. since March 2014 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` KTM Duke 200 launched by Bajaj Auto at Rs 1.18 lakh '' . The Economic Times . 25 January 2012 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.indiancarsbikes.in/motorcycles/bajaj-auto-export-madeinindia-ktm-duke-200-390-china-87495/ Jump up ^ `` La KTM Duke 390 será ensamblaeda por Auteco en la planta de la firma en Itagüí '' . La Republica. 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . See also ( edit ) KTM 390 This motorcycle , scooter or moped - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KTM_200_Duke&oldid=791982175 '' Categories : Motorcycle stubs Standard motorcycles KTM motorcycles Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2017 , at 18 : 09 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTM%20200%20Duke
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what are my rights in the united states
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Human Rights in the United States
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human rights in the united states
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House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas Human rights in the United States comprise a series of rights which are legally protected by the Constitution of the United States , including the amendments , state constitutions , conferred by treaty and customary international law , and enacted legislatively through Congress , state legislatures , and state referenda and citizen 's initiatives . Federal courts in the United States have jurisdiction over international human rights laws as a federal question , arising under international law , which is part of the law of the United States . The human rights record of the United States of America is a complex matter with varying opinions ; first and foremost the Federal Government of the United States has , through a ratified constitution and amendments thereof , guaranteed unalienable rights to citizens of the country , and also to some degree , non-citizens . However , the historical evolution of these rights must be considered as well , as the periphery of the population of the United States who had access to these rights has expanded over time , and in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has not fully expanded complete rights to all human beings within its borders as compared to the international standard set by the United Nations General Assembly , because of social and political issues that stem from the history of the United States . Contrary to its constitutionally - protected requirement towards respecting of human rights , the United States has been internationally criticized for its violation of human rights , including the least protections for workers of most Western countries , the imprisonment of debtors , and the criminalization of homelessness and poverty , the invasion of the privacy of its citizens through surveillance programs , police brutality , police impunity , the incarceration of citizens for profit , the mistreatment of prisoners and juveniles in the prison system , having the longest prison sentences of any country , being the last Western country with a death penalty , the continued support for foreign dictators who commit abuses ( including genocide ) , forced disappearances , extraordinary renditions , extrajudicial detentions , torture of prisoners at Guantanamo Bay and black sites and extrajudicial targeted killings ( Disposition Matrix ) . Some observers give the U.S. high to fair marks on human rights while others charge it with a persistent pattern of human rights violations . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Legal framework 2.1 Domestic legal protection structure 2.2 Effect of international treaties 3 Equality 3.1 Racial 3.2 Gender 3.3 Disability 3.4 LGBTQ 3.5 Intersex 3.6 Privacy 3.7 Accused 4 Freedoms 4.1 Freedom of religion 4.2 Freedom of expression 4.2. 1 Right to peaceably assemble 4.3 Freedom of movement 4.4 Freedom of association 4.5 Right of revolution 4.6 National security exceptions 4.6. 1 Historical restrictions 4.6. 2 Nationwide Suspicious Activity Reporting Initiative 5 Labor rights 6 Health care 7 Justice system 7.1 Death penalty 7.2 Prison system 7.3 Sex offender registries 7.4 Police brutality 7.5 Procedural concerns 8 War on Terrorism 8.1 Inhumane treatment and torture of captured non-U.S. citizens 8.1. 1 Abu Ghraib prison abuse 8.1. 2 Enhanced interrogation and waterboarding 8.1. 3 Guantánamo Bay 8.1. 4 Extraordinary rendition 8.1. 4.1 Notable cases 9 Unethical human experimentation in the United States 10 International comparison 10.1 Support 10.2 Treaties ratified 10.3 International Bill of Rights 10.4 International Criminal Court 10.5 Other treaties not signed or signed but not ratified 10.6 Inter-American human rights system 10.7 Coverage of violations in the media 11 Further assessments 12 Other issues 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links History ( edit ) In 1776 , Thomas Jefferson proposed a philosophy of human rights inherent to all people in the Declaration of Independence , asserting that `` all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . '' Historian Joseph J. Ellis calls the Declaration `` the most quoted statement of human rights in recorded history '' . The first human rights organization in the Thirteen Colonies of British America , dedicated to the abolition of slavery , was formed by Anthony Benezet in 1775 . A year later , the Declaration of Independence announced that the Thirteen Colonies regarded themselves as independent states , and no longer a part of the British Empire . The second sentence of the Declaration of Independence , which has become a well - known statement on human rights , read `` We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . '' This view of human liberties , which originated from the European Enlightenment , postulates that fundamental rights are not granted by a divine or supernatural being to monarchs who then grant them to subjects , but are granted by a divine or supernatural being to each man ( but not woman ) and are inalienable and inherent . After the Revolutionary War , the former thirteen colonies went through a pre-government phase of more than a decade , with much debate about the form of government they would have . The United States Constitution , adopted in 1787 through ratification at a national convention and conventions in the colonies , created a republic that guaranteed several rights and civil liberties . However , it did not extend voting rights in the United States beyond white male property owners ( about 6 % of the population ) . The Constitution did refer to `` Persons '' , not `` Men '' as was used in the Declaration of Independence , and it omitted any reference to the supernatural imagination ( such as a `` Creator '' or `` God '' ) and any authority derived or divined therefrom , and allowed `` affirmation '' in lieu of an `` oath '' if preferred . The Constitution thus eliminated any requirement of supernatural grant of human rights and provided that they belonged to all Persons ( presumably meaning men and women , and perhaps children , although the developmental distinction between children and adults poses issues and has been the subject of subsequent amendments , as discussed below ) . Some of this conceptualization may have arisen from the significant Quaker segment of the population in the colonies , especially in the Delaware Valley , and their religious views that all human beings , regardless of sex , age , race , or other characteristics , had the same Inner light . Quaker and Quaker - derived views would have informed the drafting and ratification of the Constitution , including through the direct influence of some of the Framers of the Constitution , such as John Dickinson and Thomas Mifflin , who were either Quakers themselves or came from regions founded by or heavily populated with Quakers . Dickinson , Mifflin and other Framers who objected to slavery were outvoted on that question , however , and the original Constitution sanctioned slavery ( although not based on race or other characteristic of the slave ) and , through the Three - Fifths Compromise , counted slaves ( who were not defined by race ) as three - fifths of a Person for purposes of distribution of taxes and representation in the House of Representatives ( although the slaves themselves were discriminated against in voting for such representatives ) . As the new Constitution took effect in practice , concern over individual liberties and concentration of power at the federal level , gave rise to the amendment of the Constitution through adoption of the Bill of Rights , the first ten amendments of the Constitution . However , this had little impact on judgements by the courts for the first 130 years after ratification . Courts and legislatures also began to vary in the interpretation of `` Person '' , with some jurisdictions narrowing the meaning of `` Person '' to cover only people with property , only men , or only white men . For example , although women had been voting in some states , such as New Jersey , since the founding of the United States , and prior to that in the colonial era , other states denied them the vote . In 1756 Lydia Chapin Taft voted , casting a vote in the local town hall meeting in place of her deceased husband . In 1777 women lost the right to exercise their vote in New York , in 1780 women lost the right to exercise their vote in Massachusetts , and in 1784 women lost the right to exercise their vote in New Hampshire . From 1775 until 1807 , the state constitution in New Jersey permitted all persons worth over fifty pounds ( about $7,800 adjusted for inflation , with the election laws referring to the voters as `` he or she '' ) to vote ; provided they had this property , free black men and single women regardless of race therefore had the vote until 1807 , but not married women , who could have no independent claim to ownership of fifty pounds ( anything they owned or earned belonged to their husbands by the Common law of Coverture ) . In 1790 , the law was revised to specifically include women , but in 1807 the law was again revised to exclude them , an unconstitutional act since the state constitution specifically made any such change dependent on the general suffrage . See Women 's suffrage in the United States . Through the doctrine of coverture , many states also denied married women the right to own property in their own name , although most allowed single women ( widowed , divorced or never married ) the `` Person '' status of men , sometimes pursuant to the common law concept of a femme sole . Over the years , a variety of claimants sought to assert that discrimination against women in voting , in property ownership , in occupational license , and other matters was unconstitutional given the Constitution 's use of the term `` Person '' , but the all - male courts did not give this fair hearing . See , e.g. , Bradwell v. Illinois . In the 1860s , after decades of conflict over southern states ' continued practice of slavery , and northern states ' outlawing it , the Civil War was fought , and in its aftermath the Constitution was amended to prohibit slavery and to prohibit states ' denying rights granted in the Constitution . Among these amendments was the Fourteenth Amendment , which included an Equal Protection Clause which seemed to clarify that courts and states were prohibited in narrowing the meaning of `` Persons '' . After the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was adopted , Susan B. Anthony , buttressed by the equal protection language , voted . She was prosecuted for this , however , and ran into an all - male court ruling that women were not `` Persons '' ; the court levied a fine but it was never collected . Martin Luther King at the 1963 Civil Rights March on Washington , D.C Fifty years later , in 1920 , the Constitution was amended again , with the Nineteenth Amendment to definitively prohibit discrimination against women 's suffrage . In the 1970s , the Burger Court made a series of rulings clarifying that discrimination against women in the status of being Persons violated the Constitution and acknowledged that previous court rulings to the contrary had been Sui generis and an abuse of power . The most often cited of these is Reed v. Reed , which held that any discrimination against either sex in the rights associated with Person status must meet a strict scrutiny standard . The 1970s also saw the adoption of the Twenty - sixth Amendment , which prohibited discrimination on the basis of age , for Persons 18 years old and over , in voting . Other attempts to address the developmental distinction between children and adults in Person status and rights have been addressed mostly by the Supreme Court , with the Court recognizing in 2012 , in Miller v. Alabama a political and biological principle that children are different from adults . In the 20th century , the United States took a significant role in the creation of the United Nations and in the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Drafting Committee was chaired by former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt , who was known for her human rights advocacy . Even as such , the United States is in violation of the Declaration , in as much that `` everyone has the right to leave any country '' because the government may prevent the entry and exit of anyone from the United States for foreign policy , national security , or child support rearage reasons by revoking their passport . The United States is also in violation of the United Nations ' human rights Convention on the Rights of the Child which requires both parents to have a relationship with the child . Conflict between the human rights of the child and those of a mother or father who wishes to leave the country without paying child support or doing the personal work of child care for his child can be considered to be a question of negative and positive rights . Legal framework ( edit ) Original page of the United States Constitution Domestic legal protection structure ( edit ) According to Human Rights : The Essential Reference , `` the American Declaration of Independence was the first civic document that met a modern definition of human rights . '' The Constitution recognizes a number of inalienable human rights , including freedom of speech , freedom of assembly , freedom of religion , the right to keep and bear arms , freedom from cruel and unusual punishment , and the right to a fair trial by jury . Constitutional amendments have been enacted as the needs of the society evolved . The Ninth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment recognized that not all human rights were enumerated in the original United States Constitution . The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 are examples of human rights that were enumerated by Congress well after the Constitution 's writing . The scope of the legal protections of human rights afforded by the US government is defined by case law , particularly by the precedent of the Supreme Court of the United States . Within the federal government , the debate about what may or may not be an emerging human right is held in two forums : the United States Congress , which may enumerate these ; and the Supreme Court , which may articulate rights that the law does not spell out . Additionally , individual states , through court action or legislation , have often protected human rights not recognized at federal level . For example , Massachusetts was the first of several states to recognize same sex marriage . Effect of International treaties ( edit ) In the context of human rights and treaties that recognize or create individual rights , U.S. constitutional law makes a distinction between self - executing and non-self - executing treaties . Non-self - executing treaties , which ascribe rights that under the constitution may be assigned by law , require legislative action to execute the contract ( treaty ) before it becomes a part of domestic law . There are also cases that explicitly require legislative approval according to the Constitution , such as cases that could commit the U.S. to declare war or appropriate funds . Treaties regarding human rights , which create a duty to refrain from acting in a particular manner or confer specific rights , are generally held to be self - executing , requiring no further legislative action . In cases where legislative bodies refuse to recognize otherwise self - executing treaties by declaring them to be non-self - executing in an act of legislative non-recognition , constitutional scholars argue that such acts violate the separation of powers -- in cases of controversy , the judiciary , not Congress , has the authority under Article III to apply treaty law to cases before the court . This is a key provision in cases where the Congress declares a human rights treaty to be non-self - executing , for example , by contending it does not add anything to human rights under U.S. domestic law . The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is one such case , which , while ratified after more than two decades of inaction , was done so with reservations , understandings , and declarations . Under the principle of pacta sunt servanda a country may not invoke provisions of its domestic laws or constitution as justification for failure to comply with its international law obligations . Therefore , if a human rights treaty has been ratified by the U.S. but is not considered self - executing , or has not yet been implemented by legislation , it is nonetheless binding on the U.S. government as a matter of international law . Equality ( edit ) Racial ( edit ) See also : Civil Rights Act of 1964 , Civil Rights Movement , and Racial inequality in the United States Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Among the guests behind him is Martin Luther King , Jr . The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees that `` the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race , color , or previous condition of servitude . '' In addition , Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the denial of a citizen of the right to vote based on that citizen 's `` race , color , or previous condition of servitude '' . The United States has enacted comprehensive legislation prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race and national origin in the workplace in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ( CRA ) . The CRA is perhaps the most prominent civil rights legislation enacted in modern times , has served as a model for subsequent anti-discrimination laws and has greatly expanded civil rights protections in a wide variety of settings . The 1991 provision created recourse for victims of such discrimination for punitive damages and full back pay . In addition to individual civil recourse , the United States possesses anti-discrimination government enforcement bodies , such as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission . Beginning in 1965 , the United States also began a program of affirmative action that not only obliges employers not to discriminate , but requires them to provide preferences for groups protected under the Civil Rights Act to increase their numbers where they are judged to be underrepresented . Such affirmative action programs are also applied in college admissions . The United States also prohibits the imposition of any `` ... voting qualification or prerequisite to voting , or standard , practice , or procedure ... to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color , '' which prevents the use of grandfather clauses , literacy tests , poll taxes and white primaries . Abolitionist Anthony Benezet and others formed the Pennsylvania Abolition Society . This image was used as a symbol for their cause . Prior to the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , slavery was legal in some states of the United States until 1865 . Influenced by the principles of the Religious Society of Friends , Anthony Benezet formed the Pennsylvania Abolition Society in 1775 , believing that all ethnic groups were considered equal and that human slavery was incompatible with Christian beliefs . Benezet extended the recognition of human rights to Native Americans and he argued for a peaceful solution to the violence between the Native and European Americans . Benjamin Franklin became the president of Benezet 's abolition society in the late 18th century . In addition , the Fourteenth Amendment was interpreted to permit what was termed Separate but equal treatment of minorities until the United States Supreme Court overturned this interpretation in 1954 , which consequently overturned Jim Crow laws . Native Americans did not have citizenship rights until the Dawes Act of 1887 and the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 . Following the 2008 presidential election , Barack Obama was sworn in as the first African - American president of the United States on January 20 , 2009 . In his Inaugural Address , President Obama stated `` A man whose father less than 60 years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath ... So let us mark this day with remembrance , of who we are and how far we have traveled '' . Gender ( edit ) See also : Feminism in the United States , Sexism , and Women 's suffrage in the United States U.S. women suffragists demonstrating for the right to vote , February 1913 The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the states and the federal government from denying any citizen the right to vote because of that citizen 's sex . While this does not necessarily guarantee all women the right to vote , as suffrage qualifications are determined by individual states , it does mean that states ' suffrage qualifications may not prevent women from voting due to their gender . The United States has enacted comprehensive CRA legislation prohibiting discrimination on the basis of gender in the workplace . The 1991 provision created recourse for discrimination victims for punitive damages and full back pay . In addition to individual civil recourse , the United States possesses anti-discrimination government enforcement bodies , such as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission . Beginning in 1965 , the United States also began a program of affirmative action that not only obliges employers not to discriminate , but also requires them to provide preferences for groups protected under the CRA to increase their numbers where they are judged to be underrepresented . Such affirmative action programs are also applied in college admissions . The United States has legally defined sexual harassment in the workplace . Because sexual harassment is therefore a Civil Rights violation , individual legal rights of those harassed in the workplace are strong in the United States . The Selective Service System does not require women to register for a possible military draft . Men are required to sign up for the Selective Service System however . Disability ( edit ) See also : Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Timeline of disability rights in the United States The United States has adopted antidiscrimination legislation for people with disabilities , the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ( ADA ) . The ADA reflected a dramatic shift toward the employment of persons with disabilities to enhance the labor force participation of qualified persons with disabilities and to reduce their dependence on government entitlement programs . The ADA amends the CRA and permits plaintiffs to recover punitive damages . The ADA has been instrumental in the evolution of disability discrimination law in the United States . Although ADA Title I was found to be unconstitutional , the Supreme Court has extended the protection to people with Acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) . Federal benefits such as Social Security Disability Insurance ( SSDI ) and Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) are often administratively viewed in the United States as being primarily or near - exclusively the entitlement only of impoverished U.S. people with disabilities , and not applicable to those with disabilities who make significantly above - poverty level income . This is proven in practice by the general fact that in the U.S. , a disabled person on SSI without significant employment income who is suddenly employed , with a salary or wage at or above the living wage threshold , often discovers that government benefits they were previously entitled to have ceased , because supposedly the new job `` invalidates '' the need for this assistance . However , the Stephen Beck , Jr . Achieving a Better Life Experience Act of 2014 ( the ABLE Act ) amended Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Service Code of 1986 to create tax - free savings accounts ( ABLE accounts ) for qualified expenses , and with these accounts ( each person may have only one account ) people with disabilities who have a condition that occurred before age 26 can save up to $100,000 without risking eligibility for Social Security and other government programs . They can also keep their Medicaid coverage no matter how much money they accrue in their ABLE account . Under current gift - tax limitations as of 2014 , as much as $14,000 could be deposited annually . However , each state must put regulations in place so that financial institutions can make the ABLE accounts available , and there is no guarantee a particular state will do so . SSI benefits also require frequent reviews to `` prove '' the person is still disabled , and require the disabled person to be diligent about returning paperwork and reporting any income they make , raising concerns that it is unfair to people with disabilities , especially those with mental disabilities who are often unaware of how to navigate the complex bureaucracy needed to not lose their benefits , a situation not dissimilar to probation . The U.S. is the only industrialized country in the world to have this particular approach to disability assistance programming . These factors make it so that disabled people are in some senses second class citizens . Lgbtq ( edit ) Main articles : LGBT rights in the United States and Transgender rights in the United States United States Secretary of Homeland Security Jeh Johnson laying flowers at a makeshift memorial outside of the Pulse nightclub on the third month anniversary of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting on September 12 , 2016 The United States federal government voted in the United Nations General Assembly in favor of A / RES / 57 / 214 , A / RES / 59 / 197 , abstained A / RES / 61 / 173 , A / RES / 63 / 182 A / RES / 65 / 208 , A / RES / 67 / 168 , and in favor of A / RES / 69 / 182 . The United States federal government also voted in favor of the United Nations Human Rights Council A / HRC / RES / 17 / 19 . The United States federal government signed the United Nations 2006 and 2008 Joint Statements . The United States federal government voted in the United Nations Security Council in favor of SC / 12399 . Intersex ( edit ) Main article : Intersex rights in the United States Intersex people in the United States have significant gaps in protections for physical integrity and bodily autonomy , particularly in protection from non-consensual cosmetic medical interventions and violence , and protection from discrimination . Actions by intersex civil society organizations aim to eliminate harmful practices , promote social acceptance , and equality . In recent years , intersex activists have also secured some forms of legal recognition . Privacy ( edit ) See also : Mass surveillance in the United States and Privacy laws of the United States Privacy is not explicitly stated in the United States Constitution . In the Griswold v. Connecticut case , the Supreme Court ruled that it is implied in the Constitution . In the Roe v. Wade case , the Supreme Court used privacy rights to overturn most laws against abortion in the United States . In the Cruzan v. Director , Missouri Department of Health case , the Supreme Court held that the patient had a right of privacy to terminate medical treatment . In Gonzales v. Oregon , the Supreme Court held that the Federal Controlled Substances Act can not prohibit physician - assisted suicide allowed by the Oregon Death with Dignity Act . The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of criminalizing oral and anal sex in the Bowers v. Hardwick 478 U.S. 186 ( 1986 ) decision ; however , it overturned the decision in the Lawrence v. Texas 539 U.S. 558 ( 2003 ) case and established the protection to sexual privacy . Accused ( edit ) The United States maintains a presumption of innocence in legal procedures . The Fourth , Fifth , Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution deals with the rights of criminal suspects . Later the protection was extended to civil cases as well In the Gideon v. Wainwright case , the Supreme Court requires that indigent criminal defendants who are unable to afford their own attorney be provided counsel at trial . Since the Miranda v. Arizona case , the United States requires police departments to inform arrested persons of their rights , which is later called Miranda warning and typically begins with `` You have the right to remain silent . '' Freedoms ( edit ) Freedom of religion ( edit ) Main article : Freedom of religion in the United States The establishment clause of the first amendment prohibits the establishment of a national religion by Congress or the preference of one religion over another . The clause was used to limit school praying , beginning with Engel v. Vitale , which ruled government - led prayer unconstitutional . Wallace v. Jaffree banned moments of silence allocated for praying . The Supreme Court also ruled clergy - led prayer at public high school graduations unconstitutional with Lee v. Weisman . The free exercise clause guarantees the free exercise of religion . The Supreme Court 's Lemon v. Kurtzman decision established the `` Lemon test '' exception , which details the requirements for legislation concerning religion . In the Employment Division v. Smith decision , the Supreme Court maintained a `` neutral law of general applicability '' can be used to limit religion exercises . In the City of Boerne v. Flores decision , the Religious Freedom Restoration Act was struck down as exceeding congressional power ; however , the decision 's effect is limited by the Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal decision , which requires states to express compelling interest in prohibiting illegal drug use in religious practices . Freedom of expression ( edit ) The Four Freedoms are derived from the 1941 State of the Union Address by United States President Franklin Roosevelt delivered to the 77th United States Congress on January 6 , 1941 . The theme was incorporated into the Atlantic Charter , and it became part of the charter of the United Nations and appears in the preamble of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights . Main articles : Freedom of speech in the United States and Censorship in the United States The United States is a constitutional republic based on founding documents that restrict the power of government and preserve the liberty of the people . The freedom of expression ( including speech , media , and public assembly ) is an important right and is given special protection , as declared by the First Amendment of the constitution . According to Supreme Court precedent , the federal and lower governments may not apply prior restraint to expression , with certain exceptions , such as national security and obscenity . Legal limits on expression include : Solicitation , fraud , specific threats of violence , or disclosure of classified information Advocating the overthrow of the U.S. government through speech or publication , or organizing political parties that advocate the overthrow of the U.S. government ( the Smith Act ) Civil offenses involving defamation , fraud , or workplace harassment Copyright violations Federal Communications Commission rules governing the use of broadcast media Crimes involving sexual obscenity in pornography and text only erotic stories . Ordinances requiring mass demonstrations on public property to register in advance . The use of free speech zones and protest free zones . Military censorship of blogs written by military personnel claiming some include sensitive information ineligible for release . Some critics view military officials as trying to suppress dissent from troops in the field . The US Constitution specifically limits the human rights of active duty members , and this constitutional authority is used to limit speech rights by members in this and in other ways . Some laws remain controversial due to concerns that they infringe on freedom of expression . These include the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act . In two high - profile cases , grand juries have decided that Time magazine reporter Matthew Cooper and New York Times reporter Judith Miller must reveal their sources in cases involving CIA leaks . Time magazine exhausted its legal appeals , and Mr. Cooper eventually agreed to testify . Miller was jailed for 85 days before cooperating . U.S. District Chief Judge Thomas F. Hogan ruled that the First Amendment does not insulate Time magazine reporters from a requirement to testify before a criminal grand jury that 's conducting the investigation into the possible illegal disclosure of classified information . Approximately 30,000 government employees and contractors are currently employed to monitor telephone calls and other communications . In November 2013 , leaked documents revealed that the government and some large corporations had censored many blogs and news articles using existing surveillance programs . Right to peaceably assemble ( edit ) Although Americans enjoy the freedom to peacefully protest , protesters are infrequently arrested , beaten , mistreated , jailed or fired upon which resulted in lawsuits or criminal prosecutions . Protesters have also been arrested for protesting outside of designated `` free speech zones '' . At the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City , over 1,700 protesters were arrested . On May 4 , 1970 , Ohio National Guardsmen opened fire on protesting students at Kent State University , killing four students . Investigators determined that 28 Guardsmen fired 61 to 67 shots . The Justice Department concluded that the Guardsmen were not in danger and that their claim that they fired in self - defense was untrue . The nearest student was almost 100 yards away at the time of the shooting . Guards involved in the shooting were indicted . Eight of the guardsmen were indicted by a grand jury . The guardsmen claimed to have fired in self - defense , a claim that was generally accepted by the criminal justice system . In 1974 U.S. District Judge Frank Battisti dismissed charges against all eight on the basis that the prosecution 's case was too weak to warrant a trial . Civil actions were also attempted against the guardsmen , the State of Ohio , and the president of Kent State . The federal court civil action for wrongful death and injury , brought by the victims and their families against Governor Rhodes , the President of Kent State , and the National Guardsmen , resulted in unanimous verdicts for all defendants on all claims after an eleven - week trial . The judgment on those verdicts was reversed by the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit on the ground that the federal trial judge had mishandled an out - of - court threat against a juror . On remand , the civil case was settled in return for payment of a total of $675,000 to all plaintiffs by the State of Ohio Freedom of movement ( edit ) Further information : Freedom of movement under United States law As per § 707 ( b ) of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act , Fiscal Year 1979 , United States passports are required to enter and exit the country , and as per the Passport Act of 1926 and Haig v. Agee , the Presidential administration may deny or revoke passports for foreign policy or national security reasons at any time . Perhaps the most notable example of enforcement of this ability was the 1948 denial of a passport to U.S. Representative Leo Isacson , who sought to go to Paris to attend a conference as an observer for the American Council for a Democratic Greece , a Communist front organization , because of the group 's role in opposing the Greek government in the Greek Civil War . The United States prevents U.S. citizens to travel to Cuba , citing national security reasons , as part of an embargo against Cuba that has been condemned as an illegal act by the United Nations General Assembly . The current exception to the ban on travel to the island , permitted since April 2009 , has been an easing of travel restrictions for Cuban - Americans visiting their relatives . Restrictions continue to remain in place for the rest of the American populace . On June 30 , 2010 , the American Civil Liberties Union filed a lawsuit on behalf of ten people who are either U.S. citizens or legal residents of the U.S. , challenging the constitutionality of the government 's `` no - fly '' list . The plaintiffs have not been told why they are on the list . Five of the plaintiffs have been stranded abroad . It is estimated that the `` no - fly '' list contained about 8,000 names at the time of the lawsuit . The Secretary of State can deny a passport to anyone imprisoned , on parole , or on supervised release for a conviction for international drug trafficking or sex tourism , or to anyone who is behind on their child support payments . The following case precedents are typically incorrectly cited in defense of unencumbered travel within the United States : `` The use of the highway for the purpose of travel and transportation is not a mere privilege , but a common fundamental right of which the public and individuals can not rightfully be deprived . '' Chicago Motor Coach v. Chicago , 337 Ill . 200 ; 169 N.E. 22 ( 1929 ) . `` The right of the citizen to travel upon the public highways and to transport his property thereon , either by carriage or by automobile , is not a mere privilege which a city may prohibit or permit at will , but a common law right which he has under the right to life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . '' Thompson v. Smith , Supreme Court of Virginia , 155 Va . 367 ; 154 S.E. 579 ; ( 1930 ) . `` Undoubtedly the right of locomotion , the right to move from one place to another according to inclination , is an attribute of personal liberty , and the right , ordinarily , of free transit from or through the territory of any State is a right secured by the 14th amendment and by other provisions of the Constitution . '' Schactman v. Dulles , 225 F. 2d 938 ; 96 U.S. App . D.C. 287 ( 1955 ) . `` The right to travel is a well - established common right that does not owe its existence to the federal government . It is recognized by the courts as a natural right . '' Schactman v. Dulles 225 F. 2d 938 ; 96 U.S. App . D.C. 287 ( 1955 ) at 941 . `` The right to travel is a part of the liberty of which the citizen can not be deprived without due process of law under the Fifth Amendment . '' Kent v. Dulles , 357 US 116 , 125 ( 1958 ) . Federal courts have ruled that a person does not have the right to drive an automobile , it is a privilege . Freedom of Association ( edit ) Further information : Freedom of association Freedom of association is the right of individuals to come together in groups for political action or to pursue common interests . Freedom of association in the U.S. is restricted by the Smith Act , which bans political parties that advocate the violent overthrow of the U.S. government . Between 1956 and 1971 , the FBI attempted to `` expose , disrupt , misdirect , discredit , or otherwise neutralize '' radical groups through the COINTELPRO program . In 2008 , the Maryland State Police admitted that they had added the names of Iraq War protesters and death penalty opponents to a terrorist database . They also admitted that other `` protest groups '' were added to the terrorist database , but did not specify which groups . It was also discovered that undercover troopers used aliases to infiltrate organizational meetings , rallies and group e-mail lists . Police admitted there was `` no evidence whatsoever of any involvement in violent crime '' by those classified as terrorists . Right of revolution ( edit ) Main article : Right of revolution The right of revolution is the right or duty of the people of a nation to overthrow a government that acts against their common interests , and is a traditional assumption in American political thought . The right to revolution played a large part in the writings of the American revolutionaries in the run up to the American Revolution . The political tract Common Sense used the concept as an argument for rejection of the British Monarchy and separation from the British Empire , as opposed to merely self - government within it . It was also cited in the Declaration of Independence of the United States , when a group of representatives from the various states signed a declaration of independence citing charges against King George III . As the American Declaration of Independence in 1776 expressed it , natural law taught that the people were `` endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights '' and could alter or abolish government `` destructive '' of those rights . National security exceptions ( edit ) Further information : National Security Strategy of the United States and Mass surveillance in the United States The United States government has declared martial law , suspended ( or claimed exceptions to ) some rights on national security grounds , typically in wartime and conflicts such as the United States Civil War , Cold War or the War against Terror . 70,000 Americans of Japanese ancestry were legally interned during World War II under Executive Order 9066 . In some instances the federal courts have allowed these exceptions , while in others the courts have decided that the national security interest was insufficient . Presidents Lincoln , Wilson , and F.D. Roosevelt ignored such judicial decisions . Historical restrictions ( edit ) Sedition laws have sometimes placed restrictions on freedom of expression . The Alien and Sedition Acts , passed by President John Adams during an undeclared naval conflict with France , allowed the government to punish `` false '' statements about the government and to deport `` dangerous '' immigrants . The Federalist Party used these acts to harass many supporters of the Democratic - Republican Party . While Woodrow Wilson was president , broad legislation called the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 were passed during World War I. Thousands were jailed for violations of these laws , which prohibited criticizing conscription and the government , or sending literature through the US Mail doing the same . Most prominently it led to the conviction of Socialist Party of America Presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs for speaking out against US participation in World War I and conscription . Debs received ten years in prison , and ran for president a third time while in prison ( on December 25 , 1921 , his sentence was commuted by President Warren G. Harding , releasing Debs early ) . Numerous conscientious objectors to conscription were also jailed , with a few dying due to mistreatment . In the post-war Palmer Raids , foreign - born dissidents were arrested in the thousands without legal warrants , and deported for their political beliefs . Presidents have claimed the power to imprison summarily , under military jurisdiction , those suspected of being combatants for states or groups at war against the United States . Abraham Lincoln invoked this power in the American Civil War to imprison Maryland secessionists . In that case , the Supreme Court concluded that only Congress could suspend the writ of habeas corpus , and the government released the detainees . During World War II , the United States interned thousands of Japanese - Americans on alleged fears that Japan might use them as saboteurs - the US Supreme Court upheld this policy . The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution forbids unreasonable search and seizure without a warrant , but some administrations have claimed exceptions to this rule to investigate alleged conspiracies against the government . During the Cold War , the Federal Bureau of Investigation established COINTELPRO to infiltrate and disrupt left - wing organizations , including those that supported the rights of black Americans . National security , as well as other concerns like unemployment , has sometimes led the United States to toughen its generally liberal immigration policy . The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 all but banned Chinese immigrants , who were accused of crowding out American workers . Nationwide suspicious activity reporting initiative ( edit ) The federal government has set up a data collection and storage network that keeps a wide variety of data on tens of thousands of Americans who have not been accused of committing a crime . Operated primarily under the direction of the Federal Bureau of Investigation , the program is known as the Nationwide Suspicious Activity Reporting Initiative or SAR . Reports of suspicious behavior noticed by local law enforcement or by private citizens are forwarded to the program , and profiles are constructed of the persons under suspicion . See also Fusion Center . Labor Rights ( edit ) Main article : Labor rights Labor rights in the United States have been linked to basic constitutional rights . Comporting with the notion of creating an economy based upon highly skilled and high wage labor employed in a capital - intensive dynamic growth economy , the United States enacted laws mandating the right to a safe workplace , workers compensation , Unemployment insurance , fair labor standards , collective bargaining rights , Social Security , prohibiting child labor and guaranteeing a minimum wage . U.S. workers work longer hours on average than any other industrialized country , having recently surpassed Japan . U.S. workers rank high in terms of production . During the 19th and 20th centuries , safer conditions and workers ' rights were gradually mandated by law , but this trend has reversed to some extent towards pro-business policies since the 1980s . In 1935 , the National Labor Relations Act recognized and protected `` the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions , to engage in collective bargaining , and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands . '' However , many states hold to the principle of at - will employment , which says an employee can be fired for any or no reason , without warning and without recourse , unless violation of State or Federal civil rights laws can be proven . In 2011 , 11.8 % of U.S. workers were members of labor unions with 37 % of public sector ( government ) workers in unions while only 6.9 % of private sector workers were union members . The United States ' maternity leave policy is distinct from other industrialized countries for its relative scarcity of benefits . The length of protected maternity leave ranks 20th out of the 21 high - income countries . Moreover , most foreign wealthy nations provide some form of wage compensation for the leave of absence ; the United States is the only one of these 21 countries that does not offer such paid leave . Additionally , the United States and Papua New Guinea are the only countries in the world that do not guarantee paid maternal leave by law . In 2014 , the United States received a poor grade of `` 4 '' on the ITUC 's Global Rights Index , which ranks the worst places in the world for workers ' rights , with `` 1 '' being the best and `` 5 '' the worst . Other nations that scored a `` 4 '' include Argentina , Bahrain , El Salvador , Haiti , Hong Kong , Iraq , Iran , Mexico and Yemen . The United States is considered a `` medium risk '' country for child labor according to Maplecroft 's 2014 Child Labor Index . Health care ( edit ) See also : Health care in the United States The Universal Declaration of Human Rights , adopted by the United Nations in 1948 , states that `` everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well - being of oneself and one 's family , including food , clothing , housing , and medical care . '' In addition , the Principles of Medical Ethics of the American Medical Association require medical doctors to respect the human rights of the patient , including that of providing medical treatment when it is needed . Americans ' rights in health care are regulated by the US Patients ' Bill of Rights . Unlike most other industrialized nations , the United States does not offer most of its citizens subsidized health care . The United States Medicaid program provides subsidized coverage to some categories of individuals and families with low incomes and resources , including children , pregnant women , and very low - income people with disabilities ( higher - earning people with disabilities do not qualify for Medicaid , although they do qualify for Medicare ) . However , according to Medicaid 's own documents , `` the Medicaid program does not provide health care services , even for very poor people , unless they are in one of the designated eligibility groups . '' Nonetheless , some states offer subsidized health insurance to broader populations . Coverage is subsidized for persons age 65 and over , or who meet other special criteria through Medicare . Every person with a permanent disability , both young and old , is inherently entitled to Medicare health benefits -- a fact not all disabled US citizens are aware of . However , just like every other Medicare recipient , a disabled person finds that his or her Medicare benefits only cover up to 80 % of what the insurer considers reasonable charges in the U.S. medical system , and that the other 20 % plus the difference in the reasonable amount and the actual charge must be paid by other means ( typically supplemental , privately held insurance plans , or cash out of the person 's own pocket ) . Therefore , even the Medicare program is not truly national health insurance or universal health care the way most of the rest of the industrialized world understands it . The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act of 1986 , an unfunded mandate , mandates that no person may ever be denied emergency services regardless of ability to pay , citizenship , or immigration status . The Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act has been criticized by the American College of Emergency Physicians as an unfunded mandate . 46.6 million residents , or 15.9 percent , were without health insurance coverage in 2005 . This number includes about ten million non-citizens , millions more who are eligible for Medicaid but never applied , and 18 million with annual household incomes above $50,000 . According to a study led by the Johns Hopkins Children 's Center , uninsured children who are hospitalized are 60 % more likely to die than children who are covered by health insurance . Justice system ( edit ) The Fourth , Fifth , Sixth and Eighteenth Amendments of the Bill of Rights , along with the Fourteenth Amendment , ensure that criminal defendants have significant procedural rights . The Fourteenth Amendment 's incorporation of due process rights adds these constitutional protections to the state and local levels of law enforcement . The United States also possesses a system of judicial review over government action . Death penalty ( edit ) Further information : Capital punishment in the United States and Capital punishment debate The United States was the only country in the G8 to have carried out executions in 2011 . Three countries in the G20 carried out executions in 2011 : China , Saudi Arabia and the United States . The United States and Belarus were the only two of the 56 Member States of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe to have carried out executions in 2011 . As of April 2015 , only 18 states and the District of Columbia do not have the death penalty . Capital punishment is controversial . Death penalty opponents regard the death penalty as inhumane and criticize it for its irreversibility and assert that it lacks a deterrent effect , as have several studies and debunking studies that claim to show a deterrent effect . According to Amnesty International , `` the death penalty is the ultimate , irreversible denial of human rights . '' The 1972 US Supreme Court case Furman v. Georgia 408 U.S. 238 ( 1972 ) held that arbitrary imposition of the death penalty at the states ' discretion constituted cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution . This was preceded with the Supreme Court of California 's ruling in California v. Anderson 64 Cal. 2d 633 , 414 P. 2d 366 ( Cal. 1972 ) , which classified capital punishment as cruel and unusual and outlawed the use of capital punishment in California ( however , this was reversed the same year through a ballot initiative , Proposition 17 ) . It was reinstated nationally in 1976 after the US Supreme Court rulings Gregg v. Georgia , 428 U.S. 153 ( 1976 ) , Jurek v. Texas , 428 U.S. 262 ( 1976 ) , and Proffitt v. Florida , 428 U.S. 242 ( 1976 ) . As of January 25 , 2008 , the death penalty has been abolished in the District of Columbia and fourteen states , mainly in the Northeast and Midwest . The UN special rapporteur recommended to a committee of the UN General Assembly that the United States be found to be in violation of Article 6 the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in regards to the death penalty in 1998 , and called for an immediate capital punishment moratorium . The recommendation of the special rapporteur is not legally binding under international law , and in this case the UN did not act upon the lawyer 's recommendation . Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976 there have been 1077 executions in the United States ( as of May 23 , 2007 ) . There were 53 executions in 2006 . Texas overwhelmingly leads the United States in executions , with 379 executions from 1976 to 2006 ; the second - highest ranking state is Virginia , with 98 executions . A ruling on March 1 , 2005 , by the Supreme Court in Roper v. Simmons prohibits the execution of people who committed their crimes when they were under the age of 18 . Between 1990 and 2005 , Amnesty International recorded 19 executions in the United States for crime committed by a juvenile . It is the official policy of the European Union and a number of non-EU nations to achieve global abolition of the death penalty . For this reason the EU is vocal in its criticism of the death penalty in the US and has submitted amicus curiae briefs in a number of important US court cases related to capital punishment . The American Bar Association also sponsors a project aimed at abolishing the death penalty in the United States , stating as among the reasons for their opposition that the US continues to execute minors and the mentally retarded , and fails to protect adequately the rights of the innocent . Some opponents criticize the over-representation of blacks on death row as evidence of the unequal racial application of the death penalty . This over-representation is not limited to capital offenses - in 1992 , although blacks account for 12 % of the US population , about 34 % of prison inmates were from this group , though studies dispute the involvement of racism - blacks commit crimes at a rate disproportionate to their representation in the population , and over half of homicides where the race of the offender is known were perpetuated by blacks . In McCleskey v. Kemp , it was alleged the capital sentencing process was administered in a racially discriminatory manner in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In 2003 , Amnesty International reported those who kill whites are more likely to be executed than those who kill blacks , citing that of the 845 people executed since 1977 80 percent were put to death for killing whites and 13 percent were executed for killing blacks , even though blacks and whites are murdered in almost equal numbers . Prison system ( edit ) Further information : Incarceration in the United States , Prisoner rights in the United States , Prison -- industrial complex , and Cutter v. Wilkinson The United States is seen by social critics , including international and domestic human rights groups and civil rights organizations , as a state that violates fundamental human rights , because of disproportionately heavy penalties and extremely long prison sentences ( in comparison with other countries ) , reliance on crime control , individual behavior control ( civil liberties ) , and societal control of disadvantaged groups through a harsh police and criminal justice system . The U.S. penal system is implemented on the federal , and in particular on the state and local levels . This social policy has resulted in a high rate of incarceration , which affects Americans from the lowest socioeconomic backgrounds and racial minorities the hardest . Some have criticized the United States for having an extremely large prison population , where there have been reported abuses . As of 2004 the United States had the highest percentage of people in prison of any nation . There were more than 2.2 million in prisons or jails , or 737 per 100,000 population , or roughly 1 out of every 136 Americans . According to The National Council on Crime and Delinquency , since 1990 the incarceration of youth in adult jails has increased 208 % . In some states youth - juvenile is defined as young as 13 years old . The researchers for this report found that juveniles often were incarcerated to await trial for up to two years and subjected to the same treatment of mainstream inmates . The incarcerated adolescent is often subjected to a highly traumatic environment during this developmental stage . The long - term effects are often irreversible and detrimental . `` Human Rights Watch believes the extraordinary rate of incarceration in the United States wreaks havoc on individuals , families and communities , and saps the strength of the nation as a whole . '' The length of prison sentences in the United States is widely criticized in other countries and is believed to be the biggest contributor to the country 's large prison population . The length of the average prison sentences ( for all crimes ) in the United States far exceed those in most other countries . The United States is currently the country with the most life sentences , most of which are life without parole ( LWOP ) . Mandatory minimum sentences and three - strikes laws are probably the largest contributors to the country 's frequency of life imprisonment . It is estimated that 35 % of federal US prisoners are older than age 60 , many of whom were younger than 30 at the time of sentencing . The United Nations Special Rapporteur on torture , Juan E. Méndez , has requested that the United States stop holding prisoners in solitary confinement as `` it often causes mental and physical suffering or humiliation , amounting to cruel , inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment , and if the resulting pain or sufferings are severe , solitary confinement even amounts to torture . '' The U.N. estimates there are about 80,000 prisoners in solitary confinement in the U.S. , and 12,000 of those are in California . Two prisoners at the Angola prison in Louisiana , Herman Wallace and Albert Woodfox , have each spent more than 40 years in solitary confinement . Human Rights Watch raised concerns with prisoner rape and medical care for inmates . In a survey of 1,788 male inmates in Midwestern prisons by Prison Journal , about 21 % claimed they had been coerced or pressured into sexual activity during their incarceration and 7 % claimed that they had been raped in their current facility . Tolerance of serious sexual abuse and rape in United States prisons are consistently reported as widespread . It has been fought against by organizations such as Stop Prisoner Rape . The United States has been criticized for having a high amount of non-violent and victim-less offenders incarcerated , as half of all persons incarcerated under State jurisdiction are for non-violent offenses and 20 percent are incarcerated for drug offenses , mostly for possession of cannabis . Marijuana legalization and decriminalization is seen as a step of progress in decreasing the prison population . Other non-violent offenses which carry extremely long prison sentences in the United States include fraud and other acts of corruption , offenses relating to child pornography , and contempt of court . The number of foreign nationals in US prisons has skyrocketed in recent decades . The US Justice Department rarely approves of foreign prisoners ' extradition to their home countries , and most are deported after serving their sentences instead of before their trials . This is seen as a huge contributor to prison overcrowding , especially in California , Arizona , and Texas . It is estimated that illegal immigrants from Mexico make up 40 % of the prison population in those 3 states . This goes hand - in - hand with the US immigration policies , which have also been criticized by human rights groups . The United States has also been widely criticized for its attitude towards parole and incarceration alternatives . There is no parole in the federal prison system , which has drawn international outrage from human rights groups and is believed to be a major contributor to prison overcrowding . In addition , 16 states have no parole in their prison systems . Parole is rarely granted where it is allowed , and the USA is the only country that currently has juveniles serving life sentences without parole . The USA has also been heavily criticized for having few or no alternatives to incarceration . Probation , fines , and community service are extremely rarely issued instead of prison time . It is believed that money and profits are the main driving factors behind all this . Sex offender registries ( edit ) Main article : Sex offender registries in the United States Human Rights Watch has twice said that there are human right issues created by the current sex offender registry laws , and that they believe that what they call the burden of being publicly listed as a sex offender , combined with what they call `` onerous restrictions placed on former offenders and their family members '' are serious human rights issues . They have criticized what they call over-breadth of the registration requirement which tends to treat all offenders the same regardless of the nature of the offense and without accounting the risk of future re-offending , and the application of such laws to juvenile offenders , consensual teenage sex , prostitution and exposing one self as prank . ACLU and reformist group RSOL have joined the critique saying that measures against sex offenders go too far and that current legislation is breaking constitutional rights of former offenders . Both organizations have been successfully challenging current laws in courts . By way of comparison , European Court of Human Rights has found that indefinite placement to United Kingdom sex offender registry , which is not made available to general public , is incompatible with offenders right to privacy if the person has no right of review . Several other countries have followed examples set by the US in creating and publishing sex offender registries with similar policies , most notably the United Kingdom and Australia . Those two countries have also been criticized for these actions . Police brutality ( edit ) Main article : Police brutality in the United States In a 1999 report , Amnesty International said it had `` documented patterns of ill - treatment across the U.S. , including police beatings , unjustified shootings and the use of dangerous restraint techniques . '' According to a 1998 Human Rights Watch report , incidents of police use of excessive force had occurred in cities throughout the U.S. , and this behavior goes largely unchecked . An article in USA Today reports that in 2006 , 96 % of cases referred to the U.S. Justice Department for prosecution by investigative agencies were declined . In 2005 , 98 % were declined . In 2001 , the New York Times reported that the U.S. government is unable or unwilling to collect statistics showing the precise number of people killed by the police or the prevalence of the use of excessive force . Since 1999 , at least 148 people have died in the United States and Canada after being shocked with Tasers by police officers , according to a 2005 ACLU report . In one case , a handcuffed suspect was tasered nine times by a police officer before dying , and six of those taserings occurred within less than three minutes . The officer was fired and faced the possibility of criminal charges . Procedural concerns ( edit ) The use of strip searches and cavity searches by law enforcement agencies and in the prison system has raised human rights concerns . The practice of taking an arrested person on a perp walk , often handcuffed , through a public place at some point after the arrest , creating an opportunity for the media to take photographs and video of the event has raised civil and human rights concerns . War on terrorism ( edit ) See also : War on Terrorism and Criticism of the War on Terrorism Inhumane treatment and torture of captured non-U.S. citizens ( edit ) See also : Torture and the United States , CIA prison system , and Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture The US Senate Report on CIA Detention Interrogation Program that details the use of torture during CIA detention and interrogation . International and U.S. law prohibits torture and other acts of cruel , inhuman , or degrading treatment or punishment of any person in custody in all circumstances , especially in a state of armed conflict . However , the United States Government has categorized a large number of people as unlawful combatants , a classification which denies the privileges of prisoner of war ( POW ) designation of the Geneva Conventions . Certain practices of the United States military and Central Intelligence Agency have been widely condemned domestically and internationally as torture . A fierce debate regarding non-standard interrogation techniques exists within the U.S. civilian and military intelligence community , with no general consensus as to what practices under what conditions are acceptable . Abuse of prisoners is considered a crime in the United States Uniform Code of Military Justice . According to a January 2006 Human Rights First report , there were 45 suspected or confirmed homicides while in U.S. custody in Iraq and Afghanistan ; `` Certainly 8 , as many as 12 , people were tortured to death . '' Abu Ghraib prison abuse ( edit ) This section may stray from the topic of the article . Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( September 2010 ) See also : Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Detainee handcuffed in the nude to a bed with a pair of panties covering his face . In 2004 , photos showing humiliation and abuse of prisoners were leaked from Abu Ghraib prison , causing a political and media scandal in the US . Forced humiliation of the detainees included , but is not limited to nudity , rape , human piling of nude detainees , masturbation , eating food out of toilets , crawling on hand and knees while American soldiers were sitting on their back sometimes requiring them to bark like dogs , and hooking up electrical wires to fingers , toes , and penises . Bertrand Ramcharan , acting UN High Commissioner for Human Rights stated that while the removal of Saddam Hussein represented `` a major contribution to human rights in Iraq '' and that the United States had condemned the conduct at Abu Ghraib and pledged to bring violators to justice , `` willful killing , torture and inhuman treatment '' represented a grave breach of international law and `` might be designated as war crimes by a competent tribunal . '' In addition to the acts of humiliation , there were more violent claims , such as American soldiers sodomizing detainees ( including an event involving an underage boy ) , an incident where a phosphoric light was broken and the chemicals poured on a detainee , repeated beatings , and threats of death . Six military personnel were charged with prisoner abuse in the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal . The harshest sentence was handed out to Charles Graner , who received a 10 - year sentence to be served in a military prison and a demotion to private ; the other offenders received lesser sentences . In their report The Road to Abu Ghraib , Human Rights Watch describe how : The severest abuses at Abu Ghraib occurred in the immediate aftermath of a decision by Secretary Rumsfeld to step up the hunt for `` actionable intelligence '' among Iraqi prisoners . The officer who oversaw intelligence gathering at Guantanamo was brought in to overhaul interrogation practices in Iraq , and teams of interrogators from Guantanamo were sent to Abu Ghraib . The commanding general in Iraq issued orders to `` manipulate an internee 's emotions and weaknesses . '' Military police were ordered by military intelligence to `` set physical and mental conditions for favorable interrogation of witnesses . '' The captain who oversaw interrogations at the Afghan detention center where two prisoners died in detention posted `` Interrogation Rules of Engagement '' at Abu Ghraib , authorizing coercive methods ( with prior written approval of the military commander ) such as the use of military guard dogs to instill fear that violate the Geneva Conventions and the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel , Inhuman Degrading Treatment or Punishment . Enhanced interrogation and waterboarding ( edit ) See also : Waterboarding and Enhanced interrogation techniques On February 6 , 2008 , the CIA director General Michael Hayden stated that the CIA had used waterboarding on three prisoners during 2002 and 2003 , namely Khalid Shaikh Mohammed , Abu Zubayda and Abd al - Rahim al - Nashiri . The June 21 , 2004 , issue of Newsweek stated that the Bybee memo , a 2002 legal memorandum drafted by former OLC lawyer John Yoo that described what sort of interrogation tactics against suspected terrorists or terrorist affiliates the Bush administration would consider legal , was `` ... prompted by CIA questions about what to do with a top Qaeda captive , Abu Zubaydah , who had turned uncooperative ... and was drafted after White House meetings convened by George W. Bush 's chief counsel , Alberto Gonzales , along with Defense Department general counsel William Haynes and David Addington , Vice President Dick Cheney 's counsel , who discussed specific interrogation techniques , '' citing `` a source familiar with the discussions . '' Amongst the methods they found acceptable was waterboarding . In November 2005 , ABC News reported that former CIA agents claimed that the CIA engaged in a modern form of waterboarding , along with five other `` enhanced interrogation techniques '' , against suspected members of al Qaeda . UN High Commissioner for Human Rights , Louise Arbour , stated on the subject of waterboarding `` I would have no problems with describing this practice as falling under the prohibition of torture , '' and that violators of the UN Convention Against Torture should be prosecuted under the principle of universal jurisdiction . Bent Sørensen , Senior Medical Consultant to the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims and former member of the United Nations Committee Against Torture has said : It 's a clear - cut case : Waterboarding can without any reservation be labeled as torture . It fulfils all of the four central criteria that according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture ( UNCAT ) defines an act of torture . First , when water is forced into your lungs in this fashion , in addition to the pain you are likely to experience an immediate and extreme fear of death . You may even suffer a heart attack from the stress or damage to the lungs and brain from inhalation of water and oxygen deprivation . In other words there is no doubt that waterboarding causes severe physical and / or mental suffering -- one central element in the UNCAT 's definition of torture . In addition the CIA 's waterboarding clearly fulfills the three additional definition criteria stated in the Convention for a deed to be labeled torture , since it is 1 ) done intentionally , 2 ) for a specific purpose and 3 ) by a representative of a state -- in this case the US . Both Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have condemned waterboarding as a form of torture , the latter group demanding that former president George W. Bush be prosecuted . Lt. Gen. Michael D. Maples , the director of the Defense Intelligence Agency , concurred by stating , in a hearing before the Senate Armed Services Committee , that he believes waterboarding violates Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions . The Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal and United Nations War Crimes Commission both defined waterboarding as ill - treatment and torture in the aftermath of World War II . The CIA director testified that waterboarding has not been used since 2003 . In April 2009 , the Obama administration released four memos in which government lawyers from the Bush administration approved tough interrogation methods used against 28 terror suspects . The rough tactics range from waterboarding ( simulated drowning ) to keeping suspects naked and denying them solid food . These memos were accompanied by the Justice Department 's release of four Bush - era legal opinions covering ( in graphic and extensive detail ) the interrogation of 14 high - value terror detainees using harsh techniques beyond waterboarding . These additional techniques include keeping detainees in a painful standing position for long periods ( Used often , once for 180 hours ) , using a plastic neck collar to slam detainees into walls , keeping the detainee 's cell cold for long periods , beating and kicking the detainee , insects placed in a confinement box ( the suspect had a fear of insects ) , sleep - deprivation , prolonged shackling , and threats to a detainee 's family . One of the memos also authorized a method for combining multiple techniques . Details from the memos also included the number of times that techniques such as waterboarding were used . A footnote said that one detainee was waterboarded 83 times in one month , while another was waterboarded 183 times in a month . This may have gone beyond even what was allowed by the CIA 's own directives , which limit waterboarding to 12 times a day . The Fox News website carried reports from an unnamed U.S. official who claimed that these were the number of pourings , not the number of sessions . Physicians for Human Rights has accused the Bush administration of conducting illegal human experiments and unethical medical research during interrogations of suspected terrorists . The group has suggested this activity was a violation of the standards set by the Nuremberg Trials . Guantánamo Bay ( edit ) The United States maintains a detention center at its military base at Guantánamo Bay , Cuba where enemy combatants of the war on terror are held . The detention center has been the source of various controversies regarding the legality of the center and the treatment of detainees . Amnesty International has called the situation `` a human rights scandal '' in a series of reports . 775 detainees have been brought to Guantánamo . Of these , many have been released without charge . As of January 2017 , 45 detainees remain at Guantanamo . The United States assumed territorial control over Guantánamo Bay under the 1903 Cuban -- American Treaty of Relations , which granted the United States a perpetual lease of the area . United States , by virtue of its complete jurisdiction and control , maintains `` de facto '' sovereignty over this territory , while Cuba retained ultimate sovereignty over the territory . The current government of Cuba regards the U.S. presence in Guantánamo as illegal and insists the Cuban - American Treaty was obtained by threat of force in violation of international law . A delegation of UN Special Rapporteurs to Guantanamo Bay claimed that interrogation techniques used in the detention center amount to degrading treatment in violation of the ICCPR and the Convention Against Torture . In 2005 , Amnesty International expressed alarm at the erosion in civil liberties since the 9 / 11 attacks . According to Amnesty International : The Guantánamo Bay detention camp has become a symbol of the United States administration 's refusal to put human rights and the rule of law at the heart of its response to the atrocities of September 11 , 2001 . It has become synonymous with the United States executive 's pursuit of unfettered power , and has become firmly associated with the systematic denial of human dignity and resort to cruel , inhuman or degrading treatment that has marked the U.S. 's detentions and interrogations in the `` war on terror '' . Amnesty International also condemned the Guantánamo facility as `` ... the gulag of our times , '' which raised heated conversation in the United States . The purported legal status of `` unlawful combatants '' in those nations currently holding detainees under that name has been the subject of criticism by other nations and international human rights institutions including Human Rights Watch and the International Committee of the Red Cross . The ICRC , in response to the U.S. - led military campaign in Afghanistan , published a paper on the subject . HRW cites two sergeants and a captain accusing U.S. troops of torturing prisoners in Iraq and Afghanistan . However , former Republican governor Mike Huckabee , for example , has stated that the conditions in Guantánamo are better than most U.S. prisons . The U.S. government argues that even if detainees were entitled to POW status , they would not have the right to lawyers , access to the courts to challenge their detention , or the opportunity to be released prior to the end of hostilities -- and that nothing in the Third Geneva Convention provides POWs such rights , and POWs in past wars -- such as Japanese prisoners of war in World War II -- have generally not been given these rights . The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld on June 29 , 2006 , that they were entitled to the minimal protections listed under Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions . Following this , on July 7 , 2006 , the Department of Defense issued an internal memo stating that prisoners would in the future be entitled to protection under Common Article 3 . Extraordinary rendition ( edit ) See also : Extraordinary rendition by the United States Foreign nationals are occasionally captured and abducted outside of the United States and transferred to secret US administered detention facilities , sometimes being held incommunicado for periods of months or years , a process known as extraordinary rendition . According to The New Yorker , `` The most common destinations for rendered suspects are Egypt , Morocco , Syria , and Jordan , all of which have been cited for human - rights violations by the State Department , and are known to torture suspects . '' Notable cases ( edit ) In November 2001 , Yaser Esam Hamdi , a U.S. citizen , was captured by Afghan Northern Alliance forces in Konduz , Afghanistan , amongst hundreds of surrendering Taliban fighters and was transferred into U.S. custody . The U.S. government alleged that Hamdi was there fighting for the Taliban , while Hamdi , through his father , has claimed that he was merely there as a relief worker and was mistakenly captured . Hamdi was transferred into CIA custody and transferred to the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base , but when it was discovered that he was a U.S. citizen , he was transferred to naval brig in Norfolk , Virginia and then he was transferred brig in Charleston , South Carolina . The Bush Administration identified him as an unlawful combatant and denied him access to an attorney or the court system , despite his Fifth Amendment right to due process . In 2002 Hamdi 's father filed a habeas corpus petition , the Judge ruled in Hamdi 's favor and required he be allowed a public defender ; however , on appeal the decision was reversed . In 2004 , in the case of Hamdi v. Rumsfeld the U.S. Supreme court reversed the dismissal of a habeas corpus petition and ruled detainees who are U.S. citizens must have the ability to challenge their detention before an impartial judge . In December 2004 , Khalid El - Masri , a German citizen , was apprehended by Macedonian authorities when traveling to Skopje because his name was similar to Khalid al - Masri , an alleged mentor to the al - Qaeda Hamburg cell . After being held in a motel in Macedonia for over three weeks he was transferred to the CIA and extradited to Afghanistan . While held in Afghanistan , El - Masri claims he was sodomized , beaten , and repeatedly interrogated about alleged terrorist ties . After being in custody for five months , Condoleezza Rice learned of his detention and ordered his release . El - Masri was released at night on a desolate road in Albania , without apology or funds to return home . He was intercepted by Albanian guards , who believed he was a terrorist due to his haggard and unkept appearance . He was subsequently reunited with his wife who had returned to her family in Lebanon with their children because she thought her husband had abandoned them . Using isotope analysis , scientists at the Bavarian archive for geology in Munich analyzed his hair and verified that he was malnourished during his disappearance . In 2007 , U.S. President Bush signed an Executive order banning the use of torture in the CIA 's interrogation program . According to the Human Rights Watch report ( September 2012 ) the United States government during the U.S. President Bush republican administration `` waterboarding '' tortured opponents of Muammar Gaddafi during interrogations , then transferred them to mistreatment in Libya . President Barack Obama has denied water torture . Unethical human Experimentation in the United States ( edit ) See also : Unethical human experimentation in the United States and List of medical ethics cases Well - known cases include : Albert Kligman 's dermatology experiments Greenberg v. Miami Children 's Hospital Research Institute Henrietta Lacks Human radiation experiments Jesse Gelsinger Monster Study Moore v. Regents of the University of California Medical Experimentation on Black Americans Milgram experiment Radioactive iodine experiments Plutonium injections Stanford prison experiment Surgical removal of body parts to try to improve mental health Tuskegee syphilis experiment Willowbrook State School International comparison ( edit ) According to Canadian historian Michael Ignatieff , during and after the Cold War , the United States placed greater emphasis than other nations on human rights as part of its foreign policy , awarded foreign aid to facilitate human rights progress , and annually assessed the human rights records of other national governments . Support ( edit ) The U.S. Department of State publishes a yearly report `` Supporting Human Rights and Democracy : The U.S. Record '' in compliance with a 2002 law that requires the Department to report on actions taken by the U.S. Government to encourage respect for human rights . It also publishes yearly `` Country Reports on Human Rights Practices . '' In 2006 the United States created a `` Human Rights Defenders Fund '' and `` Freedom Awards . '' The `` Ambassadorial Roundtable Series '' , created in 2006 , are informal discussions between newly confirmed U.S. Ambassadors and human rights and democracy non-governmental organizations . The United States also support democracy and human rights through several other tools . The `` Human Rights and Democracy Achievement Award '' recognizes the exceptional achievement of officers of foreign affairs agencies posted abroad . In 2006 the award went to Joshua Morris of the embassy in Mauritania who recognized necessary democracy and human rights improvements in Mauritania and made democracy promotion one of his primary responsibilities . He persuaded the Government of Mauritania to re-open voter registration lists to an additional 85,000 citizens , which includes a significant number of Afro - Mauritanian minority individuals . He also organized and managed the largest youth - focused democracy project in Mauritania in 5 years . Nathaniel Jensen of the embassy in Vietnam was runner - up . He successfully advanced the human rights agenda on several fronts , including organizing the resumption of a bilateral Human Rights Dialogue , pushing for the release of Vietnam 's prisoners of concern , and dedicating himself to improving religion freedom in northern Vietnam . Under legislation by congress , the United States declared that countries utilizing child soldiers may no longer be eligible for US military assistance , in an attempt to end this practice . Treaties ratified ( edit ) See also International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - United States The U.S. has signed and ratified the following human rights treaties : International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ) ( ratified with 5 reservations , 5 understandings , and 4 declarations . ) Optional protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Convention against Torture and Other Cruel , Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children , Child Prostitution and Child Pornography Non-binding documents voted for : Universal Declaration of Human Rights International Bill of Rights ( edit ) See also International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - United States The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ) and the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights ( ICESCR ) are the legal treaties that enshrine the rights outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Together , and along with the first and second optional protocols of the ICCPR they constitute the International bill of rights The US has not ratified the ICESCR or either of the optional protocols of the ICCPR . The US 's ratification of the ICCPR was done with five reservations -- or limits -- on the treaty , 5 understandings and 4 declarations . Among these is the rejection of sections of the treaty that prohibit capital punishment . Included in the Senate 's ratification was the declaration that `` the provisions of Article 1 through 27 of the Covenant are not self - executing '' , and in a Senate Executive Report stated that the declaration was meant to `` clarify that the Covenant will not create a private cause of action in U.S. Courts . '' This way of ratifying the treaty was criticized as incompatible with the Supremacy Clause by Louis Henkin . As a reservation that is `` incompatible with the object and purpose '' of a treaty is void as a matter of international law , Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties , art . 19 , 1155 U.N.T.S. 331 ( entered into force January 27 , 1980 ) ( specifying conditions under which signatory States can offer `` reservations '' ) , there is some issue as to whether the non-self - execution declaration is even legal under domestic law . At any rate , the United States is but a signatory in name only . International criminal Court ( edit ) Further information : United States and the International Criminal Court The U.S. has not ratified the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court ( ICC ) , which was drafted for prosecuting individuals above the authority of national courts in the event of accusations of genocide , crimes against humanity , war crimes , and crime of aggression . Nations that have accepted the Rome Statute can defer to the jurisdiction of the ICC or must surrender their jurisdiction when ordered . The US rejected the Rome Statute after its attempts to include the nation of origin as a party in international proceedings failed , and after certain requests were not met , including recognition of gender issues , `` rigorous '' qualifications for judges , viable definitions of crimes , protection of national security information that might be sought by the court , and jurisdiction of the UN Security Council to halt court proceedings in special cases . Since the passage of the statute , the US has actively encouraged nations around the world to sign `` bilateral immunity agreements '' prohibiting the surrender of US personnel before the ICC and actively attempted to undermine the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court . The US Congress also passed a law , American Service - Members ' Protection Act ( ASPA ) authorizing the use of military force to free any US personnel that are brought before the court rather than its own court system . Human Rights Watch criticized the United States for removing itself from the Statute . Judge Richard Goldstone , the first chief prosecutor at The Hague war crimes tribunal on the former Yugoslavia , echoed these sentiments saying : I think it is a very backwards step . It is unprecedented which I think to an extent smacks of pettiness in the sense that it is not going to affect in any way the establishment of the international criminal court ... The US have really isolated themselves and are putting themselves into bed with the likes of China , the Yemen and other undemocratic countries . While the US has maintained that it will `` bring to justice those who commit genocide , crimes against humanity and war crimes , '' its primary objections to the Rome Statute have revolved around the issues of jurisdiction and process . A US ambassador for War Crimes Issues to the UN Security Council said to the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee that because the Rome Statute requires only one nation to submit to the ICC , and that this nation can be the country in which an alleged crime was committed rather than defendant 's country of origin , U.S military personnel and US foreign peaceworkers in more than 100 countries could be tried in international court without the consent of the US . The ambassador states that `` most atrocities are committed internally and most internal conflicts are between warring parties of the same nationality , the worst offenders of international humanitarian law can choose never to join the treaty and be fully insulated from its reach absent a Security Council referral . Yet multinational peacekeeping forces operating in a country that has joined the treaty can be exposed to the court 's jurisdiction even if the country of the individual peacekeeper has not joined the treaty . '' Other treaties not signed or signed but not ratified ( edit ) Where the signature is subject to ratification , acceptance or approval , the signature does not establish the consent to be bound . However , it is a means of authentication and expresses the willingness of the signatory state to continue the treaty - making process . The signature qualifies the signatory state to proceed to ratification , acceptance or approval . It also creates an obligation to refrain , in good faith , from acts that would defeat the object and the purpose of the treaty . The U.S. has not ratified the following international human rights treaties : First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ) Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , aiming at the abolition of the death penalty Optional Protocol to CEDAW Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture Convention relating to the Status of Refugees ( 1951 ) Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons ( 1954 ) Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness ( 1961 ) International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families The US has signed but not ratified the following treaties : Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women ( CEDAW ) Convention on the Rights of the Child ( CRC ) International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Non-binding documents voted against : Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in September 2007 . Inter-American human Rights system ( edit ) The US is a signatory to the 1948 American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man and has signed but not ratified the 1969 American Convention on Human Rights . It is a member of Inter-American Convention on the Granting of Political Rights to Women ( 1948 ) . It does not accept the adjudicatory jurisdiction of the Costa Rica - based Inter-American Court of Human Rights . The US has not ratified any of the other regional human rights treaties of the Organization of American States , which include : Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights to Abolish the Death Penalty ( 1990 ) Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic , Social and Cultural Rights Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture ( 1985 ) Inter-American Convention on the Prevention , Punishment and Eradication of Violence Against Women ( 1994 ) Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons ( 1994 ) Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities Coverage of violations in the media ( edit ) Studies have found that the New York Times coverage of worldwide human rights violations is seriously biased , predominantly focusing on the human rights violations in nations where there is clear U.S. involvement , while having relatively little coverage of the human rights violations in other nations . Amnesty International 's Secretary General Irene Khan explains , `` If we focus on the U.S. it 's because we believe that the U.S. is a country whose enormous influence and power has to be used constructively ... When countries like the U.S. are seen to undermine or ignore human rights , it sends a very powerful message to others . '' Further assessments ( edit ) According to Freedom in the World , an annual report by US based think - tank Freedom House , which rates political rights and civil liberties , in 2007 , the United States was ranked `` Free '' ( the highest possible rating ) , together with 92 other countries . The Polity data series , which rate regime and authority characteristics , covering the years 1800 - 2004 , has ranked the United States with the highest possible rating since 1871 . According to the Economist Magazine 's Democracy Index ( 2016 ) , the US ranks 21 out of 167 nations . According to the annual Worldwide Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders , due to wartime restrictions the United States was ranked 53rd from the top in 2006 ( out of 168 ) , 44th in 2005 . 22nd in 2004 , 31st in 2003 and 17th in 2002 . According to the annual Corruption Perceptions Index , which was published by Transparency International , the United States was ranked 20th from the top least corrupt in 2006 ( out of 163 ) , 17th in 2005 , 18th in 2003 , and 16th in 2002 . According to the annual Privacy International index of 2007 , the United States was ranked an `` endemic surveillance society '' , scoring only 1.5 out of 5 privacy points . According to the Gallup International Millennium Survey , the United States ranked 23rd in citizens ' perception of human rights observance when its citizens were asked , `` In general , do you think that human rights are being fully respected , partially respected or are they not being respected at all in your country ? '' Other issues ( edit ) In the aftermath of the devastation caused by Hurricane Katrina , criticism by some groups commenting on human rights issues was made regarding the recovery and reconstruction issues The American Civil Liberties Union and the National Prison Project documented mistreatment of the prison population during the flooding , while United Nations Special Rapporteur Doudou Diène delivered a 2008 report on such issues . The United States was elected in 2009 to sit on the United Nations Human Rights Council ( UNHRC ) , which the U.S. State Department had previously asserted had lost its credibility by its prior stances and lack of safeguards against severe human rights violators taking a seat . In 2006 and 2007 , the UNHCR and Martin Scheinin were critical of the United States regard permitting executions by lethal injection , housing children in adult jails , subjecting prisoners to prolonged isolation in supermax prisons , using enhanced interrogation techniques and domestic poverty gaps . See also ( edit ) Human rights violations by the CIA Human rights portal United States portal Criticism of the US human rights record Human Rights Record of the United States , report prepared by the People 's Republic of China United States and State terrorism US Human rights abuses Main category : Human rights abuses in the United States Unethical human experimentation in the United States Organizations involved in US human rights Pennsylvania Abolition Society National Organization for Women US Human Rights Network People involved in US human rights Susan B. Anthony Anthony Benezet Mary Bonauto Louis Henkin Gay McDougall Gloria Steinem Notable comments on US human rights Four Freedoms , a 1941 speech made by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt Second Bill of Rights , a list of rights proposed by Roosevelt during his State of the Union Address on January 11 , 1944 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lauren , Paul Gordon ( 2007 ) . `` A Human Rights Lens on U.S. History : Human Rights at Home and Human Rights Abroad '' . In Soohoo , Cynthia ; Albisa , Catherine ; Davis , Martha F. Bringing Human Rights Home : Portraits of the Movement . III . Praeger Publishers . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98824 - 4 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Brennan , William , J. , ed . Schwartz , Bernard , The Burger Court : counter-revolution or confirmation ? , Oxford University Press US , 1998 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 512259 - 3 , page 10 Jump up ^ Schneebaum , Steven M. ( Summer 1998 ) . `` Human rights in the United States courts : The role of lawyers '' . Washington & Lee Law Review . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhsijKy20sgGcLSyqccX0g1nnMFNOUOQBx7X%2bI55yhIwlkDk6CF0OAdiqu2L8SNxDB4%2bVRPkf5gZFbTQO3y9dLrUeUaTbS0RrNO7VHzbyxGDJ%2f ^ Jump up to : Ishaan Tharoor ( May 20 , 2014 ) . MAP : The worst places in the world to be a worker . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/return-debtors-prison/ Jump up ^ U.N. Human Rights Committee Calls U.S. Criminalization of Homelessness `` Cruel , Inhuman , and Degrading '' . The National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty , March 27 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Haymes , Stephen ; Vidal de Haymes , Maria ; Miller , Reuben , eds. ( 2015 ) . The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States . London : Routledge . p. 346 . ISBN 0415673445 . ^ Jump up to : Pilkington , Ed . `` US criticised by UN for human rights failings on NSA , guns and drones '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Nebehay ( August 30 , 2014 ) . UN Condemns U.S. Police Brutality , Calls For ' Stand Your Ground ' Review . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ U.S. police killings reminiscent of lynching , U.N. group says . Reuters via Yahoo ! News . September 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53124 Jump up ^ Kai Thaler ( December 2 , 2015 ) . 50 years ago today , American diplomats endorsed mass killings in Indonesia . Here 's what that means for today . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Juliet ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tribunal finds Indonesia guilty of 1965 genocide ; US , UK complicit '' . CNN . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Universal Declaration of Human Rights , supreme law of international human rights of the United Nations : Article 25 : 1 : Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well - being of himself and of his family , including food , clothing , housing and medical care and necessary social services , and the right to security in the event of unemployment , sickness , disability , widowhood , old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control . Jump up ^ Dakwar , Jamil . `` U.S. Human Rights Record Undergoes International Scrutiny '' . American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Trymaine . `` UN watchdog condemns US for human rights failures '' . msnbc . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom in the World 2017 - United States '' . Freedom House . Freedom House . 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World : Human Rights Risk Index 2014 '' . ReliefWeb. 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United States '' . Human Rights Watch . 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The top 100 offenders '' . The Guardian . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Global Human Rights Index '' ( PDF ) . Green Party of UK . November 25 , 2008 . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Joseph J. ( 1998 ) ( 1996 ) . American Sphinx : The Character of Thomas Jefferson . Vintage Books . p. 63 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 76441 - 0 . Jump up ^ Declaration of Independence Jump up ^ Henkin , Louis ; Rosenthal , Albert J. ( 1990 ) . Constitutionalism and rights : the influence of the United States constitution abroad . Columbia University Press . pp. 2 -- 3 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 06570 - 1 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Edmund S. ( 1989 ) . Inventing the People : The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0393306232 . Jump up ^ `` Expansion of Rights and Liberties - The Right of Suffrage '' . Online Exhibit : The Charters of Freedom . National Archives . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , `` Article VI '' . U.S. Constitution . 1787 . The Senators and Representative before mentioned , and the Members of the several State Legislatures , and all executive and judicial Officers , both of the United States and of the several States , shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation , to support this Constitution ; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Fischer , David Hackett . Albion 's Seed : Four British Folkways in America . Oxford University Press . pp. 490 -- 498 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 506905 - 1 . `` On the subject of gender , the Quakers had a saying : `` In souls , there is no sex . '' to g Jump up ^ `` The Bill Of Rights : A Brief History '' . ACLU . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blackstone Valley '' . Blackstonedaily.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Blackstone Valley '' . Blackstonedaily.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Women in Politics : A Timeline '' . International Women 's Democracy Center . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Liz Library Presents : The Woman Suffrage Timeline '' . Thelizlibrary.org . August 26 , 1920 . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Women in the Early Republic '' . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ignatieff , Michael ( 2005 ) . `` Introduction : American Exceptionalism and Human Rights '' . American Exceptionalism and Human Rights . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11648 - 2 . Jump up ^ See Haig v. Agee , Passport Act of 1926 , 18 U.S.C. § 1185 ( b ) and the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 Jump up ^ Devine , Carol ; Carol Rae Hansen ; Ralph Wilde ; Hilary Poole ( 1999 ) . Human rights : The essential reference . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 26 -- 29 . ISBN 9781573562058 . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Leebrick , Kristal ( 2002 ) . The United States Constitution . Capstone Press . pp. 26 -- 39 . ISBN 0 - 7368 - 1094 - 3 . Jump up ^ Burge , Kathleen ( November 18 , 2003 ) . `` SJC : Gay marriage legal in Mass . '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Foster v. Neilson , 27 U.S. 253 , 314 - 15 ( 1829 ) U.S. Supreme Court , Chief Justice Marshall writing : `` Our constitution declares a treaty to be the law of the land . It is , consequently , to be regarded in courts of justice as equivalent to an act of the legislature , whenever it operates of itself without the aid of any legislative provision . But when the terms of the stipulation import a contract , when either of the parties engages to perform a particular act , the treaty addresses itself to the political , not the judicial department , and the legislature must execute the contract before it can become a rule for the Court . '' at 314 , cited in Martin International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law et al . Jump up ^ Martin , F. International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law . Cambridge University Press . 2006 . p. 221 and following . ISBN 0 - 521 - 85886 - 0 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85886 - 1 Jump up ^ McWhirter , Darien A.m Equal Protection ' , Oryx Press , 1995 , page 1 ^ Jump up to : Gould , William B. , Agenda for Reform : The Future of Employment Relationships and the Law < MIT Press , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 262 - 57114 - 5 , page 27 Jump up ^ Capozzi , Irene Y. , The Civil Rights Act : background , statutes and primer , Nova Publishers , 2006 , ISBN 1 - 60021 - 131 - 3 , page 6 ^ Jump up to : Nivola , Pietro S. ( 2002 ) . Tense commandments : federal prescriptions and city problems , . Brookings Institution Press . pp. 127 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 6094 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : James W. Russell , Double standard : social policy in Europe and the United States , Rowman & Littlefield , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4693 - 4 , pages 147 - 150 Jump up ^ Lauren , Paul Gordon ( 2003 ) . `` My Brother 's and Sister 's Keeper : Visions and the Birth of Human Rights '' . The Evolution of International Human Rights : Visions Seen ( Second ed . ) . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1854 - X . Jump up ^ Benezet also stated that `` Liberty is the right of every human creature , as soon as he breathes the vital air . And no human law can deprive him of the right which he derives from the law of nature . '' Grimm , Robert T. , Anthony Benezet ( 1716 -- 1784 ) , Notable American Philanthropists : Biographies of Giving and Volunteering , Greenwood Publishing Group , 2002 , ISBN 1 - 57356 - 340 - 4 , pages 26 - 28 Jump up ^ Vorenberg , Michael , Final Freedom : The Civil War , the Abolition of Slavery , and the Thirteenth Amendment , Cambridge University Press , 2001 , page 1 Jump up ^ Martin , Waldo E. ( 1998 ) . Brown v. Board of Education : a brief history with documents . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 3&231 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 12811 - 8 . Jump up ^ Brown v. Board of Education , 98 F. Supp. 797 Archived January 4 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ( August 3 , 1951 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Barack Obama Becomes 44th President of the United States '' . America.gov . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Nineteenth Amendment , CRS / LII Annotated Constitution ^ Jump up to : Zippel , Kathrina , SEXUAL HARASSMENT AND TRANSNATIONAL RELATIONS : WHY THOSE CONCERNED WITH GERMAN - AMERICAN RELATIONS SHOULD CARE , American Institute for Contemporary German Studies , The Johns Hopkins University , 2002 , page 6 Jump up ^ Employment Discrimination Law Under Title VII , Oxford University Press US , 2008 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 533898 - 7 Jump up ^ Rostker v. Goldberg , 453 U.S. 57 ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Midgley , James , and Michelle Livermore , The Handbook of Social Policy , SAGE , 2008 , ISBN 1 - 4129 - 5076 - 7 , page 448 Jump up ^ Blanck , Peter David and David L. Braddock , The Americans with Disabilities Act and the emerging workforce : employment of people with mental retardation , AAMR , 1998 , ISBN 0 - 940898 - 52 - 7 , page 3 Jump up ^ Capozzi , Irene Y. , The Civil Rights Act : background , statutes and primer , Nova Publishers , 2006 , ISBN 1 - 60021 - 131 - 3 , page 60 - 61 Jump up ^ Lawson , Anna , Caroline Gooding , Disability rights in Europe : from theory to practice , Hart Publishing , 2005 , ISBN 1 - 84113 - 486 - 4 , page 89 Jump up ^ Jones , Nancy Lee , The Americans with Disabilities Act ( ADA ) : overview , regulations and interpretations , Nova Publishers , 2003 , ISBN 1 - 59033 - 663 - 1 , pages 7 - 13 Jump up ^ `` Crenshaw 's ABLE Act Signed Into Law '' . InsuranceNewsNet . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Obama Signs ABLE Act '' . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . 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Arndstein , 266 U.S. 34 ( 1924 ) Jump up ^ `` 100 Documents That Shaped America : President Franklin Roosevelt 's Annual Message ( Four Freedoms ) to Congress ( 1941 ) '' . U.S. News & World Report . U.S. News & World Report , L.P. Archived from the original on April 12 , 2008 . Retrieved April 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dennis vs. United States '' . Audio Case Files . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Army clamping down on soldiers ' blogs '' . Reuters ( CNN ) . May 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2007 . Retrieved May 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Soldiers ' Iraq Blogs Face Military Scrutiny '' . NPR . August 24 , 2004 . Retrieved June 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Borland , John ( February 26 , 2001 ) . `` Battle lines harden over Net copyright '' . CNET . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fatal Flaws in the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 '' ( PDF ) . Brookings Institution . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2007 . Retrieved May 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fareed Zakaria ( September 4 , 2010 ) . `` What America Has Lost '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Bush protesters sue over arrests '' . Herald Tribune . August 7 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Jarrett Murphy ( September 3 , 2004 ) . `` A Raw Deal For RNC Protesters ? '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ Rick Hampson ( May 4 , 2010 ) . `` 1970 Kent State shootings are an enduring history lesson '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Lewis , Jerry M. ; Thomas R. Hensley ( Summer 1998 ) . `` The May 4 Shootings At Kent State University : The Search For Historical Accuracy '' . Ohio Council for the Social Studies Review . 34 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 21 . ISSN 1050 - 2130 . OCLC 21431375 . Archived from the original ( Reprint ) on May 9 , 2008 . Retrieved April 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tim Phillips , `` Attorney for Students who were Shot at Kent State Dies in New York '' , Activist Defense , March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Neil , Martha , `` Joseph Kelner , attorney who sued sitting Ohio governor over Kent State slayings , is dead at 98 '' , ABA Journal , March 8 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 95 -- 426 , 92 Stat. 993 , enacted October 7 , 1978 , 18 U.S.C. § 1185 ( b ) Jump up ^ Haig v. Agee , 453 U.S. 280 ( 1981 ) , at 302 Jump up ^ `` FOREIGN RELATIONS : Bad Ammunition '' . Time . April 12 , 1948 . Jump up ^ `` UN condemns US embargo on Cuba '' . BBC News . November 12 , 2007 . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2455923.stm Jump up ^ Padgett , Tim . `` Will Obama Open Up All U.S. Travel to Cuba ? '' Time Magazine . April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Scott Shane ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` A.C.L.U. Sues Over No - Fly List '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Abbie Boudreau ; Scott Zamost ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` Thousands of sex offenders receive U.S. passports '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Hallstrom v. CITY OF GARDEN CITY , ID. , 811 F. Supp. 1443 ( D. Idaho 1991 ) '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` FindLaw 's United States Ninth Circuit case and opinions . '' . Findlaw . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` COINTELPRO '' . PBS . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lisa Rein ( October 8 , 2008 ) . `` Md . Police Put Activists ' Names On Terror Lists '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Arnhar , Larry . Political Questions : Political Philosophy from Plato to Pinker ( 4 ed . ) . Long Grove , IL : Waveland Press . p. 200 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4786 - 2906 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ada.asn.au/defender/Winter%202004/Review%20-%20Supreme%20Command%20(Defender,%20Winter%202004).pdf Archived September 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Constitutional Dictatorship : Crisis Government in the Modern Democracies . Clinton Rossiter. 2002 . Page X . ISBN 0 - 7658 - 0975 - 3 Jump up ^ Dana Priest ; William M. Arkin ( December 20 , 2010 ) . `` Monitoring America : How the U.S. Sees You '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ NWI Right to Organize Archived July 5 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Azari - Rad , Hamid ; Philips , Peter ; Prus , Mark J. ( 2005 ) . The economics of prevailing wage laws . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 3255 - 5 . Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=93364 Jump up ^ United States of America Working conditions , Information about Working conditions in United States of America Jump up ^ http://money.cnn.com/2011/02/16/news/economy/middle_class/ Jump up ^ A Curriculum of United States Labor History for Teachers Jump up ^ `` Union Members Summary '' . U.S. Dept. of Labor , Bureau of Labor Statistics . January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steven Greenhouse ( January 27 , 2012 ) . `` Union Membership Rate Fell Again in 2011 '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gornick , Janet ; Ray , Rebecca ; Schmitt , John ( 2008 ) . `` Parental Leave in 21 Countries : Assessing Generosity and Gender Equality '' . Center for Economic and Policy Research . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://national.deseretnews.com/article/4450/US-one-of-only-two-nations-without-guaranteed-paid-maternity-leave.html Jump up ^ Mark Gruenberg ( May 23 , 2014 ) . U.S. ranks with Haiti , Iran and Mexico on workers rights . People 's World . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kevin Short ( August 4 , 2014 ) . The Global Crisis Of Child Labor , In 1 Map . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ National Health Care for the Homeless Council . `` Human Rights , Homelessness and Health Care '' . Jump up ^ American Medical Association . `` Principles of medical ethics '' . Jump up ^ `` Overview - What is Not Covered '' . U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services : Emergency Medical Treatment & Labor Act Jump up ^ American College of Emergency Physicians Fact Sheet : EMTALA . Retrieved November 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rowes , Jeffrey ( 2000 ) . `` EMTALA : OIG / HCFA Special Advisory Bulletin Clarifies EMTALA , American College of Emergency Physicians Criticizes It '' . Journal of Law , Medicine & Ethics. 28 ( 1 ) : 9092 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 720x. 2000. tb00324. x . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2008 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The number of uninsured Americans is at an all - time high '' . CBPP . August 29 , 2006 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ N. Gregory Mankiw ( November 4 , 2007 ) . `` Beyond Those Health Care Numbers '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Lack of Insurance May Have Figured In Nearly 17,000 Childhood Deaths , Study Shows '' . Johns Hopkins Children 's Center . October 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Lieberman , Jethro Koller ( 1999 ) . A practical companion to the Constitution : how the Supreme Court has ruled on issues from abortion to zoning . University of California Press . p. 382 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21280 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , Jethro Koller , A practical companion to the Constitution : how the Supreme Court has ruled on issues from abortion to zoning , University of California Press , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 21280 - 0 , page 6 Jump up ^ Death sentences and executions in 2011 Amnesty International March 2012 Jump up ^ Dan Malone ( Fall 2005 ) . `` Cruel and Unusual : Executing the mentally ill '' . Amnesty International Magazine . ^ Jump up to : `` Abolish the death penalty '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Death Penalty and Deterrence '' . Amnestyusa.org . February 22 , 2008 . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` John W. Lamperti Capital Punishment '' . Math.dartmouth.edu . March 10 , 1973 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2001 . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Discussion of Recent Deterrence Studies Death Penalty Information Center '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Melissa S. Green ( May 2005 ) . `` History of the Death Penalty & Recent Developments '' . Justice Center , University of Alaska Anchorage . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Death Penalty Policy By State '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Rights Watch ( 1998 ) . `` Death Penalty Issue Addressed by Special Rapporteur '' . XXXV ( 2 ) . UN Chronicle . Jump up ^ Death Penalty Info Jump up ^ Death Penalty Info : Executions by Year Jump up ^ List of individuals executed in Texas Jump up ^ List of individuals executed in Virginia Jump up ^ `` S court bans juvenile executions '' . BBC News . March 1 , 2005 . Retrieved June 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Executions of child offenders since 1990 '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved June 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Abolition of the Death Penalty '' . The EU 's Human rights & Democratisation Policy . Retrieved June 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Death Penalty Moratorium Implementation Project '' . The American Bar Association . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Why a moratorium ? '' . American Bar Association ( Death Penalty Moratorium Implementation Project ) . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Free , Marvin D. Jr . ( November 1997 ) . `` The Impact of Federal Sentencing Reforms on African Americans '' . Journal of Black Studies . 28 ( 2 ) : 268 -- 286 . ISSN 0021 - 9347 . JSTOR 2784855 . doi : 10.1177 / 002193479702800208 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Death Penalty Discrimination : Those Who Murder Whites Are More Likely To Be Executed '' . Associated Press ( CBS News ) . April 24 , 2003 . Retrieved June 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Amnesty International , Human Rights in United States of America , Amnesty International Jump up ^ `` One in 100 : Behind Bars in America 2008 '' Archived March 27 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Pew Research Center Jump up ^ `` One in 31 : The Long Reach of American Corrections '' Archived May 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Pew Research Center , released March 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ Tuhus - Dubrow , Rebecca ( December 19 , 2003 ) . `` Prison Reform Talking Points '' . The Nation . Retrieved May 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( The Consequences Are n't Minor , The Impact of Trying Youth as Adults and Strategies for Reform - A Campaign for Youth Justice Report March 2007 pg 7 . ) Jump up ^ `` Facts about Prisons and Prisoners '' ( PDF ) . The Sentencing Project . December 2006 . Retrieved May 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Fellner , Jamie . `` US Addiction to Incarceration Puts 2.3 Million in Prison '' . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved June 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` California jails : `` Solitary confinement can amount to cruel punishment , even torture '' -- UN rights expert `` . UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights . August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ed Pilkington ( April 16 , 2012 ) . `` Forty years in solitary : two men mark sombre anniversary in Louisiana prison '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Inhumane Prison Conditions Still Threaten Life , Health of Alabama Inmates Living with HIV / AIDS , According to Court Filings '' . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved June 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Cindy Struckman - Johnson & David Struckman - Johnson ( 2000 ) . `` Sexual Coercion Rates in Seven Midwestern Prisons for Men '' ( PDF ) . The Prison Journal . Jump up ^ Abramsky , Sasha ( January 22 , 2002 ) . Hard Time Blues : How Politics Built a Prison Nation . Thomas Dunne Books . Jump up ^ Hardaway , Robert ( October 30 , 2003 ) . No Price Too High : Victimless Crimes and the Ninth Amendment . Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95056 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Prisoners in 2005 '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Justice : Office of Justice Programs . November 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 9 , 2007 . Retrieved June 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` America 's One - Million Nonviolent Prisoners '' . Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice . Retrieved June 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pittman , Nicole ; Parker , Alison ( 2013 ) . Raised on the registry : the irreparable harm of placing children on sex offender registries in the US . New York : Human Rights Watch . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62313 - 0084 . Jump up ^ `` No Easy Answers - Sex Offender Laws in the US '' . Human Rights Watch . September 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hegeman , Roxana ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` ACLU says offender registry unconstitutional Registry includes sex offenders , people convicted of certain violent crimes '' . The Topeka Capital - Journal . Jump up ^ Long , Matt ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` Group calls for moratorium on sex offender registry after killings '' . South Carolina Radio Network . Jump up ^ Zakalik , Lauren ( August 29 , 2012 ) . `` National conference aims to soften , reform sex offender laws '' . KOAT . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Ian ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Restricted Group Speaks Up , Saying Sex Crime Measures Go Too Far '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Belluci , Janice ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` CA RSOL Challenges El Dorado County Sex Offender Ordinance '' . In Eldorado County News . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Howes , Rebecca ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Attorney files sex offender lawsuit against Lompoc '' . Lompoc Record . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Case , Stephanie ( September 19 , 2013 ) . `` City of Orange Sued Over Sex Offender Halloween Restrictions '' . KTLA 5 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Shea ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` County sued over sex offender ordinance '' . Daily Press . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Joe ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` SPECIAL REPORT : Pair seeks repeal of sex - offender laws in California '' . Daily Breeze . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FAIR '' . Fairegistry.org . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sex offenders to get right of appeal against lifetime registration '' . The Guardian . February 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sex offenders will be able to challenge inclusion on register for life '' . The Guardian . June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Race , Rights and Police Brutality '' . Amnesty International USA . 1999 . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Report Charges Police Abuse in U.S. Goes Unchecked '' . Human Rights Watch . July 7 , 1998 . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin ( December 17 , 2007 ) . `` Police brutality cases on rise since 9 / 11 '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Butterfield , Fox ( April 29 , 2001 ) . `` When the Police Shoot , Who 's Counting ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Unregulated Use of Taser Stun Guns Threatens Lives , ACLU of Northern California Study Finds '' . ACLU . October 6 , 2005 . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Man dies after cop hits him with Taser 9 times '' . CNN . n.d . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Prison Strip Search is Sexually Abusive '' . ACLU . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Strip Searching Americans Without Cause : A Blow to Personal Privacy '' . Huffington Post . June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In U.S. justice system , the strip - search is common practice '' . Reuters . December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Strip Searches '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Case Study : DSK Fallout : Time for the Perp Walk to Take a Hike ? '' . Time . July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Watch : Summary of International and U.S. Law Prohibiting Torture and Other Ill - treatment of Persons in Custody '' . May 24 , 2004 . Retrieved May 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ICRC official statement : The relevance of IHL in the context of terrorism Archived December 19 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , January 1 , 2011 Jump up ^ Ross , Brain and Eposito , Richard ( November 18 , 2005 ) . `` CIA 's Harsh Interrogation Techniques Described '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Conclusions and recommendations of the Committee against Torture '' ( PDF ) . The United Nations Committee against Torture . May 19 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 11 , 2006 . Retrieved June 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Non-standard interrogation techniques '' are alleged to have at times included : Extended forced maintenance of `` stress positions '' such as standing or squatting ; psychological tricks and `` mind games '' ; sensory deprivation ; exposure to loud music and noises ; extended exposure to flashing lights ; prolonged solitary confinement ; denigration of religion ; withholding of food , drink , or medical care ; withholding of hygienic care or toilet facilities ; prolonged hooding ; forced injections of unknown substances ; sleep deprivation ; magneto - cranial stimulation resulting in mental confusion ; threats of bodily harm ; threats of rendition to torture - friendly states or Guantánamo ; threats of rape or sodomy ; threats of harm to family members ; threats of imminent execution ; prolonged constraint in contorted positions ( including strappado , or `` Palestinian hanging '' ) ; facial smearing of real or simulated feces , urine , menstrual blood , or semen ; sexual humiliation ; beatings , often requiring surgery or resulting in permanent physical or mental disability ; release or threat of release to attack dogs , both muzzled or un-muzzled ; near - suffocation or asphyxiation via multiple detainment hoods , plastic bags , water - soaked towels or blankets , duct tape , or ligatures ; gassing and chemical spraying resulting in unconsciousness ; confinement in small chambers too small to fully stand or recline ; underwater immersion just short of drowning ( i.e. dunking ) ; and extended exposure to extreme temperatures below freezing or above 120 ° F ( 48 ° C ) . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights First Releases First Comprehensive Report on Detainee Deaths in U.S. Custody '' . Human Rights First . February 22 , 2006 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Higham , Scott ; Stephens , Joe ( May 21 , 2004 ) . `` New Details of Prison Abuse Emerge '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . Retrieved June 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UN Says Abu Ghraib Abuse Could Constitute War Crime '' , By Warren Hoge , New York Times , June 4 , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Prisoner Abuse : The Accused '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Road to Abu Ghraib , Human Rights Watch Jump up ^ Price , Caitlin . `` CIA chief confirms use of waterboarding on 3 terror detainees '' . Jurist Legal News & Research . University of Pittsburgh School of Law . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2008 . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CIA finally admits to waterboarding '' . The Australian . February 7 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hirsh , Michael ; John Barry ; Daniel Klaidman ( June 21 , 2004 ) . `` A tortured debate : amid feuding and turf battles , lawyers in the White House discussed specific terror - interrogation techniques like ' water - boarding ' and ' mock - burials ' '' . Newsweek . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Waterboarding qualifies as torture : UN '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bent Sørensen on waterboarding as torture Former member of UN Committee Against Torture : `` Yes , waterboarding is torture '' Archived May 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims , February 12 , 2008 Jump up ^ Maddy Sauer ; Vic Walter ; Rich Esposito . `` History of an Interrogation Technique : Water Boarding '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amnesty : prosecute Bush for admitted waterboarding '' . Reuters . November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Violating international law Army Official : Yes , Waterboarding Breaks International Law By Paul Kiel , Talking Points Memo , February 27 , 2008 Jump up ^ Luke Whelan ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` New Documents Show the US Called Waterboarding Torture During World War II '' . Mother Jones . Jump up ^ CBS News `` McCain : Japanese Hanged For Waterboarding '' , CBS News , 29 November 2007 . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . Jump up ^ White House defends waterboarding ; CIA chief uncertain , Associated Press , February 7 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : No charges against CIA officials for waterboarding : WTOP , April 16 , 2009 Jump up ^ BBC website , CIA torture exemption ' illegal ' , Sunday , 19 April 2009 Jump up ^ The Guardian , Obama releases Bush torture memos , 16 April 2009 Jump up ^ `` Justice Department Memos on Interrogation Techniques '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : BBC Today Programme , 20 April 2009 Jump up ^ Despite Reports , Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Was Not Waterboarded 183 Times , Joseph Abrams , Fox News Channel , April 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ Bob Drogin ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Physicians group accuses CIA of testing torture techniques on detainees '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Evidence Indicates that the Bush Administration Conducted Experiments and Research on Detainees to Design Torture Techniques and Create Legal Cover '' . Physicians for Human Rights . June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Monbiot , George . `` One rule for them '' . Jump up ^ In re Guantanamo Detainee Cases , 355 F. Supp. 2d 443 ( D.D.C. 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Guantánamo Bay - a human rights scandal '' . Amnesty International . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2006 . Retrieved March 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Myre , Greg ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) . `` 10 Guantanamo Prisoners Freed In Oman ; 45 Detainees Remain '' . Jump up ^ http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/dip_cuba002.asp Jump up ^ De Zayas , Alfred . ( 2003 . ) The Status of Guantánamo Bay and the Status of the Detainees . Jump up ^ ECONOMIC , SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS Situation of detainees at Guantánamo Bay Report of the Chairperson - Rapporteur of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention , Leila Zerrougui ; the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers , Leandro Despouy ; the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel , inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment , Manfred Nowak ; the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief , Asma Jahangir ; and the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health , Paul Hunt Archived February 25 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Guantánamo and beyond : The continuing pursuit of unchecked executive power '' . Amnesty International . May 13 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2007 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The legal situation of unlawful / unprivileged combatants ( IRRC March 2003 Vol. 85 No 849 ) . See Unlawful combatant . Jump up ^ `` New Account of Torture by U.S. Tropps , Soldiers Say Failures by Command Led to Abuse '' . Human Rights Watch . September 24 , 2005 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Huckabee Says Guantanamo Bay Offers Better Conditions to Detainees Than Most U.S. Prisons - You Decide 2008 '' . Fox News Channel . June 11 , 2007 . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Guantanamo Detainees Info Sheet # 1 -- November 14 , 2005 '' ( PDF ) . White House . Retrieved November 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hamdan v. Rumsfeld '' ( PDF ) . June 29 , 2006 . Retrieved February 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US detainees to get Geneva rights '' . BBC . July 11 , 2006 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` White House : Detainees entitled to Geneva Convention protections '' . CNN . July 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` White House Changes Gitmo Policy '' . CBS News . July 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Jane ( February 14 , 2005 ) . `` Outsourcing Torture '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Markon , Jerry ( May 19 , 2006 ) . `` Lawsuit Against CIA is Dismissed '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Georg Mascolo , Holger Stark : The US Stands Accused of Kidnapping . SPIEGEL ONLINE , February 14 , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Map of Freedom in the World '' . freedomhouse.org . May 10 , 2004 . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ US : Torture and Rendition to Gaddafi 's Libya Human Rights Watch September 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ Delivered Into Enemy Hands US - Led Abuse and Rendition of Opponents to Gaddafi 's Libya Human Rights Watch 2012 Jump up ^ HRW : USA käytti vesikidutusta libyalaisiin yle September 6 , 2012 ( in Finnish ) Jump up ^ `` Supporting Human Rights and Democracy : The U.S. Record '' . United States Department of State : Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor . Retrieved June 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights '' . United States Department of State : Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` International Human Rights Week '' . United States Department of State : Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2007 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ambassadorial Roundtable Series '' . United States Department of State : Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2007 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor '' . United States Department of State : Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor . Retrieved June 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Human Rights and Democracy Achievement Award '' . United States Department of State : Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor . Retrieved June 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jo Becker ; children 's rights advocate ( December 11 , 2008 ) . `` US Limits Military Aid to Nations Using Child Soldiers Human Rights Watch '' . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ U.S. reservations , declarations , and understandings , International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , 138 Cong . Rec . S4781 - 01 ( daily ed. , April 2 , 1992 ) . ^ Jump up to : Status of US international treaty ratifications Jump up ^ http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/newhvstatbytreaty?OpenView Jump up ^ DPI Press Kit Jump up ^ `` OHCHR International law '' . OHCHR . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ UN OHCHR Fact Sheet No. 2 ( Rev. 1 ) , The International Bill of Human Rights Jump up ^ OHCHR Reservations and declarations on ratificatons Archived May 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ America 'S Problem With Human Rights Archived October 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 138 Cong . Rec . S4781 - 84 ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ S. Exec . Rep. No. 102 - 23 ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Louis Henkin , U.S. Ratification of Human Rights Treaties : The Ghost of Senator Bricker , 89 Am. J. Int'l L. 341 , 346 ( 1995 ) ^ Jump up to : 98 / 07 / 23 Amb . Scheffer on international criminal court Jump up ^ Coalition for the ICC Jump up ^ Human Rights Watch - The US and the International Criminal Court Jump up ^ Human Rights Watch , `` U.S. : ' Hague Invasion Act ' Becomes Law . '' August 3 , 2002 . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ John Sutherland , `` Who are America 's real enemies ? '' The Guardian , July 8 , 2002 . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : BBC News Jump up ^ Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations 1986 Article 18 . ( 2 ) `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2008 . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Archived January 10 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Basic Documents - Ratifications of the Convention Jump up ^ Organization of American States Jump up ^ Caliendo , Stephen ; Gibney , Mark ; Tables , Angela . `` All the News That 's Fit to Print ? New York Times Coverage of Human - Rights Violations '' . The Harvard International Journal of Press . 4 ( 4 , Fall 1999 ) : 48 -- 69 . doi : 10.1177 / 1081180x9900400404 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Caliendo , Stephen ; Gibney , Mark ( August 31 , 2006 ) . `` Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association '' . All Academic , Inc . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Satter , Raphael ( May 24 , 2007 ) . `` Report hits US on human rights '' . Associated Press ( published on Globe ) . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Polity IV data sets Archived May 19 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` North Korea , Eritrea and Turkmenistan are the world 's `` black holes '' for news `` . Reporters Without Borders . October 2005 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` East Asia and Middle East have worst press freedom records '' . Reporters Without Borders . October 2004 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2008 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba second from last , just ahead of North Korea '' . Reporters Without Borders . October 2003 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Reporters Without Borders publishes the first worldwide press freedom index '' . Reporters Without Borders . October 2002 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Leading surveillance societies in the EU and the World 2007 '' . Privacy International . December 2007 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Human Rights ? '' . Gallup International . 1999 . Jump up ^ Klapper , Bradley ( July 28 , 2006 ) . `` U.N. Panel Takes U.S. to Task Over Katrin '' . The America 's Intelligence Wire . Associated Press . Jump up ^ 26 . The Committee , while taking note of the various rules and regulations prohibiting discrimination in the provision of disaster relief and emergency assistance , remains concerned about information that poor people and in particular African - Americans , were disadvantaged by the rescue and evacuation plans implemented when Hurricane Katrina hit the United States of America , and continue to be disadvantaged under the reconstruction plans . ( articles 6 and 26 ) The State party should review its practices and policies to ensure the full implementation of its obligation to protect life and of the prohibition of discrimination , whether direct or indirect , as well as of the United Nations Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement , in the areas of disaster prevention and preparedness , emergency assistance and relief measures . In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina , it should increase its efforts to ensure that the rights of poor people and in particular African - Americans , are fully taken into consideration in the reconstruction plans with regard to access to housing , education and health care . The Committee wishes to be informed about the results of the inquiries into the alleged failure to evacuate prisoners at the Parish prison , as well as the allegations that New Orleans residents were not permitted by law enforcement officials to cross the Greater New Orleans Bridge to Gretna , Louisiana . See : `` Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee on the Second and Third U.S. Reports to the Committee ( 2006 ) . '' . Human Rights Committee . University of Minnesota Human Rights Library . July 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Katrina and the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement '' ( PDF ) . Institute for Southern Studies . January 2008 . pp. 18 -- 19 . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . See also : Sothern , Billy ( January 2 , 2006 ) . `` Left to Die '' . The Nation . pp. 19 -- 22 . Jump up ^ `` Report says U.S. Katrina response fails to meet its own human rights principles '' . New Orleans CityBusiness . January 16 , 2008 . See also : `` Hurricane Katrina and the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement '' ( PDF ) . Institute for Southern Studies . January 2008 . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the Special Rapporteur '' . United Nations Human Rights Council . April 28 , 2009 . p. 30 . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Elected To U.N. Human Rights Council '' . ACLU . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Press Briefing '' . United States Department of State . May 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved June 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 60 Verbotim Report 72 . A / 60 / PV. 72 page 5 . Mr. Toro Jiménez Venezuela March 15 , 2006 at 11 : 00 . Retrieved September 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` U.N. Torture Committee Critical of U.S. '' . Human Rights Watch . May 19 , 2006 . Retrieved June 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Conclusions and recommendations of the Committee '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Leopold , Evelyn ( May 25 , 2007 ) . `` U.N. expert faults U.S. on human rights in terror laws '' . Reuters . Retrieved June 3 , 2007 . Also published on The Boston Globe , on Yahoo News , and on ABC News . Jump up ^ Rizvi , Haider . Racial Poverty Gaps in U.S. Amount to Human Rights Violation , Says U.N. Expert Archived August 22 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... OneWorld.net ( published on CommonDreams ) . November 30 , 2005 . Retrieved on August 13 , 2007 . ( ) Further reading ( edit ) Ignatieff , Michael ( 2005 ) . American Exceptionalism and Human Rights . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11648 - 2 . Ishay , Micheline ( 2008 ) . The History of Human Rights : From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era ( Second ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 25641 - 7 . Lauren , Paul Gordon ( 2003 ) . The Evolution of International Human Rights : Visions Seen ( Second ed . ) . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1854 - X . Olyan , Saul M. ; Martha C. Nussbaum ( 1998 ) . Sexual Orientation and Human Rights in American Religious Discourse . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511942 - 8 . Rhoden , Nancy Lee ; Ian Kenneth Steele ( 2000 ) . The Human Tradition in the American Revolution . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8420 - 2748 - 3 . Shapiro , Steven R. ; Human Rights Watch ; American Civil Liberties Union ( 1993 ) . Human Rights Violations in the United States : A Report on U.S. Compliance with The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . Human Rights Watch . ISBN 1 - 56432 - 122 - 3 . ed. by Cynthia Soohoo ... ( 2007 ) . Soohoo , Cynthia ; Albisa , Catherine ; Davis , Martha F. , eds . Bringing Human Rights Home : A History of Human Rights in the United States . I. Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98822 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ed. by Cynthia Soohoo ... ( 2007 ) . Soohoo , Cynthia ; Albisa , Catherine ; Davis , Martha F. , eds . Bringing Human Rights Home : From Civil Rights to Human Rights . II . Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98823 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Quigley , William ; Sharda Sekaran ( 2007 ) . `` A Call for the Right to Return in the Gulf Coast '' . In Soohoo , Cynthia ; Albisa , Catherine ; Davis , Martha F. Bringing Human Rights Home : Portraits of the Movement . III . Praeger Publishers . pp. 291 -- 304 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98824 - 4 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Weissbrodt , David ; Connie de la Vega ( 2007 ) . International Human Rights Law : An Introduction . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 4032 - 4 . Yount , David ( 2007 ) . How the Quakers Invented America . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5833 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Human Rights in the US and the International Community , UNL Initiative on Human Rights & Human Diversity site -- research and study source directed at secondary and post-secondary students Freedom in the World 2006 : United States from Freedom House Human Rights from United States Department of State United States : Human Rights World Report 2006 from Human Rights Watch The Most Resonant Human Rights Violations in Certain Countries 2013 from MFA of the Republic of Belarus United States of America : Death Penalty Worldwide Academic research database on the laws , practice , and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world . With Liberty to Monitor All : How Large - Scale US Surveillance is Harming Journalism , Law , and American Democracy . Human Rights Watch , July 28 , 2014 . The disappeared : Chicago police detain Americans at abuse - laden ' black site ' . The Guardian . 24 February 2015 . 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why did the second great awakening result in social reform
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Second Great Awakening
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second great awakening
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The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century in the United States . The movement began around 1790 , gained momentum by 1800 and , after 1820 , membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations whose preachers led the movement . It was past its peak by the late 1850s . The Second Great Awakening reflected Romanticism characterized by enthusiasm , emotion , and an appeal to the super-natural . It rejected the skeptical rationalism and deism of the Enlightenment .
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The revivals enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations . Many converts believed that the Awakening heralded a new millennial age . The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements designed to remedy the evils of society before the anticipated Second Coming of Jesus Christ . Historians named the Second Great Awakening in the context of the First Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s and of the Third Great Awakening of the late 1850s to early 1900s . These revivals were part of a much larger Romantic religious movement that was sweeping across Europe at the time , mainly throughout England , Scotland , and Germany . Contents ( hide ) 1 Spread of revivals 1.1 Background 1.2 Theology 1.3 Burned - over district 1.4 West and Tidewater South 1.5 West 1.6 Church membership soars 2 Subgroups 2.1 Adventism 2.2 Holiness movement 2.3 Restoration Movement 3 Culture and society 4 Slaves and free Africans 5 Women 6 Prominent figures 7 Political implications 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Historiography Spread of revivals ( edit ) Part of a series on Baptists Background ( show ) Christianity Protestantism Puritanism Anabaptism Doctrine ( show ) Priesthood of all believers Individual soul liberty Separation of church and state Sola scriptura Congregationalism Ordinances Offices Confessions Key figures ( show ) John Smyth Thomas Helwys Roger Williams John Clarke John Bunyan Shubal Stearns Andrew Fuller Charles Spurgeon D.N. Jackson James Robinson Graves William Bullein Johnson William Carey Luther Rice Martin Luther King Jr . Billy Graham Organizations ( show ) Baptist denominations Baptist colleges and universities Baptist World Alliance Baptist portal Part of a series on Calvinism John Calvin Background ( show ) Christianity St. Augustine The Reformation Five Solas Synod of Dort Theology ( show ) Theology of John Calvin Covenant theology Lord 's Supper Regulative principle Predestination in Calvinism Documents ( show ) Institutes of the Christian Religion Geneva Bible Three Forms of Unity Westminster Standards Canons of Dort Second Helvetic Confession Heidelberg Catechism Belgic Confession La Rochelle Confession Savoy Declaration 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith First Helvetic Confession Scots Confession Influences ( show ) Huldrych Zwingli Martin Bucer Peter Martyr Vermigli William Farel Heinrich Bullinger John Calvin John Knox Theodore Beza Francis Turretin Jonathan Edwards Charles Hodge Churches ( show ) Continental Reformed Presbyterian Congregationalist Reformed Baptist Low church Anglican Peoples ( show ) Afrikaners Huguenots Pilgrims Puritans Largest groups ( show ) World Communion of Reformed Churches World Reformed Fellowship International Conference of Reformed Churches North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council Presbyterianism in South Korea List of Reformed denominations Calvinism portal Background ( edit ) Like the First Great Awakening a half century earlier , the Second reflected Romanticism characterized by enthusiasm , emotion , and an appeal to the super-natural . It rejected the skepticism , deism , and rationalism left over from the Enlightenment . At about the same time , similar movements flourished in Europe . Pietism was sweeping German countries . Evangelicalism was waxing strong in England . The Second Great Awakening occurred in several episodes and over different denominations ; however , the revivals were very similar . As the most effective form of evangelizing during this period , revival meetings cut across geographical boundaries , and the movement quickly spread throughout Kentucky , Tennessee and southern Ohio . Each denomination had assets that allowed it to thrive on the frontier . The Methodists had an efficient organization that depended on itinerant ministers , known as circuit riders , who sought out people in remote frontier locations . The circuit riders came from among the common people , which helped them establish rapport with the frontier families they hoped to convert . Theology ( edit ) Main article : Postmillennialism Postmillennialism theology dominated American Protestantism in the first half of the 19th century . Postmillennialists believed that Christ will return to earth after the `` millennium '' , which could entail either a literal 1,000 years or a figurative `` long period '' of peace and happiness . Christians thus had a duty to purify society in preparation for that return . This duty extended beyond American borders to include Christian Restorationism . George Fredrickson argues that Postmillennial theology `` was an impetus to the promotion of Progressive reforms , as historians have frequently pointed out . '' During the Second Great Awakening of the 1830s , some diviners expected the millennium to arrive in a few years . By the 1840s , however , the great day had receded to the distant future , and postmillennialism became a more passive religious dimension of the wider middle - class pursuit of reform and progress . Burned - over district ( edit ) Main article : Burned - over district In the early nineteenth century , western New York State was called the `` burned - over district '' because of the highly publicized revivals that crisscrossed the region . Charles Finney , a leading revivalist active in the area , coined the term . Linda K. Pritchard uses statistical data to show that compared to the rest of New York State , the Ohio River Valley in the lower Midwest , and the country as a whole , the religiosity of the Burned - over District was typical rather than exceptional . West and Tidewater South ( edit ) On the American Frontier , evangelical denominations sent missionary preachers and exhorters out to the people in the backcountry , which supported the growth of membership among Methodists and Baptists . Revivalists ' techniques were based on the camp meeting , with its Scottish Presbyterian roots . Most of the Scots - Irish immigrants before the American Revolutionary War settled in the backcountry of Pennsylvania and down the spine of the Appalachian Mountains . These denominations were based on an interpretation of man 's spiritual equality before God , which led them to recruit members and preachers from a wide range of classes and all races . Baptists and Methodist revivals were successful in some parts of the Tidewater in the South , where an increasing number of common planters , plain folk , and slaves were converted . West ( edit ) Main article : Revival of 1800 In the newly settled frontier regions , the revival was implemented through camp meetings . These often provided the first encounter for some settlers with organized religion , and they were important as social venues . The camp meeting was a religious service of several days ' length with preachers . Settlers in thinly populated areas gathered at the camp meeting for fellowship as well as worship . The sheer exhilaration of participating in a religious revival with crowds of hundreds and perhaps thousands of people inspired the dancing , shouting , and singing associated with these events . The revivals followed an arc of great emotional power , with an emphasis of the individual 's sins and need to turn to Christ , restored by a sense of personal salvation . Upon their return home , most converts joined or created small local churches , which grew rapidly . The Second Great Awakening marked a religious transition in society in America . Many Americans from the Calvinist sect emphasized man 's inability to save themselves and that their only way to be saved was from grace from God . The Revival of 1800 in Logan County , Kentucky , began as a traditional Presbyterian sacramental occasion . The first informal camp meeting began there in June , when people began camping on the grounds of the Red River Meeting House . Subsequent meetings followed at the nearby Gasper River and Muddy River congregations , all three under the ministry of James McGready . One year later , an even larger sacrament occasion was held at Cane Ridge , Kentucky under Barton Stone , attracting perhaps as many as 20,000 people . Numerous Presbyterian , Baptist and Methodist ministers participated in the services . Thanks to such leaders as Barton W. Stone ( 1772 -- 1844 ) and Alexander Campbell ( 1788 -- 1866 ) , the camp meeting revival became a major mode of church expansion for the Methodists and Baptists . The Cumberland Presbyterian Church emerged in Kentucky . Cane Ridge was also instrumental in fostering what became known as the Restoration Movement . This was made up of non-denominational churches committed to what they saw as the original , fundamental Christianity of the New Testament . They were committed to individuals ' achieving a personal relationship with Christ . Churches with roots in this movement include the Churches of Christ , Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) , and the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada Church membership soars ( edit ) 1839 Methodist camp meeting The Methodist circuit riders and local Baptist preachers made enormous gains ; to a lesser extent the Presbyterians gained members , particularly with the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in sparsely settled areas . As a result , the numerical strength of the Baptists and Methodists rose relative to that of the denominations dominant in the colonial period -- the Anglicans , Presbyterians , Congregationalists . Among the new denominations that grew from the religious ferment of the Second Great Awakening are the Churches of Christ , Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) , the Seventh - day Adventist Church , and the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada . The converts during the Second Great Awakening were predominantly female . A 1932 source estimated at least three female converts to every two male converts between 1798 and 1826 . Young people ( those under 25 ) also converted in greater numbers , and were the first to convert . Subgroups ( edit ) Adventism ( edit ) Part of a series on Adventism William Miller Background ( show ) Christianity Protestantism Anabaptists Restorationism Pietism Millerism History ( show ) Second Great Awakening Great Disappointment Biographies ( show ) William Miller Nelson H. Barbour Joseph Bates Sylvester Bliss Jonathan Cummings Elon Galusha Apollos Hale Joshua V. Himes Charles F. Hudson Josiah Litch Rachel O. Preston T.M. Preble George Storrs John T. Walsh Jonas Wendell Ellen G. White James White John Thomas Theology ( show ) Annihilationism Conditional immortality Historicism Intermediate state Premillennialism Denominations ( show ) Advent Christian Church Christadelphians Seventh - day Adventist Church Church of God ( Seventh - Day ) Church of God General Conference Church of the Blessed Hope Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement Davidian SDA ( Shepherd 's Rod ) United Seventh - Day Brethren Branch Davidians Primitive Advent Christian Church Sabbath Rest Advent Church The Advent Movement emerged in the 1830s and 1840s in North America , and was preached by ministers such as William Miller , whose followers became known as Millerites . The name refers to belief in the soon Second Advent of Jesus ( popularly known as the Second coming ) and resulted in several major religious denominations , including Seventh - day Adventists and Advent Christians . Holiness movement ( edit ) Part of a series on Methodism John Wesley Background ( show ) History ( in the United States ) Anglicanism Arminianism First Great Awakening Nonconformism Pietism Wesleyanism Theology ( show ) Articles of Religion Assurance of salvation Conditional preservation of the saints Four sources of theological authority Covenant theology Substitutionary atonement Imparted righteousness New birth Prevenient grace Plain dress Real presence Sanctification Sunday Sabbatarianism Temperance Christian perfection Works of Piety Works of Mercy People ( show ) John Wesley Charles Wesley George Whitefield Richard Allen Francis Asbury Thomas Coke William Law William Williams Pantycelyn Howell Harris Albert Outler James Varick Countess of Huntingdon Bishops Theologians Groups Churches ( show ) Methodist Church of Great Britain Free Methodist Church United Methodist Church World Methodist Council Other Methodist denominations Organization ( show ) Connexionalism Methodist Circuit Related groups ( show ) Holiness movement Conservative holiness movement Pentecostalism Evangelicalism Other topics ( show ) Circuit rider Saints in Methodism Christian views on alcohol Methodist local preacher Homosexuality and Methodism Ordination of women in Methodism Methodism portal Main article : Holiness movement Though its roots are in the First Great Awakening and earlier , a re-emphasis on Wesleyan teachings on sanctification emerged during the Second Great Awakening , leading to a distinction between Mainline Methodism and Holiness churches . Restoration movement ( edit ) Main article : Restoration Movement See also : Restorationism The idea of restoring a `` primitive '' form of Christianity grew in popularity in the U.S. after the American Revolution . This desire to restore a purer form of Christianity without an elaborate hierarchy contributed to the development of many groups during the Second Great Awakening , including the Mormons , Baptists and Shakers . Several factors made the restoration sentiment particularly appealing during this time period : To immigrants in the early 19th century , the land in the United States seemed pristine , edenic and undefiled -- `` the perfect place to recover pure , uncorrupted and original Christianity '' -- and the tradition - bound European churches seemed out of place in this new setting . A primitive faith based on the Bible alone promised a way to sidestep the competing claims of the many denominations available and for congregations to find assurance of being right without the security of an established national church . The Restoration Movement began during , and was greatly influenced by , the Second Great Awakening . While the leaders of one of the two primary groups making up this movement , Thomas Campbell and Alexander Campbell , resisted what they saw as the spiritual manipulation of the camp meetings , the revivals contributed to the development of the other major branch , led by Barton W. Stone . The Southern phase of the Awakening `` was an important matrix of Barton Stone 's reform movement '' and shaped the evangelistic techniques used by both Stone and the Campbells . Culture and society ( edit ) Efforts to apply Christian teaching to the resolution of social problems presaged the Social Gospel of the late 19th century . Converts were taught that to achieve salvation they needed not just to repent personal sin but also work for the moral perfection of society , which meant eradicating sin in all its forms . Thus , evangelical converts were leading figures in a variety of 19th century reform movements . Congregationalists set up missionary societies to evangelize the western territory of the northern tier . Members of these groups acted as apostles for the faith , and also as educators and exponents of northeastern urban culture . The Second Great Awakening served as an `` organizing process '' that created `` a religious and educational infrastructure '' across the western frontier that encompassed social networks , a religious journalism that provided mass communication , and church - related colleges . Publication and education societies promoted Christian education ; most notable among them was the American Bible Society , founded in 1816 . Women made up a large part of these voluntary societies . The Female Missionary Society and the Maternal Association , both active in Utica , NY , were highly organized and financially sophisticated women 's organizations responsible for many of the evangelical converts of the New York frontier . There were also societies that broadened their focus from traditional religious concerns to larger societal ones . These organizations were primarily sponsored by affluent women . They did not stem entirely from the Second Great Awakening , but the revivalist doctrine and the expectation that one 's conversion would lead to personal action accelerated the role of women 's social benevolence work . Social activism influenced abolition groups and supporters of the Temperance movement . They began efforts to reform prisons and care for the handicapped and mentally ill . They believed in the perfectibility of people and were highly moralistic in their endeavors . 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Conversions and congregations started with the First Great Awakening , resulting in Baptist and Methodist preachers being authorized among slaves and free African Americans more than a decade before 1800 . `` Black Harry '' Hosier , an illiterate freedman who drove Francis Asbury on his circuits , proved to be able to memorize large passages of the Bible verbatim and became a cross-over success , as popular among white audiences as the black ones Asbury had originally intended for him to minister . His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown , Delaware , in 1784 was the first to be delivered by a black preacher directly to a white congregation . Despite being called the `` greatest orator in America '' by Benjamin Rush and one of the best in the world by Bishop Thomas Coke , Hosier was repeatedly passed over for ordination and permitted no vote during his attendance at the Christmas Conference that formally established American Methodism . Richard Allen , the other black attendee , was ordained by the Methodists in 1799 , but his congregation of free African Americans in Philadelphia left the church there because of its discrimination . They founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( AME ) in Philadelphia . After first submitting to oversight by the established Methodist bishops , several AME congregations finally left to form the first independent African - American denomination in the United States in 1816 . Soon after , the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church ( AME Zion ) was founded as another denomination in New York City . Early Baptist congregations were formed by slaves and free African Americans in South Carolina and Virginia . Especially in the Baptist Church , African Americans were welcomed as members and as preachers . By the early 19th century , independent African American congregations numbered in the several hundred in some cities of the South , such as Charleston , South Carolina , and Richmond and Petersburg , Virginia . With the growth in congregations and churches , Baptist associations formed in Virginia , for instance , as well as Kentucky and other states . The revival also inspired slaves to demand freedom . In 1800 , out of African American revival meetings in Virginia , a plan for slave rebellion was devised by Gabriel Prosser , although the rebellion was discovered and crushed before it started . Despite white attempts to control independent African American congregations , especially after the Nat Turner Uprising of 1831 , a number of African American congregations managed to maintain their separation as independent congregations in Baptist associations . State legislatures passed laws requiring them always to have a white man present at their worship meetings . Women ( edit ) Women , who made up the majority of converts during the Awakening , played a crucial role in its development and focus . It is not clear why women converted in larger numbers than men . Various scholarly theories attribute the discrepancy to a reaction to the perceived sinfulness of youthful frivolity , an inherent greater sense of religiosity in women , a communal reaction to economic insecurity , or an assertion of the self in the face of patriarchal rule . Husbands , especially in the South , sometimes disapproved of their wives ' conversion , forcing women to choose between submission to God or their spouses . Church membership and religious activity gave women peer support and place for meaningful activity outside the home , providing many women with communal identity and shared experiences . Despite the predominance of women in the movement , they were not formally indoctrinated or given leading ministerial positions . However , women took other public roles ; for example , relaying testimonials about their conversion experience , or assisting sinners ( both male and female ) through the conversion process . Leaders such as Charles Finney saw women 's public prayer as a crucial aspect in preparing a community for revival and improving their efficacy in conversion . Women also took crucial roles in the conversion and religious upbringing of children . During the period of revival , mothers were seen as the moral and spiritual foundation of the family , and were thus tasked with instructing children in matters of religion and ethics . The greatest change in women 's roles stemmed from participation in newly formalized missionary and reform societies . Women 's prayer groups were an early and socially acceptable form of women 's organization . Through their positions in these organizations , women gained influence outside of the private sphere . Changing demographics of gender also affected religious doctrine . In an effort to give sermons that would resonate with the congregation , ministers stressed Christ 's humility and forgiveness , in what the historian Barbara Welter calls a `` feminization '' of Christianity . Prominent figures ( edit ) Richard Allen , founder , African Methodist Episcopal Church Francis Asbury , Methodist , circuit rider and founder of American Methodism Henry Ward Beecher , Presbyterian Lyman Beecher , Presbyterian , his father Antoinette Brown Blackwell , Congregationalist & later Unitarian , the first ordained female minister in the United States Alexander Campbell , Presbyterian , and early leader of the Restoration Movement Thomas Campbell Presbyterian , then early leader of the Restoration Movement Peter Cartwright , Methodist Lorenzo Dow , Methodist Timothy Dwight IV , Congregationalist Charles Finney , Presbyterian & anti-Calvinist `` Black Harry '' Hosier , Methodist , the first African American to preach to a white congregation Ann Lee , Shakers Jarena Lee , Methodist , a female AME circuit rider Robert Matthews , cult following as Matthias the Prophet William Miller , Millerism , forerunner of Adventism Asahel Nettleton , Reformed Benjamin Randall , Free Will Baptist Joseph Smith , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Barton Stone , Presbyterian non-Calvinist , then early leader of the Restoration Movement Nathaniel William Taylor , heterodox Calvinist Ellen G. White , Seventh - day Adventist Church Political implications ( edit ) Revivals and perfectionist hopes of improving individuals and society continued to increase from 1840 to 1865 across all major denominations , especially in urban areas . Evangelists often directly addressed issues such as slavery , greed , and poverty , laying the groundwork for later reform movements . The influence of the Awakening continued in the form of more secular movements . In the midst of shifts in theology and church polity , American Christians began progressive movements to reform society during this period . Known commonly as antebellum reform , this phenomenon included reforms in against the consumption of alcohol , for women 's rights and abolition of slavery , and a multitude of other issues faced by society . The religious enthusiasm of the Second Great Awakening was echoed by the new political enthusiasm of the Second Party System . More active participation in politics by more segments of the population brought religious and moral issues into the political sphere . The spirit of evangelical humanitarian reforms was carried on in the antebellum Whig party . Historians stress the understanding common among participants of reform as being a part of God 's plan . As a result , local churches saw their roles in society in purifying the world through the individuals to whom they could bring salvation , and through changes in the law and the creation of institutions . Interest in transforming the world was applied to mainstream political action , as temperance activists , antislavery advocates , and proponents of other variations of reform sought to implement their beliefs into national politics . While Protestant religion had previously played an important role on the American political scene , the Second Great Awakening strengthened the role it would play . See also ( edit ) Baptist portal Methodism portal Calvinism portal Seventh - day Adventist Church portal Latter Day Saints portal LDS Church portal Advent Christian Church Christian revival Christianity in the 19th century The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Cumberland Presbyterian Church Ethnocultural politics in the United States Holiness movement Restoration Movement Seventh - day Adventist Church References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Timothy L. Smith , Revivalism and Social Reform : American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War ( 1957 ) . Jump up ^ Heyrman , Christine Leigh . `` The First Great Awakening '' . Divining America , TeacherServe . National Humanities Center . Jump up ^ Henry B. Clark ( 1982 ) . Freedom of Religion in America : Historical Roots , Philosophical Concepts , Contemporary Problems . Transaction Publishers . p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Cott , `` Young Women in the Second Great Awakening in New England , '' Feminist Studies , ( 1975 ) , 3 # 1 p. 15 . JSTOR 3518952 . doi : 10.2307 / 3518952 . Jump up ^ Hans Schwarz ( 2005 ) . Theology in a Global Context : The Last Two Hundred Years . Wm . B. Eerdmans . p. 91 . Jump up ^ Frederick Cyril Gill , The romantic movement and Methodism : a study of English romanticism and the evangelical revival ( 1937 ) . Jump up ^ Susan Hill Lindley , You Have Stept Out of Your Place : a History of Women and Religion in America ( Westminster John Knox Press , 1996 ) : 59 ^ Jump up to : Fredrickson , George M. ( 1998 ) . `` The Coming of the Lord : The Northern Protestant Clergy and the Civil War Crisis '' . In Miller , Randall M. ; Stout , Harry S. ; Wilson , Charles Reagan . Religion and the American Civil War . Oxford University Press . pp. 110 -- 30 . ISBN 9780198028345 . Jump up ^ Whitney R. Cross , The Burned - over District : The Social and Intellectual History of Enthusiastic Religion in Western New , 1800 -- 1850 ( 1951 ) Jump up ^ Judith Wellman , Grassroots Reform in the Burned - over District of Upstate New York : Religion , Abolitionism , and Democracy ( 2000 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Geordan Hammond ; William Gibson ( March 1 , 2012 ) . Wesley and Methodist Studies . Clements . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Linda K. Pritchard , `` The burned - over district reconsidered : A portent of evolving religious pluralism in the United States . '' Social Science History ( 1984 ) : 243 -- 265 . JSTOR 1170853 . doi : 10.2307 / 1170853 . Jump up ^ On Scottish influences see Long ( 2002 ) and Elizabeth Semancik , `` Backcountry Religious Ways '' at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Dickson D. Bruce , Jr. , And They All Sang Hallelujah : Plain Folk Camp - Meeting Religion , 1800 -- 1845 , ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ ushistory.org , Religious Transformation and the Second Great Awakening , U.S. History Online Textbook , http://www.ushistory.org/us/22c.asp Monday , October 27 , 2014 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Douglas Foster , et al. , The Encyclopedia of the Stone - Campbell Movement ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Sydney E. Ahlstrom , A Religious History of the American People ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Melton , Encyclopedia of American Religions ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Nancy Cott , `` Young Women in the Second Great Awakening in New England , '' Feminist Studies , ( 1975 ) , 3 # 1 pp. 15 -- 16 . JSTOR 3518952 . doi : 10.2307 / 3518952 . Jump up ^ Gary Land , Adventism in America : A History ( 1998 ) ^ Jump up to : C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes , Discovering Our Roots : The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ , Abilene Christian University Press , 1988 , ISBN 0 - 89112 - 006 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant , The Encyclopedia of the Stone - Campbell Movement : Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) , Christian Churches / Churches of Christ , Churches of Christ , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3898 - 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3898 - 8 , 854 pages , entry on Great Awakenings Jump up ^ Elizabeth J. Clapp , and Julie Roy Jeffrey , ed. , Women , Dissent and Anti-slavery in Britain and America , 1790 -- 1865 , ( Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press , 2011 ) : 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Barbara Welter , `` The Feminization of American Religion : 1800 -- 1860 , '' in Clio 's Consciousness Raised , edited by Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner . New York : Octagon Books , 1976 , 139 Jump up ^ Mary Ryan , `` A Woman 's Awakening : Evangelical Religion and the Families of Utica , New York , 1800 to 1840 , '' American Quarterly 30 , no . 5 ( Winter 1978 ) : 616 -- 19 Jump up ^ Susan Hill Lindley , You Have Stept Out of Your Place : a History of Women and Religion in America , 1st paperback ed , ( Louisville , Ky : Westminster John Knox Press , 1996 ) : 65 Jump up ^ Morgan , Philip . Slave Counterpoint : Black Culture in the Eighteenth - Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry , p. 655 . UNC Press ( Chapel Hill ) , 1998 . Accessed 17 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Jessie C. Black Firsts : 4,000 Ground - Breaking and Pioneering Historical Events ( 3rd ed . ) , pp. 1820 -- 1821 . `` Methodists : 1781 '' . Visible Ink Press ( Canton ) , 2013 . Accessed 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Webb , Stephen H. `` Introducing Black Harry Hoosier : The History Behind Indiana 's Namesake '' . Indiana Magazine of History , Vol . XCVIII ( March 2002 ) . Trustees of Indiana University . Accessed 17 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Albert J. Raboteau , Slave Religion : The ' Invisible Institution ' in the Antebellum South , New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 , p. 137 , accessed 27 Dec 2008 Jump up ^ Alan Brinkley , The Unfinished Nation , p 168 Jump up ^ Susan Hill Lindley , You Have Stept Out of Your Place : a History of Women and Religion in America , 1st paperback ed , ( Louisville , Ky : Westminster John Knox Press , 1996 ) : 59 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Susan Hill Lindley , You Have Stept Out of Your Place : a History of Women and Religion in America , 1st paperback ed , ( Louisville , Ky : Westminster John Knox Press , 1996 ) : 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Mary Ryan , `` A Woman 's Awakening : Evangelical Religion and the Families of Utica , New York , 1800 to 1840 , '' American Quarterly 30 , no . 5 ( Winter 1978 ) : 614 Jump up ^ Mary Ryan , `` A Woman 's Awakening : Evangelical Religion and the Families of Utica , New York , 1800 to 1840 , '' American Quarterly 30 , no . 5 ( Winter 1978 ) : 619 . Jump up ^ Susan Hill Lindley , You Have Stept Out of Your Place : a History of Women and Religion in America , 1st paperback ed , ( Louisville , Ky : Westminster John Knox Press , 1996 ) : 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Barbara Welter , `` The Feminization of American Religion : 1800 -- 1860 , '' in Clio 's Consciousness Raised , edited by Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner . New York : Octagon Books , 1976 , 141 Jump up ^ Barbara Leslie Epstein , The Politics of Domesticity . Middletown : Wesleyan University Press , 1981 . Jump up ^ Alice Felt Tyler , Freedom 's Ferment : Phases of American Social History from the Colonial Period to the Outbreak of the Civil War ( 1944 ) . Jump up ^ Stephen Meardon , `` From Religious Revivals to Tariff Rancor : Preaching Free Trade and Protection during the Second American Party System , '' History of Political Economy , Winter 2008 Supplement , Vol. 40 , p. 265 - 298 Jump up ^ Daniel Walker Howe , `` The Evangelical Movement and Political Culture in the North During the Second Party System '' , The Journal of American History 77 , no . 4 ( March 1991 ) , p. 1218 and 1237 . Further reading ( edit ) Abzug , Robert H. Cosmos Crumbling : American Reform and the Religious Imagination ( 1994 ) ( ISBN 0 - 195 - 04568 - 8 ) Ahlstrom , Sydney . A Religious History of the American People ( 1972 ) ( ISBN 0 - 385 - 11164 - 9 ) Billington , Ray A . The Protestant Crusade . New York : The Macmillan Company , 1938 . Birdsall , Richard D . `` The Second Great Awakening and the New England Social Order '' , Church History 39 ( 1970 ) : 345 -- 364 . JSTOR 3163469 . Bratt , James D. `` Religious Anti-revivalism in Antebellum America '' , Journal of the Early Republic ( 2004 ) 24 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 106 . ISSN 0275 - 1275 . JSTOR 4141423 . Brown , Kenneth O. Holy Ground ; a Study on the American Camp Meeting . Garland Publishing , Inc. , ( 1992 ) . Brown , Kenneth O. Holy Ground , Too , the Camp Meeting Family Tree . Hazleton : Holiness Archives , ( 1997 ) . Bruce , Dickson D. , Jr . And They All Sang Hallelujah : Plain Folk Camp - Meeting Religion , 1800 -- 1845 ( 1974 ) Butler , Jon . Awash in a Sea of Faith : Christianizing the American People . 1990 . Carwardine , Richard J. Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America . Yale University Press , 1993 . Carwardine , Richard J. `` The Second Great Awakening in the Urban Centers : An Examination of Methodism and the ' New Measures ' '' , Journal of American History 59 ( 1972 ) : 327 -- 340 . JSTOR 1890193 . doi : 10.2307 / 1890193 . Cott , Nancy F. `` Young Women in the Second Great Awakening in New England , '' Feminist Studies , ( 1975 ) , 3 # 1 pp. 15 -- 29 . JSTOR 3518952 . doi : 10.2307 / 3518952 Cross , Whitney , R . The Burned - Over District : The Social and Intellectual History of Enthusiastic Religion in Western New York , 1800 -- 1850 , ( 1950 ) . Foster , Charles I. An Errand of Mercy : The Evangelical United Front , 1790 -- 1837 , ( University of North Carolina Press , 1960 ) Hambrick - Stowe , Charles . Charles G. Finney and the Spirit of American Evangelicalism. ( 1996 ) . Hankins , Barry . The Second Great Awakening and the Transcendentalists . Greenwood , 2004 . Hatch , Nathan O . The Democratization of American Christianity ( 1989 ) . Heyrman , Christine Leigh . Southern Cross : The Beginnings of the Bible Belt ( 1997 ) . Johnson , Charles A . `` The Frontier Camp Meeting : Contemporary and Historical Appraisals , 1805 -- 1840 '' , The Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1950 ) 37 # 1 pp. 91 -- 110 . JSTOR 1888756 . doi : 10.2307 / 1888756 . Kyle , I. Francis , III . An Uncommon Christian : James Brainerd Taylor , Forgotten Evangelist in America 's Second Great Awakening ( 2008 ) . See Uncommon Christian Ministries Long , Kimberly Bracken . `` The Communion Sermons of James Mcgready : Sacramental Theology and Scots - Irish Piety on the Kentucky Frontier '' , Journal of Presbyterian History , 2002 80 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 16 . ISSN 0022 - 3883 . JSTOR 23336302 . Loveland Anne C. Southern Evangelicals and the Social Order , 1800 -- 1860 , ( 1980 ) McLoughlin William G. Modern Revivalism , 1959 . McLoughlin William G. Revivals , Awakenings , and Reform : An Essay on Religion and Social Change in America , 1607 -- 1977 , 1978 . Marsden , George M. The Evangelical Mind and the New School Presbyterian Experience : A Case Study of Thought and Theology in Nineteenth - Century America ( 1970 ) . Meyer , Neil . `` Falling for the Lord : Shame , Revivalism , and the Origins of the Second Great Awakening . '' Early American Studies 9.1 ( 2011 ) : 142 -- 166 . JSTOR 23546634 . Posey , Walter Brownlow . The Baptist Church in the Lower Mississippi Valley , 1776 -- 1845 ( 1957 ) Posey , Walter Brownlow . Frontier Mission : A History of Religion West of the Southern Appalachians to 1861 ( 1966 ) Raboteau , Albert . Slave Religion : The `` invisible Institution ' in the Antebellum South , ( 1979 ) Roth , Randolph A . The Democratic Dilemma : Religion , Reform , and the Social Order in the Connecticut River Valley of Vermont , 1791 -- 1850 , ( 1987 ) Smith , Timothy L. Revivalism and Social Reform : American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War ( 1957 ) Historiography ( edit ) Conforti , Joseph . `` The Invention of the Great Awakening , 1795 -- 1842 '' . Early American Literature ( 1991 ) : 99 -- 118 . JSTOR 25056853 . Griffin , Clifford S. `` Religious Benevolence as Social Control , 1815 -- 1860 '' , The Mississippi Valley Historical Review , ( 1957 ) 44 # 3 pp. 423 -- 444 . JSTOR 1887019 . doi : 10.2307 / 1887019 . Mathews , Donald G . `` The Second Great Awakening as an organizing process , 1780 -- 1830 : An hypothesis '' . American Quarterly ( 1969 ) : 23 -- 43 . JSTOR 2710771 . doi : 10.2307 / 2710771 . Shiels , Richard D . `` The Second Great Awakening in Connecticut : Critique of the Traditional Interpretation '' , Church History 49 ( 1980 ) : 401 -- 415 . JSTOR 3164815 . Varel , David A . `` The Historiography of the Second Great Awakening and the Problem of Historical Causation , 1945 -- 2005 '' . Madison Historical Review ( 2014 ) 8 # 4 online Restoration Movement History Background revivalism Second Great Awakening Cane Ridge Revival Predecessor movements Christians ( Stone Movement ) Disciples of Christ ( Campbell Movement ) Formative documents Last Will and Testament of The Springfield Presbytery Declaration and Address of the Christian Association of Washington Early related groups Brush Run Church Christian Association of Washington Christian Connection Mahoning Baptist Association Redstone Baptist Association Springfield Presbytery Early leaders Alexander Campbell Thomas Campbell Isaac Errett Tolbert Fanning Benjamin Franklin Marshall Keeble David Lipscomb William Lipscomb Charles J. Lister Elijah Martindale John William McGarvey James O'Kelly David Purviance Walter Scott `` Raccoon '' John Smith Daniel Sommer Barton W. Stone Pre-1900 journals The British Millennial Harbinger Christian Baptist Christian Messenger Christian Standard Firm Foundation Gospel Advocate Millennial Harbinger U.S. branches Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) Christian churches and churches of Christ North American Christian Convention Churches of Christ The churches of Christ ( non-institutional ) Sponsoring church International Churches of Christ International Christian Church Non-U.S. branches Churches of Christ in Australia Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) in Canada Churches of Christ in Europe Evangelical Christian Church in Canada Restorationism History of Christianity Centuries : 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st Ministry of Jesus and Apostolic Age Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Holy Spirit Leadership Apostles Seventy disciples Paul the Apostle Council of Jerusalem Great Commission New Testament Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Ante - Nicene Period Judaism split Justin Martyr Ignatius Persecution Fathers Irenaeus Marcionism Canon Tertullian Montanism Origen Late ancient Constantine Monasticism Councils : Nicaea I Creed Athanasius Arianism Jerome Augustine Constantinople I Ephesus I Chalcedon Eastern Christianity Eastern Orthodoxy Church of the East Oriental Orthodoxy Chrysostom Nestorianism Iconoclasm Great Schism Fall of Constantinople Armenia Georgia Greece Egypt Syria Ethiopia Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Russia America Middle Ages Pelagianism Gregory I Celtic Germanic Scandinavian Kievan Rus ' Investiture Anselm Abelard Bernard of Clairvaux Bogomils Cathars Crusades Waldensians Inquisition Scholasticism Dominic Francis Bonaventure Aquinas Wycliffe Avignon Papal Schism Bohemian Reformation Hus Conciliarism Catholicism Primacy development Papacy Timeline Lateran IV Trent Counter-Reformation Thomas More Leo X Guadalupe Jesuits Jansenists Xavier Monastery dissolution Wars Teresa Vatican I and II Modernism Reformation Protestantism Erasmus Five solae Eucharist Calvinist -- Arminian debate Arminianism Dort Wars Lutheranism Martin Luther 95 Theses Diet of Worms Melanchthon Orthodoxy Eucharist Book of Concord Calvinism Zwingli Calvin Presbyterianism Scotland Knox TULIP Dort Three Forms of Unity Westminster Anglicanism Timeline Henry VIII Cranmer Settlement 39 Articles Common Prayer Puritans Civil War Anabaptism Radical Reformation Grebel Swiss Brethren Müntzer Martyrs ' Synod Menno Simons Smyth 1640 -- 1789 Revivalism English denominations Baptists Congregationalism First Great Awakening Methodism Millerism Pietism Neo - and Old Lutherans 1789 -- present Camp meeting Holiness movement Independent Catholic denominations Second Great Awakening Restoration Movement Jehovah 's Witnesses Mormonism Seventh - day Adventist Adventism Third Great Awakening Azusa Revival Fundamentalism Ecumenism Evangelicalism Jesus movement Mainline Protestant Pentecostalism Charismatics Liberation theology Christian right Christian left Genocide by ISIL Timeline Missions Timeline Martyrs Theology Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Protestantism Catholicism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&oldid=827758425 '' Categories : Restoration Movement History of Christianity in the United States Christian revivals Christian terminology 19th - century Protestantism Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Esperanto فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Simple English Svenska Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 15 : 28 . 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which viking defensive end recorded his first career sack week 11 vs the los angeles rams
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Anthony Barr ( American football )
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anthony barr ( american football )
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Anthony Barr ( born March 18 , 1992 ) is an American football outside linebacker for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at UCLA , where he was a consensus All - American in 2013 . He was drafted by the Vikings in the first round , 9th overall of the 2014 NFL Draft .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 High school career 1.1 Recruiting 2 College career 2.1 Statistics 3 Professional career 3.1 Pre-draft 3.2 2014 season 3.3 2015 season 3.4 2016 season 3.5 2017 season 3.6 Statistics 4 Personal life 5 References 6 External links High school career ( edit ) Raised in Los Angeles , Barr attended Loyola High School in the Pico - Union neighborhood , where he was a letterman in football and track . He was an All - State selection at running back for the Loyola Cubs football team after rushing for 1,890 yards and 20 touchdowns as a junior . He then , however , missed virtually all of his senior season after breaking his ankle in September . He was also unable to participate in the 2010 U.S. Army All - American Bowl , to which he was invited . Barr also lettered four seasons in track & field . At the 2009 CIF Southern Meet , he earned eleventh - place finishes in both the 100 meter ( 11.01 s ) and the 200 meter ( 22.40 s ) dashes . He took silver in the 200 - meter dash at the 2009 Mission League Championships , recording a personal - best time of 21.86 seconds . Recruiting ( edit ) Regarded as a four - star recruit by Rivals.com , Barr was listed as the No. 8 prospect and the No. 5 athlete out of the state of California . According to Scout.com , he was ranked as the No. 100 national prospect and the No. 10 outside linebacker . He was also rated as the No. 1 athlete by MaxPreps . With scholarship offers from dozens of schools , Barr narrowed his decision down to Notre Dame and UCLA , before choosing the Bruins on January 21 , 2010 College career ( edit ) Barr in 2011 at UCLA . Barr was an offensive player his first two years at UCLA playing running back , wide receiver and tight end . Prior to his junior season in 2012 , he switched to linebacker . During his first year as a linebacker , he exploded with 13.5 sacks , 21.5 tackles for loss and 83 tackles . His 13.5 sacks were the second highest total in the nation behind only Georgia 's Jarvis Jones . He was named a first team All - Pac - 12 selection . He was named to the CBSSports.com College Football All - America second team . At the team 's annual awards banquet , Barr was named the defense most valuable player ( Henry R. `` Red '' Sanders Award ) . Despite being touted as a potential first round draft choice in the 2013 NFL Draft , Barr decided to return to UCLA for his senior season and followed up his previous season effort with 62 tackles , 10 sacks , 20 tackles for loss , five forced fumbles and four fumble recoveries in his last season with the Bruins . In a November 2012 game vs. the USC Trojans , Barr sacked quarterback Matt Barkley , who suffered a season ending shoulder injury . Barr was named Pac - 12 defensive player of the week after the 2nd game of the season for the Bruins , a 41 -- 21 win over Nebraska on September 14 , 2013 . He was also the Walter Camp Football Foundation player of the week on defense . For the 2013 regular season , Barr had 62 tackles , 20 for a loss ( ranked 9th ) and has forced five fumbles ( fifth best ) and recovered four ( second in the nation ) . He led the team with 10 sacks for 66 sack yards and was rewarded with the Lott IMPACT Award . Barr is in sixth place on the all - time school list for tackles for loss ( 41.5 ) and is tied for sixth on the school 's all - time list for sacks ( 23.5 ) . Statistics ( edit ) Regular season statistics Tackles Interceptions Fumbles Season Team GP GS Comb Solo Ast Sck Tfl PDef Int Yds Avg Lng TDs FF FR FR YDS UCLA 12 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 2011 UCLA 12 7 0.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 2012 UCLA 14 14 83 60 23 13.5 21.5 5 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 2013 UCLA 13 13 73 43 23 10.5 20.0 0 0 0.0 0 0 6 0 Totals 38 23 152 105 47 23.5 41.5 6 0 0 0.0 0 0 10 0 Professional career ( edit ) Pre-draft ( edit ) Barr was considered one of the top linebacker prospects for the 2014 NFL Draft . After the college season concluded , he was projected as the No. 3 selection in the 2014 NFL Draft by Sports Illustrated . External video Barr 's NFL Combine workout Barr gets drafted by Minnesota Pre-draft measurables Ht Wt Arm length Hand size 40 ‐ yd dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 ‐ ss 3 ‐ cone Vert jump Broad BP 6 ft 4 ⁄ in ( 1.95 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 33 ⁄ in ( 0.85 m ) 9 ⁄ in ( 0.24 m ) 4.45 s 1.57 s 2.67 s 4.19 s 6.82 s 34.5 in ( 0.88 m ) 10 ft 5 in ( 3.18 m ) 19 reps All values from NFL Combine and UCLA Pro Day At the 2014 NFL Combine , Barr ran the 40 - yard dash in 4.66 seconds , sixth - best among linebackers , and tied for 14th in the vertical ( 34.5 inches ) . His 15 reps on the bench press were also dead last among those who participated , according to NFL.com 's combine tracker . At the UCLA Pro Day on March 11 , he ran an electronic 4.41 in the 40 - yard dash , did 19 repetitions on the bench press and had a 10 - foot - 5 ( 3.20 meters ) broad jump . Barr was selected in the first round , ninth overall by the Minnesota Vikings , making him the highest selected defensive player out of UCLA since Eric Turner , second overall in 1991 . He also surpassed Jamir Miller , who was chosen tenth overall in 1994 , as the highest Bruins linebacker ever selected . 2014 season ( edit ) Barr signed a four - year , $12.7 million contract with the Vikings . He will receive a $7.6 million signing bonus and the team can exercise a fifth - year option . Barr played in and started 12 games for the Vikings in 2014 and was awarded NFC defensive player of the week for week 8 . Barr 's 2014 season was cut short due to an injury and he was put on injured reserve . He ended his rookie season with 70 combined tackles , 4 sacks , 2 forced fumbles , 3 fumble recoveries ( one returned for a touchdown ) and 3 pass deflections . He was a top contender for defensive rookie of the year and one of three Viking defenders named to the PFF All - NFC North Team . 2015 season ( edit ) Anthony Barr with the Vikings in 2015 . Barr was named as the NFL 's number three `` Making the Leap '' player . The first game of the season marked Barr 's first appearance in the regular season since Nov 30 because of a knee injury that stopped short his promising rookie campaign . According to press box statistics , Barr played all 73 defensive snaps against the San Francisco 49ers and recorded a career - high 12 tackles . He was credited with 10 solo stops , which tied a career - high , and made an impressive impact with Carlos Hyde for a loss of four yards in the fourth quarter . Barr surged through unblocked , making it three - plus yards behind the scrimmage as Hyde was taking the handoff from quarterback Colin Kaepernick . In Week 4 against the Denver Broncos , with Denver trying to build on a 13 -- 3 lead late in the first half , Barr jumped in front of a short pass intended for wide receiver Andre Caldwell , recording the first interception of his career and returning it 32 yards to the Denver 27 - yard line . Barr broke his left hand in Week 8 against the St. Louis Rams . In Week 12 at Atlanta , Barr became the first Viking to collect eight tackles , two forced fumbles , and a sack in the same game since Chris Doleman accomplished the feat in 1992 . The first fumble came with the Vikings leading 7 -- 0 in the first quarter , when rookie running back Tevin Coleman burst down the right sideline and cut across the grain to elude safety Antone Exum for what would have been a 46 - yard gain , but then Barr chased Coleman down from behind and slapped the ball out of his right arm . In the fourth quarter , with the Falcons trailing 13 -- 3 , they went for a first down on fourth and 1 at their 48 with 4 : 39 left . Barr burst through the line unblocked and sacked quarterback Matt Ryan , causing him to fumble and sealing the game for the Vikings . Barr totaled 68 tackles , 4 tackles for loss , 3.5 sacks , 8 quarterback hurries , 1 interception , 7 passes defensed and 3 forced fumbles in his second season , playing a key role on a Vikings ' defense that ranked 5th in the NFL and allowed 18.9 points per game . On January 25 , 2016 , Barr was named to his first Pro Bowl as an injury replacement for linebacker Jamie Collins , who was injured in the Patriots ' loss in the conference title game . 2016 season ( edit ) Despite a poor season in which coach Zimmer stated that Barr has a `` tendency to coast , '' Barr was named to his second straight Pro Bowl to replace the Super Bowl - bound Vic Beasley . 2017 season ( edit ) On May 1 , 2017 , the Vikings exercised the fifth year option on Barr 's contract . On October 15 , during a game against the Green Bay Packers , Barr hit quarterback Aaron Rodgers after he just had thrown the football . The resulting hit broke Aaron Rodgers ' collarbone , potentially ruling him out for the rest of Green Bay 's season . Statistics ( edit ) Regular season statistics Tackles Interceptions Fumbles Season Team GP GS Comb Solo Ast Sck Sfty PDef Int Yds Avg Lng TDs FF FR FR YDS 2014 Minnesota Vikings 12 12 70 55 15 4.0 -- 0 0 0.0 0 0 27 2015 Minnesota Vikings 14 14 68 54 14 3.5 -- 7 32 32.0 32 0 0 0 2016 Minnesota Vikings 16 16 70 37 33 2.0 -- 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 2017 Minnesota Vikings 8 8 46 33 13 1.0 -- 5 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 Totals 50 50 254 179 75 10.5 -- 19 32 32.0 32 0 6 27 Personal life ( edit ) Barr 's father , Tony Brooks , and uncles , Reggie Brooks and Cedric Figaro , all played in the NFL . All of them also played at Notre Dame . Shortly after his birth in South Bend , Barr and his mother moved to the suburbs of Los Angeles where he was raised by his mother and maternal grandparents . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UCLA junior Anthony Barr enjoying success after making switch this season to linebacker -- and quickly turns into a hot NFL prospect '' . Los Angeles Daily News . December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anthony Barr Biography -- UCLA Bruins Official Athletic Site . UCLABruins.com . Retrieved on December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CIF Southern Section Division 2 Prelims . Girls 100 Meter Dash Girls Division 2 . Moorpark High School . May 16 , 2009 Jump up ^ 2009 Results -- CA Mission League 2009 - 05 - 07 CA -- DyeStat.com TFX -- The Internet Home of High School Track , Field and Cross Country . Parser.dyestat.com ( May 7 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Yahoo Sports : Rivals.com Ranking -- Rivals.com California PostseasonTop 100 . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved on December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony Barr figures out which side he wants to be on . Articles.latimes.com ( April 7 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ NCAA Division I-A Player Defense Statistics -- 2012 . Espn.go.com . Retrieved on December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Three Bruins named first - team All - Pac - 12 . Espn.go.com ( November 26 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Pac - 12 football awards and all - conference team announced . Pac-12.com ( November 26 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ 2012 Team Awards Announced at Football Awards Banquet , UCLABruins.com , December 3 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Potential first - round LB Anthony Barr will return to UCLA Bruins '' . ESPN.com . December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Barkley suffered shoulder sprain , will miss Notre Dame game '' . Los Angeles Times . November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Linebacker Anthony Barr selected a Camp All - American '' . Los Angeles Times . December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NFL Draft Scout . NFL Draft Scout ( September 21 , 2006 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 NFL Mock Draft 3.0 '' . Sports Illustrated . December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anthony Barr runs 4.41 and 4.49 40s at UCLA 's pro day -- NFL.com . Blogs.nfl.com ( March 14 , 2014 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Minnesota Vikings trade down to No. 9 , select Anthony Barr in 2014 NFL draft . Nfl.si.com . Retrieved on December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chris Tomasson ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Vikings ' Teddy Bridgewater , Anthony Barr sign rookie deals '' . www.twincities.com . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ cite web url = http://thevikingage.com/2014/12/27/anthony-barr-placed-minnesota-vikings-injured-reserve/ title = Anthony Barr Placed On Minnesota Vikings Injured Reserve author = Adam Carlson date = December 27 , 2014 publisher = Fansided , LLC accessdate = March 3 , 2015 Jump up ^ 2014 PFF All - NFC North Team . Profootballfocus.com . Retrieved on December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg . `` Making the Leap , No. 3 : Anthony Barr '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vensel , Matt ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Smith , Bridgewater , Barr added to Pro Bowl roster '' . startribune.com . Star Tribune . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tomasson , Chris ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Vikings ' Mike Zimmer : Anthony Barr has ' tendency to coast ' '' . twincities.com . Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Anthony Barr replaces Vic Beasley Jr. in Pro Bowl '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com . Jump up ^ `` Vikings Exercise Fifth - Year Option On LB Anthony Barr '' . Vikings.com . May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/player/anthonybarr/2543459/profile Jump up ^ `` It 's Westwood , not South Bend , for Anthony Barr , UCLA 's new ' F - back ' '' . Los Angeles Times . September 2 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anthony Barr . Minnesota Vikings bio UCLA Bruins bio 2013 College Football All - America Team consensus selections Offense QB Jameis Winston RB Ka'Deem Carey RB Andre Williams WR Brandin Cooks WR Mike Evans OT Cyrus Kouandjio OT Jake Matthews G Cyril Richardson G David Yankey C Gabe Ikard C Bryan Stork TE Jace Amaro Defense DE Vic Beasley DE Jackson Jeffcoat DE Michael Sam DT Aaron Donald LB Anthony Barr LB C.J. Mosley LB Trent Murphy CB Darqueze Dennard CB Justin Gilbert S Ha Ha Clinton - Dix S Lamarcus Joyner Special teams P Tom Hornsey PK Anthony Fera KR Ty Montgomery Lott IMPACT Trophy winners 2004 : Pollack 2005 : Ryans 2006 : D. Hughes 2007 : Dorsey 2008 : Laurinaitis 2009 : J. Hughes 2010 : Watt 2011 : Kuechly 2012 : Te'o 2013 : Barr 2014 : Kendricks 2015 : Nassib 2016 : Peppers 2017 : Jewell 2014 NFL draft first - round selections Jadeveon Clowney Greg Robinson Blake Bortles Sammy Watkins Khalil Mack Jake Matthews Mike Evans Justin Gilbert Anthony Barr Eric Ebron Taylor Lewan Odell Beckham Jr . Aaron Donald Kyle Fuller Ryan Shazier Zack Martin C. J Mosley Calvin Pryor Ja'Wuan James Brandin Cooks Ha Ha Clinton - Dix Johnny Manziel Dee Ford Darqueze Dennard Jason Verrett Marcus Smith Deone Bucannon Kelvin Benjamin Dominique Easley Jimmie Ward Bradley Roby Teddy Bridgewater Minnesota Vikings first - round draft picks Mason Dunaway Eller Snow Shay Jones G. Washington Page Yary Ward Hayden Siemon Foreman McNeill Riley Mullaney White Kramer Holloway Brown Martin Nelson Browner Millard Doleman Robinson Dozier McDaniel R. Smith D. Washington Steussie Alexander Stringer Clemons Rudd Moss Culpepper Underwood Hovan Bennett McKinnie Williams Udeze Williamson James Greenway Peterson Harvin Ponder Kalil H. Smith Floyd Rhodes Patterson Barr Bridgewater Waynes Treadwell Minnesota Vikings 2014 NFL draft selections Anthony Barr Teddy Bridgewater Scott Crichton Jerick McKinnon David Yankey Antone Exum Kendall James Shamar Stephen Brandon Watts Jabari Price Minnesota Vikings current roster Active roster 1 Kyle Sloter 2 Kai Forbath 4 Ryan Quigley 5 Teddy Bridgewater 7 Case Keenum 11 Laquon Treadwell 13 Stacy Coley 14 Stefon Diggs 17 Jarius Wright 18 Michael Floyd 19 Adam Thielen 20 Mackensie Alexander 21 Jerick McKinnon 22 Harrison Smith 23 Terence Newman 24 Tramaine Brock 25 Latavius Murray 26 Trae Waynes 27 Jayron Kearse 29 Xavier Rhodes 30 C.J. Ham 31 Mack Brown 34 Andrew Sendejo 35 Marcus Sherels 40 Kentrell Brothers 41 Anthony Harris 42 Ben Gedeon 47 Kevin McDermott 50 Eric Wilson 54 Eric Kendricks 55 Anthony Barr 59 Emmanuel Lamur 61 Joe Berger 62 Nick Easton 63 Danny Isidora 65 Pat Elflein 69 Rashod Hill 71 Riley Reiff 74 Mike Remmers 75 Jeremiah Sirles 76 Aviante Collins 82 Kyle Rudolph 86 Kyle Carter 89 David Morgan II 90 Tashawn Bower 91 Stephen Weatherly 92 Tom Johnson 93 Shamar Stephen 94 Jaleel Johnson 96 Brian Robison 97 Everson Griffen 98 Linval Joseph 99 Danielle Hunter Reserve lists 8 Sam Bradford ( IR ) 33 Dalvin Cook ( IR ) 42 Bishop Sankey ( IR ) 57 Shaan Washington ( IR ) 73 Sharrif Floyd ( NFI ) 81 Blake Bell ( IR ) Practice squad 12 Rodney Adams 16 Cayleb Jones 38 Horace Richardson 39 Jack Tocho 56 Antwione Williams 67 Cornelius Edison 68 Cedrick Lang 72 Storm Norton 79 Dylan Bradley 95 Ifeadi Odenigbo AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Barr_(American_football)&oldid=816224255 '' Categories : 1992 births Living people Sportspeople from Los Angeles Sportspeople from South Bend , Indiana Players of American football from Indiana Players of American football from California All - American college football players American football linebackers UCLA Bruins football players Minnesota Vikings players Unconferenced Pro Bowl players National Conference Pro Bowl players Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2015 Minnesota Vikings currentteam parameter articles Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 01 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Barr%20%28American%20football%29
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when does the fcc rule on net neutrality go into effect
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Less than an hour after the results were published , the state attorneys general for Washington and New York announced that they were suing the FCC over its decision . Attorneys general for other states announced their intention to join this suit . This suit against the FCC was formally filed on January 16 , 2018 in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit by the Attorney General of New York on behalf of 21 States and the District of Columbia . On February 5 , 2018 , Governor Phil Murphy of New Jersey announced that New Jersey will join 21 States and D.C. in this lawsuit . The new regulations appeared in the Federal Register on February 22 , 2018 , giving opponents of the FCC 's decision 60 days from that date to prevent the new regulations from going into effect . The multi-state lawsuit was refiled on February 22 , including 22 states and the District of Columbia .
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Net neutrality in the United States
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net neutrality in the united states
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In the United States , net neutrality has been an issue of contention among network users and access providers since the 1990s .
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In 2005 , under Republican Chair Abernathy , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) adopted policies and rules establishing principles of `` network neutrality '' in order to carry out the policy of the United States `` to preserve the vibrant and competitive free market that presently exists for the Internet '' and `` to promote the continued development of the Internet , '' `` encourag ( ing ) the deployment on a reasonable and timely basis of advanced telecommunications capability '' -- broadband -- `` to all Americans . '' . The FCC noted that Congress had cited the Internet 's educational and informational importance , and the fact that `` ( t ) he Internet also represents `` a forum for a true diversity of political discourse , unique opportunities for cultural development , and myriad avenues for intellectual activity , '' as well as `` play ( ing ) an important role in the economy , as an engine for productivity growth and cost savings . '' In order `` to ensure that providers of telecommunications for Internet access or Internet Protocol - enabled ( IP - enabled ) services are operated in a neutral manner , '' and noting that its `` Enforcement Bureau recently entered into a consent decree to resolve an investigation with respect to the blocking of ports used for voice over Internet Protocol ( VoIP ) , '' the Commission adopted network neutrality principles `` to preserve and promote the vibrant and open character of the Internet as the telecommunications marketplace enters the broadband age . '' Throughout 2005 and 2006 , corporations supporting both sides of the issue zealously lobbied Congress . Between 2005 and 2012 , five attempts to pass bills in Congress containing net neutrality provisions failed . Each sought to preserve the open Internet that consumer groups sought , and to prohibit Internet service providers from using various variable pricing models based upon the user 's quality of service level , described as tiered service in the industry and as price discrimination arising from abuse of `` local monopolies enshrined in law '' by some economists . Large broadband Internet access service providers challenged the FCC 's network neutrality principles . In Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC , 740 F. 3d 623 ( D.C. Cir. 2014 ) The D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that because the FCC classified broadband internet service providers ( ISPs ) as providing `` information services , '' governed by Title I of the Communications Act of 1934 , rather than `` common carrier services , '' governed by Title II of the Act ( 47 U.S.C. § 201 -- 31 ) , the FCC could not regulate ISPs pursuant to the much broader regulatory power found in Title II of the Act . Thus the rules were struck down . Following that ruling , the FCC took steps to reclassify ISPs as common carriers subject to Title II regulation . The FCC issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking ( NPRM ) soliciting comments from the public on the issue . The FCC received 3.7 million comments , a substantial majority of which supported reclassifying internet to a telecommunications service and ISPs to common carriers subject to Title II regulatory authority . The FCC then went forward , reclassifying retail providers of BIAS as common carriers , and adopted revised open Internet requirements . On February 26 , 2015 , the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by reclassifying broadband as a common carrier under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 . On April 13 , 2015 , the FCC published the final rule on its new `` net neutrality '' regulations . These rules went into effect on June 12 , 2015 . The United States Telecom Association , which represents large telecom companies , filed a lawsuit against the FCC in 2015 challenging the net neutrality rule . The Association argued that the FCC 's classification of broadband carriers as `` common carriers '' was a form of administrative overreach . In June 2016 , a divided panel of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia upheld the FCC 's net neutrality rules and the FCC 's determination that broadband access is a public utility , rather than a luxury . Upon becoming FCC chairman in April 2017 , Ajit Pai proposed to repeal the policies and issued a NPRM soliciting comments from the public on the issue . The FCC received over 20 million comments this time around . While this process was still underway , New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman made public that he has been investigating a substantial amount of fraudulent activity relating to the comments on this rulemaking and that the FCC has been resistant to assisting him in his investigation . It has since been revealed that there were millions of fraudulent comments submitted during this comment period . Nevertheless , on December 14 , 2017 , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) voted in favor of repealing these policies , 3 -- 2 , along party lines , as the 2015 vote had occurred . On January 4 , 2018 , the FCC published the official text for `` Restoring Internet freedom '' . Shortly thereafter , twenty two state Attorneys General filed suit against the FCC , alleging , inter alia , that the comment process was corrupted , making the rule changes invalid . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regulatory history 1.1 Early history 1980 -- early 2000s 1.2 FCC promotes freedom without regulation ( 2004 ) 1.3 CLEC , dial - up , and DSL deregulation ( 2004 -- 2005 ) 1.4 FCC attempts at enforcing net neutrality ( 2005 -- 2010 ) 1.5 FCC 's conditions for spectrum auction ( 2008 ) 1.6 FCC Open Internet Order ( 2010 ) 1.7 Narrowing of the FCC 's authority ( 2014 ) 1.7. 1 Section 706 vs. Title II 1.8 Deliberations about reclassification as common carriers ( 2014 -- 2015 ) 1.8. 1 Policy proposals ( 2014 ) 1.8. 2 Ruling 1.9 Net neutrality and the Trump administration ( 2017 ) 1.10 Timeline of significant events 2 Violations 3 Attempted legislation 4 Positions 4.1 Support of net neutrality 4.2 Opposition to net neutrality 4.3 Alternative FCC proposals 4.4 Opinions cautioning against legislation 5 Unresolved issues 5.1 Alternatives to cable and DSL 5.2 Utility company restrictions 6 Repeal plan 6.1 Executive Orders effective immediately 6.2 Other actions pending 6.3 Summary of state - level net neutrality actions 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Regulatory history ( edit ) Early history 1980 -- early 2000s ( edit ) See also : Communications Act of 1934 While the term is new , the ideas underlying net neutrality have a long pedigree in telecommunications practice and regulation . Services such as telegrams and the phone network ( officially , the public switched telephone network or PSTN ) have been considered common carriers under U.S. law , which means that they have been akin to public utilities and expressly forbidden to give preferential treatment . They have been regulated by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) in order to ensure fair pricing and access . In the late 1980s the Internet became legally available for commercial use , and in the early years of public use of the Internet , this was its main use -- public access was limited and largely reached through dial - up modems ( as was the Bulletin board system dial - up culture that preceded it ) . The Internet was viewed more as a commercial service than a domestic and societal system . Being business services , cable modem Internet access and high - speed data links , which make up the Internet 's core , had always since their creation been categorized under U.S. law as an information service , unlike telephone services ( including services by dial - up modem ) , and not as a telecommunications service , and thus had not been subject to common carrier regulations , as upheld in National Cable & Telecommunications Association v. Brand X Internet Services . However , by the late 1990s and early 2000s , the Internet started to become common in households and wider society . Also in the 1980s , arguments about the public interest requirements of the telecommunications industry in the U.S. arose ; whether companies involved in broadcasting were best viewed as community trustees , with obligations to society and consumers , or mere market participants with obligations only to their shareholders . The legal debate about net neutrality regulations of the 2000s echoes this debate . By the 1990s , some U.S. politicians began to express concern over protecting the Internet : How can government ensure that the nascent Internet will permit everyone to be able to compete with everyone else for the opportunity to provide any service to all willing customers ? Next , how can we ensure that this new marketplace reaches the entire nation ? And then how can we ensure that it fulfills the enormous promise of education , economic growth , and job creation ? -- Al Gore , 1994 , In the early 2000s , legal scholars such as Tim Wu and Lawrence Lessig raised the issue of neutrality in a series of academic papers addressing regulatory frameworks for packet networks . Wu , in particular , noted that the Internet is structurally biased against voice and video applications . The debate that started in the U.S. extended internationally with distinct differences of the debate in Europe . FCC promotes freedom without regulation ( 2004 ) ( edit ) In February 2004 , then Federal Communications Commission Chairman Michael Powell announced a set of non-discrimination principles , which he called the principles of `` Network Freedom '' . In a speech at the Silicon Flatirons Symposium , Powell encouraged ISPs to offer users these four freedoms : Freedom to access content Freedom to run applications Freedom to attach devices Freedom to obtain service plan information In early 2005 , in the Madison River case , the FCC for the first time showed the willingness to enforce its network neutrality principles by opening an investigation about Madison River Communications , a local telephone carrier that was blocking voice over IP service . Yet the FCC did not fine Madison River Communications . The investigation was closed before any formal factual or legal finding and there was a settlement in which the company agreed to stop discriminating against voice over IP traffic and to make a $15,000 payment to the US Treasury in exchange for the FCC dropping its inquiry . Since the FCC did not formally establish that Madison River Communications violated laws and regulation , the Madison River settlement does not create a formal precedent , though established that it would take enforcement action in such situations . CLEC , dial - up , and DSL deregulation ( 2004 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) In 2004 , the court case USTA v. FCC voided the FCC 's authority to enforce rules requiring telephone operators to unbundle certain parts of their networks at regulated prices . This caused the economic collapse of many competitive local exchange carriers ( CLEC ) . In the United States , broadband services were historically regulated differently according to the technology by which they were carried . While cable Internet has always been classified by the FCC as an information service free of most regulation , DSL was regulated as a telecommunications service . In 2005 , the FCC reclassified Internet access across the phone network , including DSL , as `` information service '' relaxing the common carrier regulations and unbundling requirement . During the FCC 's hearing , the National Cable & Telecommunications Association urged the FCC to adopt the four criteria laid out in its 2005 Internet Policy Statement as the requisite openness . This made up a voluntary set of four net neutrality principles . Implementation of the principles was not mandatory ; that would require an FCC rule or federal law . The modified principles were as follows : Consumers are entitled to access the lawful Internet content of their choice ; Consumers are entitled to run applications and services of their choice , subject to the needs of law enforcement ; Consumers are entitled to connect their choice of legal devices that do not harm the network ; and Consumers are entitled to competition among network providers , application and service providers , and content providers . In December 2006 , the AT&T / Bell South merger agreement defined net neutrality as an agreement on the part of the broadband provider : `` not to provide or to sell to Internet content , application or service providers ... any service that privileges , degrades or prioritizes any ( data ) packet transmitted over AT&T / BellSouth 's wireline broadband Internet access service based on its source , ownership or destination . '' FCC attempts at enforcing net neutrality ( 2005 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) In 2007 , Comcast , the largest cable company in the US , was found to be blocking or severely delaying BitTorrent uploads on their network using a technique which involved creating ' reset ' packets ( TCP RST ) that appeared to come from the other party . An August 2007 report by TorrentFreak ( based on substantial nationwide research led by chief researcher Andrew Norton ) noted that ISPs had been throttling BitTorrent traffic for almost two years , since 2005 , but Comcast was completely blocking it in at least some cases . This was later verified by both the EFF and Associated Press . On March 27 , 2008 , Comcast and BitTorrent reached an agreement to work together on network traffic where Comcast was to adopt a protocol - neutral stance `` as soon as the end of ( 2008 ) '' , and explore ways to `` more effectively manage traffic on its network at peak times . '' In December 2009 , Comcast reached a proposed settlement of US $16 million , admitting no wrongdoing and amounting to no more than US $16 per share . In August 2008 , the FCC made its first Internet network management decision . It voted 3 - to - 2 to uphold a complaint against Comcast ruling that it had illegally inhibited users of its high - speed Internet service from using file - sharing software because it throttled the bandwidth available to certain customers for video files to ensure that other customers had adequate bandwidth . The FCC imposed no fine , but required Comcast to end such blocking in the year 2008 , ordered Comcast to disclose the details of its network management practices within 30 days , submit a compliance plan for ending the offending practices by the end of the year , and disclose to the public the details of intended future practices . Then - FCC chairman Kevin J. Martin said the order was meant to set a precedent , that Internet providers and all communications companies could not prevent customers from using their networks the way they see fit , unless there is a good reason . In an interview Martin stated that `` We are preserving the open character of the Internet '' and `` We are saying that network operators ca n't block people from getting access to any content and any applications . '' The case highlighted whether new legislation is needed to force Internet providers to maintain network neutrality , i.e. , treat all usages of their networks equally . The legal complaint against Comcast was related to BitTorrent , software that is commonly used for downloading movies , television shows , music and software on the Internet . Towards the end of 2009 , FCC Chair Julius Genachowski announced at the Brookings Institution a series of proposals that would prevent telecommunications , cable and wireless companies from blocking certain information on the Internet , for example , Skype applications . In September 2009 , he proposed to add two rules to its 2005 policy statement , viz. , the nondiscrimination principle that ISPs must not discriminate against any content or applications , and the transparency principle , requiring that ISPs disclose all their policies to customers . He argued that wireless should be subject to the same network neutrality as wireline providers . In October 2009 , the FCC gave notice of proposed rule making on net neutrality . In two rulings , in April and June 2010 respectively , both of the above were rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in Comcast Corp. v. FCC . On April 6 , 2010 , the FCC 's 2008 cease - and - desist order against Comcast to slow and stop BitTorrent transfers was denied . The U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that the FCC has no powers to regulate any Internet provider 's network , or the management of its practices : `` ( the FCC ) ' has failed to tie its assertion ' of regulatory authority to an actual law enacted by Congress '' , and in June 2010 , it overturned ( in the same case ) the FCC 's Order against Comcast , ruling similarly that the FCC lacked the authority under Title One of the Communications Act of 1934 , to force ISPs to keep their networks open , while employing reasonable network management practices , to all forms of legal content . In May 2010 , the FCC announced it would continue its fight for net neutrality . FCC 's conditions for spectrum auction ( 2008 ) ( edit ) In February 2008 , Kevin Martin , then Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission , said that he is `` ready , willing and able , '' to prevent broadband ISPs from irrationally interfering with their subscribers ' Internet access . In 2008 , when the FCC auctioned off the 700 MHz block of wireless spectrum in anticipation of the DTV transition , Google promised to enter a bid of $4.6 billion , if the FCC required the winning licensee to adhere to four conditions : Open applications : Consumers should be able to download and use any software application , content , or services they desire ; Open devices : Consumers should be able to use a handheld communications device with whatever wireless network they prefer ; Open services : Third parties ( resellers ) should be able to acquire wireless services from a 700 MHz licensee on a wholesale basis , based on reasonably nondiscriminatory commercial terms ; Open networks : Third parties , such as Internet service providers , should be able to interconnect at any technically feasible point in a 700 MHz licensee 's wireless network . These conditions were broadly similar to the FCC 's Internet Policy Statement ; FCC 's applications and content were combined into a single bullet , and an extra bullet requiring wholesale access for third party providers was included . The FCC adopted only two of these four criteria for the auction , viz. , open devices and open applications , and only applied these conditions to the nationwide C block portion of the band . President Barack Obama 's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 called for an investment of $7.2 billion in broadband infrastructure and included an openness stipulation . FCC open Internet order ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : FCC Open Internet Order 2010 In December 2010 , the FCC approved the FCC Open Internet Order banning cable television and telephone service providers from preventing access to competitors or certain web sites such as Netflix . On December 21 , 2010 , the FCC voted on and passed a set of six net `` neutrality principles '' : Transparency : Consumers and innovators have a right to know the basic performance characteristics of their Internet access and how their network is being managed ; No blocking : This includes a right to send and receive lawful traffic , prohibits the blocking of lawful content , apps , services and the connection of non-harmful devices to the network ; Level playing field : Consumers and innovators have a right to a level playing field . This means a ban on unreasonable content discrimination . There is no approval for so - called `` pay for priority '' arrangements involving fast lanes for some companies but not others ; Network management : This is an allowance for broadband providers to engage in reasonable network management . These rules do not forbid providers from offering subscribers tiers of services or charging based on bandwidth consumed ; Mobile : The provisions adopted today do not apply as strongly to mobile devices , though some provisions do apply . Of those that do are the broadly applicable rules requiring transparency for mobile broadband providers and prohibiting them from blocking websites and certain competitive applications ; Vigilance : The order creates an open Internet advisory committee to assist the commission in monitoring the state of Internet openness and the effects of the rules . The net neutrality rule did not keep ISPs from charging more for faster access . The measure was denounced by net neutrality advocates as a capitulation to telecommunication companies such as allowing them to discriminate on transmission speed for their profit , especially on mobile devices like the iPad , while pro-business advocates complained about any regulation of the Internet at all . Republicans in Congress announced to reverse the rule through legislation . Advocates of net neutrality criticized the changes . Narrowing of the FCC 's authority ( 2014 ) ( edit ) On January 14 , 2014 , the DC Circuit Court determined in the case of Verizon Communications Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission that the FCC had no authority to enforce network neutrality rules as long as service providers were not identified as `` common carriers '' . The court agreed that FCC can regulate broadband and may craft more specific rules that stop short of identifying service providers as common carriers . Section 706 vs. Title II ( edit ) As a response to the DC Circuit Court 's decision , a dispute developed as to whether net neutrality could be guaranteed under existing law , or if reclassification of ISPs was needed to ensure net neutrality . Wheeler stated that the FCC had the authority under Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to regulate ISPs , while others , including President Obama , supported reclassifying ISPs as common carriers under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 . Critics of Section 706 point out that the section has no clear mandate to guarantee equal access to content provided over the internet , while subsection 202 ( a ) of the Communications Act states that common carriers can not `` make any unjust or unreasonable discrimination in charges , practices , classifications , regulations , facilities , or services . '' Advocates of net neutrality have generally supported reclassifying ISPs under Title II , while FCC leadership and ISPs have generally opposed such reclassification . The FCC stated that if they reclassified ISPs as common carriers , the commission would selectively enforce Title II , so that only sections relating to broadband would apply to ISPs . Deliberations about reclassification as common carriers ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) Policy proposals ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Users with faster Internet connectivity ( e.g. , fiber ) abandon a slow - loading video at a faster rate than users with slower Internet connectivity ( e.g. , cable or mobile ) . A `` fast lane '' in the Internet can irrevocably decrease the user 's tolerance to the relative slowness of the `` slow lane '' . On February 19 , 2014 , the FCC announced plans to formulate new rules to resume enforcing net neutrality while complying with the court rulings . However , in the event , on April 23 , 2014 , the FCC reported a new draft rule that would permit broadband ISPs such as Comcast and Verizon to offer content providers , such as Netflix , Disney or Google , willing to pay a higher price , faster connection speeds , so their customers would have preferential access , thus reversing its earlier position and ( so far as opinion outside the ISP sector generally agreed ) would deny net neutrality . Public response was heated , pointing out FCC chairman Tom Wheeler 's past as a president and CEO of two major ISP - related organizations , and the suspicion of bias towards the profit - motives of ISPs as a result . Shortly afterwards , during late April 2014 , the contours of a document leaked that indicated that the FCC under Wheeler would consider promulgating rules allowing Internet service providers ( ISPs ) to violate net neutrality principles by making it easier for Internet users to access certain content -- whose owners paid fees to the ISPs ( including cable companies and wireless ISPs ) -- and harder to access other content , thus undermining the traditional open architecture of the Internet . These plans received substantial backlash from activists , the mainstream press , and some other FCC commissioners . In May 2014 , over 100 Internet companies -- including Google , Microsoft , eBay , and Facebook -- signed a letter to Wheeler voicing their disagreement with his plans , saying they represented a `` grave threat to the Internet '' . As of May 15 , 2014 , the `` Internet fast lane '' rules passed with a 3 -- 2 vote . They were then open to public discussion that ended July 2014 . On May 15 , 2014 , in the face of continuing intense focus and criticism , the FCC stated it would consider two options regarding Internet services : first , permit fast and slow broadband lanes , thereby compromising net neutrality ; and second , reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service , thereby preserving net neutrality . The same day , the FCC opened a public comment period on how FCC rulemaking could best protect and promote an open Internet , garnering over one million responses , the most the FCC had ever received for rulemaking . The FCC proposal for a tiered Internet received heavy criticism . Opponents argued that a user accessing content over the `` fast lane '' on the Internet would find the `` slow lane '' intolerable in comparison , greatly disadvantaging any content provider who is unable to pay for `` fast lane '' access . They argued that a tiered Internet would suppress new Internet innovations by increasing the barrier to entry . Video providers Netflix and Vimeo in their comments filed with the FCC used the research of S.S. Krishnan and Ramesh Sitaraman that provided quantitative evidence of the impact of Internet speed on online video users . Their research studied the patience level of millions of Internet video users who waited for a slow - loading video to start playing . Users with faster Internet connectivity , such as fiber - to - the - home , demonstrated less patience and abandoned their videos sooner than similar users with slower Internet connectivity . Opponents of the rules declared September 10 , 2014 , to be the `` Internet slowdown '' . Participating websites were purposely slowed down to show what they felt would happen if the new rules took effect . Websites that participated in the Internet slowdown included Netflix , Reddit , Tumblr , Twitter , Vimeo and Kickstarter . The Economist described the `` Battle for the Net ( ... ) now casting the upcoming FCC decision as an epic clash between `` Team Internet '' ( a plucky band of high - tech multi-millionaires ) and `` Team Cable '' ( a dastardly bunch of Big - ISP billionaires ) . '' On November 10 , 2014 , President Obama stepped in , and recommended the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality . On November 12 , 2014 , future president Donald Trump tweeted , `` Obama 's attack on the internet is another top down power grab . Net neutrality is the Fairness Doctrine . Will target conservative media . '' Ruling ( edit ) On January 16 , 2015 , Republicans presented legislation , in the form of a U.S. Congress HR discussion draft bill , that made concessions to net neutrality but prohibited the FCC from accomplishing that goal , or from enacting any further regulation affecting ISPs . Two weeks later , on January 31 , AP News reported the FCC would present the notion of applying ( `` with some caveats '' ) common carrier status to the Internet in a vote expected on February 26 , 2015 . Adoption of this notion would reclassify Internet service from one of information to one of telecommunications and ensure net neutrality , according to FCC chairman Tom Wheeler . On the day before the FCC vote , the FCC was expected to vote to regulate the Internet in this manner , as a public good , and on February 26 , 2015 , the FCC voted to apply common carrier of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to the Internet . On the same day , the FCC also voted to preempt state laws in North Carolina and Tennessee that limited the ability of local governments in those states to provide broadband services to potential customers outside of their service areas . While the latter ruling affects only those two states , the FCC indicated that the agency would make similar rulings if it received petitions from localities in other states . In response to ISP and opponent views , the FCC chairman , Tom Wheeler , commented , `` This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech . They both stand for the same concept . '' On March 12 , 2015 , the FCC released the specific details of its new net neutrality rules , and on April 13 , 2015 , the final rule was published . Social media platforms had a large role on engaging the public in the debate surrounding net neutrality . Popular websites such as Tumblr , Vimeo , and Reddit also participated in the Internet slowdown on September 10 , 2014 , which the organization said was the largest sustained ( lasting more than a single day ) online protest effort in history . On January 26 , 2015 , popular blogging site Tumblr placed links to group Fight For The Future , a net neutrality advocacy group . The website displayed a countdown to the FCC vote on Title II on February 26 , 2015 . This was part of a widespread Internet campaign to sway congressional opinion and encourage users to call or submit comments to congressional representatives . Net neutrality advocacy groups such as Save the Internet coalition and Battle for the Net responded to the 2015 FCC ruling by calling for defense of the new net neutrality rules . Net neutrality and the Trump administration ( 2017 ) ( edit ) In January 2017 , newly inaugurated president Donald Trump appointed Ajit Pai as the new chairman of the Federal Communications Commission . Pai had previously been nominated to fill one of the required Republican seats on the commission by President Obama under the recommendation of Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell . Pai , who objected to the 2015 Open Internet Order , quickly began to roll back some of the policies that had been implemented by the FCC during the Obama administration , and halted an investigation into the use of zero - rating by U.S. wireless providers . After his appointment , Pai stated that he planned to `` modernize '' FCC policies to `` match the reality of the modern marketplace '' , but was unsure over whether the FCC would continue to enforce the net neutrality rules or Title II classification of broadband services . In an interview on May 5 , 2017 , with NPR , Pai stated his argument against net neutrality enforcement rules to be only about focusing on fixing actual anti-competitive behavior that Internet providers show as opposed to just `` regulating against hypothetical harms '' . Another argument he makes against this is that when the government inserts itself into the Internet 's issues then it stifles its innovation and growth . He argues that it is impossible to predict all outcomes , and although some might be bad , it is not a good idea to put such strict restrictions on everyone when there are only a few companies who would harm consumers or innovators . He believes that strict net neutrality rules would `` prohibit a number of pro-competitive business arrangements '' and `` would reduce investments '' . In April 2017 , it was reported that Pai had proposed that the net neutrality rules and Title II classifications be rolled back , that ISPs should instead `` voluntarily '' commit to the principles , and that violations of them should be enforced by the Federal Trade Commission instead of the FCC as unfair or deceptive business practices . On April 29 , 2017 , a clearer understanding of the latest net neutrality compromise proposal was described . On May 18 , 2017 , the FCC voted to move forward with Pai 's Notice of proposed rulemaking ( NPRM ) on `` Restoring Internet freedom '' by rolling back net neutrality regulations . The official `` Comment Date '' was July 17 , 2017 , with the `` Reply Comment Date '' being August 16 , 2017 . The primary argument in this NPRM is that the Title II Order ( on net neutrality ) has pushed the major telecoms to reduce their capital expenditures ( CapEx ) in new infrastructure , thereby threatening the future of the nation . For this , they cite the approx . $1 billion reduction from 2014 to 2015 in CapEx reported by the United States Telecom Association and similar figures from industry consultant Hal Singer . Broadband capital expenditures by U.S. broadband providers ( $ billions , 1996 - 2015 ) However , the accompanying plot of the USTelecom data cited ( but not plotted ) in the NPRM raises questions about whether the Title II Order generated a major reduction in Telecom Capex following the FCC 's 2015 Title II Order on net neutrality : Roughly three quarters of the annual changes between 1996 and 2015 were larger . That change could easily be attributed to any number of other changes . The New York Times claimed that the majority on the FCC had to cherry - pick their data to support their conclusion . In her dissent to this NPRM , Commissioner Clyburn wrote , `` I have yet to see a credible analysis that suggests that broadband provider capital expenditures have declined as a result of our 2015 Open Internet Order ... Using the same logic that the NPRM uses , one could suggest that the FCC 's classification of cable modem service as an information service in 2002 resulted in an even more precipitous drop in broadband provider investment . '' Falcon , Legislative Council for the Electronic Frontier Foundation claimed that no such claims of CapEx reductions have been made in official reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) , He said that major companies can be sued by investors who assert that they lost money because of misleading information in an SEC filing , and no such penalties apply to potentially misleading statements to Congress or the public . Falcon 's claim is supported by an analysis by Turner of Free Press in a report that includes 26 figures and tables , 21 of which were extracted from SEC filings and three of the remaining five came from the U.S. Census Bureau 's Annual Capital Expenditures Survey . The change since the Title II Order was negative for only 5 of Turner 's 24 tables , and the mean and median change over the 24 tables for which it seemed reasonable to extract a typical annualized percentage change were 8.1 % and 5.2 % , respectively . Over 1,000 startups and investors signed an open letter to Pai opposing the proposal . The FCC received over 21 million comments from the public , though it has since become clear that millions of these comments were fraudulent . After the commenting period , the FCC voted along party lines to repeal the 2014 rules . To investigate the suggestion that some of the anti-net neutrality comments might be fraudulently using the names of real people without their knowledge , Fight for the Future created a web site called comcastroturf , claiming ( on May 23 , 2017 ) , `` Someone has submitted nearly half a million anti-net neutrality comments to the FCC , many of which appear to be completely fake -- using stolen names and addresses '' , and inviting the reader to see if comments had been filed by someone else in his / her name . On May 23 , Fight for the Future reported they had ' received a cease and desist order from Comcast 's lawyers , claiming that Comcastroturf.com ... violates Comcast 's `` valuable intellectual property . '' The letter threatens legal action if the domain is not transferred to Comcast 's control . `` This is exactly why we need Title II net neutrality protections that ban blocking , throttling , and censorship , '' said Evan Greer , campaign director of Fight for the Future , `` If Ajit Pai 's plan is enacted , there would be nothing preventing Comcast from simply blocking sites like Comcastroturf.com that are critical of their corporate policies '' . ' In early May , Forbes reported that , `` a group of activists , under the banner Battle for the Net , unveiled a campaign to generate letters to the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) to complain about zero rating offerings , or free data programs . '' Forbes claimed that , `` All of the groups sponsoring this petition are funded by Google , who is likely upset because zero rating is a way for startups to circumvent Google 's demands . Zero rating eradicates the idea that paid ads on search engines are the only way to gain visibility online . '' In early June , Battle for the Net , a coalition spearheaded by Fight for the Future , Free Press Action Fund , and Demand Progress , announced a `` massive day of action '' for July 12 . Over 50,000 websites , including multinational corporations , participated in what Fight for the Future called `` the largest online protest in history '' . On June 15 , 2017 , Gigi Sohn , who had previously served as a top counselor to then - FCC chairman Tom Wheeler , published `` 4 steps to writing an impactful net neutrality comment ( which you should do ) '' : Write about yourself and how the net neutrality rules have affected you . Write about what you understand you are buying when you purchase broadband Internet access . Write about the choices you have ( or do n't ) for broadband Internet access . Write about what role you think the FCC should have in overseeing the market for broadband Internet access . On November 21 , 2017 , FCC chairman Pai unveiled plans to repeal the net neutrality policy in the United States . FCC commissioner Jessica Rosenworcel alleged on December 8 that the FCC was withholding evidence of fraud due to irregularities in its comment period and said the vote should be postponed until after an appropriate investigation . Many organizations involved in the July 12 Day of Action planned an online protest for December 12 . A vote was held on December 14 , 2017 , with a 3 -- 2 party - line vote approving the repeal . Within minutes after the vote , New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman announced his intent to lead a multi-state lawsuit against the FCC to `` stop illegal rollback of net neutrality '' . Washington Attorney General Bob Ferguson also stated his intent to sue . On January 4 , 2018 , the current version of `` Restoring Internet freedom '' was published . For more recent action on this , see the Repeal section below . Timeline of significant events ( edit ) January 12 , 2003 -- Law Professor Tim Wu coins phrase Net Neutrality while discussing `` competing contents and applications . '' June 27 , 2005 -- Supreme Court decides that `` communications , content , and applications are allowed to pass freely over the Internet 's broadband pipes . '' September 1 , 2007 -- Comcast begins interfering with Bittorrent traffic on its network . January 9 , 2008 -- FCC investigates Comcast traffic policy and treatment of Bittorrent traffic . August 9 , 2010 -- Google and Verizon try to cut deal to make larger parts of internet to be exempt from protection from the net neutrality rules from the FCC . December 21 , 2010 -- FCC creates Open Internet Rules which `` established high - level rules requiring transparency and prohibiting blocking and unreasonable discrimination to protect Internet openness . '' September 23 , 2011 -- The Federal Register publishes the Open Internet Rules . January 14 , 2014 -- The ruling in Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC ( 2014 ) vacates significant parts of Open Internet Order 2010 . May 13 , 2014 -- FCC releases new proposal including new rules on allowing `` fast lanes and slow lanes online . '' June 13 , 2014 -- FCC investigates large companies such as Netflix for interconnection policies . July 15 , 2014 -- FCC opens up on Public Knowledge for public comments , received 1.1 million comments on the first day . Determined that `` less than 1 % of comments were clearly opposed to net neutrality . '' September 15 , 2014 -- FCC receives 3.7 million comments in total . `` The FCC 's server crashes again as millions more people , companies , and advocacy organizations weigh in on the open internet rules . '' February 26 , 2015 -- FCC passes the Title II Net Neutrality Rules . `` In a 3 -- 2 party - line vote , the FCC passes open internet rules applying to both wired and wireless internet connections grounded in Title II authority . '' June 12 , 2015 -- Net neutrality rules go into effect . June 14 , 2016 -- New rules are upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . January 23 , 2017 -- President Trump names Ajit Pai as new FCC chairman . April 26 , 2017 -- FCC Chairman Ajit Pai announces plan to reverse Title II regulations . May 1 , 2017 -- A U.S. appeals court declined to reconsider a rehearing of the FCC 's net neutrality case . May 18 , 2017 -- The FCC voted 2 -- 1 to start rolling back net neutrality regulations ; this vote marked the beginning of a lengthy process required to modify the existing rules , and it did not actually change said rules . June 6 , 2017 -- Amazon , Reddit , Netflix and many other internet organizations announce that they will hold a simultaneous `` Day of Action to Save Net Neutrality '' on July 12 in a final attempt to convince the Republican - controlled FCC to keep the current net neutrality rules . July 12 , 2017 -- The net neutrality ' day of action ' occurred , involving many major companies and the original founder of the Web , Tim Berners - Lee . July 17 , 2017 -- Comment Date for `` Restoring Internet freedom '' NPRM . August 30 , 2017 -- Reply Comment Date for `` Restoring Internet freedom '' NPRM . November 21 , 2017 -- FCC chairman Ajit Pai unveils plans to repeal the net neutrality policy in the United States . The five person FCC vote for repeal is scheduled for December 14 , 2017 . December 14 , 2017 -- The FCC votes 3 to 2 , along party lines , in favor of reversing Title II regulations . Violations ( edit ) Many broadband operators imposed various contractual limits on the activities of their subscribers . In the best known examples , Cox Cable disciplined users of virtual private networks ( VPNs ) and AT&T , as a cable operator , warned customers that using a Wi - Fi service for home networking constituted `` theft of service '' and a federal crime . Comcast blocked ports of VPNs , forcing the state of Washington , for example , to contract with telecommunications providers to ensure that its employees had access to unimpeded broadband for telecommuting applications . Other broadband providers proposed to start charging service and content providers in return for higher levels of service ( higher network priority , faster or more predictable ) , creating what is known as a tiered Internet . In 2005 , North Carolina ISP Madison River Communications blocked the voice - over-internet protocol ( VOIP ) service Vonage . The FCC issued a Letter of Inquiry to Madison River , initiating an investigation . To avoid litigation , Madison River agreed to make a voluntary payment of fifteen thousand dollars and agreed to not block ports used for VoIP applications or otherwise prevent customers from using VoIP applications . According to the consent decree , `` The Parties agree that this Consent Decree does not constitute either an adjudication on the merits or a factual or legal finding regarding any compliance or noncompliance with the requirements of the Act and the Commission 's orders and rules . The Parties agree that this Consent Decree is for settlement purposes only . '' In September 2012 , a group of public interest organizations such as Free Press , Public Knowledge and the New America Foundation 's Open Technology Institute filed a complaint with the FCC that AT&T was violating net neutrality rules by restricting use of Apple 's video - conferencing application FaceTime on cellular networks to those who have a shared data plan on AT&T , excluding those with older , unlimited or tiered data plans . The FCC response noted that `` Although this report does not attempt to engage in any legal interpretations of the Open Internet Order , we do note that the Order treats these mobile broadband networks differently from traditional fixed networks . While both fixed and mobile broadband providers must disclose their management practices , mobile broadband providers have greater latitude for blocking devices and applications ( as long as they do not compete with the provider 's own voice or video telephony services ) and discriminating in how they serve traffic , in accordance with reasonable network - management practices . '' Attempted legislation ( edit ) Main article : Attempted net neutrality legislation in the United States Arguments associated with net neutrality regulations came into prominence in mid-2002 with nine different bills introduced on this issue between 2006 and 2013 . Positions ( edit ) There has been extensive debate about whether net neutrality should be required by law in the United States . Debate over the issue predates the coining of the term . Advocates of net neutrality have raised concerns about the ability of broadband providers to use their last mile infrastructure to block Internet applications and content ( e.g. websites , services , and protocols ) , and even to block out competitors . While opponents claim net neutrality regulations would deter investment into improving broadband infrastructure and try to fix something that is n't broken . In 2014 Professor Susan Crawford , a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School suggested that municipal broadband might be a possible solution to net neutrality concerns . Support of net neutrality ( edit ) Organizations that support net neutrality come from widely varied political backgrounds and include groups such as MoveOn.org , Free Press , Consumer Federation of America , AARP , American Library Association , Gun Owners of America , Public Knowledge , the Media Access Project , the Christian Coalition , TechNet , the American Civil Liberties Union , the Electronic Frontier Foundation , Greenpeace , Tumblr , Kickstarter , Vimeo , Wikia , Mozilla Foundation , and others . Prominent supporters of net neutrality include Vinton Cerf , co-inventor of the Internet Protocol ; Tim Berners - Lee , creator of the World Wide Web ; law professor Tim Wu ; Netflix CEO Reed Hastings ; Tumblr founder David Karp ; and Last Week Tonight host John Oliver , who created two full - length Last Week Tonight segments about the issue . In December 2017 , 83 % of voters supported keeping the rules on net neutrality , including 75 % of Republican voters , 89 % of Democratic voters , and 86 % of independent voters . Proponents of net neutrality , in particular those in favor of reclassification of broadband to `` common carrier '' , have many concerns about the potential for discriminatory service on the part of providers such as Comcast . Common - carriage principles require network operators to serve the public regardless of geographical location , district income levels , or usage . Telecommunications companies are required to provide services , such as phone access , to all consumers on the premise that it is a necessity that should be available to all people equally . If the FCC 's ability to regulate this aspect is removed , providers could cease to offer services to low income neighborhoods or rural environments . Those in favor of net neutrality often cite that the internet is now an educational necessity , and as such should not be doled out at the discrimination of private companies , whose profit - oriented models cause a conflict of interest . Outside of the US several countries have removed net neutrality protocols and have started double charging for delivering content ( once to consumer and again to content providers ) . This equates to a toll being required for certain internet access , essentially limiting what is available to all people , in particular low income households . Large already well established companies may not be hurt by the cost increase that providers such as Comcast intend to levy upon them , but it would permanently stifle small businesses and the internet 's ability to encourage start - ups . Many have pointed out that sites such as Facebook , Google , and Amazon would not have been able to survive if net neutrality had n't been in place . Concerns abound as to what kind of long term damage would be inflicted on future website innovations , including educational content such as MIT 's OpenCourseWare which is a free website offering online video lectures to the public . Michael Conti , the CEO of Pennsylvania Cyber Charter School , suggests that the children 's education is at stake and that lessons that incorporate the use of the internet are under risk since charter and public schools may not afford the Internet ; in addition , families may not be able to afford Internet at home for their children 's educational needs . Students from virtual charter schools , public schools , children with special needs and homeschool children all depend mostly on web instructions , according to Charamonte . Barbara Stripling , the president of the American Library Association states : `` School , public and college libraries rely upon the public availability of open , affordable Internet access for school homework assignments , distance learning classes , e-government services , licensed databases , job - training videos , medical and scientific research , and many other essential services , we must ensure the same quality access to online educational content as to entertainment and other commercial offerings . '' Previously existing FCC rules do not prevent telecommunications companies from charging fees to certain content providers in exchange for preferential treatment ( the so - called `` fast lanes '' ) . Neutrality advocates Tim Wu and Lawrence Lessig have argued that the FCC does have regulatory power over the matter , following from the must - carry precedent set in the Supreme Court case Turner Broadcasting v. Federal Communications Commission . Net neutrality proponents argue that telecom companies seek to impose a tiered service model in order to control the pipeline and thereby remove competition , create artificial scarcity , and oblige subscribers to buy their otherwise noncompetitive services . Many believe net neutrality to be primarily important for the preservation of current internet freedoms ; a lack of net neutrality would allow Internet service providers , such as Comcast , to extract payment from content providers like Netflix , and these charges would ultimately be passed on to consumers . Civil rights organizations , such as the Color of Change , the National Hispanic Media Coalition , and more argue that net neutrality is also important for communities of color because it allows for them to tell their own stories and `` organize for racial and social justice . '' Much of the mainstream media does not showcase these minority people , so these organizations believe that it is important to open the Internet into giving these people some sort of broadcast station . By doing so , their voices can be heard , because beforehand ISPs could `` block unpopular speech and prevent dissident voices from speaking freely online . '' As a result , net neutrality has become a social controversy , not just a technological one . In May 2014 , some websites admitted to inserting code that slowed access to their site by users from known FCC IP addresses , as a protest on the FCC 's position on net neutrality . On his show Last Week Tonight , Oliver took on the issue of net neutrality for the first time in 2014 , in the show 's first season . The episode went viral with 13 million views on YouTube and prompted 45,000 comments on the FCC website . Former FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler cites Oliver 's episode as a turning point in the issue of net neutrality . `` John Oliver took the ultimate arcane issue , Title II , and made it something that got people interested . And that 's good . '' Oliver returned to the issue of net neutrality on his May 7 , 2017 , episode in response to Chairman Pai 's promise to get rid of the regulation . He prompted viewers to once again comment on the FCC website by buying the domain gofccyourself.com , which garnered 1.6 million contributions . Opposition to net neutrality ( edit ) Opponents to net neutrality include FCC Commissioner Ajit Pai , the FreedomWorks Foundation , the Reason Foundation , Multiple technology companies , VOIP pioneers Daniel Berninger and Jeff Pulver , Electronic Frontier Foundation founder John Perry Barlow. and Citizens Against Government Waste . Prominent opponents also include Netscape founder and venture capitalist Marc Andreessen , co-inventor of the Internet Protocol Bob Kahn , PayPal founder and Facebook investor Peter Thiel , MIT Media Lab founder Nicholas Negroponte , Internet engineer and former Chief Technologist for the FCC David Farber , and Nobel Prize economist Gary Becker . Organizations and companies that oppose net neutrality regulations include several major technology hardware companies , cable and telecommunications companies , hundreds of small internet service providers , various think tanks , several civil rights groups , and others . Opponents argue that net neutrality would benefit industry lobbyists , and not consumers due to the potential of regulatory capture with policies that protect incumbent interests . Former hedge fund manager turned journalist Andy Kessler has argued , the threat of eminent domain against the telecommunication providers , instead of new legislation , is the best approach by forcing competition and better services . One print ad frames the Hands Off the Internet message in pro-consumer terms . `` Net neutrality means consumers will be stuck paying more for their Internet access to cover the big online companies ' share , '' the ad claims . In November 2005 , Edward Whitacre Jr. , then chief executive officer of SBC Communications , stated `` there 's going to have to be some mechanism for these ( Internet upstarts ) who use these pipes to pay for the portion they 're using '' , and that `` The Internet ca n't be free in that sense , because we and the cable companies have made an investment , '' sparking a furious debate . SBC spokesman Michael Balmoris said that Whitacre was misinterpreted and his comments only referred to new tiered services . Net neutrality laws are generally opposed by the cable television and telephone industries . Net neutrality opponents such as IBM , Intel , Juniper , Qualcomm , and Cisco claim that net neutrality would deter investment into broadband infrastructure , saying that `` shifting to Title II means that instead of billions of broadband investment driving other sectors of the economy forward , any reduction in this spending will stifle growth across the entire economy . Title II is going to lead to a slowdown , if not a hold , in broadband build out , because if you do n't know that you can recover on your investment , you wo n't make it . '' Others argue that the regulation is `` a solution that wo n't work to a problem that simply does n't exist '' . Critics of net neutrality argue that data discrimination is desirable for reasons like guaranteeing quality of service . Bob Kahn , co-inventor of the Internet Protocol , called the term net neutrality a slogan and opposes establishing it , but he admits that he is against the fragmentation of the net whenever this becomes excluding to other participants . Vint Cerf , Kahn 's co-founder of the Internet Protocol , explains the confusion over their positions on net neutrality , `` There 's also some argument that says , well you have to treat every packet the same . That 's not what any of us said . Or you ca n't charge more for more usage . We did n't say that either . '' Alternative FCC proposals ( edit ) An alternate position was proposed in 2010 by then - FCC Commissioner Julius Genachowski , which would narrowly reclassify Internet access as a telecommunication service under Title Two of the Communications Act of 1934 . It would apply only six common carrier rules under the legal principle of forbearance that would sufficiently prevent unreasonable discrimination and mandate reasonable net neutrality policies under the concept of common carriage . Incumbent ISP AT&T opposed the idea saying that common carrier regulations would `` cram today 's broadband Internet access providers into an ill - fitting 20th century regulatory silo '' while Google supported the FCC proposal `` In particular , the Third Way will promote legal certainty and regulatory predictability to spur investment , ensure that the Commission can fulfill the tremendous promise of the National Broadband Plan , and make it possible for the Commission to protect and serve all broadband users , including through meaningful enforcement '' . In October 2014 , after the initial proposal was shot down , the FCC began drafting a new proposal that would take a hybrid regulatory approach to the issue . Although this alternative has not yet been circulated , it is said to propose that there be a divide between `` wholesale '' and `` retail '' transactions . In order to illustrate clear rules that are grounded by law , reclassification of Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 will be involved as well as parts of Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 . Data being sent between content provider and ISPs will involve stricter regulations compared to transactions between ISP 's and consumers , which will involve more lax parameters . Restrictions on offering a data fast lane will be enforced between content providers and ISPs to avoid unfair advantages . This hybrid proposal has become the most popular solution among the three options that FCC has reported . However , ISPs , such as AT&T who has already warned the public via tweet `` any use of Title II would be problematic '' , are expected to dispute this solution . The official proposal was rumored to become public by the end of 2014 . Opinions cautioning against legislation ( edit ) In 2006 Bram Cohen , the creator of BitTorrent , said `` I most definitely do not want the Internet to become like television where there 's actual censorship ... however it is very difficult to actually create network neutrality laws which do n't result in an absurdity , like making it so that ISPs ca n't drop spam or stop ... attacks . '' In June 2007 , the US Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) urged restraint with respect to new regulations proposed by net neutrality advocates , noting the `` broadband industry is a relatively young and evolving one , '' and given no `` significant market failure or demonstrated consumer harm from conduct by broadband providers '' such regulations `` may well have adverse effects on consumer welfare , despite the good intentions of their proponents . '' The FTC conclusions were questioned in Congress in September 2007 , when Sen. Byron Dorgan , D-N. D. , chairman of the Senate interstate commerce , trade and tourism subcommittee , told FTC Chairwoman Deborah Platt Majoras that he feared new services as groundbreaking as Google could not get started in a system with price discrimination . In 2011 Aparna Watal , a legal officer at an Internet company named Attomic Labs , has put forward three points for resisting any urge `` to react legislatively to the apparent regulatory crisis '' . Firstly , `` contrary to the general opinion , the Comcast decision does not uproot the Commission 's authority to regulate ISPs . Section 201 ( b ) of the Act , which was cited as an argument by the Commission but not addressed by the Court on procedural grounds , could grant the Commission authority to regulate broadband Internet services where they render `` charges , practices and regulations for , and in connection with '' common carrier services unjust and unreasonable . '' Secondly , she suggests , it is `` undesirable and premature to legislatively mandate network neutrality or for the Commission to adopt a paternalistic approach on the issue ... ( as ) there have been few overt incidents to date , and the costs of those incidents to consumers have been limited . '' She cites `` prompt media attention and public backlash '' as effective policing tools to prevent ISPs from throttling traffic . She suggests that it `` would be more prudent to consider introducing modest consumer protection rules , such as requiring ISPs to disclose their network management practices and to allow for consumers to switch ISPs inexpensively , rather than introducing network neutrality laws . '' `` While by regulating broadband services the commission is not directly regulating content and applications on the Internet '' , content will be affected by the reclassification . `` The different layers of the Internet work in tandem with each other such that there is no possibility of throttling or improving one layer 's performance without impacting the other layers ... To let the Commission regulate broadband pipelines connecting to the Internet and disregard that it indirectly involves regulating the data that runs through them will lead to a complex , overlapping , and fractured regulatory landscape in the years to come . '' Unresolved issues ( edit ) As of 2006 the debate over `` neutrality '' did not yet capture some dimensions of the topic ; for example , whether voice packets should get higher priority than packets carrying email or whether emergency services , mission - critical , or life - saving applications , such as tele - medicine , should get priority over spam . Alternatives to cable and DSL ( edit ) Cable companies have lobbied Congress for a federal preemption to ban states and municipalities from competing and thereby interfering with interstate commerce . However , there is current Supreme Court precedent for an exception to the Commerce Power of Congress for states as states going into business for their citizens . In 2006 it was proposed that neither municipal wireless nor other technological solutions such as encryption , onion routing , or time - shifting DVR would be sufficient to render possible discrimination moot . Utility company restrictions ( edit ) EPB , the municipal utility serving Chattanooga , Tennessee , petitioned the FCC to allow them to deliver internet to communities outside of the 600 - square mile area that they service . A similar petition was made by Wilson , North Carolina . According to FCC officials , some residents who lived just outside the service areas of the Chattanooga and Wilson utilities then had no broadband service available . One of the two February 26 , 2015 , rulings set aside those states ' restrictions on municipal broadband , although legal challenges to the FCC 's authority to do so were seen as likely . Repeal plan ( edit ) On November 21 , 2017 , FCC chairman Ajit Pai unveiled plans to repeal the net neutrality policy in the United States . A vote was held on December 14 , 2017 , and the FCC voted 3 -- 2 , along party lines , to repeal the Title II net neutrality . This decision -- and the previously announced intention to take this decision -- has generated a flurry of activity to restore net neutrality at the state level in spite of this FCC action , including a number of bills introduced into the legislatures in various states to require net neutrality by either ( a ) state regulation or ( b ) to obtain a contract with any state ( and in some cases ) local governmental body . Executive orders effective immediately ( edit ) Particularly noteworthy are the actions of the governors of Montana ( on January 22 ) , New York ( on January 24 ) and New Jersey ( on February 5 ) to issue executive orders mandating that state agencies will only sign contracts for Internet access with companies that make enforceable commitments to abide by net neutrality principles for all their business within the state . These executive orders impact contract negotiations immediately for all contracts that become effective after a certain date -- unless the executive orders are blocked by court action or are rescinded by the governor or state legislature . Other actions pending ( edit ) Other attempts by net neutrality supporters are still pending , awaiting , e.g. , court action or votes in legislative bodies . Oregonians for Net Neutrality are trying to collect enough signatures to place this issue on their November 6 , 2018 , ballot . As of Monday , January 15 , 2018 , 50 United States senators endorsed legislative action to reverse the repeal of Title II net neutrality by passing a resolution of disapproval . 51 votes are required to pass the resolution . Pending state legislation falls primarily into two general categories : ( a ) regulation and ( b ) contracting with state and possibly sub-state entities . Both might be overturned by courts , depending on how the courts rule on the conflict between the state actions and section III. E. 7ff of this FCC order regarding , `` Preemption of Inconsistent State and Local Regulations '' : While it 's impossible to predict how courts may rule , on the surface this section suggests that state regulations in this area may not be enforceable . And courts may or may not overrule the use of state contracting authority in this area as being equivalent to impermissible regulation . An effort is underway to overturn this decision in the US Congress under the Congressional Review Act . Less than an hour after the results were published , the state attorneys general for Washington and New York announced that they were suing the FCC over its decision . Attorneys general for other states announced their intention to join this suit . This suit against the FCC was formally filed on January 16 , 2018 in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit by the Attorney General of New York on behalf of 21 States and the District of Columbia . On February 5 , 2018 , Governor Phil Murphy of New Jersey announced that New Jersey will join 21 States and D.C. in this lawsuit . The new regulations appeared in the Federal Register on February 22 , 2018 , giving opponents of the FCC 's decision 60 days from that date to prevent the new regulations from going into effect . The multi-state lawsuit was refiled on February 22 , including 22 states and the District of Columbia . Summary of state - level net neutrality actions ( edit ) The status as of February 26 , 2018 , of executive orders and pending action at state levels is summarized as follows : entity executive order suing the FCC other action bill - number description Alaska 2018 - 01 - 12 HB277 regulation 2018 - 01 - 24 SJRes 12 resolution 2018 - 01 - 24 SB 160 regulation California 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 03 SB - 822 regulation 2018 - 01 - 22 SB - 460 state contracts Connecticut 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 29 draft legislation Delaware 2018 - 01 - 16 District of Columbia 2018 - 01 - 16 Georgia 2017 - 12 - 18 SB 310 regulation Hawaii 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 18 draft legislation Illinois 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 11 draft legislation Iowa 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 02 - 01 draft legislation Kansas 2018 - 02 - 07 HB 2682 state contracts Kentucky 2018 - 01 - 16 Maine 2018 - 01 - 16 Maryland 2018 - 01 - 16 Massachusetts 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 19 SD. 2428 regulation 2018 - 02 - 06 hearing Minnesota 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 19 draft legislation Mississippi 2018 - 01 - 16 Montana 2018 - 01 - 22 Nebraska 2018 - 01 - 05 Legislative Bill 856 regulation New Jersey 2018 - 02 - 05 2018 - 02 - 05 2017 - 12 - 04 A. 5257 monitoring New Mexico 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 21 SB 39 regulation 2018 - 01 - 23 SB 155 regulation New York 2018 - 01 - 24 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 03 S07175 state contracts 2018 - 01 - 03 S07183 state & local contracts 2017 - 12 - 22 S08882 state & local contracts 2018 - 01 - 18 A09057 state & local conracts 2017 - 01 - 17 A01958 regulation New York City 2018 - 01 - 22 request for information North Carolina 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 11 draft legislation Oregon 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 21 ballot initiative drive Pennsylvania 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 26 possible executive order 2018 - 02 - 09 SB 1033 state & local contracts Rhode Island 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 10 H 7076 state & local contracts 2018 - 01 - 11 S 2008 state & local contracts South Dakota 2018 - 02 - 06 SB 195 state contracts Tennessee 2018 - 01 - 23 SB 1756 state & local contracts 2018 - 01 - 23 HB 1755 state & local contracts Vermont 2018 - 02 - 15 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 31 H. 680 state contracts Virginia 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 09 HB 705 regulation Washington ( state ) 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 13 HB 2282 regulation 2017 - 12 - 14 HB 2284 regulation 2018 - 01 - 17 SB 6446 state contracts Wisconsin 2018 - 01 - 25 draft legislation See also ( edit ) Commercialization of the Internet Economic rent Municipal broadband Series of tubes Notes ( edit ) Associated Press ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) , `` Nearly two dozen attorneys general sue to block FCC 's repeal of net neutrality rules '' , USA Today , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Attorneys general for 21 states and the District of Columbia ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) , Protective Petition for Review , Case No. 18 - 1013 ( PDF ) , Attorney General of the State of New York , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 , State of New York , State of California , State of Connecticut , State of Delaware , State of Hawaii , State of Illinois , State of Iowa , Commonwealth of Kentucky , State of Maine , State of Maryland , Commonwealth of Massachusetts , State of Minnesota , State of Mississippi , State of New Mexico , State of North Carolina , State of Oregon , Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , State of Rhode Island , State of Vermont , Commonwealth of Virginia , State of Washington , and the District of Columbia Petitioners , v. Federal Communications Commission , and United States of America , Respondents . FCC Restoring Internet Freedom Order ( 2018 ) : Declaratory ruling , report , and order in the matter of restoring Internet freedom ( PDF ) , U.S. Federal Communications Commission , 2018 - 01 - 04 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 Fight for the Future ( 2018 ) , These states are fighting for net neutrality . Is yours one of them ? , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 Kang , Cecilia ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) , `` States Push Back After Net Neutrality Repeal '' , New York Times , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 , Lawmakers in at least six states , including California and New York , have introduced bills in recent weeks that would forbid internet providers to block or slow down sites or online services . Legislators in several other states , including North Carolina and Illinois , are weighing similar action ... Bills have also been introduced in Massachusetts , Nebraska , Rhode Island and Washington . 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Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . http://www.washingtontimes.com , The Washington Times . `` Connecticut joins multi-state net - neutrality lawsuit '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) ; Attorneys general for 21 states and the District of Columbia ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` 22 states and DC are suing the FCC in last - ditch effort to preserve net neutrality '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 23 state AGs refile lawsuit challenging net neutrality repeal '' . CNET. 2018 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/petition.pdf Jump up ^ Fight for the Future ( 2018 ) Jump up ^ REPRESENTATIVES KAWASAKI , Parish , Tuck , Fansler , Drummond , Gara , Kreiss - Tomkins , Spohnholz ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) , Broadband Internet : neutrality / regulation , HB 277 , Alaska state legislature ( published 2018 - 01 - 12 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Granger , Erin ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) , `` Alaska legislator introduces net neutrality bill '' , Fairbanks Daily News - Miner , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ SENATORS WIELECHOWSKI , Gardner , Begich , Olson , Costello , Hughes , Wilson ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) , A RESOLUTION Urging the United States Congress to overturn the Federal Communication Commission 's order ending net neutrality . ( PDF ) , Alaska state legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ SENATOR BEGICH ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) , An Act relating to the regulation of broadband Internet ; and making certain actions by broadband Internet service providers unlawful acts or practices under the Alaska Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Act ( PDF ) , SB 160 , Alaska state legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Senator Wiener ( Principal coauthors : Senators Allen , Dodd , Hill , McGuire , Monning , and Skinner ) ( Principal coauthors : Assembly Members Bloom , Bonta , Chiu , Friedman , Kalra , and Mullin ) ( Coauthor : Assembly Member Ting ) ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) , `` Broadband Internet access service '' , California Legislative Information , SB - 822 , California legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Senator De León ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) , `` Communications : broadband Internet access service '' , California Legislative Information , SB - 460 , California legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Donahue , Casey ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) , `` Duff To Introduce Connecticut Net Neutrality Legislation In 2018 '' , Norwalk Daily Voice , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Senators Jones II of the 22nd , Henson of the 41st , Tate of the 38th , Jordan of the 6th , Seay of the 34th ; et al. ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) , Internet Service Provider ; engaged in provision of broadband Internet access service ; shall publicly disclose accurate information regarding the network management practices , SB 310 , Georgia General Assembly ( published 2017 - 12 - 18 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Koebler , Jason ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) , A Hawaiian Politician Is Introducing a Bill That Would Encourage Creation of Locally Owned Broadband Networks : `` One option is to reject corporate internet service providers altogether , and control the internet ourselves . '' , Motherboard , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 ^ Jump up to : Kang ( 2018 ) Jump up ^ Local teen helping lawmakers draft a net neutrality bill , Ceder Rapids , IA : KCRG - TV9 , 2018 - 02 - 01 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Representatives Parker , Clayton , Curtis , Highberger , Ohaebosim and Probst , Prohibiting state contracts with internet service providers that do not adhere to net neutrality principles , HB 2682 , Kansas Legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Neal , David ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) , ' Net Neutrality ' bill introduced in Kansas House , Working Journalist Press , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Barbara A. L'Italien , Andres X . Vargas , Sonia Chang - Diaz , Diana DiZoglio and other members of the General Court ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) , An Act protecting consumers by prohibiting blocking , throttling , or paid prioritization in the provision of internet service , SD. 2428 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Eggerton , John ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) , `` NECTA : Federal Net Neutrality Legislation Is Answer : Was scheduled to testify before Massachusetts special committee on net neutrality '' , B&C : The business of television , New Bay Media , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 , The hearing came a day after New Jersey 's governor signed an executive order mandating net neutrality in government contracts , and its attorney general announced it would be the 22nd state joining a suit to overturn the FCC 's net neutrality rule deregulation . Jump up ^ Van Berkel , Jessie ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) , Two Minnesota legislators say they will push to protect net neutrality in wake of FCC decision : A previous measure aimed at protecting data privacy , Minneapolis , MN : Star Tribune , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Stapleton , Corey ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) , Executive order providing for Internet neutrality principles in state procurement ( PDF ) , Executive Order No. 3 - 2018 , Office of the Governor of Montana , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Morfeld , 46 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) , A BILL FOR AN ACT relating to telecommunications and technology ; to amend sections 86 - 125 and 86 - 580 , Reissue Revised Statutes of Nebraska ; to adopt the Internet Neutrality Act ; to change requirements for communications providers under the Nebraska Telecommunications Regulation Act ; to change provisions relating to financial assistance from the Nebraska Internet Enhancement Fund ; to harmonize provisions ; to provide an operative date ; to provide severability ; and to repeal the original sections . ( PDF ) , Nebraska Legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Augustyn , Arthur ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) , Murphy signs executive order for net neutrality , NJBiz , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Governor Philip D. Murphy ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) , Future contracts for Internet and broadband will be awarded only to ISPs that adhere to `` net neutrality '' ( PDF ) , Executive Order No. 9 , State of New Jersey , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 ^ Jump up to : Brodkin , Jon ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) , ISPs must follow net neutrality in New Jersey , governor declares : ISPs ca n't block or throttle traffic if they sell broadband to state agencies. , Ars Technica , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Racioppi , Dustin ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) , `` NJ to join net neutrality legal challenge against Trump administration '' , North Jersey , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 Jump up ^ Assemblywoman ANNETTE QUIJANO District 20 ( Union ) , Assemblyman WAYNE P. DEANGELO District 14 ( Mercer and Middlesex ) Assemblyman RAJ MUKHERJI District 33 ( Hudson ) , Assemblyman JAMEL C. HOLLEY District 20 ( Union ) , Assemblyman TIM EUSTACE District 38 ( Bergen and Passaic ) Assemblyman JAMES J. KENNEDY District 22 ( Middlesex , Somerset and Union ) ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) , New Jersey Net Neutrality Act ( PDF ) , New Jersey Legislature ( published 2017 - 12 - 04 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Howie C. Morales ( 2017 - 12 - 21 ) , Prohibited broadband Internet service acts , SB 39 , New Mexico Legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ Howie C. Morales ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) , Broadband access unfair trade practices , SB 155 , New Mexico Legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ Andrew Cuomo ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) , Executive order ensuring net neutrality protections for New Yorkers ( PDF ) , Executive order No. 175 , State of New York Executive Chamber , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 , order and direct New York State 's government ... not to enter into any contracts for Internet service unless the ISPs agree to adhere to net neutrality principles . Jump up ^ Sen. Parker ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) , AN ACT to amend the public service law and the state finance law , in relation to state contracts being only with internet service providers compliant with net neutrality and establishes a revolving fund for the establishment of municipal internet service providers ; and making an appropriation therefor , S07175 , New York Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ Sen. Carlucci ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) , AN ACT to amend the public service law and the state finance law , in relation to instituting internet service neutrality , S07183 , New York Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 , Develop and maintain a statewide plan for the monitoring of internet service providers , including the annual certification that internet service providers comply with the internet service neutrality requirements ... ( W ) here a contract that includes internet connection services is to be awarded by a state agency , public authority , public library or municipal corporation ... such ... contract shall require that such internet connection services are compliant with the internet service neutrality ... Jump up ^ M. of A. FAHY , MORELLE , BARRETT , ORTIZ , MAGNARELLI , GOTTFRIED , ENGLEBRIGHT , THIELE , SIMON , D'URSO , GLICK , LUPARDO , JAFFEE , ZEBROWSKI , SANTABARBARA , COLTON , CAHILL , JENNE , GALEF , MOSLEY , ARROYO , SEAWRIGHT , PICHARDO , LIFTON , TITONE , BRABENEC , BRINDISI , DINOWITZ , VANEL , STIRPE , L. ROSENTHAL , STECK , ABINANTI -- Multi-Sponsored by -- M. of A. CROUCH , HOOPER , McDONALD ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) , AN ACT to amend the public service law and the state finance law , in relation to instituting internet service neutrality , S08882 , New York State Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 , Develop and maintain a statewide plan for the monitoring of internet service providers , including the annual certification that internet service providers comply with the internet service neutrality requirements ... The state finance law is amended by adding ... internet service neutrality requirements in certain procurement contracts ... that includes internet connection services ... awarded by a state agency , public authority , public library or municipal corporation ... CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ M. of A. Cahill ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) , AN ACT to amend the public service law and the state finance law , in relation to state contracts being only with internet service providers compliant with net neutrality and establishes a revolving fund for the establishment of municipal internet service providers ; and making an appropriation therefor , S09057 , New York State Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ M. of A. Pretlow ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) , AN ACT to amend the public authorities law , the public service law , and the executive law , in relation to reforming the telecommunications sector of the New York economy , by creating a broadband authority , authorizing statewide cable franchises for the purposes of competitive cable service , promoting the wide - spread development of high - capacity broadband internet access , and increasing the availability and quality of services in this key economic development area and ensuring the safety , reliability and affordability of telecommunications services , S01958 , New York State Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ NYC Connected Truth in Broadband Request for Information , Mayor 's office of the Chief Technology Officer for The City of New York , 2018 - 01 - 22 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ Cineas , Fabiola ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) , Pa . Could Be the Next State to Force Net Neutrality by Executive Order , Philadelphia , PA : BizPhilly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 ^ Jump up to : Heckel , Matt ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) , Lawmaker urges Pa. governor to sign executive order on net neutrality , Harrisburg , PA : WYTV - 33 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ FARNESE , BLAKE , SCHWANK , TARTAGLIONE and COSTA ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) , An Act providing for disclosure requirements for broadband Internet access service providers , for prohibitions and for contracts , grants and tax credits ; and imposing civil penalties , SB 1033 , Pennsylvania General Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 , a Commonwealth agency or political subdivision may not contract with or award grants or tax credits to a provider that fails to comply with this act . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Farnese , Lawrence M. , Jr. ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) , Senator Larry Farnese Introduces Legislation To Protect Net Neutrality In Pennsylvania , Public. , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ Representatives Kennedy , Abney , Shekarchi , Serpa , and Marshall ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) , An act relating to public utilities and carriers -- Internet service providers -- net neutrality ( PDF ) , H 7076 , Rhode Island General Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 , where a contract that includes Internet connection services is to be awarded by a state agency , public authority or municipality pursuant to a competitive bidding process or a request for proposal process , such competitive bidding process or request for proposal and the subsequent awarded contract shall require that such Internet connection services are compliant with the Internet service neutrality requirements CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Senators DiPalma , Pearson , Calkin , Goldin , and Miller ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) , An act relating to public utilities and carriers -- Internet service providers -- net neutrality , S 2008 , Rhode Island General Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Senators Nesiba , Frerichs , Heinert , Kennedy , and Killer and Representatives Ring , Bartling , Bordeaux , Hawley , Lesmeister , McCleerey , and Wismer ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) , Establish certain provisions regarding the state procurement process for internet , data , and telecommunications services , SD SB195 , Legiscan , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Buie , Jordan ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) , Democrats propose legislation to preserve net neutrality in Tennessee , Tennessean , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Senate Minority Leader Lee Harris , D - Memphis ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) , Tennessee Neutrality and Internet Consumer Protection Act ( PDF ) , SB 1756 , Tennessee General Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Rep. John Ray Clemmons , D - Nashville ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) , Tennesseee Neutrality and Internet Consumer Protection Act ( PDF ) , HB 1755 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Landen , Xander ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) , Scott signs executive order on net neutrality , Vermont Digger , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 Jump up ^ Governor Philip . B Scott ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) , Executive Order : Internet Neutrality in State Procurement ( PDF ) , EO 02 - 18 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 Jump up ^ Representatives Stevens of Waterbury , Sibilia of Dover , Hill of Wolcott , Baser of Bristol , Belaski of Windsor , Botzow of Pownal , Brumsted of Shelburne , Carr of Brandon , Chesnut - Tangerman of Middletown Springs , Christie of Hartford , Cina of Burlington , Colburn of Burlington , Connor of Fairfield , Conquest of Newbury , Copeland - Hanzas of Bradford , Dakin of Colchester , Donovan of Burlington , Dunn of Essex , Gannon of Wilmington , Gonzalez of Winooski , Haas of Rochester , Head of South Burlington , Houghton of Essex , Howard of Rutland City , Jickling of Randolph , Kitzmiller of Montpelier , Lanpher of Vergennes , Lucke of Hartford , McCormack of Burlington , Morris of Bennington , Mrowicki of Putney , Noyes of Wolcott , Ode of Burlington , O'Sullivan of Burlington , Pajala of Londonderry , Read of Fayston , Scheu of Middlebury , Stuart of Brattleboro , Sullivan of Dorset , Troiano of Stannard , Walz of Barre City , Webb of Shelburne , Weed of Enosburgh , and Yantachka of Charlotte ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) , An act relating to protecting consumers and promoting an open Internet in Vermont ( PDF ) , Vermont Legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lee J. Carter ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) , Broadband services ; prohibited features , Virginia 's Legislative Information System ( published 2018 - 01 - 09 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Representatives Hansen , Cody , Goodman , Pettigrew , Tarleton , Fey , DeBolt , Bergquist , Springer , Santos , McBride , Smith , Chapman , Slatter , Peterson , Wylie , Fitzgibbon , Morris , Stonier , Lytton , Sawyer , Robinson , Tharinger , Kagi , Pellicciotti , Dolan , Orwall , Valdez , Haler , Kilduff , Senn , Frame , Sells , Kirby , Stanford , Blake , Reeves , Clibborn , Macri , Kloba , Appleton , Stambaugh , Jinkins , Ormsby , Ryu , Hayes , Pollet , Doglio , Ortiz - Self , Riccelli , and McDonald ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) , AN ACT Relating to protecting an open internet in Washington state ; and adding a new chapter to Title 19 RCW ( PDF ) , HB 2282 ( published 2017 - 12 - 13 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Smith , Cody , Tarleton , DeBolt , Springer , Santos , McBride , Chapman , Wylie , Fitzgibbon , Peterson , Morris , Stonier , Kagi , Senn , Kirby , Stanford , Blake , Reeves , Kilduff , Clibborn , Macri , Pettigrew , Orcutt , Stambaugh , Ormsby , Ryu , Hayes , Pollet , Doglio , Ortiz - Self , Riccelli , McDonald , Jinkins , Gregerson ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) , Protecting consumers by prohibiting blocking , throttling , or paid prioritization in the provision of internet service in Washington state. , HB2284 , Washington State Legislature ( published 2017 - 12 - 14 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 , TED - Majority ; 1st substitute bill be substituted , do pass CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ( ( Citation author = Carlyle , Hunt , Keiser , Kuderer publication - date = 2018 - 01 - 17 title = Ensuring consumers rights to internet transparency series = SB 6446 publisher = Washington State Legislature url = http://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?BillNumber=6446&Year=2017 accessdate = 2018 - 02 - 14 ) quote = The department , the office of the chief information officer , and all other state agencies are prohibited from entering into contracts with vendors offering broadband internet access services unless the vendor commits to providing equal connection for all users to lawful internet content , applications , and services ... ) Jump up ^ Lawmakers introduce bill to preserve net neutrality rules in Wisconsin , Eau Claire : WQOW , 2018 - 01 - 25 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 , Representative Jonathan Brostoff and Senator Chris Larson are circulating legislation that would keep the protections from net neutrality in Wisconsin ... The bill circulated by Larson and Brostoff would prohibit internet service providers from unnecessarily blocking content , slowing service , or otherwise unreasonably disadvantaging Wisconsin consumers ... U.S. Senate democrats said they will force a vote later this year on the U.S. Federal Communications commission 's reversal of net neutrality rules and will try to make it a key issue in the 2018 congressional elections . Further Reading ( edit ) Gilroy , Angele A. ( November 22 , 2017 ) . The Net Neutrality Debate : Access to Broadband Networks ( PDF ) . Washingon , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Timothy B. Lee ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` Beyond net neutrality : the new battle for the future of the internet '' . Vox.com . Washington , DC : Vox Media . External links ( edit ) Federal Communication Commission : `` OpenInternet '' website Internet Policy : Who 's Pulling the Strings against network neutrality in the United States A video on net neutrality Australian ISPs say net neutrality is an American problem Media Capitalism , the State and 21st Century Media Democracy Struggles -- An interview with Robert McChesney Verizon & Google Enter Reported Deal for Tiered Internet Use , Is Net Neutrality in Jeopardy ? -- video report by Democracy Now ! NNSquad The Network Neutrality Squad , an open - membership , open - source effort , enlisting the Internet 's users to help keep the Internet 's operations fair and unhindered from unreasonable restrictions Abandoning `` Net Neutrality , '' FCC Chair Backs Two - Tiered Internet Fees -- video report by Democracy Now ! ( hide ) Net neutrality in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States&oldid=835469777 '' Categories : Internet in the United States Net neutrality by country United States telecommunications policy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Use mdy dates from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 22 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net%20neutrality%20in%20the%20United%20States
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actor who says warriors come out to play
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In his debut role of Luther in the 1979 cult film The Warriors , Kelly screeches the famous line , `` Warriors ... come out to play - ee - ay ! ! '' , which he himself improvised . In the hit 1982 film 48 Hrs. starring Nick Nolte and Eddie Murphy director Walter Hill rewrote a role for Kelly and again named the character Luther . Kelly 's film credits include the 1985 hit action film Commando , in which he played Sully ( a Green Beret - turned - mercenary ) , The Crow , as well as Crooklyn , Hammett , Wild at Heart , Dreamscape , The Adventures of Ford Fairlane , Last Man Standing , Songcatcher , K - PAX , the 2005 remake of The Longest Yard , Flags of Our Fathers , John Wick ( reprising his role as Charlie in John Wick : Chapter Two ) , and Chi - Raq . He also appeared in the pioneering video game Ripper .
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David Patrick Kelly
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david patrick kelly
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David Patrick Kelly ( born January 23 , 1951 ) is an American actor and musician who has appeared in numerous films and television series . He is widely known for roles such as Luther in the cult 1979 film The Warriors , and another character named Luther in the 1982 Eddie Murphy film 48 Hrs. , Sully in the 1985 Arnold Schwarzenegger film Commando , Jerry Horne in Twin Peaks , and T - Bird in the 1994 film The Crow .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 2.3 Stage 2.4 Music 3 Awards 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Kelly was born in Detroit , Michigan , the son of Margaret Elizabeth ( Murphy ) and Robert Corby Kelly , Sr. , an accountant . His father was a Bronze Star recipient for service during the Battle of the Bulge in World War II . His grandfather Daniel Murphy was from Lisnashearshane near Cork , Ireland . His great - grand - uncle was Father William Corby , chaplain of the Irish Brigade at Gettysburg and , as detailed in his book Memoir of a Chaplain Life : 3 Years With the Irish Brigade , he subsequently became president of the University of Notre Dame . Kelly was given a mandolin on St. Patrick 's Day 1964 by his mother and considers that the greatest influence on his artistic life . As an undergraduate , Kelly wrote the lyrics and music for four musicals produced on Detroit stages . They were Lysistrata ( from Aristophanes ) , The World from My Window ( based on a book of children 's poems ) , a project based on Gulliver 's Travels ( in the land of horses ) and Home for Silent Clowns , a mime show with songs . Kelly graduated cum laude with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the University of Detroit and was also a student of Marcel Marceau and Mira Rostova . Career ( edit ) Film ( edit ) In his debut role of Luther in the 1979 cult film The Warriors , Kelly screeches the famous line , `` Warriors ... come out to play - ee - ay ! ! '' , which he himself improvised . In the hit 1982 film 48 Hrs. starring Nick Nolte and Eddie Murphy director Walter Hill rewrote a role for Kelly and again named the character Luther . Kelly 's film credits include the 1985 hit action film Commando , in which he played Sully ( a Green Beret - turned - mercenary ) , The Crow , as well as Crooklyn , Hammett , Wild at Heart , Dreamscape , The Adventures of Ford Fairlane , Last Man Standing , Songcatcher , K - PAX , the 2005 remake of The Longest Yard , Flags of Our Fathers , John Wick ( reprising his role as Charlie in John Wick : Chapter Two ) , and Chi - Raq . He also appeared in the pioneering video game Ripper . Television ( edit ) David Lynch created the character of Jerry Horne on Twin Peaks specifically for Kelly ; his many television guest appearances include Miami Vice , Moonlighting , Spenser : For Hire , Ghostwriter , Third Watch , Hack , Kidnapped , Law & Order , Law & Order : Criminal Intent , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , Gossip Girl , Louie , Blue Bloods , The Blacklist and Feed the Beast . Kelly also participated in the PBS production of the musical version of Working , which Studs Terkel , author of the source book , hosted ; Kelly 's role was that of a `` copyboy '' , and his was the first singing voice heard in the selection `` I Could 've Been ... '' Stage ( edit ) On Broadway , Kelly originated the role of Da in Once which was awarded the 2012 Tony Award for Best Musical . In 1998 he played Feste in the Lincoln Center production of Twelfth Night . Kelly has frequently appeared at the Hartford Stage Company in Hartford , Connecticut , starring in the title roles in Woyzeck and Tartuffe , playing Iago in Othello and Hoss in Sam Shepard 's Tooth Of Crime . At the American Repertory Theater in Cambridge , Massachusetts , he played the title role in Pirandello 's Enrico IV and starred in an adaption of the Yuan dynasty Chinese classic Snow in June . He appeared in four plays by avant - garde master Richard Foreman : Pearls for Pigs , The Mind King , Film Is Evil / Radio Is Good , and The Cure . In 2015 he appeared as Michaud in the Roundabout Theatre Company 's production of Helen Edmundson 's adaptation of Thérèse Raquin alongside Keira Knightley . Music ( edit ) As a composer and musician , Kelly participated in New York 's rock and cabaret scene playing such legendary venues as Max 's Kansas City , Reno Sweeney 's , CBGB , and The Lower Manhattan Ocean Club . In May 2008 , he released a CD of his original music titled David Patrick Kelly : Rip Van Boy Man , which contained new songs and live recordings from his club days in 1975 . Awards ( edit ) Kelly played Dropshadow in the David Lynch film Wild At Heart which won the Palme d'Or at Cannes in 1990 . Kelly sang and played mandolin on the Grammy Award winning soundtrack for the Broadway musical Once . He received a Connecticut Critcs Circle Award for his performance in Tartuffe at Hartford Stage . He was nominated for a Lucille Lortel Award for his performance in Nathan Louis Jackson `` s When I Come To Die at LCT3 . In 1998 Kelly received an Obie Award for sustained excellence for his theater work in classics , new plays and the avant - garde . Personal life ( edit ) Kelly married theater actress and writer Juliana Francis at St. Mark 's Church in - the - Bowery in New York on August 14 , 2005 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1979 The Warriors Luther 1982 Hammett The Punk 1982 48 Hrs . Luther 1984 Dreamscape Tommy Ray Glatman 1985 Commando Sully The Misfit Brigade The Legionnaire 1988 Cheap Shots Arnold Posner 1989 Penn & Teller Get Killed The Fan 1990 Wild at Heart Dropshadow 1990 The Adventures of Ford Fairlane Sam Malcolm X Mr. Ostrowski 1993 Exterior Night Biff Short film 1994 Crooklyn Tony Eyes / Jim 1994 The Crow T - Bird 1995 Heavy Grey Man in the Hospital 1995 Cafe Society J. Roland Sala Flirting with Disaster Fritz Boudreau The Funeral Michael Stein Last Man Standing Doyle Trojan War Bagman 1999 In Too Deep Rick Scott 2000 Songcatcher Earl Giddens K - PAX Howie 2002 Personal Velocity : Three Portraits Peter 2003 Justice Marty 2005 The Longest Yard Unger 2006 Flags of Our Fathers President Harry S. Truman 2007 Gardener of Eden Pa Harris 2014 John Wick Charlie 2015 Chi - Raq General King Kong 2016 To Keep the Light Brackett 2017 John Wick : Chapter 2 Charlie Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1979 Sanctuary of Fear Audience Member Television film 1982 American Playhouse Copyboy Episode : `` Working '' 1984 Tales from the Darkside Richard Hall Episode : `` Slippage '' 1985 Miami Vice Jerry Episode : `` The Home Invaders '' 1985 Moonlighting McBride Episode : `` Somewhere Under the Rainbow '' 1985 Our Family Honor Terry Jurow Episode : `` The Casino '' Spenser : For Hire Kevin Harley / Ned Lloyd 2 episodes 1988 ABC Afterschool Special Unknown character Episode : `` Date Rape '' 1989 CBS Summer Playhouse Langley Episode : `` B - Men '' 1990 -- 1991 Twin Peaks Jerry Horne 9 episodes 1993 Ghostwriter Double - T 5 episodes 1998 Mad About You Cabbie with Chicken Episode : `` Season Opener '' 2002 Hack Eddie O'Daniel Episode : `` Favors '' 2005 Third Watch Danny McGowan Episode : `` Forever Blue '' 2007 Kidnapped Kurso Episode : `` Acknowledgement '' 2008 Law & Order Josh Perlberg Episode : `` Political Animal '' 2008 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Bo Levy Episode : `` Reunion '' 2008 -- 2011 Gossip Girl Noah Shapiro 3 episodes Louie Therapist 2 episodes Madso 's War Danny Driscoll Television film 2011 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Orville Underwood Episode : `` Possessed '' 2011 Bored to Death Jerry Episode : `` Nothing I Ca n't Handle by Running Away '' 2015 Blue Bloods Donald Berry Episode : `` Bad Company '' 2015 The Blacklist Heinrich Gerst 4 episodes 2016 Feed the Beast Ziggy Woichik 8 episodes 2017 Twin Peaks Jerry Horne 7 episodes Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ripper Joey Falconetti References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( February 10 , 1979 ) . `` The Warriors ( 1979 ) Movie : ' Warriors ' Creates Visual Style That Is Stark : The Cast '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ The New York Times Jump up ^ Grossepointenews.com Jump up ^ `` Past Presidents / / Office of the President / / University of Notre Dame '' . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luther from The Warriors plays the dad in the Broadway musical Once by Aubry D'Arminio , Entertainment Weekly , March 17 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Juliana Francis and David Kelly '' . The New York Times . August 14 , 2005 Jump up ^ Biography for David Patrick Kelly on IMDb Jump up ^ Thérèse Raquin , Roundabout Theatre External links ( edit ) Official website David Patrick Kelly at the Internet Broadway Database David Patrick Kelly at Internet Off - Broadway Database David Patrick Kelly on IMDb David Patrick Kelly ( Aveleyman ) VIAF : 61146058 LCCN : no97010487 ISNI : 0000 0000 4171 9004 GND : 110341206X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Patrick_Kelly&oldid=803798019 '' Categories : 1951 births American male film actors American male television actors American male stage actors American people of Irish descent Living people Male actors from Detroit University of Detroit Mercy alumni Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 18 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Patrick%20Kelly
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what smart tv has the best operating system
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List of Smart TV platforms and middleware software
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list of smart tv platforms and middleware software
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The following list encompasses notable smart TV platforms and application software that are used as software framework and middleware platforms used by more than just one manufacturer .
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Main article : Smart TV Contents ( hide ) 1 Middleware providers to multiple third parties 1.1 Framework platforms managed by standardization bodies or technology consortium 1.2 Framework platforms managed by single companies or foundations 2 Current smart TV platforms utilized by vendors 3 See also 4 References Middleware providers to multiple third parties ( edit ) For TV sets and companion boxes vendors , available under OEM license . Framework platforms managed by standardization bodies or technology consortium ( edit ) Framework Managed by Comments HbbTV HbbTV Association An HTML5 - based application framework middle - ware software platform provided by the Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV association . CE - HTML CEA ( Consumer Electronics Association ) As part of Web4CE . OIPF Open IPTV Forum As of June 2014 , OIPF is now part of the HbbTV Association . Tru2way CableLabs Framework platforms managed by single companies or foundations ( edit ) Available to third parties , under OEM license . Framework Managed by Used by Android TV Google Asus B&O Bouygues Telecom ( Bbox Miami ) CCC Mobile ( Air Stick ) Free / Iliad ( Freebox Mini 4K ) LeEco ( Super4 X Series ) NVIDIA ( Shield TV Console ) Philips RCA Sharp Sony TCL Smart TV platform for TV sets and set - top - boxes . Gives access to Android apps through the Play Store . Boxee Boxee , Inc D - Link Popular fork of the Kodi / XBMC media center software with custom graphical user interface and some proprietary application framework for apps . Fire TV Amazon Westinghouse , Element Smart TV platform for TV sets Firefox OS for TV Mozilla Panasonic Panasonic 's Smart TVs , including their new 4K TVs , continue to feature Mozilla 's open source Firefox OS , despite Mozilla lowering its development priority on developing the operating system . Panasonic is continuing to develop their fork , calling it My Home Screen while Mozilla has stated that they will continue to support and work with Panasonic Frog Wyplay SFR Used by some IPTV operators , such as SFR in France on its set - top - box Google TV Google Asus HiSense LG Logitech Netgear SFR Sony TCL Vizio Android based platform . Its development stopped in 2013 and it is replaced by Chromecast and Android TV . Horizon TV Liberty Global A cross-platform platform based fork of the Kodi / XBMC media center software with proprietary middleware framework for video on demand and handling DRM for streaming cable television channels . httvLink HTTV Kaon Pace Sagemcom Smit An HbbTV compliant TV Operating System for Connected TV receivers , addressing all Digital TV platforms . Inview Inview Technology Ltd Digifusion Thomson Sony Connects an ordinary TV ( or set - top box ) to get IPTV . Kodi Entertainment Center ( formerly XBMC Media Center ) XBMC Foundation Open source cross-platform media center and DVR / PVR frontend software . MeeGo Nokia , The Linux Foundation Middleware for smart TV . Now split into Tizen , Mer , and Sailfish OS ) ( Linux Foundation , Intel , AMD ) currently based on a derivative fork of Kodi / XBMC media center software Mediaroom Ericsson ( former : Microsoft ) Ericsson Mediaroom TV platforms are offered by 90 operators around the world . Middleware for Pay - TV operators OpenTV Nagravision BSkyB ( UK ) Sky Italia ( Italy ) Digital+ ( Spain ) Numericable ( France ) EchoStar ( USA ) Middleware for Pay - TV operators . Opera TV Opera Software Hisense Mediatek Humax Samsung Sony Swisscom Vestel TV solution for operators , OEMs , and brands . Oregan Media Browser 5 Oregan Networks British Telecom Telefónica NTT Middleware for Pay - TV operators , deployed by large telecoms and cable operators such as BT and Telefónica on Hybrid STBs Plex Plex , Inc Closed source cross-platform media center with proprietary streaming functionality to numerous devices , ( initially started out as a popular fork of the Kodi / XBMC media center software . Roku TV Roku Hisense JVC Roku TCL Sharp Insignia LG Haier RDK ( Reference Development Kit ) Comcast Cisco Humax Pace TV solution for operators , OEMs , and brands . Smart TV Alliance Smart TV Alliance LG Panasonic ( VierraConnect ) Philips / TP Vision Toshiba ( CloudTV ) A common SDK for TV app development and publishing for TV vendors . ToFu Media Platform Pivos Pivos PlayJam Cross-platform fork of Kodi / XBMC media center licensed to third parties and other commercial partners as OEM . Ubuntu TV Canonical Ubuntu operating system based platform , with Unity Next user interface for TV . Yahoo ! Smart TV ( formerly Yahoo ! Connected TV ) Yahoo ! Mediatek Samsung Sony Trident Toshiba Vizio ( Internet Apps Plus ) Available on some TV sets . Shijiu TV Shijiu , Inc Samsung LG TCL Skyworth Alibaba and various OTT boxes Middleware for internet TV . A cross-platform high - performance OpenGL based HTML5 engine licensed to third parties and other commercial partners as OEM . Also known as ' QCast ' . Current Smart TV platforms utilized by vendors ( edit ) Includes first and third - party solutions . Vendor Platform Devices Amazon Fire TV For Fire TV devices , including TV stick . Apple tvOS For newer Apple TV boxes . Apple Apple TV , running on iOS For Apple TV boxes . Initially using Front Row ( software ) . Google Chromecast For Chromecast HDMI dongles . Haier Roku TV For TV sets . Hisense Roku TV For TV sets . Hitachi Roku TV For TV sets . Insigna Roku TV For TV sets . LG webOS Smart TV Current solution for TV sets . LG NetCast Former solution for TV sets . Microsoft Xbox One For Xbox One game console . More Smart TV features and TV apps expected with the Windows 10 update , that include the Windows Universal App Store . Microsoft Xbox 360 For Xbox 360 game console , with smart TV features . Netgear NeoTV For NeoTV streaming players . Nvidia Nvidia Shield TV For Nvidia Shield TVs . Panasonic Viera Cast and Viera Connect For TV sets . The newer TV models now use the Firefox OS TV platform ( no longer vendor specific ) . Panasonic Life + Screen For TV sets . Philips Net TV For TV sets . Philips Android TV For TV sets . Samsung Tizen OS for TV For newer TV sets . Samsung Samsung Smart TV ( Orsay OS ) Former solution for TV sets and connected Blu - ray players . Now replaced by Tizen OS . Sharp Android TV For TV sets . Sharp AQUOS NET+ For TV sets . Sharp Roku TV For TV sets . Sharp SmartCentral For TV sets . Sony Android TV For TV sets . Sony PlayStation TV with Sony Entertainment Network For PlayStation game console . Sony Sony Internet TV ( Sony Apps ) Former solution for TV sets . The newer TV models now use the Android TV platform ( no longer vendor specific ) . TCL Android TV For TV sets . TCL Roku TV For TV sets . TCL / Thomson Smart TV 2 For TV sets . TiVo TiVo For TiVo DVR box . Toshiba Toshiba Places For TV sets . Sling Media Slingbox For Slingbox set - top - boxes . Western Digital WD TV For WD TV boxes . Westinghouse Fire TV For TV sets . See also ( edit ) Television portal Smart TV Digital media player Home theater PC Comparison of set - top boxes Comparison of Net - Connected Media Players List of Net Connected Media Players References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The world 's smallest Android TV Air Stick '' . CNET JAPAN . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IBC 2011 : Smart TV Q&A with iomega 's Olivier D'Eternod '' . Scoop.intel.com . September 15 , 2011 . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Boxee See Internet TV Moving Away From The Computer To Mobile And Connected TV '' . Worldtvpc.com . December 29 , 2011 . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Panasonic Sticks With Firefox OS for Smart TV Range '' . Jump up ^ `` Next Steps for Connected Devices '' . Jump up ^ `` Panasonic Announces New OLED TV and 4K Blu Ray Players '' . Jump up ^ `` Google TV 2.0 gains Honeycomb , Android Market '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Googletv issue tracker '' . Jump up ^ Smith , Tony ( 23 January 2012 ) . `` Acetrax joins Inview VoD squad '' . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Acetrax to launch online movie service with Inview platform '' . DigitalTV.net . undated ( 2011 ) . Retrieved 08 / 03 / 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = , date = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://meego.com/devices/smart-tv MeeGo for Smart TV Jump up ^ `` AMD to contribute to MeeGo development '' . The H open . November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MeeGo Smart TV for Trimslice '' . Wiki.meego.com . September 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` XBMC + MeeGo hardfp on trimslice -- nvidia tegra2 ( MeeGo TV ) '' . Madeo.co.uk . August 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` XBMC + MeeGo hardfp on trimslice -- nvidia tegra2 ( MeeGo TV ) '' . Youtube . August 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://build.pub.meego.com/package/show?package=xbmc-gles&project=home%3Aarfoll%3Axbmc-testing xbmc - gles Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Mediaroom : IPTV gets a makeover '' . Engadget.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft unveils all new time shifting , interactive features for Mediaroom IPTV '' . Engadget.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Mediaroom clients to bring Microsoft 's TV platform everywhere this year '' . Engadget.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roku . `` Roku '' . Roku . Jump up ^ `` Canonical outs Ubuntu TV : Brave or stupid ? '' . Extremetech.com . January 9 , 2012 . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Jack ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` CES 2012 : free Ubuntu TV has service and revenue fees '' . Zdnet.co.uk . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Unity - based Ubuntu TV takes on Google TV '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://smarttv.yahoo.com/ Yahoo ! Smart TV Jump up ^ `` LG MAKES SMART TV SIMPLE WITH NEW WEBOS SMART TV PLATFORM '' . http://www.lgnewsroom.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Smart TV '' . Lg.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LG Smart TV -- Access the World of Entertainment using the LG Smart TV '' . Lg.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LG Smart TV -- Easily Connect , Stream and Share with the new LG Smart TV '' . Lg.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Smart TV '' . Lg.com/au . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Contact Kat Hannaford : Email the author Comment ( September 1 , 2010 ) . `` Internet - Connected TV Apps System Renamed to `` Smart TV '' by LG `` . Gizmodo.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Samsung 2011 CES Wrap - up : Products for a Smarter Life Jump up ^ `` The Wonder of Samsung Smart TVs '' . Samsung.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.samsungsmarttvchallenge.eu Samsung Smart TV Challenge Jump up ^ `` Sony Entertainment Network '' . Jump up ^ `` Breaking down the PS Vita TV : Why Sony 's $100 set - top box is more than a consolation prize '' . Engadget . Jump up ^ `` Toshiba Places '' . Toshiba.eu . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Home theater PC software , devices , and related articles Windows Beyond TV DVBViewer DVB Dream NextPVR ( formerly GB - PVR ) JRiver Media Center MediaPortal ShowShifter Windows Media Center macOS Front Row Linux GeeXboX LibreELEC LinuxMCE MythTV Mythbuntu OpenELEC TVHeadend Video Disk Recorder Cross-platform Emby Kodi ( formerly XBMC ) Plex SageTV Serviio Set - top boxes , digital media receivers Amazon Fire TV Android TV Apple TV Boxee Box Chromecast Dreambox Ericsson Mediaroom Google TV Hauppauge MediaMVP HP MediaSmart Connect Netgear Digital Entertainer ReplayTV Roku TiVo Unibox WD TV Windows Media Center Extender Related hardware Airtame ATI Theater Cards DBox2 Dreambox Elgato EyeTV devices Hauppauge Computer Works WinTV PVR Cards HDHomeRun Mac Mini Monsoon HAVA Quiet PC Slingbox Touchscreen remote control VBox Home TV Gateway Related articles 10 - foot user interface Comparison of audio player software Comparison of video player software Comparison of streaming media systems Digital Living Network Alliance Digital media receiver Home cinema Home theater PC Hybrid IPTV Internet television Media server Set - top box Smart TV Video player Media player software Free software Windows Media Player Classic Mpxplay QuuxPlayer Linux active Baudline cmus Helix Kaffeine Music on Console Noise Parole Rhythmbox Totem Xine XMMS2 inactive JuK Muine Ogle DVD Player XMMS Cross-platform active Audacious Clementine DeaDBeeF Exaile ffplay Kodi Mpg123 MPlayer / mpv ( SMPlayer ) Music Player Daemon qmmp Quod Libet VLC inactive Amarok Banshee Miro Nightingale Songbird Zinf Freeware Windows Adobe Media Player AIMP BS. Player CrystalPlayer Dell MediaDirect foobar2000 GOM Player jetAudio KMPlayer MadCat Media Browser Media Go MediaMonkey Mod4Win MusicBee MusikCube InterActual Player PotPlayer QuickTime Quintessential Player Style Jukebox Winamp Cross-platform Boxee DivX Player iTunes Plex QuickTime RealPlayer Commercial ( proprietary ) Windows Connect Player Iriver plus 3 JRiver Media Center PowerDVD TotalMedia Theatre SonicStage WinDVD Windows Media Center Windows Media Player Yahoo ! Music Jukebox Linux Fluendo DVD Player macOS DVD Player Front Row Peel Mobile CoreAVC CorePlayer Core Pocket Media Player doubleTwist RealPlayer TuneWiki Winamp Lists Video players Audio players Free software audio players Portable media players Personal video recorders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_smart_TV_platforms_and_middleware_software&oldid=807517834 '' Categories : Smart TV Digital television lists Lists of software Digital media players Media players Consumer electronics Internet of things Information appliances Computing - related lists Film and video technology Interactive television Internet broadcasting Internet television Multimedia Networking hardware Streaming media systems Video on demand services Television technology Television terminology Technological comparison Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 13 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20smart%20TV%20platforms%20and%20middleware%20software
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who did the chicago bulls play in the nba finals
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List of NBA champions
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list of nba champions
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hide National Basketball Association awards and honors Championship O'Brien Trophy Brown Trophy ( defunct ) Individual awards All - Star Game MVP Bill Russell Finals MVP Coach of the Year Defensive Player of the Year Executive of the Year J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Community Assist Award Most Improved Player Most Valuable Player Rookie of the Year Sixth Man of the Year Sportsmanship Award Twyman -- Stokes Teammate of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award Honors All - NBA Team All - Rookie Team All - Defensive Team The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) ( formerly Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) from 1946 to 1949 ) Finals is the championship series for the NBA and the conclusion of the NBA 's postseason . All Finals have been played in a best - of - seven format , and contested between the winners of the Eastern Conference and the Western Conference ( formerly Divisions before 1970 ) , except in 1950 in which the Eastern Division champion faced the winner between the Western and Central Division champions . Prior to 1949 , the playoffs were instituted a three - stage tournament where the two semifinal winners played each other in the finals . The winning team of the series receives the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy . The home - and - away format in the NBA Finals is in a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format ( the team with the better regular season record plays on their home court in Games 1 , 2 , 5 and 7 ) during 1947 -- 1948 , 1950 -- 1952 , 1957 -- 1970 , 1972 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1977 , 1979 -- 1984 , 2014 -- present . It was previously in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format ( the team with the better regular season record plays on their home court in Games 1 , 2 , 6 and 7 ) during 1949 , 1953 -- 1955 , and 1985 -- 2013 , in a 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format during 1956 and 1971 and in a 1 -- 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 format during 1975 and 1978 . The Eastern Conference / Division leads the Western Conference / Division in series won ( 38 -- 32 ) . The defunct Central Division won one championship . The Boston Celtics and the Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers alone own almost half of the titles , having won a combined 33 of 72 championships . Contents 1 Champions 2 Results by teams 3 Notes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Champions The first brackets in the Western Champion and Eastern Champion columns indicate the teams ' playoff seed . The second brackets indicate the number of times that teams have appeared in an NBA Finals as well as each respective team 's NBA Finals record to date . Bold Winning team of the NBA Finals Year Western Champion Coach Result Eastern Champion Coach Reference 1947 Chicago Stags ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Harold Olsen 1 -- 4 Philadelphia Warriors ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Eddie Gottlieb 1948 Baltimore Bullets ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Buddy Jeannette 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Warriors ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Eddie Gottlieb 1949 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 2 Washington Capitols ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1950 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 2 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Al Cervi 1951 Rochester Royals ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Les Harrison 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 3 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Joe Lapchick 1952 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 3 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Joe Lapchick 1953 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 1 ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Joe Lapchick 1954 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 3 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Al Cervi 1955 Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Charles Eckman 3 -- 4 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Al Cervi 1956 Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Charles Eckman 1 -- 4 Philadelphia Warriors ( 1 ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) George Senesky 1957 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Alex Hannum 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Red Auerbach 1958 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Alex Hannum 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1959 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) John Kundla 0 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1960 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Ed Macauley 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1961 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Paul Seymour 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1962 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Fred Schaus 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1963 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) Fred Schaus 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1964 San Francisco Warriors ( 1 ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Alex Hannum 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 8 , 7 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1965 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) Fred Schaus 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 9 , 8 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1966 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 10 , 5 -- 5 ) Fred Schaus 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 2 ) ( 10 , 9 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1967 San Francisco Warriors ( 1 ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Bill Sharman 2 -- 4 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Alex Hannum 1968 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 11 , 5 -- 6 ) Butch van Breda Kolff 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 2 ) ( 11 , 10 -- 1 ) Bill Russell 1969 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 12 , 5 -- 7 ) Butch van Breda Kolff 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 4 ) ( 12 , 11 -- 1 ) Bill Russell 1970 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 13 , 5 -- 8 ) Joe Mullaney 3 -- 4 New York Knicks ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Red Holzman 1971 Milwaukee Bucks ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Larry Costello 4 -- 0 Baltimore Bullets ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Gene Shue 1972 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 14 , 6 -- 8 ) Bill Sharman 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 2 ) ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Red Holzman 1973 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 15 , 6 -- 9 ) Bill Sharman 1 -- 4 New York Knicks ( 2 ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Red Holzman Milwaukee Bucks ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Larry Costello 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 13 , 12 -- 1 ) Tom Heinsohn Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Al Attles 4 -- 0 Washington Bullets ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones 1976 Phoenix Suns ( 3 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) John MacLeod 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 14 , 13 -- 1 ) Tom Heinsohn 1977 Portland Trail Blazers ( 3 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Jack Ramsey 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Gene Shue 1978 Seattle SuperSonics ( 4 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Lenny Wilkens 3 -- 4 Washington Bullets ( 3 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Dick Motta 1979 Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Lenny Wilkens 4 -- 1 Washington Bullets ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Dick Motta 1980 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 16 , 7 -- 9 ) Paul Westhead 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Billy Cunningham 1981 Houston Rockets ( 6 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Del Harris 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 15 , 14 -- 1 ) Bill Fitch 1982 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 17 , 8 -- 9 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Billy Cunningham Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 18 , 8 -- 10 ) Pat Riley 0 -- 4 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Billy Cunningham 1984 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 19 , 8 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 16 , 15 -- 1 ) K.C. Jones 1985 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 20 , 9 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 17 , 15 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones 1986 Houston Rockets ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Bill Fitch 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 18 , 16 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 21 , 10 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 19 , 16 -- 3 ) K.C. Jones 1988 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 22 , 11 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 1989 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 23 , 11 -- 12 ) Pat Riley 0 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 1990 Portland Trail Blazers ( 3 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Rick Adelman 1 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 1991 Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) ( 24 , 11 -- 13 ) Mike Dunleavy 1 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1992 Portland Trail Blazers ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Rick Adelman 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1993 Phoenix Suns ( 1 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Paul Westphal 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 2 ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1994 Houston Rockets ( 2 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Rudy Tomjanovich 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 2 ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Pat Riley 1995 Houston Rockets ( 6 ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rudy Tomjanovich 4 -- 0 Orlando Magic ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Brian Hill Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) George Karl 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1997 Utah Jazz ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Jerry Sloan 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1998 Utah Jazz ( 1 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Jerry Sloan 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 6 , 6 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1999 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 8 ) ( 8 , 2 -- 6 ) Jeff Van Gundy 2000 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 25 , 12 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 2 Indiana Pacers ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Larry Bird 2001 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 26 , 13 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 1 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Larry Brown 2002 Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) ( 27 , 14 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 0 New Jersey Nets ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Byron Scott 2003 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 2 New Jersey Nets ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Byron Scott Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 28 , 14 -- 14 ) Phil Jackson 1 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 3 ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Larry Brown 2005 San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Larry Brown 2006 Dallas Mavericks ( 4 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Avery Johnson 2 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Pat Riley 2007 San Antonio Spurs ( 3 ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 0 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Mike Brown 2008 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 29 , 14 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 20 , 17 -- 3 ) Doc Rivers 2009 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 30 , 15 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 1 Orlando Magic ( 3 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Stan Van Gundy Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 31 , 16 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 3 Boston Celtics ( 4 ) ( 21 , 17 -- 4 ) Doc Rivers 2011 Dallas Mavericks ( 3 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Rick Carlisle 4 -- 2 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 2012 Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Scott Brooks 1 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 2013 San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Gregg Popovich 3 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 1 ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 2014 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 1 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Erik Spoelstra 2015 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 2 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) David Blatt 2016 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 3 -- 4 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tyronn Lue 2017 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 1 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Tyronn Lue 2018 Golden State Warriors ( 2 ) ( 10 , 6 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 0 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4 ) ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Tyronn Lue Results by teams Teams Win Loss Total Year ( s ) won Year ( s ) lost Boston Celtics 17 21 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 2008 1958 , 1985 , 1987 , 2010 Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers 16 15 31 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1972 , 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 1959 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1973 , 1983 , 1984 , 1989 , 1991 , 2004 , 2008 Philadelphia / San Francisco / Golden State Warriors 6 10 1947 , 1956 , 1975 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 1948 , 1964 , 1967 , 2016 Chicago Bulls 6 0 6 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 -- San Antonio Spurs 5 6 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 2013 Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers 6 9 1955 , 1967 , 1983 1950 , 1954 , 1977 , 1980 , 1982 , 2001 Fort Wayne / Detroit Pistons 7 1989 , 1990 , 2004 1955 , 1956 , 1988 , 2005 Miami Heat 5 2006 , 2012 , 2013 2011 , 2014 New York Knicks 6 8 1970 , 1973 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1972 , 1994 , 1999 Houston Rockets 1994 , 1995 1981 , 1986 Cleveland Cavaliers 5 2016 2007 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 St. Louis / Atlanta Hawks 1958 1957 , 1960 , 1961 Baltimore / Washington Bullets / Washington Wizards 1978 1971 , 1975 , 1979 Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder 1979 1978 , 1996 , 2012 Portland Trail Blazers 1977 1990 , 1992 Milwaukee Bucks 1971 Dallas Mavericks 2011 2006 Baltimore Bullets ( original ) ( folded in 1954 ) 0 1948 -- Rochester / Cincinnati Royals / Kansas City / Sacramento Kings 0 1951 -- Phoenix Suns 0 -- 1976 , 1993 New Orleans / Utah Jazz 0 -- 1997 , 1998 New Jersey / Brooklyn Nets 0 -- 2002 , 2003 Orlando Magic 0 -- 1995 , 2009 Chicago Stags ( folded in 1950 ) 0 -- 1947 Washington Capitols ( folded in 1951 ) 0 -- 1949 Indiana Pacers 0 -- 2000 Buffalo Braves / San Diego / Los Angeles Clippers -- -- -- Charlotte Hornets / Bobcats -- -- -- Denver Nuggets -- -- -- Minnesota Timberwolves -- -- -- New Orleans Hornets / Pelicans -- -- -- Toronto Raptors -- -- -- Vancouver / Memphis Grizzlies -- -- -- Notes Jump up ^ Due to the NBA 's realignment into three divisions , the team with the best regular season record after the Divisional Finals advanced automatically to the NBA Finals while the other two teams faced off in the NBA Semifinals to determine the other finalist . Eastern Division champion Syracuse had the best regular season record among the division champions , causing Central Division ( no relation to the current Central Division ) champion Minneapolis to face Western Division champion Anderson Packers in the NBA Semifinals . Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Walter A. Brown . Jump up ^ The trophy was replaced by a new design . Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Larry O'Brien . Jump up ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until February 5 , 1999 , and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 game regular season schedule . Jump up ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until December 25 , 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66 - game regular season schedule . Jump up ^ Not affiliated with the present - day Washington Wizards who were known as the Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets from 1963 to 1997 . See also National Basketball Association portal NBA Playoffs Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award List of NBA Development League champions List of NBA championship head coaches List of NBA players with most championships References Jump up ^ Rosen , Charley ( 2008 ) . The First Tip - Off : The Incredible Story of the Birth of the NBA . Mc - Graw Hill . pp. 211 -- 212 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 148785 - 9 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Corrie ; Reheuser , Rob ; et al. ( 2006 ) . Sporting News Official 2006 -- 2007 NBA Guide . Sporting News Books . ISBN 0 - 89204 - 854 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brown , Donald H. ( 2007 ) . A Best of Basketball Story . AuthorHouse . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 1 - 4343 - 4193 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 -- 49 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 -- 53 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 -- 54 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 -- 55 Syracuse Nationals Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Bob ( June 23 , 2005 ) . `` Time to turn back clock on format '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Vote is unanimous to change Finals '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 -- 56 Philadelphia Warriors Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 -- 71 Milwaukee Bucks Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 -- 75 Golden State Warriors Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 -- 78 Washington Bullets Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Win Inaugural Finals '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/playoffs/ Jump up ^ `` Mikan , Lakers Begin Championship Run '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1949 -- 50 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers : First Champs of Newly Formed NBA '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Royals Reign , Despite Knicks ' Unlikely Comeback '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Reclaim the NBA Crown '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . 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Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Give Sharman Championship Sendoff '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics , Lakers Work OT to Start Rivalry '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cousy Retires as Six - Time Champion '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Boston ' D ' at Center of Title Defense '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Win Seventh Straight Finals '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Red Lights Cigar to Close Coaching Career '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Prolific Sixers Bring Ring to Philly '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Boston is Alive and Well '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` West 's Heroics Ca n't Deprive Russell of 11th Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gutsy Reed Rallies Knicks in Game 7 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big O ' Completes Bucks ' Championship Run '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers ' Legendary Season Leads to Elusive Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks Win One for the ' Aged ' '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Win First Title of Post-Russell Era '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Barry 's Warriors Produce Epic Upset '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Triple - OT Classic Highlights Boston 's 13th Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy '' . NBA.com . National Basketball Association . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The trophies '' . St. Petersburg Times . Times Publishing Company . April 10 , 2003 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Walton , Lucas Ignite ' Blazermania ' '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fat Lady ' Sings Victorious Tune for Bullets '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Leads the Way for Sonics '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie Makes the Lakers Believe in Magic '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Return to Glory '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers ' Arduous Season Ends in Victory '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Moses Helps Dr. J , Sixers Reach Promised Land '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Win First Bird - Magic Finals Showdown '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem , Lakers Conquer the Celtic Mystique '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Frontcourt Vaults Celtics to Front of the Pack '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Maneuvers Lakers Past Celtics '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Capture the Elusive Repeat '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Waiting Game Ends for Impatient Pistons '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Boys Still the Best '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Finally Get That Championship Feeling '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Repeat is Extra Sweet for Bulls '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Paxson 's Trey Propels Bulls Into NBA History '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Houston 's Championship : Dream Come True '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets Earn Respect With Finals Sweep '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls ' Record - Setting Season Ends in Victory '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MJ Adds More Finals Heroics to His Legacy '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan 's Jumper Secures Chicago 's Sixth Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Donovan , John ( February 4 , 1999 ) . `` Let the semi-season begin : Expect injuries , intensity and a new champion in ' 99 '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Little General ' Marches Spurs to First Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq Makes Mark in New Millennium '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Take Two for Tinseltown '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Sweeping Statement '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Storybook Spurs ! '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Motown back at # 1 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Winning is fundamental '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wade 's world is Title Town '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sweeping success : Spurs win it ! '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Return to Glory : Celtics Win NBA Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Finishes Off Magic , Claims 15th Championship '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Revenge ! Lakers outlast Celtics in Game 7 for NBA title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cuban finally ends silence , emerges as a champion '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Two Exhibition Games for N.B.A. Teams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` Champs ! James ' triple - double lifts Heat to title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron leads Heat to second straight title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Spurs beat Heat 104 - 87 in Game 5 to win NBA title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Warriors win NBA title , down LeBron , Cavs 105 - 97 in Game 6 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NBA Finals -- Cleveland Cavaliers vs. Golden State Warriors '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NBA Finals -- Cleveland Cavaliers vs. Golden State Warriors '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20NBA%20champions
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when did rocky top became a state song
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The song was officially adopted as the fifth Tennessee state song in 1982 . In the 1970s , the song achieved such popularity among bar crowds that the Chapel Hill , North Carolina - based old - time band the Red Clay Ramblers ' national tours included a crowd - pleasing satire informally titled `` Play ' Rocky Top ' ( or I 'll Punch Your Lights Out . ) '' The Bryants ' children currently own the rights to the song under the corporate name `` House of Bryant , '' and the song 's original sheet music is on display at the Rocky Top Village Inn in downtown Gatlinburg .
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1982
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Rocky Top
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rocky top
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`` Rocky Top '' is an American country and bluegrass song written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant in 1967 and first recorded by the Osborne Brothers later that same year . The song , which is a city - dweller 's lamentation over the loss of a simpler and freer existence in the hills of Tennessee , is one of Tennessee 's ten official state songs and has been recorded by dozens of artists from multiple musical genres worldwide since its publication . In U.S. college athletics , `` Rocky Top '' is associated with the Tennessee Volunteers of the University of Tennessee ( UT ) , whose Pride of the Southland Band has played a marching band version of the song at the school 's sporting events since the early 1970s .
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The Osborne Brothers ' 1967 bluegrass version of the song reached No. 33 on the U.S. Country charts , and Lynn Anderson 's 1970 version peaked at No. 17 on the U.S. Country charts . In 2005 , The Atlanta Journal - Constitution ranked `` Rocky Top '' number seven on its list of 100 Songs of the South . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Lyrics 1.2 College fight song 1.3 Location of Rocky Top 1.4 Operation Rocky Top 2 Notable covers 3 See also 4 References Background ( edit ) `` Rocky Top '' was written by married songwriting duo Boudleaux Bryant ( 1920 -- 1987 ) and Felice Bryant ( 1925 -- 2003 ) in 1967 . At the time , the Bryants were working at The Gatlinburg Inn in Gatlinburg , Tennessee on a collection of slow - tempo songs for a project for Archie Campbell and Chet Atkins . Writing the fast - paced `` Rocky Top , '' which took about 10 minutes to write , served as a temporary diversion for them . While the song became a staple of the Osborne Brothers concerts in the late 1960s , the song did not achieve mass popularity until the early 1970s , when Lynn Anderson 's version reached number seventeen on the Billboard Country Top 100 . In 1972 , UT 's Pride of the Southland Band first played the song as part of one of its drills , the idea and arrangement being primarily the work of band arranger Barry MacDonald . The song was deemed popular enough to be played at a halftime country music show at a game against Alabama in October 1972 , gaining fans ' attention . UT recognized the song 's appeal and the band started playing Rocky Top at every game . Longtime band director W.J. Julian stated that if Rocky Top was ever not played , then there would be a mutiny among Vol fans , reflecting the song 's deep - rooted foundation in UT sports . The song was officially adopted as the fifth Tennessee state song in 1982 . In the 1970s , the song achieved such popularity among bar crowds that the Chapel Hill , North Carolina - based old - time band the Red Clay Ramblers ' national tours included a crowd - pleasing satire informally titled `` Play ' Rocky Top ' ( or I 'll Punch Your Lights Out . ) '' The Bryants ' children currently own the rights to the song under the corporate name `` House of Bryant , '' and the song 's original sheet music is on display at the Rocky Top Village Inn in downtown Gatlinburg . Lyrics ( edit ) Despite its fast and upbeat tempo , the song is actually a lament over the loss of a way of life . In the song 's opening verse , the singer longs for a place called `` Rocky Top , '' where there is no `` smoggy smoke '' and there are no `` telephone bills . '' The singer reminisces about a love affair he once had on Rocky Top with a woman `` wild as a mink '' and `` sweet as soda pop . '' The song 's second verse recalls a story about two `` strangers '' ( apparently revenue agents ) climbing Rocky Top `` looking for a moonshine still , '' but never returning ( conflict between moonshiners and `` revenuers '' is a common theme in Appalachian culture ) . The song says that the soil on Rocky Top is too rocky to grow corn , so the people of Rocky Top `` get their corn from a jar '' . In the third and final verse ( which consists of just four lines ) , the singer again longs for the `` simple '' life , likening life in the city to being `` trapped like a duck in a pen . '' College fight song ( edit ) With its good - natured regional references to a carefree lifestyle , the singing of `` Rocky Top '' by UT students , alumni , and fans at sports venues such as Neyland Stadium and Thompson -- Boling Arena is well established . House of Bryant has granted the University of Tennessee a perpetual license to play the song as much and as often as success on the field dictates . Longtime director W.J. Julian created a marching band arrangement that was first played at the Vols ' October 21 , 1972 game against the Alabama Crimson Tide . Over the years , `` Rocky Top '' has become so closely associated with UT that many people believe it to be the school 's fight song . However , UT 's official fight song is `` Down the Field . '' Location of Rocky Top ( edit ) Rocky Top and the Appalachian Trail While the Bryants never indicated that `` Rocky Top , Tennessee '' refers to a specific place , some have suggested that a 5,440 - foot ( 1,660 m ) barren summit known as `` Rocky Top '' -- located in the Great Smoky Mountains along the Tennessee - North Carolina border -- is the best fit , due in large part to its proximity to Gatlinburg , where the song was written . Rocky Top is a subpeak of Thunderhead Mountain , which overlooks Cades Cove , and is traversed by the Appalachian Trail . Rocky Top appears on maps of the western Smokies as early as 1934 , and has been a popular hiking destination since the Great Smoky Mountains National Park was created during the same period . The name `` Rocky Top '' is sometimes used as a nickname for East Tennessee , the city of Knoxville , and the University of Tennessee ( especially its two major athletic venues , Neyland Stadium and the Thompson -- Boling Arena ) . `` Rocky Top '' is also a popular name for East Tennessee businesses , among them a real estate agency and a chain of convenience stores . In 2014 , Lake City , Tennessee changed its name to Rocky Top , Tennessee after an effort by the House of Bryant to enjoin the city was denied by a federal court . Operation Rocky Top ( edit ) `` Operation Rocky Top '' was the FBI 's code name for a public corruption investigation into the Tennessee state government in the late 1980s which resulted in the eventual suicide of the Tennessee Secretary of State , Gentry Crowell , and the incarceration of several other individuals , most notably state House Majority Leader Tommy Burnett . The focus of the investigation was the illegal sale of bingo licenses . Notable covers ( edit ) Phish played `` Rocky Top '' regularly from 1987 to 2003 and , after reforming , again in 2009 . There have been additional cover versions of the song by artists such as The Schwag , Dillard and Clark and country artists such as Buck Owens , Lynn Anderson , Dolly Parton , John Denver , Albert Lee , Conway Twitty , Billie Jo Spears , and John Stewart . Columbus , Ohio - based all - female rock trio Scrawl , included a cover of the song on their Nashville - recorded 1988 album `` He 's Drunk '' . Many contemporary groups and artists have performed the song while performing in Knoxville , including Rascal Flatts , Brad Paisley , Keith Urban , and Dierks Bentley . The country rock group the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band tackled the song on their 1976 compilation album Dirt , Silver and Gold . The 2011 pilot episode of NBC 's sitcom Up All Night featured Christina Applegate and Will Arnett singing `` Rocky Top . '' See also ( edit ) Good Old Mountain Dew References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` State Songs '' . tn.gov . tn.gov . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Williams , Our Stories : Rocky Top . WBIR.com , 19 November 2008 . Retrieved : 20 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Top '' . Tennessee Volunteers Fever . August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bryan Perry ( producer ) , Shane Harrison , Sonia Murray , Nick Marino , and Soyia Ellison , 100 Songs of the South . Retrieved : 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Exactly when and how the `` woo '' was added to the chorus of `` Rocky Top '' is a bit of a mystery `` . Origin.wbir.com. 2011 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` University of Tennessee Official Athletic Site '' . Utsports.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Heidi Hill ( 10 October 2014 ) . `` Grand Marshal Del Bryant returns `` Home Sweet Home '' `` . The Daily Beacon . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Music of the Red Clay Ramblers '' . Originalredclayramblers.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 9 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Clay Carey , `` ' Rocky Top ' Clip Puts Network A&E in Court . The Tennessean , 26 August 2009 . Retrieved : 20 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Beth Haynes , `` Rocky Top Penned at Gatlinburg Inn . '' WBIR.com , 4 September 2009 . Retrieved : 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ For discussion of moonshining in Southern Appalachia , see Horace Kephart 's Our Southern Highlanders ( 1922 ) and Joseph Dabney 's Mountain Spirits ( 1974 ) . Jump up ^ Tom Mattingly , The University of Tennessee Trivia Book ( Hill Street Press , 2007 ) ISBN 1588181383 Jump up ^ University of Tennessee -- Songs of Tennessee . Retrieved : 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Robert Silvers , `` Hit Song Born at Gatlinburg Inn . '' Saturday Evening Post , 26 June 2009 . Retrieved : 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Peakbagger.com , Rocky Top , North Carolina / Tennessee . Retrieved : 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` TN landforms topo '' . Tnlandforms.us . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ United States Geological Survey , `` Great Smoky Mountains National Park , Tennessee and North Carolina , '' 1934 . Retrieved : 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Laura Thornborough , Great Smoky Mountains ( Knoxville , Tenn. : University of Tennessee Press , 1942 ) , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mary ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Home sweet home : Lake City changes name to Rocky Top '' . WBIR . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Lynn Anderson Studio albums Ride , Ride , Ride Songs That Made Country Girls Famous Rose Garden You 're My Man How Can I Unlove You Cry Listen to a Country Song Keep Me in Mind Top of the World Smile for Me What a Man My Man Is I 've Never Loved Anyone More All the King 's Horses Wrap Your Love All Around Your Man I Love What Love Is Doing to Me / He Ai n't You From the Inside Outlaw Is Just a State of Mind Even Cowgirls Get the Blues Back What She Does Best Cowboy 's Sweetheart The Bluegrass Sessions Holiday albums The Christmas Album Home for the Holidays Live albums Live at Billy Bob 's Texas Compilations The World of Lynn Anderson Greatest Hits 16 Biggest Hits Singles `` If I Kiss You '' `` Promises , Promises '' `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' `` I 've Been Everywhere '' `` Rocky Top '' `` Rose Garden '' `` It Was n't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels '' `` You 're My Man '' `` How Can I Unlove You '' `` Cry '' `` Listen to a Country Song '' `` Fool Me '' `` Keep Me in Mind '' `` Top of the World '' `` Talkin ' to the Wall '' `` What a Man My Man Is '' `` Paradise '' `` Wrap Your Love All Around Your Man '' `` I Love How You Love Me '' `` Sea of Heartbreak '' `` You 're Welcome to Tonight '' `` Under the Boardwalk '' Related articles Discography Tennessee Volunteers football Venues Waite Field ( 1892 - 1920 ) Shields - Watkins Field ( 1921 - 1962 ) Neyland Stadium ( 1962 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Alabama : Third Saturday in October Auburn Florida Georgia Georgia Tech Kentucky Vanderbilt Culture & lore History Smokey `` Rocky Top '' Pride of the Southland Band Battle at Bristol Porter Cup People Head coaches Starting quarterbacks NFL draftees Seasons 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1998 2017 2018 National championship seasons in bold Tennessee Volunteers basketball Venues Alumni Memorial Gym ( 1934 -- 1958 ) Stokely Athletic Center ( 1958 -- 1987 ) Thompson -- Boling Arena ( 1987 -- present ) Rivalries Kentucky Culture & lore History Smokey `` Rocky Top '' People Head coaches Retired jerseys NBA draftees Seasons 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Tennessee Lady Volunteers basketball Venues Stokely Athletic Center ( 1974 -- 1987 ) Thompson -- Boling Arena ( 1987 -- present ) Rivalries Connecticut Culture & lore History Smokey `` Rocky Top '' People Head coaches Retired jerseys Seasons 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 AIAW and NCAA national championships in bold ; AIAW and NCAA Final Four appearances in italics 33 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Top&oldid=810800110 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1970 singles Appalachian culture Southeastern Conference fight songs Osborne Brothers songs Lynn Anderson songs Music of East Tennessee United States state songs Tennessee Volunteers and Lady Volunteers Tennessee culture Songs written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant Songs about Tennessee Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2011 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 14 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky%20Top
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what township do i live in evansville indiana
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Knight Township , Vanderburgh County , Indiana
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knight township, vanderburgh county, indiana
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Knight Township is one of eight townships in Vanderburgh County , Indiana , USA . As of the 2010 census , its population was 67,945 and it contained 33,472 housing units . Knight Township has the largest township population in Southwestern Indiana and is the home of nearly 40 percent of Vanderburgh County 's population . On October 1 , 2009 , the City of Evansville officially annexed territory within Knight Township bounded between Burkhardt Road , the Lloyd Expressway and Morgan Avenue .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Cities and towns 2.2 Unincorporated towns 2.3 Adjacent townships 2.4 Cemeteries 2.5 Airports and landing strips 2.6 Lakes 2.7 Landmarks 3 School districts 4 Political districts 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Knight Township was organized in 1840 . Geography ( edit ) According to the 2010 census , the township has a total area of 34.79 square miles ( 90.1 km ) , of which 34.19 square miles ( 88.6 km ) ( or 98.28 % ) is land and 0.6 square miles ( 1.6 km ) ( or 1.72 % ) is water . Cities and towns ( edit ) Evansville ( southern portion ) Unincorporated towns ( edit ) Smythe Adjacent townships ( edit ) Indiana Vanderburgh County Pigeon Township ( west ) Center Township ( northwest ) Warrick County Campbell Township ( northeast ) Ohio Township ( east ) Cemeteries ( edit ) The township contains these two cemeteries : Oak Hill and Oates Memorial Park . Airports and landing strips ( edit ) Saint Marys Medical Center Airport Lakes ( edit ) Cross Lake Landmarks ( edit ) Angel Mounds University of Evansville Swonder Ice Arena Wesselman Woods Eastland Mall Washington Square Mall School districts ( edit ) Evansville - Vanderburgh School Corporation Political districts ( edit ) Indiana 's 8th congressional district State House District 75 State House District 77 State House District 78 State Senate District 49 State Senate District 50 Evansville City Ward 1 Evansville City Ward 2 Evansville City Ward 3 Evansville City Ward 4 Evansville City Ward 5 References ( edit ) `` Knight Township , Vanderburgh County , Indiana '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 20 . United States Census Bureau 2007 TIGER / Line Shapefiles IndianaMap ^ Jump up to : `` Population , Housing Units , Area , and Density : 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place -- 2010 Census Summary File 1 '' . United States Census . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ History of Vanderburgh County , Indiana : From the Earliest Times to the Present . Brant & Fuller. 1889 . p. 63 . External links ( edit ) Official Site Indiana Township Association United Township Association of Indiana Places adjacent to Knight Township , Vanderburgh County , Indiana Center Township Campbell Township , Warrick County Pigeon Township Knight Township Ohio Township , Warrick County City of Evansville Annual festivals Evansville Freedom Festival Germania Männerchor Volksfest West Side Nut Club Fall Festival Vanderburgh County 4H Fair Frog Follies ShrinersFest Jazz & Wine Festival Arenas and venues Alhambra Theatorium Bosse Field Old National Events Plaza Ford Center Goebel Soccer Complex Mesker Amphitheatre Swonder Ice Arena Metro Sports Center Victory Theatre Veterans Memorial Coliseum Corporate headquarters and major employers Accuride AK Steel Atlas Van Lines Berry Plastics Mead Johnson Old National Bank Shoe Carnival Springleaf T.J. Maxx Toyota Vectren Education Evansville Vanderburgh School Corporation Roman Catholic Diocese of Evansville Evansville Vanderburgh Public Library Ivy Tech Community College University of Evansville University of Southern Indiana ITT Technical Institute Harrison College Oakland City University Willard Library Neighborhoods / Districts Bayard Park Culver Downtown Haynies Corner Jacobsville Lamasco Lincolnshire Historic District Riverside Historic District Washington Avenue Historic District Attractions Angel Mounds Children 's Museum of Evansville Evansville Museum Evansville Philharmonic Orchestra Ford Center LST 325 Museum Mesker Park Zoo and Botanic Garden Reitz Home Museum Old National Events Plaza Old Vanderburgh County Courthouse Tropicana Casino Wesselman Woods Burdette Park Malls & other commerce Downtown Eastland Mall Washington Square Mall Sports Evansville Purple Aces USI Screaming Eagles Evansville Otters Evansville Thunderbolts Evansville Enforcers Demolition City Roller Derby Evansville Crush Southern Indiana Athletic Conference Refrigerator Bowl Hoosier Nationals Thunder on the Ohio Rollergirls of Southern Indiana Transportation Evansville Regional Airport Metropolitan Evansville Transit System I - 64 I - 69 ( Former 164 ) I - 69 US 41 Lloyd Expressway SR 57 SR 62 SR 65 SR 66 SR 662 University Parkway Veterans Memorial Parkway Healthcare & emergency Deaconess Hospital Deaconess Gateway and Women 's Hospital St. Mary 's Hospital and Medical Center Southwestern Indiana Mental Health System The Welborn System IU Evansville Medical Center Regional Center Township German Township Knight Township Perry Township Pigeon Township Vanderburgh County Evansville Metropolitan Area Southwestern Indiana Illinois - Indiana - Kentucky tri-state area Area codes 812 and 930 Municipalities and communities of Vanderburgh County , Indiana , United States County seat : Evansville City Evansville Town Darmstadt Townships Armstrong Center German Knight Perry Pigeon Scott Union CDPs Highland Melody Hill Unincorporated communities Armstrong Belknap Country Club Meadows Crossroads Cypress Daylight Earle Elliott Erskine Station Harwood Hillsdale Inglefield Kasson Knob Hill Kratzville Lakewood Hills Martin McCutchanville Mechanicsville Mud Center Nisbet Rahm Red Bank Saint Joseph Saint Wendel ‡ Smythe Stacer Stringtown Vaughan Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knight_Township,_Vanderburgh_County,_Indiana&oldid=779121601 '' Categories : Townships in Vanderburgh County , Indiana Townships in Indiana Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2017 , at 03 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%20Township%2C%20Vanderburgh%20County%2C%20Indiana
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when does ant and dec's saturday night takeaway
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Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway
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ant & dec's saturday night takeaway
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Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway ( referred to simply as Saturday Night Takeaway or SNT ) is a British television variety show , presented by Ant & Dec , both of whom also act as the show 's executive producers , and broadcast on ITV since its premiere on 8 June 2002 . Its format is heavily influenced by previous Saturday night light entertainment shows , most notably Noel 's House Party and Do n't Forget Your Toothbrush , while individual items often pay homage to Saturday night TV of the past , such as Opportunity Knocks . The show is notable for a quiz show in which a random member of the studio audience can win prizes based on television adverts , and for a competition in each series between the two presenters . An official Saturday Night Takeaway iOS app for iPod , iPhone and iPad was released on 15 February 2013 .
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Despite the programme enduring a three - year hiatus between 2010 -- 2012 , while to its presenters worked on other projects , it was an immense success for the broadcaster since its launch . Over the course of its history , it earned notable awards , including Best Presenters at the 18th National Television Awards on 23 January 2013 , and the BAFTA for Entertainment Programme , alongside the presenters winning the award for Entertainment Performance in 2014 and 2015 respectively . Since its thirteenth series in 2016 , the show has aired its series finale outside of the UK - in 2017 , Saturday Night Takeaway became the first UK show to be aired live from Walt Disney World , and will do so again in 2018 , when it airs its series finale at Universal Orlando . On 3 March 2018 , the show celebrated its 100th episode . Following an announcement made in February 2017 , the fifteenth series of the programme will be the last one to be aired from The London Studios , before its closure as part of a redevelopment programme . Starting from the sixteenth series , the programme will be aired from the newly redeveloped Television Centre . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Segments 1.2 Discontinued segments 2 Transmissions 3 Ant and Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Presents ... 4 Ant & Dec Takeaway on Tour 5 Marketing 6 International versions 7 References 8 External links Format ( edit ) Initial Saturday Night Takeaway logo , used from 8 June 2002 until 21 March 2009 and for the 100th episode on 3 March 2018 . The general set up for each episode is a selection of segments consisting of specially crafted games , comedy / entertainment films , participation by either a studio audience member , or unsuspecting viewer / public member , and a show finale consisting of a performance by a musician , dance group , singer , or group performers . Episodes of Saturday Night Takeaway are broadcast live during the weekend , during a prime time slot on Saturday evenings for the entire run of a series . Each episode is introduced with a line - up of what segments will be featured during its broadcast , along with an introduction of the hosts themselves - from the seventh series onwards , this responsibility was given to a special celebrity announcer , who would not only give an introduction of themselves and the hosts , but would also state what viewers would expect in the show for that episode , along with an update on what was still to come before each commercial break in the programme . In the majority of episodes , the opening titles are preceded by a cold open scene involving the hosts performing a comedy sketch , similar to the cold openings of US light entertainment programme Saturday Night Live and usually with celebrity guests for the episode , which ended with them or the celebrities saying - `` Roll the titles ! '' Segments ( edit ) Throughout the show 's history , the programme has featured a variety of different segments , some based on notable elements in Saturday night TV . However , Saturday Night Takeaway features a regular selection of segments that it uses frequently in the majority of its episodes . These segments include : An Audience Member 's Game - Played at the beginning of an episode , the segment focuses on the presenters initially picking on certain audience members over something embarrassing about them . However , the last person picked takes part in a specially themed game just for them , in which they receive a prize regardless of the outcome . Research for the game usually is done by the production team , via input from relations and close friends who nominated the participant for this . Ant vs. Dec - Played throughout a series , the presenters compete against each other in a number of themed challenges , in which neither presenter knows what each challenge is about . The winner of the game earns a point , and at the end of the series , the winner is the one to have the highest score ; the loser is forced to undertake a forfeit during the series finale . The segment originally was designed as a surprise challenge for the two presenters , entitled `` What 's Next '' , in which neither pair knew what the challenge was , but had to work together to complete it . Between the eighth and ninth series , the presenters were joined by a team of celebrities who partook in the games . The segment is joined by a co-presenter , who gives out the rules and relay the results of the challenge , and is sometimes joined by a commentator during the challenge . Ant & Dec Undercover - The presenters pull a prank on a selected celebrity , involving scripted scenes , such as a situation going wrong for their target . The prank would sometimes include the pair being on scene with their target , but in specially made disguises . The footage is shown with the celebrity in question present in the studio to watch it and to display their reactions towards what occurred when it was filmed . The segment was introduced in the second series , dropped after the fifth series , and then revived for the tenth series onwards . I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Out of Me Ear ! - Similar to `` Undercover '' and introduced in the tenth series , the presenters give a celebrity a concealed ear piece , and task them with doing whatever the pair instruct them to do before unsuspecting public members . Such instructions often involving doing or saying anything bizarre , weird , or downright silly . Singalong Live - The presenters surprise three unsuspecting viewers , who become contestants in a karoake - style quiz . Each is tasked with singing a segment of a song that is being sung by its artist , whereupon they must correctly identify a word that is missing from it . If they correctly identify the missing word , the viewer wins £ 500 . The segment was first introduced in the eleventh series . Read My Lips - This segment , introduced in the fourteenth series , focuses on a contestant giving answers to questions to the guest announcer , via Skype . However , the announcer wears noise - cancelling headphones , meaning that they have to read the contestant 's lips to get the answer . If the contestant manage to get the announcer to give out three correct answers , they win a place on the series finale taking place outside of the UK . Win the Ads - Often the penultimate segment , a member of the audience is randomly selected to take part in a quiz to win a series of prizes . Prior to the show 's broadcast , an ITV programme that had been broadcast during the week is randomly selected , whereupon the adverts broadcast during its commercial break ( s ) are used to create the prizes . Before the quiz begins , the prizes are placed onto a grid , concealed and randomly rearranged , before being given a number . The contestant is then given a set amount of time to answer as many questions correctly as possible , with each correct answer allowing the contestant to pick a number as their prize at the end . After time is up , the contestant is given the option to take their prizes , or gamble for the chance of winning all the prizes if they answer correctly one final question . The segment was originally used during the first series , and featured three people competing for the chance to win up to twenty prizes , with a consolation prize of a toilet roll given to any contestant that gambled and lost . The segment did n't return until the tenth series , which retained most of the format , but in favour of just having one contestant . After the twelfth series , the format was amended again , reducing the number of prizes to sixteen and dropping the use of a consolation prize . `` End of the Show '' Show - The final segment of an episode , it focus on a big entertainment act to help finish off an episode 's broadcast . From the first series to the ninth , it was mostly a musical act - singer , pop group and so forth - performing their latest hit in the charts . When the show returned from its hiatus , the segment 's format was changed to become a musical number performed , which would be performed by the presenters alongside a special guest star ( s ) . Discontinued segments ( edit ) The following is a list of segments used on the programme in the course of its history , that have since been retired : Grab the Ads ( Series 1 -- 9 ) - Run for nine series , the segment focused on one randomly chosen viewer taking part in a prize give out . Viewers are initially asked to phone in for a place in the segment , with the chosen viewer receiving one of nine prizes on offer . Each prize was hidden behind a number - 1 to 9 - and whichever number was chosen was the prize that viewer got . In the first series , the format focused on the viewer picking a number from a grid upon being chosen , but for the majority of series , the number was generated through a game that was played by a different celebrity ; after the prize was revealed , the presenters would announce the viewer who had been chosen to receive it . It 's discontinuation came down to the production team opting to use the more commercial `` Win the Ads '' game when Saturday Night Takeaway returned for its tenth series . Banged Up with Beadle ( Series 1 ) - This segment functioned liked a spoof of a reality show , in which each week , a different member of the public was chosen to spend seven days locked up in a dungeon at Spitbank Fort in the Solent , with Jeremy Beadle . When they appeared live in the episode on Saturday , they were given a task , in which they won £ 5,000 if successful . The segment featured a spin - off ITV2 show of the same name , presented by Donna Air and Brendan Courtney , to rival that of Channel 4 's smash hit series Big Brother . Make Ant Laugh ( Series 1 ) - This segment focused on a contestant chosen by the show , attempting to impress Ant by making him laugh . If they succeeded , they won a trophy , otherwise they were gunged on the episode . The format was similar in nature to the Challenge Ant segment of SMTV Live . Jim Did n't Fix It ( Series 1 -- 3 ) - This segment functioned as a spoof version of the format for Jim 'll Fix It , in which an audience member who had written to Jimmy Savile in their youth for the means to fulfil their dreams but had never been lucky to receive it , were given the chance to realise their dreams years later . Home Run ( Series 1 -- 3 ) - This segment focused on unsuspecting members of the public being surprised by the presenters at a public location they were in , shown to viewers and the studio audience via hidden cameras set up at the location . The members selected by the show take part in a race to get back to their home immediately for a cash prize of £ 3,000 . The person ( s ) , regardless of being successful , would then be forced to read an oath in which they stated that they must never go out on Saturday nights again . The segment was briefly revived as part of the programme 's 100th episode celebrations in 2018 . Opportunity Knocks , Again ( Series 2 -- 5 ) - Based upon Opportunity Knocks , the format focused on members of the studio audience , who had previously performed on the show , to repeat their act on Saturday Night Takeaway . Saturday Cash Takeaway ( Series 3 ) - This segment focused on a member of the studio audience randomly selecting one of nine popular takeaways , each being delivered to their customers . The one chosen would then be stuffed with £ 1,000 , which the unsuspecting customer could receive , along with their food , if they answered a question correctly from their front door . Saturday Night Pub Olympics ( Series 4 ) - This segment focused the production team selecting a random pub across the country , in which a number of unsuspecting customers visiting it would be invited to take part in a series of sporting events , dubbed the `` Saturday Night Pub Olympics '' . The members taking part , are split into two teams , and face other against each other in three different events , with Dickie Davies providing commentary on proceedings . Beat the Boys ( Series 5 -- 8 ) - This segment focused on the presenters competing against a pair of celebrities in a specially themed time - trail event . Each pair would drive around a specially created course in a specific type of vehicle , and attempt to set a fast lap time . For each episode that the segment was featured in , the course included a specially designed set of obstacles that both pairs had to complete correctly ; any not completed correctly would incur a ten - second penalty to the pair 's lap time . Jiggy Bank ( Series 6 -- 7 ) - This segment focused on a studio audience member being randomly chosen to take part in a special game with a cash prize . The game focused on them riding a robotic pig , like a rodeo , and holding for as long as possible , with their time affecting the amount of money they won . A maximum of £ 5,000 was on offer , and any money not won went into a jackpot for `` Grab the Ads '' . The Mouse Trap ( Series 8 -- 9 ) - This segment focused on a viewer being randomly picked to take part in a special game . The chosen viewer is given one minute to collect as much cheese from a specially created maze as they could possibly get and escape the maze before time ran out . Each piece of cheese collected was worth £ 1,000 , with a total of five pieces to collect . If the contestant failed to get out of the maze in time , they would lose and be locked in the maze by `` Tiddles the Takeaway Cat '' . Escape from Takeaway Island ( Series 9 ) - This segment focused on twenty celebrities being imprisoned in a fictional prison of the show , in which they competed against each other in a series of games , to win their freedom . A Ticket To Slide ( Series 12 ) - This segment focused on the presenters choosing a random member of the public to take part in a special game , in which they , along with their friends and family , had to collect keys while travelling down an inflatable slide . If enough keys were collected , the contestant would win tickets for a vacation to New York . Little Ant & Dec ( Series 1 − 14 ) - Two young `` look - alikes '' of the presenters , nicknamed `` Little Ant '' and `` Little Dec '' , meet with celebrities and ask them blunt questions regarding various subjects , which sometimes bamboozled the interviewee into giving some surprisingly straight answers . From its introduction in the second series to the end of the sixth series , the look - alikes were played by James Pallister and Dylan McKenna - Redshaw . When the segment was revived for the tenth series onwards , both Pallister and McKenna - Redshaw were too old to resume their roles , leading to them being replaced by Neil Overend and Haydn Reid . The segment was dropped after the fourteenth series , when the production team decided that both Overend and Reid were too old to continue in these roles and should be allowed to focus on their education . Transmissions ( edit ) Main article : List of Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway episodes Series Episodes Start Date End Date Ave . viewers ( millions ) 6 8 June 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 08 ) 13 July 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 13 ) 4.76 11 11 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 11 ) 23 March 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 23 ) 7.91 6 13 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 13 ) 17 April 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 17 ) 7.86 6 2 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 02 ) 6 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 06 ) 7.97 5 10 12 February 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 12 ) 16 April 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 16 ) 7.68 Special 24 December 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 24 ) 6.22 6 6 16 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 16 ) 21 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 21 ) 7.22 7 6 8 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 08 ) 13 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 13 ) 6.25 8 6 16 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 16 ) 23 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 23 ) 7.27 9 6 14 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 14 ) 21 March 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 21 ) 6.63 10 7 23 February 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 23 ) 6 April 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 06 ) 7.82 11 7 22 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 22 ) 5 April 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 05 ) 7.61 12 7 21 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 21 ) 4 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 04 ) 6.91 13 7 20 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 20 ) 2 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 02 ) 7.71 14 7 25 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 25 ) 8 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 08 ) 7.94 15 6 24 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 24 ) 7 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) TBA Ant and Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Presents ... ( edit ) During the thirteenth series , the show aired a mini-serial of a spoof `` whodunnit '' , comedy drama , starring Ant & Dec . Entitled `` Who Shot Simon Cowell ? '' , the serial focused on the pair becoming caught up in a mystery surrounding an incident at Cowell 's birthday party , in which Cowell is mysteriously gunned down , leading to them working together to solve who did the deed . Along with themselves , the serial also featured appearances from a variety of celebrities , many of whom either worked with / had worked with the pair and / or Cowell . The format was well liked , and led to a second mini-serial being created for the fourteenth series , entitled `` The Missing Crown Jewels '' , in which the presenters became members of a special organisation called `` Honoured '' , after receiving OBEs , whereupon their first mission is to recover the crown jewels from a mysterious villain . Both mini-serial were later condensed into a special feature - length episodes under the title of Ant and Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Presents ... , and broadcast in late December 2017 . A third mini-serial for the fifteenth series , entitled `` Saturday Knight Takeaway '' , is currently being aired , with the presenters ' second mission focusing on them finding out who is kidnapping members of Honoured , including the organisations ' leader . Episodes Total No . Title Original air date `` The Missing Crown Jewels '' 23 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 23 ) `` Who Shot Simon Cowell ? '' 30 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 30 ) `` Saturday Knight Takeaway '' 2018 ( 2018 ) Ant & Dec Takeaway on tour ( edit ) On 31 October 2013 , it was announced that a live tour of the show , under the title `` Takeaway on Tour '' , would be co-produced between Ant & Dec , James Grant Live , and ITV Studios . Presented by the show 's hosts , with Kim Gavin as the tour 's artistic director , it featured appearances by various celebrities and performers and a number of segments from the programme , including an appearance by Ashley Roberts as the host of the tour 's version of `` Ant vs. Dec '' . Demand for tickets was high , and led to extra dates and venues being added on 28 November 2013 , along with some shows having their dates rearranged . The tour ran for only one series of shows , between August - September 2014 across various cities in the United Kingdom , including London , Cardiff , Birmingham , Manchester , and Glasgow , and also in Dublin , Ireland . Marketing ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A board game of the show was released in 2016 , under licensing by Paul Lamond Games . International versions ( edit ) The success of Saturday Night Takeaway led to the creation of a number of international versions : A Finnish version of the programme , entitled Huuma ( Enchantment in English ) was aired on MTV3 . Premiering in March 2005 , it ran for four years before it was axed in 2009 . The show featured its own take on notable segments , such as `` Little Ant & Dec '' and `` Win the Ads '' , and featured various hosts presenting it . A Chinese version of the programme was launched on 11 January 2008 . Entitled Friday Night Takeaway , it was broadcast on Hunan TV , and hosted by He Jiong and Ma Ke . Two German versions of the programme were created . The first version , made in 2005 , was cancelled after just one episode was shown on Sat. 1 . The second version was launched on 29 August 2008 , under the title Die Sonja & Dirk Show , and had better success . Created for RTL Television , it was hosted by Sonja Zietlow and Dirk Bach , both of whom were known for presenting the German version of I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! , and featured a similar format to the British original in terms of segments . The programme ran for four years before it was axed , following the death of Bach on 1 October 2012 . A Portuguese version named Sabadabadão was launched on 10 May 2014 . Broadcast on SIC , and co-produced by FremantleMedia , it was hosted by Júlia Pinheiro and João Baião , and ran for only one series of twelve episodes before it was axed . An American version of the programme was launched on 15 September 2015 . Announced the previous year on 27 October 2014 , it was entitled Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris ( referred to also as Best Time Ever ) , presented by Neil Patrick Harris , and produced by NBC as part of their Tuesday night entry for 2015 -- 16 television season . The show ran for one season , ending on 3 November 2015 , before it was announced on 15 December , later that year , that it had been cancelled . A French version of the programme was launched on 11 February 2015 . Announced the previous month , it was entitled Tout Peut Arriver ( `` Anything Could Happen '' ) , aired on M6 , and hosted by Guillaume Pley and Jerome Anthony . The show performed poorly in the ratings and was cancelled after airing three episodes , the third of which was aired on W9 . In October 2015 , Australian network Seven announced plans to create an Australian version of the British original , intended to be aired on Sundays under the title of Sunday Night Takeaway . However , no further information was given after this announcement on the show 's details , including who the hosts would be . As of the beginning of 2018 , no evidence has emerged to detail the status of the programme . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sperling , Daniel ( 9 November 2011 ) . `` Ant & Dec to bring back ' Saturday Night Takeaway ' under ITV deal '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Jump up ^ `` Ant and Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway to air Christmas sketches '' . 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway : 2014 arena tour announced '' . Digital Spy. 2013 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ant & Dec announce extra ' Saturday Night Takeaway ' tour dates '' . Digital Spy. 2013 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris to host variety show at NBC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris Cancelled by NBC ; No season Two '' . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ITV Studios France To Make Saturday Night Takeaway '' . ITV Studios . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 21 October 2015 ) . `` Seven Upfronts 2016 : Jessica Mauboy drama , Live streaming of all channels '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official Ant & Dec website Saturday Night Takeaway at itv.com Saturday Night Takeaway at stv.tv Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway at UKGameshows.com Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ant_%26_Dec%27s_Saturday_Night_Takeaway&oldid=833184975 '' Categories : 2000s British television series 2010s British television series 2002 British television programme debuts Ant & Dec ITV game shows Television series by ITV Studios English - language television programs London Weekend Television programmes Saturday media BAFTA winners ( television series ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2013 Use British English from April 2013 Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from March 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 03 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%20%2526%20Dec%2527s%20Saturday%20Night%20Takeaway
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when does pirates of the caribbean 5 come out
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Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( released outside North America as Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge ) is a 2017 American swashbuckler fantasy film , the fifth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) . The film is directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg from a script by Jeff Nathanson , with Jerry Bruckheimer serving again as producer . Johnny Depp , Kevin McNally and Geoffrey Rush reprise their roles as Jack Sparrow , Joshamee Gibbs and Hector Barbossa , respectively , and are joined in the cast by Javier Bardem , Brenton Thwaites and Kaya Scodelario .
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2017
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Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales
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pirates of the caribbean : dead men tell no tales
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Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( released outside North America as Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge ) is a 2017 American swashbuckler fantasy film , the fifth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) . The film is directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg from a script by Jeff Nathanson , with Jerry Bruckheimer serving again as producer . Johnny Depp , Kevin McNally and Geoffrey Rush reprise their roles as Jack Sparrow , Joshamee Gibbs and Hector Barbossa , respectively , and are joined in the cast by Javier Bardem , Brenton Thwaites and Kaya Scodelario .
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The filmmakers cited the series ' first installment , The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) , as inspiration for the script and tone of the film . Pre-production for the film started shortly before On Stranger Tides was released in early 2011 , with Terry Rossio writing the initial script . In early 2013 , Jeff Nathanson was hired to write a new script for the film , with Depp being involved in Nathanson 's writing process . Initially planned for a 2015 release , the film was delayed to 2016 and then to 2017 , after 6 years of development hell , due to script and budget issues . Principal photography started in Australia in February 2015 , after the Australian government offered Disney $20 million in tax incentives , and ended in July 2015 . Dead Men Tell No Tales was released in conventional , 3D , and IMAX formats on May 26 , 2017 . The film received mixed reviews , with most critics believing the series had run its course , though many considered the film an improvement over its immediate predecessors . The film was a financial success , grossing $794 million worldwide against an estimated budget between $230 -- 320 million , though Dead Men Tell No Tales is the second - lowest grossing installment of the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 3.5 Post-production 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot Twelve - year - old Henry Turner boards the Flying Dutchman and informs his father , Will Turner , that the curse which binds Will to the Dutchman and only permits him to step on land once a decade can be broken by the Trident of Poseidon . Henry intends to recruit Captain Jack Sparrow to help find it , but Will believes this is impossible and orders Henry to leave . Will and the Dutchman then disappear into the sea , but Henry vows to find Jack and the Trident . Nine years later , Henry is a sailor in the British Royal Navy . The ship sails into the supernatural Devil 's Triangle and stumbles upon the wreck of the Silent Mary , whose ghostly crew led by Spanish pirate - hunter Captain Salazar attack . Salazar spares Henry 's life to deliver a message to Jack : Salazar is coming for him . In Saint Martin , a young astronomer and horologist named Carina Smyth is sentenced to death for witchcraft but escapes and briefly crosses paths with Jack as he and his crew spectacularly blunder a bank robbery . Having suffered years of such bad luck , Jack 's crew lose faith and abandon him . Depressed , Jack trades his magical compass for a drink . However , this betrayal of the compass frees Salazar and his crew from the Devil 's Triangle . Carina learns Henry is looking for the Trident 's location and offers to help him using her unknown father 's diary . Carina and Jack are captured and face execution , but are saved by Henry and Jack 's crew , setting sail on the Dying Gull . Carina deciphers clues that the stars will lead to an island where the Trident is hidden . Meanwhile , Captain Barbossa hears from his pirate crew that the revived Captain Salazar has killed several pirates at sea , and learns that the Trident could lead him to a new `` treasure '' . Barbossa sets off to find the Trident , until Salazar and his crew appear and destroy Barbossa 's fleet . Barbossa manages to talk his way out of being killed by offering to help find Jack . Salazar agrees , wanting revenge on the pirate that caused his demise . Salazar pursues the Dying Gull , forcing Jack , Henry , and Carina to flee to an island , discovering that Salazar 's crew can not go on land . After saving Jack from a forced marriage , Barbossa allies himself with Jack , returning his compass and restoring the miniaturized Black Pearl , trapped in a bottle by Blackbeard , to its original size . They all continue their journey to the Trident 's island , with Barbossa taking command of the Pearl once more . During the voyage , Jack and Barbossa realize Carina is the latter 's long - lost daughter . Barbossa tells Jack that he had left her at an orphanage with his diary so she could live a better life , and refuses to tell her the truth so she will continue to believe her father was an astronomer . Approaching the Trident 's island , the Pearl evades a British Navy warship , which is destroyed by the Silent Mary before the Pearl runs aground on the island . Jack , Barbossa , and Carina use the island 's magic to part the ocean and open a path to the Trident 's location on the ocean floor . Salazar captures Henry and demonically possesses his body in order to walk on the ocean floor and seize the Trident . Once he does so , Henry is given his body back and decides to destroy the Trident , breaking all curses upon the sea and restoring Salazar 's crew to life . However , the divided sea begins to collapse in on itself . The Pearl lowers its anchor to lift them to safety , but Salazar pursues them , still hell - bent on killing Jack . Carina realizes that Barbossa is her father when she spots a tattoo on his arm identical to the diary 's cover . Barbossa sacrifices himself to kill Salazar , allowing the others to escape alive . Some time later , Henry and Carina reach Port Royal , where Will appears , free from the Dutchman . His wife , Elizabeth , appears moments later and the Turner family reunites . Henry and Carina begin a relationship as well . Jack watches from the Pearl in faux - disgust before sailing away into the horizon , having been accepted by his crew as their captain once again . In a post-credits scene , Will appears to have a nightmare where a resurrected Davy Jones enters his room , oblivious that Jones left a trace of wet barnacles on the floor beneath he and Elizabeth . Cast Top to bottom : Johnny Depp , Geoffrey Rush and Kevin McNally are the only actors present in all five Pirates movies . Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow : Rønning wanted to focus on relatable characters , as in the first film , `` where Jack is not the ( lead ... but ) comes in and crashes the party every now and then , '' and to make use of Depp 's `` comedic genius '' . The film examines Jack 's backstory , with the young Jack portrayed by Anthony De La Torre , whose face was replaced by a CGI replica of Depp as he looked in 21 Jump Street and What 's Eating Gilbert Grape . Rønning felt de-aging Depp was tricky against the canon of the franchise . Javier Bardem as Captain Armando Salazar : Bardem set out to imbue the character with `` a rage based on dented pride , '' owing to his spectacular fall , from a high - ranking commander of a Spanish fleet to being betrayed and trapped in hell by Jack . With Salazar 's body language , he tried to convey a bull in an arena , `` full of rage and need of vengeance , but also wounded . '' It took three hours a day to apply the make - up , which Bardem referred to as having `` cold chicken breasts '' glued to his face . Geoffrey Rush as Captain Hector Barbossa : Barbossa has become extremely wealthy since the previous film , with Rush referring to him as a `` corporate pirate , '' having amassed a fleet of ships under his command and encrusted his peg - leg with jewels . Brenton Thwaites as Henry Turner : The directors were keen to draft a new protagonist relationship with Henry and Carina , stating that `` in the middle of a big action scene , you need to be able to lean on the characters and find the heart of that story , and channel the characters ' vulnerability . '' Rønning noted that identity is a major theme in the film , and to Henry and Carina 's story arc : `` they are on a similar quest and find common ground in looking for who they are . '' Lewis McGowan portrays a young Henry . Kaya Scodelario as Carina Smyth : A headstrong , altruistic astronomer . Scodelario explained the character 's motivation and role , saying , `` she is an academic , she 's fighting for the right to study at university because women could n't at that time . '' For the directors , it was important to `` modernise it with Henry and Carina , Kaya , especially brought that with her . She 's a modern woman . '' Scodelario worked with scriptwriter Jeff Nathanson to ensure the character was unique to the series and not a copy of Elizabeth Swann . She said that female characters often `` fall into two camps ; they are either pretty and perfectly put together or completely insane . Carina has definitely got a little bit of both . '' Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs : Captain Jack 's loyal friend and first mate . Golshifteh Farahani as Shansa : A sea - witch and ally of Captain Barbossa . David Wenham as Lieutenant John Scarfield : The second antagonist of the film and a British Royal Navy officer , who commands the HMS Essex . Stephen Graham as Scrum : A member of Jack Sparrow 's crew and former member of Blackbeard 's crew . Martin Klebba as Marty : A member of Jack Sparrow 's crew . Giles New and Angus Barnett as Murtogg and Mullroy : Former Royal Marines turned pirates , who serves Barbossa 's crew on board the Queen Anne 's Revenge . Orlando Bloom as Captain William `` Will '' Turner Jr. : A blacksmith - turned - pirate who was transformed into the Captain of the Flying Dutchman at the end of At World 's End . Speaking in late 2014 about his possible return to the franchise , Bloom stated that he would like to portray a character outside of his usual role types as a good - looking hero , alluding to the make - up requirements for Davy Jones . Additionally , Keira Knightley briefly appears at the end in a non-speaking role as Elizabeth Swann , Will 's wife and Henry 's mother . Adam Brown , Danny Kirrane , and Delroy Atkinson appear as members of Jack 's crew , and in the prison scene , Paul McCartney briefly appears as Jack 's paternal uncle , Uncle Jack . Alexander Scheer plays a young Captain Edward Teague in a flashback sequence . A silhouette of Davy Jones , one of the series ' former villains , is seen in the post-credits scene , but his portrayer Bill Nighy stated that he was not informed about the character 's appearance . Pablo and Chiquita reprised their role as Jack the Monkey . Production Development Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides in 2011 , the cast and crew of the fourth film were told to set aside time in the near future , because Walt Disney Pictures intended to shoot a fifth and sixth film back - to - back . However , it was later stated that only a fifth film was in the works . Terry Rossio wrote a script for a fifth film without his partner Ted Elliott . Rob Marshall was rumoured to return to direct , but declined after choosing to direct Into the Woods ( 2014 ) , a Disney project starring Johnny Depp . After Marshall passed on the film , many directors were rumored to take over , including Gore Verbinski , who was responsible for the original three films . Verbinski ultimately passed on the project , feeling that `` there 's no reason other than financial '' in making the film . The eventual shortlist included Fredrik Bond , Rupert Sanders , and the eventual choice , Norwegian film duo Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg . The studio chose them based on their Academy Award - nominated high - sea film Kon - Tiki , and their ability to work with a limited budget . Rossio 's script draft was ultimately rejected , and the writer stated that a major reason was its use of a female villain , which made actor Johnny Depp `` worried that would be redundant to Dark Shadows , which also featured a female villain . '' In January 2013 , Disney hired Jeff Nathanson to work on a script . Rønning and Sandberg said they were particularly moved by Nathanson 's `` funny and touching '' script , which convinced them to sign to direct in May , Rønning believing that the script was `` all there '' but needed scenes to `` carry the tradition of Gore Verbinski , bring the emotional core and big action set pieces . '' In August , Rønning and Sandberg revealed that the title would be Dead Men Tell No Tales . However , the following month producer Jerry Bruckheimer said , `` We have an outline everyone loves but the script is not done , '' explaining that the release would be postponed beyond summer 2015 . The studio questioned Depp 's bankability following the financial losses of The Lone Ranger in 2013 , and the screenplay 's first drafts were not approved by Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn , who was concerned about the finished product . Bruckheimer revealed that script and budget issues were behind the delay , and that Nathanson was at work on a second draft , based on a well - received outline , saying they needed a script and budget everyone would approve . Depp was also invited to collaborate on the script , with the actor believing it would be the last of the franchise and wanting to end it right . After the script was accepted , the film was officially green - lit by Disney in July 2014 , with a planned release on July 7 , 2017 . The directors were inspired by the first film , The Curse of the Black Pearl , stating that the original is thrilling but above all a comedy with heart , and wanted to reinvent the `` structure and the dynamics between the characters . '' In addition to recapturing the best of previous franchise installments , the directors had the works of Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton in mind when crafting the tone of the film . The pair wanted the film to be the `` most emotional '' of the series , and to explore the roots of Jack Sparrow . They decided to use Jack 's compass as the `` key to unlock Salazar from his hellish prison in the Triangle , '' and toned down some of the fantastic elements `` to ground it , even in Pirates Of The Caribbean . '' Geoffrey Rush argued that the pair brought `` Euro sensibility to traditional Hollywood franchise thinking , '' while Orlando Bloom believed that they had `` recaptured the simplicity and charm '' of the original film . Kaya Scodelario said that the producers wanted to take the franchise back to its origins , with a story that gave characters a conclusion while opening new possibilities . Along with the directors and writers , many of the crew members were new to the franchise , replacing those who had served on the previous four films , with the exception of Bruckheimer , costume designer Penny Rose , and executive producer Chad Oman . Casting Speaking at the On Stranger Tides press launch in Cannes , Depp said he would play the role so long as it is popular with the public . In August 2012 , news surfaced that Depp had signed for the fifth film , earning A $ 90,000,000 to reprise his role . One month later , Penélope Cruz stated that in spite of her enjoying playing Angelica in On Stranger Tides , she had not been contacted regarding a fifth film . Geoffrey Rush had commented on returning as Hector Barbossa in the fifth installment , saying `` If they keep shapeshifting this character , absolutely , '' and implied that he might return as the villain . In December 2014 , Rush confirmed his return for the fifth installment , with Barbossa and Jack being `` at the heart of it and there 's a whole new set of story lines . '' In late 2011 , about four years after choosing not to return for the fourth installment , Orlando Bloom stated that he would like to return for a fifth film , if offered . Several weeks after Disney officially green - lit the film , Bloom stated that there were `` discussions '' about his return to the franchise in September 2014 . Bloom further commented in December 2014 , saying that while he was not sure whether he would return , there were talks . He also indicated that Disney could make a soft reboot with the franchise and focus on Will Turner and his son . Bloom 's participation was kept secret until the Disney D23 in 2015 , after filming had wrapped . Once the filmmakers started working with Bloom , they decided that they needed to reunite the character with his wife , Elizabeth . To ensure that Keira Knightley could reprise this role , the production moved for a one - day shoot in London , where she was working . On December 2 , 2013 , it was reported that Christoph Waltz was in talks to appear as the film 's main antagonist , but he later declined . The villain was eventually portrayed by Cruz 's husband , Javier Bardem . In 2014 , Bardem signed on to portray Armando Salazar , who in early scripts was referred to as Captain John Brand . Bardem had liked the working environment of the fourth movie , which he witnessed accompanying his wife , and stated he was also a fan of the franchise and of Depp 's performance as Jack Sparrow . Australian actor Brenton Thwaites entered talks for the role of Henry in late November 2014 , after Disney chose him over Taron Egerton , George MacKay , Mitchell Hope , Ansel Elgort and Sam Keeley . Kaya Scodelario was chosen as the female lead out of a shortlist that included Gabriella Wilde , Alexandra Dowling , Jenna Thiam , and Lucy Boynton . Her character , Carina , is an astronomer accused of being a witch . Scodelario confirmed that she was playing `` a totally different character '' from Elizabeth Swann , and also that she will be Henry 's love interest , given in earlier drafts she was envisioned as a love interest of Sparrow . Kevin McNally confirmed his return as Joshamee Gibbs in late January . Shortly after on - location pre-production opened in Australia , Disney issued a casting call to local agents for actors from all ages and experience levels to apply for roles , and as extras in the upcoming film , with casting also open in the US . Adam Brown , Delroy Atkinson , and Danny Kirrane were revealed as cast members shortly before filming . As filming begun , two actors from the previous films were confirmed to return , Martin Klebba as Marty and Stephen Graham as Scrum . Director Joachim Rønning 's two children appear in the film as extras . Keith Richards expressed interest in reprising his role as Captain Teague , but was unavailable , leading Depp to invite Paul McCartney into appearing as Jack Sparrow 's uncle ( also named Jack ) . Other actors had expressed interest in reprising their roles from the previous films , such as Tia Dalma portrayer Naomie Harris , and Greg Ellis , even if his character Theodore Groves appeared to die in the previous film . Both Lee Arenberg and Mackenzie Crook commented on the possibility of returning as Pintel and Ragetti . In an interview on November 7 , 2014 , Crook confirmed that he had received a call of availability from Disney for the film , though he later declined in order to focus on his television series Detectorists . He said he had felt `` pangs of nostalgia '' when the cast and crew filmed without him . Arenberg , who also had a television commitment , to Once Upon a Time , added that he felt like the producers `` were n't really trying to court us like they really wanted us . '' Filming Depp on set in Queensland in June 2015 Directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg originally stated that shooting would take place in Puerto Rico and New Orleans , and Bruckheimer had previously mentioned that there might be a sequence in Louisiana . However , a spokesman for Australian Arts Minister George Brandis confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot exclusively in Australia , after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives , originally intended for the remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea ; thus edging out Mexico and South Africa as filming locations . According to Australian film industry sources , on location pre-production started in late September 2014 , and its cost was set at around $250 million . Filming took place exclusively in Queensland , Australia , as the largest production to ever shoot in the country . Village Roadshow Studios and the Whitsunday Islands were officially confirmed as filming locations . On January 1 , 2015 , The Rainbow Gypsy , a 15 - year - old replica of an 1897 Scottish bawley , underwent an extensive refit at the Gold Coast , including a new bowsprit , and reconfigured decks and cabins , for filming as the Dying Gull . Its captain and owner , Kit Woodward , was a rigger on the film . Filming commenced on February 17 , 2015 . Ship scenes were filmed in front of a giant outdoor greenscreen in Helensvale , while a film set in the form of a village was built in Maudsland . Because the greenscreens ' height blocked the sunlight , containers with inflatable bluescreens mounted on top were added to the set to allow some light to enter . While an initial draft of the script featured six ships , the end product had eleven vessels ; to cut costs , most of these were partial constructs later enhanced by computer graphics , with some built atop an hydraulic rig to mimic the movement of seafaring while on land . The camera crew , led by director of photography Paul Cameron , also made extensive use of drones , to capture immersive views at sea without resorting to aerial footage or cranes . Filming moved to Doug Jennings Park on The Spit from March 30 to June 15 for water - bound scenes . However , due to extreme sea sickness among the cast and crew from the `` big swells , '' filming moved to Raby Bay for calmer waters . Scenes were shot at Byron Bay on June 1 . Locals made up more than 75 percent of the 850 - plus crew then working on the film . After much speculation about whether Orlando Bloom would return , Bloom arrived at the Gold Coast in late May to reprise his role as Will Turner . Scenes featuring a skeleton of a sperm whale that had been constructed were shot at Hastings Point from June 21 to 23 . A number of issues and controversies set back the film during its production . The biosecurity laws in Australia posed problems regarding the capuchin monkeys that portray Hector Barbossa 's pet monkey Jack , because the animals are regarded as a category 1 pest and call for strict requirements and a 30 - day quarantine . Further controversy erupted from animal rights activist groups , who urged Federal Environment Minister Greg Hunt to reject the entry application , arguing that the long air - flight would affect their health , and that their performance was unnatural and would create demand for illegal wildlife trade . One of the monkeys caused further disruption when it wandered off set at Movie World , and bit the ear of a make - up artist on another production . Crew and cast members were forced to cover the camera lenses on all mobile phones with duct tape to prevent the film from being pirated before its release . To prevent fans from interfering with the production , secret filming locations used the production name of `` Herschel '' to hide the fact it was the fifth Pirates of the Caribbean film . Following the attempt of an armed man trying to bypass security , the already tight security was increased . On March 10 , 2015 , Depp was injured off set and had to be flown to the United States for surgery . Due to his absence , filming stalled completely and 200 crew members were forced to stand down for two weeks , after finishing all they could do without Depp . Filming was set to resume `` on or about April 20 , '' and Depp returned to set on April 21 . In June , Kaya Scodelario was injured on set along with a stuntman . In early July , dismantling of the sets at The Spit had began . Most of the cast and crew had finished on July 8 , and a wrap party was held on July 11 . Filming then moved to the Whitsundays for the final shots . On July 21 , 2015 , Rønning announced that filming had wrapped after a 95 - day shoot . After nearly a year in post-production , reshoots and additional photography were conducted in Vancouver , Canada from March 24 to April 13 , 2016 , under the production title `` Herschel Additional Photography . '' Music Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) This was the first film in the series that Hans Zimmer did not compose the music for . Instead , the main composer is one of his protégés , Geoff Zanelli , who had worked on the previous four installments in the franchise . Zanelli said that Zimmer `` redefined the sound of the entire genre '' and considered it a great accomplishment to have worked with him and Bruckheimer . He used this experience with the franchise to build a new sound for the film . He stated that `` you do n't have to modernize the melodies , those are timeless , '' and only tried to make the sound more modern by featuring an electric cello to create a menacing leitmotif for Salazar . As it took more than a year for the film to start production following Zanelli being hired , he accompanied the script 's evolution , and was familiar with the character arcs that he would need to translate in their theme songs . Zanelli always started writing the music on the piano , namely a synthesized orchestra . The film 's soundtrack was released on May 26 , 2017 . Post-production Work on the film concluded on April 19 , 2017 . Editing was a collaboration between Roger Barton and Leigh Folsom Boyd , with the latter detailing that `` Roger started from the beginning of the film and I started from the end , and we kind of met in the middle . '' Boyd added that it was the longest post-production process she was ever involved with , as Disney wanted to give `` the support and leeway we needed to tell the story and allow for the complex visual effects to bake . '' The editors worked closely with the previsualization team to , according to effects supervisor Gary Brozenich , `` give meat to the bones of the plates that needed effects explanation as well as any new CG beats that would be added later . '' Along with the post-production team in Los Angeles , Brozenich had to split his time going to the UK and Montreal , to check on the eight companies handling the film 's 2,000 visual effects shots , with 150 of them consisting only of computer graphics . The primary vendor was Brozenich 's own employer Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) . Among MPC 's work were Salazar 's undead pirates , whose on - set footage was mostly replaced by CGI to achieve missing body parts and floating hair and clothing . Brozenich stated that what was kept of the original actors was `` their run , gait and faces . '' To provide reference for the floating parts , which were meant to resemble a perpetual drowning state , a stuntman in full costume and wig was filmed underwater in a swimming pool performing various actions . Atomic Fiction handled the scenes at St. Martin , turning the few blocks of buildings built on set into more than 600 CG buildings , surrounded by a jungle environment . The work combined references from both the Caribbean and Thailand , and enhanced through CGI both the guillotine on which Jack Sparrow is nearly executed and the bank from the heist scene ; the bank was meant to look as if its foundations were dug through the ground instead of sliding on the surface . Along with sea footage filmed in both the Australian sets and Key West , Florida , there was extensive usage of water simulations , with the artists using the Beaufort scale to ensure the waves and wind realistically matched . Release Dead Men Tell No Tales had its world premiere at the Shanghai Disney Resort on May 11 , 2017 . In several countries , including the United Kingdom , the film was released as Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge , a decision that the directors were not informed about . It was released at cinemas in Italy and Norway on May 24 , and in the United States , Canada , and China on May 26 . It is the first Hollywood feature to be released in the United States for the new panorama - like ScreenX format , which played in two locations in the U.S. -- CGV Buena Park and CGV Cinemas -- both in Los Angeles , California . Additionally , it played in 81 screens at select theaters in Korea , China , Thailand , Vietnam , Turkey and Indonesia . The film also played in 4D on 373 4DX screens worldwide . The film was released in IMAX in an expanded 1.9 : 1 aspect ratio . It was Disney 's third wide release of the year , following Beauty and the Beast and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Shortly before release , Dead Men Tell No Tales was allegedly stolen by a group of piracy hackers , who demanded a large sum of money from Disney in order for them not to leak the unreleased film . The company refused to do so and worked with the FBI in order to uncover the identity of the group . Disney CEO Bob Iger reported that hackers did not steal their movie . Marketing A robust marketing effort helped promote Dead Men Tell No Tales . The film was first showcased at the Disney D23 Expo 2015 , where Depp appeared in costume as Jack Sparrow and the film 's logo was revealed , with Orlando Bloom confirmed to be starring in the film . Elizabeth Rudnick was self - confirmed to novelize the film , describing it the film as bringing back the series ' initial sensibility , while returning Jack Sparrow to `` all of his swaggering glory . '' A tie - in prequel expanding the backstory of the character Carina Smyth was also released , titled Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales -- The Brightest Star in the North . The film was showcased at the 2016 Walt Disney Content Showcase in South Africa , where concept art , story details and on - set images were previewed . The first teaser trailer was released on October 2 , 2016 , during Fear the Walking Dead , and showcased Armando Salazar hunting for Jack Sparrow , who is shown on a wanted poster . On January 27 , 2017 , Disney uploaded an eight - second motion poster to their official Instagram account , promoting the release of a television spot of the film during Super Bowl LI . Disney then released a 30 - second television teaser at Super Bowl LI , with an extended version released online set to Johnny Cash 's `` Ai n't No Grave '' . The trailer was considered to be the `` big '' trailer of the event and was the most - viewed trailer of all the films advertised at the halftime show . A new teaser poster was released with the trailer . Both teasers received a highly positive reaction from audiences . The official trailer was released on March 2 . Another trailer was released on March 25 . The first 30 - second TV spot was released on March 31 . On April 21 , at Disney Parks and on the four Disney cruise ships , Disney showcased a sneak peek of the film . Disney premiered a 5 - minute extended sequence of the film in front of the UK release of Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , on April 28 . Home media Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales was released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on September 19 , 2017 , and on Blu - ray , Ultra HD Blu - ray and DVD on October 3 . It was the top home - media release in its first week , with the Blu - ray version accounting for 78 % of sales , and brought the previous four films back into the 25 best - sold Blu - rays . Reception Box Office Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales grossed $172.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $622.3 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $794.9 million , against an estimated production budget of $230 million . It had a worldwide opening of $271.4 million from 55 markets , with $24 million coming from 1,088 IMAX screens . The film 's six - day opening gross pushed the franchise gross past the $4 billion mark . Despite being the lowest - grossing film of the series in the US by nearly $70 million , the film became the highest - grossing entry of the Pirates franchise internationally when going by modern foreign - exchange rates , passing On Stranger Tides , which grossed $593.4 million at current rates . The largest - earning foreign markets were China ( $172.3 million ) , Japan ( $59.5 million ) , and Russia and the CIS ( $40.7 million ) , where it was the second - highest - grossing film behind Avatar . Despite weak US totals , Deadline Hollywood noted the film would turn a net profit of around $280 million after factoring together all expenses and revenues . North America Dead Men Tell No Tales debuted over the four - day Memorial Day opening weekend , being released in 4,276 theaters , of which over 3,100 were 3D , taking advantage of formats such as IMAX , D - Box and 4DX . The film earned $23.4 million on its first day , including $5.5 million from previews . It was the lowest opening day of the franchise . It grossed $63 million over three days , and $78.5 million over four ( Friday -- Monday ) , finishing first at the box office , ahead of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and fellow newcomer Baywatch . It was the second - smallest opening weekend of the franchise , only earning more than the first film , with each of the other installments earning at least $90 million . Despite the film registering the highest test score in the series , the opening came in well below expectations of $80 -- 115 million . Analysts attributed the underperformance to negative reviews , franchise fatigue , and Johnny Depp 's diminishing returns and depreciating public image , amid his personal problems . Still , it performed better than Disney 's previous Memorial Day releases ( Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time , Tomorrowland and Alice Through the Looking Glass ) , and studio executives said they were pleased with the movie 's opening , which helped Disney push past $1 billion in the US . The film fell by a total of 65 % in its second weekend , the worst of the series , grossing $22.1 million , and finishing in third place , after newcomers Wonder Woman ( $103.3 million ) and Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( $23.9 million ) . It remained in the top ten for four more weeks . Outside North America Internationally , where it is marketed as Salazar 's Revenge in most countries , the film was released day - and - date with its North American debut in 54 markets ( 91 % of its total marketplace , except Japan , where it debuted on July 1 ) . Preliminary reports had the film opening to $150 -- 175 million , but possibly overperforming depending on major markets , most notably China . While its Chinese run benefited from the May 28 -- 30 Dragon Boat Festival -- a lucrative moviegoing period -- and from International Children 's Day ( June 1 ) , the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing had a deteriorating effect on certain European markets over the film 's opening weekend . From Wednesday to Friday , it registered an opening of $208.8 million . Around $14 million of that came from IMAX screenings , the second - biggest international IMAX opening in May , after Captain America : Civil War . Similar to its US plunge , it earned $73.8 million in its second weekend , falling to second place , behind Wonder Woman . It recorded the biggest opening day of the year in several markets , including Germany ( $3.6 million ) , Austria , France ( $2.3 million ) , Finland , Sweden , Belgium , Thailand ( $400,000 ) , Indonesia , Malaysia and the Netherlands ( $900,000 , the second - biggest Disney opening , behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) . Russia posted the biggest opening of all time with $18.4 million ( $18.6 million including previews ) . In China , where the film had its global premiere , it earned $21.3 million on its opening day , the fourth - biggest Disney opening in the country . It had an 87 % marketshare and had already surpassed the entire earnings of Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End . Earning a total of $67.9 million , it registered the third - highest three - day for any Disney title , and a much - higher opening than the US . The film did extremely well in IMAX , earning $9 million from 401 screens from Friday to early Monday bookings . The robust opening has been attributed to the Dragon Boat Festival , Depp 's star power , the ubiquity of the franchise , the impact of Shanghai Disneyland Park , and good word of mouth , with a score of 7.5 / 10 on reviews aggregator Douban and 8.7 / 10 on top mobile - ticketing platform Weying . The film 's final release market was Japan ( July 1 ) , where it opened at number one , achieving the highest - grossing opening for a Western film of the year , earning $9.25 million over the July 1 -- 2 weekend . It retained the box office lead for one more week , and was the highest - grossing foreign film in the following weekend . Critical response Dead Men Tell No Tales received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 30 % based on 242 reviews , and an average rating of 4.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales proves that neither a change in directors nor an undead Javier Bardem is enough to drain this sinking franchise 's murky bilge . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 39 out of 100 , based on 45 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 82 % overall positive score . Mike Ryan of Uproxx criticized what he termed as a convoluted plot and overabundance of characters , resulting in a film that was `` practically incoherent . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers called the film `` bloated , boring , repetitive and draining '' and gave it one star out of four . Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club wrote that the film echoes the first three of the franchise , `` in which Johnny Depp 's louche and campy Jack Sparrow played second banana to an insipid love story ... the two romantic leads ( ... ) succeed only in making the shortest movie in the series seem just as long as the rest . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times said of the film , `` Its pleasures are so meager , its delight in its own inventions so forced and false , that it becomes almost the perfect opposite of entertainment . '' Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post remarked that the film was `` loud , overstimulating and hard to take in all in one sitting . '' Mick LaSalle of San Francisco Chronicle found the film to be `` a jumble of half - baked impulses '' that had been forced into a played - out franchise . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , saying : `` Dead Men works well enough as a stand - alone , swashbuckling comedic spectacle , thanks to the terrific performances , some ingenious practical effects , impressive CGI and a steady diet of PG - 13 dialogue peppered with not particularly sophisticated but ( I have to admit ) fairly funny sexual innuendo . '' Pete Hammond of Deadline.com praised the film , calling it `` the most entertaining installment , '' and giving credit to Rønning and Sandberg for creating a `` rollicking good time '' . He praised the visual effects , particularly Salazar and his crew , arguing that the film should be in line to receive an Academy Award for Visual Effects . He also gave high praise to Bardem for being able to create such a `` fully dimensional villain '' under the layers of make - up and CGI , and Depp for keeping the film and franchise going . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a ' B ' , praising the fun nature of the film and its visuals and calling it `` gorgeously detailed swashbuckling nonsense , '' but wished that the script had taken more risks instead of following the formula used in previous films . Ashley Esqueda of CNET gave the film a positive review , arguing that it brought the franchise back to what made its first two installments so fun , and praised Depp 's performance as being `` delightful as ever . '' Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , saying `` What was once a past - its - prime franchise seems to have found new life . '' Mark Hughes of Forbes opined `` Dead Men Tell No Tales is n't as good as the first three films , but it 's better than the fourth , '' adding `` it has mostly good performances , and a couple of great ones . It has fantastic visual effects , lots of humor that works , a lighthearted feel and sense of fun , and many terrific action set pieces . '' Accolades See also : List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise Award Category Recipients and nominees Outcome 38th Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Actor Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow Nominated Worst Supporting Actor Javier Bardem as Captain Armando Salazar Nominated Worst Screen Combo Johnny Depp & his worn - out drunk routine Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Action Movie Nominated Choice Action Movie Actor Johnny Depp & Brenton Thwaites Nominated Choice Movie Liplock Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley Nominated Choice Action Movie Actress Kaya Scodelario Nominated Choice Movie Villain Javier Bardem Nominated Choice Summer Movie Nominated Sequel On March 4 , 2017 , director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men was only the beginning of the final adventure , implying that it would not be the last film of the franchise , and that a sixth film could be released . The post-credits scene of Dead Men shows Will Turner , Elizabeth Swann , and Davy Jones . In September 2017 , producer Jerry Bruckheimer indicated that another Pirates sequel is still possible if Dead Men Tell No Tales does well in its home release . In October 2017 , the sixth film was confirmed and Kaya Scodelario said that she was contracted to return . Shortly after , it was announced that Rønning is being eyed to return to direct the sequel . See also De-aging in film Notes Jump up ^ Two of the sources for the $320 million budget characterize this figure as `` alleged '' or `` allegedly '' . ^ Jump up to : Referred to as Pirates of the Caribbean XIII : Dead Careers Tell No Tales on the official nomination list . References ^ Jump up to : Vejvoda , Jim ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Begins Production '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brzeski , Patrick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' to World Premiere at Shanghai Disneyland '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Hooks No. 1 , ' Baywatch ' Belly Flops '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hautlaub , Peter ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` To your inner middle - schooler , 2017 summer movies will be a blast '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` This Dude Who Plays A Young Jack Sparrow Looks Alarmingly Like Johnny Depp '' . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hogg , Trevor ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Setting Sail with Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . 3D Total . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Empire Magazine . June 2017 , Issue 336 , p. 104 . ^ Jump up to : Empire Magazine . June 2017 , Issue 336 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ The Matador & The Bull : Secrets of Salazar & the Silent Mary ( Featurette ) . Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Blu - ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Bardem dishes on Pirates of the Caribbean make - up '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Laura , Nauman , Zoe ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' He knows Australia quite well ! ' : Geoffrey Rush says Pirates Of The Caribbean actor Johnny Depp has enjoyed secret trips Down Under ahead of Gold Coast filming '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Subscribe -- heraldsun '' . Herald Sun . Jump up ^ Fuller , Becky ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates 5 : Will Turner 's Son Confirmed '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Lewis Christmas ad Scot to star in Pirates of the Caribbean '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ali Plumb ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Kaya Scodelario on Pirates of the Caribbean 5 : ' It 'll be much more like the first film ' '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huw Fullerton . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 : Who is Kaya Scodelario playing ? '' . Radio Times . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Orlando Bloom Officially Confirmed for ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' ( D23 Expo 2015 ) '' . Slashfilm.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The cast and crew of the Pirates of the Caribbean blockbuster are making their presence known on social media '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kamali , Luke ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Orlando Bloom Says Pirates of the Caribbean 5 May Be a Soft Reboot '' . IGN.com . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley confirmed for Pirates of the Caribbean 5 '' . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ′ Adds Three to Cast '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( January 14 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Sets Terry Rossio To Script Fifth ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Installment '' . Deadline , com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Is Being Rewritten ; Rob Marshall May Direct '' . January 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` D23 : The Official Disney Fan Club '' . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ BWW . `` Rob Marshall to Direct INTO THE WOODS Film for Disney ! '' . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Raimi , Shawn Levy And Others Being Considered For Pirates 5 Directing Job -- CINEMABLEND '' . June 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Josh ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Gore Verbinski opens up about his Hollywood hiatus , finding ' A Cure for Wellness ' and sock puppets '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Getting Close On ' Pirates 5 ' Director ; Here 's The Short List '' . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Kim ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Delayed Beyond Summer 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rossio , Terry ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` WORDPLAY / Columns / 55 . `` Time Risk '' by Terry Rossio `` . Wordplayer.com . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Will Hit Theaters July 2015 ; ' Maleficent ' Moves to Summer 2014 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ′ Directors Tease ' Dead Men ' Sequel '' . MTV . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Kon - Tiki ' Helmers Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg Land ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Klompus , Jack ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' title revealed '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ′ Has Not Been Greenlit Yet '' . Screenrant.com . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen 2 , Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 Are n't Happening Any Time Soon '' . CinemaBlend.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nepales , Ruben ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` Depp has high hopes for ' Pirates 5 ' Inquirer Entertainment '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' to Hit Theaters July 2017 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Empire Magazine . June 2017 . Issue 336 , p. 104 . ^ Jump up to : Nugent , John ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 : Ten Revelations From Directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg '' . Empire . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Total Film . June 2017 . Issue 258 . Jump up ^ Ali Plumb ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Kaya Scodelario on Pirates of the Caribbean 5 : ' It 'll be much more like the first film ' '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peter Caranicas . `` Below the Line Agencies Place Clients in Films and TV Shows -- Variety '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp pledges future to ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' & Film & TV News '' . NME . May 16 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Penelope Cruz Talks TWICE BORN , THE COUNSELOR , I 'M SO EXCITED and PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN 5 '' . Collider . September 26 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stadler , Nancy ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Geoffrey Rush is n't rushing to exit Disney 's `` Pirates of the Caribbean '' film franchise `` . JimHillMedia.com . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ingham , James ( October 9 , 2011 ) . `` Orlando Bloom would love to go back to Pirates of the Caribbean '' . Daily Star . UK . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Swanwick , Tristan ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` Orlando Bloom says he 's ' in discussions ' about returning to Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 -- mainly because of Johnny Depp '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Orlando Bloom Will Return for the Fifth Pirates of the Caribbean Movie '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Casts Its New Villain ? '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Javier Bardem May Play Villain in Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . IGN.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Bardem on Why He Wanted to Join ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' '' . Collider . May 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda , Sneider , Jeff ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Brenton Thwaites in Talks to Join ' Pirates of the Carribbean 5 ' ( sic ) ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap.com . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Oh , Henry ! Disney Chasing Hearththrobs For Next ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( January 24 , 2015 ) . `` Kaya Scodelario Boards Disney 's ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ′ '' . The Age . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ParentHerald ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' Rumors , Latest News and Updates : Orlando Bloom Leads Reboot ? '' . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Christoph Waltz and Rebecca Hall Circling ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ′ '' . ScreenRant.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sayers , Sarah ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Shiver me timbers ! Pirates Of The Caribbean searching for Australians to star as busty wenches and buccaneers alongside Johnny Depp and Geoffrey Rush '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simonot , Suzanne ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Speculation Pirates of the Caribbean cast shooting two films at once on Gold Coast '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Begins Production '' . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wardrobe fitting with my girls ❤ ️ ❤ ️ # pirates5 # extras # australia '' . Joachim Rønning 's Instagram. April 25 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Richards to star in Pirates 5 '' . October 19 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Paul McCartney went too pirate for ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Naomie Harris on the Incredible True Story Behind Her New Film ( and Her Possible Pirates Return ) '' . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim . `` Greg Ellis wonders if his ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' character will be returning for the fifth film in this series '' . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking : Lee Arenberg Interview '' . Outright Geekery . October 25 , 2014 . 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Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( June 23 , 2013 ) . `` Jerry Bruckheimer Talks Status of ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' '' . Indiewire.com . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 gets green light to shoot in Australia '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Maria ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Open for business ! Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 starts production Down Under with cast and crew arriving ... and Johnny Depp set to join them next year '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bochenski , Natalie ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean movie confirmed to film in Queensland '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crane , Kristoffer ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 has strict requirements for swashbuckling extras '' . The Courier Mail . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Shaya ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Helensvale set chosen to film ship scenes for Pirates of the Caribbean blockbuster '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bedo , Stephanie ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 filming location no longer a secret as nosy Maudsland locals take a peak at Hollywood at work '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Barbara ( June 2017 ) . `` VFX : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . Post Magazine . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Long , Kelle ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dead Men Tell No Tales DP on how They Made the Splashiest Pirates Film of All Time '' . Where to Watch . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Jack ; Simonot Suzanne ; Wuth Robyn ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean to shoot at Doug Jennings Park on The Spit as Broadwater becomes Hollywood backdrop '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp and Pirates of Caribbean in search of calmer waters in Raby Bay after seasickness hits '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Akers , Trenton ; Arnold , Rikki - Lee ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Johnny Depp in Queensland for Pirates of the Caribbean film surprises locals '' . The Courier - Mail . Jump up ^ Simonot , Suzanne ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Disney confirms Depp set to battle deadly ghost pirates in Dead Men 's plot on Gold Coast '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Forget Johnny , Orlando Bloom the Hollywood heavyweight in Coast 's Pirates spotlight '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean star Orlando Bloom spotted out and about on the Gold Coast '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Geoff ( June 21 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean invade NSW '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Ironside , Robyn ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean ' pests ' to be quarantined for a month on Gold Coast '' . News.com.au . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Milman , Oliver ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Anger at bid to fly monkeys to Australia for Pirates of the Caribbean film '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joshua Robertson . `` Monkey bites woman on ear in sneak attack near Pirates of the Caribbean set '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolz , Greg ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` Mobile phones with ' eye patches ' amid extreme security measures on set of Pirates of the Caribbean '' . Courier Mail . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriend of ' pirate ' tells of romance as he is charged for film set stunt '' . 9news.com.au . March 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Johnny Depp Injured on Location for ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp hand injury delays Pirates of the Caribbean filming '' . BBC News . March 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ van Boom , Daniel ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` The second coming ! Johnny Depp 's return Down Under imminent as Pirates Of The Caribbean set to resume filming next week after stopping for star 's surgery '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bochenski , Natalie ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Captain Jack 's back : Johnny Depp to resume filming Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Halliwell , Elle ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Injured star 's curse of the Caribbean '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates abandon ships as Johnny Depp and crew prepare to set sail for final scenes in Whitsundays '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales wraps but local crew says it 's been top for Gold Coast '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia . Jump up ^ `` Captain Jack Sparrow to visit the Whitsundays next week '' . Whitsunday Times . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joachim Ronning . `` That 's a wrap on Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ! Thank you # australia # pirates5 '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood North : Pirates of the Caribbean coming ashore in Vancouver '' . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Andrew ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Taps Composer Geoff Zanelli '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' : Behind - the - Scenes of a Scoring Session With Geoff Zanelli '' . Variety . May 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Pirates of the Caribbean 5 Composer Geoff Zanelli '' . Comingsoon.net . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Movies News Desk . `` PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN : DEAD MEN TELL NO TALES Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Sets Sail 5 / 26 '' . Broadway World . Jump up ^ Joachim Rønning ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Ladies and gentlemen , the very first `` print '' of PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN : Dead Men Tell No Tales ☠ ️ 🎞 ☠ ️ Cue : Also sprach Zarathustra ( and that concludes post production 🎉 ) `` . Instagram . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hullfish , Steve ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ART OF THE CUT -- PIRATES edition '' . ProVideo Coalition . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN -- DEAD MEN TELL NO TALES : Gary Brozenich -- Production VFX Supervisor -- MPC '' . Art of VFX . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN -- DEAD MEN TELL NO TALES : Rudy Grossman -- Digital Effects Supervisor -- Atomic Fiction '' . Art of VFX . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp absent from first Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge teaser trailer '' . Yahoo ! Movies UK . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pirati dei Caraibi : la vendetta di Salazar -- Film ( 2017 ) '' . ComingSoon.it . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge -- 2017 '' . Filmweb.no . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . 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Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Nicole . `` Disney CEO : ' We were not hacked ' '' . Yahoo Finance . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Sequel Tops Box Office as ' Baywatch ' Flops '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James White . `` Orlando Bloom Confirmed For Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 '' . Empire . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marty Sliva ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` D23 2015 : Orlando Bloom Confirmed for Pirates of the Caribbean 5 '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Wood , R. ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Chatham Kids Magazine : Elizabeth Rudnick Hessler -- Exclusive Author Interview '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales : The Brightest Star in the North '' . Disney Press . April 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Showcase 2016 : GOTG Vol. 2 , Pirates of the Caribbean 5 , Queen of Katwe and more ! '' . CriticalHit . August 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aaron Couch ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' : Watch the First Trailer for ' Dead Men Tell No Tales ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Four Months . Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . Walt Disney Studios on Instagram . January 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CenturyLink . `` CenturyLinkVoice : Get In The Game : Super Bowl Tackles The Technology Wave '' . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott . `` Johnny Depp Finally Appears In Dynamite ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' Super Bowl Spot '' . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch new ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' trailer , featuring CGI Johnny Depp as young Jack Sparrow '' . NME . March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Bardem Vows to ' Eliminate ' Jack Sparrow in New ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Trailer '' . Variety . March 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Embrace the Pirates Life with a Sneak Peek , Posters & Sweepstakes Inspired by Disney 's ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN SALAZAR 'S REVENGE -- British Board of Film Classification '' . bbfc.co.uk . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Volkov , Anton ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` IN THE PIPELINE : 5 - Minute ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Preview In Cinemas With ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fallon , Sean ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales 4K Blu - ray And Digital Release Dates Announced '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth ' Pirates ' Movie Sails to Top of Home Video Sales '' . Home Media Magazine . 12 October 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates ' $208 Overseas Start And $275 M Global Take Will Push Disney Franchise Past $4 B Mark '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Clears $77 M in U.S. ; ' Baywatch ' Capsizes With $23 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dunkirk ' Takes Box Office By Storm With $55.4 M No. 1 Spot For $105 M+ Global Opening ; ' Valerian ' $23.5 M Start '' . Deadline Hollywood . July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Crosses $500 Million at Global Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Much Profit Will ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men ' Tell ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro and Nancy Tartaglione ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates ' Hopes To Make Waves Around The World With $230 M+ Launch -- Memorial Day Weekend Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' Snags Okay $23.4 M Friday For $110 M Global Cume '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for May 26 -- 28 , 2017 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' 5 leads slow holiday weekend at box office '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why ' Pirates ' & ' Baywatch ' Are Shipwrecked At The Domestic B.O. -- Friday Night Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro and Anita Busch ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Pirates ' & ' Baywatch ' Are Casualties Of Summer Franchise Fatigue At The Domestic B.O. -- Monday AM '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Baywatch ' Looking To Catch A Wave At The B.O. By Opening One Day Earlier '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box - Office Preview : ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Baywatch ' Set Sail for Uncertain Shores '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Josh Spiegel ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' : The Diminishing Returns of Johnny Depp '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Sails To Seaworthy $271 Million Worldwide Opening '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brad Brevet ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Top Memorial Day Weekend Box Office as ' Baywatch ' Struggles '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Plunges 73 % , ' Baywatch ' And ' Alien ' Tumble '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Sails Past $500 M Worldwide , ' Baywatch ' And ' Alien ' Crumble '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cars 3 ' $53 M+ Is Third Best Debut For Pixar Series ; ' Wonder Woman ' Still Wows With $40 M+ ; ' All Eyez On Me ' Solid '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Transformers ' Is Screaming For Reboot After $69 M Start ; ' Wonder Woman ' & ' Cars 3 ' Fight Over 2nd Place '' . Deadline Hollywood . June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` comScore Announces Official Worldwide Box Office Results for Weekend of May 28 , 2017 '' . comScore . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Sailing Toward $80 Million , ' Baywatch ' Eyes $40 Million '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Holiday Box Office : Dragon Boat Festival '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Sails Toward $300 Million Opening Weekend Worldwide '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Says Ahoy To $34.5 M In Offshore Start -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Powers $122.5 M Offshore , $223 M Global In Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Sets Sail With $40 Million Worldwide '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sonia Kil ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Korea Box Office : ' Pirates ' Rules Weekend , ' President ' Lands in Second '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dangal ' Overtakes ' Baahubali 2 ' While Sachin Tendulkar Biopic Wins The Duel With ' Pirates 5 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Says Ahoy To $86.5 M -- Int'l Box Office Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Sails Off With $67.8 M in Treasure '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Pirates ' Sails Off With $66 Million Opening '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Mark ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Opens at No. 1 in Japan '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales - International Box Office - Japan '' . Box Office Mojo . July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Reviews Draw Comparisons to The Curse of the Black Pearl '' . E ! News . May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mixed reviews for Pirates of the Caribbean 5 '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' : A Confusing Revival '' . UPROXX . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Review : Abandon Ship ! '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky , Ignatiy ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates Of The Caribbean slogs out to sea for the fifth time in Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Dead Men Tell No Tales . ' Not Very Well , Anyway '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' : Long , Loud and Overstimulating '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' Pirates ' : Some Dead Things Ca n't Be Resurrected '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Smartly there ! Latest ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' picks up the pace '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Review : Johnny Depp And A Couple Of Oscar Winners Help Keep This Fun Ride Afloat '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Leah ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Is Gorgeously Detailed Swashbuckling Nonsense '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Esqueda , Ashley ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates 5 ' review : This time around , dead men tell good tales '' . CNET . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Johnny Depp 's ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' rights ship with ' Dead Men ' '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' Comes Close To What You Want '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Lupo , Marc ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : All the Nominees and Winners '' . US Weekly . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates 5 May Not Be Captain Jack 's Final Adventure '' . March 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 Post-Credits Scene Explained '' . May 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 6 May Depend On Pirates 5 Home Release '' . ScreenRant . September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kaya Scodelario Contracted To Return for Pirates of the Caribbean 6 '' . ScreenRant . October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joachim Rønning to Direct Angelina Jolie in Maleficent 2 '' . Comingsoon.net . October 3 , 2017 . He is also being eyed to helm a potential sixth Pirates movie . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Official website Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales on IMDb Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales at Box Office Mojo Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales soundtrack Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Weatherby Swann Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Video games Adventures in the Magic Kingdom Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Category Films directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg Roenberg Bandidas ( 2006 ) Max Manus : Man of War ( 2008 ) Kon - Tiki ( 2012 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Farewell , My Lovely ( 1975 ) March or Die ( 1977 ) Defiance ( 1980 ) American Gigolo ( 1980 ) Thief ( 1981 ) Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) Flashdance ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Thief of Hearts ( 1984 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) Dangerous Minds ( 1995 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Con Air ( 1997 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Coyote Ugly ( 2000 ) Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) Kangaroo Jack ( 2003 ) National Treasure ( 2004 ) King Arthur ( 2004 ) Just Legal ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) Glory Road ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) National Treasure : Book of Secrets ( 2007 ) G - Force ( 2009 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) 12 Strong ( 2018 ) Gemini Man ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_Dead_Men_Tell_No_Tales&oldid=842350135 '' Categories : 2017 films Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) 2017 3D films 2010s action films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films 2010s sequel films American films American sequel films American fantasy adventure films Films about revenge Films directed by Joachim Rønning Films directed by Espen Sandberg Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Films set in the 18th century Films set in the Caribbean Films set on fictional islands Films shot in Australia Films shot in Vancouver IMAX films Treasure hunt films Walt Disney Pictures films Witchcraft in film Pirate films Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 21 : 53 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates%20of%20the%20Caribbean%3A%20Dead%20Men%20Tell%20No%20Tales
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when does maze runner 3 come out in australia
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Maze Runner : The Death Cure Theatrical release poster Directed by Wes Ball Produced by Ellen Goldsmith - Vein Wyck Godfrey Marty Bowen Joe Hartwick , Jr . Wes Ball Lee Stollman Screenplay by T.S. Nowlin Based on The Death Cure by James Dashner Starring Dylan O'Brien Kaya Scodelario Thomas Brodie - Sangster Nathalie Emmanuel Giancarlo Esposito Aidan Gillen Walton Goggins Ki Hong Lee Barry Pepper Will Poulter Patricia Clarkson Music by John Paesano Cinematography Gyula Pados Edited by Dan Zimmerman Production company Gotham Group Temple Hill Entertainment Oddball Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) ( Seoul ) January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) ( United States ) Running time 142 minutes Country United States Budget $62 million Box office $284.9 million
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Maze Runner : the Death Cure
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maze runner : the death cure
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Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( also known simply as The Death Cure ) is a 2018 American dystopian science fiction action film directed by Wes Ball and written by T.S. Nowlin , based on the novel The Death Cure written by James Dashner . It is the sequel to the 2015 film Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials and the third and final installment in the Maze Runner film series . The film stars Dylan O'Brien , Kaya Scodelario , Thomas Brodie - Sangster , Dexter Darden , Nathalie Emmanuel , Giancarlo Esposito , Aidan Gillen , Walton Goggins , Ki Hong Lee , Jacob Lofland , Katherine McNamara , Barry Pepper , Will Poulter , Rosa Salazar , and Patricia Clarkson .
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Maze Runner : The Death Cure was originally set to be released on February 17 , 2017 , in the United States by 20th Century Fox , but the studio rescheduled the film 's release for January 26 , 2018 in theatres and IMAX , allowing time for O'Brien to recover from injuries he sustained during filming . The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed over $284 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Thomas , Newt , and Frypan are the last of the free `` Gladers '' immune to the Flare virus that has ravaged the world 's population . They and The Right Arm resistance conduct a rescue operation where they retrieve other Immunes from a train , which is owned by WCKD , an organization responsible for capturing and experimenting on immune children . They discover that Minho , their remaining Glader friend whom WCKD had captured , was not on that train , which is headed to `` The Last City '' , WCKD 's base of operations . Against the orders of Vince , leader of The Right Arm , the three leave their camp to rescue Minho , who is being tortured by WCKD in hopes of developing a cure for the virus . Heading for the Last City , the group is attacked by Cranks , humans infected with the Flare . However , they are saved by Jorge and Brenda , who join them . The group makes it to the wall of the Last City , which protects the city from Cranks . Outside the wall , people are rallying in protest to be let into the city . When WCKD opens fire at the protesters , the group is captured by a contingent of masked men and are taken to a hideout . One of the masked men is revealed to be Gally , who survived Minho 's attack . Gally takes them to see Lawrence , a rebellion leader for those outside the walls , who helps them enter the Last City through a secret entrance . Gally leads Thomas and Newt through to the city and , spotting Teresa , Gally tells Thomas that he can get them into WCKD headquarters . Newt then confides to Thomas that he is infected . Promising to cure him , the three capture Teresa . Thomas , Newt , and Gally escort Teresa inside WCKD headquarters and toward the location of the Immunes . Gally looks after the Immune children and stays to find a serum that slows the Flare , while Thomas , Newt , and Teresa go to find Minho . They are discovered and chased by Janson . Teresa lets them escape to find Minho before rushing to do a blood test on Thomas ' blood , which she obtained when removing trackers from the Gladers . Having delivered the Immune children and the serum to Brenda , Gally returns to WCKD headquarters to find Thomas . Brenda is forced to flee with the Immune children to avoid capture . Thomas and Newt reunite with Minho in the medical wing . Teresa discovers that Thomas ' blood can cure the Flare . She shares her discovery with WCKD 's leader , Ava Paige , both agreeing that they must find Thomas . Brenda and the Immune children escape WCKD with Frypan 's help . Meanwhile , Lawrence rallies his rebels outside the city before blowing a hole in the city wall , sacrificing himself to allow his allies and the infected people to storm the city . Gally finds Thomas , Minho , and Newt . Newt , sending Minho and Gally ahead to get the serum from Brenda , gives Thomas a pendant before passing out . Teresa transmits her voice throughout the city , telling Thomas that his blood can save Newt if he will only return to WCKD . Newt , nearly consumed by the Flare , regains consciousness and attacks Thomas , while begging Thomas to kill him . When Thomas will not , Newt -- left with no other option -- stabs himself . Thomas makes his way back to WCKD and confronts Ava . However , she is killed by Janson , who is infected by the Flare . Janson knocks Thomas out and drags him to a lab where Teresa is ready to extract his blood . However , he reveals that he is only truly interested in curing himself and others that he feels are worthy , which results in Teresa turning on him . After a fight , Janson is killed , allowing Thomas and Teresa to escape to the rooftop , where Teresa gives Thomas a vial with the cure . Their allies suddenly appear in an aircraft : Thomas makes it aboard , but Teresa dies when the headquarters collapses in on itself . The group reunites with the rest of the Immunes and The Right Arm , escaping to a safe haven , where the remaining population can live in safety . There , Thomas discovers that the pendant Newt gave him had a note in it . Still traumatized by his friends ' deaths , he reads the note , in which Newt tells him to look after everyone . Cast ( edit ) Dylan O'Brien as Thomas Kaya Scodelario as Teresa Thomas Brodie - Sangster as Newt Dexter Darden as Frypan Nathalie Emmanuel as Harriet Giancarlo Esposito as Jorge Aidan Gillen as Janson Walton Goggins as Lawrence Ki Hong Lee as Minho Jacob Lofland as Aris Katherine McNamara as Sonya Barry Pepper as Vince Will Poulter as Gally Rosa Salazar as Brenda Patricia Clarkson as Ava Paige Production ( edit ) In March 2015 , it was confirmed that T.S. Nowlin , who co-wrote the first and wrote the second film , would adapt Maze Runner : The Death Cure . On September 16 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Ball would return to direct the final film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on March 14 , 2016 , in Vancouver , British Columbia . Previously it was revealed at San Diego Comic - Con International that filming would begin in February 2016 . On March 18 , 2016 , it was reported that actor Dylan O'Brien was injured on set and was hospitalized . James Dashner announced via Twitter that the production was postponed after the accident . It was said that the producers were `` looking to '' resume filming around mid-May . According to the Directors Guild of Canada 's production list , the film was scheduled to resume filming on May 9 , and complete principal photography on July 26 . However , on April 29 , 2016 , production was shut down indefinitely as O'Brien's injuries were more serious than previously thought . Filming resumed on March 6 , 2017 in Cape Town , South Africa . In May 2017 , it was announced that Walton Goggins would play the part of Lawrence , described as `` an unusual and dangerous character who is part - revolutionary , part - anarchist , and a voice for the voiceless people . '' Principal photography wrapped on June 3 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) It was originally scheduled to be released in the United States on February 17 , 2017 . However , due to Dylan O'Brien's injuries , the studio said that it was unlikely that this date was going to be met . On May 27 , 2016 , 20th Century Fox rescheduled the film for January 12 , 2018 , allowing time for Dylan O'Brien to fully recover . On April 22 , 2017 , the studio delayed the release date once again , to February 9 , 2018 , in order to allow more time for post-production ; months later , on August 25 , the studio moved the release forward two weeks . The film premiered on January 26 , 2018 in theatres and IMAX . Home Media ( edit ) Maze Runner : The Death Cure was released on Blu - Ray and DVD on April 24 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Maze Runner : The Death Cure grossed $58 million in the United States and Canada , and $226.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $284.8 million , against a production budget of $62 million . In the United States and Canada , The Death Cure was released alongside the wide expansion of Hostiles , and was expected to gross around $20 million from 3,786 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $1.5 million from Thursday night previews , in between the $1.1 million made by the first film and $1.7 million by the second , and $8.4 million on its first day . It ended up opening to $24.2 million , down from the previous film but still finishing atop the box office . In its second weekend the film dropped 57 % to $10.5 million , finishing second behind Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle . A week prior to its North American release , the film debuted in South Korea , Australia and Taiwan , grossing $15.1 million over its opening weekend . During the first two weeks of international release , the film dominated the international box office taking $62.6 and $35.2 million respectively , and outpacing the two previous films . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 42 % based on 144 reviews , and an average rating of 5.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure may offer closure to fans of the franchise , but for anyone who has n't already been hooked , this bloated final installment is best left unseen . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 , based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MAZE RUNNER : THE DEATH CURE ( 2018 ) ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Sets T.S. Nowlin To Pen '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Maze Runner 3 to begin filming in Vancouver in March '' . Vancity Buzz . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A. , Aliza ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Maze Runner : Death Cure ' News And Updates : Filming Confirmed ; Release Date Set On February '' . Jobs & Hire . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ ClevverTV ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` The script for Death Cure is currently being worked on & will begin filming in February # ScorchTrials # ScorchSneakPeek '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Zumberge , Marianne ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Maze Runner ' Star Dylan O'Brien Injured on Set '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Mark ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Maze Runner Star Dylan O'Brien Healing Very Well After On - Set Accident , Will Return to Work in About Six Weeks '' . E !. Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Dylan O'Brien's Injuries Force ' Maze Runner ' Sequel to Extend Production Shut Down '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Lena ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure Resumes Filming In February '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Ian ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Maze Runner film production leaving B.C. for South Africa '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ball , Wes ( @ wesball ) ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Big day today . Shot two scenes in 7 hours ( that 's a short day for me ) . Also prelit a set for tomorrow . Then watched dailies ... Pretty stuff '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Walton Goggins Set For ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ball , Wes ( @ wesball ) ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a wrap ! Thanks to a great cast and crew for a hell of an experience '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 18 , 2015 ) . `` MAZE RUNNER : THE DEATH CURE Set for 2017 Release ; Miraculously Not Being Split into Two Movies '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure '' . Launching Films . Film Distributors ' Association . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Dylan O'Brien's ' Maze Runner : Death Cure ' Release Pushed Back to 2018 '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ball , Wes ( @ wesball ) ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Hey maze fans . Do n't worry . Release date shifted 4 weeks . It 's a good thing . I get four more weeks of vfx finals , sound mixing , editing '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Maze Runner 3 : Death Cure Gets Delayed Yet Again '' . MovieWeb . Watchr Media . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony , D'Allessandro ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' , ' New Mutants ' & ' Dark Phoenix ' Find 2018 Dates Among Fox 's Slew of Release Changes & Additions '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave , McNary ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's Pentagon Papers Movie Re-Titled ' The Post ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( DVD ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Races Toward $20 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Controls Close To 40 % Of Weekend B.O. Led By ' Maze Runner ' & Oscar Holdovers ; ' Hostiles ' Gallops Past $10 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Poised To Be Dwayne Johnson 's Highest Grossing Pic of All - Time Stateside After Super Bowl Weekend Rebound '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Dominates With $62.6 Million Internationally '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Sprints to $35 Million at International Box Office '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Maze Runner : The Death Cure on IMDb The Maze Runner series by James Dashner Main trilogy The Maze Runner The Scorch Trials The Death Cure Prequels The Kill Order The Fever Code Film series The Maze Runner Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials Maze Runner : The Death Cure Films directed by Wes Ball The Maze Runner ( 2014 ) Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials ( 2015 ) Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maze_Runner:_The_Death_Cure&oldid=843666073 '' Categories : 2018 films 2010s action thriller films 2010s adventure films 2010s mystery films 2010s science fiction films 2010s teen films 20th Century Fox films American films American action thriller films American science fiction action films American science fiction thriller films American sequel films American survival films Films about revenge Films based on American novels Films based on science fiction novels Films directed by Wes Ball Films shot in South Africa IMAX films The Maze Runner Post-apocalyptic films Science fiction adventure films Teen mystery films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2018 Use mdy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 16 : 55 . 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which nerve plexus plays a role in peristalsis
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The myenteric plexus functions as a part of the enteric nervous system ( digestive system ) . The enteric nervous system can and does function autonomously , but normal digestive function requires communication links between this intrinsic system and the central nervous system . The ENS contains sensory receptors , primary afferent neurons , interneurons , and motor neurons . The events that are controlled , at least in part , by the ENS are multiple and include motor activity , secretion , absorption , blood flow , and interaction with other organs such as the gallbladder or pancreas . These links take the form of parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers that connect either the central and enteric nervous systems or connect the central nervous system directly with the digestive tract . Through these cross connections , the gut can provide sensory information to the CNS , and the CNS can affect gastrointestinal function . Connection to the central nervous system also means that signals from outside of the digestive system can be relayed to the digestive system : for instance , the sight of appealing food stimulates secretion in the stomach .
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The myenteric plexus
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Myenteric plexus
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myenteric plexus
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The myenteric plexus ( or Auerbach 's plexus ) provides motor innervation to both layers of the muscular layer of the gut , having both parasympathetic and sympathetic input ( although present ganglionar cell bodies belong to parasympathetic innervation , fibers from sympathetic innervation also reach the plexus ) , whereas the submucous plexus has only parasympathetic fibers and provides secretomotor innervation to the mucosa nearest the lumen of the gut .
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It arises from cells in the vagal trigone also known as the nucleus ala cinerea , the parasympathetic nucleus of origin for the tenth cranial nerve ( vagus nerve ) , located in the medulla oblongata . The fibers are carried by both the anterior and posterior vagal nerves . The myenteric plexus is the major nerve supply to the gastrointestinal tract and controls GI tract motility . According to preclinical studies , 30 % of myenteric plexus ' neurons are enteric sensory neurons , thus Auerbach 's plexus has also a sensory component . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 2.1 Neurotransmitters 2.1. 1 Receptors 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Role in CNS Disorders 4 History 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) A part of the enteric nervous system , the myenteric plexus exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract . It is found in the muscles of the esophagus , stomach , and intestine . The ganglia have properties similar to the central nervous system ( CNS ) . These properties include presence of glia , interneurons , a small extracellular space , dense synaptic neuropil , isolation from blood vessels , multiple synaptic mechanisms and multiple neurotransmitters . The myenteric plexus originates in the medulla oblongata as a collection of neurons from the ventral part of the brain stem . The vagus nerve then carries the axons to their destination in the gastrointestinal tract . They contain Dogiel cells . Function ( edit ) The myenteric plexus functions as a part of the enteric nervous system ( digestive system ) . The enteric nervous system can and does function autonomously , but normal digestive function requires communication links between this intrinsic system and the central nervous system . The ENS contains sensory receptors , primary afferent neurons , interneurons , and motor neurons . The events that are controlled , at least in part , by the ENS are multiple and include motor activity , secretion , absorption , blood flow , and interaction with other organs such as the gallbladder or pancreas . These links take the form of parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers that connect either the central and enteric nervous systems or connect the central nervous system directly with the digestive tract . Through these cross connections , the gut can provide sensory information to the CNS , and the CNS can affect gastrointestinal function . Connection to the central nervous system also means that signals from outside of the digestive system can be relayed to the digestive system : for instance , the sight of appealing food stimulates secretion in the stomach . Neurotransmitters ( edit ) The enteric nervous system makes use of over 30 different neurotransmitters , most similar to those of the CNS such as acetylcholine , dopamine , and serotonin . More than 90 % of the body 's serotonin lies in the gut ; as well as about 50 % of the body 's dopamine , which is currently being studied to further our understanding of its utility in the brain . The heavily studied neuropeptide known as substance P is present in significant levels and may help facilitate the production of saliva , smooth muscle contractions , and other tissue responses . Receptors ( edit ) Since many of the same neurotransmitters are found in the ENS as the brain , it follows that myenteric neurons can express receptors for both peptide and non-peptide ( amines , amino acids , purines ) neurotransmitters . Generally , expression of a receptor is limited to a subset of myenteric neurons , with probably the only exception being expression of nicotinic cholinergic receptors on all myenteric neurons . One receptor that has been targeted for therapeutic reasons has been the 5 - hydroxytryptamine ( 5 - HT ) receptor . Activating this pre-synaptic receptor enhances cholinergic neurotransmission and can stimulate gastrointestinal motility . The enteric nervous system exhibits taste receptors similar to the ones in the tongue . The taste receptor TAS1R3 and the taste G protein gustducin are two of the most common . These receptors sense `` sweetness '' on the tongue and sense glucose in the enteric nervous system . These receptors help regulate the secretion of insulin and other hormones that are responsible for controlling blood sugar levels . Clinical significance ( edit ) Hirschsprung 's disease is a congenital disorder of the colon in which nerve cells of the myenteric plexus in its walls , also known as ganglion cells , are absent . Hirschsprung 's disease is a form of functional low bowel obstruction due to failure of caudal migration of neuroblasts within developing bowel -- this results in an absence of parasympathetic intrinsic ganglion cells in both Auerbach 's and Meissner 's plexi . The distal large bowel from the point of neuronal arrest to the anus is continuously aganglionic . It is a rare disorder ( 1 : 5000 ) , with prevalence among males being four times that of females . Achalasia is a motor disorder of the esophagus characterized by decrease in ganglion cell density in the myenteric plexus . The cause of the lesion is unknown . Role in CNS disorders ( edit ) Because the ENS is known as the `` brain of the gut , '' due to its similarities with the CNS , researchers have been using colonic biopsies of Parkinson 's patients to help better understand and manage Parkinson 's disease . PD patients are known to experience severe constipation due to GI tract dysfunction years before the onset of motor movement complications , which characterises Parkinson 's disease . History ( edit ) Leopold Auerbach , a neuropathologist , was one of the first to further research the nervous system using histological staining methods . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Human Anatomy and Physiology , Marieb & Hoehn , seventh edition Jump up ^ Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology , Vol. 194 : Sensory Nerves , Brendan J. Canning , Domenico Spina . Springer . Page 341 . Jump up ^ Costa , M ; Brookes , S.J. ; Hennig , G.W. ( 2000 ) . `` Anatomy and physiology of the enteric nervous system '' . Gut. 47 ( 90004 ) : iv15 -- 9 ; discussion iv26 . PMC 1766806 . PMID 11076898 . doi : 10.1136 / gut. 47. suppl_4. iv15 . Jump up ^ Mazzuoli , Gemma ; Schemann , Michael ( 2012 ) . `` Mechanosensitive Enteric Neurons in the Myenteric Plexus of the Mouse Intestine '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 7 ) : e39887 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO ... 739887M . PMC 3388088 . PMID 22768317 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0039887 . Jump up ^ Stach , W ( 1979 ) . `` Differentiated vascularization of Dogiel 's cell types and the preferred vascularization of type I / 2 cells within plexus myentericus ( Auerbach ) ganglia of the pig ( author 's transl ) '' . Anatomischer Anzeiger. 145 ( 5 ) : 464 -- 73 . PMID 507375 . Jump up ^ Fujita , Shin ; Nakanisi , Yukihiro ; Taniguchi , Hirokazu ; Yamamoto , Seiichiro ; Akasu , Takayuki ; Moriya , Yoshihiro ; Shimoda , Tadakazu ( 2007 ) . `` Cancer Invasion to Auerbachʼs Plexus is an Important Prognostic Factor in Patients with pT3 - pT4 Colorectal Cancer '' . Diseases of the Colon & Rectum. 50 ( 11 ) : 1860 -- 6 . PMID 17899273 . doi : 10.1007 / s10350 - 007 - 9072 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pasricha , Pankaj Jay . `` Stanford Hospital : Brain in the Gut - Your Health '' . Jump up ^ Dickson , E.J. ; Heredia , D.J. ; Smith , T.K. ( 2010 ) . `` Critical role of 5 - HT1A , 5 - HT3 , and 5 - HT7 receptor subtypes in the initiation , generation , and propagation of the murine colonic migrating motor complex '' . AJP : Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 299 ( 1 ) : G144 -- 57 . PMC 2904117 . PMID 20413719 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpgi. 00496.2009 . Jump up ^ Margolskee , Robert F. ; Dyer , Jane ; Kokrashvili , Zaza ; Salmon , Kieron S.H. ; Ilegems , Erwin ; Daly , Kristian ; Maillet , Emeline L. ; Ninomiya , Yuzo ; Mosinger , Bedrich ; Shirazi - Beechey , Soraya P. ( 2007 ) . `` T1R3 and gustducin in gut sense sugars to regulate expression of Na - glucose cotransporter 1 '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 104 ( 38 ) : 15075 -- 80 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10415075M . JSTOR 25449086 . PMC 1986615 . PMID 17724332 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0706678104 . Jump up ^ Tam , Paul K.H. ; Garcia - Barceló , Mercè ( 2009 ) . `` Genetic basis of Hirschsprung 's disease '' . Pediatric Surgery International . 25 ( 7 ) : 543 -- 58 . PMID 19521704 . doi : 10.1007 / s00383 - 009 - 2402 - 2 . Jump up ^ Storch , W.B. ; Eckardt , V.F. ; Wienbeck , M ; Eberl , T ; Auer , P.G. ; Hecker , A ; Junginger , T ; Bosseckert , H ( 1995 ) . `` Autoantibodies to Auerbach 's plexus in achalasia '' . Cellular and molecular biology ( Noisy - le - Grand , France ) . 41 ( 8 ) : 1033 -- 8 . PMID 8747084 . Jump up ^ Shprecher , D.R. ; Derkinderen , P. ( 2012 ) . `` Parkinson Disease : The Enteric Nervous System Spills its Guts '' . Neurology . 78 ( 9 ) : 683 ; author reply 683 . PMID 22371415 . doi : 10.1212 / WNL. 0b013e31824bd195 . Jump up ^ Lebouvier , Thibaud ; Neunlist , Michel ; Bruley Des Varannes , Stanislas ; Coron , Emmanuel ; Drouard , Anne ; n'Guyen , Jean - Michel ; Chaumette , Tanguy ; Tasselli , Maddalena ; Paillusson , Sébastien ; Flamand , Mathurin ; Galmiche , Jean - Paul ; Damier , Philippe ; Derkinderen , Pascal ( 2010 ) . `` Colonic Biopsies to Assess the Neuropathology of Parkinson 's Disease and Its Relationship with Symptoms '' . PLoS ONE . 5 ( 9 ) : e12728 . Bibcode : 2010PLoSO ... 512728L . PMC 2939055 . PMID 20856865 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0012728 . External links ( edit ) Slide at ucla.edu Histology image : 49_09 at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Histology image : 21703loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University Medical Mnemonics.com : 885 Physiology of the gastrointestinal system GI tract Upper Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen Parietal cells Gastric acid Intrinsic factor Foveolar cells HCO Mucus Goblet cells Mucus Processes Swallowing Vomiting Fluids Saliva Gastric acid Lower Enteric nervous system Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus Endocrine / paracrine G cells gastrin D cells somatostatin ECL cells Histamine enterogastrone : I cells CCK K cells GIP S cells secretin Enteroendocrine cells Enterochromaffin cell APUD cell Fluids Intestinal juice Processes Segmentation contractions Migrating motor complex Borborygmus Defecation Either / both Processes Peristalsis ( Interstitial cell of Cajal Basal electrical rhythm ) Gastrocolic reflex Digestion Accessory Fluids Bile Pancreatic juice Processes Enterohepatic circulation Abdominopelvic Peritoneal fluid Anatomy of the autonomic nervous system Head Sympathetic Cervical Chain Ganglion : roots long ciliary Deep Petrosal Parasympathetic Ciliary ganglion : roots Sensory Parasympathetic Short ciliary Pterygopalatine ganglion : deep petrosal nerve of pterygoid canal branches of distribution : greater palatine inferior posterior nasal branches lesser palatine nasopalatine medial superior posterior nasal branches pharyngeal Submandibular ganglion Otic ganglion Neck Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Cervical ganglia Superior Middle Inferior Stellate ganglion prevertebral plexus : Cavernous plexus Internal carotid Chest Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Thoracic ganglia prevertebral plexus : Cardiac plexus Esophageal plexus Pulmonary plexus Thoracic aortic plexus splanchnic nerves : cardiopulmonary thoracic cardiac nerves : Superior Middle Inferior Abdomen Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Lumbar ganglia prevertebral ganglia : Celiac ganglia Aorticorenal Superior mesenteric ganglion Inferior mesenteric ganglion prevertebral plexus : Celiac plexus Hepatic Splenic Pancreatic aorticorenal Abdominal aortic plexus Renal / Suprarenal Superior mesenteric Gastric Inferior mesenteric Spermatic Ovarian Superior hypogastric hypogastric nerve Superior rectal Inferior hypogastric Vesical Prostatic / Cavernous nerves of penis Uterovaginal Middle rectal splanchnic nerves : Lumbar splanchnic nerves Enteric Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus Pelvis Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Sacral ganglia Ganglion impar splanchnic nerves : Sacral splanchnic nerves Parasympathetic splanchnic nerves : Pelvic splanchnic nerves Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myenteric_plexus&oldid=752243859 '' Categories : Digestive system Enteric nervous system Nerve plexus Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2015 Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2016 , at 07 : 04 . 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who played james kirk's mother in star trek
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Chris Hemsworth plays George Kirk , James Tiberius Kirk 's father , who dies aboard USS Kelvin while battling Nero . Mark Wahlberg was also approached for the role . Faran Tahir plays Kelvin captain Richard Robau . Winona Kirk , Kirk 's mother , is played by Jennifer Morrison . Greg Ellis plays Chief Engineer Olson , the redshirt who is killed during the space jump .
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Jennifer Morrison
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Star Trek ( film )
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star trek ( film )
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Star Trek Theatrical release poster Directed by J.J. Abrams Produced by J.J. Abrams Damon Lindelof Written by Roberto Orci Alex Kurtzman Based on Star Trek by Gene Roddenberry Starring John Cho Ben Cross Bruce Greenwood Simon Pegg Chris Pine Zachary Quinto Winona Ryder Zoe Saldana Karl Urban Anton Yelchin Eric Bana Leonard Nimoy Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Dan Mindel Edited by Mary Jo Markey Maryann Brandon Production companies Spyglass Entertainment Bad Robot Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date April 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 07 ) ( Sydney Opera House ) May 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) ( United States ) Running time 127 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $150 million Box office $385.7 million Star Trek is a 2009 American space opera film directed by J.J. Abrams and written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman . It is the eleventh film in the Star Trek film franchise , and is also a reboot that features the main characters of the original Star Trek television series portrayed by a new cast , as the first in the rebooted film series . The film follows James T. Kirk ( Chris Pine ) and Spock ( Zachary Quinto ) aboard USS Enterprise as they combat Nero ( Eric Bana ) , a Romulan from their future who threatens the United Federation of Planets . The story takes place in an alternate reality because of time travel by both Nero and the original Spock ( Leonard Nimoy ) . The alternate timeline was created in an attempt to free the film and the franchise from established continuity constraints while simultaneously preserving original story elements . The idea for a prequel film which would follow the Star Trek characters during their time in Starfleet Academy was discussed by series creator Gene Roddenberry in 1968 . The concept resurfaced in the late 1980s , when it was postulated by Harve Bennett as a possible plotline for what would become Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country , but it was rejected in favor of other projects by Roddenberry . Following the critical and commercial failure of Star Trek : Nemesis and the cancellation of the television series Star Trek : Enterprise , the franchise 's executive producer Rick Berman and screenwriter Erik Jendresen wrote an unproduced film titled Star Trek : The Beginning , which would take place after Enterprise . After the separation of Viacom and CBS Corporation in 2005 , former Paramount Pictures president Gail Berman convinced CBS to allow Paramount to produce a new film in the franchise . Orci and Kurtzman , both fans of Star Trek , were approached to write the film , and J.J. Abrams was approached to direct it . Kurtzman and Orci used inspiration from novels and graduate school dissertations , as well as the series itself . Principal photography commenced on November 7 , 2007 and ended on March 27 , 2008 . The film was shot in various locations around California and Utah . Abrams wanted to avoid using bluescreen and greenscreen , opting to use sets and locations instead . Heavy secrecy surrounded the film 's production and was under the fake working title Corporate Headquarters . Industrial Light & Magic used digital ships for the film , as opposed to the previous films in the franchise . Production for the film concluded by the end of 2008 . Star Trek was heavily promoted in the months preceding its release ; pre-release screenings for the film premiered in select cities around the world , including Austin , Texas , Sydney , Australia , and Calgary , Alberta . It was released in the United States and Canada on May 8 , 2009 , to critical acclaim ; critics praised its character development , as well as its storyline , effects , stunts , action sequences , direction , and its score by Michael Giacchino . Star Trek was a box office success , grossing over $385.7 million worldwide against its $150 million production budget . It was nominated for several awards , including four Academy Awards at the 82nd Academy Awards , ultimately winning Best Makeup , making it the first Star Trek film to win an Academy Award . It was followed by two sequels , Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) and Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Effects 3.6 Music 3.7 Sound effects 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequels 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In the 23rd century , the Federation starship USS Kelvin is investigating a `` lightning storm '' in space . A Romulan ship , Narada , emerges from the storm and attacks Kelvin . Narada 's first officer , Ayel , demands that Kelvin 's Captain Robau come aboard to negotiate a truce . Robau is questioned about the current stardate and an `` Ambassador Spock '' , whom he does not recognize . Narada 's commander , Nero , kills him , and resumes attacking Kelvin . George Kirk , Kelvin 's first officer , orders the ship 's personnel , including his pregnant wife Winona , to abandon ship while he pilots Kelvin on a collision course with Narada . Kirk sacrifices his life to ensure Winona 's survival as she gives birth to James T. Kirk . Seventeen years later on the planet Vulcan , a young Spock is accepted to join the Vulcan Science Academy . Realizing that the Academy views his human mother Amanda as a `` disadvantage '' , he joins Starfleet instead . On Earth , Kirk becomes a reckless but intelligent young adult . Following a bar fight with Starfleet cadets accompanying Nyota Uhura , Kirk meets Captain Christopher Pike , who encourages him to enlist in Starfleet Academy , where Kirk meets and befriends doctor Leonard McCoy . Three years later , Commander Spock accuses Kirk of cheating during the Kobayashi Maru simulation . Kirk argues that cheating was acceptable because the simulation was designed to be unbeatable . The disciplinary hearing is interrupted by a distress signal from Vulcan . With the primary fleet out of range , the cadets are mobilized . McCoy and Kirk board Pike 's ship , the Enterprise . Realizing that the `` lightning storm '' observed near Vulcan is similar to the one that occurred when he was born , Kirk breaks protocol to convince Pike that the distress signal is a trap . Enterprise arrives to find the fleet destroyed and Narada drilling into Vulcan 's core . Narada attacks Enterprise and Pike surrenders , delegating command of the ship to Spock and promoting Kirk to first officer . Kirk , Hikaru Sulu and Chief Engineer Olson perform a space jump onto the drilling platform . Olson is killed but Kirk and Sulu disable the drill . Despite their efforts , Nero launches `` red matter '' into Vulcan 's core , forming an artificial black hole that destroys Vulcan . Spock rescues the high council and his father Sarek , but his mother Amanda dies . As Narada moves toward Earth , Nero tortures Pike to gain access to Earth 's defense codes . Spock maroons Kirk on Delta Vega after Kirk attempts mutiny . Kirk encounters an older Spock , who explains that he and Nero are from 129 years in the future . In that future , Romulus was threatened by a supernova . Spock 's attempt to use `` red matter '' to create an artificial black hole and consume the supernova failed , and Nero 's family perished along with Romulus . Narada and Spock 's vessel were caught in the black hole , sending them back in time . Nero stranded Spock on Delta Vega to watch Vulcan 's destruction . Reaching a Starfleet outpost on Delta Vega , Kirk and the elder Spock meet Montgomery Scott . With the elder Spock 's help , Scott devises a way for Kirk to beam onto Enterprise while it is travelling at Warp speed . Following the elder Spock 's advice , Kirk provokes younger Spock into attacking him , forcing Spock to recognize himself as emotionally compromised and relinquish command to Kirk . After talking with Sarek , Spock decides to help Kirk . While Enterprise hides itself within the gas clouds of Titan , Kirk and Spock beam aboard Narada . Kirk fights with Nero and Ayel , killing the latter and rescuing Pike , while Spock uses the elder Spock 's ship to destroy the drill . Spock leads Narada away from Earth and sets his ship to collide with Nero 's ship . Enterprise beams Kirk , Pike , and Spock aboard . The older Spock 's ship and Narada collide , igniting the `` red matter '' . Kirk offers Nero help to escape , but Nero refuses , prompting Kirk to give the order to fire , dooming Narada to be consumed in a black hole . Kirk is promoted to Captain and given command of Enterprise while Pike is promoted to Rear Admiral . Spock encounters his older self , who persuades his younger self to continue serving in Starfleet , encouraging him to do , for once , what feels right instead of what is logical . Spock remains in Starfleet , becoming first officer under Kirk 's command . Enterprise goes to warp as the elder Spock speaks the `` where no one has gone before '' monologue . Cast ( edit ) From top to bottom : Chris Pine , Zachary Quinto and Zoe Saldana . Chris Pine as James T. Kirk Pine described his first audition as `` awful '' , because he could not take himself seriously as a leader . Abrams did not see Pine 's first audition , and it was only after Pine 's agent met Abrams ' wife that the director decided to give him another audition opposite Quinto . Quinto was supportive of Pine 's casting because they knew each other from working out at the same gym . After getting the part , Pine sent William Shatner a letter and received a reply containing Shatner 's approval . Pine watched classic episodes and read encyclopedias about the Star Trek universe , but stopped as he felt weighed down by the feeling he had to copy Shatner . Pine felt he had to show Kirk 's `` humor , arrogance and decisiveness , '' but not Shatner 's speech pattern , which would have bordered on imitation . Pine said that when watching the original series , he was also struck by how Shatner 's performance was characterized by humor . Instead , Pine chose to incorporate elements of Tom Cruise from Top Gun and Harrison Ford 's portrayals of Indiana Jones and Han Solo . Chris Pratt also auditioned for the role . Jimmy Bennett portrays a younger Kirk . Zachary Quinto as Spock The younger alternate - timeline Spock . Quinto expressed interest in the role because of the duality of Spock 's half - human , half - Vulcan heritage , and how `` he is constantly exploring that notion of how to evolve in a responsible way and how to evolve in a respectful way . I think those are all things that we as a society , and certainly the world , could implement . '' He mentioned he heard about the new film and revealed his interest in the role in a December 2006 interview with the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ; the article was widely circulated and he attracted Abrams ' interest . For the audition , Quinto wore a blue shirt and flattened his hair down to feel more like Spock . He bound his fingers to practice the Vulcan salute , shaved his eyebrows , and grew and dyed his hair for the role . He conveyed many of Spock 's attributes , such as his stillness and the way Nimoy would hold his hands behind his back . Quinto commented that the physical transformation aided in portraying an alien , joking `` I just felt like a nerd . I felt like I was 12 again . You look back at those pictures and you see the bowl cut . There 's no question I was born to play the Spock role . I was sporting that look for a good four or five years . The film officially establishes ( to Kirk 's surprise ) that Uhura and Spock are lovers and have been romantically linked for some time , a point which had never been previously explored on TV or in film . '' Adrien Brody had discussed playing the role with the director before Quinto was cast . Jacob Kogan portrays a younger Spock . Eric Bana as Captain Nero The film 's time - traveling Romulan villain . Bana shot his scenes toward the end of filming . He was n't `` a huge Trekkie when ( he ) was a kid '' , and had not seen the films . Even though he was `` crazy about the original series , '' he would not have accepted the role unless he liked the script , which he deemed `` awesome '' once he read it . Bana knew Abrams because they coincidentally shared the same agent . Bana improvised the character 's speech patterns . Leonard Nimoy as Spock Prime : Nimoy reprises the role of the older Spock from the original Star Trek timeline , credited as `` Spock Prime '' . He was a longtime friend of Abrams ' parents , but became better acquainted with Abrams during filming . Although Quinto watched some episodes of the show during breaks in filming , Nimoy was his main resource in playing Spock . Abrams and the writers met Nimoy at his house ; writer Roberto Orci recalled that the actor gave a `` ' Who are you guys and what are you up to ? ' vibe '' before being told how important he was to them . He was silent , and Nimoy 's wife Susan Bay told the creative team he had remained in his chair after their conversation , emotionally overwhelmed by his decision after turning down many opportunities to revisit the role . Had Nimoy disliked the script , production would have been delayed for it to be rewritten . Nimoy later said , `` This is the first and only time I ever had a filmmaker say , ' We can not make this film without you and we wo n't make it without you ' '' . He was `` genuinely excited '' by the script 's scope and its detailing of the characters ' backstories , saying , `` We have dealt with ( Spock 's being half - human , half - Vulcan ) , but never with quite the overview that this script has of the entire history of the character , the growth of the character , the beginnings of the character and the arrival of the character into the Enterprise crew . '' Abrams commented , `` It was surreal to direct him as Spock , because what the hell am I doing there ? This guy has been doing it for forty years . It 's like ' I think Spock would ... ' '' Zoe Saldana as Nyota Uhura Abrams asked her to play the role because he had seen her previous work and liked it . Saldana had never seen the original series , though she had played a Trekkie in The Terminal ( 2004 ) , but agreed to play the role after Abrams complimented her . `` For an actor , that 's all you need , that 's all you want . To get the acknowledgment and respect from your peers , '' she said . She met with Nichelle Nichols , who explained to her how she had created Uhura 's background and had named the character . Saldana 's mother was a Star Trek fan and sent her voice mails during filming , giving advice on the part . Sydney Tamiia Poitier also auditioned for the part . The film officially establishes the character 's first name , which had never been previously uttered on TV or in film . It also establishes ( in an officially discreet manner ) that Uhura and Spock are , in fact , lovers and had been romantically linked for some time during the film . Karl Urban as Dr. Leonard `` Bones '' McCoy Like Pine , Urban said of taking on the role that `` it is a case of not doing some sort of facsimile or carbon copy , but really taking the very essence of what DeForest Kelley has done and honoring that and bringing something new to the table '' . Urban has been a fan of the show since he was seven years old and actively pursued the role after rediscovering the series on DVD with his son . Urban was cast at his first audition , which was two months after his initial meeting with Abrams . He said he was happy to play a role with lots of comedy , something he had not done since The Price of Milk , because he was tired of action - oriented roles . When asked why McCoy is so cantankerous , Urban joked the character might be a `` little bipolar actually ! '' Orci and Kurtzman had collaborated with Urban on Xena : Warrior Princess , in which he played Cupid and Caesar . Simon Pegg as Montgomery `` Scotty '' Scott Abrams contacted Pegg by e-mail , offering him the part . To achieve Scotty 's accent , Pegg was assisted by his wife Maureen , who is from Glasgow , although Pegg said that Scotty was from Linlithgow and that he therefore wanted his accent to sound more East Coast Scottish . As a result , the accent he used is a mixture of both , although it leans more towards the West sound . He was also aided by James Doohan 's son , Chris , and Tommy Gormley , the film 's Glaswegian first assistant director . Pegg described Scotty as a positive Scottish stereotype , noting `` Scots are the first people to laugh at the fact that they drink and fight a bit '' , and that Scotty comes from a long line of Scots with technical expertise , such as John Logie Baird and Alexander Graham Bell . Years before , Pegg 's character on Spaced joked that every odd - numbered Star Trek film being `` shit '' was a fact of life . Pegg noted `` Fate put me in the movie to show me I was talking out of my ass . '' John Cho as Hikaru Sulu Abrams had at first been concerned about casting a Korean - American as a Japanese character , but George Takei reassured him that Sulu had been meant to represent all of Asia on Enterprise , so Abrams went ahead with Cho . Cho has talked about how being an Asian - American means that `` there are certain acting roles that you are never going to get , and one of them is playing a cowboy . ( Playing Sulu ) is a realization of that dream -- going into space . '' He cited the masculinity of the character as being important to him , and spent two weeks fight training . Although Cho suffered an injury to his wrist during filming , a representative reassured the public that the injury was `` no big deal '' . James Kyson Lee had originally been interested in playing the part of Sulu , but both he and Quinto , who had already been cast as Spock , were at the time members of the cast of the television series Heroes , and its producers told Lee they did not want to lose another cast member for three months . Anton Yelchin as Pavel Chekov As with the rest of the cast , Yelchin was allowed to choose what elements there were from their predecessor 's performances . Yelchin decided to carry on Walter Koenig 's speech patterns of replacing `` v '' s with `` w '' s , although he and Abrams felt this was a trait more common of Polish accents than Russian ones . He described Chekov as an odd character , being a Russian who was brought on to the show `` in the middle of the Cold War . '' He recalled a `` scene where they 're talking to Apollo ( who says ) , ' I am Apollo . ' And Chekov is like , ' And I am the czar of all the Russias . ' ( ... ) They gave him these lines . I mean he really is the weirdest , weirdest character . '' Bruce Greenwood as Christopher Pike , the captain of USS Enterprise . Ben Cross as Sarek , Spock 's father . Winona Ryder as Amanda Grayson , Spock 's mother . Clifton Collins Jr. as Ayel , Nero 's first officer . Chris Hemsworth plays George Kirk , James Tiberius Kirk 's father , who dies aboard USS Kelvin while battling Nero . Mark Wahlberg was also approached for the role . Faran Tahir plays Kelvin captain Richard Robau . Winona Kirk , Kirk 's mother , is played by Jennifer Morrison . Greg Ellis plays Chief Engineer Olson , the redshirt who is killed during the space jump . Additional minor roles include Rachel Nichols as Gaila , an Orion Starfleet cadet ; Deep Roy as Scotty 's alien ( Royla ) assistant Keenser ; and Paul McGillion as a Starfleet barracks leader . Chris Doohan , the son of the original Scotty , James Doohan , makes a cameo appearance in the transporter room as Lt. Kyle . Some characters had their scenes substantially or entirely cut from the film , including Brad William Henke as Kirk 's stepfather ( the character 's lines in the film were provided by Greg Grunberg ) . Spencer Daniels originally played Kirk 's older brother , George Samuel `` Sam '' Kirk , Jr. , but the majority of his scenes were cut and the opening car chase scene where Kirk can be heard calling out to him was overdubbed . Victor Garber plays a Klingon interrogator who tortures Nero during his time on Rura Penthe . Tyler Perry appears as the head of Starfleet Academy , Admiral Richard Barnett . James Cawley , producer and star of the web series Star Trek : New Voyages , appears as a Starfleet officer , while Pasha Lychnikoff and Lucia Rijker play Romulans , Lychnikoff a Commander and Rijker a Communications Officer . W. Morgan Sheppard , who played a Klingon in Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country , as well as Data 's allegorical grandfather in the TNG episode `` The Schizoid Man '' , appears in this film as the head of the Vulcan Science Council . Wil Wheaton , known for portraying Wesley Crusher on Star Trek : The Next Generation , was brought in , through urging by Greg Grunberg , to voice several of the other Romulans in the film . Star Trek fan and Carnegie Mellon University professor Randy Pausch cameoed as a Kelvin crew member , and has a line of dialogue . Majel Barrett , the widow of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry , reprised her role as the voice of Enterprise 's computer , which she completed two weeks before her death on December 18 , 2008 . Orci and Kurtzman wrote a scene for Shatner , in which old Spock gives his younger self a recorded message by Kirk from the previous timeline . `` It was basically a Happy Birthday wish knowing that Spock was going to go off to Romulus , and Kirk would probably be dead by the time , '' and it would have shifted into Shatner reciting `` Where no man has gone before '' . However , Shatner wanted to share Nimoy 's major role , and did not want a cameo , despite his character 's death in Star Trek Generations . He suggested the film canonize his novels where Kirk is resurrected , but Abrams decided if his character was accompanying Nimoy 's , it would have become a film about the resurrection of Kirk , and not about introducing the new versions of the characters . Nimoy disliked the character 's death in Generations , but also felt resurrecting Kirk would be detrimental to this film , and his friendship with Shatner caused them to avoid discussing the film . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) As early as the 1968 World Science Fiction Convention , Star Trek creator Roddenberry had said he was going to make a film prequel to the television series . But the prequel concept did not resurface until the late 1980s , when Ralph Winter and Harve Bennett submitted a proposal for a prequel during development of the fourth film . Roddenberry rejected Bennett 's prequel proposal in 1991 , after the completion of Star Trek V : The Final Frontier . Then David Loughery wrote a script entitled The Academy Years , but it was shelved in light of objections from Roddenberry and the fanbase . The film that was commissioned instead ended up being Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country . In February 2005 , after the financial failure of the tenth film , Star Trek : Nemesis ( 2002 ) , and the cancellation of the television series Star Trek : Enterprise , the franchise 's executive producer Rick Berman and screenwriter Erik Jendresen began developing a new film entitled Star Trek : The Beginning . It was to revolve around a new set of characters , led by Kirk 's ancestor Tiberius Chase , and be set during the Earth - Romulan War -- after the events of Enterprise but before the events of the original series . In 2005 , Viacom , which owned Paramount Pictures , separated from CBS Corporation , which retained Paramount 's television properties , including ownership of the Star Trek brand . Gail Berman , then president of Paramount , convinced CBS ' chief executive , Leslie Moonves , to allow them eighteen months to develop a new Star Trek film , otherwise Paramount would lose the film rights . Berman approached Mission : Impossible III writers Orci and Kurtzman for ideas on the new film , and after the film had completed shooting she asked their director , Abrams , to produce it . Abrams , Orci and Kurtzman , plus producers Damon Lindelof and Bryan Burk , felt the franchise had explored enough of what took place after the series , Orci and Lindelof consider themselves trekkies , and feel some of the Star Trek novels have canonical value , although Roddenberry never considered the novels to be canon . Kurtzman is a casual fan , while Burk was not . Abrams ' company , Bad Robot Productions produced the film with Paramount , marking the first time another company had financed a Star Trek film . Bill Todman , Jr. 's Level 1 Entertainment also co-produced the film , but , during 2008 , Spyglass Entertainment replaced them as financial partner . In an interview , Abrams said that he had never seen Star Trek : Nemesis because he felt the franchise had `` disconnected '' from the original series . For him , he said , Star Trek was about Kirk and Spock , and the other series were like `` separate space adventure ( s ) with the name Star Trek '' . He also acknowledged that as a child he had actually preferred the Star Wars movies . He noted that his general knowledge of Star Trek made him well suited to introduce the franchise to newcomers , and that , being an optimistic person , he would make Star Trek an optimistic film , which would be a refreshing contrast to the likes of The Dark Knight . He added that he loved the focus on exploration in Star Trek and the idea of the Prime Directive , which forbids Starfleet to interfere in the development of primitive worlds , but that , because of the budgetary limitations of the original series , it had `` never had the resources to actually show the adventure '' . He noted he only became involved with the project as producer initially because he wanted to help Orci , Kurtzman and Lindelof . On February 23 , 2007 , Abrams accepted Paramount 's offer to direct the film , after having initially been attached to it solely as a producer . He explained that he had decided to direct the film because , after reading the script , he realized that he `` would be so agonizingly envious of whoever stepped in and directed the movie . '' Orci and Kurtzman said that their aim had been to impress a casual fan like Abrams with their story . Abrams noted that , during filming , he had been nervous `` with all these tattooed faces and pointy ears , bizarre weaponry and Romulan linguists , with dialogue about ' Neutral Zones ' and ' Starfleet ' ( but ) I knew this would work , because the script Alex and Bob wrote was so emotional and so relatable . I did n't love Kirk and Spock when I began this journey -- but I love them now . '' Writing ( edit ) `` We 're from different worlds , Alex ( Kurtzman ) was born here , and I was born in Mexico City and lived there until I was nine . Kirk and Spock are opposites from two worlds . That 's us in a nutshell . We 're drawn to each by what each of us lacks . The story of this film is about two guys who are such opposites that they might end up strangling each other but instead they bond and thrive together . That 's us . We can go warp speed together . '' Roberto Orci on the film 's emotional context . Orci said getting Nimoy in the film was important . `` Having him sitting around a campfire sharing his memories was never gon na cut it '' though , and time travel was going to be included in the film from the beginning . Kurtzman added , saying the time travel creates jeopardy , unlike other prequels where viewers `` know how they all died '' . The writers acknowledged time travel had been overused in the other series , but it served a good purpose in creating a new set of adventures for the original characters before they could completely do away with it in other films . Abrams selected the Romulans as the villains because they had been featured less than the Klingons in the series , and thought it was `` fun '' to have them meet Kirk before they do in the series . Orci and Kurtzman noted it would feel backward to demonize the Klingons again after they had become heroes in later Star Trek series , and the Romulan presence continues Spock 's story from his last chronological appearance in `` Unification '' , an episode of Star Trek : The Next Generation set in 2368 . The episode of the original continuity in which Kirk becomes the first human to ever see a Romulan , `` Balance of Terror '' , served as one of the influences for the film . Orci said it was difficult giving a good explanation for the time travel without being gimmicky , like having Nero specifically seeking to assassinate Kirk . Orci noted while the time travel story allowed them to alter some backstory elements such as Kirk 's first encounter with the Romulans , they could not use it as a crutch to change everything and they tried to approach the film as a prequel as much as possible . Kirk 's service on Farragut , a major backstory point to the original episode `` Obsession '' , was left out because it was deemed irrelevant to the story of Kirk meeting Spock , although Orci felt nothing in his script precluded it from the new film 's backstory . There was a scene involving Kirk meeting Carol Marcus ( who is revealed as the mother of his son in Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan ) as a child , but it was dropped because the film needed more time to introduce the core characters . Figuring out ways to get the crew together required some contrivances , which Orci and Kurtzman wanted to explain from old Spock as a way of the timeline mending itself , highlighting the theme of destiny . The line was difficult to write and was ultimately cut out . The filmmakers sought inspiration from novels such as Prime Directive , Spock 's World and Best Destiny to fill in gaps unexplained by canon ; Best Destiny particularly explores Kirk 's childhood and names his parents . One idea that was justified through information from the novels was having Enterprise built on Earth , which was inspired by a piece of fan art of Enterprise being built in a shipyard . Orci had sent the fan art to Abrams to show how realistic the film could be . Orci explained parts of the ship would have to be constructed on Earth because of the artificial gravity employed on the ship and its requirement for sustaining warp speed , and therefore the calibration of the ship 's machinery would be best done in the exact gravity well which is to be simulated . They felt free to have the ship built in Iowa because canon is ambiguous as to whether it was built in San Francisco , but this is a result of the time travel rather than something intended to overlap with the original timeline . Abrams noted the continuity of the original series itself was inconsistent at times . Orci and Kurtzman said they wanted the general audience to like the film as much as the fans , by stripping away `` Treknobabble '' , making it action - packed and giving it the simple title of Star Trek to indicate to newcomers they would not need to watch any of the other films . Abrams saw humor and sex appeal as two integral and popular elements of the show that needed to be maintained . Orci stated being realistic and being serious were not the same thing . Abrams , Burk , Lindelof , Orci and Kurtzman were fans of The Wrath of Khan , and also cited The Next Generation episode `` Yesterday 's Enterprise '' as an influence . Abrams ' wife Katie was regularly consulted on the script , as were Orci , Kurtzman and Lindelof 's wives , to make the female characters as strong as possible . Katie Abrams ' approval of the strong female characters was partly why Abrams signed on to direct . Orci and Kurtzman read graduate school dissertations on the series for inspiration ; they noted comparisons of Kirk , Spock and McCoy to Shakespearian archetypes , and Kirk and Spock 's friendship echoing that of John Lennon and Paul McCartney . They also noted that , in the creation of this film , they were influenced by Star Wars , particularly in pacing . `` I want to feel the space , I want to feel speed and I want to feel all the things that can become a little bit lost when Star Trek becomes very stately '' said Orci . Star Wars permeated in the way they wrote the action sequences , while Burk noted Kirk and Spock 's initially cold relationship mirrors how `` Han Solo was n't friends with anyone when they started on their journey . '' Spock and Uhura were put in an actual relationship as a nod to early episodes highlighting her interest in him . Orci wanted to introduce strong Starfleet captains , concurring with an interviewer that most captains in other films were `` patsies '' included to make Kirk look greater by comparison . USS Kelvin , the ship Kirk 's father serves on , is named after J.J. Abrams ' grandfather , as well as the physicist and engineer Lord Kelvin ( William Thomson ) . Kelvin 's captain , Richard Robau ( Faran Tahir ) , is named after Orci 's Cuban uncle : Orci theorized the fictional character was born in Cuba and grew up in the Middle East . Another reference to Abrams ' previous works is Slusho , which Uhura orders at the bar where she meets Kirk . Abrams created the fictitious drink for Alias and it reappeared in viral marketing for Cloverfield . Its owner , Tagruato , is also from Cloverfield and appears on a building in San Francisco . The red matter in the film is in the shape of a red ball , an Abrams motif dating back to the pilot of Alias . Design ( edit ) The film 's production designer was Scott Chambliss , a longtime collaborator with Abrams . Chambliss worked with a large group of concept illustrators , including James Clyne , Ryan Church , creature designer Neville Page , and Star Trek veteran John Eaves . Abrams stated the difficulty of depicting the future was that much of modern technology was inspired by the original show , and made it seem outdated . Thus the production design had to be consistent with the television series but also feel more advanced than the real world technology developed after it . `` We all have the iPhone that does more than the communicator , '' said Abrams . `` I feel like there 's a certain thing that you ca n't really hold onto , which is kind of the kitschy quality . That must go if it 's going to be something that you believe is real . '' Prop master Russell Bobbitt collaborated with Nokia on recreating the original communicator , creating a $50,000 prototype . Another prop recreated for the film was the tricorder . Bobbitt brought the original prop to the set , but the actors found it too large to carry when filming action scenes , so technical advisor Doug Brody redesigned it to be smaller . The phaser props were designed as spring - triggered barrels that revolve and glow as the setting switches from `` stun '' to `` kill '' . An Aptera Typ - 1 prototype car was used on location . Panorama of Enterprise 's redesigned bridge Production designer Scott Chambliss maintained the layout of the original bridge , but aesthetically altered it with brighter colors to reflect the optimism of Star Trek . The viewscreen was made into a window that could have images projected on it to make the space environment palpable . Abrams compared the redesign to the sleek modernist work of Pierre Cardin and the sets from 2001 : A Space Odyssey , which were from the 1960s . He joked the redesigned bridge made the Apple Store look `` uncool '' . At the director 's behest , more railings were added to the bridge to make it look safer , and the set was built on gimbals so its rocking motions when the ship accelerates and is attacked was more realistic . To emphasize the size of the ship , Abrams chose to give the engine room a highly industrial appearance : he explained to Pegg that he was inspired by RMS Titanic , a sleek ship in which there was an `` incredible gut '' . Abrams selected Michael Kaplan to design the costumes because he had not seen any of the films , meaning he would approach the costumes with a new angle . For the Starfleet uniforms , Kaplan followed the show 's original color - coding , with dark gray ( almost black ) undershirts and pants and colored overshirts showing each crew member 's position . Command officers wear gold shirts , science and medical officers wear blue , and operations ( technicians , engineers , and security personnel ) wear red . Kaplan wanted the shirts to be more sophisticated than the originals and selected to have the Starfleet symbol patterned on them . Kirk wears only the undershirt because he is a cadet . Kaplan modelled the uniforms on Kelvin on science fiction films of the 1940s and 1950s , to contrast with Enterprise - era uniforms based on the ones created in the 1960s . For Abrams , `` The costumes were a microcosm of the entire project , which was how to take something that 's kind of silly and make it feel real . But how do you make legitimate those near - primary color costumes ? '' Lindelof compared the film 's Romulan faction to pirates with their bald , tattooed heads and disorganized costuming . Their ship , Narada , is purely practical with visible mechanics as it is a `` working ship '' , unlike the Enterprise crew who give a respectable presentation on behalf of the Federation . Chambliss was heavily influenced by the architecture of Antoni Gaudí for Narada , who created buildings that appeared to be inside out : by making the ship 's exposed wires appear like bones or ligaments , it would create a foreboding atmosphere . The ship 's interior was made of six pieces that could be rearranged to create a different room . The Romulan actors had three prosthetics applied to their ears and foreheads , while Bana had a fourth prosthetic for the bitemark on his ear that extends to the back of his character 's head . The film 's Romulans lacked the ' V ' - shaped ridges on the foreheads , which had been present in all of their depictions outside the original series . Neville Page wanted to honor that by having Nero 's crew ritually scar themselves too , forming keloids reminiscent of the ' V ' - ridges . It was abandoned as they did not pursue the idea enough . Kaplan wanted aged , worn and rugged clothes for the Romulans because of their mining backgrounds , and found some greasy looking fabrics at a flea market . Kaplan tracked down the makers of those clothes , who were discovered to be based in Bali , and commissioned them to create his designs . Barney Burman supervised the makeup for the other aliens : his team had to rush the creation of many of the aliens , because originally the majority of them were to feature in one scene towards the end of filming . Abrams deemed the scene too similar to the cantina sequence in Star Wars and decided to dot the designs around the film . A tribble was placed in the background of Scotty 's introduction . Both digital and physical makeup was used for aliens . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for the film began on November 7 , 2007 , and culminated on March 27 , 2008 ; however second unit filming occurred in Bakersfield , California in April 2008 , which stood in for Kirk 's childhood home in Iowa . Filming was also done at the City Hall of Long Beach , California ; the San Rafael Swell in Utah ; and the California State University , Northridge in Los Angeles ( which was used for establishing shots of students at Starfleet Academy ) . A parking lot outside Dodger Stadium was used for the ice planet of Delta Vega and the Romulan drilling rig on Vulcan . The filmmakers expressed an interest in Iceland for scenes on Delta Vega , but decided against it : Chambliss enjoyed the challenge of filming scenes with snow in southern California . Other Vulcan exteriors were shot at Vasquez Rocks , a location that was used in various episodes of the original series . A Budweiser plant in Van Nuys was used for Enterprise 's engine room , while a Long Beach power plant was used for Kelvin 's engine room . Filming locations in Star Trek Vasquez Rocks San Rafael Swell California State University , Northridge Following the initiation of the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike on November 5 , 2007 , Abrams , himself a WGA member , told Variety that while he would not render writing services for the film and intended to walk the picket line , he did not expect the strike to impact his directing of the production . In the final few weeks before the strike and start of production , Abrams and Lindelof polished the script for a final time . Abrams was frustrated that he was unable to alter lines during the strike , whereas normally they would have been able to improvise new ideas during rehearsal , although Lindelof acknowledged they could dub some lines in post-production . Orci and Kurtzman were able to stay on set without strikebreaking because they were also executive producers on the film ; they could `` make funny eyes and faces at the actors whenever they had a problem with the line and sort of nod when they had something better '' . Abrams was able to alter a scene where Spock combats six Romulans from a fistfight to a gunfight , having decided there were too many physical brawls in the film . The production team maintained heavily enforced security around the film . Karl Urban revealed , `` ( There is a ) level of security and secrecy that we have all been forced to adopt . I mean , it 's really kind of paranoid crazy , but sort of justified . We 're not allowed to walk around in public in our costumes and we have to be herded around everywhere in these golf carts that are completely concealed and covered in black canvas . The security of it is immense . You feel your freedom is a big challenge . '' Actors like Jennifer Morrison were only given the scripts of their scenes . The film 's shooting script was fiercely protected even with the main cast . Simon Pegg said , `` I read ( the script ) with a security guard near me -- it 's that secretive . '' The film used the fake working title of Corporate Headquarters . Some of the few outside of the production allowed to visit the set included Rod Roddenberry , Ronald D. Moore , Jonathan Frakes , Walter Koenig , Nichelle Nichols , Ben Stiller , Tom Cruise and Steven Spielberg ( who had partially convinced Abrams to direct because he liked the script , and he even advised the action scenes during his visit ) . When the shoot ended , Abrams gave the cast small boxes containing little telescopes , which allowed them to read the name of each constellation it was pointed at . `` I think he just wanted each of us to look at the stars a little differently , '' said John Cho . After the shoot , Abrams cut out some scenes of Kirk and Spock as children , including seeing the latter as a baby , as well as a subplot involving Nero being imprisoned by the Klingons and his escape : this explanation for his absence during Kirk 's life confused many to whom Abrams screened the film . Other scenes cut out explained that the teenage Kirk stole his stepfather 's antique car because he had forced him to clean it before an auction ; and that the Orion he seduced at the Academy worked in the operations division . Afterward , she agrees to open the e-mail containing his patch that allows him to pass the Kobayashi Maru test . Abrams chose to shoot the film in the anamorphic format on 35 mm film after discussions about whether the film should be shot in high - definition digital video . Cinematographer Dan Mindel and Abrams agreed the choice gave the film a big - screen feel and the realistic , organic look they wanted for the film setting . Abrams and Mindel used lens flares throughout filming to create an optimistic atmosphere and a feeling that activity was taking place off - camera , making the Star Trek universe feel more real . `` There 's something about those flares , especially in a movie that potentially could be incredibly sterile and CG and overly controlled . There 's just something incredibly unpredictable and gorgeous about them . '' Mindel would create more flares by shining a flashlight or pointing a mirror at the camera lens , or using two cameras simultaneously and therefore two lighting set - ups . Editor Mary Jo Markey later said in an interview that he had not told her ( or fellow editor Maryann Brandon ) this , and initially contacted the film developers asking why the film seemed overexposed . Effects ( edit ) Industrial Light & Magic and Digital Domain were among several companies that created over 1,000 special effect shots . The visual effects supervisors were Roger Guyett , who collaborated with Abrams on Mission : Impossible III and also served as second unit director , and Russell Earl . Abrams avoided shooting only against bluescreen and greenscreen , because it `` makes me insane '' , using them instead to extend the scale of sets and locations . The Delta Vega sequence required the mixing of digital snow with real snow . Star Trek was the first film ILM worked on using entirely digital ships . Enterprise was intended by Abrams to be a merging of its design in the series and the refitted version from the original film . Abrams had fond memories of the revelation of Enterprise 's refit in Star Trek : The Motion Picture , because it was the first time the ship felt tangible and real to him . The iridescent pattern on the ship from The Motion Picture was maintained to give the ship depth , while model maker Roger Goodson also applied the `` Aztec '' pattern from The Next Generation . Goodson recalled Abrams also wanted to bring a `` hot rod '' aesthetic to the ship . Effects supervisor Roger Guyett wanted the ship to have more moving parts , which stemmed from his childhood dissatisfaction with the ship 's design : The new Enterprise 's dish can expand and move , while the fins on its engines split slightly when they begin warping . Enterprise was originally redesigned by Ryan Church using features of the original , at 1,200 feet ( 370 m ) long , but was doubled in size to 2,357 feet ( 718 m ) long to make it seem `` grander '' , while the Romulan Narada is five miles long and several miles wide . The filmmakers had to simulate lens flares on the ships in keeping with the film 's cinematography . Carolyn Porco of NASA was consulted on the planetary science and imagery . The animators realistically recreated what an explosion would look like in space : short blasts , which suck inward and leave debris from a ship floating . For shots of an imploding planet , the same explosion program was used to simulate it breaking up , while the animators could manually composite multiple layers of rocks and wind sucking into the planet . Unlike other Star Trek films and series , the transporter beam effects swirl rather than speckle . Abrams conceived the redesign to emphasize the notion of transporters as beams that can pick up and move people , rather than a signal composed of scrambled atoms . Lola Visual Effects worked on 48 shots , including some animation to Bana and Nimoy . Bana required extensive damage to his teeth , which was significant enough to completely replace his mouth in some shots . Nimoy 's mouth was reanimated in his first scene with Kirk following a rerecording session . The filmmakers had filmed Nimoy when he rerecorded his lines so they could rotoscope his mouth into the film , even recreating the lighting conditions , but they realized they had to digitally recreate his lips because of the bouncing light created by the camp fire . Music ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek ( soundtrack ) Michael Giacchino , Abrams ' most frequent collaborator , composed the music for Star Trek . He kept the original theme by Alexander Courage for the end credits , which Abrams said symbolized the momentum of the crew coming together . Giacchino admitted personal pressure in scoring the film , as `` I grew up listening to all of that great ( Trek ) music , and that 's part of what inspired me to do what I 'm doing ( ... ) You just go in scared . You just hope you do your best . It 's one of those things where the film will tell me what to do . '' Scoring took place at the Sony Scoring Stage with a 107 - piece orchestra and 40 - person choir . An erhu , performed by Karen Han , was used for the Vulcan themes . A distorted recording was used for the Romulans . Varèse Sarabande , the record label responsible for releasing albums of Giacchino 's previous scores for Alias , Lost , Mission : Impossible III , and Speed Racer , released the soundtrack for the film on May 5 . The music for the theatrical trailers were composed by Two Steps from Hell . Sound effects ( edit ) The sound effects were designed by Star Wars veteran Ben Burtt . Whereas the phaser blast noises from the television series were derived from The War of the Worlds ( 1953 ) , Burtt made his phaser sounds more like his blasters from Star Wars , because Abrams ' depiction of phasers were closer to the blasters ' bullet - like fire , rather than the steady beams of energy in previous Star Trek films . Burtt reproduced the classic photon torpedo and warp drive sounds : he tapped a long spring against a contact microphone , and combined that with cannon fire . Burtt used a 1960s oscillator to create a musical and emotional hum to the warping and transporting sounds . Release ( edit ) Urban , Pine , Burk , Quinto , Abrams , Bana and Cho attending the film 's premiere at the Sydney Opera House on April 7 , 2009 . In February 2008 , Paramount announced they would move Star Trek from its December 25 , 2008 , release date to May 8 , 2009 , as the studio felt more people would see the film during summer than winter . The film was practically finished by the end of 2008 . Paramount 's decision came about after visiting the set and watching dailies , as they realized the film could appeal to a much broader audience . Even though the filmmakers liked the Christmas release date , Damon Lindelof acknowledged it would allow more time to perfect the visual effects . The months - long gap between the completion of the production and release meant Alan Dean Foster was allowed to watch the whole film before writing the novelization , although the novel would contain scenes absent from the final edit . Quinto narrated the audiobook . A surprise public screening was held on April 6 , 2009 , at the Alamo Drafthouse theater in Austin , Texas , hosted by writers Robert Orci , Alex Kurtzman , and producer Damon Lindelof . The showing was publicized as a screening of Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , followed by a ten - minute preview of the new Star Trek film . A few minutes into Khan , the film appeared to melt and Nimoy appeared on stage with Orci , Kurtzman and Lindelof , asking the audience , `` would n't you rather see the new movie ? '' Following the surprise screening in Texas , the first of many premieres across the world was held at the Sydney Opera House in Sydney on April 7 , 2009 . For almost two years , the town of Vulcan , Alberta had campaigned to have the film premiere there , but because it had no theater , Paramount arranged instead a lottery where 300 winning residents would be taken to a prerelease screening in Calgary . Marketing ( edit ) See also : Star Trek : Countdown and Star Trek DAC The first teaser trailer debuted in theaters with Cloverfield on January 18 , 2008 , which showed Enterprise under construction . Abrams himself directed the first part of the trailer , where a welder removes his goggles . Professional welders were hired for the teaser . The voices of the 1960s played over the trailer were intended to link the film to the present day ; John F. Kennedy in particular was chosen because of similarities with the character of James T. Kirk and because he is seen to have `` kicked off '' the Space Race . Orci explained that : `` If we do indeed have a Federation , I think Kennedy 's words will be inscribed in there someplace . '' Star Trek 's later trailers would win four awards , including Best in Show , in the tenth annual Golden Trailer Awards . Paramount faced two obstacles in promoting the film : the unfamiliarity of the `` MySpace generation '' with the franchise and the relatively weak international performance of the previous films . Six months before the film 's release , Abrams toured Europe and North America with 25 minutes of footage . Abrams noted the large - scale campaign started unusually early , but this was because the release delay allowed him to show more completed scenes than normal . The director preferred promoting his projects quietly , but concurred Paramount needed to remove Star Trek 's stigma . Abrams would exaggerate his preference for other shows to Star Trek as a child to the press , with statements like `` I 'm not a Star Trek fan '' and `` this movie is not made for Star Trek fans necessarily '' . Orci compared Abrams ' approach to The Next Generation episode `` A Matter of Honor '' , where William Riker is stationed aboard a Klingon vessel . `` On that ship when someone talks back to you , you would have to beat them down or you lose the respect of your crew , which is protocol , whereas on a Federation ship that would be a crime . So we have to give ( J.J. Abrams ) a little bit of leeway , when he is traveling the ' galaxy ' over there where they do n't know Trek , to say the things that need to be said in order to get people onto our side . '' Promotional partners on the film include Nokia , Verizon Wireless , Esurance , Kellogg 's , Burger King and Intel Corporation , as well as various companies specializing in home decorating , apparel , jewelry , gift items and `` Tiberius '' , `` Pon Farr '' and `` Red Shirt '' fragrances . Playmates Toys , who owned the Star Trek toy license until 2000 , also held the merchandise rights for the new film . The first wave was released in March and April 2009 . Playmates hope to continue their toy line into 2010 . The first wave consists of 3.75 `` , 6 '' and 12 '' action figures , an Enterprise replica , prop toys and play sets . to recreate the whole bridge , one would have to buy more 3.75 '' figures , which come with chairs and consoles to add to the main set consisting of Kirk 's chair , the floor , the main console and the viewscreen . Master Replicas , Mattel , Hasbro and Fundex Games will promote the film via playing cards , Monopoly , UNO , Scrabble , Magic 8 - Ball , Hot Wheels , Tyco R / C , 20Q , Scene It ? and Barbie lines . Some of these are based on previous Star Trek iterations rather than the film . CBS also created a merchandising line based around Star Trek caricatures named `` Quogs '' . Home release ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray on November 17 , 2009 , in North America , November 16 in the United Kingdom and October 26 in Australia and New Zealand . In Sweden and Germany , it was released on November 4 . First week sales stood at 5.7 million DVDs along with 1.1 million Blu - ray Discs , giving Paramount Pictures their third chart topping release in five weeks following Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen and G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Official screenings in the United States started at 7 pm on May 7 , 2009 , grossing $4 million on its opening day . By the end of the weekend , Star Trek had opened with $79,204,300 , as well as $35,500,000 from other countries . Adjusted and unadjusted for inflation , it beat Star Trek : First Contact for the largest American opening for a Star Trek film . The film made US $8.5 million from its IMAX screenings , breaking The Dark Knight 's $6.3 million IMAX opening record . The film is the highest - grossing in the United States and Canada from the entire Star Trek film franchise , eclipsing The Voyage Home and Star Trek : The Motion Picture . Its opening weekend numbers alone outgross the entire individual runs of The Undiscovered Country , The Final Frontier , Insurrection and Nemesis . Star Trek ended its United States theatrical run on October 1 , 2009 , with a box office total of $257,730,019 , which places it as the seventh highest - grossing film for 2009 behind The Hangover . The film grossed $127,764,536 in international markets , for a total worldwide gross of $385,494,555 . While foreign grosses represent only 31 % of the total box office receipts , executives of Paramount were happy with the international sales , as Star Trek historically was a movie franchise that never has been a big draw overseas . Critical response ( edit ) Star Trek was acclaimed by film critics . On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , it received 94 % approval with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 ( the highest scored Star Trek film ) , based on 340 reviews , with the consensus : `` Star Trek reignites a classic franchise with action , humor , a strong story , and brilliant visuals , and will please traditional Trekkies and new fans alike . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score , gave the film an 82 out of 100 based on 46 reviews from critics . The editing , cinematography , and special effects work are state - of - the - art , as you 'd expect -- extra praise goes to an astonishingly detailed sound mix -- but so are the same aspects of Wolverine , and that film 's a joyless bore by comparison . What lifts the Abrams film into the ether is the rightness of its casting and playing , from Saldana 's Uhura , finally a major character after all these years , to Urban 's loyal , dyspeptic McCoy , to Simon Pegg 's grandly comic Scotty , the movie 's most radical reimagining of a Star Trek regular . -- Ty Burr of the Boston Globe Ty Burr of the Boston Globe gave the film a perfect four star rating , describing it as `` ridiculously satisfying '' , and the `` best prequel ever '' . Burr praised the character development in the film , opining that `` emotionally , Star Trek hits every one of its marks , functioning as a family reunion that extends across decades , entertainment mediums , even blurring the line between audience and show . '' He continued : `` Trading on affections sustained over 40 years of popular culture , Star Trek does what a franchise reboot rarely does . It reminds us why we loved these characters in the first place . '' Owen Gleiberman from Entertainment Weekly gave the film an ' A - ' grade , commenting that director Abrams `` crafts an origin story that avoids any hint of the origin doldrums . '' Similar sentiments were expressed by Rolling Stone journalist Peter Travers , who gave the film a 3.5 out of 4 stars . He felt that the acting from the cast was the highlight of the filming , asserting that the performance of Pine radiated star quality . Likewise , Travers called Quinto 's performance `` sharp '' and `` intuitive '' , and felt that Quinto `` gave the film a soul '' . Manohla Dargis of the New York Times wrote , `` Star Trek ( ... ) is n't just a pleasurable rethink of your geek uncle 's favorite science - fiction series . It 's also a testament to television 's power as mythmaker , as a source for some of the fundamental stories we tell about ourselves , who we are and where we came from . Slate 's Dana Stevens felt that the film was `` a gift to those of us who loved the original series , that brainy , wonky , idealistic body of work that aired to almost no commercial success between 1966 -- 69 and has since become a science fiction archetype and object of cult adoration . '' Time Out London 's Tom Huddleston praised the aesthetic qualities of the film , such as the design of Enterprise , and praised the performances of the cast . He wrote , `` The cast are equally strong : Quinto brings wry charm to an otherwise calculating character , while Pine powers through his performance in bullish , if not quite Shatner-esque , fashion . '' The chemistry between Pine and Quinto was well received by critics . Gleiberman felt that as the film progressed to the conclusion , Pine and Quinto emulated the same connection as Kirk and Spock . Tim Robey of The Telegraph echoed similar attitudes ; `` The movie charts their relationship ( ... ) in a nicely oblique way . '' Robey resumed : `` It 's the main event , dramatically speaking , but there 's always something more thumpingly urgent to command their attention , whether it 's a Vulcan distress signal or the continuing rampages of those pesky Romulans . '' Burr opined that Abrams had an accurate understanding of the relationship between Kirk and Spock , and wrote , `` Pine makes a fine , brash boy Kirk , but Quinto 's Spock is something special -- an eerily calm figure freighted with a heavier sadness than Roddenberry 's original . The two ground each other and point toward all the stories yet to come . '' Similarly , The Guardian writer Peter Bradshaw expressed : `` The story of Kirk and Spock is brought thrillingly back to life by a new first generation : Chris Pine and Zachary Quinto , who give inspired , utterly unselfconscious and lovable performances , with power , passion and some cracking comic timing . '' Some film critics were polarized with Star Trek . Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club gave the film a ' B + ' grade , and asserted that it was `` a reconsideration of what constitutes Star Trek , one that deemphasizes heady concepts and plainly stated humanist virtues in favor of breathless action punctuated by bursts of emotion . It might not even be immediately recognizable to veteran fans . '' In concurrence , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times stated that `` the Gene Roddenberry years , when stories might play with questions of science , ideals or philosophy , have been replaced by stories reduced to loud and colorful action . '' Ebert ultimately gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars . Similarly , Marc Bain of Newsweek opined : `` The latest film version of Star Trek ( ... ) is more brawn than brain , and it largely jettisons complicated ethical conundrums in favor of action sequences and special effects . Slate journalist Juliet Lapidos argued that the new film , with its `` standard Hollywood torture scene '' , failed to live up to the intellectual standard set by the 1992 Next Generation episode `` Chain of Command '' , whose treatment of the issue she found both more sophisticated and pertinent to the ongoing debate over the United States ' use of enhanced interrogation techniques . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Star Trek ( film ) The film garnered numerous accolades after its release . In 2010 , it was nominated for four Academy Awards at the 82nd Academy Awards , for Best Sound Editing , Best Sound , Best Visual Effects , and Best Makeup . Star Trek won in the category for Best Makeup , making it the first Star Trek film to receive an Academy Award . The film was nominated for three Empire Awards , to which it won for Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy . In October 2009 , Star Trek won the Hollywood Award for Best Movie , and attained six Scream Awards and the 2009 Scream Awards Ceremony . The film attained a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture at the 16th Screen Actors Guild Awards . Star Trek received several nominations . The film was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media , but was beaten out by Up , also composed by Michael Giacchino . At the 36th People 's Choice Awards , the film received four nominations : the film was a contender for Favorite Movie , Zoe Saldana was nominated for Favorite Breakout Movie Actress , and both Pine and Quinto were nominated for Favorite Breakout Movie Actor . On June 15 , 2009 , the film was nominated for five Teen Choice Awards . In addition , Star Trek was nominated for five Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards and was named one of the top - ten films of 2009 by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures . Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond The film 's major cast members signed on for two sequels as part of their original deals . Abrams and Bryan Burk signed to produce and Abrams signed to direct the first sequel . The sequel , Star Trek Into Darkness , starring Benedict Cumberbatch as Khan Noonien Singh , was released on May 16 , 2013 . A third film , Star Trek Beyond , directed by Justin Lin and starring Idris Elba as the main antagonist , was released on July 22 , 2016 , to positive reviews . In July 2016 , Abrams confirmed plans for a fourth film , and stated that Chris Hemsworth would return as Kirk 's father . Most of the cast and producers of Beyond have also agreed to return ; however , Abrams stated Anton Yelchin 's role would not be recast following his death . See also ( edit ) Star Trek film series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` STAR TREK '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2009 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Trek ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll `` ' Star Trek ' Sequel Will Deal With ' Unpredictable Future ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2009 - 05 - 15 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' Director Open To Sequel With William Shatner Or Khan '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Cargill , JD ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) . `` The Scene : ' Trek ' actors dive onto Vulcan '' . CNN . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Plait , Phil ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) . `` BA Review : Star Trek '' . Discover . Kalmbach Publishing . 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Jump up ^ Eric Vespe ( 2008 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Why do these shots from the filming of `` Corporate Headquarters '' look suspiciously like the Starfleet Academy ? `` . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Production notes '' . StarTrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04 . Enter the main site and click `` About '' on the navigation menu to access . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( 2009 - 05 - 03 ) . `` TrekMovie Hollywood Premiere Video Interviews w / Trek Celebs ( Past & Present ) '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Helen O'Hara ( 2008 - 10 - 28 ) . `` Empire Star Trek Cover '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Sampson , Mike ( 2008 - 10 - 15 ) . `` EXCL : Star Trek pic ! '' . JoBlo.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Joe Nazzaro ( 2009 - 04 - 06 ) . `` FX artists create new aesthetic for ' Star Trek ' franchise '' . Makeup Mag . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bill Desowitz ( 2009 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Creature Designer Neville Page Talks Star Trek '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Patrick Lee ( 2009 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Star Trek `` doctor '' reveals details of Kirk 's birth in Abrams ' film `` . Sci Fi Wire . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Star Trek Wraps '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Producer Talks ' Iowa ' Shoot + VIDEO Of Scene Being Shot '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Paul Eakins ( 2007 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Council Returns after ' Trek ' '' . Long Beach Press - Telegram . Jump up ^ `` Motion Picture Incentive Fund '' . Economic Development Corporation of Utah . 2009 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 03 - 18 ) . `` CSUN Transformed Into Academy '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton , Michael Schneider ( 2007 - 11 - 05 ) . `` WGA strike hit the streets '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Svetkey ( 2007 - 11 - 08 ) . `` Writers ' strike : Imagining the worst - case scenario '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Damon Lindelof On New Release Date and Trek Appealing To Wider Audience '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Alex Billington ( 2009 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Kicking Off 2009 with Writers Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci -- Part Two : Transformers 2 '' . First Showing . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Troy ( 2007 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Karl Urban Talks Comanche Moon Mini-series and Star Trek '' . The Dead Bolt . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Morrison and Nichols Talk a little Trek '' . TrekMovie.com. 2008 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Spills On Star Trek '' . Sky Living . 2007 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2007 - 11 - 06 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' Extras Open Casting Call -- Looking for Unique Faces '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Dan Madsen ( 2009 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Mania Exclusive Interview : Eugene Roddenberry , Jr '' . Mania . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Ron Moore Talks Movies ( Past and Future ) '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Michael ( 2009 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Back on Trek ; How J.J. Abrams led the Star Trek revival '' . Millimetre . p. 2 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Christopher . `` Tech Support Interview : The crafts of ' Star Trek ' '' . In Contention . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Desowitz ( 2009 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Where No Star Trek Has Gone Before '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : McGorry , Ken ( 2009 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Star Trek Returns '' . Post Magazine . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jeff Jensen ( 2008 - 11 - 11 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' : An exclusive first look at the Enterprise '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` How ILM came up with the new Enterprise for J.J. Abrams ' Trek '' . Sci Fi Wire. 2009 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Jaeger , Alex ( 2009 - 07 - 01 ) . Cinefax. `` 118 '' . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( 2008 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Interview with Star Trek 's new science advisor '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Dan Goldwasser ( 2009 - 04 - 21 ) . `` Michael Giacchino hits warp speed with his score to Star Trek '' . ScoringSessions.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cindy White ( 2007 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Trek Score Will Keep Theme '' . Sci Fi Wire . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Giacchino 's Star Trek Soundtrack Announced -- Available For Pre-order '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Two Steps From Hell : Music for Motion Picture Advertising '' . TwoStepsFromHell.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Michael Kunkes ( 2009 - 04 - 29 ) . `` More Sound Trekking '' . Motion Picture Editors Guild . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek ' boldly goes to summer 2009 in schedule shift '' . KATU. 2008 - 02 - 15 . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2009 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Alan Dean Foster Writing Star Trek Movie Adaptation '' . StarTrek.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2009 - 03 - 19 ) . `` ST09 Tidbits ( Spocks Edition ) : Nimoy Supports Vulcans ( UPDATED ) + Quinto Reads Audiobook & Appears in GQ '' . StarTrek.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Austin , TX Fans Given Surprise Showing of ENTIRE Star Trek Movie '' . StarTrek.com. 2009 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek to get Sydney premiere '' . BBC News . 2009 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2009 - 03 - 20 ) . `` ST09 Tidbits ( T - 48 days ) : Vulcan Gets A ' Yes ' + New Esurance Contest + New Kellogg 's Promos + more '' . StarTrek.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Charles Trotter ( 2008 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Trek Welder Talks Teaser Shoot '' . StarTrek.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Lauer , Andy ( 2009 - 06 - 05 ) . `` '' Man on Wire , '' `` The Wrestler '' Among 2009 Golden Trailer Winners `` . indieWIRE . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jay A. Fernandez and Borys Kit ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) . `` '' Star Trek '' promo blasting off six months early `` . Reuters . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Stanley , T.L. ( 2009 - 04 - 16 ) . `` Paramount forges ' Star Trek ' tie - ins '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Announces New Star Trek Licenses -- Including Monopoly , Uno , Apparel , Fragrances + more ( UPDATED ) '' . StarTrek.com. 2009 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ John Tenuto ( 2008 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Star Trek Headed Back To Playmates '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ John Tenuto ( 2008 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Details On First Two Waves Of Playmates Star Trek Movie Toys + Nero 's Ship Name Revealed ( UPDATED ) '' . StarTrek.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ John Tenuto ( 2009 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Exclusive Details On Playmates Full Line Of Star Trek Movie Toys + Hi Res Images '' . StarTrek.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ John Tenuto ( 2008 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Corgi Announces Star Trek Movie License '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ John Tenuto ( 2009 - 01 - 19 ) . `` Star Trek Hot Wheels Coming in May '' . StarTrek.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ John Tenuto ( 2009 - 02 - 12 ) . `` CBS Introduces Star Trek QUOGS -- New Cartoon - style TOS Character Designs For Multiple Products '' . StarTrek.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` '' Star Trek '' DVDs will beam up on Nov. 17th `` . The Times - Picayune . Ashton Phelps Jr. 2009 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek XI 2 - disc edition '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek ( 2009 ) '' ( in Swedish ) . WebHallen . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas ( 2009 - 11 - 25 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' tops video charts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling DVDs of 2009 '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Peter Sciretta ( April 13 , 2009 ) . `` Star Trek on May 7th '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2010 . Retrieved April 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rosario T. Calabria ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Final Numbers In -- Star Trek Breaks Franchise & IMAX Records + Outpeforming Batman Begins '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Movies '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` UIP International Box Office Gross '' . United International Pictures . 2009 - 10 - 01 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2009 - 07 - 01 ) . `` ST09 Tidbits : Last Day in Top 10 ? + More Khan Debate + More Trek / Wars + more '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek ( 2009 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Reviews , Ratings , Credits '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Releases by Score ( 2009 ) '' . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Burr , Ty ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) . `` A Fresh Frontier '' . Boston Globe . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) . `` Star Trek '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Traver , Peter ( 2009 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Star Trek '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) . `` Star Trek ( 2009 ) '' . New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Dana ( 2009 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Go See ' Star Trek ' '' . Slate . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Huddleston , Tom ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Star Trek ( 2009 ) '' . Time Out London . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Robey , Tim ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Star Trek review '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 2011 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Star Trek '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Phipps , Keith ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Star Trek '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2009 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Star Trek '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bain , Marc ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Enterprise Ethics '' . Newsweek . Ray Chelstowski . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Lapidos , Juliet ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) . `` There Are Four Lights ! '' . Slate . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The 82nd Academy Awards ( 2010 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy '' . Empire . Bauer Consumer Media . 2010 . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Wins Hollywood Movie Award '' . TrekMovie.com. 2009 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` SCREAM Awards 2009 Winners '' . Spike TV . September 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 16th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees And Winners '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 38 Years . Hundreds of Memories '' . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ West , Kelly ( 2009 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Nominations Posted For 2009 Teen Choice Awards '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` THE 15th CRITICS ' CHOICE MOVIE AWARDS NOMINEES '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Up In the Air named 2009 's Best Film by the National Board Review '' . National Board of Review of Motion Pictures . 2009 - 12 - 03 . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( 2008 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Paramount Already Thinking About Sequel To Abrams Star Trek '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( 2011 - 07 - 28 ) . `` J.J. Abrams Closes In On Directing `` Star Trek 2 '' `` . MTV ( Viacom ) . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Brodesser - Akner , Claude ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` J.J. Abrams Officially Commits to Directing Star Trek 2 '' . New York . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Vary , Adam ( 2012 - 09 - 10 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' sequel gets a title '' . Inside Movies . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Moves ' Star Trek ' 3D Sequel Back 11 Months to 2013 '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.ew.com/article/2016/07/17/star-trek-beyond-idris-elbas-krall-new-look-tv-spot Jump up ^ http://time.com/4414409/star-trek-will-not-recast-yelchin-character-chekov/ External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star Trek ( film ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Trek%20%28film%29
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who speaks in the beginning of pound cake
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Jay - Z 's verse on `` Pound Cake '' has him referencing pop - culture and rapping in foreign languages . The `` Paris Morton Music 2 '' section features Drake `` proclaiming his once - in - a-generation greatness amid upscale - retail piano tinkling . '' The closing line of the song and album , is also the album 's title ; `` the tone is neither rueful nor celebratory as much as simply matter - of - fact . '' Wu - Tang Clan 's `` C.R.E.A.M. '' is sampled on `` Pound Cake '' , where the chorus is chopped throughout the song . The song also features Jimmy Smith in the intro , vocals from Timbaland on the chorus , and Ellie Goulding from her song `` Do n't Say a Word . '' The track features a `` smooth and mellow instrumental that remains steady , before a complete beat switch up at the four - minute mark '' .
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Jimmy Smith
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Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2
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pound cake / paris morton music 2
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`` Pound Cake '' / `` Paris Morton Music 2 '' is a track by Canadian rapper Drake from his third studio album Nothing Was the Same ( 2013 ) . The track consists of two songs , `` Pound Cake '' featuring a guest appearance by Jay - Z , and `` Paris Morton Music 2 '' a sequel to `` Paris Morton Music '' . The track serves as the outro to the standard edition of Nothing Was the Same .
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`` Pound Cake '' features a significant sample of `` Do n't Say A Word '' by Ellie Goulding , `` Jimmy Smith Rap '' by Jimmy Smith , as well as `` C.R.E.A.M. '' by Wu - Tang Clan , and was produced by frequent collaborator Boi - 1da and Jordan Evans . `` Paris Morton Music 2 '' was produced by Detail . The track has peaked at number 65 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . `` Pound Cake '' was later serviced to radio in the United Kingdom on September 26 , 2013 , as the album 's fourth single , and was subsequently added to the BBC Radio 1Xtra playlist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music and lyrics 3 Critical reception 4 Lawsuit 5 Live performances 6 Remixes 7 Charts 8 Release history 9 References Background ( edit ) In September 2013 , Drake appeared on the cover of Billboard , where in the interview he stated he had two Jay - Z verses on the outro track of Nothing Was the Same . Jay - Z sent Drake his two verses a cappella for `` Pound Cake '' , who Noah `` 40 '' Shebib '' created a beat for , but Drake decided was not right for the song . OVO Sound producer Boi - 1da then created a instrumental that Drake decided to use for the song . Following that , he sent `` Pound Cake '' to Jay - Z , who wanted to use the song for his twelfth studio album Magna Carta Holy Grail . However , Jay - Z gave the song back to Drake , so he could use it on Nothing Was the Same . `` Paris Morton '' is the name of a model who Drake wrote the first `` Paris Morton Music '' about , which was an extended verse from his Rick Ross collaboration `` Aston Martin Music '' . Leading up to the album 's release , `` Pound Cake '' / `` Paris Morton Music 2 '' was one of the most anticipated songs from Nothing Was the Same . It then leaked along with the rest of the album on September 15 , 2013 . Drake called the song a sequel , to his previous collaboration with Jay - Z `` Light Up '' , which was featured on his debut album Thank Me Later . The song features them both rapping on the `` Pound Cake '' side of the song , with `` Paris Morton Music 2 '' being a solo Drake track . Music and lyrics ( edit ) Jay - Z 's verse on `` Pound Cake '' has him referencing pop - culture and rapping in foreign languages . The `` Paris Morton Music 2 '' section features Drake `` proclaiming his once - in - a-generation greatness amid upscale - retail piano tinkling . '' The closing line of the song and album , is also the album 's title ; `` the tone is neither rueful nor celebratory as much as simply matter - of - fact . '' Wu - Tang Clan 's `` C.R.E.A.M. '' is sampled on `` Pound Cake '' , where the chorus is chopped throughout the song . The song also features Jimmy Smith in the intro , vocals from Timbaland on the chorus , and Ellie Goulding from her song `` Do n't Say a Word . '' The track features a `` smooth and mellow instrumental that remains steady , before a complete beat switch up at the four - minute mark '' . In `` Pound Cake '' Jay - Z says , `` I 've done made more millionaires than the lotto did / Dame made millions , Biggs made millions / Ye made millions , Just made millions / Lyor made millions , Cam made millions '' . Rapper Cam'ron took some offense to this saying , `` He said he made more millionaires than the lotto did , but I knew Jay when he did n't have a million , when none of us had a million , when Dame and them were on the come - up . '' He would also went on to say , `` he was proud of all of their successes but he thinks Jay - Z could have worded his verse differently as to not infer that he was given a hand out . '' Additionally Cam'ron responded to the lyric on his Ghetto Heaven , Vol. 1 mixtape track `` Come and Talk To Me '' . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Pound Cake '' / `` Paris Morton Music 2 '' was met with generally positive reviews from music critics ... MTV praised Drake 's lyricism in the song saying , `` Drake ends NWTS just as he started , with slick rhymes and a nimble flow . '' Justin Davis of Complex said , Drake `` shows blinding confidence next to Jay - Z on `` Pound Cake , '' lifting a little of Hov 's aura to match him bar - for - bar . '' Jordan Sargent of Spin praised Boi - 1da 's production as `` brilliant . '' Despite the positive reviews , most critics dismissed Jay - Z 's guest appearance as `` lackluster . '' Bryant Kitching of Consequence of Sound put down Jay - Z 's appearance saying , `` It 's the sequel to Thank Me Later 's `` Light Up '' , but the contrast between the two tracks could n't be more stark . It 's here , standing shoulder to shoulder with giants , where it 's easiest to see how much Drake 's craft has improved since he broke onto the scene . He does n't need to lean on another MC ; He 's honed his game to the point where he can make even one of the most decorated rappers look like a second - rate schlub . '' Andrew Barker of Variety called Jay - Z 's appearance on the song `` half - assed '' , and said `` it 's hardly even surprising to see Drake run lyrical rings around him . '' Lawsuit ( edit ) Drake was sued by the estate of Jimmy Smith over the sampling of `` Jimmy Smith Rap '' in the song . Although Cash Money Records had licensed the recording of the spoken - word piece , the estate argued that they had not licensed the composition ( or lack thereof ) . The estate argued that they would not have licensed the song to Drake in the first place , given that Smith `` was n't a fan of hip hop '' . Of particular prominence in the case was a line from `` Jimmy Smith Rap '' that was modified to express an opinion different from that of the original recording ; the line `` Jazz is the only real music that 's gon na last . All that other bullshit is here today and gone tomorrow . But jazz was , is and always will be '' , was abridged in `` Pound Cake '' to state that `` Only real music 's gon na last . All that other bullshit is here today and gone tomorrow . '' U.S. District Court judge William H. Pauley III ruled in favour of Drake , arguing that his use of the passage qualified as fair use due to its transformative nature . Pauley argued that by `` transform ( ing ) Jimmy Smith 's brazen dismissal of all non-jazz music into a statement that ' real music , ' with no qualifiers , is ' the only thing that 's gon na last . '' , Drake had created `` something new , with a further purpose or different character '' , with a `` sharply different '' purpose than the original work . The use of a total of 35 seconds of spoken - word material from `` Jimmy Smith Rap '' was considered reasonable , noting that the song 's subsequent use of a second passage , in which Smith stated that his `` company '' had champagne in his studio , and that `` we just laid back and ( recorded the album ) '' , was a commentary on an argument `` that many musicians make records in similar ways ( e.g. with the help of A&R experts or the stimulating effects of champagne ) , but that only ' real ' music -- regardless of creative process or genre -- will stand the test of time . '' Live performances ( edit ) Jay - Z performed `` Pound Cake '' for the first time while on his Magna Carter World Tour in Manchester , England . Remixes ( edit ) The instrumental of `` Pound Cake '' was remixed by various other rappers shortly after its premiere . On September 25 , 2013 , The LOX released a remix to `` Pound Cake '' titled , `` Hood Cake '' . Later that same day , Lupe Fiasco released a remix titled , `` Pound of Flesh '' / `` Paris , Tokyo 2 '' . At the end of the song he references various Chicago hip hop artists such as , Lil Durk , Lil Mouse , Chief Keef , Chance the Rapper , Common and Kanye West . That same day Ransom released a remix to the song . Two days later , Wu - Tang Clan member Raekwon released a remix to the first song titled , `` Marble Cake '' . `` Marble Cake '' contains an intro that samples Ghostface Killah 's verse from `` Glaciers of Ice '' and he changes Jay - Z 's chant of `` cake , cake '' to `` tecs , tecs . '' Along with Mysonne also releasing a remix that day . Then the following day , Houston 's Killa Kyleon released a remix . In October 2013 , Trinidad James , Meek Mill and Spade - O , Memphis Bleek , Papoose , Skeme , Childish Gambino , Lil Dicky , and Chamillionaire released remixes or freestyles to `` Pound Cake '' . On October 13 , 2013 , Complex named Fiasco 's , Killa Kyleon 's and The LOX 's the best `` Pound Cake '' remixes . In November 2013 , Legacy has released a remix to the song , and Craig David released a freestyle of the song on his radio show on Capital XTRA . On January 25 , 2014 , Tinie Tempah freestyled to the song for Charlie Sloth 's Fire in the Booth on BBC Radio 1 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 88 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 111 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 26 US Billboard Hot 100 65 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 24 Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United Kingdom September 26 , 2013 Urban contemporary radio Cash Money Records , Republic Records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Drake Reveals Two Jay Z Verses on Outro Track `` Pound Cake '' `` . Vladtv.com . September 5 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drake Says ' Pound Cake ' Collabo Almost Made Jay - Z 's ' Magna Carta ... Holy Grail ' LP '' . Vibe . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Roman ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Drake Says Beyonce `` Has Bars '' & `` Pound Cake '' Nearly `` Became A Jay Z Song '' Get The Latest Hip Hop News , Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales `` . HipHop DX . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drake & Jay Z 's ' Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2 ' Hits Web As ' Nothing Was The Same ' Leaks '' . Huffingtonpost.com . September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Drake , Jay - Z Track ' Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2 ' Leaks '' . Vibe . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Alexis , Nadeska ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` Drake Responds To Jay Z 's ' Pound Cake ' Line : ' I 'm The Big Homey Too ' -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Drake and Jay Z Trade Bars Over Epic - Length ' Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2 ' SPIN SPIN Mix Songs '' . SPIN . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Drake f / Jay - Z `` Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2 '' ( 2013 ) -- A Guide to Drake 's `` Nothing Was The Same '' Samples `` . Complex . September 22 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jamshed , Zahra . `` Drake featuring Jay Z -- Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2 '' . Hypetrak . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cam'ron Is n't Feeling Jay Z 's Exaggeration On ' Pound Cake ' '' . Rapfix.mtv.com . September 18 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cam'ron Says Jay Z Stretched The Truth On `` Pound Cake '' -- XXL `` . Xxlmag.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dipset Is Too Fly For Jay Z -- XXL '' . Xxlmag.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's Nothing Was The Same : Rap And R&B Blends For The People -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV.com . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2 . Drake , Nothing Was the Same -- The 50 Best Albums of 2013 '' . Complex . December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sargent , Jordan . `` Drake , ' Nothing Was the Same ' Review '' . Spin.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Album Review : Drake -- Nothing Was the Same '' . Consequence of Sound . September 25 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andrew Barker Senior Features Writer @ barkerrant ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Drake Review : ' Nothing Was the Same ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drake Beats Lawsuit Over Sampling With Winning `` Fair Use '' Argument `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Z `` Pound Cake '' First Performance Manchester `` . Complex . October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The L.O.X. `` Hood Cake ( '' Pound Cake '' Freestyle ) '' -- XXL `` . Xxlmag.com . September 25 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lupe Fiasco Knocks Drake On ' Pound Of Flesh ( Paris , Tokyo 2 ) ' Freestyle '' . Rapfix.mtv.com . September 25 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lupe Fiasco `` Pound of Flesh / Paris Tokyo 2 '' `` . Complex . September 25 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ransom `` Pound Cake Freestyle '' -- Grading The Freestyles Over Drake 's `` Pound Cake '' `` . Complex . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to Raekwon 's freestyle over Drake 's `` Pound Cake '' `` . Consequence of Sound . September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mysonne `` Pound Cake Freestyle '' -- Grading The Freestyles Over Drake 's `` Pound Cake '' `` . Complex . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Killa Kyleon `` Pound Cake Freestyle '' -- Grading The Freestyles Over Drake 's `` Pound Cake '' `` . Complex . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trinidad James `` Pound Cake Freestyle '' -- Grading The Freestyles Over Drake 's `` Pound Cake '' `` . Complex . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meek Mill , Pound Cake Freestyle '' . Complex . October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Bleek `` Pound Cake Freestyle '' -- Grading The Freestyles Over Drake 's `` Pound Cake '' `` . Complex . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Papoose Freestyles To Drake 's `` Pound Cake '' `` . TheSource . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Skeme -- Pound Cake Remix '' . HipHop DX . October 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Childish Gambino Freestyle Over Drake 's `` Pound Cake '' -- XXL `` . Xxlmag.com . October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chamillionaire `` Pound Cake ( Freestyle ) '' -- XXL `` . Xxlmag.com . October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Lox `` Hood Cake '' -- Grading The Freestyles Over Drake 's `` Pound Cake '' `` . Complex . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lupe Fiasco `` Pound Of Flesh / Paris Tokyo 2 '' -- Grading The Freestyles Over Drake 's `` Pound Cake '' `` . Complex . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alex ( November 2 , 2013 ) . `` Legacy -- Pound Cake Freestyle LISTEN & DOWNLOAD '' . Defpenradio.com . Jump up ^ `` Listen To Craig David 's ' Pound Cake ' TS5 Freestyle Craig David '' . Capital Xtra . November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fire In The Booth -- Tinie Tempah '' . YouTube . January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Drake -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Drake . Jump up ^ `` 6 , 2013 / Archive Chart : October 6 , 2013 '' UK Singles Chart . Jump up ^ http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/131005cluk.txt Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2013 - 10 - 26 '' UK R&B Chart . Jump up ^ `` Drake -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Drake . Jump up ^ `` Drake -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Drake . Jump up ^ `` Radio playlist update : BBC Radio 1Xtra '' . Music Week . Intent Media . September 26 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2013 . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . ( show ) Drake songs Comeback season `` Replacement Girl '' So Far Gone `` Successful '' `` Best I Ever Had '' `` I 'm Goin ' In '' We Are Young Money `` Every Girl '' `` BedRock '' Thank Me Later `` Fireworks '' `` Over '' `` Up All Night '' `` Fancy '' `` Miss Me '' `` Find Your Love '' `` 9AM in Dallas '' Take Care `` Over My Dead Body '' `` Headlines '' `` Crew Love '' `` Take Care '' `` Marvins Room '' `` We 'll Be Fine '' `` Make Me Proud '' `` Lord Knows '' `` HYFR ( Hell Ya Fucking Right ) '' `` The Motto '' Nothing Was the Same `` Tuscan Leather '' `` Furthest Thing '' `` Started from the Bottom '' `` Wu - Tang Forever '' `` Worst Behavior '' `` From Time '' `` Hold On , We 're Going Home '' `` The Language '' `` Too Much '' `` Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2 '' `` All Me '' If You 're Reading This It 's Too Late `` Energy '' `` Preach '' What a Time to Be Alive `` Jumpman '' Views `` Controlla '' `` One Dance '' `` Pop Style '' `` Too Good '' `` Hotline Bling '' More Life `` Free Smoke '' `` No Long Talk '' `` Passionfruit '' `` Jorja Interlude '' `` Get It Together '' `` Madiba Riddim '' `` Blem '' `` 4422 '' `` Gyalchester '' `` Portland '' `` Teenage Fever '' `` KMT '' `` Glow '' `` Fake Love '' Other singles `` Forever '' `` 0 to 100 / The Catch Up '' `` Charged Up '' `` Back to Back '' `` Right Hand '' `` Summer Sixteen '' `` Back on Road '' `` Sneakin ' '' `` Two Birds , One Stone '' `` No Frauds '' `` Signs '' As featured artist 2009 `` 4 My Town ( Play Ball ) '' `` Digital Girl ( Remix ) '' `` Fed Up '' `` I Invented Sex '' `` Money to Blow '' `` Say Something '' `` The One '' `` Throw It in the Bag ( Remix ) '' 2010 `` Aston Martin Music '' `` Deuces ( Remix ) '' `` Fall for Your Type '' `` Gonorrhea '' `` In the Morning '' `` Loving You No More '' `` Moment 4 Life '' `` Right Above It '' `` Un-Thinkable ( I 'm Ready ) ( Remix ) '' `` Wavin ' Flag ( Haiti Mix ) '' `` What 's My Name ? '' `` What Up '' 2011 `` Feel Love '' `` I 'm on One '' `` It 's Good '' `` Mr. Wrong '' `` Round of Applause '' `` She Will '' `` Still Got It '' `` Unusual '' 2012 `` Amen '' `` Champion '' `` Diced Pineapples '' `` Enough Said '' `` Fuckin ' Problems '' `` No Lie '' `` Pop That '' `` Stay Schemin ' '' `` We in This Bitch 1.5 '' 2013 `` Cabaret '' `` I Do It '' `` Know Bout Me '' `` Live For '' `` Love Me '' `` Mine '' `` No Guns Allowed '' `` No New Friends '' `` Poetic Justice '' `` Right Here '' 2014 `` Believe Me '' `` Odio '' `` Only '' `` Recognize '' `` Trophies '' `` Tuesday '' `` Who Do You Love ? '' 2015 `` 100 '' `` Blessings '' `` R.I.C.O. '' `` Truffle Butter '' `` Where Ya At '' 2016 `` Big Amount '' `` Come and See Me '' `` For Free '' `` No Shopping '' `` Used to This '' `` Why You Always Hatin ? '' `` Work '' 2017 `` Both '' `` Come Closer '' `` No Complaints '' `` To the Max '' ( show ) Jay - Z songs Reasonable Doubt `` Dead Presidents '' `` Ai n't No Nigga '' `` Ca n't Knock the Hustle '' `` Feelin ' It '' In My Lifetime , Vol. 1 `` ( Always Be My ) Sunshine '' `` Wishing on a Star '' `` The City Is Mine '' Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life `` Can I Get A ... '' `` Hard Knock Life ( Ghetto Anthem ) '' `` Money , Cash , Hoes '' `` Nigga What , Nigga Who ( Originator 99 ) '' Vol. 3 ... Life and Times of S. Carter `` Jigga My Nigga '' `` Girl 's Best Friend '' `` Do It Again ( Put Ya Hands Up ) '' `` Things That U Do '' `` Big Pimpin ' '' The Dynasty : Roc La Familia `` I Just Wanna Love U ( Give It 2 Me ) '' `` Change the Game '' `` Guilty Until Proven Innocent '' The Blueprint `` Izzo ( H.O.V.A. ) '' `` Girls , Girls , Girls '' `` Jigga That Nigga '' `` Song Cry '' `` Renagade '' `` Takeover '' The Best of Both Worlds `` Honey '' The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Hovi Baby '' `` Excuse Me Miss '' The Black Album `` Change Clothes '' `` Dirt off Your Shoulder '' `` 99 Problems '' `` Encore '' `` My 1st Song '' `` What More Can I Say '' Unfinished Business `` Big Chips '' Collision Course `` Numb / Encore '' Kingdom Come `` Show Me What You Got '' `` Lost One '' `` Hollywood '' American Gangster `` Blue Magic '' `` Roc Boys ( And the Winner Is ) ... '' `` I Know '' The Blueprint 3 `` D.O.A. ( Death of Auto - Tune ) '' `` Run This Town '' `` Empire State of Mind '' `` On to the Next One '' `` Young Forever '' `` A Star Is Born '' Watch the Throne `` H A M '' `` Otis '' `` Lift Off '' `` Niggas in Paris '' `` Why I Love You '' `` Gotta Have It '' `` No Church in the Wild '' `` Who Gon Stop Me '' `` Made in America '' Magna Carta Holy Grail `` Holy Grail '' `` Tom Ford '' `` Part II ( On the Run ) '' `` Picasso Baby '' `` FuckWithMeYouKnowIGotIt '' `` Oceans '' `` Heaven '' 4 : 44 `` 4 : 44 '' Featured singles `` Show & Prove '' `` I 'll Be '' `` Be Alone No More '' ( Remix ) `` Money Ai n't a Thang '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Best of Me Part II '' `` Is That Your Chick ( The Lost Verses ) '' `` Do My ... '' `` Fiesta '' ( Remix ) `` Welcome to New York City '' `` Beware of the Boys ( Mundian To Bach Ke ) '' `` Back in the Day '' `` Frontin ' '' `` Crazy in Love '' `` Storm '' `` Dear Summer '' `` Go Crazy '' `` Get Throwed '' `` Déjà Vu '' `` Umbrella '' `` Roc - A-Fella Billionaires '' `` Hot Tottie '' `` XXXO '' ( Remix ) `` Monster '' `` I Do '' `` Talk That Talk '' `` Suit & Tie '' `` Bitch , Do n't Kill My Vibe '' ( Remix ) `` Pound Cake '' `` Know Bout Me '' `` Drunk in Love '' `` The Devil Is a Lie '' `` They Do n't Love You No More '' `` Seen It All '' `` Pop Style '' `` I Got the Keys '' `` Shining '' `` Biking '' Promotional singles `` Shake It Off '' ( Remix ) `` Upgrade U '' `` Rehab '' ( Remix ) `` Mr. Carter '' `` Put On '' ( Remix ) `` Bye Bye '' ( Remix ) `` Brooklyn Go Hard '' Other singles `` In My Lifetime '' `` Who You Wit '' `` It 's Alright '' `` Anything '' `` Hey Papi '' `` Swagga Like Us '' `` Jockin ' Jay - Z ( Dopeboy Fresh ) '' `` Glory '' `` Clique '' `` All the Way Up '' ( Remix ) `` Lost+ '' `` Stranded ( Haiti Mon Amour ) '' `` Power '' ( Remix ) `` So Appalled '' Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pound_Cake_/_Paris_Morton_Music_2&oldid=801069679 '' Categories : 2013 songs Drake songs Jay - Z songs Songs written by Drake Songs written by Jay - Z Song recordings produced by Boi - 1da Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2014 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Talk Article Talk Views More Contents About Wikipedia This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 13 : 31 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound%20Cake%20/%20Paris%20Morton%20Music%202
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can i go to dublin with a schengen visa
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Visa policy of Ireland
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visa policy of ireland
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The visa policy of Ireland is set by the Government of Ireland and determines visa requirements for foreign citizens . If someone other than a European Union , European Economic Area , or Swiss citizen seeks entry to Ireland , they must be a national of a visa - exempt country or have a valid Irish visa issued by one of the Irish diplomatic missions around the world .
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Although Ireland is a member of the European Union , it has an opt - out from the Schengen Area and is therefore able to set its own visa policy . Ireland also operates the Common Travel Area with the United Kingdom , the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man which allows for open internal borders between the countries and territories . Established in 1923 , it permits British and Irish citizens to freely move around the Common Travel Area with minimal identity documents . Visa policy of Ireland is similar to the visa policy of the Schengen Area . It grants visa - free entry to all Schengen Annex II nationalities , except for Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Colombia , Georgia , Macedonia , Marshall Islands , Mauritius , Micronesia , Moldova , Montenegro , Palau , Peru , Serbia , Timor - Leste , Ukraine and Venezuela . Ireland also grants visa - free entry to several additional countries -- Belize , Bolivia , Botswana , Fiji , Guyana , Lesotho , Maldives , Nauru , South Africa and Swaziland . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Visa policy map 3 Visa exemptions 4 Entry visas 4.1 Visa types 5 Transit visas 6 Entry and stay conditions for the EU citizens 6.1 Non-EEA / Swiss citizen family members 7 Reciprocity 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Ireland 's visa policy has been amended since its inception through primary legislation and statutory instruments . The Aliens Act of 1935 confers the power of deportation and the power of immigration control to the Minister for Justice of the Irish Free State . On 12 April 1935 , the Irish Free State exempted citizens of the United Kingdom , the Dominion of Canada , Commonwealth of Australia , Dominion of New Zealand , Union of South Africa , Dominion of Newfoundland and British India from the Aliens Act and therefore did not recognise those citizens as aliens . The 1946 Aliens Order requires all aliens to present a passport to an immigration control officer for inspection within 24 hours if not arriving from Great Britain or Northern Ireland . The maximum stay for aliens was one month . In 1962 , Ireland changed the definition of alien and now included those countries named above , with the exception of those born in Great Britain or Northern Ireland . The 1962 Aliens Amendment Order exempted citizens of Austria , Belgium , Denmark , Finland , France , West Germany , Greece , Iceland , Italy , Liechtenstein , Luxembourg , Monaco , the Netherlands , Norway , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , Portugal , Tunisia , Turkey and the United States from visas for three months . It also gave special provisions to citizens of the British Commonwealth , whereby they are exempted by the Aliens Order of 1946 , although they may be refused leave to land unless they comply with certain conditions . A 1966 amendment gives rights of admission to those states of the British Commonwealth , which is later revoked in 1972 . In 1972 , aliens were required to seek work permits from the Minister for Labour to work in the state . In 1975 , Ireland published its first list of visa - exempt nationalities and also removed the special provisions from Commonwealth citizens under Irish law . 1999 was the first development of a comprehensive list of countries which required visas . On 29 March 1988 , the first Irish transit visa requirement was announced for Iran . Requirements for transit visas were announced for Poland , Bulgaria and Sri Lanka on 26 February 1988 , for Moldova ( 3 February 1993 ) , Cuba ( 1 November 1994 ) , Iraq ( 19 July 1996 ) . On 8 October 1996 , Irish transit visa requirements were extended and included the countries currently listed as of January 2018 , with the addition of Nigeria , the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Zaire . Zimbabwe was added on 8 November 2002 , as were Georgia and Ukraine ( 9 June 2017 ) . In terms of visa exemptions , Lithuania , Latvia and Estonia were exempted on 30 April 1996 , followed by Hong Kong ( 25 June 1997 ) , Brunei ( 17 February 1997 ) , Croatia ( 26 January 1999 ) . On 13 February 2001 , Ireland exempted the following countries : Antigua and Barbuda , Belize , Bolivia , Dominica , Fiji , Gambia , Guyana , Kiribati , Maldives , Mauritius , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Seychelles , Solomon Islands , Tuvalu , Vanuatu . Macau was exempted on 27 April 2002 , Slovakia ( 18 December 2003 ) , Bulgaria and Romania ( 18 December 2006 ) and Taiwan ( 1 July 2009 ) . In terms of countries removed from the list of visa - free nationalities , Sierra Leone was removed ( 4 October 1994 ) and Kenya ( 15 March 1996 ) . On 3 April 1996 , Fiji ( later restored ) , Guyana , Mauritius ( later removed ) , Tanzania and Zambia were removed , followed by Ecuador ( 29 August 1997 ) , Slovakia ( 14 October 1998 , later restored ) and Croatia ( 26 January 1999 ) . On 3 February 1999 , Turkey , Uganda , Tunisia , Peru , Pakistan , Nigeria , India , Ghana , Colombia , Bolivia , Bangladesh were all removed , as were Gambia ( June 2001 ) , Jamaica ( 18 December 2003 ) , Mauritius ( 1 January 2010 ) , Venezuela ( 29 April 2014 ) and Malawi ( 12 November 2015 ) . Visa policy map ( edit ) Visa policy of Ireland Republic of Ireland Freedom of movement ( EU / EEA / CH citizens ) Visa - free access to Ireland for 90 days Visa required to enter Ireland , transit without visa Visa required to enter Ireland and for transit through Ireland Visa exemptions ( edit ) Citizens of the following countries and territories can enter Ireland without a visa : As of right European Union citizens Citizens of non-EU member states of the European Economic Area ( Iceland , Liechtenstein and Norway ) and Switzerland Visa - exempt Holders of a Residence Card of a family member of a Union citizen . British Overseas Territories citizens British National ( Overseas ) British Overseas citizens Holders of a red United Nations laissez - passer Citizens of the following 56 countries and territories holding valid passports : Andorra Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Canada Chile Costa Rica Dominica El Salvador Fiji Grenada Guatemala Guyana Honduras Hong Kong Israel Japan Kiribati Lesotho Macau Malaysia Maldives Mexico Monaco Nauru New Zealand Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Seychelles Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa South Korea Swaziland Taiwan Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu United Arab Emirates United States of America Uruguay Vanuatu Vatican City ( show ) Date of visa changes Unkonw Bahamas , Barbados , Belize , Botswana , Lesotho , Malaysia , Maldives , Nauru , Samoa , Seychells , Solomon Islands , Swaziland , Tonga Australian , Barbadian , British , Canadian , Grenadian , New Zealand , Singaporean , South African , Trinidad and Tobago citizens have never needed a visa to gain access to Ireland 1 August 1975 : Andorra , Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Costa Rica , Guatemala , Honduras , Japan , Mexico , Nicaragua , Panama , Uruguay , Vatican 31 January 1986 : Israel and Zimbabwe 19 November 1989 : South Korea 17 September 1990 : Czechoslovakia ( as Czech Republic and Slovakia from 1 January 1993 ) and Hungary 12 June 1990 : East Germany ( as Germany from 3 October 1990 ) 20 November 1992 : Poland 14 April 1993 : Slovenia 1 May 1996 : Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania 17 February 1997 : Brunei 1 July 1997 : Hong Kong 31 January 1999 : Croatia 1 March 2001 : Antigua and Barbuda , Belize , Bolivia , Dominica , Fiji ( resumed ) , Gambia ( resumed ) , Guyana ( resumed ) , Kiribati , Maldives , Mauritius ( resumed ) , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Seychelles , Solomon Islands , Tuvalu , Vanuatu 27 April 2002 : Macao 18 December 2003 : Slovakia ( resumed ) 1 August 2005 : El Salvador , Paraguay , Tuvalu ( resumed ) 1 January 2007 : Bulgaria and Romania 1 July 2009 : Taiwan 31 January 2018 : United Arab Emirates Cancelled : Sri Lanca : 31 May 1985 Bangladesh , Ghana , India , Nigeria and Pakistan : 1 January 1988 Turkey : 19 November 1989 Bolivia , Colombia , Peru and Tunisia : 1 April 1990 ( Bolivia was resumed in 2001 ) Yugoslavia : 6 November 1992 Uganda : 12 August 1993 Sierra Leone : 5 October 1994 Gambia : 28 November 1995 ( was resumed on 1 March 2001 ) ; 8 June 2001 Kenya : 15 March 1996 Fiji , Guyana , Mauritius , Tanzania and Zambia : 4 April 1996 ( Fiji , Guyana and Mauritius was resumed in 2001 ) Ecuador : 30 August 1997 Slovakia : 19 October 1998 ( was resumed in 2003 ) Jamaica : 18 December 2003 El Salvador , Paraguay and Tuvalu ( was resumed in 2005 ) ; Zimbabwe : 8 November 2002 Mauritius : 1 January 2010 Venezuela : 24 June 2014 Malawi : 30 November 2015 Holders of a valid refugee travel document issued by one of the following countries : Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland Germany Hungary Iceland Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland Short stay visa waiver programme The Irish short stay visa waiver programme was introduced in July 2011 and allows citizens of the below 18 countries to enter Ireland if they are holders of a valid UK ' C ' visa ( short stay visa ) . The scheme is not applicable to those who are `` Visitors in Transit '' and `` Visitors seeking to enter for the purpose of marriage or to enter a civil partnership '' . The visa waiver is only for those who have cleared immigration in the United Kingdom and have been granted for leave for up to 180 days in the UK . Participants can Ireland visa - free for up to 90 days or until the current permission to remain in the UK , whichever is shorter . They may enter Ireland from a country other than the UK as long as both their visa and their permission to remain in the UK have not expired . The scheme also applies to citizens from Kuwait , Oman , Qatar and the UAE who have entered the UK with an Electronic Visa Waiver as long as those citizens have arrived in Ireland directly from the UK . The scheme was initially set to run until 31 October 2012 but was extended for four years until 31 October 2016 . It was extended again until 31 October 2021 . Bahrain Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina China India Kazakhstan Kuwait Montenegro Oman Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Citizens of the above 18 countries who hold a UK or Schengen long - term visa or residence permit still need to apply for an Irish visa , but will have the application fee waived . British - Irish Visa Scheme Ireland and the United Kingdom have agreed on a joint British - Irish Visa Scheme ( BIVS ) in 2014 . Under the agreement between Ireland and United Kingdom , citizens of the following countries who hold a valid UK visa endorsed with BIVS and who have cleared immigration in the United Kingdom can visit Ireland visa - free for up to 90 days ( or until their current permission to enter / remain in the UK , whichever is shorter ) . Similar to those eligible under the Visa Waiver Programme , they may enter Ireland from a country other than the UK as long as both their visa and their permission to remain in the UK have not expired . China India Diplomatic Passport waiver programme Visa is not required by nationals of the following countries holding diplomatic passports : China United Arab Emirates Entry visas ( edit ) Irish visa specimen A traveller who does not qualify for one of the visa exemptions above is required to apply for an Irish visa in advance at an Irish embassy or consulate . A single entry visa costs € 60 , whilst a multiple entry visa costs € 100 . However , spouses and certain family members of EEA and Swiss citizens are issued Irish visas free of charge . In addition , visa applicants who are the nationals of following countries and territories are exempt from paying a fee : Bosnia and Herzegovina Cote d'Ivoire Ecuador Indonesia Jamaica Kosovo Kyrgyzstan Macedonia Montenegro Morocco Peru Serbia Sri Lanka Tunisia Uganda Zambia All visa applicants aged 6 years and over , residing in Nigeria ( irrespective of nationality ) are required to submit their fingerprints as part of the visa application process . Visa types ( edit ) Current visa types are : Short Stay Visas Business Visa -- issued in order to attend meetings , trade shows , negotiate agreements or contracts and carry out fact finding missions in Ireland . Conference / Event Visa Exam Visa Employment Visa -- provided holding an approval Atypical Working Scheme Division of the Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service . Internship Visa Join Ship Visa -- for seafarers wishing to join a departing vessel in Ireland . Marriage / Civil partnership Visa Medical Treatment Visa -- for an appointment with a private hospital in Ireland . Performance / Tournament Visa Training Visa Visit ( Family / Friends ) -- visiting friends or family who are resident in Ireland . Visit Tourist Long Stay Visas Employment Visa -- for holders of employment permit from the Department of Jobs , Enterprise & Innovation : Critical Skills Employment Permit , Dependant / Partner / Spouse Employment Permit , General Employment Permit , Intra-Company Transfer Employment Permit , Contract for Services Employment Permit , Reactivation Employment Permit , Exchange Agreement Employment Permit , Sport and Cultural Employment Permit and Internship Employment Permit . Scientific Researcher Visa -- for researches seeking to carry out research under a `` hosting agreement '' . Employment `` Van der Elst '' Visa -- for non-EU nationals employed in another EU country to provide temporary services to a company in another EU country on behalf of his company . Join Family Visa Lay Volunteer Visa Minister of Religion Study Transit visas ( edit ) In general , a passenger who transits through an Irish airport to a destination in another country while remaining within the airport does not require a visa . However , citizens of the following 17 countries are required to apply for a transit visa at a cost of € 25 in advance from an Irish embassy or consulate : Afghanistan Albania Cuba DR Congo Eritrea Ethiopia Georgia Ghana Iran Iraq Lebanon Moldova Nigeria Somalia Sri Lanka Ukraine Zimbabwe Entry and stay conditions for the EU citizens ( edit ) Main article : Directive 2004 / 38 / EC on the right to move and reside freely Directive 2004 / 38 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 recognises the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States defines the right of free movement for citizens of the European Economic Area ( EEA ) , which includes the European Union ( EU ) and the three European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ) members Iceland , Norway and Liechtenstein . Switzerland , which is a member of EFTA but not of the EEA , is not bound by the Directive but rather has a separate bilateral agreement on the free movement with the EU . Citizens of all European Economic Area ( EEA ) member states and Switzerland holding a valid passport or national identity card enjoy freedom of movement rights in each other 's territory and can enter and reside in the each other 's territory without a visa . If EU , EEA and Swiss nationals are unable to present a valid passport or national identity card at the border , they must nonetheless be afforded every reasonable opportunity to obtain the necessary documents or have them brought to them within a reasonable period of time or corroborate or prove by other means that he / she is covered by the right of free movement . However , EU , EEA member states and Switzerland can refuse entry to an EU / EEA / Swiss national on public policy , public security or public health grounds where the person presents a `` genuine , present and sufficiently serious threat affecting one of the fundamental interests of society '' . If the person has obtained permanent residence in the country where he / she seeks entry ( a status which is normally attained after 5 years of residence ) , the member state can only expel him / her on serious grounds of public policy or public security . Where the person has resided for 10 years or is a minor , the member state can only expel him / her on imperative grounds of public security ( and , in the case of minors , if expulsion is necessary in the best interests of the child , as provided for in the Convention on the Rights of the Child ) . Expulsion on public health grounds must relate to diseases with ' epidemic potential ' which have occurred less than 3 months from the person 's the date of arrival in the Member State where he / she seeks entry . Non-eea / Swiss citizen family members ( edit ) A family member of an EEA / Swiss citizen who is in possession of a residence permit indicating their status is exempt from the requirement to hold a visa for up to 90 days when entering the European Economic Area or Switzerland when they are accompanying their EEA / Swiss family member or are seeking to join them . Reciprocity ( edit ) Main article : Visa requirements for Irish citizens Of the 58 countries and territories outside the European Union , European Economic Area and Switzerland whose citizens are entitled to exercise free movement rights in Ireland , the following offer full reciprocal treatment to Irish citizens ( i.e. visa - free access of at least 3 months ) : Andorra , Antigua and Barbuda , Australia , Bahamas , Barbados , Bolivia , Botswana , Brazil , Brunei , Canada , Chile , Costa Rica , Dominica , El Salvador , Fiji , Grenada , Guyana , Honduras , Hong Kong , Israel , Japan , Lesotho , Macao , Malawi , Malaysia , Mexico , Monaco , New Zealand , Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay , Saint Kitts and Nevis , San Marino , Singapore , Solomon Islands , South Africa , South Korea , Taiwan , Trinidad and Tobago , United States , Uruguay , and the Vatican City . However , the United States requires Irish citizens to obtain an ESTA ( at a cost of US $14 ) in advance if entering the US by air or by sea , whilst Australia requires Irish citizens to obtain an eVisitor authorisation online in advance free of charge ( Ireland does not require Australian and US citizens to obtain an authorisation prior to arriving in Ireland ) . Other countries and territories only offer partially reciprocal treatment to Irish citizens ( i.e. visa - free access that is less than 3 months ) . The following countries permit Irish citizens to stay without a visa for up to 30 days ( or 1 month ) only : Belize , Kiribati , Maldives , Nauru , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Seychelles ( 1 month , extendable to 12 months ) , Tonga , Tuvalu and Vanuatu . Also , the following countries the following countries permit Irish citizens to stay without a visa for less than 3 months : Mauritius ( 60 days for tourists , 90 days on business ) , St Lucia ( 6 weeks ) , Samoa ( 60 days ) and Swaziland ( 60 days ) . See also ( edit ) European Union portal Ireland portal Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ireland . Visa policy of the Schengen Area Visa policy of the United Kingdom Visa requirements for Irish citizens Visa requirements for the European Union citizens Common Travel Area Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The countries of the Commonwealth whose citizens benefited from the special provisions in 1962 were : United Kingdom and Colonies , Australia , Canada , Ceylon , Republic of Cyprus , Ghana , India , Federation of Malaya , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland , Sierra Leone , State of Singapore , Tanganyika , and the Republic of South Africa . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smith , Evan ( 20 July 2016 ) . `` Brexit and the history of policing the Irish border '' . History & Policy . History & Policy . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ `` Country information ( visa section ) '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Visa requirements for entering Ireland '' . Citizens ' Information Board . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . `` Do I need a Visa to come to Ireland ? '' . Irish Department for Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Immigration Act 2004 ( Visas ) Order 2012 ( S.I. No. 417 / 2012 ) . Statutory Instrument of the Government of Ireland . Jump up ^ Persons holding a Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport . See also British National ( Overseas ) for persons residing in Hong Kong holding a form of British nationality . Jump up ^ Persons holding a Macau Special Administrative Region passport . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . ^ Jump up to : ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . ^ Jump up to : ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( < http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2006/si/657/made/en/print ) Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ [email protected] . `` Minister Flanagan announces the lifting of the visa requirement for the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) '' . www.inis.gov.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ ( eISB ) , electronic Irish Statute Book . `` electronic Irish Statute Book ( eISB ) '' . www.irishstatutebook.ie . Jump up ^ [email protected] . `` Convention Travel Documents '' . www.inis.gov.ie . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Short - Stay Visa Waiver Programme '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Visitors to Ireland from 18 countries get further visa waiver '' . bignewsnetwork.com . Jump up ^ `` The British - Irish Visa Scheme '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Visas for Ireland - Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade '' . www.dfa.ie . Jump up ^ `` Visa Fees '' . Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Affairs , Department of Foreign . `` Visas for Ireland - Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade '' . www.dfa.ie . Jump up ^ `` Biometrics ( Fingerprinting ) '' . Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Visas , Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service Jump up ^ `` Transit '' . Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Directive 2004 / 38 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States '' . 2004 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Summary of the Directive 2004 / 38 / EC `` Right of Union citizens and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States '' . 2006 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Decision of the EEA Joint Committee No 158 / 2007 of 7 December 2007 amending Annex V ( Free movement of workers ) and Annex VIII ( Right of establishment ) to the EEA Agreement '' ( PDF ) . 2007 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Article 6.3. 2 of the Practical Handbook for Border Guards ( C ( 2006 ) 5186 ) Jump up ^ Judgement of the European Court of Justice of 17 February 2005 , Case C 215 / 03 , Salah Oulane vs. Minister voor Vreemdelingenzaken en Integratie Jump up ^ Article 27 of Directive 2004 / 38 / EC ( Directive 2004 / 38 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States ) . Jump up ^ Article 28 of Directive 2004 / 38 / EC ( Directive 2004 / 38 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States ) . Jump up ^ Article 29 of Directive 2004 / 38 / EC ( Directive 2004 / 38 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States ) . Jump up ^ Articles 3 ( 1 ) and 5 ( 2 ) of Directive 2004 / 38 / EC ( Directive 2004 / 38 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States ) . External links ( edit ) Immigration Act 2004 ( Visas ) Order 2012 Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service - Visas Visa policies and requirements in the European Union Schengen Area Common Travel Area Special territories Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Overseas Visa policy of the British Overseas Territories Visa policy of the French overseas departments and territories Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean Candidates Albania Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Turkey Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Abkhazia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , and South Ossetia are often regarded as transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia , Artsakh , Cyprus , and Northern Cyprus are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast ( ASEAN ) Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_policy_of_Ireland&oldid=842665878 '' Categories : Visa policy by country Talk Contents About Wikipedia Српски / srpski Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 21 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa%20policy%20of%20Ireland
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where was the atomic bomb tested in the us
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United States : 1,054 tests by official count ( involving at least 1,149 devices ) . 219 were atmospheric tests as defined by the CTBT . These tests include 904 at the Nevada Test Site , 106 at the Pacific Proving Grounds and other locations in the Pacific , 3 in the South Atlantic Ocean , and 17 other tests taking place in Amchitka Alaska , Colorado , Mississippi , New Mexico and Nevada outside the NNSS ( see Nuclear weapons and the United States for details ) . 24 tests are classified as British tests held at the NTS . There were 35 Plowshare detonations and 7 Vela Uniform tests ; 88 tests were safety experiments and 4 were transportation / storage tests . Link to United States ' table data . Motion pictures were made of the explosions , later used to validate computer simulation predictions of explosions .
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Nuclear weapons testing
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nuclear weapons testing
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Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine the effectiveness , yield , and explosive capability of nuclear weapons . Throughout the twentieth century , most nations that developed nuclear weapons tested them . Testing nuclear weapons can yield information about how the weapons work , as well as how the weapons behave under various conditions and how personnel , structures , and equipment behave when subjected to nuclear explosions . Nuclear testing has often been used as an indicator of scientific and military strength , and many tests have been overtly political in their intention ; most nuclear weapons states publicly declared their nuclear status by means of a nuclear test .
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The first nuclear device was detonated as a test by the United States at the Trinity site on July 16 , 1945 , with a yield approximately equivalent to 20 kilotons of TNT . The first thermonuclear weapon technology test of engineer device , codenamed `` Ivy Mike '' , was tested at the Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands on November 1 , 1952 ( local date ) , also by the United States . The largest nuclear weapon ever tested was the `` Tsar Bomba '' of the Soviet Union at Novaya Zemlya on October 30 , 1961 , with the largest yield ever seen , an estimated 50 -- 58 megatons . In 1963 , three ( UK , US , Soviet Union ) of the four nuclear states and many non-nuclear states signed the Limited Test Ban Treaty , pledging to refrain from testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere , underwater , or in outer space . The treaty permitted underground nuclear testing . France continued atmospheric testing until 1974 , and China continued until 1980 . Neither has signed the treaty . Underground tests in the United States continued until 1992 ( its last nuclear test ) , the Soviet Union until 1990 , the United Kingdom until 1991 , and both China and France until 1996 . In signing the Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty in 1996 , these states have pledged to discontinue all nuclear testing ; the treaty has not yet entered into force because of failure to be ratified by eight countries . Non-signatories India and Pakistan last tested nuclear weapons in 1998 . North Korea conducted nuclear tests in 2006 , 2009 , 2013 , 2016 , and 2017 . The most recent confirmed nuclear test occurred in September 2017 in North Korea . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 1.1 Salvo tests 2 Purpose 3 Alternatives to full - scale testing 4 History 5 Nuclear testing by country 6 Treaties against testing 7 Compensation for victims 8 Milestone nuclear explosions 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Citations 12 References 13 External links Types ( edit ) Four major types of nuclear testing : 1 . atmospheric , 2 . underground , 3 . exoatmospheric , and 4 . underwater Nuclear weapons tests have historically been divided into four categories reflecting the medium or location of the test . Atmospheric testing designates explosions that take place in the atmosphere . Generally these have occurred as devices detonated on towers , balloons , barges , islands , or dropped from airplanes , and also those only buried far enough to intentionally create a surface - breaking crater . The United States , the Soviet Union , and China have all conducted tests involving explosions of missile - launched bombs ( See List of nuclear weapons tests # Tests of live warheads on rockets ) . Nuclear explosions close enough to the ground to draw dirt and debris into their mushroom cloud can generate large amounts of nuclear fallout due to irradiation of the debris . This definition of atmospheric is used in the Limited Test Ban Treaty , which banned this class of testing along with exoatmospheric and underwater . Underground testing refers to nuclear tests conducted under the surface of the earth , at varying depths . Underground nuclear testing made up the majority of nuclear tests by the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War ; other forms of nuclear testing were banned by the Limited Test Ban Treaty in 1963 . True underground tests are intended to be fully contained and emit a negligible amount of fallout . Unfortunately these nuclear tests do occasionally `` vent '' to the surface , producing from nearly none to considerable amounts of radioactive debris as a consequence . Underground testing , almost by definition , causes seismic activity of a magnitude that depends on the yield of the nuclear device and the composition of the medium in which it is detonated , and generally creates a subsidence crater . In 1976 , the United States and the USSR agreed to limit the maximum yield of underground tests to 150 kt with the Threshold Test Ban Treaty . Underground testing also falls into two physical categories : tunnel tests in generally horizontal tunnel drifts , and shaft tests in vertically drilled holes . Exoatmospheric testing refers to nuclear tests conducted above the atmosphere . The test devices are lifted on rockets . These high altitude nuclear explosions can generate a nuclear electromagnetic pulse ( NEMP ) when they occur in the ionosphere , and charged particles resulting from the blast can cross hemispheres following geomagnetic lines of force to create an auroral display . Underwater testing results from nuclear devices being detonated underwater , usually moored to a ship or a barge ( which is subsequently destroyed by the explosion ) . Tests of this nature have usually been conducted to evaluate the effects of nuclear weapons against naval vessels ( such as in Operation Crossroads ) , or to evaluate potential sea - based nuclear weapons ( such as nuclear torpedoes or depth charges ) . Underwater tests close to the surface can disperse large amounts of radioactive particles in water and steam , contaminating nearby ships or structures , though they generally do not create fallout other than very local to the explosion . Salvo tests ( edit ) Another way to classify nuclear tests are by the number of explosions that constitute the test . The treaty definition of a salvo test is : `` In conformity with treaties between the United States and the Soviet Union , a salvo is defined , for multiple explosions for peaceful purposes , as two or more separate explosions where a period of time between successive individual explosions does not exceed 5 seconds and where the burial points of all explosive devices can be connected by segments of straight lines , each of them connecting two burial points , and the total length does not exceed 40 kilometers . For nuclear weapon tests , a salvo is defined as two or more underground nuclear explosions conducted at a test site within an area delineated by a circle having a diameter of two kilometers and conducted within a total period of time of 0.1 second . '' The USSR has exploded up to eight devices in a single salvo test ; Pakistan 's second and last official test exploded four different devices . Almost all lists in the literature are lists of tests ; in the lists in Wikipedia ( for example , Operation Cresset has separate items for Cremino and Caerphilly , which together constitute a single test ) , the lists are of explosions . Purpose ( edit ) Separately from these designations , nuclear tests are also often categorized by the purpose of the test itself . Weapons - related tests are designed to garner information about how ( and if ) the weapons themselves work . Some serve to develop and validate a specific weapon type . Others test experimental concepts or are physics experiments meant to gain fundamental knowledge of the processes and materials involved in nuclear detonations . Weapons effects tests are designed to gain information about the effects of the weapons on structures , equipment , organisms and the environment . They are mainly used to assess and improve survivability to nuclear explosions in civilian and military contexts , tailor weapons to their targets , and develop the tactics of nuclear warfare . Safety experiments are designed to study the behavior of weapons in simulated accident scenarios . In particular , they are used to verify that a ( significant ) nuclear detonation can not happen by accident . They include one - point safety tests and simulations of storage and transportation accidents . Nuclear test detection experiments are designed to improve the capabilities to detect , locate , and identify nuclear detonations , in particular to monitor compliance with test - ban treaties . In the United States these tests are associated with Operation Vela Uniform before the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty stopped all nuclear testing among signatories . Peaceful nuclear explosions were conducted to investigate non-military applications of nuclear explosives . In the United States these were performed under the umbrella name of Operation Plowshare . Aside from these technical considerations , tests have been conducted for political and training purposes , and can often serve multiple purposes . Alternatives to full - scale testing ( edit ) Sub-critical experiment at the Nevada National Security Site Hydronuclear tests study nuclear materials under the conditions of explosive shock compression . They can create sub-critical conditions , or supercritical conditions with yields ranging from negligible all the way up to a substantial fraction of full weapon yield . Critical mass experiments determine the quantity of fissile material required for criticality with a variety of fissile material compositions , densities , shapes , and reflectors . They can be sub-critical or super-critical , in which case significant radiation fluxes can be produced . This type of test resulted in several criticality accidents . Sub-critical ( or cold ) tests are any type of tests involving nuclear materials and possibly high - explosives ( like those mentioned above ) that purposely result in no yield . The name refers to the lack of creation of a critical mass of fissile material . They are the only type of tests allowed under the interpretation of the Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty tacitly agreed to by the major atomic powers . Sub-critical tests continue to be performed by the United States , Russia , and the People 's Republic of China , at least . Subcritical test executed by the United States include : Subcritical Tests Name Date Time ( UT ) Location Elevation + Height Notes A series of 50 tests 000000001960 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1960 Los Alamos National Lab Test Area 49 35 ° 49 ′ 22 '' N 106 ° 18 ′ 08 '' W / 35.82289 ° N 106.30216 ° W / 35.82289 ; - 106.30216 002163 ! 2,183 metres ( 7,162 ft ) - 20 metres ( 66 ft ) Series of 50 tests during US / USSR joint nuclear test ban . Odyssey 999999999999 - 99 - 99 - 0000 NTS Area U1a 37 ° 00 ′ 41 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 35 '' W / 37.01139 ° N 116.05983 ° W / 37.01139 ; - 116.05983 001032 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 190 metres ( 620 ft ) Trumpet 999999999999 - 99 - 99 - 0000 NTS Area U1a - 102D 37 ° 00 ′ 40 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 31 '' W / 37.01099 ° N 116.05848 ° W / 37.01099 ; - 116.05848 001032 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 190 metres ( 620 ft ) Kismet 000000001995 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1995 NTS Area U1a 37 ° 00 ′ 41 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 35 '' W / 37.01139 ° N 116.05983 ° W / 37.01139 ; - 116.05983 000929 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 293 metres ( 961 ft ) Kismet was a proof of concept for modern hydronuclear tests ; it did not contain any SNM ( Special Nuclear Material - Plutonium or Uranium ) . Rebound 000000001997 - 07 - 02 - 0000 July 2 , 1997 10 : -- : -- NTS Area U1a 37 ° 00 ′ 41 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 35 '' W / 37.01139 ° N 116.05983 ° W / 37.01139 ; - 116.05983 000929 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 293 metres ( 961 ft ) Provided information on the behavior of new plutonium alloys compressed by high pressure shock waves ; same as Stagecoach but for the age of the alloys . Holog 000000001997 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1997 NTS Area U1a. 101A 37 ° 00 ′ 37 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 32 '' W / 37.01036 ° N 116.05888 ° W / 37.01036 ; - 116.05888 000932 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 290 metres ( 950 ft ) Holog and Clarinet may have switched locations . Stagecoach 000000001998 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1998 NTS Area U1a 37 ° 00 ′ 41 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 35 '' W / 37.01139 ° N 116.05983 ° W / 37.01139 ; - 116.05983 000932 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 290 metres ( 950 ft ) Provided information on the behavior of aged ( up to 40 years ) plutonium alloys compressed by high pressure shock waves . Bagpipe 000000001998 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1998 NTS Area U1a. 101B 37 ° 00 ′ 37 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 32 '' W / 37.01021 ° N 116.05886 ° W / 37.01021 ; - 116.05886 000932 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 290 metres ( 950 ft ) Cimarron 000000001998 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1998 NTS Area U1a 37 ° 00 ′ 41 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 35 '' W / 37.01139 ° N 116.05983 ° W / 37.01139 ; - 116.05983 000932 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 290 metres ( 950 ft ) Plutonium surface ejecta studies . Clarinet 000000001999 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1999 NTS Area U1a. 101C 37 ° 00 ′ 36 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 32 '' W / 37.01003 ° N 116.05898 ° W / 37.01003 ; - 116.05898 000932 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 290 metres ( 950 ft ) Holog and Clarinet may have switched places on the map . Oboe 000000001999 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 1999 NTS Area U1a. 102C 37 ° 00 ′ 39 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 32 '' W / 37.01095 ° N 116.05877 ° W / 37.01095 ; - 116.05877 000932 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 290 metres ( 950 ft ) Oboe 2 000000001999 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 1999 NTS Area U1a. 102C 37 ° 00 ′ 39 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 32 '' W / 37.01095 ° N 116.05877 ° W / 37.01095 ; - 116.05877 000932 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 290 metres ( 950 ft ) Oboe 3 000000002000 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2000 NTS Area U1a. 102C 37 ° 00 ′ 39 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 32 '' W / 37.01095 ° N 116.05877 ° W / 37.01095 ; - 116.05877 000932 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 290 metres ( 950 ft ) Thoroughbred 000000002000 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2000 NTS Area U1a 37 ° 00 ′ 41 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 35 '' W / 37.01139 ° N 116.05983 ° W / 37.01139 ; - 116.05983 000932 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 290 metres ( 950 ft ) Plutonium surface ejecta studies , followup to Cimarron . Oboe 4 000000002000 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2000 NTS Area U1a. 102C 37 ° 00 ′ 39 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 32 '' W / 37.01095 ° N 116.05877 ° W / 37.01095 ; - 116.05877 000932 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 290 metres ( 950 ft ) Oboe 5 000000002000 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 2000 NTS Area U1a. 102C 37 ° 00 ′ 39 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 32 '' W / 37.01095 ° N 116.05877 ° W / 37.01095 ; - 116.05877 000932 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 290 metres ( 950 ft ) Oboe 6 000000002000 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 2000 NTS Area U1a. 102C 37 ° 00 ′ 39 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 32 '' W / 37.01095 ° N 116.05877 ° W / 37.01095 ; - 116.05877 000932 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 290 metres ( 950 ft ) Oboe 8 000000002001 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 2001 NTS Area U1a. 102C 37 ° 00 ′ 39 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 32 '' W / 37.01095 ° N 116.05877 ° W / 37.01095 ; - 116.05877 000932 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 290 metres ( 950 ft ) Oboe 7 000000002001 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2001 NTS Area U1a. 102C 37 ° 00 ′ 39 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 32 '' W / 37.01095 ° N 116.05877 ° W / 37.01095 ; - 116.05877 000932 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 290 metres ( 950 ft ) Oboe 9 000000002002 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2002 21 : 46 : -- NTS Area U1a. 102C 37 ° 00 ′ 39 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 32 '' W / 37.01095 ° N 116.05877 ° W / 37.01095 ; - 116.05877 000932 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 290 metres ( 950 ft ) Mario 000000002002 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2002 19 : 00 : -- NTS Area U1a 37 ° 00 ′ 41 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 35 '' W / 37.01139 ° N 116.05983 ° W / 37.01139 ; - 116.05983 000932 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 290 metres ( 950 ft ) Plutonium surface studies ( optical analysis of spall ) . Used wrought plutonium from Rocky Flats . Rocco 000000002002 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 2002 19 : 00 : -- NTS Area U1a 37 ° 00 ′ 41 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 35 '' W / 37.01139 ° N 116.05983 ° W / 37.01139 ; - 116.05983 000932 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 290 metres ( 950 ft ) Plutonium surface studies ( optical analysis of spall ) , followup to Mario . Used cast plutonium from Los Alamos . Piano 000000002003 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 2003 20 : 44 : -- NTS Area U1a. 102C 37 ° 00 ′ 39 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 32 '' W / 37.01095 ° N 116.05877 ° W / 37.01095 ; - 116.05877 000932 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 290 metres ( 950 ft ) Armando 000000002004 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2004 NTS Area U1a 37 ° 00 ′ 41 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 35 '' W / 37.01139 ° N 116.05983 ° W / 37.01139 ; - 116.05983 000932 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 290 metres ( 950 ft ) Plutonium spall measurements using x-ray analysis . Step Wedge 000000002005 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 2005 NTS Area U1a 37 ° 00 ′ 41 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 35 '' W / 37.01139 ° N 116.05983 ° W / 37.01139 ; - 116.05983 001032 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 190 metres ( 620 ft ) April -- May 2005 , a series of mini-hydronuclear experiments interpreting Armando results . Unicorn 000000002006 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 2006 01 : 00 : -- NTS Area U6c 36 ° 59 ′ 12 '' N 116 ° 02 ′ 38 '' W / 36.98663 ° N 116.0439 ° W / 36.98663 ; - 116.0439 001032 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 190 metres ( 620 ft ) `` ... confirm nuclear performance of the W88 warhead with a newly - manufactured pit . '' Early pit studies . Thermos 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 2007 NTS Area U1a 37 ° 00 ′ 41 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 35 '' W / 37.01139 ° N 116.05983 ° W / 37.01139 ; - 116.05983 001032 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 190 metres ( 620 ft ) Feb - 6 thru May 3 , 2007 , 12 mini-hydronuclear experiments in thermos - sized flasks . Bacchus 000000002010 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 2010 NTS Area U1a. 05 ? 37 ° 00 ′ 41 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 35 '' W / 37.01139 ° N 116.05983 ° W / 37.01139 ; - 116.05983 001032 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 190 metres ( 620 ft ) Barolo A 000000002010 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2010 NTS Area U1a. 05 ? 37 ° 00 ′ 41 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 35 '' W / 37.01139 ° N 116.05983 ° W / 37.01139 ; - 116.05983 001032 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 190 metres ( 620 ft ) Barolo B 000000002011 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2011 NTS Area U1a. 05 ? 37 ° 00 ′ 41 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 35 '' W / 37.01139 ° N 116.05983 ° W / 37.01139 ; - 116.05983 001032 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 190 metres ( 620 ft ) Castor 000000002012 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 2012 NTS Area U1a 37 ° 00 ′ 41 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 35 '' W / 37.01139 ° N 116.05983 ° W / 37.01139 ; - 116.05983 001032 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 190 metres ( 620 ft ) Not even a subcrit , contained no plutonium ; a dress rehearsal for Pollux . Pollux 000000002012 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 2012 NTS Area U1a 37 ° 00 ′ 41 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 35 '' W / 37.01139 ° N 116.05983 ° W / 37.01139 ; - 116.05983 001032 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 190 metres ( 620 ft ) A subcritical test with a scaled down warhead mockup . Leda 000000002014 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2014 NTS Area U1a 37 ° 00 ′ 41 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 35 '' W / 37.01139 ° N 116.05983 ° W / 37.01139 ; - 116.05983 001032 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 190 metres ( 620 ft ) Like Castor , the plutonium was replaced by a surrogate ; this is a dress rehearsal for the later Lydia . The target was a weapons pit mock - up . Lydia 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 ? ? - ? ? - 2015 NTS Area U1a 37 ° 00 ′ 41 '' N 116 ° 03 ′ 35 '' W / 37.01139 ° N 116.05983 ° W / 37.01139 ; - 116.05983 001032 ! 1,222 metres ( 4,009 ft ) - 190 metres ( 620 ft ) Expected to be a plutonium subcritical test with a scaled down warhead mockup . There have also been simulations of the effects of nuclear detonations using conventional explosives ( such as the Minor Scale U.S. test in 1985 ) . The explosives might be spiked with radioactive materials to simulate fallout dispersal . History ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of nuclear weapons development The Phoenix of Hiroshima ( foreground ) in Hong Kong Harbor in 1967 , was involved in several famous anti-nuclear protest voyages against nuclear testing in the Pacific . The 18,000 km expanse of the Semipalatinsk Test Site ( indicated in red ) , attached to Kurchatov ( along the Irtysh river ) . The site comprised an area the size of Wales . The first atomic weapons test was conducted near Alamogordo , New Mexico , on July 16 , 1945 , during the Manhattan Project , and given the codename `` Trinity '' . The test was originally to confirm that the implosion - type nuclear weapon design was feasible , and to give an idea of what the actual size and effects of a nuclear explosion would be before they were used in combat against Japan . While the test gave a good approximation of many of the explosion 's effects , it did not give an appreciable understanding of nuclear fallout , which was not well understood by the project scientists until well after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The United States conducted six atomic tests before the Soviet Union developed their first atomic bomb ( RDS - 1 ) and tested it on August 29 , 1949 . Neither country had very many atomic weapons to spare at first , and so testing was relatively infrequent ( when the U.S. used two weapons for Operation Crossroads in 1946 , they were detonating over 20 % of their current arsenal ) . However , by the 1950s the United States had established a dedicated test site on its own territory ( Nevada Test Site ) and was also using a site in the Marshall Islands ( Pacific Proving Grounds ) for extensive atomic and nuclear testing . The early tests were used primarily to discern the military effects of atomic weapons ( Crossroads had involved the effect of atomic weapons on a navy , and how they functioned underwater ) and to test new weapon designs . During the 1950s , these included new hydrogen bomb designs , which were tested in the Pacific , and also new and improved fission weapon designs . The Soviet Union also began testing on a limited scale , primarily in Kazakhstan . During the later phases of the Cold War , though , both countries developed accelerated testing programs , testing many hundreds of bombs over the last half of the 20th century . In 1954 the Castle Bravo fallout plume spread dangerous levels of radiation over an area over 100 miles long , including inhabited islands . Atomic and nuclear tests can involve many hazards . Some of these were illustrated in the U.S. Castle Bravo test in 1954 . The weapon design tested was a new form of hydrogen bomb , and the scientists underestimated how vigorously some of the weapon materials would react . As a result , the explosion -- with a yield of 15 Mt -- was over twice what was predicted . Aside from this problem , the weapon also generated a large amount of radioactive nuclear fallout , more than had been anticipated , and a change in the weather pattern caused the fallout to spread in a direction not cleared in advance . The fallout plume spread high levels of radiation for over a hundred miles , contaminating a number of populated islands in nearby atoll formations . Though they were soon evacuated , many of the islands ' inhabitants suffered from radiation burns and later from other effects such as increased cancer rate and birth defects , as did the crew of the Japanese fishing boat Daigo Fukuryū Maru . One crewman died from radiation sickness after returning to port , and it was feared that the radioactive fish they had been carrying had made it into the Japanese food supply . Because of concerns about worldwide fallout levels , the Partial Test Ban Treaty was signed in 1963 . Above are the per capita thyroid doses ( in rads ) in the continental United States resulting from all exposure routes from all atmospheric nuclear tests conducted at the Nevada Test Site from 1951 -- 1962 . Castle Bravo was the worst U.S. nuclear accident , but many of its component problems -- unpredictably large yields , changing weather patterns , unexpected fallout contamination of populations and the food supply -- occurred during other atmospheric nuclear weapons tests by other countries as well . Concerns over worldwide fallout rates eventually led to the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963 , which limited signatories to underground testing . Not all countries stopped atmospheric testing , but because the United States and the Soviet Union were responsible for roughly 86 % of all nuclear tests , their compliance cut the overall level substantially . France continued atmospheric testing until 1974 , and China until 1980 . A tacit moratorium on testing was in effect from 1958 to 1961 , and ended with a series of Soviet tests in late 1961 , including the Tsar Bomba , the largest nuclear weapon ever tested . The United States responded in 1962 with Operation Dominic , involving dozens of tests , including the explosion of a missile launched from a submarine . Almost all new nuclear powers have announced their possession of nuclear weapons with a nuclear test . The only acknowledged nuclear power that claims never to have conducted a test was South Africa ( although see Vela Incident ) , which has since dismantled all of its weapons . Israel is widely thought to possess a sizable nuclear arsenal , though it has never tested , unless they were involved in Vela . Experts disagree on whether states can have reliable nuclear arsenals -- especially ones using advanced warhead designs , such as hydrogen bombs and miniaturized weapons -- without testing , though all agree that it is very unlikely to develop significant nuclear innovations without testing . One other approach is to use supercomputers to conduct `` virtual '' testing , but codes need to be validated against test data . There have been many attempts to limit the number and size of nuclear tests ; the most far - reaching is the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty of 1996 , which has not , as of 2013 , been ratified by eight of the `` Annex 2 countries '' required for it to take effect , including the United States . Nuclear testing has since become a controversial issue in the United States , with a number of politicians saying that future testing might be necessary to maintain the aging warheads from the Cold War . Because nuclear testing is seen as furthering nuclear arms development , many are opposed to future testing as an acceleration of the arms race . In total nuclear test megatonnage , from 1945 -- 92 , 520 atmospheric nuclear explosions ( including 8 underwater ) have been conducted with a total yield of 545 megatons , with a peak occurring in 1961 - 62 , when 340 megatons were detonated in the atmosphere by the United States and Soviet Union . while the estimated number of underground nuclear tests conducted in the period from 1957 to 1992 is 1,352 explosions with a total yield of 90 Mt . The first atomic test , `` Trinity '' , took place on July 16 , 1945 . The Sedan test of 1962 was an experiment by the United States in using nuclear weapons to excavate large amounts of earth . Nuclear testing by country ( edit ) Main articles : List of nuclear weapons tests and France and weapons of mass destruction Over 2,000 nuclear tests have been conducted , in over a dozen different sites around the world . Red Russia / Soviet Union , blue France , light blue United States , violet Britain , black Israel , orange India , yellow China , brown Pakistan , green North Korea and light green ( territories exposed to nuclear bombs ) `` Baker Shot '' , part of Operation Crossroads , a nuclear test by the United States at Bikini Atoll in 1946 The nuclear powers have conducted more than 2,000 nuclear test explosions ( numbers are approximate , as some test results have been disputed ) : United States : 1,054 tests by official count ( involving at least 1,149 devices ) . 219 were atmospheric tests as defined by the CTBT . These tests include 904 at the Nevada Test Site , 106 at the Pacific Proving Grounds and other locations in the Pacific , 3 in the South Atlantic Ocean , and 17 other tests taking place in Amchitka Alaska , Colorado , Mississippi , New Mexico and Nevada outside the NNSS ( see Nuclear weapons and the United States for details ) . 24 tests are classified as British tests held at the NTS . There were 35 Plowshare detonations and 7 Vela Uniform tests ; 88 tests were safety experiments and 4 were transportation / storage tests . Link to United States ' table data . Motion pictures were made of the explosions , later used to validate computer simulation predictions of explosions . Soviet Union : 715 tests ( involving 969 devices ) by official count , plus 13 unnumbered test failures . Most were at their Southern Test Area at Semipalatinsk Test Site and the Northern Test Area at Novaya Zemlya . Others include rocket tests and peaceful - use explosions at various sites in Russia , Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan and Ukraine . Link to Soviet Union 's table data United Kingdom : 45 tests ( 21 in Australian territory , including three at the Montebello Islands , nine in mainland South Australia at Maralinga and Emu Field , some at Christmas Island ( Kiritimati ) in the Pacific Ocean , plus 24 in the United States at the Nevada Test Site as part of joint test series ) 43 safety tests ( the Vixen series ) are not included in that number , though safety experiments by other countries are . Link to the United Kingdom 's summary table France : 210 tests by official count ( 50 atmospheric , 160 underground ) , four atomic atmospheric tests at C.E.S.M. near Reggane , 13 atomic underground tests at C.E.M.O. near In Ekker in the French Algerian Sahara , and nuclear atmospheric and underground tests at and around Fangataufa and Moruroa Atolls in French Polynesia . Four of the In Ekker tests are counted as peaceful use , as they were reported as part of the CET 's APEX ( Application pacifique des expérimentations nucléaires ) , and given alternate names . Link to France 's summary table China : 45 tests ( 23 atmospheric and 22 underground ) , at Lop Nur Nuclear Weapons Test Base , in Malan , Xinjiang There are two additional unnumbered failed tests . Link to China 's summary table India : Six underground explosions ( including the first one in 1974 ) , at Pokhran . Link to India 's summary table Pakistan : Six underground explosions at Ras Koh Hills and the Chagai District . Link to Pakistan 's summary table North Korea : Link to North Korea 's summary table North Korea is the only country in the world that still tests nuclear weapons , and their tests have caused escalating tensions between them and the United States . Their most recent nuclear test was on September 3 , 2017 . There may also have been at least three alleged but unacknowledged nuclear explosions ( see list of alleged nuclear tests ) including the Vela Incident . From the first nuclear test in 1945 until tests by Pakistan in 1998 , there was never a period of more than 22 months with no nuclear testing . June 1998 to October 2006 was the longest period since 1945 with no acknowledged nuclear tests . A summary table of all the nuclear testing that has happened since 1945 is here : Worldwide nuclear testing counts and summary . Treaties against testing ( edit ) There are many proposed anti-nuclear explosion treaties , such as the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty , and the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty . Most of these treaties were passed because scientists in many different countries noticed spikes in radiation levels in civilian areas . Nuclear testing involving humans also contributed to the formation of the treaties , and examples can be seen in the following articles : Desert Rock exercises Totskoye range nuclear tests The Partial Nuclear Test Ban treaty makes it illegal to detonate any nuclear explosion anywhere except underground , in order to reduce atmospheric fallout . Most countries have signed and ratified the Partial Nuclear Test Ban , which went into effect in October 1963 . Of the nuclear states , France , China , and North Korea have never signed the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty . The 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty ( CTBT ) bans all nuclear explosions everywhere , including underground . For that purpose , the Preparatory Commission of the Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Organization is building an international monitoring system with 337 facilities located all over the globe . 85 % of these facilities are already operational . As of May 2012 , the CTBT has been signed by 183 States , of which 157 have also ratified . However , for the Treaty to enter into force it needs to be ratified by 44 specific nuclear technology - holder countries . These `` Annex 2 States '' participated in the negotiations on the CTBT between 1994 and 1996 and possessed nuclear power or research reactors at that time . The ratification of eight Annex 2 states is still missing : China , Egypt , Iran , Israel and the United States have signed but not ratified the Treaty ; India , North Korea and Pakistan have not signed it . The following is a list of the treaties applicable to nuclear testing : Name Agreement date In force date In effect today ? Notes Unilateral USSR ban 000000001958 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1958 000000001958 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1958 no USSR unilaterally stops testing provided the West does as well . Bilateral testing ban 000000001958 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 1958 000000001958 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 1958 no USA agrees ; ban begins on 31 October 1958 , 3 November 1958 for the Soviets , and lasts until abrogated by a USSR test on 1 September 1961 . Antarctic Treaty System 000000001959 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1959 000000001961 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1961 yes Bans testing of all kinds in Antarctica . Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty ( PTBT ) 000000001962 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 1962 000000001963 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1963 yes Ban on all but underground testing . Outer Space Treaty 000000001967 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1967 000000001967 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1967 yes Bans testing on the moon and other celestial bodies . Treaty of Tlatelolco 000000001967 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1967 000000001968 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1968 yes Bans testing in South America and the Caribbean Sea Islands . Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty 000000001968 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1968 000000001970 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1970 yes Bans the proliferation of nuclear technology to non-nuclear nations . Seabed Arms Control Treaty 000000001971 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 1971 000000001972 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1972 yes Bans emplacement of nuclear weapons on the ocean floor outside territorial waters . Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty ( SALT I ) 000000001972 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1972 no A five - year ban on installing launchers . Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 000000001972 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 1972 000000001972 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1972 no Restricts ABM development ; additional protocol added in 1974 ; abrogated by the USA in 2002 . Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War 000000001973 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 1973 000000001973 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 1973 yes Promises to make all efforts to promote security and peace . Threshold Test Ban Treaty 000000001974 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1974 000000001990 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1990 yes Prohibits higher than 150 kt for underground testing . Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty ( PNET ) 000000001976 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1976 000000001990 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1990 yes Prohibits higher than 150 kt , or 1500kt in aggregate , testing for peaceful purposes . Moon Treaty 000000001979 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1979 000000001984 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1984 no Bans use and emplacement of nuclear weapons on the moon and other celestial bodies . Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty ( SALT II ) 000000001979 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 1979 no Limits strategic arms . Kept but not ratified by the US , abrogated in 1986 . Treaty of Rarotonga 000000001985 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 1985 ? Bans nuclear weapons in South Pacific Ocean and islands . US never ratified . Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty ( INF ) 000000001987 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1987 000000001988 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1988 yes Eliminates Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles ( IRBMs ) . Implemented by 1 June 1991 . Both sides allege the other is in violation of the treaty . Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe 000000001990 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1990 000000001992 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 , 1992 yes Bans categories of weapons , including conventional , from Europe . Russia notified signatories of intent to suspend , 14 July 2007 . Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty I ( START I ) 000000001991 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1991 000000001994 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1994 no 35 - 40 % reduction in ICBMs with verification . Treaty expired 5 December 2009 , renewed ( see below ) . Treaty on Open Skies 000000001992 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1992 000000002002 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 2002 yes Allows for unencumbered surveillance over all signatories . US unilateral testing moratorium 000000001992 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1992 000000001992 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1992 no George . H.W. Bush declares unilateral ban on nuclear testing . Extended several times , not yet abrogated . Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty ( START II ) 000000001993 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1993 000000002002 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 2002 no Deep reductions in ICBMs . Abrogated by Russia in 2002 in retaliation of US abrogation of ABM Treaty . Southeast Asian Nuclear - Weapon - Free Zone Treaty ( Treaty of Bangkok ) 000000001995 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1995 000000001997 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1997 yes Bans nuclear weapons from southeast Asia . African Nuclear Weapon Free Zone Treaty ( Pelindaba Treaty ) 000000001996 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1996 000000002009 - 07 - 16 - 0000 July 16 , 2009 yes Bans nuclear weapons in Africa . Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty ( CTBT ) 000000001996 - 09 - 10 - 0000 September 10 , 1996 yes ( effectively ) Bans all nuclear testing , peaceful and otherwise . Strong detection and verification mechanism ( CTBTO ) . US has signed and adheres to the treaty , though has not ratified it . Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions ( SORT , Treaty of Moscow ) 000000002002 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2002 000000002003 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 2003 no Reduces warheads to 1700 - 2200 in ten years . Expired , replaced by START II . START I treaty renewal 000000002010 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2010 000000002011 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2011 yes Same provisions as START I . Compensation for victims ( edit ) Over 500 atmospheric nuclear weapons tests were conducted at various sites around the world from 1945 to 1980 . As public awareness and concern mounted over the possible health hazards associated with exposure to the nuclear fallout , various studies were done to assess the extent of the hazard . A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention / National Cancer Institute study claims that nuclear fallout might have led to approximately 11,000 excess deaths , most caused by thyroid cancer linked to exposure to iodine - 131 . See also : Environmental impact of war United States : Prior to March 2009 , the U.S. was the only nation to compensate nuclear test victims . Since the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act of 1990 , more than $1.38 billion in compensation has been approved . The money is going to people who took part in the tests , notably at the Nevada Test Site , and to others exposed to the radiation . France : In March 2009 , the French Government offered to compensate victims for the first time and legislation is being drafted which would allow payments to people who suffered health problems related to the tests . The payouts would be available to victims ' descendants and would include Algerians , who were exposed to nuclear testing in the Sahara in 1960 . However , victims say the eligibility requirements for compensation are too narrow . United Kingdom : There is no formal British government compensation program . However , nearly 1,000 veterans of Christmas Island nuclear tests in the 1950s are engaged in legal action against the Ministry of Defense for negligence . They say they suffered health problems and were not warned of potential dangers before the experiments . Russia : Decades later , Russia offered compensation to veterans who were part of the 1954 Totsk test . However , there was no compensation to civilians sickened by the Totsk test . Anti-nuclear groups say there has been no government compensation for other nuclear tests . China : China has undertaken highly secretive atomic tests in remote deserts in a Central Asian border province . Anti-nuclear activists say there is no known government program for compensating victims . Milestone nuclear explosions ( edit ) The following list is of milestone nuclear explosions . In addition to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , the first nuclear test of a given weapon type for a country is included , and tests which were otherwise notable ( such as the largest test ever ) . All yields ( explosive power ) are given in their estimated energy equivalents in kilotons of TNT ( see TNT equivalent ) . Putative tests ( like Vela Incident ) have not been included . Date Name Yield ( kt ) Country Significance 1945 - 07 - 16 Trinity 19 ! 18 -- 20 USA First fission device test , first plutonium implosion detonation 1945 - 08 - 06 Little Boy 15 ! 12 -- 18 USA Bombing of Hiroshima , Japan , first detonation of a uranium gun - type device , first use of a nuclear device in combat . 1945 - 08 - 09 Fat Man 20.5 ! 18 -- 23 USA Bombing of Nagasaki , Japan , second detonation of a plutonium implosion device ( the first being the Trinity Test ) , second and last use of a nuclear device in combat . 1949 - 08 - 29 RDS - 1 22 USSR First fission weapon test by the USSR 1952 - 10 - 03 Hurricane 25 UK First fission weapon test by the UK 1952 - 11 - 01 Ivy Mike 10,400 USA First cryogenic fusion fuel `` staged '' thermonuclear weapon , primarily a test device and not weaponized 1952 - 11 - 16 Ivy King 500 USA Largest pure - fission weapon ever tested 1953 - 08 - 12 Joe 4 400 USSR First fusion weapon test by the USSR ( not `` staged '' ) 1954 - 03 - 01 Castle Bravo 15,000 USA First dry fusion fuel `` staged '' thermonuclear weapon ; a serious nuclear fallout accident occurred ; largest nuclear detonation conducted by United States 1955 - 11 - 22 RDS - 37 1,600 USSR First `` staged '' thermonuclear weapon test by the USSR ( deployable ) 1957 - 05 - 31 Orange Herald 720 UK Largest boosted fission weapon ever tested . Intended as a fallback `` in megaton range '' in case British thermonuclear development failed . 1957 - 11 - 08 Grapple X 1,800 UK First ( successful ) `` staged '' thermonuclear weapon test by the UK 1960 - 02 - 13 Gerboise Bleue 70 France First fission weapon test by France 1961 - 10 - 31 Tsar Bomba 50,000 USSR Largest thermonuclear weapon ever tested -- scaled down from its initial 100 Mt design by 50 % 1964 - 10 - 16 596 22 PR China First fission weapon test by the People 's Republic of China 1967 - 06 - 17 Test No. 6 3,300 PR China First `` staged '' thermonuclear weapon test by the People 's Republic of China 1968 - 08 - 24 Canopus 2,600 France First `` staged '' thermonuclear weapon test by France 1974 - 05 - 18 Smiling Buddha 12 India First fission nuclear explosive test by India 1998 - 05 - 11 Pokhran - II 45 - 50 India First potential fusion / boosted weapon test by India ; first deployable fission weapon test by India 1998 - 05 - 28 Chagai - I 40 Pakistan First fission weapon ( boosted ) test by Pakistan 2006 - 10 - 09 2006 North Korean nuclear test 0.5 ! under 1 North Korea First fission weapon test by North Korea ( plutonium - based ) 2017 - 09 - 03 2017 North Korean nuclear test 110 ! 200 - 300 North Korea First `` staged '' thermonuclear weapon test claimed by North Korea `` Staging '' refers to whether it was a `` true '' hydrogen bomb of the so - called Teller - Ulam configuration or simply a form of a boosted fission weapon . For a more complete list of nuclear test series , see List of nuclear tests . Some exact yield estimates , such as that of the Tsar Bomba and the tests by India and Pakistan in 1998 , are somewhat contested among specialists . See also ( edit ) Atomic Testing Museum ( in Nevada in the US ) Effects of nuclear explosions High altitude nuclear explosion List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union List of nuclear weapons tests of the United States Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country History of nuclear weapons How to Photograph an Atomic Bomb List of military nuclear accidents ( including nuclear weapons accidents ) List of nuclear weapons tests List of states with nuclear weapons Live fire exercise National Technical Means Nuclear weapons design Partial Test Ban Treaty Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Project Gnome Test Readiness Program Underwater explosion Category : Nuclear test sites Trinity and Beyond ( documentary about nuclear weapon testing ) The Atomic Age -- Wikipedia book Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Universal Time at the Nevada National Security Site is 8 hours after local time ; UT dates are one day after local date for UT times after 16 : 00 . Jump up ^ A video of the Armando test on YouTube Jump up ^ A video of the Pollux test on YouTube Jump up ^ A video of the Leda test on YouTube Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Treaty has not been signed by France or by the Peoples Republic of China . '' U.S. Department of State , Limited Test Ban Treaty . Jump up ^ For an overview of the preparations and considerations used in underground nuclear testing , see `` '' Underground Nuclear Weapons Testing '' ( Globalsecurity.org ) `` . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 19 . For a longer and more technical discussion , see U.S. Congress , Office of Technology Assessment ( October 1989 ) . The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ Yang , Xiaoping ; North , Robert ; Romney , Carl ; Richards , Paul R. `` Worldwide Nuclear Explosions '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Carey Sublette ( 9 August 2001 ) , Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions , section 4.1. 9 , retrieved 10 April 2011 Jump up ^ Jonathan Medalia ( 12 March 2008 ) , Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty : Issues and Arguments ( PDF ) , Congressional Research Service , pp. 20 -- 22 , retrieved 9 December 2013 Jump up ^ Medalia , Jonathan ( 2005 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Nuclear Weapons : Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty '' ( PDF ) ( IB92099 ) . Congressional Record Service . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` US conducts ' subcritical ' nuclear test '' . zeenews.india.com. 2012 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Thomas Nilsen ( 2 October 2012 ) . `` Subcritical nuke tests may be resumed at Novaya Zemlya '' . barentsobserver.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Papazian , Ghazar R. ; Reinovsky , Robert E. ; Beatty , Jerry N. ( 2003 ) . `` The New World of the Nevada Test Site '' ( PDF ) . Los Alamos Science ( 28 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Thorn , Robert N. ; Westervelt , Donald R. ( February 1 , 1987 ) . `` Hydronuclear Experiments '' ( PDF ) . LANL Report LA - 10902 - MS . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Conrad , David C. ( July 1 , 2000 ) . `` Underground explosions are music to their ears '' . Science and Technology Review . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Test Site : U1a Complex subcritical experiments '' . DOE Nevada . Department of Energy . 2003 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Togzhan Kassenova ( 28 September 2009 ) . `` The lasting toll of Semipalatinsk 's nuclear testing '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Jump up ^ Pavlovski , O.A. ( 1 January 1998 ) . Atmospheric Nuclear Tests . Springer , Berlin , Heidelberg . pp. 219 -- 260 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 662 - 03610 - 5_17 -- via link.springer.com . Jump up ^ `` Radioactive Fallout - Worldwide Effects of Nuclear War - Historical Documents - atomciarchive.com '' . Jump up ^ Pavlovski , O.A. ( 1 January 1998 ) . Atmospheric Nuclear Tests . Springer , Berlin , Heidelberg . pp. 219 -- 260 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 662 - 03610 - 5_17 -- via link.springer.com . Jump up ^ `` United States Nuclear Tests : July 1945 through September 1992 '' ( PDF ) . Las Vegas , NV : Department of Energy , Nevada Operations Office . 2000 - 12 - 01 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . This is usually cited as the `` official '' US list . Jump up ^ Long , Kat . `` Blasts from the Past : Old Nuke Test Films Offer New Insights ( Video ) '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` USSR Nuclear Weapons Tests and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions 1949 through 1990 '' . Sarov , Russia : RFNC - VNIIEF. 1996 . The official Russian list of Soviet tests . Jump up ^ Mikhailov , Editor in Chief , V.N. ; Andryushin , L.A. ; Voloshin , N.P. ; Ilkaev , R.I. ; Matushchenko , A.M. ; Ryabev , L.D. ; Strukov , V.G. ; Chernyshev , A.K. ; Yudin , Yu. A. `` Catalog of Worldwide Nuclear Testing '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 28 . An equivalent list available on the internet . Jump up ^ `` UK / US Agreement '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` N ° 3571. - Rapport de MM . Christian Bataille et Henri Revol sur les incidences environnementales et sanitaires des essais nucléaires effectués par la France entre 1960 et 1996 ( Office d'évaluation des choix scientifiques et technologiques ) '' . Assemblee-nationale.fr . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Nuclear Weapons , see also Nuclear Weapons Test List Jump up ^ https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/chron.htm Jump up ^ U.S. Department of State , Limited Test Ban Treaty . Jump up ^ `` CTBTO Factsheet : Ending Nuclear Explosions '' ( PDF ) . ctbto.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Status of signature and ratification '' . ctbto.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Status of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty : Signatories and Ratifiers '' . Arms Control Association . March 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Council , National Research ( 11 February 2003 ) . `` Exposure of the American Population to Radioactive Fallout from Nuclear Weapons Tests : A Review of the CDC - NCI Draft Report on a Feasibility Study of the Health Consequences to the American Population from Nuclear Weapons Tests Conducted by the United States and Other Nations '' . doi : 10.17226 / 10621 . ^ Jump up to : News , A.B.C. `` International News : Latest Headlines , Video and Photographs from Around the World -- People , Places , Crisis , Conflict , Culture , Change , Analysis and Trends '' . Jump up ^ Radiation Exposure Compensation System : Claims to Date Summary of Claims Received by 06 / 11 / 2009 Jump up ^ Pakistan Nuclear Weapons . Federation of American Scientists . December 11 , 2002 References ( edit ) Gusterson , Hugh . Nuclear Rites : A Weapons Laboratory at the End of the Cold War . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , 1996 . Hacker , Barton C. Elements of Controversy : The Atomic Energy Commission and Radiation Safety in Nuclear Weapons Testing , 1947 -- 1974 . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , 1994 . Schwartz , Stephen I. Atomic Audit : The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons . Washington , D.C. : Brookings Institution Press , 1998 . Weart , Spencer R. Nuclear Fear : A History of Images . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1985 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nuclear weapon tests . Federation of American Scientists Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban - Treaty Organization Nuclear Weapon Archive NuclearFiles.org What About Radiation on Bikini Atoll ? `` Time - lapse map of all nuclear weapon tests from 1945 to 1998 . '' on YouTube Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues Atomic Bomb website and nuclear weapon testing articles The Woodrow Wilson Center 's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project ( hide ) Nuclear weapons tests of the United States Operations `` Anvil '' `` Aqueduct '' `` Arbor '' `` Argus '' `` Bedrock '' `` Bowline '' `` Buster -- Jangle '' `` Castle '' `` Chariot '' `` Charioteer '' `` Cornerstone '' `` Cresset '' `` Crossroads '' `` Crosstie '' `` Dominic '' Starfish Prime `` Emery '' `` Fishbowl '' `` Flintlock '' `` Fulcrum '' `` Fusileer '' `` Greenhouse '' `` Grenadier '' `` Grommet '' `` Guardian '' `` Hardtack I '' `` Hardtack II '' `` Ivy '' `` Julin '' `` Latchkey '' `` Little Feller '' `` Mandrel '' `` Musketeer '' `` Niblick '' `` Nougat '' `` Phalanx '' `` Plowshare '' `` Plumbbob '' `` Praetorian '' Project 56 Project 57 Project 58 Project 58A `` Quicksilver '' `` Ranger '' `` Redwing '' `` Roller Coaster '' `` Sandstone '' `` Sculpin '' `` Storax '' `` Sunbeam '' `` Teapot '' `` Tinderbox '' `` Toggle '' `` Touchstone '' `` Trinity '' `` Tumbler -- Snapper '' `` Upshot -- Knothole '' `` Whetstone '' `` Wigwam '' Testing areas Nevada Area 15 Area 16 Area 18 Area 30 Frenchman Flat Pahute Mesa Rainier Mesa Yucca Flat other South Atlantic Pacific Proving Grounds Alamogordo Amchitka Carlsbad Central Nevada Sand Springs Range Carson National Forest Parachute Salmon Site Nevada Test and Training Range Rifle Related topics National Atomic Testing Museum Fallout : An American Nuclear Tragedy Alvin C. Graves Reed Hadley Chuck Hansen Corbin Harney Desert Rock exercises Unethical human experimentation in the United States International Day against Nuclear Tests Nevada Desert Experience Nuclear weapons testing Radiation Exposure Compensation Act Radio Bikini Reactor - grade plutonium nuclear test Trinity and Beyond : The Atomic Bomb Movie Vela Uniform Louie Vitale Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll LCCN : sh85093130 GND : 4139467 - 7 BNF : cb12269302q ( data ) NDL : 01053147 Nuclear technology portal War portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_weapons_testing&oldid=827868755 '' Categories : Nuclear weapons Nuclear weapons testing Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2012 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 吴语 粵語 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 05 : 38 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20weapons%20testing
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download song from the movie ae dil hai mushkil
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Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( song )
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ae dil hai mushkil ( song )
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`` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil '' ( English : `` This Heart is Complicated '' ) is a Hindi song from the soundtrack of the Indian film Ae Dil Hai Mushkil . It is written by Amitabh Bhattacharya , composed by Pritam , and sung by Arijit Singh . The music video features actor Ranbir Kapoor . This song officially used in Mahesh Bhatt 's Naamkarann , which is broadcast on Star Plus .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Release 2 Reception 3 Awards 4 References Release ( edit ) The song was released by Sony Music India on 30 August 2016 . Reception ( edit ) The Times of India wrote , `` Pritam and Amitabh Bhattacharya , who have delivered several memorable compositions in the past , live up to their reputations and give yet another hit album . '' Awards ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Recipient References 2016 Screen Awards Best Lyricist Amitabh Bhattacharya 2017 Mirchi Music Awards Male Vocalist of the Year Arijit Singh Filmfare Awards Best Male Playback Singer Zee Cine Awards Best Playback Singer -- Male BIG Zee Entertainment Awards Most Entertaining Song Amitabh Bhattacharya , Pritam and Arijit Singh MT20Jubilee Awards Platinum Disc Amitabh Bhattacharya , Pritam and Arijit Singh References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ' Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ' full song released online : Where to listen to it for free '' . IBT , Indian Edition . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music Review Ae Dil Hai Mushkil '' . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 23rd Star Screen Awards : Check Out The Complete List Of Winners '' . koimoi.com. 5 December 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mirchi Music Awards 2017 Winners List '' . India.com . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Filmfare Awards Winners List 2017 '' . Filmfare . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zee Cine Awards 2017 '' . India.com . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Zee Entertainment Awards 2017 winners list '' . bollywoodlife.com . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MT20Jubilee Awards '' . Radio Mirchi. 3 August 2017 -- via Instagram . hide Arijit Singh Awards and nominations Discography Television Fame Gurukul MTV Unplugged Related albums A Foreign Affair Hindi songs 2012 `` Raabta '' `` Duaa '' `` Phir Le Aya Dil ( Reprise ) '' 2013 `` Tum Hi Ho '' `` Kabhi Jo Baadal Barse '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Kabira ( Encore ) '' `` Dilliwaali Girlfriend '' `` Ilahi '' `` Main Rang Sharbaton Ka ( Reprise ) '' `` Har Kisi Ko ( Duet ) '' 2014 `` Muskurane '' `` Samjhawan '' `` Suno Na Sangemarmar '' `` Mast Magan '' `` Sawan Aaya Hai '' `` Manwa Laage '' `` Raat Bhar '' `` Palat -- Tera Hero Idhar Hai '' `` Besharmi Ki Height '' 2015 `` Sooraj Dooba Hain '' `` Judaai '' `` Aayat '' `` Tu Chale '' `` Gerua '' `` Janam Janam '' 2016 `` Channa Mereya '' `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil '' `` Soch Na Sake '' `` Bolna '' `` Naina '' `` Nashe Si Chadh Gayi '' 2017 `` Zaalima '' `` Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga '' `` Phir Wahi '' Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ae_Dil_Hai_Mushkil_(song)&oldid=840812230 '' Categories : 2016 songs Hindi film songs Songs with lyrics by Amitabh Bhattacharya Songs with music by Pritam Chakraborty Arijit Singh songs Music videos featuring Ranbir Kapoor Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 09 : 28 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ae%20Dil%20Hai%20Mushkil%20%28song%29
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who sang i'm easy like sunday morning
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Easy ( Commodores song )
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easy ( commodores song )
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`` Easy '' is a song by Commodores for the Motown label , from their fifth studio album , Commodores . Released in March 1977 , `` Easy '' reached # 1 on the Billboard R&B chart , and # 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The success of `` Easy '' paved the way for similar Lionel Richie - composed hit ballads such as `` Three Times a Lady '' and `` Still '' , and also for Richie 's later solo hits .
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Richie wrote `` Easy '' with the intention of it becoming another crossover hit for the group , given the success of a previous single , `` Just to Be Close to You '' , which spent 2 weeks at # 1 on the Billboard R&B chart ( known as the Hot Soul Singles chart at that time ) and peaked at # 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop charts in 1976 . The song is noted for a feedback noise , with an echo , that is heard in the bridge of the song . Also , an electric guitar solo dominates the instrumental portion of the song . In addition , the other Commodores are heard singing wordless harmonies during the chorus of the song . Strings and Brass are also featured as well . The edited version receives the most airplay . The longer version from the album features the chorus being repeated more times , a semitone up , from A-flat major to A major ( representing the change from morning to afternoon ) , a few times before it fades out . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Charts 3 Faith No More cover 3.1 Version differences 3.2 Track listings 3.2. 1 Songs to Make Love To 3.2. 2 I 'm Easy / Be Aggressive 3.2. 3 Japanese version 3.3 Charts 4 Sky Ferreira cover 5 Sampled 6 Footnotes 7 External links Content ( edit ) Written by Commodores lead singer Lionel Richie , the song is a slow ballad expressing a man 's feelings as he ends a relationship . Rather than being depressed about the break - up , he states that he is instead `` easy like Sunday morning '' -- something which Richie described as evocative of `` small Southern towns that die at 11 : 30pm '' on a Saturday night , such as his own Tuskegee , Alabama . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 18 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 24 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 9 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 9 U.S. Billboard Hot Soul Singles US Billboard Hot 100 Faith No More cover ( edit ) `` Easy '' Single by Faith No More from the album Angel Dust Released December 29 , 1992 ( 1992 - 12 - 29 ) ( Europe ) April 4 , 1993 ( US ) Length 3 : 08 Label Slash Songwriter ( s ) Lionel Richie Producer ( s ) Matt Wallace Faith No More Faith No More singles chronology `` Everything 's Ruined '' ( 1992 ) `` Easy '' ( 1992 ) `` Another Body Murdered '' ( 1994 ) Angel Dust track listing `` Midnight Cowboy '' ( 13 ) `` Easy '' ( 14 ) `` As the Worm Turns '' ( 15 ) Alternative cover `` I 'm Easy / Be Aggressive '' cover Faith No More recorded a cover of `` Easy '' during the studio sessions for Angel Dust , following its repeated performance during live shows , but was released as the final single to the album in late 1992 / early 1993 . The song was originally played to replace their cover of Black Sabbath 's `` War Pigs '' , so the band would break from the typical rock band mould and to spite the heavy metal fans who attended Faith No More 's concerts expecting `` War Pigs '' . Bassist Billy Gould said the version was a straightforward cover because `` we like ( '' Easy `` ) in a painful kind of way . It gives us memories of our childhood '' . It is their highest - charting UK hit , reaching # 3 , their second number one single on the Australian charts and their final charting single in the American chart Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at # 58 . It was originally issued on December 29 , 1992 , on the double A-side single with `` Be Aggressive '' , listed as `` I 'm Easy '' , in Europe and over three months later in America on the Songs to Make Love To EP , it was later included on the European version of their album Angel Dust . Other appearances include a 2006 commercial for Levi 's Jeans and as the theme tune for the TV programme Goals on Sunday . The biggest difference from the original is that Faith No More left out the second verse . Version differences ( edit ) The song was released under three titles : `` I 'm Easy '' , `` I 'm Easy ( Cooler Version ) '' , and `` Easy '' . The title varies depending upon the region of release or whether it was the single or part of the album Angel Dust . As a single , in most countries apart from the United States , Australia and Japan , releases had the title `` I 'm Easy '' . In the aforementioned countries , the title was simply `` Easy '' with the German special edition using `` I 'm Easy ( Cooler Version ) '' . There are at least two different mixes in circulation , all of which originate from the same studio recording of the song . The first mix has a voice - over by Mike Patton during the first few seconds of the song : `` Turn the lights out , baby . This one 's for the ladies in the house '' . It also has fewer guitar overdubs , a slightly different bass line before the guitar solo , and more reverb on the entire track . The second version , sometimes listed as the `` Cooler Version '' as titled on the German special edition of the single , lacks this voice - over but features a background string - synth arrangement throughout the song as well as the `` missing '' guitar parts not found in the other mix . The first version was featured on all London Records releases of the single and Angel Dust apart from the German special edition : `` I 'm Easy / Be Aggressive '' `` Easy '' ( Japanese release ) Angel Dust ( Japanese , European , Brazilian and Australian ( London Records version ) releases ) And the second version , known as the `` cooler version '' , was featured on the Slash and Slash / Liberation releases of the single , on Angel Dust and on retrospective compilations release by Slash , London Records , Rhino and Liberation : `` Easy '' ( USA ) Songs to Make Love To ( USA and Canada ) `` I 'm Easy '' ( Australia ) Angel Dust ( iTunes digital and Australian ( Liberation version ) releases ) Who Cares a Lot ? This Is It : The Best of Faith No More Track listings ( edit ) Songs to Make Love to ( edit ) The Songs to Make Love To release , which was titled `` Easy '' on some pressings , was the American and Canadian release of the single . Its track list , which was almost identical to the German `` I 'm Easy '' -- special edition version which replaces track three with the re-recording of `` As the Worm Turns '' and is similar to the standard edition versions of `` I 'm Easy '' which had the Revolution 23 Full Moon mix of `` A Small Victory '' as its third and last track , is as follows : `` Easy '' -- 3 : 10 `` Das Schutzenfest '' -- 3 : 00 `` Midnight Cowboy '' ( John Barry ) -- 4 : 15 `` Let 's Lynch the Landlord '' ( Jello Biafra ) -- 2 : 56 I 'm Easy / Be Aggressive ( edit ) The double A-side release , `` I 'm Easy / Be Aggressive '' , features `` Easy '' and `` Be Aggressive '' as its first two tracks in addition to two live tracks , with the exception of one fully live version which is identical to the Free Concert in the Park bonus disc and a two - track French version . The standard track list is as follows : `` I 'm Easy '' -- 3 : 06 `` Be Aggressive '' -- 3 : 40 `` A Small Victory '' ( Live † ) -- 4 : 49 `` We Care a Lot '' ( Live † ) -- 4 : 02 `` Mark Bowen '' ( Live † ) -- 3 : 15 Japanese version ( edit ) The Japanese version was released separately as a seven - track EP under the name of `` Easy '' with the `` I 'm Easy / Be Aggressive '' cover image along with six live tracks that also featured on other versions of the single ; its track list was as follows : `` Easy '' `` Easy '' ( Live † ) `` Be Aggressive '' ( Live † ) `` Land of Sunshine '' ( Live ‡ ) `` RV '' ( Live ‡ ) `` Kindergarten '' ( Live † ) `` A Small Victory '' ( Live † ) † Live in Munich , Germany on November 9 , 1992 ‡ Live in Dekalb , Illinois , September 20 , 1992 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 73 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 20 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 11 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 58 Sky Ferreira cover ( edit ) `` Easy '' Song by Sky Ferreira from the album Baby Driver ( Music from the Motion Picture ) Length 4 : 27 Label 30th Century Songwriter ( s ) Lionel Richie Producer ( s ) Nigel Godrich Baby Driver ( Music from the Motion Picture ) track listing `` Brighton Rock '' ( 26 ) `` Easy '' ( 27 ) `` Was He Slow '' ( 28 ) American singer and songwriter Sky Ferreira released a rendition of the song for the soundtrack of the 2017 film Baby Driver , in which she plays Baby 's mother . It was produced by Nigel Godrich . To promote the track , a music video directed by the film 's director , Edgar Wright , was released on September 4 , 2017 . Days later , on September 7 , 2017 ; the video was finally uploaded to the 30th Records 's official VEVO account . Sampled ( edit ) `` Easy '' was sampled by the Houston - based rap group Geto Boys for the song `` Six Feet Deep '' from their 1993 album Till Death Do Us Part . It was also used as a sample in Cam'ron's song `` Hey Ma '' . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ australian-charts.com page on the Commodores version of Easy , retrieved on 24 February 2008 ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 130 . Jump up ^ `` Tough Questions for Lionel Richie '' , Spin Jump up ^ irishcharts.ie Archived 2009 - 06 - 03 at WebCite , Irish charts page for ' Faith No More , retrieved on 28 May 2008 Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Commodores -- Easy '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 7740 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Commodores -- Easy '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ everyhit.co.uk , an archive containing all UK top 40 charts , retrieved on 24 February 2008 Jump up ^ billboard.com page on the Commodores `` Easy '' , retrieved on 24 February 2008 Jump up ^ Jem Aswad ( June 1992 ) . `` Faith No More : Angel Dust in the wind '' . Issue 25 . Reflex Magazine . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Takes It ' Easy ' On EP ; Prince & NPG open tour on florida , Billboard Jump up ^ `` Artists of the Year : Faith No More '' , Spin ^ Jump up to : The PDF discography from FNM.com , retrieved on 24 February 2008 Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Faith No More -- I 'm Easy '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Faith No More -- I 'm Easy '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 1739 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Faith No More Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Faith No More '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Faith No More search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Faith No More -- I 'm Easy '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Faith No More -- I 'm Easy '' . VG - lista . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Faith No More -- I 'm Easy '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Faith No More -- I 'm Easy '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Faith No More . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David Renshaw ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Sky Ferreira 's `` Easy '' Video `` . The Fader . Jump up ^ Mike Nied ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Better Than Nothing : Sky Ferreira 's Cover Of `` Easy '' Is Now On YouTube `` . Idolator . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Best of My Love '' by The Emotions Billboard 's Hot Soul Singles number one single ( The Commodores version ) July 16 , 1977 Succeeded by `` Best of My Love '' by The Emotions Preceded by `` Are You Gonna Go My Way '' by Lenny Kravitz Australian ARIA Singles Chart number - one single ( Faith No More version ) May 15 -- 22 , 1993 Succeeded by `` That 's the Way Love Goes '' by Janet Jackson Commodores William King Walter Orange J.D. Nicholas Milan Williams Thomas McClary Lionel Richie Andre Callahan Michael Gilbert Ronald LaPread James Ingram Skyler Jett Sheldon Reynolds Albums Machine Gun ( 1974 ) Caught in the Act ( 1975 ) Movin ' On ( 1975 ) Hot on the Tracks ( 1976 ) Commodores ( 1977 ) Commodores Live ! ( 1977 ) Natural High ( 1978 ) Midnight Magic ( 1979 ) Heroes ( 1980 ) In the Pocket ( 1981 ) Commodores 13 ( 1983 ) Nightshift ( 1985 ) United ( 1986 ) Rock Solid ( 1988 ) Commodores Christmas ( 1992 ) No Tricks ( 1993 ) The Very Best of The Commodores ( 1995 album ) ( 1995 ) Singles `` Slippery When Wet '' ( 1975 ) `` Just to Be Close to You '' ( 1976 ) `` Easy '' ( 1977 ) `` Brick House '' ( 1977 ) `` Too Hot ta Trot '' ( 1978 ) `` Three Times a Lady '' ( 1978 ) `` Sail On '' ( 1979 ) `` Still '' ( 1979 ) `` Lady ( You Bring Me Up ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Oh No '' ( 1981 ) `` Nightshift '' ( 1985 ) `` Take It From Me '' ( 1986 ) Related Discography Book : Commodores Faith No More Mike Bordin Billy Gould Roddy Bottum Mike Patton Jon Hudson Mike Morris Wade Worthington Chuck Mosley Jim Martin Trey Spruance Dean Menta Studio albums We Care a Lot Introduce Yourself The Real Thing Angel Dust King for a Day ... Fool for a Lifetime Album of the Year Sol Invictus Live albums Live at the Brixton Academy Compilations Who Cares a Lot ? This Is It : The Best of Epic and Other Hits The Platinum Collection The Works The Very Best Definitive Ultimate Greatest Hits Collection Singles `` Quiet in Heaven '' / `` Song of Liberty '' ( as Faith No Man ) `` We Care a Lot '' `` Anne 's Song '' `` From Out of Nowhere '' `` Epic '' `` Falling to Pieces '' `` Midlife Crisis '' `` A Small Victory '' `` Everything 's Ruined '' `` ( I 'm ) Easy '' `` Another Body Murdered '' `` Digging the Grave '' `` Ricochet '' `` Evidence '' `` Ashes to Ashes '' `` Last Cup of Sorrow '' `` Stripsearch '' `` I Started a Joke '' `` Motherfucker '' Other songs `` New Improved Song '' `` The World Is Yours '' Videos You Fat Bastards : Live at the Brixton Academy Video Croissant Who Cares a Lot ? : The Greatest Videos You Fat Bastards / Who Cares a Lot ? ( DVD ) Related bands Brujeria Dead Cross Fantômas General Patton vs. The X-Ecutioners Imperial Teen Mr. Bungle Ozzy Osbourne Peeping Tom Primitive Race Tomahawk Related articles Discography Songs recorded Members Tribute of the Year : A Tribute to Faith No More The Second Coming Tour Book Westlife Nicky Byrne Kian Egan Mark Feehily Shane Filan Brian McFadden Albums Studio albums Westlife Coast to Coast World of Our Own Turnaround Allow Us to Be Frank Face to Face The Love Album Back Home Where We Are Gravity Compilations Unbreakable : The Greatest Hits Volume 1 Greatest Hits Videos Video albums The Karaoke Collection Concert DVD Where We Are Tour : Live from the O2 Concert tours Where Dreams Come True Tour World of Our Own Tour Unbreakable Tour Turnaround Tour No. 1 's Tour Face to Face Tour The Love Tour Back Home Tour Where We Are Tour Gravity Tour Greatest Hits Tour Book Westlife : Our Story Related articles Discography Songs Originals Covers Tours Awards Book Ivete Sangalo singles Ivete Sangalo `` Canibal '' `` Se Eu não Te Amasse tanto assim '' `` Tá Tudo Bem '' `` Tô Na Rua '' Beat Beleza `` Pererê '' `` A Lua Q Eu Te Dei '' `` Bug , Bug , Bye , Bye '' `` Empurra , Empurra '' Festa `` Festa '' `` Back at One '' `` Astral '' `` Penso '' Clube Carnavalesco Inocentes em Progresso `` Sorte Grande '' `` Você e Eu , Eu e Você '' `` Somente Eu e Você '' MTV Ao Vivo - Ivete Sangalo `` Flor do Reggae '' `` Faz Tempo '' `` Céu da Boca '' `` Só pra Me Ver '' As Super Novas `` Soy Loco Por Ti América '' `` Abalou '' `` Chorando Se Foi '' `` A Galera '' `` Quando a Chuva Passar '' Multishow ao Vivo : Ivete no Maracanã `` Berimbau Metalizado '' `` Completo '' `` Deixo '' `` Não Precisa Mudar '' `` Ilumina '' `` Não Quero Dinheiro '' `` País Tropical '' Veveta e Saulinho - A Casa Amarela `` Bicho '' `` Funk do Xixi '' `` A Casa Amarela '' Pode Entrar : Multishow Registro `` Não Me Faça Esperar '' `` Cadê Dalila '' `` Agora Eu Já Sei '' `` Quanto ao Tempo '' `` Na Base do Beijo '' `` Meu Segredo '' Ivete Sangalo Ao Vivo no Madison Square Garden `` Acelera Aê ( Noite do Bem ) '' `` Desejo de Amar '' `` Pensando em Nós Dois '' Real Fantasia `` No Brilho Desse Olhar '' `` Dançando '' `` Vejo o Sol ea Lua '' As featured artist `` El Último Adiós ( The Last Goodbye ) '' `` Band Vida '' `` Não Me Conte Seus Problemas '' `` Se Eu não Te Amasse tanto assim '' `` Amor Que Fica '' `` Além Mar '' `` Estrela Cadente '' `` E Agora Nós ? '' `` Flor do Reggae '' `` Química do Amor '' `` Carinho de Verdade '' Promotional singles `` Narizinho '' `` Corazón Partío '' `` Dengo de Amor '' Other songs `` Se Eu não Te Amasse tanto assim '' `` Bota Pra Ferver '' `` Sintonia e Desejo '' `` Teus Olhos '' `` Balakbak '' `` Lobo Mau ( Vou te Comer ) '' `` Human Nature `` Easy '' `` Você e Eu ( You and Me ) '' Category : Ivete Sangalo Sky Ferreira Discography Songs Studio albums Night Time , My Time Extended plays As If ! Ghost Singles `` One '' `` Obsession '' `` Sex Rules '' `` Red Lips '' `` Everything Is Embarrassing '' `` You 're Not the One '' `` I Blame Myself '' Promotional singles `` Boys '' Other songs `` Easy '' Tours Bangerz Tour ( opening act ) Related topics Bloodshy & Avant Parlophone Capitol Records Polydor Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Easy_(Commodores_song)&oldid=806261742 '' Categories : 1977 singles 1992 singles 1993 singles Commodores songs Faith No More songs Westlife songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Songs written by Lionel Richie 1977 songs Motown singles Song recordings produced by James Anthony Carmichael Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for New Zealand Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 20 : 26 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy%20%28Commodores%20song%29
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who does chandler end up with in 7th heaven
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List of 7th Heaven characters
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list of 7th heaven characters
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This is a list of characters from The WB / The CW ( 1996 -- 2007 ) family drama , 7th Heaven .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Camden family 2.1 Eric Camden 2.2 Annie Camden 2.3 Matt Camden 2.4 Simon Camden 2.5 Mary Camden 2.6 Lucy Camden - Kinkirk 2.7 Ruthie Camden 2.8 Sam and David Camden 2.9 Happy 3 Extended family 3.1 The Glass Family 3.2 The Riveras 3.3 The Kinkirks 3.4 The Jacksons 3.5 The Hastings 3.6 The Camdens ( Eric , Julie , and George 's Parents ) 4 Other recurring characters 4.1 The Hamiltons 4.2 Chandler Hampton 4.3 Shana Sullivan 4.4 Robbie Palmer 4.5 Peter Petrowski 4.6 Roxanne Richardson 4.7 Cecilia Smith 4.8 Martin Brewer 4.9 Chief of Police Michaels 4.10 Meredith Davies 4.11 Sandy Jameson 4.12 Rose Taylor 5 Minor recurring characters 6 References Overview ( edit ) Character Actor Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Eric Camden Stephen Collins Main Annie Camden Catherine Hicks Main Matt Camden Barry Watson Main Recurring Main Special Guest Simon Camden David Gallagher Main Recurring Main Mary Camden Jessica Biel Main Recurring Special Guest Special Guest Lucy Camden Beverley Mitchell Main Ruthie Camden Mackenzie Rosman Main Happy the Dog Happy Main Sam and David Camden Lorenzo and Nikolas Brino Main John Hamilton Chaz Lamar Shepherd Recurring Main Shana Sullivan Maureen Flannigan Recurring Main Guest Robbie Palmer Adam LaVorgna Recurring Main Ben Kinkirk Geoff Stults Recurring Main Recurring Recurring Kevin Kinkirk George Stults Recurring Main Roxanne Richardson Rachel Blanchard Main Cecilia Smith Ashlee Simpson Main Chandler Hampton Jeremy London Main Martin Brewer Tyler Hoechlin Main Peter Petrowski Scotty Leavenworth Recurring Main Guest Rose Taylor Sarah Thompson Recurring Main Meredith Davies Megan Henning Recurring Main Sandy Jameson Haylie Duff Main Camden family ( edit ) The Camdens are made up of Eric and Annie and their seven children : Matt , Mary , Lucy , Simon , Ruthie , Sam , and David . Eric Camden ( edit ) Rev. Eric Camden ( played by Stephen Collins ) was raised in Binghamton , New York by his parents , Colonel John Camden and Ruth Lynch . Based on the episode `` Halloween '' ( season 1 ) , it appears that Eric was born in 1954 ( which would make him 42 years old at the time ) . According to the episode `` One Hundred '' ( season 5 ) , his birthday is in January . Eric attended college for five years and graduated from Cobell Seminary . Shortly thereafter , he married and began a family with Annie Jackson . He has one sister , Julie Camden - Hastings , who ends up marrying the doctor that delivered Eric and Annie 's oldest ( Matt ) , as well as the youngest ( Sam and David ) children . After his heart - bypass operation , he decides to leave the ministry and even stop attending church . He renews his faith and returns to church in time to marry Kevin and Lucy ( near the end of season 7 ) . Annie Camden ( edit ) Annie Jackson - Camden ( played by Catherine Hicks ) is the wife of Eric and mother of Matt , Mary , Lucy , Simon , Ruthie , Sam , and David . She has a half - sister named Lily , through her father , Charles Jackson . Her mother is Jenny Jackson . During her college education , Annie studied everything from art to business and economics , and in later seasons returned to school to earn a degree in early childhood education . Though she has chosen to be a stay - at - home mother , Annie is a jack of all trades . She balances a family of nine on a minister 's pay , is a plumber , builder , seamstress , cook , and much more . She also serves , from time to time , as the treasurer for the church . Annie is the backbone of her family . The mother of seven , she is often the one who the children come to talk to , often over milk and cookies . She tries , with her husband , to instill strong morals in her children . She is noted as hoping Ruthie will not follow in her footsteps or of her two other daughters and marry too young . She hopes Ruthie will take the time to travel first . Annie is the only daughter of her parents . Her mother , Jenny , dies early in the first season from cancer , a death that strikes Annie hard . Harder yet is her father 's quick bounce to a relationship with Ginger . During one episode , Annie leaves the church after her father brings Ginger to service . Mary chases her and is struck by a car . Annie accepts Ginger slowly and Ginger and her father wed . Her father suffers from Alzheimer 's disease and Annie spends more and more time with him in Arizona before he dies . Annie is quoted in later seasons as saying that she likes Ginger a lot more now that her parents are back together . In an early season , Annie learned of an illegitimate daughter her father had with his high school girlfriend . She eventually meets this half - sister , Lily , and the two form a relationship over time . In 2009 , she was included in Yahoo ! 's Top 10 TV Moms from Six Decades of Television for the decade 1996 -- 2007 . Matt Camden ( edit ) Matthew `` Matt '' Camden ( played by Barry Watson ) ( born 1980 ) is Annie and Eric 's firstborn . In the beginning of the series , Matt is a junior in high school . Matt sacrifices his school time to help others ; if they wished to remain anonymous , he would respect that and not even tell his father . During high school , he bounces from job to job , including tutor and Dairy Shack delivery driver . He is not always a star student , but he manages to graduate at the top of his class and get accepted for a White House internship in Washington , D.C. with First Lady Hillary Clinton . He returns to Glenoak for college , rooming with friend and fellow `` P.K. '' John Hamilton . Matt 's new uncle , Dr. Hank Hastings ( who had actually delivered him ) , helps him get a job in the hospital cafeteria ; during his time there , he decides to become a doctor . He ends up working at a women 's clinic with Hank , beginning by helping save the life of a woman who could not get anyone but Matt to take her symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy seriously . He meets Sarah Glass ( played by Sarah Danielle Madison ) , a fellow medical student , just when he really wished to meet the one who would be the love of his life . Their first date ends with them getting married . Because Sarah is the daughter of a rabbi ( played by Richard Lewis ) who wants his daughter to marry a Jewish man , they initially keep their marriage a secret . They eventually have a large family wedding presided over jointly by their proud fathers , who almost called off the wedding feuding over Matt , who plans to convert to Judaism . Matt and Sarah move to New York to attend medical school , and while there have been problems , they have remained happy together . Near the series ' end , they graduate from medical school and announce that they are expecting twin boys , who are born the following summer . It is also shown throughout the series that he knows American Sign Language , a result of his relationship with Heather , making him bilingual . Simon Camden ( edit ) Simon Camden ( played by David Gallagher ) ( born 1986 ) is the fourth child and second son . In the early part of the series , he is known to his siblings as `` The Bank of Simon '' because he always seems to have money , and he loves to make money . His other interests have included golf , magic , and cars . During the pilot episode , Simon 's most fervent wish is for a dog . When asked to say grace before the family had dinner , he even includes a dog request in his prayer . Although his parents do not think he is mature enough for the responsibility of a pet , Annie goes to the pound `` just to look '' and falls in love with a dog who was scheduled to be euthanized . This dog became the Camdens ' beloved `` Happy . '' He meets a girl named Deena in sixth grade , and finds out that Eric consoled her family years ago when she was diagnosed with leukemia . They date for the majority of middle school , but break up on the last day of eighth grade , though they remain friends . High school is a rough transition for Simon , despite help from his bubbly , popular big sister Lucy . He dates a girl named Cecilia Smith ( Ashlee Simpson ) , and they even consider furthering their relationship sexually , but decide against it . The summer before his senior year , Simon accidentally hits and kills a boy named Paul Smith , who was Ruthie 's age . Since Paul was on a bicycle with no helmet and later proven to be under the influence of drugs , the death is ruled accidental and Simon is not brought up on criminal charges . However , Simon ca n't stop blaming himself for the accident and also fears retaliation from Paul 's older brother . He passes the CHSPE and leaves school early to start college . While in college , partly as a way to cope with his guilty feelings and low self - esteem , he breaks the family 's edict of not having premarital sex . Simon has three serious girlfriends over the course of the show : Deena , Cecilia and Rose . Simon later gets involved with a girl that he knew from college named Sandy , who has a son named Aaron , fathered by Martin Brewer . Simon provides emotional and , at one point , maybe even physical support for Sandy and her son . After a scare involving his girlfriend Georgia being pregnant ( it is later revealed that she only made the claim so Simon would stay with her ) , he meets Rose . Rose and Simon fall deeply in love , get engaged , and plan a wedding . They finally get to the wedding day , but they decide to not get married because neither is ready for marriage , and Rose still has feelings for an ex-boyfriend . Near the end of the series , Sandy and her son Aaron show up to the party after the non-wedding , and Sandy says she needs to talk to him . However , it is not revealed what Sandy wanted to tell Simon , but it is assumed that it is about Aaron 's paternity ; it had been hinted that Simon was in fact Aaron 's father . Season 11 , confirmed he is not the father . Simon eventually goes on to marry someone else or get engaged ( as hinted by Ruthie in season 11 ) , but it is unknown who , although we do find out that he graduates from college . Mary Camden ( edit ) Mary Camden ( played by Jessica Biel ) ( born 1982 ) is the eldest daughter of Eric and Annie . By the time she is 14 , Mary is an aspiring athlete with an immense love for basketball . As the months progress , she seems to rise in both ability and confidence ( so much so that she wants to play in the WNBA someday ) until she is hit by a car before the end of her freshman year , critically injuring her knee . She has a series of different boyfriends . She dates Wilson West , a guy she meets at the park while with Ruthie , who becomes her first love . He later reveals to Mary that he had sex with a sixteen - year - old girl , and got her pregnant . The girl died in childbirth , leaving Wilson with a son , Billy ( actually named Wilson Jr . ) . By her senior year , she and her basketball teammates allow their grades to slip , which causes their coach to impose a lockout on them . After a secret meeting , the team decides to enact their frustrations by vandalizing the school gym . They are caught at the scene of the crime , and are arrested . Through a special program for first offenders , Mary is able to evade serious punishment by doing community service , which is where she meets Robbie Palmer . When she gets her driver 's license , she ca n't parallel park but , on Lucy 's advice , cries about it and the driving instructor compassionately gives her a passing grade . Mary has a dream of playing pro for the Lakers , and thinks that when her coach rings her up that this is the dream coming true , but it 's actually training disabled people for the Special Olympics . Mary decides not to go to college since she lost her scholarship , but work instead . She can not hold down a job , being fired everywhere , from The Pool Hall to Pete 's Pizza . While working at Pete 's , she meets Frankie and Johnny , a young , drug - addicted married couple who have a baby girl named Mercy . Eric and Annie learn that Mary has been caught drinking while babysitting her cousin , Erica , pulled over by a cop , and given a warning , and that she has numerous debts to credit card companies , insurance companies , and to her family . Not wanting Mary to hit rock bottom , Eric and Annie decide it is best that she go to Buffalo because they ca n't give her the attention she needs . She lives with her grandparents , works at a homeless shelter in the fall , and starts college in the winter . Her departure causes some people in the church community to think that Mary had an unplanned pregnancy , but Eric quickly refutes the rumor . She leaves home angry at her entire family , whom she sees as betraying her , and refuses to speak to her father . In time , she calms down and plans to return home for the summer , as she and Robbie start dating again . While in New York , she discovers that Wilson is also living there . Instead of staying in Glenoak for the summer like she originally planned , she breaks up with Robbie and moves back to New York and starts dating Wilson . After getting advice from the Colonel , she decides to get a job in public service . When she ca n't become a police officer because she is not old enough , she applies for a position as a firefighter , and , after the Colonel pulls some strings , she gets into the firefighter program . When she starts training , she meets Ben Kinkirk , who is also in training . He comes over to her place and they kiss , which Wilson walks in on . The two break up and she returns home to California for a time , but on a trip to New York with Lucy , she reveals that she is moving back to New York to train to be a flight attendant . She begins dating a pilot , Jack , who is the same age as her father , though this does not last . She moves to Florida for a time to get away from her family . While in Florida , Mary runs into Carlos Rivera , a man she had met while volunteering at a homeless shelter years earlier , and who the Camdens took in during the holiday season . Carlos and Mary get married shortly after Lucy , and they reveal her pregnancy and the marriage to her family at that time . Her parents visit at the birth of her son , Charles Miguel `` Charlie '' , named in honor of her and Carlos ' late grandfathers . They eventually divorce and Carlos takes Charlie back to Puerto Rico when Mary gives her parental rights up . It is announced by Carlos when he attends Simon 's wedding that the two are back together and that Mary is expecting twin girls . Though Mary is not at Simon 's wedding , she is able to still see her family the next day , as she finally graduates from college the same day as Matt and Sarah . During the following summer , Mary gives birth to twin daughters . Lucy Camden - Kinkirk ( edit ) Lucy Camden - Kinkirk ( played by Beverley Mitchell ) ( born 1983 ) is the third Camden child , and second daughter . Lucy is known ( in the earlier seasons ) for the many boyfriends she has , as well as being overly dramatic . Until season 4 , she is often seen as `` less than '' her sister Mary and her emotions often get her into trouble . By the time she reaches her junior year in high school , however , Lucy becomes much more settled and switches positions with Mary , becoming the good kid . Her first boyfriend is Jimmy Moon . She has one `` normal '' relationship with him , but they break up . In the beginning of season two , she is crying all summer and says that Jimmy is dating Ashley . At one point , she gets arrested for being in the area where Jimmy is dealing drugs . Later , Jimmy is shown when he had some problems with drugs , and the last time is when Lucy had a case as juror ( though nobody told her what it was about ; because she knew the defendant personally , she was dismissed ) . In school , she has lots of friends and is popular -- including being nominated for homecoming queen in her senior year . She has a very good relationship with her friend Mike , who is placed in a mental hospital and is otherwise ostracized . Although Mike likes Lucy , it never quite works out . Later Lucy becomes engaged to Mike 's friend , Jeremy , but they eventually break it off . In season seven , she marries Kevin Kinkirk and has a daughter named Savannah ( Leigh ) ( season 9 ) . They live in the apartment above the garage at the Camdens ' house up until Savannah is a few months old . She also becomes pregnant with twin boys , which she loses in a miscarriage that deeply upsets her emotional state -- though she eventually recovers . At the end of the summer , she tells Kevin that she does n't want to have any more children . She is a working mother ( working as an associate pastor ) , while her husband Kevin is a stay - at - home dad . However , Kevin is offered a job as a police sheriff in `` Crossroads '' . Later on , Lucy helps a young woman named Sandy with her pregnancy , and they soon become friends . In the end , Lucy continues as a minister , friend , mother and wife . She is offered another position in a different town as a minister , and announces that she is pregnant once again with twin daughters . Ruthie Camden ( edit ) Ruth `` Ruthie '' Camden ( played by Mackenzie Rosman ) ( born 1991 ) is the youngest daughter . She is named in honor of her paternal grandmother . During her youth , she is portrayed as the rather precocious family sneak who loves horses . She ages rapidly over the show 's run , beginning pre-Kindergarten during the first season and ending the series graduating high school a year early at age 17 . One of her teachers tries to call her `` Ruth '' as she assumes it is her given name , but Ruthie says her given name is `` Ruthie '' . In later seasons , she tells Robbie she has never had a nickname . She and Simon have lots of fun together as children , and become very close as they move toward maturity . Ruthie is the only one to briefly attend a private school , but she leaves it in protest that her friend Yasmine is being denied admission because she is a Muslim . During her freshman year she develops feelings for Camden houseguest Martin Brewer and even tells him she loves him -- but quickly covers by adding `` as a brother . '' In her sophomore year of high school she begins to wear makeup and dates older boys in the hope that this would lead to a relationship with Martin . In season ten 's `` Love and Obsession '' , she dreams everything from Martin telling her that a paternity test had proved that Simon , not Martin , is Aaron 's father ; to there being no Aaron at all because Martin had never met Sandy . When her former boyfriend and first love Peter returns during this time , she realizes that she had moved on from him . After ignoring Sandy for most of her pregnancy , Martin is present for Aaron 's birth , as are both of Aaron 's grandfathers - to - be . Upon Aaron 's birth Martin leaves Glenoak for college ; he now lives near his son . This leaves Ruthie heartbroken , but by the time Martin finally admits to her that he loves her , she is in love with new Camden houseguest T - Bone . Ruthie and T - Bone love each other very much and even get tattoos of each other 's names . Well Ruthie gets T - Bone name but T - Bone was scared of the needle so he just got Ruthies initials R.C. After an argument they break up . Ruthie starts seeing Martin briefly . Martin says he wants to work things out with her but Ruthie chooses T - Bone and then Ruthie and T - Bone get back together . Ruthie decides to graduate from high school early and that he and T - Bone wan a travel the world together . After her graduation , Ruthie with T - Bone join the whole family , and the other current Camden house guests , for an RV road trip that includes a stop at Simon 's college graduation and that after that Ruthie and T - Bone plain to go travel the world together . Sam and David Camden ( edit ) Samuel `` Sam '' and David Camden ( born 1999 ) are fraternal twin boys and the youngest of the Camden children . They were originally played by all four Brino quadruplets ; Lorenzo , Myrinda , Nikolas , and Zachary , but once the quads started aging and showing differences between them , Lorenzo and Nikolas became the official actors for Sam and David . Sam and David are born during episode fourteen of season three ( `` In Praise of Women '' ) . This episode was The WB 's most watched hour . They were partly named after the R&B duo Sam and Dave . Happy ( edit ) Happy the Dog debuts in the pilot episode , `` Anything You Want '' , in which Simon begs his parents for a dog , and also prays to God about it . One day , he is up in his attic and he hears a faint bark . He then looks out the window and a dog is sitting in the front yard . Later ( in the two - part season two finale ) , the daughter of Happy 's previous owners sees their dog ( they called her Whitey ) on TV and wants her back . The father comes to the Camdens threatening legal action if `` Happy '' / `` Whitey '' is not returned . Simon and Ruthie try to dye Happy 's fur with food coloring in an attempt to make her look like a different dog . At the end ( of part two ) , Happy runs away to return to the Camdens , and Whitey 's family agrees that after two years with the Camdens , this beloved pet belonged with them and would not be `` happy '' anywhere else . Extended family ( edit ) The Glass family ( edit ) Dr. Sarah Glass ( portrayed by Sarah Danielle Madison ) is the only child of Richard and Rosina Glass and the wife of Matt Camden . She first appears in the season six episode `` I Really Do '' as one of Matt 's co-workers in the free women 's clinic where both Matt and Hank work . Matt has a blind date , but he is called in to go to work instead at the last minute , and ends up talking to Sarah all night . Sarah asks Matt out for coffee and they grow quite close . She is an only child with a Rabbi for a father . Sarah reveals that she is independently wealthy , along with many other `` intimate '' details . The next night , they go out for dinner after introducing each other to their parents . They marry that night , but when they try to tell her parents , they end up only admitting they `` got engaged '' . Ruthie is the only person to find out about the marriage ( and keeps it a secret until the season ten episode `` Secrets '' ) . The Camdens have dinner at the Glass house , in an attempt by Matt and Sarah to bring the families closer . After both fathers do all they can to stop it , Matt and Sarah marry for the second time . Matt and Sarah attend medical school at Columbia University in New York City , returning to Glenoak when they can , sometimes together , sometimes separately . Their marriage hits some shaky patches , especially as Matt keeps encountering his ex-girlfriend Heather . At first , Matt and Sarah do not reveal to anyone at the hospital that they are married , and Sarah decides that even married , she will be known professionally as Dr. Glass . In the season ten finale , the Glass - Camdens graduate and announce that they are expecting twin boys in the summer . Rabbi Richard Glass ( Richard Lewis ) is Sarah 's father . He did not approve of Matt at first because he is not Jewish . When the Camdens have dinner at his home , he tries to make them feel comfortable by joking around with them . At the same time , he is very serious about Judaism and the laws surrounding it . Despite his and Eric 's religious differences , they have become good friends following their children 's marriage . Rosina Glass ( Laraine Newman ) is Sarah 's mother . Unlike her husband Rosina liked Matt and helped Sarah plan her wedding to Matt . She is more easy going and relaxed than her husband . The riveras ( edit ) Carlos Rivera ( Carlos Ponce ) becomes Mary 's husband in season eight after a guest appearance five seasons earlier in the episode `` Here Comes Santa Claus '' . ( While Jessica Biel was absent from the show , her character of Mary continues with the help of Carlos . ) Mary and Carlos even have a son , Charles `` Charlie '' Miguel . Although Mary files for divorce from Carlos and even signs away custody of her son ( in the two - part season nine finale ) , by the season ten finale they are back together and expecting twin girls , and Mary is graduating college . In the beginning of season 11 , it is mentioned that Mary gave birth to her twins over the summer and is teaching at a high school and coaching a girls high school basketball team in New York , where she and Carlos live with their three children . Charles Miguel `` Charlie '' Rivera is Mary and Carlos 's baby boy named after Carlos ' & Mary 's grandfathers who have died . The kinkirks ( edit ) Kevin Kinkirk ( George Stults ) is first introduced as a police officer in a New York airport , and soon revealed to be Ben 's older brother . Kevin and Lucy set up a date as soon as they met , and like each other so much they decide to pursue a long distance relationship . Kevin eventually transfers to the Glenoak police force , and moves in with the Camdens . Around season seven , he took over Matt 's role as the big brother of the Camden family . He reveals to Lucy that he was once married before , when he and an ex-girlfriend had a pregnancy scare . Kevin and Lucy eventually get engaged and marry each other , living together in the apartment over the garage and then moving into the house directly behind the Camdens at the end of season nine `` Kevin Loves Lucy . '' Kevin has a daughter with Lucy named Savannah . Kevin is almost shot at and decides to be a stay at home dad . He convinces Lucy to adopt a Great Dane named Sampson , but Lucy also makes the decision to adopt a tiny Yorkshire terrier named Delilah . It is revealed that Kevin and Lucy were expecting twin boys ; however , Lucy has a miscarriage over the summer . In the series finale , Lucy tells him that she is pregnant again . Savannah Kinkirk ( Alyssa & Hannah Yadrick ) ( born in season nine episode `` Paper or Plastic ? '' ) is Kevin and Lucy 's first child . She is named after Savannah , Georgia , where Kevin and Lucy went on their honeymoon . Savannah was born in an elevator with Matt and Kevin helping with the delivery . Ben Kinkirk ( Geoff Stults ) is Kevin 's older brother . They are two years apart . He is introduced as Mary 's fellow firefighter trainee in Buffalo ( in the season six episode `` Relationships '' ) . Ben becomes interested in Mary while she is pondering Wilson 's marriage proposal . Ben attends Kevin and Lucy 's wedding in the episode `` We Do . '' The last time he appears is in season 11 's `` Pain in the Neck '' , where he attempts to flirt with Ms. Margo , the teacher who made a move on Eric . Patty - Mary Kinkirk ( Natalie Ramsey ) is Ben and Kevin 's younger sister . She first appears in season six 's `` Letting Go '' . She is introduced as a student in San Francisco . The jacksons ( edit ) Jenny Jackson ( Alice Hirson ) is Annie 's mother . She is introduced in the pilot episode , `` Anything You Want , '' when she came to Glenoak to tell Annie that she had Leukemia . In the episode , In the Blink of an Eye , after spending her final days living life to its fullest , ( i.e. shopping for the family , drinking wine , flying first class , not watching her cholesterol ) she dies in her sleep while staying with the Camdens . She tells Annie goodbye and disappears in her room . Her post-funeral and memorial occurred in No Funerals and a Wedding . While Annie is asleep before she gives birth to the twins , Jenny appears to her in a dream , encouraging and reassuring her ( in season three , episode 14 `` In Praise of Women '' ) . Her final appearance was made in the season eleven episode `` Christmas '' , where she tries to help Eric after he is suddenly transported to heaven . She shows Eric a pin that was given to her by Charles after Annie was born , and Annie ends up finding it in Eric 's hand when he comes home . Charles Jackson ( Graham Jarvis ) is Annie 's father , who is introduced in the pilot episode , `` Anything You Want . '' In the episode , `` In the Blink of an Eye , '' he almost tells Simon that his moon rocks are not real , and then receives them later and declares that he is lucky to have them . He has another daughter named Lily , whom he fathered from a previous relationship . He quickly takes off after Jenny 's funeral , in `` No Funerals and a Wedding , '' because he does not want to fall apart . He ends up turning back from the airport and sits at the cemetery for a few hours before finally returning to the Camdens ' house to apologize to Annie . He later appears in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 '' where he introduces his new girlfriend , Ginger , to the Camdens . This angers Annie , but the problem is solved ( in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 '' ) . He later marries Ginger , and is diagnosed with Alzheimer 's disease shortly afterwards . When Lily is getting married , Charles plans on walking her down the aisle , much to the dismay of Annie , but ends up having a heart attack and dying . Ginger Jackson ( Beverly Garland ) is Charles Jackson 's second wife , whom he meets three months after Jenny 's death . She first appears in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 '' where she is introduced to the Camden family as his girlfriend . However , Annie quickly develops a hatred of her , and refuses to accept the relationship . She makes peace with Annie in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 . '' She marries Charles in the season three episode `` And the Home of the Brave '' , where they both acknowledge the so - called `` baggage '' of their past . She is the first person to tell Annie about her father 's Alzheimer 's , as well as the one to inform Eric of his death . The Hastings ( edit ) Julie Camden - Hastings ( Deborah Raffin ) is the younger sister of Eric . She flies in from New York to be with the Camdens for Thanksgiving . While she is there , she tries to hide the fact that she is an alcoholic . When Simon is playing `` Batman '' , he takes the key to the liquor cabinet , pretending it is the key to Gotham City . Julie tries to get the key back , but when he would not give it to her , she attacks him . Annie runs in and throws her out of the house . Instead of sending her to a hospital , Eric locks her in his bedroom while she starts to go through detoxification . She eventually checks herself into a rehab center . After living in the center for a few months , she goes back to New York to live with her parents , the Colonel and Ruth . She returns to Glenoak two years later to get a fresh start . Back in New York , everyone knows that she used to be an alcoholic and she is fired as a principal because of her drinking . While in Glenoak , she gets a job as a teacher and falls in love with Hank Hastings , the doctor who almost killed Matt during delivery . The two elope in Eric 's church . Julie becomes pregnant and wants to leave Hank because she feels that he was cheating on her with one of his female patients , which is not true . Julie goes into labor at the Camdens ' house and Hank delivers the child in Eric and Annie 's bedroom . She gives birth to a girl , whom she and Hank name Erica , after Eric and Annie . When Julie and Hank need a babysitter , they take the risk of allowing Mary , who had been quite irresponsible , to babysit . Later , when they can not get a hold of Mary , they rush back and discover that their place is a mess , the phone is off the hook , a liquor bottle is on the table , and Mary 's friends ' baby , Mercy , was left with Mary while she was supposed to be babysitting Erica . Julie later wants to leave Hank again when she discovers that he had left his job at the hospital to be the head of a Women 's Clinic without discussing it with her first . Eric locks them in a room at the clinic and tells them that they could not come out until they had worked out their problems . They reconcile and Hank learns that Julie is pregnant again . She gives birth to a baby boy . Both she and Hank attend Lucy 's wedding . Dr. Hank Hastings ( Ed Begley , Jr . ) is Julie 's husband . He was Annie 's doctor when she was pregnant with Matt , which resulted in his premature delivery . Both Annie and Eric are upset that he never apologized for his actions , but he then explains that what happened with them made him go back to medical school in order to be a better doctor . He unexpectedly delivers Sam and David , and the family is shown to have forgiven him . He starts dating Eric 's younger sister Julie , and they get married after discovering that she 's pregnant . Erica Hastings is Julie 's daughter . She is born at the Camdens ' home , in Eric and Annie 's bed , which was given to her parents because of that . Feeling that they want to thank Eric and Annie they name her after them : `` Eric '' , and the `` A '' after Annie . The Camdens ( Eric , Julie , and George 's parents ) ( edit ) John `` The Colonel '' Camden ( Peter Graves ) is Eric , Julie , and George 's father , who used to be in the Marines . Whenever he visits his son 's home to visit the grandchildren , he expects military discipline , order and organization , even from his son . He was a Colonel in the Korean War and was evacuated for an unknown reason in 1953 . He met Ruth the same year and they were expecting Eric and had to get married . He first appears in `` Seven Is Enough '' , when he and Ruth go on their annual visit to the Camdens , where they always bring candy that their grandkids dislike . During their visit , they go to a hardware store with Annie , Mary , and Lucy . The cashier , Emma , has rings that are a replica of Annie 's stolen ones . She suspects this , but then excuses this thought . The Colonel visits Eric at the church and is forced to put a cigar away because of a church rule . He suspects someone is in the room , and sure enough , a homeless orphan named George was hiding there . The Colonel and Ruth adopt him after Eric lets them . He later appears in `` It 's About George '' , where George 's biological father Will Grayson is found to be alive and wants his son back . He does not want this to happen , so he is willing to sue . Eric informs his father that he would lose and that Will legally has every right to take George with him , but George refuses to move in with Will and runs away . Eric later creates a compromise and he reluctantly accepts . He also meets Jimmy Moon in this episode , where he and Ruth scare him , but later apologize . He thought that Julie hated him and that he lost all of his children . Julie later confronts him and tells him that she loves him . He and Ruth buy Eric an RV the final episode , though he is not shown . Apart from his annual visits he also makes occasional surprise visits . In `` Lead , Follow or Get Out of The Way '' , he arrives to help Eric with his major news coverage of his service and in the process helps Mary who is contemplating quitting basketball , Simon , who is training to be a magician ( despite the Colonel 's dislike for it ) , and Lucy who is slacking in school , and starts to connect with her . Ruth Camden ( Barbara Rush ) is Eric , Julie , and George 's mother . She first appears in `` Seven Is Enough '' on an annual trip to visit Eric and Annie . She gives Lucy the first letter that The Colonel gave to her and both Mary and Lucy read it . She and The Colonel later adopt George at the end of the episode . In `` It 's About George '' she hears that George 's biological father Will is alive and plans to legally take his son back . She gets upset and blames Julie for this , but then apologizes . She also meets Jimmy Moon in this episode , where she and The Colonel scare him , but later apologize . George Grayson Camden ( Sam Saletta ) is a homeless orphan who went from one foster home to the next until he is found in Eric 's office . George informs them that his parents are dead . At first , Eric and Annie want to adopt him , but The Colonel and Ruth become his adopted parents , thereby becoming Eric and Julie 's brother . In `` It 's About George '' he meets his real father Will Grayson . It turns out that Will faked his death and plans to legally take George with him . Ruth and The Colonel refuse to give George up and plan to take legal action to keep their son . Eric explains to them that the judge would grant custody of George to his biological father and because Will never signed the adoption papers he has every right to take George . He gets upset about being legally forced to live with Will . George refuses to leave his adopted family behind . He runs away and declares that would rather live at the orphanage . His dad later moves in with him , at The Colonel and Ruth 's in Buffalo , New York . In `` Tit for Tat '' , it is revealed that he followed in The Colonel 's footsteps and joined the army , serving in Iraq . It was also revealed that he married Jane , who ironically had stayed at the Camden 's . Other recurring characters ( edit ) The Hamiltons ( edit ) Reverend Morgan Hamilton ( Dorian Harewood ) is a minister at Trinity Church and a close friend of Eric 's . He first appears in `` No Funerals and a Wedding '' where he attends Jenny Jackson 's funeral . In `` The Color of God '' , his church building is burnt to the ground by racists , and he and his family are invited to stay at the Camdens ' . He speaks at Eric 's church , where his entire congregation attends the week after the church was burnt . He is sad and angry , but is relieved when the Glenoak Community Church gives him funding to rebuild . He later appears in `` America 's Most Wanted '' , where he rounds up all of the athletes who had stole items from the Varsity Cafe and brings them to the courthouse . This causes the manager of the restaurant to drop the charges . He later appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' , where he goes camping with his wife , Eric and Annie . He and Eric secretly call Sgt . Michaels to check the house and make sure everything is okay . John Hamilton ( 1996 -- 2001 ) ( Chaz Lamar Shepherd ) is the oldest of the Hamilton children . He first appears in `` The Color of God . '' When his father 's church is burned down , he stays in Matt 's room . At first , the two are not very fond of each other , but this later changes . He later appears in the episode `` America 's Most Wanted '' where he is an eyewitness to Mary stealing a glass from a restaurant as part of a team ritual . He appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' , where he brings a date to the Camdens ' while his parents and Eric and Annie are out of town , joining the wild party that Mary and Keesha 's friends are throwing . He later becomes Matt 's roommate . He later married to a woman named Priscilla Carter at the end of season five , his last appearance on the show . Patricia Hamilton ( Olivia Brown ) first appears in `` No Funerals and a Wedding '' where she attends Jenny Jackson 's funeral . Patricia is Morgan 's wife , and she is in her second marriage . When her church is burnt down she feels scared until she finds out that the church would have a new security system with volunteer cops . They later have some marital problems , but it is quickly solved . She talks with Annie in `` See No Evil , Hear No Evil , Speak No Evil '' about the carjacking . She appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' where she goes camping with her husband , Eric , and Annie . During the camping trip , her ex-husband calls like usual , which drives Morgan crazy . Keesha Hamilton ( Gabrielle Union ) is the second oldest Hamilton child . She first appears in `` The Color of God '' where she stays in Lucy and Mary 's room after her family 's church is burnt down . She later appears in `` America 's Most Wanted '' , where she is an eye - witness of Mary stealing a glass from a restaurant as part of a team ritual . She appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' , where she attends a party that she is partially responsible for . She is a friend of Mary and Lucy 's in a few episodes . Nigel Hamilton ( David Netter ) is the third Hamilton child . He is a friend of Simon 's , and first appears in `` The Color of God . '' Someone makes a racist comment to him , in which Simon responds with violence , resulting in a suspension . He appears in `` What Will People Say ? '' , where he witnesses Simon 's embarrassing moment , where his `` love letter '' was intercepted by a bully . He appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' , where he goes to a movie with Simon , Ruthie , Lynn , Lucy , and Jimmy . He and Simon get in trouble for throwing popcorn . Lynn Hamilton ( Camille Winbush ) is the youngest of the Hamiltons , and is Ruthie 's friend who first appears in `` The Color of God . '' In `` Happy 's Valentine , '' she attends a movie with Simon , Nigel , Ruthie , Lucy , and Jimmy . She and Ruthie fall asleep while the movie is going on . Chandler Hampton ( edit ) Chandler Hampton ( Jeremy London ) is the minister who fills in for Eric Camden while he is away having his heart bypass and recovering . He is later asked to stay on as an associate to assist Eric in his busy schedule . Eric meets Chandler 's twin brother in one episode and mistakes him for Chandler . He becomes friends with Roxanne Richardson ( Rachel Blanchard ) . Shana Sullivan ( edit ) Shana Sullivan ( 1998 -- 2002 ) ( Maureen Flannigan ) is one of Matt 's major girlfriends , who eventually decides to go to New York University . The resulting long - distance relationship between Matt and Shana fails . Shana and Matt eventually break up because Shana meets somebody else named Brett and Matt admits that he is in love with Heather . Robbie Palmer ( edit ) Robbie Palmer ( 1999 -- 2002 ) ( Adam LaVorgna ) is Mary 's , and then later Lucy 's , boyfriend . He had been with some friends who were drinking underage and they were all arrested . Being a first time offender , he is able to avoid serious punishment by doing community service . While doing community service , he meets Mary . The two have dates at the Camden house under Eric and Annie 's supervision , because they feel they can not trust Robbie . After a while , Robbie convinces Eric and Annie to let him take Mary to the coffee shop , where his parents met , for Valentine 's Day . The coffee shop turns out to be a motel . Mary punches him and leaves . He comes back a few months later to try to win back Mary . The two get back together , get engaged , and plan to move in together . However , Robbie 's ex-girlfriend , Cheryl , sees him and Mary together and realizes that he had been two - timing her . She tells Mary and Mary breaks up with him because she needs to figure out her life . Robbie comes back a few months later with Cheryl , asking if Eric would marry the two of them because she was pregnant , which is not true , and the two are living together in Cheryl 's apartment . Eric later finds Robbie living on the streets , and Robbie tells him that the only reason he was going to marry Cheryl was because she was pregnant , and when he found out she was n't , he left , but had nowhere to go . Eric invites Robbie to stay in the Camden house , which does not go over very well with the rest of the family . But in time , everyone came to treat Robbie like a member of the family . He and Mary started dating again and she planned to come home from New York for the summer to be with him . However , her old boyfriend , Wilson West , comes to beg Mary to stay in New York with him . She chooses to be with Wilson , and leaves Robbie heartbroken . While on the rebound from Mary , Robbie starts to date Lucy , who is on the rebound from her ex-fiancé , Jeremy . They date only a short time before they realize that being together is awkward . Robbie then begins to date Joy Reyes . Mary and Lucy become jealous of Joy and each try to win him back . Joy breaks up with Robbie , and again , he is left heartbroken . He dates Roxanne Richardson , whom he had known since grade seven , for a short while before leaving the Camden house to live in Florida and take care of his sick mother . Robbie has an older brother , Ronald , and a younger brother , Rick . Peter Petrowski ( edit ) Peter Petrowski ( 2002 -- 2006 ) ( Scotty Leavenworth ) is a neighbor to the Camdens ; the son of Vic and Paris . Peter is Ruthie 's boyfriend in middle school . His father , Vic , was an alcoholic who left his mother when he was young . In the episode `` Smoking '' it is revealed that Peter smokes . He decides to stop smoking later in the episode because he knows Ruthie does n't like that he smokes . His father returns sober in the episode `` The Prodigal Father '' and both Peter and his mother forgive him . When Peter is caught drinking , Vic is very upset with him and gives him a lecture on how he does n't want Peter to make the same mistakes that he himself made . Eventually Peter 's mother and father get back together , despite the fact that Peter had previously hoped that his mother would marry Chandler , who she had been dating before the return of her ex-husband . It is revealed ( in the season nine premiere ) that Peter moves away with his parents the summer before Ruthie starts high school . Ruthie is n't greatly upset about it as she was more upset with Martin for not driving her to school on her first day . He is not seen again until the episode `` Leaps of Faith '' when Peter 's parents , who are having another baby , ask Reverend Camden to marry them . He appears one last time in the episode `` Highway to Cell '' , when Reverend Camden gives Ruthie 's cell number to Vic and Vic convinces Peter to call Ruthie . They communicate for a short while through cellphone and even planned to study in Scotland together , but Peter failed a class so his parents did n't allow him to . They once again drift apart . Roxanne Richardson ( edit ) Roxanne Richardson ( 2002 -- 2004 ) ( Rachel Blanchard ) is Kevin 's partner , the object of much of Lucy 's jealousy but later become close friends with Lucy and they set up girls nights out where Lucy tells Roxanne what 's going on in her life with her husband . She was an old crush of Robbie , and Chandler 's girlfriend . Later on , Roxanne reveals that she will be going to Iraq . Cecilia Smith ( edit ) Cecilia Smith ( 2002 -- 2004 ) ( Ashlee Simpson ) is Simon 's girlfriend , who then dates Martin . She later dumps Martin , who loved her but she was not sure she felt the same . Another reason ( which is not very clearly shown ) might be that she thought Simon was returning -- whereas he only came for vacations -- and they might get back together ( because it would no longer be a long - distance relationship ) . When Simon comes home ( at the end of season eight ) , it was vaguely revealed that their relationship did not work out , because over the summer Cecilia went away to college , and it was only when Simon begins dating and having sex with Georgia ( in season nine ) that it is revealed that they had broken up . Cecilia becomes very close to the Camdens while dating Simon , and even when he leaves to go to college she still spends a lot of time with his family , babysitting the twins , helping out around the house and often being there for meals , this escalates when Annie is away looking after her sick father , she is there so often that Annie becomes jealous of her role in the family , with the twins loving her and saying she is `` more fun than Mommy '' . Annie and Cecilia discuss this and Annie resolves her jealousy when she realizes Cecilia is just trying to help , and she continues to be part of the ' extended Camden family ' until she leaves for college . Martin Brewer ( edit ) Martin Brewer ( 2003 -- 2007 ) ( Tyler Hoechlin ) is the only son of the Marine , Bill Brewer . His mother died when he was young and , until he was 16 , he lived with his Aunt Betsy , when his dad was deployed . During his sophomore year in high school , the Brewers moved to Glenoak . Martin walks into the Camdens ' life by chance and joins the already - growing over-glut of teen boys there . He follows Ruthie and her then - boyfriend Peter to the Camden house and everyone assumes that he is a friend of Simon 's , except Simon thinks that he is there to see his dad . While Martin 's aunt , an aspiring fashion designer , wants the two of them to move to New York , Eric manages to convince her to let Martin stay with them so as not to uproot him again . Martin 's favorite sport is baseball and has been scouted by both colleges and professional baseball teams . One team even offers him a contract during his sophomore year in high school ( which he eventually turns down to complete his education ) . Martin lives with the Camdens for two years before his father 's tour in Iraq finally ends and he returns home . He also has fixed , rigid beliefs about sexuality and is staunchly conservative , which pleases most of the Camdens , except Simon . When Martin snoops into Simon 's private affairs , Martin harps at Simon about the evils of non-marital sex when he finds out that Simon is sexually active . Prior to his senior year in high school , while visiting Simon , Martin is not practicing what he preached about pre-marital sex , and has sex one time with a girl named Sandy Jameson . The event results in Sandy getting pregnant . Martin graduates a semester early and , with the assistance of Eric and his high school baseball coach , starts college . He now lives near Sandy and their son . While Martin is not in the season ten finale , Sandy makes an appearance after the failed wedding of Simon and Rose . It ends with Sandy telling Simon she needs to speak with him ( Much speculation surrounded this , that it was in fact Simon 's baby ) . Ruthie falls in love with Martin in the meantime . Finally , near the end of the series , Martin declares his love for Ruthie , but then Ruthie had to choose between Martin and T - Bone . At the end , despite all they have been through , she decides to go with T - Bone , leaving Martin heartbroken . Chief of police Michaels ( edit ) Chief of Police Michaels ( Christopher Michael ) first appears in `` Saturday '' as a Sergeant who assists lost Simon , Ruthie , and Happy ; he takes them home , but when they find the house empty , he escorts them to Mary 's basketball game , where most of the family converge despite Mary 's initial wish . He returns in `` See No Evil , Hear No Evil , Speak No Evil '' to investigate the Camdens ' carjacking . In `` Happy 's Valentine '' , Eric and Morgan call him from a camping trip to check on the kids at the house . He catches his son with beer and sends him home thereby ending the wild party . He then notifies Matt that Happy was hit by a car , and he takes her to Abbott Animal Hospital . He also informs Eric when Simon got in the car accident . He is Kevin 's boss when he is a police officer . He is later promoted to detective , then to captain . In `` Faith , Hope and the Bottom Line , '' he and Officer McGuire rush over to the Camdens ' after Ruthie calls `` 911 '' , because Simon was hiding in his room . Near the series ' end he is promoted to Police Chief of Glenoak . He and Eric are friends and occasionally work together ; he refers people to Eric for counseling , Eric accompanies him on death notifications , etc . Meredith Davies ( edit ) Meredith Davies ( 2004 -- 2005 ) ( Megan Henning ) is Martin 's ex-girlfriend , who ends their relationship after he told her about Sandy and the baby . Meredith and her siblings were taken in by Cecilia 's parents , but were never legally adopted by them due to the meddling of their birth mother . After she and Martin breakup , Meredith 's younger sister tells everyone at school that Martin got Ruthie pregnant . After discovering this , Meredith quickly denies the rumor , explaining to her sister that Martin got Sandy pregnant . Sandy Jameson ( edit ) Sandy Jameson ( 2005 -- 2007 ) ( Haylie Duff ) was introduced in the season 10 premiere as Simon 's fiancée Rose 's best friend , to whom Martin lost his virginity the previous summer . In the season opener , Sandy reveals she might be pregnant . This is later confirmed , and she gives birth to a baby boy named Aaron ( after Martin 's grandfather ) . In the season 10 finale , she had to speak with Simon , possibly about the baby 's paternity . In season 11 , she meets Jonathan , a doctor , and he proposes . Together , they decide to get married , but having gone on the RV vacation , it is unknown whether or not they get married and stay together . Rose Taylor ( edit ) Rosanna `` Rose '' Taylor ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ( Sarah Thompson ) was introduced ( in the season nine finale `` Mi Familia Part 1 '' ) as Simon 's current girlfriend . The two are not necessarily serious but she seems eager to engage and marry , pressuring Simon into proposing . When at first he refuses , she takes it as disinterest in her and backs away , provoking him to commit to marrying her . By season ten they are engaged , and she makes wedding plans . The initial plan was for the two to engage at the end of their current school year and wed at the end of the following year , but she pressures him into moving the engagement date forward . During Rose 's time on the show , she becomes a very disliked person by all except for Sandy Jameson , who was her one friend there . Rose is known for being selfish , rude , inconsiderate , and thoughtless , rubbing Eric and Annie the wrong way more than anyone . By 2006 , Simon and Rose change plans to marry in May , something they both wanted to be ready for , but still held insecurities and doubts . Annie , however , decides that they could not marry , and when an ex-boyfriend of Rose 's surfaces in March , she sees an opportunity . Though most had come to accept Simon dating Rose , no one knew her at all , and it was this boyfriend who convinces Rose that she is not being a good person . In the episode Invitation to Disaster , she has a sit - down confession with Annie , explaining that she has been unaware of how she was acting and that her relationship with her parents and never really being disciplined or close to them at all is part of the reason . This provokes Annie to see her in a different light , and while she and Annie take on a mother / daughter relationship , no one else is crazy about them marrying . It is her ex-boyfriend Humberto who makes her realize that she is not ready to marry and that he still has feelings for her . So although they had gotten to the wedding day , they end up parting ways amicably . It is unknown whether they still keep in touch . Minor recurring characters ( edit ) Gladys Bink ( Eileen Brennan ) first appears in the pilot episode , where Eric pays her to pretend that she had lost a lung , breathing on an oxygen tank , and trying to still smoke cigarettes . This trick makes Matt quit smoking . Later , she appears in `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' , where Matt helps her with a few things around the house . But because he does not come help her get her money down from a high shelf , she takes a hard fall and Matt and Eric visit her in the hospital . In `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 '' she visits Mary at the hospital and persuades Annie 's father to solve the problem by using her `` ways '' ( i.e. lying ) . She has been a member of the Glenoak Community Church for many years , and has a reputation of being an excellent fundraiser . At the end of season seven , she is diagnosed with cancer and Chandler moves into her guest house to help her out . Chandler is the minister who married Gladys to her third husband Fred , though without the blessing of Fred 's mother . She is the show 's most - recurring character . Beau Brewer ( Costas Mandylor ) is Martin Brewer 's father , who served 2 tours in Iraq . When he comes home for three days , he does not speak to Martin until the last day , uneasy because it might be their last conversation . The season ten premiere discloses that he started up a landscaping business . Betsy Brewer ( Keri Lynn Pratt ) is Martin 's aunt whom he stays with in Glenoak while his Marine dad is deployed in Iraq . Heather Cain ( Andrea Ferrell ) is a deaf girl whom Matt sees at the airport ( in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 '' ) . He goes over to her house and meets her and her mother , Donna ( Meg Wittner ) . On their first date the next night , Heather runs out of the party after being teased . In `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 , '' Eric `` lures '' Matt to a cafe where deaf people work and eat . Matt meets Heather there . They eventually apologize and say they want to get to know each other . In season two , she goes away to school in Philadelphia and breaks up with Matt . In season three , she returns and says she 's getting married , but in the finale she runs off with Matt on her wedding day after learning that her fiancé cheated on her . In season four , she transfers to Crawford College and sees that Matt is in a relationship with Shana Sullivan . In the season finale she tells Matt she still loves him and he breaks up with Shana . Matt and Heather decide to elope , but ( in the season five premiere ) it 's revealed that she left him at the altar . She later tells Matt she has another boyfriend , but they eventually break up and she moves to New York . In season eight , Matt meets her on a flight to Glenoak and she says she 's divorced and going back to Glenoak to start over , and they have dinner together as friends . Cheryl ( Barret Swatek ) is Robbie 's ex-girlfriend , whom he almost marries . Cheryl also dates Matt for a short while . Corey Conway ( Alicia Leigh Willis ) first appears in `` Saturday '' as Mary 's basketball teammate . Mary is of the few people to stand by her friend when it is revealed that she left her last school because she had a baby at 14 . Corey ended up dating Mary 's longtime flame Wilson West , also a teenage single parent . In the season nine episode `` Fathers , '' we learn that they have married and become a blended family . Lou Dalton ( Alan Fudge ) works for Glenoak Community Church . He first appears in `` Faith , Hope and the Bottom Line , '' objecting to Eric 's plan to hire an ex-convict as the new organist when Mrs. Hinkle retires . At series ' end he resigns as head deacon and moves away from Glenoak . Daniel ( Aaron Staton ) is Sandy 's school friend , introduced in `` Turn , Turn , Turn , '' who later tells Sandy he 's in love with her . Upset , Sandy calls Eric for advice . In `` You Take the High Road , '' Sandy desperately tries to break up with him . Frankie ( Chyler Leigh ) is Mary 's friend and co-worker at Pete 's Pizza . At Mary 's age , she 's already married to Johnny -- who verbally and physically abuses her -- and raising their daughter Mercy , but still drinking , smoking , and doing other drugs . After Frankie and Johnny get busted for marijuana , Eric forbids Mary to have anything to do with them outside of work , but she is unable to comply . Frankie eventually leaves town without her family . Odile Hinkle ( Peg Phillips ) is Mrs. Bink 's neighbor and best friend . In `` We The People '' , Mrs. Hinkle provides a rest - stop for erstwhile newspaper - couriers Simon and Ruthie , then literally rides to their rescue . In `` Says Who ? '' , Mrs. Hinkle disappears , moving to a seniors ' residence without informing anyone , leaving Mrs. Bink and Eric to investigate her disappearance . At one time , she was the organist for Glenoak Community Church , but eventually retires from that position , leaving Eric to find someone else as a replacement . Georgia Huffington ( Rheagan Wallace ) is Simon 's ex-girlfriend / lover . She is portrayed as the first girl that Simon had sex with . They get married when she tells Simon that she 's pregnant , but it is quickly revealed to be a lie . Simon ends their relationship shortly afterwards . Jane ( Sarah Mason ) is a homeless girl who stays at the Camdens ' . After her father left her mother , her mother 's new live - in boyfriend , whom she meets via the Internet , threatens to harm Jane , causing her to flee . Despite not actually being pregnant , she seeks refuge at the home for teenage mothers , but Lucy turns her down , but she and her friend Margaret are soon invited to move into the Camdens ' garage apartment . In `` Broken Hearts and Promises , '' she gets a job at the Dairy Shack . `` You Take the High Road '' reveals that she used to be married to a soldier , but left him after he started hitting her . In ( `` And I 'll Take the Low Road '' ) , with help from Kevin when her first husband does not show up for their divorce hearing . She latter gets the divorce papers and In `` Tit for Tat , '' she marries Eric 's adopted brother George after the conflict of her first marriage fixed and her divorce goes through . While arguing with T - Bone about his mother coming to see him , she blurts out Eric 's heart problems on the Promenade . In `` Thanks and Giving , '' she and T - Bone insist that a salesman donates a bed for Eric and Annie . In the series finale , she announces that her mom is in rehab ( her parents used to smoke pot ) and her mom 's boyfriend is in jail for breaking his probation . Jeff ( Ryan Bittle ) first appears in the pilot episode . He is Matt 's best friend since age six , and Mary 's crush since age ten . While jogging with Lucy , Mary runs into him and he asks her if she wants help with her foul shot ; Matt spies on him while the two shoot baskets . In `` In the Blink of an Eye , '' Jeff asks Mary to go to a party , then an R - rated movie , neither of which she is allowed to attend . In `` No Funerals and a Wedding , '' Jeff attends Mary 's grandmother 's memorial service at the Camdens ' . Mary starts to dislike him as he has become clingy . Later , Lucy tells him that she is sorry that they broke up , even though Mary had not dumped him . When Jeff asks Mary to go steady she refuses as she would rather be his friend then date him . They then end up as friends . Johnny ( Nathan West ) is Pete 's nephew and Frankie 's husband , who leaves his infant daughter , Mercy , at the Camden 's doorstop after Frankie leaves him . He ends up deciding to be a single parent . Jordan ( Wade Carpenter ) briefly dates both Mary and Lucy . He is first seen playing basketball with Mary before the show focuses on his relationship with Lucy . When a teacher catches Lucy slapping Jordan , Mary explains that they were rehearsing a scene from Gone With the Wind . When Lucy discovers that Jordan and Mary intend to attend a co-ed sleepover for the basketball teams , she gets jealous and tries to seduce Jordan , but Matt catches them kissing and escorts her home before anything more serious can happen . In the season three finale , Jordan says he still loves Mary but does not want to hurt Lucy ( who overhears ) . Jordan and Mary 's renewed relationship creates a sibling rift ; later that day the girls and their boyfriends engage in a kissing contest until Aunt Julie orders the boys to leave ; Jordan disappears after this . `` We do n't speak of him '' , Mary tells Simon in season four , but when the unpleasant subject does insist on coming up , he 's referred to as `` Big Lips '' , such as in `` Simon 's Home Video '' . Mac ( Kyle Searles ) is Martin 's best friend . Cecilia sets him up with Pam early on . Ruthie has a crush on him during season nine , but does little about it as he is two years older . In season 11 , he rents an apartment with Jane and Margaret and falls in love with the latter . He and Margaret later begin dating . Margaret ( Andrea Morris ) is Jane 's very shy friend . She gets highly emotional when Annie calls the paramedics because she thinks something is wrong with Eric . She gets a job at the Dairy Shack in `` Broken Hearts and Promises . '' She reveals to T - Bone ( in `` You Take the High Road '' ) that Jane called his mother and she is coming to see him . She later reveals her past in `` And I 'll Take the Low Road '' : Her father abused her mother and she ended up going from home to home . Unwilling to be abused for saying the wrong thing , she became shy . In `` Thanks and Giving , '' she helps Sam and David prepare the song `` This Land is Our Land '' for Eric , Annie , and Ruthie 's homecoming , and reveals her ambition to teach Pre-K . In the series finale , she is offered a college scholarship , but she turns it down and goes on the Camdens ' road trip . Ms. Margo ( Rachel Boston ) is Sam and David 's teacher who first appears in `` A Pain in the Neck . '' When she feels attracted to Eric , Sam and David tell her that he is their grandfather . This is soon resolved , and Ms. Margo asks Eric and the twins out to dinner ; Eric resists her advances and starts homeschooling his sons . When Ben hits on her the same day , she turns up at the Camdens ' , to Eric 's annoyance . Mercy is Frankie and Johnny 's daughter . Jimmy Moon ( Matthew Linville ) ( introduced in the episode , `` Family Secrets '' ) is Lucy 's first boyfriend . In the episode , `` In the Blink of an Eye '' , he and Lucy go on their first date by watching a French film in the Camdens ' living room . However , Eric messes this up by playing country songs . In `` See No Evil , Hear No Evil , Speak No Evil '' , he wants to break up with Lucy because of a school class president election . He later withdraws , followed by Lucy , because they want to stay together . In `` Happy 's Valentine '' , he takes Lucy , Simon , Nigel , Ruthie , and Lynn to the movies . He and Lucy see a separate movie ( a French film ) for their first Valentine 's together . His grades in science start to drop , and so Lucy told Mary to tutor him in `` Faith , Hope and the Bottom Line '' . Lucy regrets this , because she thought that Mary was going to steal her boyfriend . The issue is resolved at the end of the episode . In `` It 's About George '' , he meets the Colonel and Grandma Ruth Camden , who he declares to be the scariest people he ever met . He breaks up with Lucy ( in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 '' ) after she changes her hair color . The next year , Lucy gets jealous of anyone with Jimmy Moon . She finally gets to decide between her old boyfriend and her new one , but does not get either of them . He later gets caught up in marijuana , and eventually is the defendant in a crime that Lucy is assigned to have jury duty on . He is arrested for possession of marijuana ( in season three 's episode `` Paranoia '' ) , and Lucy is also arrested while observing him . Andrew Nayloss ( Will Estes ) is the boy that Lucy does not like at first , but then he moves away and has a child and Lucy is heartbroken . Renee Nicholson ( Ashlee Levitch ) is introduced ( in the episode , `` Family Secrets '' ) as a girl that Matt meets at the library two weeks prior , and befriends her . She is expecting a daughter with Lou . When Matt goes over to her house to talk to her , he falls asleep on her couch and does not get back until 5 : 15 a.m. , resulting in his being grounded for three weeks . She later joins the Glenoak Community Church choir , and sings a solo on Sunday . She goes into labor in `` No Funerals and a Wedding '' . Pete ( James Keane ) is Johnny 's uncle and the owner of Pete 's Pizza . Paris Petrowski ( Shannon Kenny ) is Peter Petrowski 's mother . Paris dated once Ben Kinkirk , Lucy 's brother - in - law . Later she goes out with Chandler and it seems they will stay together , until her ex-husband appears . She decides to give him another chance and they move away . Later on it is told that she is pregnant and she and her ex are married again . Mike Pierce ( Jeremy Lelliott ) is Lucy 's ex-boyfriend who tries to commit suicide from a drug and alcohol combination and as a result , his mother becomes severely depressed and despondent until he helps talk her out of it with Lucy 's help . Dr. Jonathan Sanders ( Nick Zano ) is a doctor whom Sandy dates ( in season 11 ) . He then proposes to her , to which she says `` yes . '' This causes a conflict between Sandy and Martin . George Smith ( Brad Maule ) is Cecilia 's father . He never marries his wife , and never tells Cecilia this fact . After twenty years , Eric marries them in his office . He and his wife eventually become foster parents to the Davis children . He owns a cleaning business , which Simon and Cecelia both work at . Deena Stewart ( Nicole Cherié Saletta ) is Simon 's first girlfriend . She eventually moves back east with her family . In the season five episode `` Chances '' , she comes back , and she and Simon start dating again for a while . Stanley Sunday ( Keith David ) is a homeless man seen in the promenade . He is first seen at the hospital , where he goes in for testing . Lucy is supposed to visit him , but she can not make it , and Eric goes in her place . Stanley ends up convincing Eric to give him his coat , although Eric is hesitant . He appears in the next episode where Kevin goes to him to get some information about what Eric did at the hospital . Stanley convinces Kevin to give up his sweatshirt , shoes and pants . In `` You Do n't Know What You 've Got ' Til He 's Gone '' Stanley encounters Eric just as he is leaving to go home and asks him if he asked God to let him live . In `` Christmas ! '' it is revealed that Stanley is one of Eric 's guardian angels . He is there when Eric was brought to heaven . In the series finale , he joins Eric and the family on their RV . Theodore `` T - Bone '' Jr . ( Colton James ) is a 16 - year - old who works as the ticket vendor at the movie theater in the promenade . He is introduced in And Tonight 's Specials Are ... when he had pizza with Lucy , which upset Kevin . Two months prior to his stay at the Camdens , T - Bone breaks into Glenoak Community Church to sleep and use the bathroom , since his father is dead , and his mother ran away . Upon staying at the Camdens , T - Bone told Eric that he vaguely knows about what is going on with his health . In `` You Take the High Road '' he stays at Kevin and Lucy 's while Eric and Annie are on a trip to see Ruthie in Scotland . In `` Thanks and Giving '' , he and Jane insist that a salesman donate a bed for Eric and Annie . They both like it , not knowing it was donated . In `` You Do n't Know What You 've Got ' Til He 's Gone '' , he reveals that he likes Ruthie and kisses her . Eric and Annie are glad that Ruthie has found a possible boyfriend , of whom they approve of . In `` Can I Just Get Something to Eat '' he works with Ruthie on a research project about Darfur . In `` Deacon Blues , '' he and Ruthie discuss the topic of having sex . Kevin tells him not to do it , and when Annie finds out , they are stopped . In `` Tit for Tat '' Ruthie and T - Bome decided to get tattoos of eachothers names and the do buthe only a small one on his ankle of Ruthies initials . He tells Ruthie that he has a fear of sharp objects and that 's why he could n't get more. Ruthie gets his name on her lower back . After an argument Ruthin and Ruthie and T - Bone love each other very much and even get tattoos of each other 's names . Well Ruthie gets T - Bone name but T - Bone was scared of the needle so he just got Ruthies initials R.C. After an argument they break up . Ruthie starts seeing Martin briefly . Martin says he wants to work things out with her but Ruthie chooses T - Bone and then Ruthie and T - Bone get back together . T - bone 's earlier - mentioned father , who is supposedly dead , shows up ( in Season 11 ) and convinces T - bone to go on a road trip with him . T - bone graduates from high school , and goes on the road trip with the Camden family to meet up with his dad . After the road trip with the family T - Bone and Ruthie plain on traveling the world together . Umberto ( Fidel Gomez ) is Rose 's ex-boyfriend who almost marries Rose . He keeps on trying to get Rose back while she is preparing to marry Simon . George `` Vic '' Vickery ( Bryan Callen ) is Peter 's father , who is a recovering alcoholic . He works as a college art teacher . Vincent ( Thomas Dekker ) is Ruthie 's boyfriend after Peter . He broke up with her twice . Rick Palmer ( Lance Bass ) is Robbie 's younger brother . He goes on a date with a Lucy and they end up making out on a street corner and Eric sees them . Brett ( Matt Farnsworth ) is Shana 's roommate and eventual boyfriend . He first appears in `` Loves Me , Loves Me Not '' . He kisses her after Shana and Matt have a fight . He follows Shana out to Glenoak when she came back for the summer . Wilson West ( Andrew Keegan ) first appears in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 . '' He meets Mary when she is at the park with Ruthie , and asks her out . At first , Eric tries to do anything he can to prevent their date , but he later finds out that he knows his father . Wilson takes Mary to Eddie 's Pool Hall , where they play pinball and pool . Michael Towner and a couple of his friends harass him , which ends his date with Mary . He comes to church the following Sunday where he apologizes to Mary . He has a son called Billy , whose mother died in childbirth before Mary met them both . In `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 , '' Mary 's parents find out about Wilson being a father . Mary dates Wilson a number of times , including when she is sent to Buffalo , to live with her grandparents , they are serious and for a time discuss marriage and Billy wants to call Mary mom , but they break up when Wilson catches her kissing Ben . Wilson eventually decides to move back to Glenoak after meeting and eventually marrying Corey Conway , one of Mary 's old basketball teammates who has a daughter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - The CW Gives Full Season Orders to New Comedy `` The Game '' and `` 7th Heaven '' `` . TheFutonCritic.com. 2006 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` 7th Heaven '' . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Adair , Aly ( February 27 , 2009 ) . `` Top 10 Favorite TV Moms '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . ( hide ) 7th Heaven Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Related Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_7th_Heaven_characters&oldid=825513870 '' Categories : Lists of American television series characters Lists of drama television characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Македонски Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 20 : 55 . About Wikipedia
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what are the different branches of natural science
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Natural science
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natural science
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Natural science is a branch of science concerned with the description , prediction , and understanding of natural phenomena , based on observational and empirical evidence . Mechanisms such as peer review and repeatability of findings are used to try to ensure the validity of scientific advances .
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Natural science can be divided into two main branches : life science ( or biological science ) and physical science . Physical science is subdivided into branches , including physics , space science , chemistry , and Earth science . These branches of natural science may be further divided into more specialized branches ( also known as fields ) . In Western society 's analytic tradition , the empirical sciences and especially natural sciences use tools from formal sciences , such as mathematics and logic , converting information about nature into measurements which can be explained as clear statements of the `` laws of nature '' . The social sciences also use such methods , but rely more on qualitative research , so that they are sometimes called `` soft science '' , whereas natural sciences , insofar as they emphasize quantifiable data produced , tested , and confirmed through the scientific method , are sometimes called `` hard science '' . Modern natural science succeeded more classical approaches to natural philosophy , usually traced to ancient Greece . Galileo , Descartes , Francis Bacon , and Newton debated the benefits of using approaches which were more mathematical and more experimental in a methodical way . Still , philosophical perspectives , conjectures , and presuppositions , often overlooked , remain necessary in natural science . Systematic data collection , including discovery science , succeeded natural history , which emerged in the 16th century by describing and classifying plants , animals , minerals , and so on . Today , `` natural history '' suggests observational descriptions aimed at popular audiences . Contents ( hide ) 1 Criteria 2 Branches of natural science 2.1 Biology 2.2 Chemistry 2.3 Physics 2.3. 1 Astronomy 2.4 Earth science 2.4. 1 Atmospheric science 2.4. 2 Oceanography 3 Interdisciplinary studies 3.1 Materials science 4 History 4.1 Aristotelian natural philosophy ( 400 BC -- 1100 AD ) 4.2 Medieval natural philosophy ( 1100 -- 1600 ) 4.3 Newton and the scientific revolution ( 1600 -- 1800 ) 4.4 19th - century developments ( 1800 -- 1900 ) 4.5 Modern natural science ( 1900 -- present ) 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Bibliography 7 Further reading 8 External links Criteria ( edit ) Main article : Philosophy of science Philosophers of science have suggested a number of criteria , including Karl Popper 's controversial falsifiability criterion , to help them differentiate scientific endeavors from non-scientific ones . Validity , accuracy , and quality control , such as peer review and repeatability of findings , are amongst the most respected criteria in the present - day global scientific community . Branches of natural science ( edit ) For a topical guide to this subject , see Outline of natural science . Biology ( edit ) Main articles : Biology and Outline of biology § Branches of biology A fragment of DNA , the chemical sequence that contains instructions for life This field encompasses a set of disciplines that examines phenomena related to living organisms . The scale of study can range from sub-component biophysics up to complex ecologies . Biology is concerned with the characteristics , classification and behaviors of organisms , as well as how species were formed and their interactions with each other and the environment . The biological fields of botany , zoology , and medicine date back to early periods of civilization , while microbiology was introduced in the 17th century with the invention of the microscope . However , it was not until the 19th century that biology became a unified science . Once scientists discovered commonalities between all living things , it was decided they were best studied as a whole . Some key developments in biology were the discovery of genetics ; evolution through natural selection ; the germ theory of disease and the application of the techniques of chemistry and physics at the level of the cell or organic molecule . Modern biology is divided into subdisciplines by the type of organism and by the scale being studied . Molecular biology is the study of the fundamental chemistry of life , while cellular biology is the examination of the cell ; the basic building block of all life . At a higher level , anatomy and physiology looks at the internal structures , and their functions , of an organism , while ecology looks at how various organisms interrelate . Chemistry ( edit ) Main articles : Chemistry and Outline of chemistry § Branches of chemistry This structural formula for molecule caffeine shows a graphical representation of how the atoms are arranged . Constituting the scientific study of matter at the atomic and molecular scale , chemistry deals primarily with collections of atoms , such as gases , molecules , crystals , and metals . The composition , statistical properties , transformations and reactions of these materials are studied . Chemistry also involves understanding the properties and interactions of individual atoms and molecules for use in larger - scale applications . Most chemical processes can be studied directly in a laboratory , using a series of ( often well - tested ) techniques for manipulating materials , as well as an understanding of the underlying processes . Chemistry is often called `` the central science '' because of its role in connecting the other natural sciences . Early experiments in chemistry had their roots in the system of Alchemy , a set of beliefs combining mysticism with physical experiments . The science of chemistry began to develop with the work of Robert Boyle , the discoverer of gas , and Antoine Lavoisier , who developed the theory of the Conservation of mass . The discovery of the chemical elements and atomic theory began to systematize this science , and researchers developed a fundamental understanding of states of matter , ions , chemical bonds and chemical reactions . The success of this science led to a complementary chemical industry that now plays a significant role in the world economy . Physics ( edit ) Main articles : Physics and Outline of physics § Branches of physics The orbitals of the hydrogen atom are descriptions of the probability distributions of an electron bound to a proton . Their mathematical descriptions are standard problems in quantum mechanics , an important branch of physics . Physics embodies the study of the fundamental constituents of the universe , the forces and interactions they exert on one another , and the results produced by these interactions . In general , physics is regarded as the fundamental science , because all other natural sciences use and obey the principles and laws set down by the field . Physics relies heavily on mathematics as the logical framework for formulation and quantification of principles . The study of the principles of the universe has a long history and largely derives from direct observation and experimentation . The formulation of theories about the governing laws of the universe has been central to the study of physics from very early on , with philosophy gradually yielding to systematic , quantitative experimental testing and observation as the source of verification . Key historical developments in physics include Isaac Newton 's theory of universal gravitation and classical mechanics , an understanding of electricity and its relation to magnetism , Einstein 's theories of special and general relativity , the development of thermodynamics , and the quantum mechanical model of atomic and subatomic physics . The field of physics is extremely broad , and can include such diverse studies as quantum mechanics and theoretical physics , applied physics and optics . Modern physics is becoming increasingly specialized , where researchers tend to focus on a particular area rather than being `` universalists '' like Isaac Newton , Albert Einstein and Lev Landau , who worked in multiple areas . Astronomy ( edit ) Main articles : Astronomy and Outline of astronomy § Branches of astronomy Unmanned and manned spacecraft missions have been used to image distant locations within the Solar System , such as this Apollo 11 view of Daedalus crater on the far side of the Moon . This discipline is the science of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside the Earth 's atmosphere . It is concerned with the evolution , physics , chemistry , meteorology , and motion of celestial objects , as well as the formation and development of the universe . Astronomy includes the examination , study and modeling of stars , planets , comets , galaxies and the cosmos . Most of the information used by astronomers is gathered by remote observation , although some laboratory reproduction of celestial phenomena has been performed ( such as the molecular chemistry of the interstellar medium ) . While the origins of the study of celestial features and phenomena can be traced back to antiquity , the scientific methodology of this field began to develop in the middle of the 17th century . A key factor was Galileo 's introduction of the telescope to examine the night sky in more detail . The mathematical treatment of astronomy began with Newton 's development of celestial mechanics and the laws of gravitation , although it was triggered by earlier work of astronomers such as Kepler . By the 19th century , astronomy had developed into a formal science , with the introduction of instruments such as the spectroscope and photography , along with much - improved telescopes and the creation of professional observatories . Earth science ( edit ) Main articles : Earth science and Outline of earth science § Branches of earth science Earth science ( also known as geoscience ) , is an all - embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth , including geology , geophysics , hydrology , meteorology , physical geography , oceanography , and soil science . Although mining and precious stones have been human interests throughout the history of civilization , the development of the related sciences of economic geology and mineralogy did not occur until the 18th century . The study of the earth , particularly palaeontology , blossomed in the 19th century . The growth of other disciplines , such as geophysics , in the 20th century led to the development of the theory of plate tectonics in the 1960s , which has had a similar effect on the Earth sciences as the theory of evolution had on biology . Earth sciences today are closely linked to petroleum and mineral resources , climate research and to environmental assessment and remediation . Atmospheric science ( edit ) Main article : Atmospheric sciences Though sometimes considered in conjunction with the earth sciences , due to the independent development of its concepts , techniques and practices and also the fact of it having a wide range of sub disciplines under its wing , the atmospheric science is also considered a separate branch of natural science . This field studies the characteristics of different layers of the atmosphere from ground level to the edge of the time . The timescale of study also varies from days to centuries . Sometimes the field also includes the study of climatic patterns on planets other than earth . Oceanography ( edit ) Main article : Oceanography The serious study of oceans began in the early to mid-20th century . As a field of natural science , it is relatively young but stand - alone programs offer specializations in the subject . Though some controversies remain as to the categorization of the field under earth sciences , interdisciplinary sciences or as a separate field in its own right , most modern workers in the field agree that it has matured to a state that it has its own paradigms and practices . As such a big family of related studies spanning every aspect of the oceans is now classified under this field . Interdisciplinary studies ( edit ) The distinctions between the natural science disciplines are not always sharp , and they share a number of cross-discipline fields . Physics plays a significant role in the other natural sciences , as represented by astrophysics , geophysics , chemical physics and biophysics . Likewise chemistry is represented by such fields as biochemistry , chemical biology , geochemistry and astrochemistry . A particular example of a scientific discipline that draws upon multiple natural sciences is environmental science . This field studies the interactions of physical , chemical , geological , and biological components of the environment , with a particular regard to the effect of human activities and the impact on biodiversity and sustainability . This science also draws upon expertise from other fields such as economics , law and social sciences . A comparable discipline is oceanography , as it draws upon a similar breadth of scientific disciplines . Oceanography is sub-categorized into more specialized cross-disciplines , such as physical oceanography and marine biology . As the marine ecosystem is very large and diverse , marine biology is further divided into many subfields , including specializations in particular species . There are also a subset of cross-disciplinary fields which , by the nature of the problems that they address , have strong currents that run counter to specialization . Put another way : In some fields of integrative application , specialists in more than one field are a key part of most dialog . Such integrative fields , for example , include nanoscience , astrobiology , and complex system informatics . Materials science ( edit ) Main article : Materials science The materials paradigm represented as a tetrahedron Materials science is a relatively new , interdisciplinary field which deals with the study of matter and its properties ; as well as the discovery and design of new materials . Originally developed through the field of metallurgy , the study of the properties of materials and solids has now expanded into all materials . The field covers the chemistry , physics and engineering applications of materials including metals , ceramics , artificial polymers , and many others . The core of the field deals with relating structure of material with it properties . It is at the forefront of research in science and engineering . It is an important part of forensic engineering ( the investigation of materials , products , structures or components that fail or do not operate or function as intended , causing personal injury or damage to property ) and failure analysis , the latter being the key to understanding , for example , the cause of various aviation accidents . Many of the most pressing scientific problems that are faced today are due to the limitations of the materials that are available and , as a result , breakthroughs in this field are likely to have a significant impact on the future of technology . The basis of materials science involves studying the structure of materials , and relating them to their properties . Once , a materials scientist knows about this structure - property correlation , they can then go on to study the relative performance of a material in a certain application . The major determinants of the structure of a material and thus of its properties are its constituent chemical elements and the way in which it has been processed into its final form . These characteristics , taken together and related through the laws of thermodynamics and kinetics , govern a material 's microstructure , and thus its properties . History ( edit ) See also : Natural philosophy and History of science Some scholars trace the origins of natural science as far back as pre-literate human societies , where understanding the natural world was necessary for survival . People observed and built up knowledge about the behavior of animals and the usefulness of plants as food and medicine , which was passed down from generation to generation . These primitive understandings gave way to more formalized inquiry around 3500 to 3000 BC in the Mesopotamian and Ancient Egyptian cultures , which produced the first known written evidence of natural philosophy , the precursor of natural science . While the writings show an interest in astronomy , mathematics and other aspects of the physical world , the ultimate aim of inquiry about nature 's workings was in all cases religious or mythological , not scientific . A tradition of scientific inquiry also emerged in Ancient China , where Taoist alchemists and philosophers experimented with elixirs to extend life and cure ailments . They focused on the yin and yang , or contrasting elements in nature ; the yin was associated with femininity and coldness , while yang was associated with masculinity and warmth . The five phases -- fire , earth , metal , wood and water -- described a cycle of transformations in nature . Water turned into wood , which turned into fire when it burned . The ashes left by fire were earth . Using these principles , Chinese philosophers and doctors explored human anatomy , characterizing organs as predominantly yin or yang and understood the relationship between the pulse , the heart and the flow of blood in the body centuries before it became accepted in the West . Little evidence survives of how Ancient Indian cultures around the Indus River understood nature , but some of their perspectives may be reflected in the Vedas , a set of sacred Hindu texts . They reveal a conception of the universe as ever - expanding and constantly being recycled and reformed . Surgeons in the Ayurvedic tradition saw health and illness as a combination of three humors : wind , bile and phlegm . A healthy life was the result of a balance among these humors . In Ayurvedic thought , the body consisted of five elements : earth , water , fire , wind and empty space . Ayurvedic surgeons performed complex surgeries and developed a detailed understanding of human anatomy . Pre-Socratic philosophers in Ancient Greek culture brought natural philosophy a step closer to direct inquiry about cause and effect in nature between 600 and 400 BC , although an element of magic and mythology remained . Natural phenomena such as earthquakes and eclipses were explained increasingly in the context of nature itself instead of being attributed to angry gods . Thales of Miletus , an early philosopher who lived from 625 to 546 BC , explained earthquakes by theorizing that the world floated on water and that water was the fundamental element in nature . In the 5th century BC , Leucippus was an early exponent of atomism , the idea that the world is made up of fundamental indivisible particles . Pythagoras applied Greek innovations in mathematics to astronomy , and suggested that the earth was spherical . Aristotelian natural philosophy ( 400 BC -- 1100 AD ) ( edit ) Aristotle 's view of inheritance , as a model of the transmission of patterns of movement of the body fluids from parents to child , and of Aristotelian form from the father . Further information : Aristotle 's biology Later Socratic and Platonic thought focused on ethics , morals and art and did not attempt an investigation of the physical world ; Plato criticized pre-Socratic thinkers as materialists and anti-religionists . Aristotle , however , a student of Plato who lived from 384 to 322 BC , paid closer attention to the natural world in his philosophy . In his History of Animals , he described the inner workings of 110 species , including the stingray , catfish and bee . He investigated chick embryos by breaking open eggs and observing them at various stages of development . Aristotle 's works were influential through the 16th century , and he is considered to be the father of biology for his pioneering work in that science . He also presented philosophies about physics , nature and astronomy using inductive reasoning in his works Physics and Meteorology . Plato ( left ) and Aristotle in a 1509 painting by Raphael . Plato rejected inquiry into natural philosophy as against religion , while his student , Aristotle , created a body of work on the natural world that influenced generations of scholars . While Aristotle considered natural philosophy more seriously than his predecessors , he approached it as a theoretical branch of science . Still , inspired by his work , Ancient Roman philosophers of the early 1st century AD , including Lucretius , Seneca and Pliny the Elder , wrote treatises that dealt with the rules of the natural world in varying degrees of depth . Many Ancient Roman Neoplatonists of the 3rd to the 6th centuries also adapted Aristotle 's teachings on the physical world to a philosophy that emphasized spiritualism . Early medieval philosophers including Macrobius , Calcidius and Martianus Capella also examined the physical world , largely from a cosmological and cosmographical perspective , putting forth theories on the arrangement of celestial bodies and the heavens , which were posited as being composed of aether . Aristotle 's works on natural philosophy continued to be translated and studied amid the rise of the Byzantine Empire and Islam in the Middle East . A revival in mathematics and science took place during the time of the Abbasid Caliphate from the 9th century onward , when Muslim scholars expanded upon Greek and Indian natural philosophy . The words alcohol , algebra and zenith all have Arabic roots . Medieval natural philosophy ( 1100 -- 1600 ) ( edit ) Aristotle 's works and other Greek natural philosophy did not reach the West until about the middle of the 12th century , when works were translated from Greek and Arabic into Latin . The development of European civilization later in the Middle Ages brought with it further advances in natural philosophy . European inventions such as the horseshoe , horse collar and crop rotation allowed for rapid population growth , eventually giving way to urbanization and the foundation of schools connected to monasteries and cathedrals in modern - day France and England . Aided by the schools , an approach to Christian theology developed that sought to answer questions about nature and other subjects using logic . This approach , however , was seen by some detractors as heresy . By the 12th century , Western European scholars and philosophers came into contact with a body of knowledge of which they had previously been ignorant : a large corpus of works in Greek and Arabic that were preserved by Islamic scholars . Through translation into Latin , Western Europe was introduced to Aristotle and his natural philosophy . These works were taught at new universities in Paris and Oxford by the early 13th century , although the practice was frowned upon by the Catholic church . A 1210 decree from the Synod of Paris ordered that `` no lectures are to be held in Paris either publicly or privately using Aristotle 's books on natural philosophy or the commentaries , and we forbid all this under pain of excommunication . '' In the late Middle Ages , Spanish philosopher Dominicus Gundissalinus translated a treatise by the earlier Arab scholar Al - Farabi called On the Sciences into Latin , calling the study of the mechanics of nature scientia naturalis , or natural science . Gundissalinus also proposed his own classification of the natural sciences in his 1150 work On the Division of Philosophy . This was the first detailed classification of the sciences based on Greek and Arab philosophy to reach Western Europe . Gundissalinus defined natural science as `` the science considering only things unabstracted and with motion , '' as opposed to mathematics and sciences that rely on mathematics . Following Al - Farabi , he then separated the sciences into eight parts , including physics , cosmology , meteorology , minerals science and plant and animal science . Later philosophers made their own classifications of the natural sciences . Robert Kilwardby wrote On the Order of the Sciences in the 13th century that classed medicine as a mechanical science , along with agriculture , hunting and theater while defining natural science as the science that deals with bodies in motion . Roger Bacon , an English friar and philosopher , wrote that natural science dealt with `` a principle of motion and rest , as in the parts of the elements of fire , air , earth and water , and in all inanimate things made from them . '' These sciences also covered plants , animals and celestial bodies . Later in the 13th century , Catholic priest and theologian Thomas Aquinas defined natural science as dealing with `` mobile beings '' and `` things which depend on matter not only for their existence , but also for their definition . '' There was wide agreement among scholars in medieval times that natural science was about bodies in motion , although there was division about the inclusion of fields including medicine , music and perspective . Philosophers pondered questions including the existence of a vacuum , whether motion could produce heat , the colors of rainbows , the motion of the earth , whether elemental chemicals exist and where in the atmosphere rain is formed . In the centuries up through the end of the Middle Ages , natural science was often mingled with philosophies about magic and the occult . Natural philosophy appeared in a wide range of forms , from treatises to encyclopedias to commentaries on Aristotle . The interaction between natural philosophy and Christianity was complex during this period ; some early theologians , including Tatian and Eusebius , considered natural philosophy an outcropping of pagan Greek science and were suspicious of it . Although some later Christian philosophers , including Aquinas , came to see natural science as a means of interpreting scripture , this suspicion persisted until the 12th and 13th centuries . The Condemnation of 1277 , which forbade setting philosophy on a level equal with theology and the debate of religious constructs in a scientific context , showed the persistence with which Catholic leaders resisted the development of natural philosophy even from a theological perspective . Aquinas and Albertus Magnus , another Catholic theologian of the era , sought to distance theology from science in their works . `` I do n't see what one 's interpretation of Aristotle has to do with the teaching of the faith , '' he wrote in 1271 . Newton and the scientific revolution ( 1600 -- 1800 ) ( edit ) By the 16th and 17th centuries , natural philosophy underwent an evolution beyond commentary on Aristotle as more early Greek philosophy was uncovered and translated . The invention of the printing press in the 15th century , the invention of the microscope and telescope , and the Protestant Reformation fundamentally altered the social context in which scientific inquiry evolved in the West . Christopher Columbus 's discovery of a new world changed perceptions about the physical makeup of the world , while observations by Copernicus , Tyco Brahe and Galileo brought a more accurate picture of the solar system as heliocentric and proved many of Aristotle 's theories about the heavenly bodies false . A number of 17th - century philosophers , including Thomas Hobbes , John Locke and Francis Bacon made a break from the past by rejecting Aristotle and his medieval followers outright , calling their approach to natural philosophy as superficial . The titles of Galileo 's work Two New Sciences and Johannes Kepler 's New Astronomy underscored the atmosphere of change that took hold in the 17th century as Aristotle was dismissed in favor of novel methods of inquiry into the natural world . Bacon was instrumental in popularizing this change ; he argued that people should use the arts and sciences to gain dominion over nature . To achieve this , he wrote that `` human life ( must ) be endowed with new discoveries and powers . '' He defined natural philosophy as `` the knowledge of Causes and secret motions of things ; and enlarging the bounds of Human Empire , to the effecting of all things possible . '' Bacon proposed scientific inquiry supported by the state and fed by the collaborative research of scientists , a vision that was unprecedented in its scope , ambition and form at the time . Natural philosophers came to view nature increasingly as a mechanism that could be taken apart and understood , much like a complex clock . Natural philosophers including Isaac Newton , Evangelista Torricelli and Francesco Redi conducted experiments focusing on the flow of water , measuring atmospheric pressure using a barometer and disproving spontaneous generation . Scientific societies and scientific journals emerged and were spread widely through the printing press , touching off the scientific revolution . Newton in 1687 published his The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy , or Principia Mathematica , which set the groundwork for physical laws that remained current until the 19th century . Some modern scholars , including Andrew Cunningham , Perry Williams and Floris Cohen , argue that natural philosophy is not properly called a science , and that genuine scientific inquiry began only with the scientific revolution . According to Cohen , `` the emancipation of science from an overarching entity called ' natural philosophy ' is one defining characteristic of the Scientific Revolution . '' Other historians of science , including Edward Grant , contend that the scientific revolution that blossomed in the 17th , 18th and 19th centuries occurred when principles learned in the exact sciences of optics , mechanics and astronomy began to be applied to questions raised by natural philosophy . Grant argues that Newton attempted to expose the mathematical basis of nature -- the immutable rules it obeyed -- and in doing so joined natural philosophy and mathematics for the first time , producing an early work of modern physics . Isaac Newton is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists of all time . The scientific revolution , which began to take hold in the 17th century , represented a sharp break from Aristotelian modes of inquiry . One of its principal advances was the use of the scientific method to investigate nature . Data was collected and repeatable measurements made in experiments . Scientists then formed hypotheses to explain the results of these experiments . The hypothesis was then tested using the principle of falsifiability to prove or disprove its accuracy . The natural sciences continued to be called natural philosophy , but the adoption of the scientific method took science beyond the realm of philosophical conjecture and introduced a more structured way of examining nature . Newton , an English mathematician and physicist , was the seminal figure in the scientific revolution . Drawing on advances made in astronomy by Copernicus , Brahe and Kepler , Newton derived the universal law of gravitation and laws of motion . These laws applied both on earth and in outer space , uniting two spheres of the physical world previously thought to function independently of each other , according to separate physical rules . Newton , for example , showed that the tides were caused by the gravitational pull of the moon . Another of Newton 's advances was to make mathematics a powerful explanatory tool for natural phenomena . While natural philosophers had long used mathematics as a means of measurement and analysis , its principles were not used as a means of understanding cause and effect in nature until Newton . In the 18th century and 19th century , scientists including Charles - Augustin de Coulomb , Alessandro Volta , and Michael Faraday built upon Newtonian mechanics by exploring electromagnetism , or the interplay of forces with positive and negative charges on electrically charged particles . Faraday proposed that forces in nature operated in `` fields '' that filled space . The idea of fields contrasted with the Newtonian construct of gravitation as simply `` action at a distance '' , or the attraction of objects with nothing in the space between them to intervene . James Clerk Maxwell in the 19th century unified these discoveries in a coherent theory of electrodynamics . Using mathematical equations and experimentation , Maxwell discovered that space was filled with charged particles that could act upon themselves and each other , and that they were a medium for the transmission of charged waves . Significant advances in chemistry also took place during the scientific revolution . Antoine Lavoisier , a French chemist , refuted the phlogiston theory , which posited that things burned by releasing `` phlogiston '' into the air . Joseph Priestley had discovered oxygen in the 18th century , but Lavoisier discovered that combustion was the result of oxidation . He also constructed a table of 33 elements and invented modern chemical nomenclature . Formal biological science remained in its infancy in the 18th century , when the focus lay upon the classification and categorization of natural life . This growth in natural history was led by Carl Linnaeus , whose 1735 taxonomy of the natural world is still in use . Linnaeus in the 1750s introduced scientific names for all his species . 19th - century developments ( 1800 -- 1900 ) ( edit ) The Michelson -- Morley experiment was used to disprove that light propagated through a luminiferous aether . This 19th - century concept was then superseded by Albert Einstein 's special theory of relativity . By the 19th century , the study of science had come into the purview of professionals and institutions . In so doing , it gradually acquired the more modern name of natural science . The term scientist was coined by William Whewell in an 1834 review of Mary Somerville 's On the Connexion of the Sciences . But the word did not enter general use until nearly the end of the same century . Modern natural science ( 1900 -- present ) ( edit ) According to a famous 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances by the American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis and the American physical chemist Merle Randall , the natural sciences contain three great branches : Aside from the logical and mathematical sciences , there are three great branches of natural science which stand apart by reason of the variety of far reaching deductions drawn from a small number of primary postulates -- they are mechanics , electrodynamics , and thermodynamics . Today , natural sciences are more commonly divided into life sciences , such as botany and zoology ; and physical sciences , which include physics , chemistry , geology , astronomy and materials science . See also ( edit ) Book : Natural science Ecology portal Environment portal Earth sciences portal Science portal Empiricism Branches of science List of academic disciplines and sub-disciplines Natural Sciences ( Cambridge ) , for the Tripos at the University of Cambridge References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lagemaat 2006 , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Hugh G Gauch Jr , Scientific Method in Practice ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2003 ) , pp 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Oglivie 2008 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ `` Natural History '' . Princeton University WordNet . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Grant 2007 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Magner 2002 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Magner 2002 , pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Magner 2002 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Magner 2002 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Grant 2007 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Barr 2006 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Barr 2006 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 37 -- 39 , 53 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 54 , 59 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 61 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Barr 2006 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Barr 2006 , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 95 , 130 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 106 -- 107 . ^ Jump up to : Grant 2007 , p. 115 . ^ Jump up to : Grant 2007 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Grant 2007 , p. 143 . ^ Jump up to : Grant 2007 , p. 155 . ^ Jump up to : Grant 2007 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 156 -- 157 . ^ Jump up to : Grant 2007 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 159 -- 163 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 236 -- 237 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 170 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 189 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 239 -- 240 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 241 -- 243 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 246 -- 247 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , p. 252 . ^ Jump up to : Grant 2007 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , p. 274 -- 275 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 276 -- 277 . ^ Jump up to : Grant 2007 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 278 -- 279 . ^ Jump up to : Grant 2007 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 280 -- 285 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 280 -- 290 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 280 -- 295 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 304 -- 306 . ^ Jump up to : Grant 2007 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Grant 2007 , pp. 317 -- 318 . ^ Jump up to : Barr 2006 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Barr 2006 , pp. 26 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : Barr 2006 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Barr 2006 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Barr 2006 , pp. 33 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Barr 2006 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Barr 2006 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Barr 2006 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Barr 2006 , p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : Barr 2006 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Mayr 1982 , pp. 171 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Holmes , R ( 2008 ) . The age of wonder : How the romantic generation discovered the beauty and terror of science . London : Harper Press . p. 449 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 714953 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Gilbert N. ; Randall , Merle ( 1923 ) . Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances . later Printing edition ( First ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Book Company . ASIN B000GSLHZS . Jump up ^ Huggins , Robert A. ( 2010 ) . Energy storage ( Online - Ausg . ed . ) . New York : Springer . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 1023 - 3 . Bibliography ( edit ) Barr , Stephen M. ( 2006 ) . A Students Guide to Natural Science . Wilmington , DE : Intercollegiate Studies Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932236 - 92 - 7 . Grant , Edward ( 2007 ) . A History of Natural Philosophy : From the Ancient World to the 19th century . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 68957 - 1 . Lagemaat , Richard van de ( 2006 ) . Theory of Knowledge for the IB Diploma . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 54298 - 2 . Ledoux , Stephen F. ( 2002 ) . `` Defining Natural Sciences '' ( PDF ) . Behaviorology Today . New York : Marcel Dekker , Inc. 5 ( 1 ) : 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 0824 - 5 . Fundamentally , natural sciences are defined as disciplines that deal only with natural events ( i.e. , independent and dependent variables in of the Life Sciences Mayr , Ernst ( 1982 ) . The Growth of Biological Thought : Diversity , Evolution , and Inheritance . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 36445 - 5 . Oglivie , Brian W. ( 2008 ) . The Science of Describing : Natural History in Renaissance Europe . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 62088 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Defining Natural Sciences Ledoux , S.F. , 2002 : Defining Natural Sciences , Behaviorology Today , 5 ( 1 ) , 34 -- 36 . Gohau , Gabriel ( 1990 ) . A History of Geology . Revised and translated by Albert V. Carozzi and Marguerite Carozzi . New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 1666 - 0 . Prpic , Katarina ( 2009 ) . Beyond the Myths about the Natural and Social Sciences : A Sociological View . Zagreb : Institute for Social Research . ISBN 978 - 953 - 6218 - 40 - 0 . Simhony , M. ( 2006 ) . Invitation to the Natural Physics of Matter , Space , and Radiation . Singapore : World Scientific Publishing Co. , Inc . ISBN 978 - 981 - 02 - 1649 - 8 . Smith , C.H. Llewellyn ( 1997 ) . `` The use of basic science '' . CERN . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Stokes , Donald E. ( 1997 ) . Pasteur 's Quadrant : Basic Science and Technological Innovation . Washington , D.C. : Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 8177 - 6 . The UNESCO Science Report . Towards 2030 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Natural science . Look up natural science in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . The History of Recent Science and Technology Natural Sciences Contains updated information on research in the Natural Sciences including biology , geography and the applied life and earth sciences . Reviews of Books About Natural Science This site contains over 50 previously published reviews of books about natural science , plus selected essays on timely topics in natural science . Scientific Grant Awards Database Contains details of over 2,000,000 scientific research projects conducted over the past 25 years . E ! Science Up - to - date science news aggregator from major sources including universities . 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The Orient is the East , traditionally comprising anything that belongs to the Eastern world , in relation to Europe . In English , it is largely a metonym for , and coterminous with , the continent of Asia , which was , depending on source , formally thought of as the Far East and the Near East .
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The term Oriental , as a descriptor of people or objects from the Orient , is considered outdated and sometimes culturally insensitive in some regions and dialects , but in others remains inoffensive and regularly used in modern parlance . An image of the `` Far Eastern world '' defined as Asia , consisting of three overlapping cultural blocks : East Asia ( green ) , South Asia ( orange ) , and Southeast Asia ( blue ) . The `` Orient '' usually refers to Eastern World . In archaic use , the term `` Orient '' may also be used to describe the Near East ( Middle East ) ( not coloured ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Derivation 2 History of the term 3 Current usage 3.1 British English 3.2 American English 3.3 Australian English 3.4 German 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Further reading 7 External links Derivation ( edit ) The term `` Orient '' derives from the Latin word oriens meaning `` east '' ( lit . `` rising '' < orior `` rise '' ) . The use of the word for `` rising '' to refer to the east ( where the sun rises ) has analogs from many languages : compare the terms `` Levant '' ( < French levant `` rising '' ) , `` Vostok '' Russian : Восток ( < Russian voskhod Russian : восход `` sunrise '' ) , `` Anatolia '' ( < Greek anatole ) , `` mizrahi '' in Hebrew ( `` zriha '' meaning sunrise ) , `` sharq '' Arabic : شرق ( < Arabic yashriq يشرق `` rise '' , shurūq Arabic : شروق `` rising '' ) , `` shygys '' Kazakh : шығыс ( < Kazakh shygu Kazakh : шығу `` come out '' ) , Turkish : doğu ( < Turkish doğmak to be born ; to rise ) , Chinese : 東 ( pinyin : dōng , a pictograph of the sun rising behind a tree ) and `` The Land of the Rising Sun '' to refer to Japan . Also , many ancient temples , including pagan temples and the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem , were built with their main entrances facing the East . This tradition was carried on in Christian churches . To situate them in such a manner was to `` orient '' them in the proper direction . When something was facing the correct direction , it was said to be in the proper orientation . Another explanation of the term stems from Rome during the Roman Empire , specifically the Eastern Roman Empire , or the `` Roman Orient '' , during the Byzantine Empire . Although the original East - West ( or Orient - Occident ) line was the Italian Peninsula 's East Coast , around 600 AD this would shift to the City of Rome . Any area below the City of Rome was considered the Orient , as well as the ethnicities inhabiting the land , such as Dalmatian Italians , ( modern Neapolitans along with Sicilians , Tunisians , Moroccans , Greeks , etc . ) , as well as everything East of Southern Italy , hence the Italian name `` Italia nord - orientale '' ( in English Northeast Italy ) for Le Tre Venezie ( the 3 Venices ) located above the Roman latitude line separating it from modern Abruzzo ; the beginning of the Orient in the East , while Lazio is its beginning in the West of the Italian Peninsula . The opposite term `` Occident '' derives from the Latin word occidens , meaning west ( lit . setting < occido fall / set ) . This term meant the west ( where the sun sets ) but has fallen into disuse in English , in favor of Western world . History of the term ( edit ) Further information : Orientalism Harem Pool by the Orientalist painter Jean - Léon Gérôme c. 1876 ; naked females in harem or bathing settings are a staple of much Orientalist painting In the later Roman Empire , the Praefectura Praetorio Orientis , the Praetorian prefecture of the East , included most of the Eastern Roman Empire from the eastern Balkans eastwards ; its easternmost part was the Diocese of the East , the Dioecesis Orientis , corresponding roughly to the region of Syria . Over time , the common understanding of `` the Orient '' has continually shifted eastwards , as European people traveled farther into Asia . It finally reached the Pacific Ocean , in what Westerners came to call `` the Far East '' . These shifts in time and identification sometimes confuse the scope ( historical and geographic ) of Oriental Studies . Yet there remain contexts where `` the Orient '' and `` Oriental '' have kept their older meanings ( e.g. , `` Oriental spices '' typically are from the regions extending from the Middle East to sub-continental India to Indo - China ) . Travelers may again take the Orient Express train from Paris to its terminus in the European part of Istanbul , a route established in the early 20th century . In European historiography , the meaning of `` the Orient '' changed in scope several times . Originally , the term referred to Egypt , the Levant , and adjoining areas . as far west as Morocco . During the 1800s , India , and to a lesser extent China , began to displace the Levant as the primary subject of Orientalist research . By the mid-20th century , Western scholars generally considered `` the Orient '' as just East Asia , Southeast Asia , and eastern Central Asia . As recently as the early 20th century , the term `` Orient '' often continued to be used in ways that included North Africa and even parts of southeastern Europe . Today , the term primarily evokes images of China , Korea , Japan , Vietnam , and peninsular Southeast Asia . Throughout the history of the changing sense of the term , `` the Orient '' was never equivalent to Asia as a whole . `` The Orient '' being largely a cultural term , large parts of Asia -- Siberia most notably -- were excluded from the scholarly notion of `` the Orient '' . Equally valid terms for the Orient still exist in the English language in such collocations as Oriental studies ( now Asian Studies in some countries ) . The adjectival term Oriental has been used by the West to mean cultures , peoples , countries , Asian rugs , and goods from the Orient . `` Oriental '' means generally `` eastern '' . It is a traditional designation ( especially when capitalized ) for anything belonging to the Orient or `` East '' ( for Asia ) , and especially of its Eastern culture . It indicated the eastern direction in historical astronomy , often abbreviated `` Ori '' . In contemporary American English , Oriental usually refers to things from the parts of East Asia traditionally occupied by East Asians and most Central Asians and Southeast Asians racially categorized as `` Mongoloid '' . This excludes Jews , Indians , Arabs , and most other South or West Asian peoples . Because of historical discrimination against Chinese , Korean and Japanese , in some parts of the United States , some people consider the term derogatory . For example , Washington state prohibits the word `` Oriental '' in legislation and government documents , preferring the word `` Asian '' instead . In more local uses , `` oriental '' is also used for eastern parts of countries , for example Morocco 's Oriental Region . Oriental is also used as an adjective akin to `` eastern '' , especially in the Spanish - speaking world . For example , the Philippine islands of Mindoro and Negros are each divided into two provinces whose titles include the words `` oriental '' and `` occidental '' respectively . The official name of Uruguay is the República Oriental del Uruguay or Oriental Republic of Uruguay because it is east of the Uruguay River . Since the 19th century , `` orientalist '' has been the traditional term for a scholar of Oriental studies ; however , the use in English of `` Orientalism '' to describe academic `` Oriental studies '' is rare : the Oxford English Dictionary cites only one such usage , by Lord Byron in 1812 . Orientalism is more widely used to refer to the works of the many 19th - century artists who specialized in `` Oriental '' subjects , often drawing on their travels to North Africa and Western Asia . Artists as well as scholars were already described as `` Orientalists '' in the 19th century . In 1978 , Palestinian - American scholar Edward Said published his influential and controversial book , Orientalism ; he used the term to describe a pervasive Western tradition , both academic and artistic , of prejudiced outsider interpretations of the Arab and Muslim worlds , shaped by the attitudes of European imperialism in the 18th and 19th centuries . Current usage ( edit ) British English ( edit ) In British English , the term Oriental refers to people from East and Southeast Asia ( such as those from China , Japan , Korea , Indonesia , Malaysia , Thailand , Vietnam , Cambodia , Mongolia and Laos ) and is generally regarded as offensive . `` Asian '' in the United Kingdom generally refers to people from South Asia ( in particular Pakistan , India , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Afghanistan and Maldives ) since British Asians make up approximately 6.9 % of the population . `` Orientals '' refers exclusively to people of East and Southeast Asian origin , who comprise 0.7 % of the UK population as a whole , and 5.3 % of the non-European population . Of these , the majority are of Chinese descent . Orient is also a word for the lustre of a fine pearl . Hong Kong , a former British colony , has been called `` Pearl of the Orient '' . American English ( edit ) Distinct within American culture , some American English speakers consider the term `` Oriental '' to be an antiquated , pejorative , and disparaging term . John Kuo Wei Tchen , director of the Asian / Pacific / American Studies Program and Institute at New York University , said the basic critique of the term developed in the U.S. in the 1970s . Tchen has said : `` With the U.S.A. anti-war movement in the ' 60s and early ' 70s , many Asian Americans identified the term ' Oriental ' with a Western process of racializing Asians as forever opposite ' others ' . '' In a 2009 American press release related to legislation aimed at removing the term `` oriental '' from official documents of the State of New York , Governor David Paterson said : `` The word ' oriental ' does not describe ethnic origin , background or even race ; in fact , it has deep and demeaning historical roots '' . In 2016 , President Barack Obama signed legislation striking the word from federal law . Australian English ( edit ) In Australian English , the term `` Asian '' generally refers to people of East Asian or Southeast Asian descent , such as those of Chinese , Korean , Japanese , Vietnamese , Thai , or Filipino descent . Persons of Pakistani , Sri Lankan , and most other South Asian descent are referred to by their respective demonym , but without explicit knowledge , those people are indeterminately inferred as `` Indian '' . German ( edit ) In German , Orient is usually used synonymously with the area between the Near East and India , including Israel , the Arab world , and Greater Persia . The term Asiaten ( English : Asians ) means the people of East Asia and Southeast Asia . Another word for Orient in German is Morgenland ( now mainly poetic ) , which literally translates as `` morning land '' . The antonym `` Abendland '' ( rarely : `` Okzident '' ) is also mainly poetic , and refers to ( Western ) Europe . See also ( edit ) Asian Metonymy Levant Land of the Morning Calm Land of the Rising Sun Orient Express Orientalism Orientalizing Period of Archaic Greek art Political correctness School of Oriental and African Studies ( SOAS ) , University of London Western world ( the Occident ; the opposite of Orient ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harbaugh , Rick ( 1998 ) . `` 東 '' . Chinese Characters : A Genealogy and Dictionary . Han Lu Book & Pub. Co. p. 227 . ISBN 0 - 9660750 - 0 - 5 . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Martin W. ; Wigen , Kären ( 1997 ) . The myth of continents : a critique of metageography . University ù Africa . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Hooke , Robert . 1666 . Drawing of Saturn in Philosophical Transactions ( Royal Society publication ) Volume 1 Jump up ^ Senate bill ( pdf file ) Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . Jump up ^ Nosal , K R. American Criticism , New York Standard , New York . 2002 Jump up ^ `` 2011 Census : Ethnic group , local authorities in the United Kingdom '' . Office for National Statistics . 11 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ 2011 Census : KS201UK Ethnic group , local authorities in the United Kingdom , Accessed 19 April 2014 Jump up ^ orient : definition of orient in Oxford dictionary ( British & World English ) . Oxforddictionaries.com . Retrieved on 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oriental : Rugs or People ? '' . nyu.edu . Jump up ^ official 2009 press release Archived 12 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Weaver , Dustin ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Obama signs measure striking ' oriental ' and ' negro ' from federal law '' . TheHill . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 20 . Further reading ( edit ) ( Ankerl , Guy ) Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations : Arabo - Muslim , Bharati , Chinese , and Western ( INUPRESS ) , Geneva , 2000 . ISBN 2 - 88155 - 004 - 5 External links ( edit ) Look up Orient , orient , Oriental , or oriental in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . The American Oriental Society The Oriental Institute at University of Chicago On Asian and Oriental Model Minority posting by Alan Hu . The Critic in the Orient by George Hamlin Fitch German Orient Gate What 's the Matter with Saying the Orient ? by Christopher Hill for `` About Japan : A Teacher 's Resource '' VIAF : 254773835 GND : 4075699 - 3 NDL : 00573449 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orient&oldid=806761551 '' Categories : Asia Geography terminology Ethnic and religious slurs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be merged from October 2017 All articles to be merged Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Kazakh - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Italiano Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 00 : 17 . 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who wins the election in scandal season 3
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Scandal ( season 3 )
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scandal ( season 3 )
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The third season of the American television drama series Scandal , created by Shonda Rhimes , began on October 3 , 2013 , in the United States , on ABC , and consisted of 18 episodes . The season was produced by ABC Studios , in association with ShondaLand Production Company ; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes .
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The season continues the story of Olivia Pope 's crisis management firm , Olivia Pope & Associates , and its staff , as well as staff at the White House in Washington D.C. Season three had ten series regulars , all returning from the previous season , of whom seven are part of the original cast of eight regulars from the first season . The season aired in the Thursday 10 : 00 pm timeslot , the same as the previous seasons . For her performance , Kerry Washington won the Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series and was nominated for Outstanding Performance in a Drama Series at the Screen Actors Guild Award , Best Actress in a Television Series at the Golden Globe Awards , and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series at the Primetime Emmy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Regular cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 4 Episodes 5 Reception 6 Ratings 6.1 Live + SD ratings 6.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 7 Awards and nominations 8 DVD Release 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The season focuses on Fitz 's re-election campaign for his second term , as well as , Olivia 's family problems after her father comes back into her life and she discovers that her mother ( believed to be deceased for 20 years ) is alive , which leads to Olivia Pope & Associates trying to find Olivia 's mother , Maya Lewis . After Olivia 's name is leaked to the press as Fitz 's mistress , Olivia Pope & Associates face financial troubles when all their clients fire them . The firm accepts `` new '' clients in order to pay the bills . Rowan becomes more involved with Olivia 's life , which begins to affect her , and leads Huck and Jake to investigate B613 . They discover during a military action code named `` Operation Remington '' , Fitz shot down a civilian aircraft over Iceland and Olivia 's mother was one of over 300 casualties . Olivia goes to Fitz and asks him about it , but he refuses to respond . Determined to find out the truth about Operation Remington , the firm investigates Rowan and learns that a passenger was removed from the flight by a Federal Marshall just prior to take off . Quinn starts to hang out with Charlie , who sets her up to kill a security guard who was an eye - witness to the Federal Marshall 's removal of the passenger . As a result of Quinn 's inadvertent murder , Huck tortures her and she leaves the firm . It 's revealed that Maya was the passenger who did n't get on the plane , and that she has been imprisoned by Rowan for the last 20 years . She manages to break free and Olivia Is shocked when her `` dead '' mother contacts her . When Rowan finds out about Maya 's escape , he puts her on FBI 's most wanted terrorists list . Olivia manages to arrange a flight to Hong Kong with Maya on it , but after she leaves Olivia figures out that Maya really is a terrorist by the name Marie Wallace . After Fitz captures Rowan at the Pentagon , Olivia asks Fitz to arrest her mother , but Maya manages to escape . Meanwhile , Fitz faces problems when Congresswoman Josephine `` Josie '' Marcus is in the running to win the Democratic Party primary against Senator Samuel Reston and become the first female president of the United States . Cyrus tries his best to find dirt on Marcus in order to ruin her campaign , but fails . After Olivia finds out that Fitz shot down the plane which killed her mother , she declines the offer of being the campaign manager for Fitz 's re-election and becomes the manager for Josephine Marcus ' . After an incident with Marcus ' sister , Josephine backs out of her campaign . Cyrus discovers that Sally plans to run against Fitz as an Independent when she hires Leo Bergen to be her campaign manager . He tries to blackmail her by having James flirt with her husband , Daniel Douglas . However , James figures out Cyrus ' plan , and sleeps with Daniel devastating Cyrus . When Sally finds out about this , she becomes furious and kills her husband . After the murder , Sally calls Cyrus for help . David gets a visit from a woman from the NSA who has the recording of the conversation between Sally and Cyrus , which David shares with James . The second part of the season focuses more on the re-election campaign as Olivia has taken over as the campaign manager . At the same time , Sally announces that she is running for President by being an Independent . As a result , Fitz chooses the Governor of California , Andrew Nichols , as his new Vice Presidential running - mate . Nichols develops a relationship with the First Lady , Mellie . The campaign faces problems when Sally , stricken with guilt over murdering Daniel , almost reveals the truth at a debate . Cyrus asks Jake to help protect the secret , which he does by killing James to prevent exposing Cyrus 's involvement in the cover up . The president 's eldest children , Jerry and Karen Grant , come to the White House for an interview , but Olivia soon figures out that they are n't pleased with their parents . Maya and Adnan Salif team up with Dominic Bell , who gives them a bomb . Olivia and her team , with the help of Rowan , track down Dominic and try to find Maya . In the season finale , the bomb goes off in a church , which Sally uses to her advantage to rise in the polls . On the election day , Olivia and Cyrus are convinced that Fitz has lost , but Rowan orders Tom to kill Jerry , which ultimately makes Fitz win the election . Olivia takes up her father 's offer and leaves with Jake to an unknown location for a new life . Cast ( edit ) Regular cast ( edit ) Kerry Washington as Olivia Pope Columbus Short as Harrison Wright Scott Foley as Jacob `` Jake '' Ballard Darby Stanchfield as Abigail `` Abby '' Whelan Katie Lowes as Quinn Perkins Guillermo Diaz as Huck Jeff Perry as White House Chief of Staff Cyrus Beene Joshua Malina as David Rosen Bellamy Young as First Lady Melody `` Mellie '' Grant Tony Goldwyn as President Fitzgerald `` Fitz '' Thomas Grant III Recurring cast ( edit ) Joe Morton as Rowan `` Eli '' Pope Kate Burton as Vice President Sally Langston George Newbern as Charlie Paul Adelstein as Leo Bergen Khandi Alexander as Maya Lewis / Marie Wallace Dan Bucatinsky as James Novak Brian Letscher as Tom Larsen Sharmila Devar as Lauren Wellman Jon Tenney as Governor Andrew Nichols Nazanin Boniadi as Adnan Salif Jack Coleman as Second Gentleman Daniel Douglas Langston Lisa Kudrow as Congresswoman Josephine `` Josie '' Marcus Tom Amandes as Governor Samuel Reston Samantha Sloyan as Jeannine Locke Dylan Minnette as Fitzgerald `` Jerry '' Grant IV Sally Pressman as Candace Marcus Carlo Rota as Ivan Erica Shaffer as News Reporter Madeline Carroll as Karen Grant Mackenzie Astin as Noah Baker Guest cast ( edit ) Cynthia Stevenson as Mary Nesbitt Norm Lewis as Senator Edison Davis Mark Moses as Congressman Jim Struthers Ernie Hudson as FBI Commander Randolph Boles Gregg Henry as Hollis Doyle Patrick Fabian as Senator Richard Meyers Melora Hardin as Shelley Meyers Barry Bostwick as Fitzgerald Grant II Brenda Strong as Joan Reston Sebastian Roché as Dominic Bell Production ( edit ) Scandal was renewed for a third season on May 10 , 2013 . Along with other ABC dramas , this season was split into two runs of uninterrupted episodes , the first consisting of ten episodes . The second run , initially set to consist of 12 uninterrupted episodes , began on February 27 , 2014 . On December 7 , 2013 , ABC Studios , announced that due to Kerry Washington 's pregnancy , the overall episode order would be trimmed from 22 to 18 , which led the season finale to air four weeks earlier on April 17 , 2014 . It was announced on May 9 , 2014 by ABC that Scandal would return in the fall of 2014 for Season 4 . Casting ( edit ) Lisa Kudrow was cast as a Congresswoman for the season . The third season had ten roles receiving star billing , with all of them returning from the previous season , seven of which part of the original cast from the first season . Kerry Washington continued her role as protagonist of the series , Olivia Pope , a former White House Director of Communications with her own crisis management firm . Scott Foley was upgraded to a series regular , portraying Captain Jake Ballard . Darby Stanchfield played Abby Whelan , Katie Lowes acted as Quinn Perkins who leaves Olivia 's firm in the second part of the season for B613 . Guillermo Diaz continued playing the character Huck , the troubled tech guy who works for Olivia . Jeff Perry played Cyrus Beene , the Chief of Staff at the White House , who loses his husband James . Joshua Malina played David Rosen , now the re-instated U.S. Attorney . Bellamy Young continued playing First Lady Melody `` Mellie '' Grant , who begins a relationship with Andrew Nichols , Fitz 's Vice President nominee , while Tony Goldwyn portrayed President Fitzgerald `` Fitz '' Thomas Grant III . On June 14 , 2013 , Scott Foley was promoted to regular as of the third season . Casting for Lisa Kudrow was announced on August 28 , and was revealed to be playing Congresswoman Josephine Marcus for multiple episodes . Private Practice alum Paul Adelstein was announced to join the cast as Leo Bergen , however at the time of the announcement , details on who he would play were kept under wraps . On September 23 , 2013 , it was announced that Sally Pressman would be playing a recurring role on the show , which turned out to be the sister of Congresswoman Josephine Marcus , played by Lisa Kudrow . Jack Coleman joined the cast in a recurring role as Daniel Douglas , the husband to Vice President Sally Langston . On November 5 , 2013 , Khandi Alexander was cast in a recurring role as Olivia 's mother for a multiple episode arc . On December 3 , 2013 , it was announced that the show was casting for a new role as a handsome , charismatic fella named Andrew , who would be a love interest for Bellamy Young 's character , Mellie . A few days later , on December 6 , 2013 , actor Jon Tenney was announced to have landed the role of Andrew . On January 28 , 2014 , it was announced that Scandal was casting the guest - starring roles of Jerry Grant and Karen Grant , Tony Goldwyn and Bellamy Young 's characters ' children A week later , on February 6 , 2014 , it was reported that the guest - starring roles of Jerry and Karen had been landed by Dylan Minnette and Madeline Carroll . The duo appeared in the fifteenth episode in addition to the season finale . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Scandal episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 30 `` It 's Handled '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) 301 10.52 After Olivia 's identity as President Grant 's mistress is leaked to the media in last season 's finale , her firm faces tremendous pressure as all her clients drop her in light of the scandal . Her father Rowan Eli Pope , who turns out to be the leader of B613 , sends her into hiding , but Cyrus convinces Olivia to stay . Olivia then uses the emergency code the President gave her to force a secret meeting with Mellie and Fitz , in which they come up with an explanation about the affair . Meanwhile , Olivia 's team and Cyrus join forces to save Olivia and Fitz . They leak a video , which accuses White House employee Jeannine Locke of being Fitz 's potential mistress . The news shocks Olivia as she takes on Locke as her client . Mellie correctly deduces that Fitz was the one who leaked Liv 's identity , so that she would lose her leverage . Rowan shows Cyrus the real report about an operation called Remington Fitz and Jake were on , which shocks Cyrus when he reads it . 31 `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' Allison Liddi - Brown Heather Mitchell October 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 10 ) 302 9.01 Olivia 's team manages to find evidence that clears Locke and prepares her to go on television to dispute the claim . Rowan tells Liv to stop helping Locke or Jake will die . She asks the President to release Jake , but he is shocked to learn that he has no authority over B613 . He tells B613 through Cyrus that he will claim Locke as his mistress in exchange for releasing Jake . Mellie later convinces Locke to lie for money . But before she could do it , the President personally appears on television to make that claim . Jake is then released . Through flashbacks , the origins of Olivia 's distant relationship with Rowan are revealed - they only met on Sunday for dinner . After Olivia showed interest in Huck , he ordered B613 to kidnap him because Huck told Olivia about B613 . She later uncovered the truth about B613 and forced him to release Huck . She canceled the Sunday meeting in disgust . In the present , Jake is only released because Olivia agrees to meet her father on Sundays again ; and Huck confronts Olivia with her father being on B613 and asks whether he is `` Command '' ( its leader ) , which Olivia admits . 32 `` Mrs. Smith Goes to Washington '' Jeannot Szwarc Matt Byrne October 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) 303 9.51 A mother who refuses to accept the government 's claim that her dead son was a terrorist hires Pope & Associates . Later , the mother takes Olivia and a congressman hostage at the Capitol with a bomb in order to get the file on her son declassified . Olivia 's team and David try to uncover the truth while racing against time . They manage to force the government to secretly admit that he is a deep cover CIA operative sent to infiltrate Al - Qaeda and his death is a mistake , but his true identity can not be revealed for national security reasons as 57 other agents are still undercover . Olivia is forced to lie , causing the mother to commit suicide . Meanwhile , Huck attempts to kill Rowan after having learned from Olivia that he is B613 command , but Rowan instead makes Huck kill Pete Foster , who earlier attempted to break in the Oval Office to talk to the President about Remington . Olivia and Jake discuss about how her father still owns them . 33 `` Say Hello to My Little Friend '' Oliver Bokelberg Mark Fish October 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) 304 8.62 Olivia pushes Jake away and refuses to go against B613 after realizing her father 's ability to control Huck . Struggling to find clients , Pope & Associates takes on Senator Meyers who was accused of murdering a girl who he had sent explicit photos to . He is cleared of the crime after Olivia 's team discredits the girl and has the wife testify as his alibi during the trial . However , Olivia is able to figure out that the wife was the murderer . Mellie insults Democratic congresswoman Josephine Marcus not knowing the mic is still on , turning her into a viable threat . Cyrus manages to find dirt on Marcus . Meanwhile , Jake attempts to gather evidences about Operation Remington . Huck later takes interest after realizing Foster is a part of Remington and joins Jake . They force Olivia to look at the evidences . President Grant meets Rowan to discuss Remington . Meanwhile , Huck attends an AA meeting and sees that Quinn listens to him . Quinn tries to befriend Huck but he wo n't let her , telling her to stop asking questions and being interested in what he did . 34 5 `` More Cattle , Less Bull '' Randy Zisk Jenna Bans October 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) 305 9.18 President Grant and Rowan realize someone is looking into Operation Remington . Cyrus and Mellie work on Fitz 's re-election campaign and try to hire Leo Bergan as manager , but he refuses . Democratic Congresswoman Josie Marcus hires Olivia when details of her teen pregnancy get out . Olivia 's team fails to contain it , forcing Marcus to admit the truth during the Democratic debate . She fires Olivia . During the White House Correspondents ' Dinner , Mellie asks Olivia to come back and lead the re-election campaign . Marcus , realizing her mistake , also tries to get Olivia back . Meanwhile , Jake and Huck learn the truth about Operation Remington , implying a correlation between President Grant 's fighter jet in Iceland and the crash of the passenger plane Olivia 's mother was flying on . Vice President Sally Langston seeks Bergan 's advice on whether or not she should run as a third - party / independent candidate . 35 6 `` Icarus '' Julie Anne Robinson Peter Noah November 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 07 ) 306 8.66 Liv questions the President about his role in the downed aircraft , but he refuses to confirm or deny his involvement , prompting Liv to work for Josie Marcus , which shocks Mellie and Cy . Rowan , realizing Jake is the one looking into Remington , plots to have him killed while pushing Cy to take down Marcus . Marcus ' campaign desperately needs money and endorsements , but she prefers to play nice , prompting Liv 's team to use a fake ad to toughen her image in front of the national media . Cy tries to turn Harrison against Liv by threatening to give a visa to Adnan Salif , a person by which Harrison fears to be killed , but it fails . Cy orders to give him a visa . Jake meets with his contact whom he asked to look for evidence on Remington , but it turns out to be Rowan 's trap to kill Jake , who is saved by a man sent by the President . Cy learns of Sally Langston 's treachery while Rowan is slowly turning a deranged Quinn into an assassin through Charlie . 36 7 `` Everything 's Coming Up Mellie '' Michael Katleman Peter Nowalk November 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) 307 9.04 Mellie is filmed for an in - depth interview to make a good publicity image of her and Fitz 's relationship . Through flashbacks , it 's revealed how Big Jerry ( Fitz 's father ) introduced Cyrus to the Grant family and how Cyrus tried to help Fitz to become the Governor of California by exploiting Fitz ' war history . Mellie tried to fix Fitz and Big Jerry relationship , but it ended with Big Jerry raping Mellie . She used this to force Big Jerry to support Fitz . It is also revealed what really happened ( and Jerry covered up ) : Fitz flew for Black Ops , and he was given the order to shoot down the airplane as they had evidence that there was a dirty bomb inside of it . So Jerry arranged that Fitz officially participated in Operation Remington during that time , far away from Iceland , where he actually shot down the airplane . In the present , Cyrus and Mellie try to find a way for Daniel Douglas to cheat on Sally so they can blackmail her . Meanwhile , Olivia is angry at Fitz because of him not telling her the truth about operation Remington . Therefore , OPA tries to find out what really happened to her mother . Quinn goes on a mission with Charlie , after they made out , but ends up killing a security guard who knew something about Remington . Charlie tells her she belongs to B613 now . Rowan finds out Olivia is trying to find the truth , and goes to visit Maya , Olivia 's mother in jail ; revealing that she is alive after all . 37 8 `` Vermont is for Lovers , Too '' Ava DuVernay Mark Wilding November 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) 308 8.93 After Rowan informs Maya that Olivia is looking for her , she begins to chew her wrists , ends up in a hospital bed , and manages to escape . Back at OPA , they are trying to figure out who murdered the security guard , Quinn being the one . Josie 's campaign is put at risk when a laptop with all the information about the campaign is stolen . It 's revealed to be a staged break - in by Candace ( who also slept with Harrison ) , however Josie takes the blame and withdraws from the primary . Fitz flies Olivia to Vermont where he shows her the house he built for them and their future family , and they end up sleeping together . He tells her that he is going after Rowan to figure out why he was ordered to shoot down the plane , and she tells him not to sell the house . Meanwhile , Cyrus and Mellie plan to make James interview Daniel Douglas , hoping to catch him making a move on James . The plan works , but James figures it out and sleeps with Daniel . Huck finds out that Quinn killed the security guard and confronts her about it . Maya shows up outside Olivia 's apartment - Olivia is shocked to see her . 38 9 `` YOLO '' Oliver Bokelberg Chris Van Dusen December 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 05 ) 309 8.27 Huck tortures Quinn for betraying Olivia , but while pulling her teeth out , Olivia calls him and informs him that her mother is in her apartment . Olivia takes her mother to a safe house where the rest of OPA discusses the situation . They realize Rowan is tracking Maya , so they cut out her tracker and go to a motel . OPA tries to get Maya out of the country , but Rowan has put her on the FBI 's most wanted list . Olivia asks Fitz to help her . Meanwhile , Daniel Douglas tries to convince James that their little affair was a mistake . James confronts Cyrus about him using James to sleep with Daniel , and demands a divorce . Sally informs Fitz that she is planning to run as an Independent against him . Cyrus tries to blackmail Sally by showing the pictures of Daniel and James , but to no avail . Quinn joins Charlie at B613 , after having slept with him , however she 's planning to take out Command . Maya boards the plane to Hong Kong , and Olivia realizes her mother actually was a terrorist , named Marie Wallace . Sally calls Cyrus to tell him that she just killed her husband , Daniel Douglas . 39 10 `` A Door Marked Exit '' Tom Verica Zahir McGhee December 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 12 ) 310 9.22 It is revealed that Daniel Douglas was about to leave Sally when she stabbed him in rage , and Cyrus helps to clean up the murder . The next day when the doctor comes over , Cyrus manages to cover up the crime by having Sally to not be willing to let go of her husband . James suspects that Daniel was murdered and tells David Rosen , who also gets evidence by his assistant . Rowan , on the looking for Maya , gets captured by Fitz , and is taken to the Pentagon until Maya is free . Jake and Huck discover where he is , and Olivia goes to Rowan to get answers to why he ordered the shooting of the plane that killed 329 people . Olivia figures it out - her mother tricked Rowan to think there was a bomb on the plane . Meanwhile , Quinn tries to go back to OPA , but discovers that Huck is not sorry for his actions and she decides to leave . Jake is made the new command by Fitz , and Maya is revealed to be in Washington D.C. , after escaping from the plane which should have taken her to Hong Kong . James tells Cyrus that if he 's named the White House Press Secretary , he 'll stay with Cyrus . 40 11 `` Ride , Sally , Ride '' Tom Verica Raamla Mohamed February 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 27 ) 311 9.32 Chaos spreads at the White House when they learn that Sally is not resigning as Vice President , but rather plans to run against Fitz as a third party because she ca n't support his immoral road . She wo n't stop being the Vice President , and Fitz wants the Governor of California , Andrew Nichols , to be his new VP . Olivia is back in the White House as Fitz 's campaign manager , and Leo raises new claims about Olivia and Fitz 's relationship . Therefore , Mellie asks Olivia to find a man so the attention surrounding the rumor about the affair passes . Cyrus tells Olivia that Jake is now the new command of B613 . The media starts digging into the news that Sally 's husband never had an autopsy , being fed by an anonymous source named Publius ( which is James ) , and OPA tries to get answers from the woman who conducted the autopsy . However , Cyrus tries to put a stop to this by having Quinn and Charlie kidnap the woman 's daughter . Meanwhile , David and James plan to reveal the truth about Daniel Douglas , James saying that Cyrus is a monster needed to be brought down . Rowan makes a threat to Olivia that Fitz wo n't make it to his second term having him as an enemy and helps Leo Bergen . At the announcement of the new VP , it is revealed that Mellie and Andrew used to be together . Olivia decides to have Jake as her pretended boyfriend . Harrison is terrified that Adnan Salif is coming for him - but then they sleep together . 41 12 `` We Do Not Touch the First Ladies '' Oliver Bokelberg Heather Mitchell March 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 06 ) 312 8.53 Olivia and Fitz are in a hotel room getting dressed after spending the night together . He is very upset because Olivia chose Jake to be her pretend boyfriend , creating tension between Olivia and Jake . It 's revealed that after Big Jerry raped Mellie 15 years ago , she attempted suicide . However , Andrew found her and saved her from dying . A reporter finds out that there was drug use ( those which Mellie took to commit suicide ) within the Grant family under the time Fitz was Governor , and OPA tries to cover up the problem . Meanwhile , Quinn tries to prove to Jake that she is capable of being a B613 agent by spying on Rowan , but she is exposed by Olivia . James is afraid that Cyrus could learn that he is leaking information about Daniel 's murder under the alias of Publius . Cyrus enlists Charlie to kidnap Publius . James convinces David to meet with the reporter as `` Publius '' , and David avoids being kidnapped by Charlie since Abby and Huck kidnap and protect him first . Mellie and Andrew kiss , but Mellie backs out of it and feels terrible . Adnan makes a donation to the Fitz reelection campaign , and it is revealed that she is working with Maya Pope . She forces Harrison to help her by saying that Olivia does n't know about Clearwater yet and thinks the only thing Harrison is guilty of is insider trading . Jake is handed all the information of B613 , and discovers that Secret Service agent Thomas Larsen is a B613 agent working inside the White House . 42 13 `` No Sun on the Horizon '' Randy Zisk Matt Byrne March 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 13 ) 313 8.22 Panic begins to spread as Sally wants to reveal her secret about killing her husband in order to fix her relationship with God . Cyrus and Leo try their best to keep the revelation from happening . Olivia learns the secret when David plays her the tape of Sally 's conversation to Cyrus . She tells Fitz about the murder , and tells him to throw the debate so Sally wo n't tell . Cyrus asks Jake to kill Sally in order to keep the secret , and Jake puts a sniper at the presidential debate aiming for Sally . Meanwhile , Jake puts Quinn on a new job selling paper at B613 . After she gets tired of the simple task , Quinn tells Jake how Olivia can get emotionally to him ; Jake promotes her . Cyrus discovers a microphone in his office that James planted . He confronts his husband , but does not blame James for going against him . James and David meet up with a reporter and the NSA employee who knows about Sally and her actions . Jake shows up , kills both the reporter and the NSA employer , and shoots either James or David . 43 14 `` Kiss Kiss Bang Bang '' Paul McCrane Mark Fish March 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 20 ) 314 9.08 It turns out it was James who got shot by Jake in order to protect the secret of Sally Langston killing her husband . David agrees to keep quiet about what just happened . Through flashbacks we are shown the early days of Cyrus and James ' relationship . We see their first date , first kiss and the moment when Cyrus decided to come out to Fitz by inviting James to dance with him at the ball . At the White House , the presidential election campaign gets suspended for a few days by Olivia because of the murder of James . Cyrus , not willing to deal with his husband 's death , takes on more work , worried that Sally will steal the gun lobbyists . Meanwhile , Olivia realizes that Jake was the one behind killing James and confronts him , worrying that he is starting to be more like her father . Huck confronts Quinn about stealing the Daniel Douglas files , and it ends with them kissing . Olivia , after her talk with Rowan about how B613 changes you , decides to take down the organization . Maya and Adnan discuss terrorism and their involvement and want to meet with a certain Ivan . Meanwhile , Andrew and Mellie sleep together . 44 15 `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' Tony Goldwyn Zahir McGhee March 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 27 ) 315 9.01 The Grant kids arrive to the White House for an interview with the whole Grant family . Conflicts arise when it is revealed that Jerry and Karen do n't understand why Mellie stays with Fitz after his infidelity . Olivia discovers that Jerry has a Twitter account where he writes bad things about his father , and that he wants to wear a Reston campaign t - shirt at the interview . After Karen catches Mellie and Andrew having oral sex , Fitz finds out about it and punches Andrew . Fitz and Mellie argue , and Fitz blames Mellie for the end of their marriage because she stopped being sexual . However , the real reason was that Mellie was raped by Fitz 's father , Jerry Sr. Meanwhile , OPA tries to find out where B613 gets their funding . Rowan reveals after a fight with Jake that the organization is funded by all departments of the government . Adnan seeks help from OPA to get away from Maya Pope . However , it is all a plan . She knocks out Harrison with a syringe and steals all the information about the plans of the presidential election campaign and its whereabouts , presenting it to Ivan . 45 16 `` The Fluffer '' Jeannot Szwarc Chris Van Dusen & Raamla Mohamed April 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) 316 9.13 While Olivia is with her father trying to figure out how to take down B613 , Abby is serving as Olivia 's proxy at the White House . Olivia realizes that she 's the `` maid '' when her mother tells her that she 's the one who cleans up everything . The presidential re-election campaign is hit with a problem when Jeannine Locke comes out with a book about her fake affair with the president . Governor Reston gains points in his campaign by visiting his wife in jail . But Cyrus and Leo team up to take down Reston , publishing that Reston killed his wife 's lover on purpose . Elsewhere , Olivia has to get to Jake 's phone for a password , and she manages to do so by sleeping with him . Huck gains access to all the servers of B613 and Olivia gives him the order to shut the agency down . Just when Quinn and Charlie are about to find out what Maya and Adnan 's plans are with a bomb they are presented , B613 gets shut down and Quinn tries to take care of business herself by running into the hotel , followed by Charlie . Back at OPA , Olivia and the others are celebrating their victory when Jake comes in and starts choking Olivia . He says that she just killed the president . 46 17 `` Flesh and Blood '' Debbie Allen Severiano Canales & Miguel Nolla April 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 10 ) 317 9.23 OPA teams up with Rowan in order to find Maya , and both Charlie and Quinn are called in by Jake . They figure out that to find Maya , they have to find the man she loves ; Dominic . Huck finds him , and Rowan plays Russian roulette with him while on the phone with Maya . However , she refuses to tell where the bomb is and Rowan kills Dominic . Meanwhile , a senator dies and Sally fights Fitz to give the eulogy at the funeral . But Fitz is not allowed out of the White House by Olivia since Maya is after him . Mellie asks for a paternity test to find out who Jerry 's father is . Leo finds out about the request and tries to find out for himself , but Rowan sets him up by saying it 's Fitz . Quinn and Huck end up kissing and having sex in the parking garage outside OPA , while Maya Pope strolls right pass them . She confronts Rowan , stabs him and then activates the bomb , which is at the senator 's funeral . Jake figures it out and informs Cyrus about this , but Cyrus keeps quiet and stalls the President at the White House , while Sally Langston actually is at the funeral . 47 18 `` The Price of Free and Fair Elections '' Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes & Mark Wilding April 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 17 ) 318 10.57 The bomb goes off in the church , but not before Fitz evacuates the funeral with help from Jake . Sally takes advantage of the situation by helping victims , which helps her reach the top of the polls . Olivia and Cyrus are convinced that Fitz has lost the election . Olivia tells him the secret about Mellie being raped , which causes him to stay with Mellie . Charlie gives Quinn an envelope containing information about Huck 's family , whom Huck later meets . As Fitz gives a speech at a rally , his son Jerry suffers a seizure and later dies of bacterial meningitis , which makes Fitz surge in the polls . Fitz finds out that Jerry was poisoned , and hires Rowan to kill Maya Pope for the murder . Olivia finally takes up her father 's offer of a new life , and Abby feels betrayed by her decision . Jake asks Olivia to take him with her , and she agrees . Huck desperately tries to convince Olivia that Rowan is n't to be trusted . Rowan forces Harrison to help him capture Maya , and Harrison figures out that Rowan was behind the deaths of Jerry and Adnan . When Harrison confronts Rowan with this , he is killed by Tom . Fitz wins the presidential election , but breaks down crying and tries to call Olivia . Jake sends David copies of all the classified B613 files and then meets Olivia at the plane Rowan has arranged . Reception ( edit ) The season premiere returned with generally favorable reviews from critics , with many commenting that the show lived up to and if anything surpassed the high bar set by the previous season . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100 % approval rating with average rating of 9 / 10 based on 10 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Scandal finds its footing in season three , allowing its characters to blossom and providing the kind of intrigue that makes serialized television so addictive . '' In social media , the season premiere delivered 712,877 tweets , making Scandal # 1 most social series on Thursday night . Kerry Washington was nominated for an Emmy Award ( Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series ) and a Golden Globe Award for her performance in the season . The season premiere had 10.5 million total viewers , up 71 percent from last season 's start in September 2012 . The season finale had 10.5 million total viewers , up 15 % from last season 's finale in May 2013 . The third season had an average of 11.5 million in Total Viewers , up 39 % from the second season which had a total of 8.3 million . It also went up in Adults 18 - 49 with 43 % with an average of 4.0 / 12 , while the previous season had a 2.8 / 8 . This qualifies Scandal as TV 's fastest growing returning series . Repeats air on BET . Ratings ( edit ) Live + SD ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 rank Viewership rank Drama rank 30 `` It 's Handled '' October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) Thursdays 10 : 00 p.m. 3.6 / 10 10.52 10 19 31 `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' October 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 10 ) 3.1 / 9 9.01 8 24 32 `` Mrs. Smith Goes to Washington '' October 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) 3.3 / 10 9.51 7 19 33 `` Say Hello to My Little Friend '' October 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) 2.9 / 8 8.62 15 N / A 34 5 `` More Cattle , Less Bull '' October 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) 2.9 / 9 9.18 11 23 35 6 `` Icarus '' November 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 07 ) 2.8 / 8 8.66 12 N / A 36 7 `` Everything 's Coming Up Mellie '' November 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) 2.9 / 9 9.04 12 25 37 8 `` Vermont is for Lovers , Too '' November 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) 2.9 / 8 8.93 12 25 38 9 `` YOLO '' December 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 05 ) 3.0 / 8 8.27 12 24 39 10 `` A Door Marked Exit '' December 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 12 ) 3.2 / 10 9.22 9 18 40 11 `` Ride , Sally , Ride '' February 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 27 ) 3.4 / 10 9.32 8 21 41 12 `` We Do Not Touch the First Ladies '' March 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 06 ) 2.8 / 8 8.53 8 25 42 13 `` No Sun on the Horizon '' March 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 13 ) 2.8 / 8 8.22 8 25 43 14 `` Kiss Kiss Bang Bang '' March 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 20 ) 2.9 / 9 9.08 16 44 15 `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' March 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 27 ) 3.1 / 9 9.01 6 17 45 16 `` The Fluffer '' April 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) 2.9 / 9 9.13 7 19 46 17 `` Flesh and Blood '' April 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 10 ) 3.0 / 9 9.23 5 16 47 18 `` The Price of Free and Fair Election '' April 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 17 ) 3.4 / 11 10.57 8 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 rating increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 30 `` It 's Handled '' October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) Thursdays 10 : 00 p.m. 1.3 3.32 4.9 13.84 31 `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' October 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 10 ) 1.5 3.76 4.6 12.76 32 `` Mrs. Smith Goes to Washington '' October 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) 1.6 3.94 4.9 13.45 33 `` Say Hello to My Little Friend '' October 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) 1.6 4.02 4.5 12.64 34 5 `` More Cattle , Less Bull '' October 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) 1.7 3.89 4.6 13.07 35 6 `` Icarus '' November 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 07 ) 1.6 4.16 4.4 12.81 36 7 `` Everything 's Coming Up Mellie '' November 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) 1.7 4.07 4.6 13.11 37 8 `` Vermont is for Lovers , Too '' November 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) 1.6 3.94 4.5 12.88 38 9 `` YOLO '' December 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 05 ) 1.5 3.92 4.5 12.20 39 10 `` A Door Marked Exit '' December 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 12 ) 1.4 3.67 4.6 13.04 40 11 `` Ride , Sally , Ride '' February 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 27 ) 1.5 4.11 4.9 13.43 41 12 `` We Do Not Touch the First Ladies '' March 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 06 ) 1.6 4.09 4.4 12.62 42 13 `` No Sun on the Horizon '' March 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 13 ) 1.7 4.22 4.4 12.42 43 14 `` Kiss Kiss Bang Bang '' March 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 20 ) 1.5 3.80 4.4 12.88 44 15 `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' March 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 27 ) 1.6 3.87 4.7 12.89 45 16 `` The Fluffer '' April 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) 1.6 3.72 4.5 12.85 46 17 `` Flesh and Blood '' April 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 10 ) 1.8 4.24 4.8 13.47 47 18 `` The Price of Free and Fair Election '' April 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 17 ) 1.5 3.81 4.9 14.39 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Nominee Result BET Award Best Actress Kerry Washington Won Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Bellamy Young Won Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series Joe Morton Nominated Dorian Award TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Kerry Washington Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Actress in a Television Drama Series Kerry Washington Nominated Gracie Award Outstanding Drama Scandal Won NAACP Image Award Outstanding Drama Series Scandal Won Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series Kerry Washington Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Joe Morton Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Columbus Short Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Guillermo Diaz Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Zahir McGhee ( `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' ) Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Kerry Washington Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Award Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Joe Morton Won Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Kate Burton Nominated Prism Award Drama Series Episode -- Substance Use ( `` Snake in the Garden '' ) Won Performance in a Drama Series Episode ( `` Snake in the Garden '' ) Tony Goldwyn Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Kerry Washington Nominated Vision Award Best Drama Scandal Won DVD Release ( edit ) Scandal : The Complete Third Season Set Details Special Features 18 Episodes ( 1 extended ) 5 - Disc Set English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround ) English SDH , Spanish and French subtitles Finale Extended Episode See the Locations at Set Spotlight Cast Piece : Jeff Perry Deleted Scenes Bloopers Release Dates Region 1 Region 2 September 23 , 2014 January 19 , 2015 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ABC Renews 11 Series , Cancels Happy Endings and Body of Proof - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` ABC 's Split - Season Plans For ' Grey 's , ' ' Scandal ' ' Once Upon a Time ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : Scandal Season 3 Episode Order Trimmed in Wake of Kerry Washington 's Pregnancy News '' . tvline.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` ( Updated ) ' Modern Family ' , ' The Middle , ' ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' Castle ' , ' Scandal ' , Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Revenge ' , ' Agents of SHIELD ' & ' Resurrection ' Renewed by ABC '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Scandal ' Promotes Scott Foley to Series Regular for Season 3 '' . Hollywoodreporter.com . June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Scandal ' Taps ' Friends ' Star Lisa Kudrow for Season 3 '' . Hollywoodreporter.com . August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Scandal ' Welcomes Lisa Kudrow , But Has A ' Fan ' Blog Scandal Of Its Own ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . October 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Scandal ' Recruits ' Private Practice 's ' Paul Adelstein for Season 3 '' . Hollywoodreporter.com . September 9 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' Scandal ' Season 2 : Sally Pressman Joins Cast '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heroes ' Jack Coleman Joins Scandal in Season 3 - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . September 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Scandal ' Casts ' Treme ' Star to Play Olivia 's Mother ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywoodreporter.com . November 17 , 2011 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Khandi Alexander Will Play Olivia Pope 's Mother On ' Scandal ' Shadow and Act '' . Blogs.indiewire.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael . `` Scandal Season 3 : Khandi Alexander Cast as Olivia 's Mother -- Is She Alive ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Arrow , HIMYM , Once , Good Wife , Hannibal , Scandal , Sleepy and More '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scandal Exclusive : The Closer 's Jon Tenney Joins Season 3 Cast as Love Interest for ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . February 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Scandal to Finally Introduce Fitz 's Kids '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Scandal Exclusive : Dylan Minnette , Other Lost Alum Cast as Fitz and Mellie 's Kids '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks And Recreation ' , ' Welcome to the Family ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Michael J. Fox Show ' , & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The X Factor ' & ' Glee ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Crazy Ones ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' and ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : The Vampire Diaries , The Millers & Elementary Adjusted Up ; Sean Saves the World & Parenthood Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Elementary ' , ' Scandal ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Voice ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Parenthood ' , & ' The Michael J Fox Show ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The X Factor ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Glee ' , ' The Michael J. Fox Show ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy Adjusted Up ; ' The X Factor ' , ' Reign ' & ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Sing - Off ' , ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' , ' The Millers ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Once Upon A Time in Wonderland ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' & ' Two and a Half Men ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' and ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Up Plus Final NCAA Tournament Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy Adjusted Up + Final NCAA Basketball Ratings '' . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Scandal ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Idol ' , ' The Millers ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Community ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Shark Tank ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scandal Review : Can You Handle This ? '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Talarico , Brittany ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Scandal Premiere 's Best Moments '' . People.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Scandal ' Premiere Flips the Tables , Olivia Pope Gets Handled '' . TheWrap . October 1 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ' + data. results. personName + ' . `` ' Scandal ' Season 3 premiere : Olivia springs to action in ' It 's Handled , ' as the show returns on top - Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SCANDAL : SEASON 3 ( 2013 - 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Scandal ' Season 3 Debuts w / Historic Ratings ! 10.5 Million Viewers + 712,877 Tweets Shadow and Act '' . Blogs.indiewire.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : ' Scandal ' Surges to Series Highs , ' Millers ' Debuts Well - Sean Hayes Less So '' . Hollywoodreporter.com . November 17 , 2011 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee , Stephan . `` ' Scandal ' returns to best ratings yet , but new shows debut low Inside TV EW.com '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` ABC Wins Thursday with ' Scandal ' Posting Best - Ever Season Finale Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's ' Scandal ' Heads to BET in Early Syndication Deal ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywoodreporter.com . July 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' NFL on CBS ' Tops Week 2 With Adults 18 - 49 and Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 3 With Adults 18 - 49 and Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 4 With Adults 18 - 49 and Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 5 With Adults 18 - 49 , ' NCIS ' Number One With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 6 With Adults 18 - 49 , ' NCIS ' Number One With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 7 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/11/19/tv-ratings-broadcast-top-25-sunday-night-football-tops-week-8-with-adults-18-49-with-total-viewers/216687/ '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . External link in title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 9 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 11 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . Tv by the numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 12 With Adults 18 - 49 , ' NCIS ' Leads Total Viewers '' . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Oscars Top Week 23 With Adults 18 - 49 and Total Viewers '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Week 24 With Adults 18 - 49 and Total Viewers '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Week 25 With Adults 18 - 49 and Total Viewers '' . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Voice ' Tops Week 26 With Adults 18 - 49 ; ' NCIS ' Leads Total Viewers '' . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Voice ' Tops Week 27 With Adults 18 - 49 ; ' NCIS ' Leads Total Viewers '' . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' How I Met Your Mother ' Tops Week 28 With Adults 18 - 49 ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Total Viewers '' . TvV by the numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NCAA Basketball Championship Tops Week 29 With Adults 18 - 49 & Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Scandal ' & ' The Voice ' Top Week 30 With Adults 18 - 49 ; ' NCIS ' Leads Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` Updated Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' New Girl ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gains in Week 2 '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( 27 October 2013 ) . `` Updated Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Elementary ' Earns Biggest Percentage Gain , ' The Blacklist ' Grows Most in Total Viewers in Week 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Updated Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Beauty And the Beast ' Earns Biggest Percentage Gain & ' Toy Story of Terror ' Tops Viewership Gains in Week 4 '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Beauty and the Beast ' Earns Biggest Percentage Gain , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Increases in Week 5 '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Top Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Beauty and the Beast ' , ' Parenthood ' & ' Nashville ' Lead Percentage Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Increases in Week 6 '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Dracula ' Leads Percentage Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Increases in Week 7 '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Elementary ' Leads Percentage Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Increases in Week 8 '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings & Total Viewers Increase + ' Elementary ' & ' Parenthood ' Lead Percentage Gains in Week 9 '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings , ' Glee ' Leads Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Wins Total Viewer Increase in Week 11 '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Grimm ' Leads Percentage Increase in Week 12 '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' Parenthood ' Tops Percentage Gain & ' The Blacklist ' Adds Most Total Viewers in Week 23 '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 24 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' The Following ' Tops Percentage Gain & ' The Blacklist ' Adds Most Total Viewers in Week 24 '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings & Viewership Gains , ' Beauty and the Beast ' Tops Percentage Gains in Week 25 '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Blacklist ' Have Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gains , ' Raising Hope ' & ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gains in Week 26 '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' The Following ' , ' Enlisted ' , ' The Tomorrow People ' & ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Gains Most Viewers in Week 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' Hart of Dixie ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Gains Most Viewers in Week 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings & Viewership Gain , ' Parenthood ' & ' Reign ' Top Percentage Gains in Week 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' Person of Interest ' Tops Viewership Gain , ' The Following ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Reign ' Top Percentage Gains in Week 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Scandal - Date , Package Art , Extras for ' The Complete 3rd Season ' on DVD '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2014 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scandal - Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Scandal episodes on IMDb hide Scandal Episodes Season 1 `` Sweet Baby '' Season 2 `` Nobody Likes Babies '' `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' `` Boom Goes the Dynamite '' `` Top of the Hour '' `` Snake in the Garden '' `` Molly , You in Danger , Girl '' `` Seven Fifty - Two '' Season 3 `` It 's Handled '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Mrs. Smith Goes to Washington '' `` Say Hello to My Little Friend '' `` More Cattle , Less Bull '' `` Icarus '' `` Everything 's Coming Up Mellie '' `` Vermont is for Lovers , Too '' `` YOLO '' `` A Door Marked Exit '' `` The Price of Free and Fair Elections '' Season 4 `` Randy , Red , Superfreak and Julia '' `` Where the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` Run '' `` Where 's the Black Lady ? '' `` Gladiators Do n't Run '' `` No More Blood '' Season 5 `` Heavy is the Head '' `` Dog - Whistle Politics '' `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Season 6 `` Transfer of Power '' Season 7 `` Watch Me '' `` Day 101 '' `` Over a Cliff '' Characters Olivia Pope Abby Whelan Quinn Perkins See also Judy Smith Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scandal_(season_3)&oldid=843203843 '' Categories : 2013 American television seasons 2014 American television seasons Scandal ( TV series ) Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Español Français Italiano Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 16 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandal%20%28season%203%29
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who has the most followers on insta 2017
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This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram . As of February 2018 , the most followed user is Instagram 's own account , with over 232 million followers . Selena Gomez is the most followed individual , with over 133 million followers . Nine accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site .
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Instagram 's own account
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List of most - followed Instagram accounts
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list of most - followed instagram accounts
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This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram . As of February 2018 , the most followed user is Instagram 's own account , with over 232 million followers . Selena Gomez is the most followed individual , with over 133 million followers . Nine accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Top accounts 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country 2 See also 3 References Top accounts All - time The following table lists the top 25 most followed accounts on Instagram , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession of each user and country of origin . Rank Chg Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession Country 1 . @ instagram Instagram 233 Social media platform USA 2 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 134 Musician and actress USA 3 . @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 121 Footballer POR 4 . @ arianagrande Ariana Grande 118 Musician and actress USA 5 . @ beyonce Beyoncé 112 Musician and actress USA 6 . @ kimkardashian Kim Kardashian 108 Reality TV personality USA 7 . @ taylorswift Taylor Swift 107 Musician and actress USA 8 . @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 105 Reality TV personality USA 9 . @ therock Dwayne Johnson 101 Actor and professional wrestler USA 10 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 97 Musician CAN 11 . @ neymarjr Neymar 90 Footballer BRA 12 . @ kendalljenner Kendall Jenner 88 Model USA 13 . @ leomessi Lionel Messi 88 Footballer ARG 14 . @ natgeo National Geographic 86 Magazine USA 15 . @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 86 Musician TRI 16 . @ nike Nike 76 Sportswear multinational corporation USA 17 . @ mileycyrus Miley Cyrus 74 Musician and actress USA 18 . @ khloekardashian Khloé Kardashian 73 Reality TV personality USA 19 . @ jlo Jennifer Lopez 73 Musician and actress USA 20 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 68 Musician USA 21 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 66 Musician and actress USA 22 . @ kourtneykardash Kourtney Kardashian 61 Reality TV personality USA 23 . @ badgalriri Rihanna 61 Musician BAR 24 . @ victoriassecret Victoria 's Secret 59 Lingerie retailer USA 25 . @ kevinhart4real Kevin Hart 57 Comedian USA As of February 23 , 2018 By country Rank Chg Country Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession 1 . United States @ instagram Instagram 233 Social media platform 2 . Portugal @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 121 Footballer 3 . Canada @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 97 Musician 4 . Brazil @ neymarjr Neymar 90 Footballer 5 . Argentina @ leomessi Lionel Messi 88 Footballer 6 . Trinidad and Tobago @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 86 Musician 7 . Barbados @ badgalriri Rihanna 61 Musician 8 . Spain @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 56 Football club 9 . Colombia @ shakira Shakira 46 Musician 10 . Hong Kong @ 9gag 9GAG 44 Social media platform 11 . United Kingdom @ emmawatson Emma Watson 43 Actress 12 . Sweden @ iamzlatanibrahimovic Zlatan Ibrahimović 30 Footballer As of February 23 , 2018 See also List of most - liked Instagram pictures List of most - followed Twitter accounts List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most streamed songs on Spotify References ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Instagram Users by Followers - Socialblade Instagram Stats - Instagram Statistics '' . Socialblade . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez holds on to Instagram crown with most followers in 2017 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Facebook Website Features Beacon Bluetooth Beacon Credits EdgeRank Graph Search Instant Articles Like button Live facebookcorewwwi. onion Platform Safety Check Stories Watch ( List of original programs ) Zero Other products Current Atlas Solutions Express Wi - Fi Free Basics Instagram Hyperlapse List of most liked pictures Messenger MSQRD Oculus Rift Onavo tbh WhatsApp Workplace Former Camera FriendFeed Home HTC First M ( virtual assistant ) Paper Poke ( app ) Riff Slingshot Wirehog People Founders Mark Zuckerberg ( 28 % equity ) Dustin Moskovitz ( 7 % ) Eduardo Saverin ( 5 % , formerly ) Chris Hughes ( 1 % , formerly ) Andrew McCollum Board Mark Zuckerberg Jim Breyer ( 11 % ) Peter Thiel ( 2 % ) Sheryl Sandberg Marc Andreessen Erskine Bowles Susan Desmond - Hellmann Donald E. Graham Reed Hastings Executive officers Current Mark Zuckerberg ( Chairman and CEO ) Sheryl Sandberg ( COO ) David Wehner ( CFO ) Mike Schroepfer ( CTO ) Former Sean Parker ( 4 % , formerly ) Owen Van Natta Gideon Yu Adam D'Angelo Chris Kelly Bret Taylor David Ebersman Notable employees Current Chris Cox ( VP of Product ) Elliot Schrage ( VP of Global Communications , Marketing and Public Policy ) Lars Rasmussen ( Graph Search director ) John Carmack ( CTO of Oculus VR ) Hugo Barra ( VP of Oculus VR ) Naomi Gleit ( VP of social good ) Caryn Marooney ( VP of Communications ) Former Blake Ross ( Director of Product ) Ted Ullyot ( VP , General Counsel , and Secretary ) Matt Cohler Charlie Cheever Randi Zuckerberg Yishan Wong George Hotz Joe Lockhart Andrei Alexandrescu ( research scientist ) Open source Apache Cassandra Apache Hive Apache Thrift Buck FQL Hack HHVM HipHop for PHP MyRocks Open Compute Project Phabricator React RocksDB Scribe Tornado ( web server ) Mass media The Facebook Effect The Accidental Billionaires The Social Network Concepts Activity stream Social graph Friending and following Reblogging Fan - gating Facebook diplomacy Facebook like button Business History Timeline Acquisitions f8 conference IPO Censorship Criticism Litigation Divisions Facebook AI Research Facebook Creative Labs Related Priscilla Chan ( wife of Mark Zuckerberg ) Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Aquila Internet relay drone Willow Village Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-followed_Instagram_accounts&oldid=827337935 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 03 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20most-followed%20Instagram%20accounts
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who enforces the regulations found in the ccr
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California Code of regulations
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california code of regulations
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The California Code of Regulations ( CCR , Cal . Code Regs . ) is the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations ( sometimes called administrative law ) announced in the California Regulatory Notice Register by California state agencies . Such rules and regulations are reviewed , approved , and made available to the public by the Office of Administrative Law ( OAL ) , and are also filed with the Secretary of State .
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The CCR consists of 28 titles and contains the regulations of approximately 200 regulatory agencies . Title 24 , the California Building Standards Code , is not maintained by the OAL but by the California Building Standards Commission . The regulations have substantial portions under copyright ( e.g. , Title 24 , the California Building Standards Code ) , but still have the force of California law . Some regulations , such as the California Department of Social Services Manual of Policies and Procedures concerning welfare in California , are separately published ( i.e. , `` available for public use in the office of the welfare department of each county '' ) . Its role is similar to the Code of Federal Regulations . Unlike the Federal Register , California regulations are not normally published in the Notice Register , meaning that until they are codified in the CCR they must be obtained from the individual agencies or elsewhere . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Procedure 3 List of regulation titles 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The CCR 's predecessor , the California Administrative Code ( CAC ) , resulted from efforts that began in 1941 to codify the growing body of state regulations . In 1988 , the Legislature renamed the CAC to the CCR to reduce confusion with the enacted statutory codes . The OAL contracts with Barclays , a division of Thomson Reuters , to provide a free online version of the official CCR , which is currently provided on the Web through a Westlaw - based interface . In 2008 , Carl Malamud published title 24 of the CCR , the California Building Standards Code , on Public.Resource.Org for free , even though the OAL claims publishing regulations with the force of law without relevant permissions is unlawful . In March 2012 , Malamud published the rest of the CCR on law.resource.org . In February 2013 California State Assemblyman Brian Nestande ( R - 42 ) introduced AB 292 that would mandate the CCR be published under a Creative Commons license . Procedure ( edit ) Regulations are reviewed , approved , and made available to the public by the California Office of Administrative Law ( OAL ) pursuant to the California Administrative Procedure Act ( APA ) . The California Regulatory Notice Register contains notices of proposed regulatory actions by state regulatory agencies to adopt , amend , or repeal regulations contained in the CCR . A state agency must complete its rulemaking and submit the rulemaking file to OAL within one year of the date of publication of a Notice of Proposed Action in the Notice Register . The OAL publishes the Notice Register every Friday . List of regulation titles ( edit ) Title 1 : General Provisions Title 2 : Administration Title 3 : Food and Agriculture Title 4 : Business Regulations Title 5 : Education Title 6 : Governor 's Regulations ( empty ) Title 7 : Harbors and Navigation Title 8 : Industrial Regulations Title 9 : Rehabilitative and Developmental Services Title 10 : Investment Title 11 : Law Title 12 : Military and Veterans Title 13 : Motor Vehicles Title 14 : Natural Resources Title 15 : Crime Prevention and Corrections Title 16 : Professional and Vocational Regulations Title 17 : Public Health Title 18 : Public Revenues Title 19 : Public Safety Title 20 : Public Utilities and Energy Title 21 : Public Works Title 22 : Social Security Title 23 : Waters Title 24 : California Building Standards Code Title 25 : Housing and Community Development Title 26 : Toxics Title 27 : Environmental Protection Title 28 : Managed Health Care See also ( edit ) California Regulatory Notice Register Law of California Code of Federal Regulations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Part 1 , Division 2 , Title 22 of the California Code of Regulations Jump up ^ Halverson , Nathan . `` He 's giving you access , one document at a time '' . The Press Democrat . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` California Code of Regulations '' . Public.Resource.Org . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Malmud , Carl ( 12 February 2013 ) . `` California bill to release the state 's building codes online for free '' . Boing Boing . Jump up ^ Farag , Nanette ( 2013 ) . `` AB 292 : California Code of Regulations : Open Access '' . California State Assembly . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Watt , Robert ; Johns , Francis ( 2009 ) . Concise Legal Research . Federation Press . p. 223 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 862 - 87723 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Official website California Code of Regulations from Westlaw California Code of Regulations from Public.Resource.Org Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_Code_of_Regulations&oldid=813425356 '' Categories : California administrative law United States state administrative codes Publications of the Government of California Government databases in the United States Online law databases Hidden categories : Infobox journals with missing ISO 4 abbreviations Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 17 : 19 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20Code%20of%20Regulations
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when was the cadbury creme egg commercial made
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In North America , Creme Eggs are advertised on television with a small white rabbit called the Cadbury Bunny ( alluding to the Easter Bunny ) which clucks like a chicken . Ads for caramel eggs use a larger gold - coloured rabbit which also clucks , and chocolate eggs use a large brown rabbit which clucks in a deep voice . The advertisements use the slogan `` Nobunny knows Easter better than him '' , spoken by TV personality Mason Adams . The ads have continued to air nearly unchanged into the high definition era , though currently the ad image is slightly zoomed to fill the screen . The majority of rabbits used in the Cadbury commercials are Flemish Giants .
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Cadbury Creme Egg
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cadbury creme egg
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A Cadbury Creme Egg is a chocolate product produced in the shape of an egg . The product consists of a thick chocolate shell , housing a white and yellow fondant filling which mimics the albumen and yolk of a chicken egg . The Creme Eggs are the best selling confectionery item between New Year 's Day and Easter in the UK , with annual sales in excess of 200 million and a brand value of approximately £ 55 million . However , in 2016 sales plummeted after the controversial decision to change the recipe from the original Dairy Milk chocolate to a cheaper substitute , with reports of a loss of more than £ 6m in sales .
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Creme Eggs are produced by Cadbury UK in the United Kingdom , by The Hershey Company in the United States and by Cadbury Adams in Canada . They are sold by Mondelēz International in all markets except the US , where the Hershey Company has the local marketing rights . At the Bournville factory in Birmingham , in the UK , they are manufactured at a rate of 1.5 million per day . The Creme Egg was also previously manufactured in New Zealand but , since 2009 , they are imported from the UK . While filled eggs were first manufactured by the Cadbury Brothers in 1923 , the Creme Egg in its current form was introduced in 1963 . Initially sold as Fry 's Creme Eggs ( incorporating the Fry 's brand ) , they were renamed `` Cadbury 's Creme Eggs '' in 1971 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Product specification 1.1 Packaging 1.2 Availability 1.3 Manufacture in New Zealand 1.4 Manufacturing process 1.5 Varieties 1.6 Changes to product 2 Advertising 2.1 2012 : Olympic Games 2.2 2016 : Creme Egg Café 2.3 2018 : Creme Egg Camp 3 References 4 External links Product specification ( edit ) Packaging ( edit ) Creme eggs are usually sold individually but are also available in boxes containing a varying quantity of eggs depending on the country the packaging is intended for . The foil wrapping of the eggs was traditionally green , red , yellow and blue in colour in the United Kingdom and Ireland , though green was removed and purple replaced blue early in the 21st century . In the United States , some green is incorporated into the design , which previously featured the product 's mascot -- the Creme Egg Chick . As of 2015 , the packaging in Canada has turned into a 34g , purple , red and yellow soft plastic shell . Image of the new packaging introduced in Canada ( 2015 ) . Availability ( edit ) Creme eggs are available annually between 1 January and Easter Day . In the UK in the 1980s , Cadbury made Creme Eggs available year - round but sales dropped and they returned to seasonal availability . Manufacture in New Zealand ( edit ) Creme Eggs were manufactured in New Zealand at the Cadbury factory in Dunedin from 1983 to 2009 . Cadbury in New Zealand and Australia went through a restructuring process which most Cadbury products previously produced in New Zealand being manufactured instead at Cadbury factories in Australia . The Dunedin plant later received a $69 million upgrade to specialise in boxed products such as Cadbury Roses , and Creme Eggs were no longer produced there . The result of the changes meant that Creme Eggs were instead imported from the United Kingdom . The change has also seen the range of Creme Eggs available for sale decreased . The size also dropped from 40g to 39g in this time . The response from New Zealanders has not been positive . Complaints have included the filling not being as runny as the New Zealand version . Manufacturing process ( edit ) Cadbury Creme Eggs are manufactured as two half - egg chocolate shells , each of which is filled with a white fondant , then topped with a smaller amount of yellow fondant , with the egg being filled in such a way that the fondant colours mimic egg yolk and egg white . Both halves are then quickly joined together and cooled , the chocolate bonding together in the process . The solid eggs are removed from the moulds and wrapped in foil . The filling , to be more precise , is inverted sugar syrup , produced by processing the fondant with invertase . Varieties ( edit ) A whole and split caramel egg Over the years , Cadbury has introduced a number of products related to the original Creme Egg , including : Border Creme Eggs . The first variant , wrapped in various colours of tartan foil and containing chocolate fondant . Introduced as `` Fry 's Border Creme Eggs '' in 1970 , rebranded as `` Cadbury Border Creme Eggs '' in 1974 and discontinued in 1981 . Mini Creme Eggs ( bite - sized Creme Eggs ) Caramel Eggs ( chocolate egg with a caramel filling ) , launched in 1994 Caramilk Egg ( Canadian market only ) Mini Caramel Eggs ( bite - sized Caramel Eggs ) Chocolate Creme Eggs ( chocolate fondant filling ) , introduced in 1999 Orange Creme Eggs ( Creme Eggs with a hint of orange flavour ) ' Berry ' Creme Eggs ( magenta wrapper and pink fondant , sold circa 1987 in Australia ) Mint Creme Eggs ( green `` yolk '' and mint flavour chocolate ) Dairy Milk with Creme Egg bars Creme Egg Fondant in a Narrow Cardboard Tube ( limited edition ) Creme Egg ice cream with a fondant sauce in milk chocolate Dream Eggs ( New Zealand ) . White chocolate with white chocolate fondant filling . Discontinued in 2010 . Cadbury McFlurry ( British , Irish , Canadian and Australian McDonald 's only ) McFlurry soft serve mix with Creme Egg & chocolate filling . Creme Egg Twisted ( Britain , Ireland , Australia and Canada ) Available all year round . It was introduced to Australia in 2010 but was quickly discontinued . Holiday Ornament Creme Egg Mad About Chocolate Egg ( Australia and New Zealand ) . Purple wrapper , milk chocolate with chocolate fudge filling . Discontinued in 2010 . Peppermint Egg ( New Zealand ) . Discontinued in 2010 . Giant Creme Eggs , a thick chocolate shell with white and caramel fondant filling . Manufactured in North America . Discontinued in 2006 . Creme Egg Splats - fried egg shaped pieces of milk chocolate filled with fondant . Screme Egg - traditional milk chocolate shell with a white and green fondant center - available for Halloween Screme Egg Minis - Mini version of the Screme Egg - available for Halloween Fudgee - O Egg ( Canada ) . Introduced at the start of 2015 . Filled with a fudge creme centre . Oreo Cream Egg ( Canada ) . Introduced in 2016 . Filled with a white cream centre containing Oreo cookie crumbs . Ghost Egg - Same as normal Creme Egg , but without the `` yolk '' . White Chocolate Creme Egg - Creme Egg , but with white chocolate replacing the milk chocolate . Released in 2018 as part of a UK promotion Other products Jaffa Egg ( New Zealand ) Dark chocolate with orange filling Marble Egg ( New Zealand ) Dairy Milk and Dream Chocolate swirled together Caramilk Egg -- Manufactured in New Zealand , a mixture of caramel and white chocolate with a creamy centre of the same flavour . Chips Ahoy ! Egg ( Canada ) . Introduced in 2017 . Filled with a chocolate chip cookie dough centre . Changes to product ( edit ) During an interview a 2007 episode of Late Night with Conan O'Brien , actor B.J. Novak drew attention to the fact that American market Cadbury Creme Eggs had decreased in size , despite the official Cadbury website stating otherwise . American Creme Eggs at the time weighed 34 g and contained 150 calories . Before 2006 , the eggs marketed by Hershey were identical to the UK version , weighing 39 g and containing 170 calories . In 2015 , the British Cadbury company under the American Mondelēz International conglomerate announced that it had changed the formula of the Cadbury Creme Egg by replacing its Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate with `` standard cocoa mix chocolate '' . It had also reduced the packaging from 6 eggs to 5 with a less than proportionate decrease in price . This resulted in a large number of complaints from consumers . Analysts IRI found that Cadbury lost more than $12 million in Creme Egg sales in the UK . Advertising ( edit ) The Creme Egg has been marketed in the UK and Ireland with the question `` How do you eat yours ? '' and in New Zealand with the slogan `` Do n't get caught with egg on your face '' . Australia and New Zealand have also used a variation of the UK question , using the slogan `` How do you do it ? '' Over the years , there have been several major Cadbury 's Creme Egg campaigns . Man standing by Creme Egg Car c 1970s : `` Shopkeeper '' campaign in which a boy asks for 6000 Cadbury Creme Eggs . `` Irresistibly '' campaign showing characters prepared to do something unusual for a Creme Egg , similar to the `` What would you do for a Klondike bar ? '' campaign . Early 80 's : `` Ca n't Resist Them . '' 1985 : The `` How Do You Eat Yours ? '' campaign begins . Mid 80 's - Present : `` Nobunny Knows Easter Better than Cadbury '' 1985 -- 1996 : `` Do n't get caught with egg on your face '' advertisement in 1990 -- 1993 : The first television campaign to use the `` How Do You Eat Yours ? '' theme , featuring the zodiac signs . 1994 -- 1996 : Spitting Image characters continued `` How Do You Eat Yours ? '' 1997 -- 1999 : Matt Lucas , with the catchphrase `` I 've seen the future , and it 's egg shaped ! '' 2000 -- 2003 : The `` Pointing Finger '' 2004 : The `` Roadshow '' finger 2005 : `` Licky , Sticky , Happy '' 2006 -- 2007 : `` Eat It Your Way '' 2008 -- 2009 : `` Here Today , Goo Tomorrow '' 2008 -- 2009 : `` Unleash the Goo '' 2009 : `` Release the Goo '' 2010 : `` You 'll Miss Me When I 'm Gone '' 2011 : `` Goo Dares Wins '' 2011 : `` Get Your Goo On ! '' 2012 : `` Gooing For Gold '' 2012 : `` It 's Goo Time '' 2013 -- 2016 : `` Have a fling with a Creme Egg '' 2017 - Present : `` It 's Hunting Season '' In North America , Creme Eggs are advertised on television with a small white rabbit called the Cadbury Bunny ( alluding to the Easter Bunny ) which clucks like a chicken . Ads for caramel eggs use a larger gold - coloured rabbit which also clucks , and chocolate eggs use a large brown rabbit which clucks in a deep voice . The advertisements use the slogan `` Nobunny knows Easter better than him '' , spoken by TV personality Mason Adams . The ads have continued to air nearly unchanged into the high definition era , though currently the ad image is slightly zoomed to fill the screen . The majority of rabbits used in the Cadbury commercials are Flemish Giants . In the UK , around the year 2000 , selected stores were provided stand alone paperboard cutouts of something resembling a `` love tester '' . The shopper would press a button in the centre and a `` spinner '' ( a series of LED lights ) would select at random a way of eating the Creme Egg , e.g. `` with chips '' . These were withdrawn within a year . There are also the `` Creme Egg Cars '' which are , as the name suggest , ovular vehicles painted to look like Creme Eggs . They are driven to various places to advertise the eggs but are based mainly at the Cadbury factory in Bournville . Five `` Creme Egg Cars '' were built from Bedford Rascal chassis . The headlights are taken from a Citroën 2CV . For the 2009 season , advertising in the UK , Ireland , Australia , New Zealand and Canada consisted of stopmotion adverts in the `` Release the Goo '' campaign which comprised a Creme Egg stripping itself of its wrapper and then breaking its own shell , usually with household appliances and equipment , while making various ' goo ' sounds , and a ' relieved ' noise when finally able to break its shell . The Cadbury 's Creme Egg website featured games where the player had to prevent the egg from finding a way to release its goo . Crème de la Creme Egg Café in Soho , London A similar advertising campaign in 2010 featured animated Creme Eggs destroying themselves in large numbers , such as gathering together at a cinema before bombarding into each other to release all of the eggs ' goo , and another which featured eggs being destroyed by mouse traps . 2012 : Olympic Games ( edit ) In 2012 , Cadbury parodied the Olympic Games by using Creme Eggs instead of athletes . The first advert was 31 seconds long and consists of an Opening Ceremony , performed by stripped and packed Creme Eggs . Each other advert contained a Creme Egg trying to ' release the goo ' whilst in an Olympic event . An online game was created by Cadbury , so the public could play the ' Goo Games ' . Six events were available to play and each of them was shown as a cartoon sketch . 2016 : Creme Egg Café ( edit ) In 2016 , Cadbury opened a pop - up café titled `` Crème de la Creme Egg Café '' in London . Tickets for the café sold out within an hour of being published online . The café on Greek Street , Soho , was open every Friday , Saturday , Sunday from January 22 , to March 6 , 2016 Food portal United Kingdom portal 1960s portal 2018 : Creme Egg Camp ( edit ) In 2018 , Cadbury opened a pop - up camp . The camp in Last Days of Shoreditch , Old Street was open every Thursday to Sunday from January 19 , to February 18 , 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Creme Egg '' . www.cadbury.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury UK brand information '' . United Kingdom : Cadbury . Archived from the original on 28 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury loses more than £ 6m in Creme Egg sales after changing recipe '' . United Kingdom : The Telegraph . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQ 's -- NZ Product Changes '' . Cadbury New Zealand . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cadbury UK Easter Egg Information '' ( PDF ) . United Kingdom : Cadbury . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kraft Foods brand information '' . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Creme Egg '' . Cadbury. 15 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 28 January 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Campaign article on short sales season '' . United Kingdom : Campaign Magazine . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Creme Egg fans say UK imports no yolk '' . New Zealand Herald . 14 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Cadbury Creme Egg from the Cadbury website Jump up ^ Cadbury website . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LaBau , Elizabeth . What is Invertase ? About.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hershey 's Screme Egg Information '' . United States : Hershey 's . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury Screme Egg Minis Information '' . United Kingdom : Cadbury . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury launches WHITE Creme Eggs and these are the shops they 're hidden in '' . The Sun . 2018 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Archive.org : Cadbury Creme Egg FAQ '' . Archive.org . Archived from the original on 28 March 2006 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hershey Company product information '' . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hershey 's Cadbury Creme Egg , Original nutrition information '' . dietfacts.com . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury Creme Egg -- 39g '' . United Kingdom : Cadbury . Archived from the original on 25 October 2007 . Retrieved 22 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Adam Gabbatt . `` Shellshock ! Cadbury comes clean on Creme Egg chocolate change '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury 's changes the Creme Egg recipe '' . BelfastTelegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ Levi Winchester . `` Cadbury 's US owners accused of ' ruining Easter ' after changing Creme Egg shell chocolate - Weird - News - Daily Express '' . Express.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Shock as Cadbury 's changes the Creme Egg recipe '' . The New Zealand Herald . Jump up ^ `` This is why you do n't mess with people 's chocolate '' . news.com.au . News Limited . 13 January 2016 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury Creme Eggs Ad ( 1985 ad , 1992 Version ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Cadbury ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) , It 's Creme Egg Hunting Season 2018 - UK ( 20 secs ) , retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 Jump up ^ `` The stig does the creme egg car ! ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved 23 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cracking news ! A Creme Egg café is coming to Soho '' . Time Out London . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Cadbury Crème de la Creme Egg Cafe '' . Eventbrite . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Rachel . `` Crème Egg Café to open featuring a ball pool and a very chocolatey menu '' . mirror . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Creme Egg Camp '' . Eventbrite . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Cadbury UK Cadbury Chocolates from Hershey 's website Mondelēz International brands Nabisco brands and other snacks Arrowroot Barni Barnum 's Animals Belvita Better Cheddars Bimo Cheese Nips Chips Ahoy ! Club Social Comet Enjoy Life Fig Newtons Filipinos Fudgee - O Ginger Snaps Good Thins Handi - Snacks Honey Maid In a Biskit Kinh Do Lefèvre - Utile ( LU ) Lorna Doone Mallomars Mikado Nilla Nutter Butter Oreo Peek Freans Premium Crackers Prince Rice Thins Ritz Crackers SnackWells Sociables Social Tea Stoned Wheat Thins Teddy Grahams Tiger Trakinas Triscuit TUC Vegetable Thins Wheat Thins Wheatsworth Cadbury brands 5 star chocolate Astros Boost Bournville Bournvita Brunch Bar Buttons Carambar Caramello Koala Caramilk Chappies Cherry Ripe Chomp Clusters Creme Egg Creme Egg Twisted Crispy Crunch Crunchie Curly Wurly Dairy Milk ( Caramel , Fruit & Nut ) Double Decker Dream Eclairs Fingers Flake Freddo Fry 's Chocolate Cream Fry 's Turkish Delight Fudge Fuse Green & Black 's Heroes Jelly Babies Kent Koko Kréma La Pie qui Chante Mantecol Maynards Bassetts ( Maynards & Bassett 's ) Milk Tray Mini Eggs Moro Mr. Big Old Gold Palitos de la selva Pascall Picnic Poulain Roses Shots Snack Snowflake Starbar The Natural Confectionery Company Time Out Trebor Twirl Vichy Pastilles Wispa Yowie Gums Beemans gum Bubbaloo Bubblicious Certs Chiclets Clorets Dentyne Dentyne Mints Dirol Freshen Up Gum Hollywood Chewing Gum Malabar Sour Patch Kids Stimorol Stride Swedish Fish Trident Wunderbar Chocolates Alpen Gold Baker 's Chocolate Côte d'Or Daim Freia Freia Melkesjokolade Kvikk Lunsj Lacta Marabou Milka O'Boy Poiana Prince Polo Terry 's Terry 's All Gold Terry 's Chocolate Orange Toblerone Twist Coffee ( Jacobs Douwe Egberts ) Douwe Egberts Gevalia HAG Jacobs Kenco L'OR Moccona Pilão Senseo Super Tassimo Other brands Clight Eden Halls Philadelphia Royal 90 Brasil Sottilette ( Kraft Singles ) Tang Discontinued Bonkers candy Cameo cookies In the United States , these products are manufactured and marketed by The Hershey Company under a prior licensing agreement . The Hershey Company Milton S. Hershey Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company Entertainment Group Hersheypark ZooAmerica North American Wildlife Park Giant Center Hersheypark Stadium Hershey Bears Hersheypark Arena Hershey Theatre Hershey Nursery Hershey Laundry & Dry Cleaning Resorts Group The Hotel Hershey Hershey Lodge The Spa At The Hotel Hershey MeltSpa by Hershey Hershey Country Club Hersheypark Camping Resort The Hershey Company Chocolate - based products 5th Avenue Air Delight Almond Joy Bar None Bliss Brookside Cadbury Creme Egg3 Cadbury Dairy Milk 3 Cherry Blossom Cookies ' n ' Creme Cookies ' n ' Mint Dagoba Glosette Heath bar Hershey bar Hershey - ets Hershey 's Drops Hershey 's Gold Hershey 's Kisses Hershey 's Kissables Hershey 's Miniatures Hershey 's S'mores Hershey 's Special Dark Kit Kat 2 Krackel Milk Duds Mini Eggs 3 Mounds Mr. Goodbar NutRageous Oh Henry ! 1 Rally Reese 's Crispy Crunchy Bar Reese 's Fast Break Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups Reese 's Pieces Reese 's Sticks Reese 's Whipps Rolo 2 Scharffen Berger Skor Snack Barz Swoops Symphony Take 5 ( Max 5 ) United States military chocolate Whatchamacallit Whoppers York Peppermint Pattie Other products Bubble Yum Good & Plenty Good & Fruity Ice Breakers Jolly Rancher Koolerz Lancaster Soft Crèmes PayDay Twizzlers Zagnut ZERO Italics indicates discontinued products Hershey Trust Company Milton Hershey School Trust Hershey Cemetery Trust The M.S. Hershey Foundation Trust The Hershey Story Hershey Gardens Hershey Theatre Hershey Community Archives Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center Hershey , PA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadbury_Creme_Egg&oldid=834273046 '' Categories : British confectionery Cadbury brands The Hershey Company brands Mondelēz brands Brand name chocolate Products introduced in 1963 Candy Brand name confectionery Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 20 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadbury%20Creme%20Egg
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the contract that exists between the insurer and the insured
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In insurance , the insurance policy is a contract ( generally a standard form contract ) between the insurer and the insured , known as the policyholder , which determines the claims which the insurer is legally required to pay . In exchange for an initial payment , known as the premium , the insurer promises to pay for loss caused by perils covered under the policy language .
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the insurance policy
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Insurance policy
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insurance policy
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In insurance , the insurance policy is a contract ( generally a standard form contract ) between the insurer and the insured , known as the policyholder , which determines the claims which the insurer is legally required to pay . In exchange for an initial payment , known as the premium , the insurer promises to pay for loss caused by perils covered under the policy language .
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Insurance contracts are designed to meet specific needs and thus have many features not found in many other types of contracts . Since insurance policies are standard forms , they feature boilerplate language which is similar across a wide variety of different types of insurance policies . The insurance policy is generally an integrated contract , meaning that it includes all forms associated with the agreement between the insured and insurer . In some cases , however , supplementary writings such as letters sent after the final agreement can make the insurance policy a non-integrated contract . One insurance textbook states that generally `` courts consider all prior negotiations or agreements ... every contractual term in the policy at the time of delivery , as well as those written afterward as policy riders and endorsements ... with both parties ' consent , are part of the written policy '' . The textbook also states that the policy must refer to all papers which are part of the policy . Oral agreements are subject to the parol evidence rule , and may not be considered part of the policy if the contract appears to be whole . Advertising materials and circulars are typically not part of a policy . Oral contracts pending the issuance of a written policy can occur . Contents ( hide ) 1 General features 2 Structure 3 Parts of an insurance contract 4 Industry standard forms 4.1 Manuscript policies and endorsements 5 References General features ( edit ) The insurance contract or agreement is a contract whereby the insurer promises to pay benefits to the insured or on their behalf to a third party if certain defined events occur . Subject to the `` fortuity principle '' , the event must be uncertain . The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen ( e.g. in a life insurance policy , the time of the insured 's death is uncertain ) or as to if it will happen at all ( e.g. in a fire insurance policy , whether or not a fire will occur at all ) . Insurance contracts are generally considered contracts of adhesion because the insurer draws up the contract and the insured has little or no ability to make material changes to it . This is interpreted to mean that the insurer bears the burden if there is any ambiguity in any terms of the contract . Insurance policies are sold without the policyholder even seeing a copy of the contract . In 1970 Robert Keeton suggested that many courts were actually applying ' reasonable expectations ' rather than interpreting ambiguities , which he called the ' reasonable expectations doctrine ' . This doctrine has been controversial , with some courts adopting it and others explicitly rejecting it . In several jurisdictions , including California , Wyoming , and Pennsylvania , the insured is bound by clear and conspicuous terms in the contract even if the evidence suggests that the insured did not read or understand them . Insurance contracts are aleatory in that the amounts exchanged by the insured and insurer are unequal and depend upon uncertain future events . In contrast , ordinary non-insurance contracts are commutative in that the amounts ( or values ) exchanged are usually intended by the parties to be roughly equal . This distinction is particularly important in the context of exotic products like finite risk insurance which contain `` commutation '' provisions . Insurance contracts are unilateral , meaning that only the insurer makes legally enforceable promises in the contract . The insured is not required to pay the premiums , but the insurer is required to pay the benefits under the contract if the insured has paid the premiums and met certain other basic provisions . Insurance contracts are governed by the principle of utmost good faith ( uberrima fides ) which requires both parties of the insurance contract to deal in good faith and in particular it imparts on the insured a duty to disclose all material facts which relate to the risk to be covered . This contrasts with the legal doctrine that covers most other types of contracts , caveat emptor ( let the buyer beware ) . In the United States , the insured can sue an insurer in tort for acting in bad faith . Structure ( edit ) Insurance contracts were traditionally written on the basis of every single type of risk ( where risks were defined extremely narrowly ) , and a separate premium was calculated and charged for each . Only those individual risks expressly described or `` scheduled '' in the policy were covered ; hence , those policies are now described as `` individual '' or `` schedule '' policies . This system of `` named perils '' or `` specific perils '' coverage proved to be unsustainable in the context of the Second Industrial Revolution , in that a typical large conglomerate might have dozens of types of risks to insure against . For example , in 1926 , an insurance industry spokesman noted that a bakery would have to buy a separate policy for each of the following risks : manufacturing operations , elevators , teamsters , product liability , contractual liability ( for a spur track connecting the bakery to a nearby railroad ) , premises liability ( for a retail store ) , and owners ' protective liability ( for negligence of contractors hired to make any building modifications ) . In 1941 , the insurance industry began to shift to the current system where covered risks are initially defined broadly in an `` all risk '' or `` all sums '' insuring agreement on a general policy form ( e.g. , `` We will pay all sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages ... '' ) , then narrowed down by subsequent exclusion clauses ( e.g. , `` This insurance does not apply to ... '' ) . If the insured desires coverage for a risk taken out by an exclusion on the standard form , the insured can sometimes pay an additional premium for an endorsement to the policy that overrides the exclusion . Insurers have been criticized in some quarters for the development of complex policies with layers of interactions between coverage clauses , conditions , exclusions , and exceptions to exclusions . In a case interpreting one ancestor of the modern `` products - completed operations hazard '' clause , the Supreme Court of California complained : `` The instant case presents yet another illustration of the dangers of the present complex structuring of insurance policies . Unfortunately the insurance industry has become addicted to the practice of building into policies one condition or exception upon another in the shape of a linguistic Tower of Babel . We join other courts in decrying a trend which both plunges the insured into a state of uncertainty and burdens the judiciary with the task of resolving it . We reiterate our plea for clarity and simplicity in policies that fulfill so important a public service . '' Parts of an insurance contract ( edit ) Declarations - identifies who is an insured , the insured 's address , the insuring company , what risks or property are covered , the policy limits ( amount of insurance ) , any applicable deductibles , the policy period and premium amount . These are usually provided on a form that is filled out by the insurer based on the insured 's application and attached on top of or inserted within the first few pages of the policy . Definitions - Defines important terms used in the rest of the policy . Insuring agreement - Describes the covered perils , or risks assumed , or nature of coverage . This is where the insurance company makes one or more express promises to indemnify the insured . Exclusions - Takes coverage away from the insuring agreement by describing property , perils , hazards or losses arising from specific causes which are not covered by the policy . Conditions - These are specific provisions , rules of conduct , duties , and obligations which the insured must comply with in order for coverage to incept , or must remain in compliance with in order to keep coverage in effect . If policy conditions are not met , the insurer can deny the claim . Policy form - The definitions , insuring agreement , exclusions , and conditions are typically combined into a single integrated document called a policy form , coverage form , or coverage part . When multiple coverage forms are packaged into a single policy , the declarations will state as much , and then there may be additional declarations specific to each coverage form . Traditionally , policy forms have been so rigidly standardized that they have no blank spaces to be filled in . Instead , they always expressly refer to terms or amounts stated in the declarations . If the policy needs to be customized beyond what is possible with the declarations , then the underwriter attaches endorsements or riders . Endorsements - Additional forms attached to the policy that modify it in some way , either unconditionally or upon the existence of some condition . Endorsements can make policies difficult to read for nonlawyers ; they may revise , expand , or delete clauses located many pages earlier in one or more coverage forms , or even modify each other . Because it is very risky to allow nonlawyer underwriters to directly rewrite policy forms with word processors , insurers usually direct underwriters to modify them by attaching endorsements preapproved by counsel for various common modifications . Riders - A rider is used to convey the terms of a policy amendment and the amendment thereby becomes part of the policy . Riders are dated and numbered so that both insurer and policyholder can determine provisions and the benefit level . Common riders to group medical plans involve name changes , change to eligible classes of employees , change in level of benefits , or the addition of a managed care arrangement such as a Health Maintenance Organization or Preferred Provider Organization ( PPO ) . Jackets - The term has several distinct and confusing meanings . In general , it refers to some set of standard boilerplate provisions which accompanies all policies at the time of delivery . Some insurers refer to a package of standard documents shared across an entire family of policies as a `` jacket . '' Some insurers extend this to include policy forms , so that the only parts of the policy not part of the jacket are the declarations , endorsements , and riders . Other insurers use the term `` jacket '' in a manner closer to its ordinary meaning : a binder , envelope , or presentation folder with pockets in which the policy may be delivered , or a cover sheet to which the policy forms are stapled or which is stapled on top of the policy . The standard boilerplate provisions are then printed on the jacket itself . Industry standard forms ( edit ) In the United States , property and casualty insurers typically use similar or even identical language in their standard insurance policies , which are drafted by advisory organizations such as the Insurance Services Office and the American Association of Insurance Services . This reduces the regulatory burden for insurers as policy forms must be approved by states ; it also allows consumers to more readily compare policies , albeit at the expense of consumer choice . In addition , as policy forms are reviewed by courts , the interpretations become more predictable as courts elaborate upon the interpretation of the same clauses in the same policy forms , rather than different policies from different insurers . In recent years , however , insurers have increasingly modified the standard forms in company - specific ways or declined to adopt changes to standard forms . For example , a review of home insurance policies found substantial differences in various provisions . In some areas such as directors and officers liability insurance and personal umbrella insurance there is little industry - wide standardization . Manuscript policies and endorsements ( edit ) For the vast majority of insurance policies , the only page that is heavily custom - written to the insured 's needs is the declarations page . All other pages are standard forms that refer back to terms defined in the declarations as needed . However , certain types of insurance , such as media insurance , are written as manuscript policies , which are either custom - drafted from scratch or written from a mix of standard and nonstandard forms . By analogy , policy endorsements which are not written on standard forms or whose language is custom - written to fit the insured 's particular circumstances are known as manuscript endorsements . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 48 , 51 , 71 . Available through HeinOnline . ^ Jump up to : Wollner KS. ( 1999 ) . How to Draft and Interpret Insurance Policies . Casualty Risk Publishing LLC . ^ Jump up to : Porter K. ( 2007 ) . The Legal Environment of Insurance , § 5.17 . AICPCU . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 54 . Available through HeinOnline . Jump up ^ Rahdert MC. ( 1998 ) . Reasonable Expectations Revisited . Conn . Ins . Law Journal . Jump up ^ Hadland v. NN Investors Life Ins. Co. , 24 Cal . App . 4th 1578 ( 1994 ) . Jump up ^ St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Co. v. Albany County School District No. 1 , 763 P. 2d 1255 ( Wyo. 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Standard Venetian Blind Co. v. American Empire Ins. Co. , 503 Pa. 300 , 469 A. 2d 563 ( 1983 ) . ^ Jump up to : Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 53 . Available through HeinOnline . ^ Jump up to : Clore , Duncan L. ( 1998 ) . Financial Institution Bonds ( 2nd ed . ) . Chicago : American Bar Association . p. 431 . ISBN 9781570736209 . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 69 . Available through HeinOnline . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 61 . Available through HeinOnline . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Eugene R. ; Stanzler , Jordan S. ; Masters , Lorelie S. ( 2013 ) . Insurance Coverage Litigation ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Wolters Kluwer . p. 1 - 31 . ISBN 9780735511736 . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Corban v. United Services Auto . Ass'n , 20 So. 3d 601 ( Miss . 2009 ) ( analyzing `` named perils '' coverage ) . Jump up ^ Vision One v. Philadelphia Indem . Ins. Co. , 174 Wash. 2d 501 , 276 P. 3d 300 ( 2012 ) ( analyzing `` named perils '' and `` specific perils '' coverage ) . Jump up ^ Intermetal Mexicana v. Insurance Co. of North America , 866 F. 2d 71 ( 3d Cir. 1989 ) ( analyzing `` all risks '' coverage ) . Jump up ^ JH France Refractories Co. v. Allstate Ins. Co. , 626 A. 2d 502 , 534 Pa. 29 ( 1993 ) ( analyzing `` all sums '' coverage ) . Jump up ^ Stempel , Jeffrey W. ( 2007 ) . Stempel on Insurance Contracts ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Aspen Publishers . pp. 2 -- 113 -- 2 -- 116 . ISBN 0735554366 . Jump up ^ Baker v. National Interstate Ins. Co. 180 Cal . App . 4th 1319 , 103 Cal . Rptr . 3d 565 ( 2009 ) . This case explains how the modern clause more clearly excludes both the `` products '' and `` completed operations '' hazards as separate things ( i.e. , each hazard is separately excluded ) , as opposed to the prior version which was held to apply only when both hazards were present . Jump up ^ Insurance Co. of North America v. Electronic Purification Co. , 67 Cal . 2d 679 , 63 Cal . Rptr. 382 , 433 P. 2d 174 ( 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 73 . Available through HeinOnline . Jump up ^ Mathias , Jr. , John H. ; Shugrue , John D. ; Thomas A. , Marrinson ; Daniel J. , Struck ( 2006 ) . `` § 1.01 , Components of an Insurance Policy '' . Insurance Coverage Disputes . New York : Law Journal Press . p. 1 - 2 . ISBN 1588520757 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mathias , Jr. , John H. ; Shugrue , John D. ; Thomas A. , Marrinson ; Daniel J. , Struck ( 2006 ) . `` § 1.01 , Components of an Insurance Policy '' . Insurance Coverage Disputes . New York : Law Journal Press . p. 1 - 6 . ISBN 1588520757 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 72 . Available through HeinOnline . Jump up ^ Mathias , Jr. , John H. ; Shugrue , John D. ; Thomas A. , Marrinson ; Daniel J. , Struck ( 2006 ) . `` § 1.01 , Components of an Insurance Policy '' . Insurance Coverage Disputes . New York : Law Journal Press . p. 1 - 5 . ISBN 1588520757 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 73 -- 74 . Available through HeinOnline . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 65 . Available through HeinOnline . Jump up ^ Mathias , Jr. , John H. ; Shugrue , John D. ; Thomas A. , Marrinson ; Daniel J. , Struck ( 2006 ) . `` § 1.01 , Components of an Insurance Policy '' . Insurance Coverage Disputes . New York : Law Journal Press . p. 1 - 7 . ISBN 1588520757 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pricing Medical Expense Insurance , '' in Medical Expense Insurance , ( Washington : The Health Insurance Association of America , 1997 ) , 89 . ^ Jump up to : Impact of the Abolition of McCarran - Ferguson Antitrust Exemption for the `` Business of Insurance '' . CRS . Jump up ^ Boardman M. ( 2006 ) . Contra Proferentem : The Allure of Ambiguous Boilerplate . Michigan Law Review . Jump up ^ Policy Issues : ISO Program Revisions . PropertyCasualty360 . Jump up ^ Schwarzc D. ( 2011 ) . Reevaluating Standardized Insurance Policies . The University of Chicago Law Review . See also : Not All Homeowners ' Policies Are Alike . New York Times . Jump up ^ E&O Insights : Directors & Officers Liability Is Not Your Normal Insurance Product . Insurance Journal . Jump up ^ Time To Standardize Personal Umbrella Insurance Policies . IRMI . Jump up ^ Dart Industries , Inc. v. Commercial Union Insurance Co. , 28 Cal . 4th 1059 , 124 Cal . Rptr . 2d 142 , 52 P. 3d 79 ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Mathias , Jr. , John H. ; Shugrue , John D. ; Thomas A. , Marrinson ; Daniel J. , Struck ( 2006 ) . `` § 1.03 , Types of Insurance Policies '' . Insurance Coverage Disputes . New York : Law Journal Press . p. 1 - 16 . ISBN 1588520757 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . ( hide ) Insurance Types of insurance Health Accidental death and dismemberment Dental Disability ( Total permanent disability ) Income protection Long - term care National health Payment protection Life Mortgage life Term life Universal life Variable universal life Whole life Business Bond Business owner Directors and officers liability Fidelity Professional liability Protection and indemnity Trade credit Umbrella Residential Contents Earthquake Flood Home Landlords ' Lenders mortgage Mortgage Property Renters ' Title Transport / Communication Aviation Computer Public auto Marine Satellite Shipping Travel Vehicle Other Reinsurance Casualty Crime Crop Divorce Group Liability No - fault Pet Terrorism Wage War risk Weather Workers ' compensation Takaful Insurance policy and law Insurance policy Insurance law Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Insurance fraud Other History of insurance Unitised insurance fund List of topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insurance_policy&oldid=833090795 '' Categories : Insurance Contract law Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from September 2016 All articles to be merged Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Српски / srpski தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 16 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance%20policy
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how many episodes is the new orange is the new black
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As of July 27 , 2018 , 78 episodes of Orange Is the New Black have been released , concluding the sixth season . The series has been renewed for its seventh season .
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78
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List of Orange Is the New Black episodes
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list of orange is the new black episodes
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Orange Is the New Black is an American comedy - drama series created by Jenji Kohan , which premiered on July 11 , 2013 , on Netflix . The series , based on Piper Kerman 's memoir Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , follows Piper Chapman ( Taylor Schilling ) , a happily engaged New Yorker who is sent to a women 's federal prison for transporting a suitcase full of drug money across international borders , 10 years prior , for her girlfriend at the time , Alex Vause ( Laura Prepon ) .
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As of July 27 , 2018 , 78 episodes of Orange Is the New Black have been released , concluding the sixth season . The series has been renewed for its seventh season . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2018 ) 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 13 July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 13 June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 13 June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 13 June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 5 13 June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 6 13 July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date `` I Was n't Ready '' Michael Trim Liz Friedman & Jenji Kohan Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) `` Tit Punch '' Uta Briesewitz Marco Ramirez Red & Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) `` Lesbian Request Denied '' Jodie Foster Sian Heder Sophia & Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) `` Imaginary Enemies '' Michael Trim Gary Lennon Miss Claudette July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 5 5 `` The Chickening '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Aleida & Daya July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 6 6 `` WAC Pack '' Michael Trim Lauren Morelli Nicky & Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 7 7 `` Blood Donut '' Matthew Penn Sara Hess Watson July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 8 8 `` Moscow Mule '' Phil Abraham Marco Ramirez Red July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 9 9 `` Fucksgiving '' Michael Trim Sian Heder Alex July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 10 10 `` Bora Bora Bora '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Piper & Tricia July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 11 11 `` Tall Men with Feelings '' Constantine Makris Lauren Morelli Piper & Alex July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 12 12 `` Fool Me Once '' Andrew McCarthy Sara Hess Pennsatucky July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 13 13 `` Ca n't Fix Crazy '' Michael Trim Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan none July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 14 `` Thirsty Bird '' Jodie Foster Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan Piper June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 15 `` Looks Blue , Tastes Red '' Michael Trim Jenji Kohan Taystee June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 16 `` Hugs Can Be Deceiving '' Michael Trim Lauren Morelli Suzanne June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 17 `` A Whole Other Hole '' Phil Abraham Sian Heder Lorna June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 18 5 `` Low Self Esteem City '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Gloria June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 19 6 `` You Also Have a Pizza '' Allison Anders Stephen Falk Poussey June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 20 7 `` Comic Sans '' Andrew McCarthy Sara Hess Cindy June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 21 8 `` Appropriately Sized Pots '' Daisy von Scherler Mayer Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss Rosa June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 22 9 `` 40 Oz. of Furlough '' S.J. Clarkson Lauren Morelli Red & Vee June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 23 10 `` Little Mustachioed Shit '' Jennifer Getzinger Sian Heder Piper & Alex June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 24 11 `` Take a Break from Your Values '' Constantine Makris Nick Jones Sister Ingalls June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 25 12 `` It Was the Change '' Phil Abraham Sara Hess Taystee & Vee June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 26 13 `` We Have Manners . We 're Polite . '' Constantine Makris Jenji Kohan none June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 3 ) `` Ching Chong Chang '' redirects here . For the term , see Ching chong . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 27 `` Mother 's Day '' Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan various June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 28 `` Bed Bugs and Beyond '' Constantine Makris Jim Danger Gray Bennett June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 29 `` Empathy Is a Boner Killer '' Michael Trim Nick Jones Nicky June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 30 `` Finger in the Dyke '' Constantine Makris Lauren Morelli Big Boo June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 31 5 `` Fake It Till You Fake It Some More '' Nicole Holofcener Tara Herrmann Flaca June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 32 6 `` Ching Chong Chang '' Anthony Hemingway Sara Hess Chang June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 33 7 `` Tongue - Tied '' Julie Anne Robinson Sian Heder Norma June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 34 8 `` Fear , and Other Smells '' Mark A. Burley Nick Jones Alex June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 35 9 `` Where My Dreidel At '' Andrew McCarthy Jordan Harrison Leanne June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 36 10 `` A Tittin ' and a Hairin ' '' Jesse Peretz Lauren Morelli Pennsatucky June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 37 11 `` We Can Be Heroes '' Phil Abraham Sian Heder Caputo June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 38 12 `` Do n't Make Me Come Back There '' Uta Briesewitz Sara Hess Aleida & Daya June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 39 13 `` Trust No Bitch '' Phil Abraham Jim Danger Gray & Jenji Kohan various June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) Season 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 40 `` Work That Body for Me '' Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 41 `` Power Suit '' Constantine Makris Sara Hess Maria June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 42 `` ( Do n't ) Say Anything '' Andrew McCarthy Jim Danger Gray Soso June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 43 `` Doctor Psycho '' Erin Feeley Carly Mensch Healy June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 44 5 `` We 'll Always Have Baltimore '' Tricia Brock Jordan Harrison Maritza June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 45 6 `` Piece of Shit '' Uta Briesewitz Lauren Morelli none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 46 7 `` It Sounded Nicer in My Head '' Mark A. Burley Nick Jones Lolly June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 47 8 `` Friends in Low Places '' Phil Abraham Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss Piper June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 48 9 `` Turn Table Turn '' Constantine Makris Sara Hess Blanca June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 49 10 `` Bunny , Skull , Bunny , Skull '' Phil Abraham Carly Mensch none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 50 11 `` People Persons '' Lev L. Spiro Nick Jones Suzanne June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 51 12 `` The Animals '' Matthew Weiner Lauren Morelli Bayley June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 52 13 `` Toast Ca n't Never Be Bread Again '' Adam Bernstein Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan Poussey June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 53 `` Riot FOMO '' Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 54 `` Fuck , Marry , Frieda '' Constantine Makris Jordan Harrison Frieda June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 55 `` Pissters ! '' Phil Abraham Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum Linda June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 56 `` Litchfield 's Got Talent '' Nick Sandow Josh Koenigsberg , Jenji Kohan & Tara Herrmann Alison June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 57 5 `` Sing It , White Effie '' Phil Abraham Molly Smith Metzler Watson June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 58 6 `` Flaming Hot Cheetos , Literally '' Andrew McCarthy Lauren Morelli Taystee June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 59 7 `` Full Bush , Half Snickers '' Uta Briesewitz Anthony Natoli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 60 8 `` Tied to the Tracks '' Michael Trim Carolina Paiz Daya June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 61 9 `` The Tightening '' Erin Feeley Jordan Harrison Red June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 62 10 `` The Reverse Midas Touch '' Laura Prepon Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum Piscatella June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 63 11 `` Breaking the Fiberboard Ceiling '' Wendey Stanzler Lauren Morelli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 64 12 `` Tattoo You '' Mark A. Burley Tara Herrmann & Carolina Paiz Piper & Alex June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 65 13 `` Storm - y Weather '' Jesse Peretz Lauren Morelli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Season 6 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 6 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 66 `` Who Knows Better Than I '' Michael Trim Jenji Kohan Suzanne & Cindy July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) 67 `` Sh * tstorm Coming '' Mark A. Burley Brian Chamberlayne Cindy July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) 68 `` Look Out for Number One '' Erin Feeley Hilary Weisman Graham Frieda , Carol & Barb July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) 69 `` I 'm the Talking Ass '' Phil Abraham Tami Sagher Nicky July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) 70 5 `` Mischief Mischief '' Andrew McCarthy Anthony Natoli none July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) 71 6 `` State of the Uterus '' Constantine Makris Merritt Tierce Daddy July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) 72 7 `` Changing Winds '' Andrew McCarthy Heather Jeng Bladt Badison July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) 73 8 `` Gordons '' Sian Heder Vera Santamaria Taystee & Tamika July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) 74 9 `` Break the String '' Nick Sandow Kirsa Rein none July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) 75 10 `` Chocolate Chip Nookie '' Ludovic Littee Carolina Paiz Carol & Barb July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) 76 11 `` Well This Took a Dark Turn '' Laura Prepon Anthony Natoli none July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) 77 12 `` Double Trouble '' Clark Johnson Hilary Weisman Graham none July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) 78 13 `` Be Free '' Nick Sandow Brian Chamberlayne Carol & Barb July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) See also ( edit ) List of Orange Is the New Black characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Prison Series Gets July Release Date '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix sets premiere dates for OITNB , Kimmy Schmidt , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Orange Is the New Black episodes on IMDb Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Tiffany Doggett Lorna Morello Miss Rosa Seasons 5 6 Related Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison `` You 've Got Time '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Orange_Is_the_New_Black_episodes&oldid=853061131 '' Categories : Orange Is the New Black Lists of American comedy - drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 05 : 12 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Orange%20Is%20the%20New%20Black%20episodes
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where are the organs located in the abdomen
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Quadrant ( abdomen )
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quadrant ( abdomen )
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The human abdomen is divided into regions by anatomists and physicians for purposes of study , diagnosis , and therapy . In the four - region scheme , four quadrants allow localisation of pain and tenderness , scars , lumps , and other items of interest , narrowing in on which organs and tissues may be involved . The quadrants are referred to as the left lower quadrant , left upper quadrant , right upper quadrant and right lower quadrant , as follows below . These terms are not used in comparative anatomy , since most other animals do not stand erect .
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The left lower quadrant ( LLQ ) of the human abdomen is the area left of the midline and below the umbilicus . The LLQ includes the left iliac fossa and half of the left flank region . The equivalent term for animals is left posterior quadrant . The left upper quadrant ( LUQ ) extends from the median plane to the left of the patient , and from the umbilical plane to the left ribcage . The equivalent term for animals is left anterior quadrant . The right upper quadrant ( RUQ ) extends from the median plane to the right of the patient , and from the umbilical plane to the right ribcage . The equivalent term for animals is right anterior quadrant . The right lower quadrant ( RLQ ) extends from the median plane to the right of the patient , and from the umbilical plane to the right inguinal ligament . The equivalent term for animals is right posterior quadrant . Contents 1 Important organs 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Differential diagnosis 3 See also 4 References Important organs ( edit ) Diagram showing which organs ( or parts of organs ) are in each quadrant of the abdomen Left lower quadrant : Descending colon Sigmoid colon Left ovary and Fallopian tube Left ureter Left upper quadrant : Stomach Spleen Left lobe of liver Body of pancreas Left kidney and adrenal gland Splenic flexure of colon Parts of transverse and descending colon Right upper quadrant : Liver Gall bladder with biliary tree Duodenum Head of pancreas Right kidney and adrenal gland Hepatic flexure of colon Right lower quadrant : Cecum Appendix Ascending Colon Right ovary and Fallopian tube Right ureter Clinical significance ( edit ) If abdominal pain or signs of peritonitis are localised in the LLQ , colitis , diverticulitis , ureteral colic or pain due to ovarian cysts or pelvic inflammatory disease may be suspected . Examples of tumors in the left lower quadrant include colon cancer and ovarian tumor . The LUQ may be painful or tender in the case of intestinal malrotation . The RUQ may be painful or tender in hepatitis , cholecystitis , and peptic ulcer . The RLQ may be painful and / or tender in such conditions as appendicitis . Differential diagnosis ( edit ) Children gastroenteritis , mesenteric adenitis , Meckel 's diverticulitis , intussusception , Henoch -- Schönlein purpura , lobar pneumonia Adults regional enteritis , renal colic , perforated peptic ulcer , testicular torsion , rectus sheath hematoma , pelvic inflammatory disease , ectopic pregnancy , endometriosis , torsion / rupture of ovarian cyst , appendicitis Elderly diverticulitis , intestinal obstruction , colonic carcinoma , mesenteric ischemia , leaking aortic aneurysm See also ( edit ) Murphy 's sign McBurney 's point Superficial anatomy Surface axial anatomy and general regions Head Nasolabial fold Neck Triangles : Anterior Muscular Carotid Submandibular Submental Posterior Occipital Subclavian Suboccipital Supraclavicular fossa Thorax Triangle of auscultation Clavipectoral triangle Inframammary fold Infraclavicular fossa Abdomen / pelvis regions Epigastrium Hypochondrium Umbilical region Flank Hypogastrium Inguinal region quadrants RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ Lap Lumbar triangle McBurney 's point Desjardins ' point Traube 's space Perineal Anal triangle Urogenital triangle General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elsevier , Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary , Elsevier . Jump up ^ Wolters Kluwer , Stedman 's Medical Dictionary , Wolters Kluwer . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quadrant_(abdomen)&oldid=742786347 '' Categories : Abdomen Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2016 , at 19 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrant%20%28abdomen%29
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what led to the prohibition of alcohol in the 1920s
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Prohibition in the United States
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prohibition in the united states
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Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production , importation , transportation , and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933 . During the 19th century , alcoholism , family violence , and saloon - based political corruption prompted activists , led by pietistic Protestants , to end the alcoholic beverage trade to cure the ill society and weaken the political opposition . One result was that many communities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries introduced alcohol prohibition , with the subsequent enforcement in law becoming a hotly debated issue . Prohibition supporters , called drys , presented it as a victory for public morals and health .
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Promoted by the `` dry '' crusaders , the movement was led by pietistic Protestants and social Progressives in the Prohibition , Democratic , and Republican parties . It gained a national grass roots base through the Woman 's Christian Temperance Union . After 1900 it was coordinated by the Anti-Saloon League . Opposition from the beer industry mobilized `` wet '' supporters from the Catholic and German Lutheran communities . They had funding to fight back but by 1917 -- 18 the German community had been marginalized by the nation 's war against Germany , and the brewing industry was shut down in state after state by the legislatures and finally nationwide under the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920 . Enabling legislation , known as the Volstead Act , set down the rules for enforcing the federal ban and defined the types of alcoholic beverages that were prohibited . For example , religious use of wine was allowed . Private ownership and consumption of alcohol were not made illegal under federal law , but local laws were stricter in many areas , with some states banning possession outright . In the 1920s the laws were widely disregarded , and tax revenues were lost . Very well organized criminal gangs took control of the beer and liquor supply for many cities , unleashing a crime wave that shocked the nation . By the late 1920s a new opposition mobilized nationwide . Wets attacked prohibition as causing crime , lowering local revenues , and imposing rural Protestant religious values on urban America . Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty - first Amendment , which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 5 , 1933 . Some states continued statewide prohibition , marking one of the last stages of the Progressive Era . Although popular opinion believes that Prohibition failed , it succeeded in cutting overall alcohol consumption in half during the 1920s , and consumption remained below pre-Prohibition levels until the 1940s , suggesting that Prohibition did socialize a significant proportion of the population in temperate habits , at least temporarily . Some researchers contend that its political failure is attributable more to a changing historical context than to characteristics of the law itself . Criticism remains that Prohibition led to unintended consequences such as the growth of urban crime organizations and a century of Prohibition - influenced legislation . As an experiment it lost supporters every year , and lost tax revenue that governments needed when the Great Depression began in 1929 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Development of the prohibition movement 1.2. 1 Start of national prohibition ( January 1920 ) 1.3 Bootlegging and hoarding old supplies 1.4 Weak enforcement 2 Repeal 2.1 Post-repeal 3 Protestant views 4 Effects of Prohibition 4.1 Rates of consumption during Prohibition 4.2 Organized crime 4.3 Other effects 4.3. 1 Winemaking during Prohibition 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) In the United States , once the battle against slavery was won ( indeed , even before it ) , social moralists turned to other issues , such as Mormon polygamy and the `` temperance '' movement . The U.S. Senate proposed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 18 , 1917 . On November 18 , 1918 , prior to ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment , the U.S. Congress passed the temporary Wartime Prohibition Act , which banned the sale of alcoholic beverages having an alcohol content of greater than 1.28 % . ( This act , which had been intended to save grain for the war effort , was passed after the armistice ending World War I was signed on November 11 , 1918 . ) Upon being approved by a 36th state on January 16 , 1919 , the amendment was ratified as a part of the Constitution . The Wartime Prohibition Act took effect June 30 , 1919 , with July 1 , 1919 , becoming known as the `` Thirsty - First '' . On October 28 , 1919 , Congress passed the Volstead Act , the popular name for the National Prohibition Act , over President Woodrow Wilson 's veto . The act established the legal definition of intoxicating liquors as well as penalties for producing them . Although the Volstead Act prohibited the sale of alcohol , the federal government lacked resources to enforce it . By the terms of the amendment , the country went dry one year later , on January 17 , 1920 . By 1925 , in New York City alone , there were anywhere from 30,000 to 100,000 speakeasy clubs . While Prohibition was successful in reducing the amount of liquor consumed , it stimulated the proliferation of rampant underground , organized and widespread criminal activity . Many were astonished and disenchanted with the rise of spectacular gangland crimes ( such as Chicago 's Saint Valentine 's Day Massacre in 1929 ) , when prohibition was supposed to reduce crime . Prohibition lost its advocates one by one , while the wet opposition talked of personal liberty , new tax revenues from legal beer and liquor , and the scourge of organized crime . On March 22 , 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law the Cullen -- Harrison Act , legalizing beer with an alcohol content of 3.2 % ( by weight ) and wine of a similarly low alcohol content . On December 5 , 1933 , ratification of the Twenty - first Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment . However , United States federal law still prohibits the manufacture of distilled spirits without meeting numerous licensing requirements that make it impractical to produce spirits for personal beverage use . Origins ( edit ) The Drunkard 's Progress : A lithograph by Nathaniel Currier supporting the temperance movement , January 1846 Consumption of alcoholic beverages has been a contentious topic in America since the colonial period . In May 1657 , the General Court of Massachusetts made the sale of strong liquor `` whether known by the name of rum , whisky , wine , brandy , etc . '' to the Indians illegal . In general , informal social controls in the home and community helped maintain the expectation that the abuse of alcohol was unacceptable . `` Drunkenness was condemned and punished , but only as an abuse of a God - given gift . Drink itself was not looked upon as culpable , any more than food deserved blame for the sin of gluttony . Excess was a personal indiscretion . '' When informal controls failed , there were legal options . Shortly after the United States obtained independence , the Whiskey Rebellion took place in western Pennsylvania in protest of government - imposed taxes on whiskey . Although the taxes were primarily levied to help pay down the newly formed national debt , it also received support from some social reformers , who hoped a `` sin tax '' would raise public awareness about the harmful effects of alcohol . The whiskey tax was repealed after Thomas Jefferson 's Democratic - Republican Party , which opposed the Federalist Party of Alexander Hamilton , came to power in 1800 . Benjamin Rush , one of the foremost physicians of the late eighteenth century , believed in moderation rather than prohibition . In his treatise , `` The Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Body and Mind '' ( 1784 ) , Rush argued that the excessive use of alcohol was injurious to physical and psychological health , labeling drunkenness as a disease . Apparently influenced by Rush 's widely discussed belief , about 200 farmers in a Connecticut community formed a temperance association in 1789 . Similar associations were formed in Virginia in 1800 and New York in 1808 . Within a decade , other temperance groups had formed in eight states , some of them being statewide organizations . The words of Rush and other early temperance reformers served to dichotomize the use of alcohol for men and women . While men enjoyed drinking and often considered it vital to their health , women who began to embrace the ideology of `` true motherhood '' refrained from consumption of alcohol . Middle - class women , who were considered the moral authorities of their households , consequently rejected the drinking of alcohol , which they believed to be a threat to the home . In 1830 , on average , Americans consumed 1.7 bottles of hard liquor per week , three times the amount consumed in 2010 . The 1898 Congressional Record , when reporting on a proposed tax on distilled spirits ( H.R. 10253 ) , noted that the relationship between populations , tax on distilled spirits ( made from things other than fruit ) , and consumption was thus : ( The Aggregates are grouped by tax rate ) Year Percent of tax ( tax per gallon ) Population Aggregate of population Aggregate gallons consumed Per capita consumed Revenue 1860 None 31,443,321 31,443,231 83,904,285 2.86 None 1864 $0.20 34,046,000 34,046,000 85,295,393 2.57 17,059,792 1865 2.00 34,748,000 125,575,875 37,979,104 0.3 75,958,208 1866 2.00 35,469,000 1867 2.00 36,211,000 1868 2.00 36,973,000 1868 0.50 36,973,000 154,652,000 278,099,810 1.79 139,049,905 1869 0.50 37,758,000 1870 0.50 38,558,000 1871 0.50 39,555,000 1872 0.50 40,596,000 1872 0.70 40,596,000 102,000,000 168,444,000 1.65 117,900,800 1873 0.70 41,677,000 1874 0.70 42,796,000 1875 0.70 43,951,000 1875 0.9 43,951,000 1,836,832 1,412,997,777 1.27 1,271,697,997 1876 0.9 45,137,000 1877 0.9 46,353,000 1878 0.9 47,998,000 1879 0.9 48,866,000 1880 0.9 50,155,783 1881 0.9 51,316,000 1882 0.9 52,495,000 1883 0.9 53,693,000 1884 0.9 54,911,000 1885 0.9 56,148,000 1886 0.9 57,404,000 1887 0.9 58,080,000 1888 0.9 59,947,000 1889 0.9 61,289,000 1890 0.9 62,622,000 1891 0.9 63,975,000 1892 0.9 65,403,000 1893 0.9 66,826,000 1894 0.9 68,275,000 1895 0.9 69,753,000 1895 1.1 69,753,000 110,615,275 115,104,612 0.95 121,676,802 1896 1.1 71,263,000 Development of the Prohibition movement ( edit ) Main articles : Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Volstead Act `` Who does not love wine , wife and song , will be a fool for his lifelong ! '' Intended as an assertion of the cultural values of German - Americans in 1873 This 1902 illustration from the Hawaiian Gazette newspaper humorously illustrates the Anti-Saloon League and the Women 's Christian Temperance Union 's campaign against the producers and sellers of beers in Hawaii . The American Temperance Society ( ATS ) , formed in 1826 , helped initiate the first temperance movement and served as a foundation for many later groups . By 1835 the ATS had reached 1.5 million members , with women constituting 35 % to 60 % of its chapters . The Prohibition movement , also known as the dry crusade , continued in the 1840s , spearheaded by pietistic religious denominations , especially the Methodists . The late nineteenth century saw the temperance movement broaden its focus from abstinence to include all behavior and institutions related to alcohol consumption . Preachers such as Reverend Mark A. Matthews linked liquor - dispensing saloons with political corruption . Some successes were achieved in the 1850s , including the Maine law , adopted in 1851 , which banned the manufacture and sale of liquor . However , it was repealed in 1856 . The temperance movement lost strength and was marginalized during the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . `` Save A Little Dram For Me '' Prohibition era song recorded by Thomas Edison studio , 1922 . Duration 3 : 29 . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Following the war , the dry crusade was revived by the national Prohibition Party , founded in 1869 , and the Woman 's Christian Temperance Union ( WCTU ) , founded in 1873 . The WCTU advocated the prohibition of alcohol as a method for preventing , through education , abuse from alcoholic husbands . WCTU members believed that if their organization could reach children with its message , it could create a dry sentiment leading to prohibition . Frances Willard , the second president of the WCTU , held that the aims of the organization were to create a `` union of women from all denominations , for the purpose of educating the young , forming a better public sentiment , reforming the drinking classes , transforming by the power of Divine grace those who are enslaved by alcohol , and removing the dram - shop from our streets by law '' . While still denied universal voting privileges , women in the WCTU followed Frances Willard 's `` Do Everything '' doctrine and used temperance as a method of entering into politics and furthering other progressive issues such as prison reform and labor laws . In 1881 Kansas became the first state to outlaw alcoholic beverages in its Constitution . Carrie Nation gained notoriety for enforcing the state 's ban on alcohol consumption by walking into saloons , scolding customers , and using her hatchet to destroy bottles of liquor . Nation recruited ladies into the Carrie Nation Prohibition Group , which she also led . While Nation 's vigilante techniques were rare , other activists enforced the dry cause by entering saloons , singing , praying , and urging saloonkeepers to stop selling alcohol . Other dry states , especially those in the South , enacted prohibition legislation , as did individual counties within a state . Court cases also debated the subject of prohibition . While some cases ruled in opposition , the general tendency was toward support . In Mugler v. Kansas ( 1887 ) , Justice Harlan commented : `` We can not shut out of view the fact , within the knowledge of all , that the public health , the public morals , and the public safety , may be endangered by the general use of intoxicating drinks ; nor the fact established by statistics accessible to every one , that the idleness , disorder , pauperism and crime existing in the country , are , in some degree ... traceable to this evil . '' In support of prohibition , Crowley v. Christensen ( 1890 ) , remarked : `` The statistics of every state show a greater amount of crime and misery attributable to the use of ardent spirits obtained at these retail liquor saloons than to any other source . '' Proliferation of neighborhood saloons in the post-Civil War era became a phenomenon of an increasingly industrialized , urban workforce . Workingmen 's bars were popular social gathering places from the workplace and home life . The brewing industry was actively involved in establishing saloons as a lucrative consumer base in their business chain . Saloons were more often than not linked to a specific brewery , where the saloonkeeper 's operation was financed by a brewer and contractually obligated to sell the brewer 's product to the exclusion of competing brands . A saloon 's business model often included the offer of a free lunch , where the bill of fare commonly consisting of heavily salted food meant to induce thirst and the purchase of drink . During the Progressive Era ( 1890 -- 1920 ) , hostility toward saloons and their political influence became widespread , with the Anti-Saloon League superseding the Prohibition Party and the Woman 's Christian Temperance Union as the most influential advocate of prohibition , after these latter two groups expanded their efforts to support other social reform issues , such as women 's suffrage , onto their prohibition platform . Prohibition was an important force in state and local politics from the 1840s through the 1930s . Numerous historical studies demonstrated that the political forces involved were ethnoreligious . Prohibition was supported by the dries , primarily pietistic Protestant denominations that included Methodists , Northern Baptists , Southern Baptists , New School Presbyterians , Disciples of Christ , Congregationalists , Quakers , and Scandinavian Lutherans , but also included the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America and , to a certain extent , the Latter - day Saints . These religious groups identified saloons as politically corrupt and drinking as a personal sin . Other active organizations included the Women 's Church Federation , the Women 's Temperance Crusade , and the Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction . They were opposed by the wets , primarily liturgical Protestants ( Episcopalians and German Lutherans ) and Roman Catholics , who denounced the idea that the government should define morality . Even in the wet stronghold of New York City there was an active prohibition movement , led by Norwegian church groups and African - American labor activists who believed that prohibition would benefit workers , especially African Americans . Tea merchants and soda fountain manufacturers generally supported prohibition , believing a ban on alcohol would increase sales of their products . A particularly effective operator on the political front was Wayne Wheeler of the Anti-Saloon League , who made Prohibition a wedge issue and succeeded in getting many pro-prohibition candidates elected . Coming from Ohio , his deep resentment for alcohol started at a young age . He was injured on a farm by a worker who had been drunk . This event transformed Wheeler . Starting low in the ranks , he quickly moved up due to his deep rooted hatred of alcohol . He later realized to further the movement he would need more public approval , and fast . This was the start of his policy called ' wheelerism ' where he used the media to make it seem like the general public was `` on in '' on a specific issue . Wheeler became known as the `` dry boss '' because of his influence and power . Governor James P. Goodrich signs the Indiana Prohibition act , 1917 . Prohibition represented a conflict between urban and rural values emerging in the United States . Given the mass influx of migrants to the urban centers of the United States , many individuals within the prohibition movement associated the crime and morally corrupt behavior of American cities with their large , immigrant populations . Saloons frequented by immigrants in these cities were often frequented by politicians who wanted to obtain the immigrants ' votes in exchange for favors such as job offers , legal assistance , and food baskets . Thus , saloons were seen as a breeding ground for political corruption . In a backlash to the emerging reality of a changing American demographic , many prohibitionists subscribed to the doctrine of nativism , in which they endorsed the notion that America was made great as a result of its white Anglo - Saxon ancestry . This belief fostered resentments towards urban immigrant communities , who typically argued in favor of abolishing prohibition . Additionally , nativist sentiments were part of a larger process of Americanization taking place during the same time period . Political cartoon criticizing the alliance between the prohibitionists and women 's suffrage movements . The Genii of Intolerance , labelled `` Prohibition , '' emerges from his bottle . Two other amendments to the Constitution were championed by dry crusaders to help their cause . One was granted in the Sixteenth Amendment ( 1913 ) , which replaced alcohol taxes that funded the federal government with a federal income tax . The other was women 's suffrage , which was granted after the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 ; since women tended to support prohibition , temperance organizations tended to support women 's suffrage . In the presidential election of 1916 , the Democratic incumbent , Woodrow Wilson , and the Republican candidate , Charles Evans Hughes , ignored the prohibition issue , as did both parties ' political platforms . Democrats and Republicans had strong wet and dry factions , and the election was expected to be close , with neither candidate wanting to alienate any part of his political base . In March 1917 , the 65th Congress convened , in which the dries outnumbered the wets by 140 to 64 in the Democratic Party and 138 to 62 among Republicans . With America 's declaration of war against Germany in April , German Americans , a major force against prohibition , were sidelined and their protests subsequently ignored . In addition , a new justification for prohibition arose : prohibiting the production of alcoholic beverages would allow more resources -- especially grain that would otherwise be used to make alcohol -- to be devoted to the war effort . While wartime prohibition was a spark for the movement , World War I ended before nationwide Prohibition was enacted . The Defender Of The 18th Amendment . From Klansmen : Guardians of Liberty published by the Pillar of Fire Church A resolution calling for a Constitutional amendment to accomplish nationwide Prohibition was introduced in Congress and passed by both houses in December 1917 . By January 16 , 1919 , the Amendment had been ratified by 36 of the 48 states , making it law . Eventually , only two states -- Connecticut and Rhode Island -- opted out of ratifying it . On October 28 , 1919 , Congress passed enabling legislation , known as the Volstead Act , to enforce the Eighteenth Amendment when it went into effect in 1920 . Start of National Prohibition ( January 1920 ) ( edit ) 1919 Budweiser ad , announcing their reformulation of Budweiser as required under the Act , ready for sale by 1920 . Prohibition began on January 16 , 1920 , when the Eighteenth Amendment went into effect . A total of 1,520 Federal Prohibition agents ( police ) were tasked with enforcement . Supporters of the Amendment soon became confident that it would not be repealed . One of its creators , Senator Morris Sheppard , joked that `` there is as much chance of repealing the Eighteenth Amendment as there is for a humming - bird to fly to the planet Mars with the Washington Monument tied to its tail . '' At the same time , songs emerged decrying the act . After Edward , Prince of Wales , returned to the United Kingdom following his tour of Canada in 1919 , he recounted to his father , King George V , a ditty he had heard at a border town : Four and twenty Yankees , feeling very dry , Went across the border to get a drink of rye . When the rye was opened , the Yanks began to sing , `` God bless America , but God save the King ! '' Orange County ( California ) sheriff 's deputies dumping illegal alcohol , 1932 Prescription for medicinal alcohol during prohibition . Prohibition became highly controversial among medical professionals , because alcohol was widely prescribed by the era 's physicians for therapeutic purposes . Congress held hearings on the medicinal value of beer in 1921 . Subsequently , physicians across the country lobbied for the repeal of Prohibition as it applied to medicinal liquors . From 1921 to 1930 , doctors earned about $40 million for whiskey prescriptions . While the manufacture , importation , sale , and transport of alcohol was illegal in the United States , Section 29 of the Volstead Act allowed wine and cider to be made from fruit at home , but not beer . Up to 200 gallons of wine and cider per year could be made , and some vineyards grew grapes for home use . The Act did not prohibit consumption of alcohol . Many people stockpiled wines and liquors for their personal use in the latter part of 1919 before sales of alcoholic beverages became illegal in January 1920 . Since alcohol was legal in neighboring countries , distilleries and breweries in Canada , Mexico , and the Caribbean flourished as their products were either consumed by visiting Americans or smuggled into the United States illegally . The Detroit River , which forms part of the U.S. border with Canada , was notoriously difficult to control , especially rum - running in Windsor , Canada . When the U.S. government complained to the British that American law was being undermined by officials in Nassau , Bahamas , the head of the British Colonial Office refused to intervene . Winston Churchill believed that Prohibition was `` an affront to the whole history of mankind '' . Three federal agencies were assigned the task of enforcing the Volstead Act : the U.S. Coast Guard Office of Law Enforcement , the U.S. Treasury 's IRS Bureau of Prohibition , and the U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Prohibition . A policeman with wrecked automobile and confiscated moonshine , 1922 Removal of liquor during Prohibition . Bootlegging and hoarding old supplies ( edit ) Main article : Repeal of Prohibition in the United States Play media A 1933 newsreel about the end of Prohibition . As early as 1925 , journalist H.L. Mencken believed that Prohibition was not working . `` Prohibition worked best when directed at its primary target : the working - class poor . '' Historian Lizabeth Cohen writes : `` A rich family could have a cellar - full of liquor and get by , it seemed , but if a poor family had one bottle of home - brew , there would be trouble . '' Working - class people were inflamed by the fact that their employers could dip into a private cache while they , the employees , could not . Before the Eighteenth Amendment went into effect in January 1920 , many of the upper classes stockpiled alcohol for legal home consumption after Prohibition began . They bought the inventories of liquor retailers and wholesalers , emptying out their warehouses , saloons , and club storerooms . President Woodrow Wilson moved his own supply of alcoholic beverages to his Washington residence after his term of office ended . His successor , Warren G. Harding , relocated his own large supply into the White House after inauguration . After the Eighteenth Amendment became law the United States embraced bootlegging . In just the first six months of 1920 alone , the federal government opened 7,291 cases for Volstead Act violations . In just the first complete fiscal year of 1921 , the number of cases violating the Volstead Act jumped to 29,114 violations and would rise dramatically over the next thirteen years . Doctors were able to prescribe medicinal alcohol for their patients . After just six months of prohibition , over fifteen thousand doctors and fifty - seven thousand pharmacists got their license to prescribe medicinal alcohol . Grape juice was not restricted by Prohibition , even though if it was allowed to sit for sixty days it would ferment and turn to wine with a twelve percent alcohol content . Many folks took advantage of this as grape juice output quadrupled during the Prohibition era . In October 1930 , just two weeks before the congressional midterm elections , bootlegger George Cassiday -- `` the man in the green hat '' -- came forward and told members of Congress how he had bootlegged for ten years . One of the few bootleggers ever to tell his story , Cassiday wrote five front - page articles for The Washington Post , in which he estimated that 80 % of congressmen and senators drank . The Democrats in the North were mostly wets , and in the 1932 election , they made major gains . The wets argued that prohibition was not stopping crime , and was actually causing the creation of large - scale , well - funded and well - armed criminal syndicates . As Prohibition became increasingly unpopular , especially in urban areas , its repeal was eagerly anticipated . Weak enforcement ( edit ) One of the main reasons why Prohibition did not proceed smoothly was the inefficient means of enforcing it . From its inception , the Eighteenth Amendment lacked legitimacy in the eyes of the public who had previously been drinkers and law - abiding citizens . In some instances the public viewed Prohibition laws as `` arbitrary and unnecessary '' , and therefore were willing to break them . Law enforcement found themselves overwhelmed by the rise in illegal , wide - scale alcohol distribution . The magnitude of their task was unexpected and law enforcement agencies lacked the necessary resources . Additionally , enforcement of the law under the Eighteenth Amendment lacked a centralized authority . Many attempts to impose Prohibition were deterred due to the lack of transparency between federal and state authorities . Clergymen were sometimes called upon to form vigilante groups to assist in the enforcement of Prohibition . Furthermore , American geography contributed to the difficulties in enforcing Prohibition . The varied terrain of valleys , mountains , lakes , and swamps , as well as the extensive seaways , ports , and borders which the United States shared with Canada and Mexico made it exceedingly difficult for Prohibition agents to stop bootleggers given their lack of resources . Ultimately it was recognized with its repeal that the means by which the law was to be enforced were not pragmatic , and in many cases the legislature did not match the general public opinion . The Ku Klux Klan talked a great deal about denouncing bootleggers and threatened private vigilante action against known offenders . Despite its large membership in the mid-1920s , it was poorly organized and seldom had an impact . Indeed , the disgrace of the Klan after 1925 helped disparage any enforcement of Prohibition . Prohibition was a major blow to the alcoholic beverage industry and its repeal was a step toward the amelioration of one sector of the economy . An example of this is the case of St. Louis , one of the most important alcohol producers before prohibition started , which was ready to resume its position in the industry as soon as possible . Its major brewery had `` 50,000 barrels '' of beer ready for distribution since March 22 , 1933 , and was the first alcohol producer to resupply the market ; others soon followed . After repeal , stores obtained liquor licenses and restocked for business . After beer production resumed , thousands of workers found jobs in the industry again . Prohibition created a black market that competed with the formal economy , which came under pressure when the Great Depression struck in 1929 . State governments urgently needed the tax revenue alcohol sales had generated . Franklin Roosevelt was elected in 1932 based in part on his promise to end prohibition , which influenced his support for ratifying the Twenty - first Amendment to repeal Prohibition . Repeal ( edit ) Naval Captain William H. Stayton was a prominent figure in the anti-prohibition fight , founding the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment in 1918 . The AAPA was the largest of the nearly forty organizations that fought to end Prohibition . Economic urgency played a large part in accelerating the advocacy for repeal . The number of conservatives who pushed for prohibition in the beginning decreased . Many farmers who fought for prohibition now fought for repeal because of the negative effects it had on the agriculture business . Prior to the 1920 implementation of the Volstead Act , approximately 14 % of federal , state , and local tax revenues were derived from alcohol commerce . When the Great Depression hit and tax revenues plunged , the governments needed this revenue stream . Millions could be made by taxing beer . There was controversy on whether the repeal should be a state or nationwide decision . On March 22 , 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt signed an amendment to the Volstead Act , known as the Cullen -- Harrison Act , allowing the manufacture and sale of 3.2 % beer ( 3.2 % alcohol by weight , approximately 4 % alcohol by volume ) and light wines . The Volstead Act previously defined an intoxicating beverage as one with greater than 0.5 % alcohol . Upon signing the Cullen -- Harrison Act , Roosevelt made his famous remark : `` I think this would be a good time for a beer . '' The Eighteenth Amendment was repealed on December 5 , 1933 , with ratification of the Twenty - first Amendment to the U.S. Constitution . Despite the efforts of Heber J. Grant , president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , the 21 Utah members of the constitutional convention voted unanimously on that day to ratify the Twenty - first Amendment , making Utah the 36th state to do so , and putting the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment over the top in needed voting . Post-repeal ( edit ) Further information : Dry state , Dry county , and List of dry communities by U.S. state Map showing dry ( red ) , wet ( blue ) , and mixed ( yellow ) counties in the United States as of March 2012 . ( See List of dry communities by U.S. state . ) The Twenty - first Amendment does not prevent states from restricting or banning alcohol ; instead , it prohibits the `` transportation or importation '' of alcohol `` into any State , Territory , or Possession of the United States '' `` in violation of the laws thereof '' , thus allowing state and local control of alcohol . There are still numerous dry counties and townships in the United States that restrict or prohibit liquor sales . Additionally , many tribal governments prohibit alcohol on Indian reservations . Federal law also prohibits alcohol on Indian reservations , although this law is currently only enforced when there is a concomitant violation of local tribal liquor laws . After its repeal , some former supporters openly admitted failure . For example , John D. Rockefeller , Jr. , explained his view in a 1932 letter : When Prohibition was introduced , I hoped that it would be widely supported by public opinion and the day would soon come when the evil effects of alcohol would be recognized . I have slowly and reluctantly come to believe that this has not been the result . Instead , drinking has generally increased ; the speakeasy has replaced the saloon ; a vast army of lawbreakers has appeared ; many of our best citizens have openly ignored Prohibition ; respect for the law has been greatly lessened ; and crime has increased to a level never seen before . It is not clear whether Prohibition reduced per - capita consumption of alcohol . Some historians claim that alcohol consumption in the United States did not exceed pre-Prohibition levels until the 1960s ; others claim that alcohol consumption reached the pre-Prohibition levels several years after its enactment , and has continued to rise . Cirrhosis of the liver , a symptom of alcoholism , declined nearly two - thirds during Prohibition . In the decades after Prohibition , any stigma that had been associated with alcohol consumption was erased ; according to a Gallup Poll survey conducted almost every year since 1939 , two - thirds of American adults age 18 and older drink alcohol . Shortly after World War II , a national opinion survey found that `` About one - third of the people of the United States favor national prohibition . '' Upon repeal of national prohibition , 18 states continued prohibition at the state level . The last state , Mississippi , finally ended it in 1966 . Almost two - thirds of all states adopted some form of local option which enabled residents in political subdivisions to vote for or against local prohibition . Therefore , despite the repeal of prohibition at the national level , 38 % of the nation 's population lived in areas with state or local prohibition . Protestant views ( edit ) Prohibition in the early to mid-20th century was mostly fueled by the Protestant denominations in the Southern United States . Generally , Evangelical Protestant denominations encouraged prohibition , while the Mainline Protestant denominations disapproved of its introduction . However , there were exceptions such as the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod ( German Confessional Lutherans ) . Pietistic churches in the United States ( especially Baptist churches , the Methodists , Presbyterians and Congregationalists ) sought to end drinking and the saloon culture during the Third Party System . Liturgical ( `` high '' ) churches ( Roman Catholic , Episcopal , and German Lutheran ) opposed prohibition laws because they did not want the government to reduce the definition of morality to a narrow standard or to criminalize the common liturgical practice of using wine . Revivalism during the Second Great Awakening and the Third Great Awakening in the mid-to - late 19th century set the stage for the bond between pietistic Protestantism and prohibition in the United States : `` The greater prevalence of revival religion within a population , the greater support for the Prohibition parties within that population . '' Historian Nancy Koester argued that Prohibition was a `` victory for progressives and social gospel activists battling poverty '' . Prohibition also united progressives and revivalists . The temperance movement had popularized the belief that alcohol was the major cause of most personal and social problems and prohibition was seen as the solution to the nation 's poverty , crime , violence , and other ills . Upon ratification of the amendment , the famous evangelist Billy Sunday said that `` The slums will soon be only a memory . We will turn our prisons into factories and our jails into storehouses and corncribs . '' ( Compare Christianity and alcohol . ) Since alcohol was to be banned and since it was seen as the cause of most , if not all , crimes , some communities sold their jails . The nation was highly optimistic and the leading prohibitionist in the United States Congress , Senator Morris Sheppard , confidently asserted that `` There is as much chance of repealing the Eighteenth Amendment as there is for a hummingbird to fly to the planet Mars with the Washington Monument tied to its tail . '' Effects of Prohibition ( edit ) Most economists during the early 20th century were in favor for the enactment of the Eighteenth Amendment ( Prohibition ) . Simon Patten , one of the leading advocates for prohibition , predicted that prohibition would eventually happen in the United States for competitive and evolutionary reasons . Yale economics professor Irving Fisher , who was a dry , wrote extensively about prohibition , including a paper that made an economic case for prohibition . Fisher is credited with supplying the criteria against which future prohibitions , such as against marijuana , could be measured , in terms of crime , health , and productivity . For example , `` Blue Monday '' referred to the hangover workers experienced after a weekend of binge drinking , resulting in Mondays being a wasted productive day . But new research has discredited Fisher 's research , which was based on uncontrolled experiments ; regardless , his $6 billion figure for the annual gains of Prohibition to the United States continues to be cited . Making moonshine was an industry in the American South before and after Prohibition . In the 1950s muscle cars became popular and various roads became known as `` Thunder Road '' for their use by moonshiners . A popular ballad was created and the legendary drivers , cars , and routes were depicted on film in Thunder Road . Rates of consumption during Prohibition ( edit ) Prohibition - era prescription for whiskey Illegal sales are not officially reported or measured , but there are indirect estimates using alcohol related deaths and cirrhosis , a liver disease specifically tied to ongoing alcohol consumption . Scholars estimate that consumption dropped to a low of about 60 % of pre-prohibition levels around 1925 , rising to almost 80 % before the law was officially repealed . After the prohibition was implemented , alcohol continued to be consumed . However , how much compared to pre-Prohibition levels remains unclear . Studies examining the rates of cirrhosis deaths as a proxy for alcohol consumption estimated a decrease in consumption of 10 -- 20 % . However , the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 's studies show clear epidemiological evidence that `` overall cirrhosis mortality rates declined precipitously with the introduction of Prohibition , '' despite widespread flouting of the law . One study reviewing city - level drunkenness arrests came to a similar result . And , yet another study examining `` mortality , mental health and crime statistics '' found that alcohol consumption fell , at first , to approximately 30 percent of its pre-Prohibition level ; but , over the next several years , increased to about 60 -- 70 percent of its pre-prohibition level . Within a week after Prohibition went into effect , small portable stills were on sale throughout the country . In a 2017 National Bureau of Economic Research paper , a group of economists reported on the results of a regression analysis they had conducted . The economists concluded that in six years from 1934 to 1939 , `` an excess of 13,665 infant deaths ... could be attributable to the repeal of federal prohibition in 1933 . '' Organized crime ( edit ) Organized crime received a major boost from Prohibition . Mafia groups limited their activities to prostitution , gambling , and theft until 1920 , when organized bootlegging emerged in response to Prohibition . A profitable , often violent , black market for alcohol flourished . Prohibition provided a financial basis for organized crime to flourish . In a study of more than 30 major U.S. cities during the Prohibition years of 1920 and 1921 , the number of crimes increased by 24 % . Additionally , theft and burglaries increased by 9 % , homicides by 12.7 % , assaults and battery rose by 13 % , drug addiction by 44.6 % , and police department costs rose by 11.4 % . This was largely the result of `` black - market violence '' and the diversion of law enforcement resources elsewhere . Despite the Prohibition movement 's hope that outlawing alcohol would reduce crime , the reality was that the Volstead Act led to higher crime rates than were experienced prior to Prohibition and the establishment of a black market dominated by criminal organizations . The Saint Valentine 's Day Massacre produced seven deaths , considered one of the deadliest days of mob history . A 2016 NBER paper showed that South Carolina counties that enacted and enforced prohibition had homicide rates increase by about 30 to 60 percent relative to counties that did not enforce prohibition . Furthermore , stronger liquor surged in popularity because its potency made it more profitable to smuggle . To prevent bootleggers from using industrial ethyl alcohol to produce illegal beverages , the federal government ordered the poisoning of industrial alcohols . In response , bootleggers hired chemists who successfully renatured the alcohol to make it drinkable . As a response , the Treasury Department required manufacturers to add more deadly poisons , including the particularly deadly methyl alcohol . New York City medical examiners prominently opposed these policies because of the danger to human life . As many as 10,000 people died from drinking denatured alcohol before Prohibition ended . New York City medical examiner Charles Norris believed the government took responsibility for murder when they knew the poison was not deterring people and they continued to poison industrial alcohol ( which would be used in drinking alcohol ) anyway . Norris remarked : `` The government knows it is not stopping drinking by putting poison in alcohol ... ( Y ) et it continues its poisoning processes , heedless of the fact that people determined to drink are daily absorbing that poison . Knowing this to be true , the United States government must be charged with the moral responsibility for the deaths that poisoned liquor causes , although it can not be held legally responsible . '' Al Capone , the Prohibition - era leader of organized crime in Chicago . Another lethal substance that was often substituted for alcohol was `` canned heat '' , also commonly known as Sterno . Forcing the substance through a makeshift filter , such as a handkerchief , created a rough liquor substitute ; however , the result was poisonous , though not often lethal . Many of those who were poisoned as a result united to sue the government for reparations after the end of Prohibition . Making alcohol at home was very common during Prohibition . Stores sold grape concentrate with warning labels that listed the steps that should be avoided to prevent the juice from fermenting into wine . Some drugstores sold `` medical wine '' with around a 22 % alcohol content . In order to justify the sale , the wine was given a medicinal taste . Home - distilled hard liquor was called bathtub gin in northern cities , and moonshine in rural areas of Virginia , Kentucky , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , and Tennessee . Homebrewing good hard liquor was easier than brewing good beer . Since selling privately distilled alcohol was illegal and bypassed government taxation , law enforcement officers relentlessly pursued manufacturers . In response , bootleggers modified their cars and trucks by enhancing the engines and suspensions to make faster vehicles that , they presumed , would improve their chances of outrunning and escaping agents of the Bureau of Prohibition , commonly called `` revenue agents '' or `` revenuers '' . These cars became known as `` moonshine runners '' or `` ' shine runners '' . Shops were also known to participate in the underground liquor market , by loading their stocks with ingredients for liquors , including bénédictine , vermouth , scotch mash , and even ethyl alcohol , which anyone could purchase legally . Prohibition also had an effect on the music industry in the United States , specifically with jazz . Speakeasies became very popular , and the Great Depression 's migratory effects led to the dispersal of jazz music , from New Orleans going north through Chicago and to New York . This led to the development of different styles in different cities . Due to its popularity in speakeasies and the emergence of advanced recording technology , jazz 's popularity skyrocketed . It was also at the forefront of the minimal integration efforts going on at the time , as it united mostly black musicians with mostly white audiences . Along with other economic effects , the enactment and enforcement of Prohibition caused an increase in resource costs . During the 1920s the annual budget of the Bureau of Prohibition went from $4.4 million to $13.4 million . Additionally , the U.S. Coast Guard spent an average of $13 million annually on enforcement of prohibition laws . These numbers do not take into account the costs to local and state governments . When Prohibition was repealed in 1933 , many bootleggers and suppliers simply moved into the legitimate liquor business . Some crime syndicates moved their efforts into expanding their protection rackets to cover legal liquor sales and other business areas . Other effects ( edit ) Men and women drinking beer at a bar in Raceland , Louisiana , September 1938 . Pre-Prohibition saloons were mostly male establishments ; post-Prohibition bars catered to both males and females . As a result of Prohibition , the advancements of industrialization within the alcoholic beverage industry were essentially reversed . Large - scale alcohol producers were shut down , for the most part , and some individual citizens took it upon themselves to produce alcohol illegally , essentially reversing the efficiency of mass - producing and retailing alcoholic beverages . Closing the country 's manufacturing plants and taverns also resulted in an economic downturn for the industry . While the Eighteenth Amendment did not have this effect on the industry due to its failure to define an `` intoxicating '' beverage , the Volstead Act 's definition of 0.5 % or more alcohol by volume shut down the brewers , who expected to continue to produce beer of moderate strength . As saloons died out , public drinking lost much of its macho connotation , resulting in increased social acceptance of women drinking in the semi-public environment of the speakeasies . This new norm established women as a notable new target demographic for alcohol marketeers , who sought to expand their clientele . Women thus found their way into the bootlegging business , with some discovering that they could make a living by selling alcohol with a minimal likelihood of suspicion by law enforcement . Before prohibition , women who drank publicly in saloons or taverns , especially outside of urban centers like Chicago or New York , were seen as immoral or were likely to be prostitutes . In 1930 the Prohibition Commissioner estimated that in 1919 , the year before the Volstead Act became law , the average drinking American spent $17 per year on alcoholic beverages . By 1930 , because enforcement diminished the supply , spending had increased to $35 per year ( there was no inflation in this period ) . The result was an illegal alcohol beverage industry that made an average of $3 billion per year in illegal untaxed income . Heavy drinkers and alcoholics were among the most affected groups during Prohibition . Those who were determined to find liquor could still do so , but those who saw their drinking habits as destructive typically had difficulty in finding the help they sought . Self - help societies had withered away along with the alcohol industry . In 1935 a new self - help group called Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) was founded . Prohibition had a notable effect on the alcohol brewing industry in the United States . Wine historians note that Prohibition destroyed what was a fledgling wine industry in the United States . Productive , wine - quality grapevines were replaced by lower - quality vines that grew thicker - skinned grapes , which could be more easily transported . Much of the institutional knowledge was also lost as winemakers either emigrated to other wine producing countries or left the business altogether . Distilled spirits became more popular during Prohibition . Because of its higher alcohol content in comparison to fermented wine and beer , it became common to mix and dilute the hard alcohol . Winemaking during Prohibition ( edit ) The Volstead Act specifically allowed individual farmers to make certain wines `` on the legal fiction that it was a non-intoxicating fruit - juice for home consumption '' , and many did so . Enterprising grape farmers produced liquid and semi-solid grape concentrates , often called `` wine bricks '' or `` wine blocks '' . This demand led California grape growers to increase their land under cultivation by about 700 % during the first five years of Prohibition . The grape concentrate was sold with a warning : `` After dissolving the brick in a gallon of water , do not place the liquid in a jug away in the cupboard for twenty days , because then it would turn into wine '' . The Volstead Act allowed the sale of sacramental wine to priests and ministers , and allowed rabbis to approve sales of sacramental wine to individuals for Sabbath and holiday use at home . Among Jews , four rabbinical groups were approved , which led to some competition for membership , since the supervision of sacramental licenses could be used to secure donations to support a religious institution . There were known abuses in this system , with imposters or unauthorized agents using loopholes to purchase wine . See also ( edit ) United States portal Drink portal Cultural and religious foundation Timothy Shay Arthur Bootleggers and Baptists Ethnocultural politics in the United States Christianity and alcohol Teetotalism Women 's suffrage in the United States Controlled substances Beer in the United States Ethanol Moonshine Legal foundation Drug prohibition Dry county Dry state Webb - Kenyon Act Legal drinking age Prohibition Prohibition in Canada Repeal of Prohibition Rocco Perri Lawbreakers and illegal practices American gangsters during the 1920s Chicago Outfit Rum - running Organized crime The Purple Gang Places involved in smuggling Free State of Galveston Govenlock , Saskatchewan Whiskey Gap , Alberta Law - enforcement organizations Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith The Untouchables Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) Bureau of Prohibition United States Coast Guard United States Customs and Border Protection U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) Similar policies and institutions War on Drugs Controlled Substances Act Drug Enforcement Administration Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Margaret Sands Orchowski ( 2015 ) . The Law that Changed the Face of America : The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Jack S. Blocker et al. eds ( 2003 ) . Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History : An International Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 23 . ISBN 9781576078334 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Jack S. Blocker , Jr ( February 2006 ) . `` Did Prohibition Really Work ? Alcohol Prohibition as a Public Health Innovation '' . American Journal of Public Health . 96 ( 2 ) : 233 -- 243 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2005.065409 . PMC 1470475 . PMID 16380559 . Jump up ^ Wayne Hall , `` What are the policy lessons of National Alcohol Prohibition in the United States , 1920 -- 1933 ? . '' Addiction ( 2010 ) 105 # 7 pp : 1164 - 1173 . Jump up ^ Gaines M. Foster , Moral Reconstruction : Christian Lobbyists and the Federal Legislation of Morality , 1865 - 1920 , University of North Carolina Press , 2002 , pp. 233 - 34 . Jump up ^ Boyd Vincent , `` Why the Episcopal Church Does Not Identify Herself Openly With Prohibition '' , The Church Messenger , December 1915 , reprinted in The Mixer and Server , Volume 25 , No. 2 , pp. 25 - 27 ( Feb. 15 , 1916 ) . Jump up ^ E.g. , Donald T. Critchlow and Philip R. VanderMeer , The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Political and Legal History , Oxford University Press , 2012 ; Volume 1 , pp. 47 - 51 , 154 . Jump up ^ William D. Miller ( 2017 ) . Pretty Bubbles in the Air : America in 1919 . University of Illinois Press . p. 151 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01823 - 0 . Jump up ^ Burlington Historical Society 2010 March newsletter Archived January 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ F. Scott Fitzgerald ( 1920 ) . This Side of Paradise . Charles Scribner 's Sons . p. 223 . ( `` The advent of prohibition with the ' thirsty - first ' put a sudden stop to ( ... ) '' ( referring to July of 1919 ) ) ; and F. Scott Fitzgerald ( 2008 ) . The Beautiful and the Damned . Cambridge University Press . p. 407 , note 321.2 . ( `` ( W ) hen prohibition came in July ( ... ) '' ) . ^ Jump up to : Bob Skilnik ( 2006 ) . Beer : A History of Brewing in Chicago . Baracade Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56980 - 312 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` History of Alcohol Prohibition '' . National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Dwight Vick ( 2010 ) . Drugs and Alcohol in the 21st Century : Theory , Behavior , and Policy . Jones & Bartlett Learning . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 7488 - 2 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Teaching With Documents : The Volstead Act and Related Prohibition Documents '' . United States National Archives . 2008 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : David Von Drehle ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` The Demon Drink '' . Time . New York , New York . p. 56 . Jump up ^ David E. Kyvig ( 2000 ) . Repealing National Prohibition . Jump up ^ `` TTBGov General Alcohol FAQs '' . United States Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau . April 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Anthony Dias Blue ( 2004 ) . The Complete Book of Spirits : A Guide to Their History , Production , and Enjoyment . HarperCollins . p. 73 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 054218 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Aaron and David Musto ( 1981 ) . `` Temperance and Prohibition in America : An Historical Overview '' . In Moore , Mark H. ; Gerstein , Dean R. Alcohol and Public Policy : Beyond the Shadow of Prohibition . Washington , DC : National Academy Press . pp. 127 -- 181 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 03149 - 4 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 100 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 242 . Jump up ^ Jack S. Blocker ( 1989 ) . American Temperance Movements : Cycles of Reform . Boston : Twayne Publishers . p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Blocker , American Temperance Movements : Cycles of Reform , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Blocker , American Temperance Movements : Cycles of Reform , p. 14 . Jump up ^ William Harrison De Puy ( 1921 ) . The Methodist Year - book : 1921 . p. 254 . Jump up ^ Ruth Bordin ( 1981 ) . Women and Temperance : The Quest for Power and Liberty , 1873 - 1900 . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Frances E. Willard ( 2007 ) . Let Something Good Be Said : Speeches and Writings of Frances E. Willard . Chicago : University of Illinois Press . p. 78 . Jump up ^ Blocker , American Temperance Movement : Cycles of Reform , p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` Carry A. Nation : The Famous and Original Bar Room Smasher '' . Kansas Historical Society . 2002 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Richard J. Hopkins ( September 1925 ) . `` The Prohibition and Crime '' . The North American Review . 222 ( 828 ) : 40 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Marni Davis ( 2012 ) . Jews And Booze : Becoming American In The Age Of Prohibition . New York University Press . pp. 86 -- 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 2028 - 8 . Jump up ^ Paul Kleppner , The Third Electoral System 1853 -- 1892 : Parties , Voters , and Political Cultures. ( 1979 ) pp 131 - 39 ; Paul Kleppner , Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics , 1893 -- 1928 . ( 1987 ) ; Ballard Campbell ( 1977 ) . `` Did Democracy Work ? Prohibition in Late Nineteenth - century Iowa : A Test Case '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 8 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 116 . doi : 10.2307 / 202597 . ; and Eileen McDonagh ( 1992 ) . `` Representative Democracy and State Building in the Progressive Era '' . American Political Science Review . 86 ( 4 ) : 938 -- 50 . doi : 10.2307 / 1964346 . Jump up ^ Jensen ( 1971 ) ch 5 . Jump up ^ Michael A. Lerner ( 2007 ) . Dry Manhattan : Prohibition in New York City . Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ Shaw , Elton Raymond and Wheeler , Wayne Bidwell . Prohibition : Coming or Going ? Berwyn , Illinois : Shaw Publishing Co. , 1924 . Jump up ^ Christine Sismondo ( 2011 ) . America Walks into a Bar : A Spirited History of Taverns and Saloons , Speakeasies and Grog Shops . Oxford UP . p. 181 . Jump up ^ Michael A. Lerner , Dry Manhattan : Prohibition in New York City , p. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ `` US Americanization -- American National Identify and Ideologies of Americanization '' . Science.jrank.org . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel Okrent ( 2010 ) . Last Call : The Rise and Fall of Prohibition . New York : Scribner . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 7702 - 3 . OCLC 419812305 . Jump up ^ E.g. , `` The Economics of War Prohibition '' , pp. 143 - 144 in : Survey Associates , Inc. , The Survey , Volume 38 , April -- September , 1917 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut Balks at Prohibition '' . New York Times . February 5 , 1919 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Defeats Prohibition '' . New York Times . March 13 , 1918 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ David E. Kyvig ( Autumn 1976 ) . `` Women Against Prohibition '' . American Quarterly . 28 ( 4 ) : 465 -- 82 . doi : 10.2307 / 2712541 . Jump up ^ Arthur Bousfield & Garry Toffoli ( 1991 ) . Royal Observations . Toronto : Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 41 . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 076 - 5 . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jacob M. Appel ( Summer 2008 ) . `` Physicians Are Not Bootleggers : The Short , Peculiar Life of the Medicinal Alcohol Movement '' . The Bulletin of the History of Medicine . Jump up ^ Jurkiewicz , Carole ( 2008 ) . Social and Economic Control of Alcohol The 21st Amendment in the 21st Century . Boca Raton : CRC Press . p. 5 . ISBN 1420054635 . Jump up ^ Prohibition , Part II : A Nation of Scofflaws . PBS . , a documentary film series by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick . See video excerpt : Rum Row ( video ) . PBS . Jump up ^ Scott N. Howe ( April 25 , 2010 ) . `` Probing Prohibition '' . DrinkBoston . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United States Coast Guard Office of Law Enforcement '' . Odmp.org . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Eleven U.S. Coast Guard men were killed between 1925 and 1927 . Jump up ^ `` United States Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service - Prohibition Unit , U.S. Government , Fallen Officers '' . Odmp.org . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Fifty - six agents were killed between 1920 and 1927 . Jump up ^ `` United States Department of Justice - Bureau of Prohibition , U.S. Government , Fallen Officers '' . Odmp.org . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Thirty - four agents were killed between 1930 and 1934 . Jump up ^ Sylvia Engdahl ( 2009 ) . Amendments XVIII and XXI : Prohibition and Repeal . Greenhaven . Jump up ^ David Oshinsky ( May 13 , 2010 ) . `` The Rise and Fall of Prohibition ( book review ) '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Cohen , Lizabeth ( 1991 ) . Making a New Deal : Industrial Workers in Chicago , 1919 - 1939 . Chicago : Cambridge University Press . p. 255 . ISBN 0521428386 . Jump up ^ Davis , Jews And Booze : Becoming American In The Age Of Prohibition , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Garrett Peck ( 2011 ) . Prohibition in Washington , D.C. : How Dry We Were n't . Charleston , SC : The History Press . pp. 42 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60949 - 236 - 6 . Jump up ^ Davis , Jews And Booze : Becoming American In The Age Of Prohibition , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Bauer , Bryce T. Gentlemen Bootleggers . Chicago Review Press Incorporated . p. 73 . Jump up ^ Bauer , Bryce T. Gentlemen Bootleggers . Chicago Review Press Incorporated . Jump up ^ Kyvig , David E. ( 1979 ) . Repealing National Prohibition . Chicago , IL : The University of Chicago Press . pp. 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Peck , Prohibition in Washington , D.C. : How Dry We Were n't , p. 125 -- 33 . Jump up ^ -- -- -- - . `` Roper Asks Clergy to Aid in Work of Dry Enforcement , '' The Evening Public Ledger ( Philadelphia , PA ) , Page 1 , Image 1 , col. 1 , January 17 , 1920 Jump up ^ Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States . National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement . Dated January 7th 1931 `` Bad Features of the Present Situation and Difficulties in the Way of Enforcement Jump up ^ III . BAD FEATURES OF THE PRESENT SITUATION AND DIFFICULTIES IN THE WAY OF ENFORCEMENT Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States Jump up ^ Thomas R. Pegram , `` Hoodwinked : The Anti-Saloon League and the Ku Klux Klan in 1920s Prohibition Enforcement . '' The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era ( 2008 ) 7 # 1 pp : 89 - 119 . Online Jump up ^ `` 50,000 barrels ready in St Louis '' . New York Times . March 23 , 1933 . Jump up ^ Dwight B Heath , `` Prohibition , Repeal , and Historical Cycles , '' Brown University Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies Jump up ^ Kyvig , David E. ( 1979 ) . Repealing National Prohibition . Chicago , IL : The University of Chicago Press . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Lisa McGirr , The War on Alcohol : Prohibition and the Rise of the American State ( 2015 ) pp 231 - 56 . ^ Jump up to : Gitlin , Marty . The Prohibition Era . Edina , MN : ABDO Publishing , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Jews And Booze : Becoming American In The Age Of Prohibition , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Friedrich , Otto ; Gorey , Hays ( February 1 , 1982 ) . `` F.D.R. 's Disputed Legacy '' . Time . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ W. Paul Reeve . `` Prohibition Failed to Stop the Liquor Flow in Utah '' . Utah History to Go . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . ( First published in History Blazer , February 1995 ) Jump up ^ Utah vote puts prohibition repeal over the top Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution , Amendment XXI , Section 2 . Jump up ^ Jeff Burkhart ( 2010 ) . `` The Great Experiment : Prohibition Continues '' . National Geographic Assignment . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ 18 USC , § 1154 Jump up ^ Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs ( March 1 , 2008 ) . `` Survey of American Indian Alcohol Statutes , 1975 - 2006 : Evolving Needs and Future Opportunities for Tribal Health '' . Jump up ^ Daniel Okrent ( 2003 ) . Great Fortune : The Epic of Rockefeller Center . New York : Viking Press . pp. 246 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Jazz Age : The American 1920s - Prohibition '' . Digital History . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Did Alcohol Use Decrease During Alcohol Prohibition ? '' . Schaffer Library of Drug Policy . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived October 6 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Epidemiology of Alcoholic Liver Disease '' . Pubs.niaaa.nih.gov. 2004 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Garrett Peck ( 2009 ) . The Prohibition Hangover : Alcohol in America from Demon Rum to Cult Cabernet . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4592 - 9 . Jump up ^ Childs , Randolph W. ( 1947 ) . Making Repeal Work . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Pennsylvania Alcoholic Beverage Study , Inc . Jump up ^ Howard Clark Kee ( 1998 ) . Christianity : A Social and Cultural History ( second ed . ) . Prentice Hall . p. 486 . Jump up ^ `` Professing Faith : Some religious groups supported Prohibition , others did not '' . Jump up ^ Richard J. Jensen ( 1971 ) . The Winning of the Midwest : Social and Political Conflict , 1888 - 1896 . U. of Chicago Press . p. 67 . ISBN 9780226398259 . Jump up ^ George M. Thomas ( 1989 ) . Revivalism and Cultural Change : Christianity , Nation Building , and the Market in the Nineteenth - Century United States . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 65 . Jump up ^ Nancy Koester ( 2007 ) . Introduction to the History of Christianity in the United States . Minneapolis , MN : Fortress Press . p. 154 . Jump up ^ Robert Francis Martin ( 2002 ) . Hero of the Heartland : Billy Sunday and the Transformation of American Society , 1862 - 1935 . Indiana U.P. p. 111 . ISBN 9780253109521 . Jump up ^ Aaron , Paul ; Musto , David ( 1981 ) . `` Temperance and Prohibition in America : An Historical Overview '' . In Moore , Mark H. ; Gerstein , Dean R. Alcohol and Public Policy : Beyond the Shadow of Prohibition . Washington , DC : National Academy Press . p. 157 . Jump up ^ Anti-Saloon League of America ( 1920 ) . Anti-Saloon League of America Yearbook . Westerville , Ohio : American Issue Press . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Merz , Charles ( 1969 ) . The Dry Decade . Seattle , Washington : University of Washington Press . p. ix . Jump up ^ Coats , A.W. 1987 . `` Simon Newton Patten '' in The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , edited by John Eatwell , Murray Milgate , and Peter Newman , 3 : 818 - 19 . London : Macmillan . Jump up ^ Fisher , Irving , et al. 1927 . `` The Economics of Prohibition '' . American Economic Review : Supplement 17 ( March ) : 5 - 10 . Jump up ^ ( Feldman , Herman . 1930 . Prohibition : Its Economic and Industrial Aspects , 240 - 41 New York : Appleton . ) Jump up ^ Thornton , Mark ( 1991 ) . The Economics of Prohibition . Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press . p. 24 . ISBN 0874803799 . Jump up ^ Thunder Road -- the First Muscle Car Movie by Pete Dunton July 20 , 2010 Old Car Memories Jump up ^ Legend of moonshiners ' ' Thunder Road ' lives on in Baker County November 16 , 2012 Jacksonville Metro Jump up ^ Driving Tennessee 's `` White Lightnin ' Trail '' -- is it the Real Thunder Road ? ; Jack Neely retraces the infamous bootlegger 's route as it becomes an official state tourist attraction by Jack Neely MetroPulse June 30 , 2010 Jump up ^ Appalachian Journal : The end of Thunder Road ; Man known for whiskey cars , moonshine and rare auto parts is selling out by Fred Brown Knoxville News Sentinel February 13 , 2007 Jump up ^ ( Miron , Jeffrey , and Jeffrey Zwiebel `` Alcohol Consumption During Prohibition '' The American Economic Review , Vol. 81 , No. 2 , Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Third Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association ( May , 1991 ) , pp. 242 - 247 ) Jump up ^ Dills , A.K. ; Miron , J.A. ( 2004 ) . `` Alcohol prohibition and cirrhosis '' . American Law and Economics Review . 6 ( 2 ) : 285 -- 318 . doi : 10.1093 / aler / ahh003 . Jump up ^ Moore , M.H. ; Gerstein , D.R. ( eds . ) . Alcohol and Public Policy : Beyond the Shadow of Prohibition . Washington , DC : National Academy Press . Jump up ^ Edwards , G. ; Anderson , Peter ; Babor , Thomas F. ; Casswell , Sally ; Ferrence , Roberta ; Giesbrecht , Norman ; Godfrey , Christine ; Holder , Harold D. ; Lemmens , Paul H.M.M. ( 1994 ) . Alcohol Policy and the Public Good . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0192625618 . Jump up ^ Mann , Robert E. ; Smart , Reginald G. ; Govoni , Richard . `` The Epidemiology of Alcoholic Liver Disease '' . National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism . Jump up ^ Dill , Angela K. ; Jacobsen , Mirielle ; Miron , Jeffrey A. ( February 2004 ) . `` The Effect of Alcohol Prohibition on Alcohol Consumption : Evidence from Drunkenness Arrests '' . Economics Letters . Elsevier . 86 ( 2 ) : 279 -- 284 . doi : 10.1016 / j. econlet. 2004.07. 017 . Jump up ^ Miron , Jeffrey A. ; Zwiebel , Jeffrey ( May 1991 ) . The American Economic Review . 81 ( 2 ) : 242 -- 247 . CS1 maint : Untitled periodical ( link ) Jump up ^ Asbury , Herbert ( 1968 ) . The Great Illusion : An Informal History of Prohibition . New York : Greenwood Press . Jump up ^ Jacks , David S. ; Pendakur , Krishna ; Shigeoka , Hitoshi ( April 2017 ) . `` Infant Mortality and the Repeal of Federal Prohibition '' . National Bureau of Economic Research . Jump up ^ `` Organized Crime - American Mafia '' . Law Library - American Law and Legal Information . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States . National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement . January 7 , 1931 Jump up ^ Charles Hanson Towne ( 1923 ) . The Rise and Fall of Prohibition : The Human Side of What the Eighteenth Amendment Has Done to the United States . New York : Macmillan . pp. 159 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Keene , Jennifer D , Saul T Cornell , and Edward T O'Donnell . Visions of America : A History of the United States , Volume 2 , Since 1865 ( United States : Pearson College Div. , 2012 ) : 632 - 634 Jump up ^ Bodenhorn , Howard ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Blind Tigers and Red - Tape Cocktails : Liquor Control and Homicide in Late - Nineteenth - Century South Carolina '' . ^ Jump up to : Deborah Blum ( 2010 - 02 - 19 ) . `` The Chemist 's War : The Little - told Story of how the U.S. Government Poisoned Alcohol During Prohibition with Deadly Consequences '' . Slate . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Rufus S. Lusk ( September 1932 ) . `` The Drinking Habit '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 163 : 46 -- 52 . doi : 10.1177 / 000271623216300106 . Jump up ^ Scott Oldham ( August 1998 ) . `` NASCAR Turns 50 '' . Popular Mechanics . Hearst Communications . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` NASCAR , an Overview - Part 1 '' . Suite101.com . Google . Web . 22 Nov. 2009 . Jump up ^ Joseph K. Willing ( May 1926 ) . `` The Profession of Bootlegging '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 125 : 40 -- 48 . doi : 10.1177 / 000271622612500106 . Jump up ^ Lewis A. Erenberg ( 1998 ) . Swingin ' the Dream : Big Band Jazz and the Rebirth of American Culture . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Bureau of Prohibition , Statistics Concerning Intoxicating Liquors . Washington : Government Printing Office . 1930 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Behr , Edward ( 1996 ) . Prohibition Thirteen Years that Changed America . New York : Arcade Publishing . pp. 240 -- 242 . ISBN 9781559703949 . ^ Jump up to : Jack S. Blocker , Jr . ( February 2006 ) . `` Did Prohibition Really Work ? '' . American Journal of Public Health . 96 ( 2 ) : 233 -- 243 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2005.065409 . PMC 1470475 . PMID 16380559 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Jack . `` The Ladies of Rum Row '' . American Legion Weekly , ( May 1924 ) : 3 Jump up ^ Mar Murphy , `` Bootlegging Mothers and Drinking Daughters : Gender and Prohibition in Butte Montana . '' American Quarterly , Vol 46 , No 2 , Pg 177 , 1994 Jump up ^ E.E. Free ( May 1930 ) . `` Where America Gets Its Booze : An Interview With Dr. James M. Doran '' . Popular Science Monthly . 116 ( 5 ) : 147 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Karen MacNeil . The Wine Bible . pp. 630 -- 31 . Jump up ^ `` PROHIBITION : Wine Bricks '' . TIME. 1931 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Kelsey Burnham ( 2010 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Prohibition in Wine Country '' . Napa Valley Register . Jump up ^ Hannah Sprecher . `` '' Let Them Drink and Forget Our Poverty `` : Orthodox Rabbis React to Prohibition '' ( PDF ) . American Jewish Archives . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . References ( edit ) Blocker , Jack S. , et al. eds ( 2003 ) . Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History : An International Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 23 . ISBN 9781576078334 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Burns , Ken ; Novick , Lynn ( October 2011 ) . Prohibition . PBS . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60883 - 430 - 3 . OCLC 738476083 . Haygood , Atticus G. Close the Saloons : A Plea for Prohibition . 8th ed . Macon , GA : J.W. Burke , 1880 . Hopkins , Richard J. `` The Prohibition and Crime '' . The North American Review . Volume : 222 . Number : 828 . September , 1925 . 40 - 44 . Jensen , Richard J. ( 1971 ) . The Winning of the Midwest : Social and Political Conflict , 1888 - 1896 . U of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226398259 . Kingsdale , Jon M. `` The ' Poor Man 's Club ' : Social Functions of the Urban Working - Class Saloon , '' American Quarterly vol. 25 ( October , 1973 ) : 472 - 89 . in JSTOR Kyvig , David E. Law , Alcohol , and Order : Perspectives on National Prohibition Greenwood Press , 1985 . Kyvig , David E. Repealing National Prohibition . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press , 1979 . Lender , Mark , ed . Dictionary of American Temperance Biography Greenwood Press , 1984 . Lusk , Rufus S . `` The Drinking Habit '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . Volume : 163 . Prohibition : A National Experiment . September , 1932 . 46 - 52 . Miron , Jeffrey A. and Zwiebel , Jeffrey . `` Alcohol Consumption During Prohibition '' . American Economic Review 81 , no . 2 ( 1991 ) : 242 - 247 . Miron , Jeffrey . `` Alcohol Prohibition '' . EH.Net Encyclopedia , edited by Robert Whaples . September 24 , 2001 . Moore , L.J. `` Historical interpretation of the 1920s Klan : the traditional view and the popular revision '' Journal of Social History , 1990 , 24 ( 2 ) , 341 - 358 . in JSTOR Sellman , James Clyde . `` Social Movements and the Symbolism of Public Demonstrations : The 1874 Women 's Crusade and German Resistance in Richmond , Indiana '' Journal of Social History . Volume : 32 . Issue : 3 . 1999 . pp 557 + . Rumbarger , John J. Profits , Power , and Prohibition : Alcohol Reform and the Industrializing of America , 1800 -- 1930 , State University of New York Press , 1989 . Sinclair , Andrew . Prohibition : The Era of Excess 1962 . Timberlake , James . Prohibition and the Progressive Movement , 1900 -- 1920 Harvard University Press , 1963 . Tracy , Sarah W. and Acker , Caroline J. Altering American Consciousness : The History of Alcohol and Drug Use in the United States , 1800 -- 2000 . University of Massachusetts Press , 2004 Walsh , Victor A. `` ' Drowning the Shamrock ' : Drink , Teetotalism and the Irish Catholics of Gilded - Age Pittsburgh , '' Journal of American Ethnic History vol. 10 , no . 1 - 2 ( Fall 1990 - Winter 1991 ) : 60 - 79 . Welskopp , Thomas . `` Bottom of the barrel : The US brewing industry and saloon culture before and during National Prohibition , 1900 -- 1933 '' . `` Behemoth : A Journal on Civilisation '' . Volume : 6 . Issue : 1 . 2013 . 27 - 54 . Willing , Joseph K . `` The Profession of Bootlegging '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . Volume : 125 . Modern Crime : Its Prevention and Punishment . May , 1926 . 40 - 48 . Further reading ( edit ) Behr , Edward . ( 1996 ) . Prohibition : Thirteen Years That Changed America . New York : Arcade Publishing . ISBN 1 - 55970 - 356 - 3 . Blumenthal , Karen . ( 2011 ) . Bootleg : Murder , Moonshine , and the Lawless Years of Prohibition . New York : Roaring Brook Press . ISBN 1 - 59643 - 449 - X . Burns , Eric . ( 2003 ) . The Spirits of America : A Social History of Alcohol . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 214 - 6 . Clark , Norman H. ( 1976 ) . Deliver Us from Evil : An Interpretation of American Prohibition . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05584 - 1 . Dunn , John M. Prohibition . Detroit : Lucent Books , 2010 . Folsom , Burton W. `` Tinkerers , Tipplers , and Traitors : Ethnicity and Democratic Reform in Nebraska During the Progressive Era . '' Pacific Historical Review ( 1981 ) 50 # 1 pp : 53 - 75 in JSTOR Kahn , Gordon , and Al Hirschfeld. ( 1932 , rev. 2003 ) . The Speakeasies of 1932 . New York : Glenn Young Books . ISBN 1 - 55783 - 518 - 7 . Kavieff , Paul B. ( 2001 ) . `` The Violent Years : Prohibition and the Detroit Mobs '' . Fort Lee : Barricade Books Inc . ISBN 1 - 56980 - 210 - 6 . Kobler , John . ( 1973 ) . Ardent Spirits : The Rise and Fall of Prohibition . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 399 - 11209 - X . Lawson , Ellen NicKenzie ( 2013 ) . Smugglers , Bootleggers , and Scofflaws : Prohibition and New York City . Albany , NY : State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 4816 - 9 . Lerner , Michael A. ( 2007 ) . Dry Manhattan : Prohibition in New York City . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02432 - X . McGirr , Lisa . ( 2015 ) . The War on Alcohol : Prohibition and the Rise of the American State . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 06695 - 9 . Meyer , Sabine N. ( 2015 ) . We Are What We Drink : The Temperance Battle in Minnesota . Champaign , IL : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 03935 - 1 . Murdoch , Catherine Gilbert . ( 1998 ) . Domesticating Drink : Women , Men , and Alcohol in America , 1870 -- 1940 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5940 - 9 . Okrent , Daniel . ( 2010 ) . Last Call : The Rise and Fall of Prohibition . New York : Scribner . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 7702 - 3 . OCLC 419812305 Peck , Garrett ( 2011 ) . Prohibition in Washington , D.C. : How Dry We Were n't . Charleston , SC : The History Press . ISBN 1 - 60949 - 236 - 6 . Peck , Garrett . ( 2009 ) . The Prohibition Hangover : Alcohol in America from Demon Rum to Cult Cabernet . Piscataway , NJ : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 4592 - 7 . Pegram , Thomas R. ( 1998 ) . Battling Demon Rum : The Struggle for a Dry America , 1800 -- 1933 . Chicago : Ivan R. Dee . ISBN 1 - 56663 - 208 - 0 . Waters , Harold . ( 1971 ) . Smugglers of Spirits : Prohibition and the Coast Guard Patrol . New York : Hastings House . ISBN 0 - 8038 - 6705 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prohibition in the United States . Library resources about Prohibition Resources in your library Resources in other libraries The Effect of Alcohol Prohibition on Alcohol Consumption ( PDF ) Hypertext History -- U.S. Prohibition Prohibition news page -- Alcohol and Drugs History Society About.com : Prohibition ( in the U.S. ) Did Prohibition Reduce Alcohol Consumption and Crime ? Senate Judiciary Committee Hearings on Alcohol Prohibition -- 1926 Policy Analysis -- Alcohol Prohibition Was A Failure Prohibition in Appalachia : `` Little Chicago '' The Story of Johnson City , Tennessee Free from the Nightmare of Prohibition ( by Harry Browne ) Historic Images of US Prohibition Prohibition : How Dry We Ai n't - slideshow by Life magazine `` Interview With Dr. James M. Doran '' . Popular Science Monthly , November 1930 , pp. 19 -- 21 / 146 - 147 , interview with the Prohibition Commissioner 1930 . `` How Are You Going to Wet Your Whistle ? '' as recorded by Billy Murray Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States by the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement ( Wickersham Commission Report on Alcohol Prohibition ) See more images by selecting the `` Alcohol '' subject at the Persuasive Cartography , The PJ Mode Collection , Cornell University Library Alcohol prohibition By country Canada Finland Iceland India Iran Russia / Soviet Union United States List By topic 18th Amendment ( U.S. Constitution ) 21st Amendment ( U.S. Constitution ) American Mafia Anti-Saloon League Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives Bureau of Prohibition Dry county Islam Jazz Age Local option Moonshine Neo-prohibitionism Roaring Twenties Rum - running Rum Patrol Rum row Speakeasy Swedish prohibition referendum , 1922 Teetotalism Temperance movement Temperance ( Scotland ) Act 1913 Volstead Act Woman 's Christian Temperance Union People Al Capone Mickey Duffy Waxey Gordon Frank Hamer J. Edgar Hoover Bumpy Johnson Enoch L. Johnson Meyer Lansky Lucky Luciano Sam Maceo Owney Madden William McCoy Bugs Moran Eliot Ness The Purple Gang Lanzetta Brothers Arnold Rothstein Dutch Schultz Andrew Volstead Wayne Wheeler Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith Political parties National Prohibition Party ( UK ) Prohibition Party ( PRO ) Prohibition Party ( Canada ) Scottish Prohibition Party Related Prohibition ( 2011 documentary miniseries ) History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&oldid=809428947 '' Categories : Prohibition in the United States Progressive Era in the United States Great Depression in the United States History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Roaring Twenties 1920s in the United States 1930 in the United States 1931 in the United States 1932 in the United States 1933 in the United States 1920 introductions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing more detailed references CS1 maint : Untitled periodical CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from September 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 01 : 30 . 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where is the pearl fishing done in india
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The Pearl Fishery Coast refers to a coastal area of southern India , extending along the Coromandel Coast from Tuticorin to Comorin ruled by Paravars .
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a coastal area of southern India , extending along the Coromandel Coast from Tuticorin to Comorin
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Pearl Fishery Coast
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pearl fishery coast
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The Pearl Fishery Coast refers to a coastal area of southern India , extending along the Coromandel Coast from Tuticorin to Comorin ruled by Paravars .
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The coast took its name from the presence of pearls on the coast , and the numerous fisheries that operated to exploit them . In a conflict between the Paravas and the Arabs in 1532 , the Paravas sought protection from the Portuguese . In 1535 , the Portuguese led an army under Pedro Vaz and expelled the Arabs . As a compensation , the Paravas accepted to convert to Christianity . The Portuguese conquered the Pearl Fishery Coast from the Muslims of Kalyalpattanam in 1525 . They restored the rights of the Paravas to exploit their fisheries in exchange for a considerable annual tribute . The Paravas , who lived along the Pearl Fishery Coast adopted Christianity in 1535 - 1536 , becoming an important Christian region , and succeeded the first introduction of Christianity in Mylapore with the Thomas Christians . The Portuguese derived considerable profit from the pearl trade , and strictly controlled the Pearl Fishery Coast through the Padroado system . The missionary Francis Xavier , coming from Goa , reached the Pearl Fishery Coast in 1542 , where he was able to evangelize successfully the Paravars , converting an estimated 40,000 to 50,000 souls . In 1553 , a fleet of the Ottoman Empire made a raid on the Pearl Fishery Coast around Tuticorin . They were assisted by the Marakkar Muslims of Malabar , and had the tacit agreement of Vittula Nayak of Madurai. 52 Portuguese were captured at Punnaikayal , and churches burnt down . The Ottomans failed however in 1553 against a Portuguese fleet at sea near al - Fahl . There were numerous conflicts between the Christian Paravas and the Muslims for control of the fisheries . See also ( edit ) Industry in ancient Tamil country Keelavaippar Periathalai Punnaikayal Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The month Vol. 66 p. 398 ^ Jump up to : `` Among the coastal areas the Fishery Coast was famous because of the pearls found in it . Thousands of people were employed every season in pearl fishing . The Paravas and Muslims often fought for the ownership of the Pearl Fishery . '' in Indian church history review Vol. 35 2001 p. 70 ^ Jump up to : Strange names of God Sangkeun Kim p. 103ff ^ Jump up to : Maritime India - Trade , Religion and Polity In the Indian Ocean by Pius Malekandathil p. 117 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Historical Muscat : an illustrated guide and gazetteer John Peterson p. 118 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Historical Muscat : an illustrated guide and gazetteer John Peterson p. 48 ( 3 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearl_Fishery_Coast&oldid=786041459 '' Categories : Geography of India 1525 establishments in the Portuguese Empire Talk About Wikipedia Euskara Français Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2017 , at 22 : 17 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl%20Fishery%20Coast
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when did the practice of only using women’s names to name hurricanes end
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History of tropical Cyclone naming
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history of tropical cyclone naming
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The practice of using names to identify tropical cyclones goes back several centuries , with storms named after places , saints or things they hit before the formal start of naming in each basin . Examples of such names are the 1911 Ship Cyclone , the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane and the 1938 New England hurricane . The system currently in place provides identification of tropical cyclones in a brief form that is easily understood and recognized by the public . The credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems is given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge , who named tropical cyclones and anticyclones between 1887 and 1907 . This system of naming fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired , until it was revived in the latter part of World War II for the Western Pacific . Over the following decades formal naming schemes were introduced for several tropical cyclone basins , including the North and South Atlantic , Eastern , Central , Western and Southern Pacific basins as well as the Australian region and Indian Ocean .
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However , there has been controversy over the names used at various times , with names being dropped for religious and political reasons . Female names were exclusively used in the basins at various times between 1945 and 2000 , and were the subject of several protests . At present tropical cyclones are officially named by one of eleven meteorological services and retain their names throughout their lifetimes . Due to the potential for longevity and multiple concurrent storms , the names reduce the confusion about what storm is being described in forecasts , watches and warnings . Names are assigned in order from predetermined lists once storms have one , three , or ten - minute sustained wind speeds of more than 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) , depending on which basin it originates in . Standards vary from basin to basin , with some tropical depressions named in the Western Pacific , while a significant amount of gale - force winds are required in the Southern Hemisphere . The names of significant tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic Ocean , Pacific Ocean and Australian region are retired from the naming lists and replaced with another name , at meetings of the World Meteorological Organization 's various tropical cyclone committees . Contents ( hide ) 1 Formal start of naming 2 1960 -- 1990s 3 New millennium 4 Modern day 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Formal start of naming ( edit ) Clement Wragge was the pioneer in naming storms The practice of using names to identify tropical cyclones goes back several centuries , with systems named after places , saints or things they hit before the formal start of naming in each basin . Examples include the 1526 San Francisco hurricane , the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane and the 1938 New England hurricane . Credit for the first usage of personal names for weather is generally given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge , who named named tropical cyclones and anticyclones between 1887 -- 1907 . Wragge used names drawn from the letters of the Greek alphabet , Greek and Roman mythology and female names , to describe weather systems over Australia , New Zealand and the Antarctic . After the new Australian government had failed to create a federal weather bureau and appoint him director , Wragge started naming cyclones after political figures . This system of naming weather systems subsequently fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired , until it was revived in the latter part of the Second World War . Despite falling into disuse the naming scheme was occasionally mentioned in the press , with an editorial published in the Launceston Examiner newspaper on October 5 , 1935 that called for the return of the naming scheme . Wragge 's naming was also mentioned within Sir Napier Shaw 's `` Manual of Meteorology '' which likened it to a `` child naming waves '' . After reading about Clement Wragge , George Stewart was inspired to write a novel , `` Storm '' , about a storm affecting California which was named Maria . The book was widely read after it was published in 1941 by Random House , especially by United States Army Air Corps and United States Navy ( USN ) meteorologists during World War II . During 1944 , United States Army Air Forces forecasters ( USAAF ) at the newly established Saipan weather center , started to informally name typhoons after their wives and girlfriends . This practise became popular amongst meteorologists from the United States Airforce and Navy who found that it reduced confusion during map discussions , and in 1945 the United States Armed Services publicly adopted a list of women 's names for typhoons of the Pacific . However , they were not able to persuade the United States Weather Bureau ( USWB ) to start naming Atlantic hurricanes , as the Weather Bureau wanted to be seen as a serious enterprise , and thus felt that it was `` not appropriate '' to name tropical cyclones while warning the United States public . They also felt that using women 's names was frivolous and that using the names in official communications would have made them look silly . During 1947 the Air Force Hurricane Office in Miami started using the Joint Army / Navy Phonetic Alphabet to name significant tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic Ocean . These names were used over the next few years in private / internal communications between weather centres and aircraft , and were not included in public bulletins . Typhoon Cobra , like other typhoons during WWII , was informally assigned a code name During August and September 1950 , three tropical cyclones ( Hurricanes Baker , Dog and Easy ) occurred simultaneously and impacted the United States during August and September 1950 , which led to confusion within the media and the public . As a result , during the next tropical cyclone ( Fox ) , Grady Norton decided to start using the names in public statements and in the seasonal summary . This practice continued throughout the season , until the system was made official before the start of the next season . During 1952 , a new International Phonetic Alphabet was introduced , as the old phonetic alphabet was seen as too Anglocentric . This led to some confusion with what names were being used , as some observers referred to Hurricane Charlie as `` Cocoa . '' Ahead of the following season no agreement could be reached over which phonetic alphabet to use , before it was decided to start using a list of female names to name tropical cyclones . During the season the names were used in the press with only a few objections recorded , and as a result public reception to the idea seemed favourable . The same names were reused during 1954 with only one change : Gilda for Gail . However , as Hurricanes Carol , Edna , and Hazel affected the populated Northeastern United States , controversy raged with several protests over the use of women 's names as it was felt to be ungentlemanly or insulting to womanhood , or both . Letters were subsequently received that overwhelmingly supported the practise , with forecasters claiming that 99 % of correspondence received in the Miami Weather Bureau supported the use of women 's names for hurricanes . Forecasters subsequently decided to continue with the current practice of naming hurricanes after women , but developed a new set of names ahead of the 1955 season with the names Carol , Edna and Hazel retired for the next ten years . However , before the names could be written , a tropical storm was discovered on January 2 , 1955 and named Alice . The Representative T. James Tumulty subsequently announced that he intended to introduce legislation that would call on the USWB to abandon its practice of naming hurricanes after women , and suggested that they be named using descriptive terms instead . Until 1960 , forecasters decided to develop a new set of names each year . By 1958 , the Guam Weather Center had become the Fleet Weather Central / Typhoon Tracking Center on Guam , and had started to name systems as they became tropical storms rather than typhoons . Later that year during the 1958 -- 59 cyclone season , the New Caledonia Meteorological Office started to name tropical cyclones within the Southern Pacific . During 1959 the US Pacific Command Commander in Chief and the Joint Chiefs of Staff decided that the various US Navy and Air Force weather units would become one unit based on Guam entitled the Fleet Weather Central / Joint Typhoon Warning Center , which continued naming the systems for the Pacific basin . 1960 -- 1990s ( edit ) In January 1960 , a formal naming scheme was introduced for the South - West Indian Ocean by the Mauritius and Madagascan Weather Services . with the first cyclone being named Alix . Later that year , as meteorology entered a new era with the launching of the world 's first meteorological satellite TIROS - 1 , eight lists of tropical cyclone names were prepared for use in the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific basins . In the Atlantic it was decided to rotate these lists every four years , while in the Eastern Pacific the names were designed to be used consecutively before being repeated . During 1963 , the Philippine Weather Bureau adopted four sets of female Filipino nicknames ending in `` ng '' from A to Y for use in its self - defined area of responsibility . Following the international practise of naming tropical cyclones , the Australian Bureau of Meteorology decided at a conference in October 1963 that they would start naming tropical cyclones after women at the start of the 1963 -- 64 cyclone season . The first Western Australian cyclone was subsequently named Bessie on January 6 , 1964 . In 1965 , after two of the Eastern Pacific lists of names had been used , it was decided to start recycling the sets of names on an annual basis like in the Atlantic . At its 1969 national conference , the National Organization for Women passed a motion that called for the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) not to name tropical cyclones using only female names . Later that year , during the 1969 -- 70 cyclone season , the New Zealand Meteorological Service ( NZMS ) office in Fiji started to name tropical cyclones that developed within the South Pacific basin , with the first named Alice on January 4 , 1970 . Within the Atlantic basin the four lists of names were used until 1971 , when the newly established United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration decided to inaugurate a ten - year list of names for the basin . Roxcy Bolton subsequently petitioned the 1971 , 1972 and 1973 interdepartmental hurricane conferences to stop the female naming ; however , the National Hurricane Center responded by stating that there was a 20 : 1 positive response to the usage of female names . In February 1975 , the NZMS decided to incorporate male names into the naming lists for the South Pacific , from the following season after a request from the Fiji National Council of Women who considered the practice discriminatory . At around the same time the Australian Science Minister ordered that tropical cyclones within the Australian region should carry both men 's and women 's names , as the minister thought `` that both sexes should bear the odium of the devastation caused by cyclones . '' Male names were subsequently added to the lists for the Southern Pacific and each of the three Australian tropical cyclone warning centres ahead of the 1975 -- 76 season . During 1977 the World Meteorological Organization decided to form a hurricane committee , which held its first meeting during May 1978 and took control of the Atlantic hurricane naming lists . During 1978 the Secretary of Commerce Juanita Kreps ordered NOAA administrator Robert White to cease the sole usage of female names for hurricanes . Robert White subsequently passed the order on to the Director of NHC Neil Frank , who attended the first meeting of the hurricane committee and requested that both men 's and women 's names be used for the Atlantic . The committee subsequently decided to accept the proposal and adopted five new lists of male and female names to be used the following year . The lists also contained several Spanish and French names , so that they could reflect the cultures and languages used within the Atlantic Ocean . After an agreement was reached between Mexico and the United States , six new sets of male / female names were implemented for the Eastern Pacific basin during 1978 . A new list was also drawn up during the year for the Western Pacific and was implemented after Typhoon Bess and the 1979 tropical cyclone conference . As the dual sex naming of tropical cyclones started in the Northern Hemisphere , the NZMS considered adding ethnic Pacific names to the naming lists rather than the European names that were currently used . As a result of the many languages and cultures in the Pacific there was a lot of discussion surrounding this matter , with one name , `` Oni , '' being dropped as it meant `` the end of the world '' in one language . One proposal suggested that cyclones be named from the country nearest to which they formed ; however , this was dropped when it was realized that a cyclone might be less destructive in its formative stage than later in its development . Eventually it was decided to combine names from all over the South Pacific into a single list at a training course , where each course member provided a list of names that were short , easily pronounced , culturally acceptable throughout the Pacific and did not contain any idiosyncrasies . These names were then collated , edited for suitability , and cross-checked with the group for acceptability . It was intended that the four lists of names should be alphabetical with alternating male and female names while using only ethnic names . However , it was not possible to complete the lists using only ethnic names . As a result , there was a scattering of European names in the final lists , which have been used by the Fiji Meteorological Service and NZMS since the 1980 -- 81 season . During October 1985 the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center had to request an additional list , after the names preselected for that season was used up . As a result , the names Xina , York , Zelda , Xavier , Yolanda , Zeke were subsequently added to the naming lists , while a contingency plan of using the Greek alphabet if all of the names were used up was introduced . New millennium ( edit ) During the 30th session of the ESCAP / WMO Typhoon Committee in November 1997 , a proposal was put forward by Hong Kong to give Asian typhoons local names and to stop using the European and American names that had been used since 1945 . The committee 's Training and Research Coordination Group was subsequently tasked to consult with members and work out the details of the scheme in order to present a list of names for approval at the 31st session . During August 1998 , the group met and decided that each member of the committee would be invited to contribute ten names to the list and that five principles would be followed for the selection of names . It was also agreed that each name would have to be approved by each member and that a single objection would be enough to veto a name . A list of 140 names was subsequently drawn up and submitted to the Typhoon Committee 's 32nd session , who after a lengthy discussion approved the list and decided to implement it on January 1 , 2000 . It was also decided that the Japan Meteorological Agency would name the systems rather than the Joint Typhoon Warning Center . During its annual session in 2000 , the WMO / ESCAP Panel on North Indian Tropical Cyclones agreed in principle to start assigning names to cyclonic storms that developed within the North Indian Ocean . As a result of this , the panel requested that each member country submit a list of ten names to a rapporteur by the end of 2000 . At the 2001 session , the rapporteur reported that of the eight countries involved , only India had refused to submit a list of names , as it had some reservations about assigning names to tropical cyclones . The panel then studied the names and felt that some of the names would not be appealing to the public or the media and thus requested that members submit new lists of names . During 2002 the rapporteur reported that there had been a poor response by member countries in resubmitting their lists of names . Over the next year , each country except India submitted a fresh list . By the 2004 session , India had still not submitted its list despite promising to do so . However , the rapporteur presented the lists of names that would be used with a gap left for India 's names . The rapporteur also recommended that the naming lists be used on an experimental basis during the season , starting in May or June 2004 . The naming lists were then completed in May 2004 , after India submitted their names . However , the lists were not used until September 2004 , when the first tropical cyclone was named Onil by the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) . Rare South Atlantic cyclone unofficially received the name `` Catarina '' from media outlets At the 22nd hurricane committee in 2000 it was decided that tropical cyclones that moved from the Atlantic to the Eastern Pacific basin and vice versa would no longer be renamed . Ahead of the 2000 -- 01 season it was decided to start using male names , as well as female names for tropical cyclones developing in the South - West Indian Ocean . RSMC La Reunion subsequently proposed to the fifteenth session of the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South - West Indian Ocean during September 2001 , that the basin adopt a single circular list of names . Along with the RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee , RSMC La Reunion also proposed to the session that a tropical cyclone have only one name during its lifetime . However , both of these proposals were rejected in favour of continuing an annual list of names and to rename systems when they moved across 90 ° E into the South - West Indian Ocean . During the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season the naming of subtropical cyclones restarted , with names assigned to systems from the main list of names drawn up for that year . During March 2004 , a rare tropical cyclone developed within the Southern Atlantic , about 1,010 km ( 630 mi ) to the east - southeast of Florianópolis in southern Brazil . As the system was threatening the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina , a newspaper used the headline `` Furacão Catarina , '' which was presumed to mean `` furacão ( hurricane ) threatening ( Santa ) Catarina ( the state ) '' . However , when the international press started monitoring the system , it was assumed that `` Furacão Catarina '' meant `` Cyclone Catarina '' and that it had been formally named in the usual way . During the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season the names pre-assigned for the North Atlantic basin were exhausted and as a result names from the Greek alphabet were used . There were subsequently a couple of attempts to get rid of the Greek names , as they are seen to be inconsistent with the standard naming convention used for tropical cyclones , and are generally unknown and confusing to the public . However , none of the attempts have succeeded and thus the Greek alphabet will be used should the lists ever be used up again . Ahead of the 2007 hurricane season , the Central Pacific Hurricane Center ( CPHC ) and the Hawaii State Civil Defense requested that the hurricane committee retire eleven names from the Eastern Pacific naming lists . However , the committee declined the request and noted that its criteria for the retirement of names was `` well defined and very strict . '' It was felt that while the systems may have had a significant impact on the Hawaiian Islands , none of the impacts were major enough to warrant the retirement of the names . It was also noted that the committee had previously not retired names for systems that had a greater impact than those that had been submitted . The CPHC also introduced a revised set of Hawaiian names for the Central Pacific , after they had worked with the University of Hawaii Hawaiian Studies Department to ensure the correct meaning and appropriate historical and cultural use of the names . On April 22 , 2008 the newly established tropical cyclone warning centre in Jakarta , Indonesia named its first system : Durga , before two sets of Indonesian names were established for their area of responsibility ahead of the 2008 -- 09 season . At the same time the Australian Bureau of Meteorology , merged their three lists into one national list of names . The issue of tropical cyclones being renamed when they moved across 90 ° E into the South - West Indian Ocean , was subsequently brought up during October 2008 at the 18th session of the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee . However , it was decided to postpone the matter until the following committee meeting so that various consultations could take place . During the 2009 Tropical Cyclone RSMCs / TCWCs Technical Coordination Meeting , it was reaffirmed that a tropical cyclone name should be retained throughout a system 's lifetime , including when moving from one basin to another , to avoid confusion . As a result , it was proposed at the following year 's RA I tropical cyclone committee , that systems stopped being renamed when they moved into the South - West Indian Ocean from the Australian region . It was subsequently agreed that during an interim period , cyclones that moved into the basin would have a name attached to their existing name , before it was stopped at the start of the 2012 -- 13 season . Tropical Cyclone Bruce was subsequently the first tropical cyclone not to be renamed , when it moved into the South - West Indian Ocean during 2013 - 14 . During March 12 , 2010 , public and private weather services in Southern Brazil , decided to name a tropical storm Anita in order to avoid confusion in future references . A naming list was subsequently set up by the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center with the names Arani , Bapo and Cari subsequently taken from that list during 2011 and 2015 . At its twenty - first session in 2015 , the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee reviewed the arrangements for naming tropical storms and decided that the procedure was in need of a `` very urgent change '' . In particular it was noted that the procedure did not take into account , any of the significant improvements in the science surrounding tropical cyclones and that it was biased due to inappropriate links with some national warning systems . As a result the committee decided to keep the current naming procedure , for the next few years and form a task force , in order to develop an alternative cyclone naming procedure . Modern day ( edit ) Main articles : List of retired Atlantic hurricane names , List of retired Pacific hurricane names , List of retired Pacific typhoon names , List of retired Philippine typhoon names , List of retired Australian cyclone names , and List of retired South Pacific tropical cyclone names Tropical cyclone naming institutions Basin Institution Area of responsibility Northern Hemisphere North Atlantic Eastern Pacific United States National Hurricane Center United States Central Pacific Hurricane Center Equator northward , African Coast -- 140 ° W Equator northward , 140 ° W -- 180 Western Pacific Japan Meteorological Agency PAGASA ( Unofficial ) Equator -- 60 ° N , 180 -- 100 ° E 5 ° N -- 20 ° N , 115 ° E -- 135 ° E North Indian Ocean India Meteorological Department Equator northward , 100 ° E -- 45 ° E Southern Hemisphere South - West Indian Ocean Mauritius Meteorological Services Météo Madagascar Equator -- 40 ° S , 55 ° E -- 90 ° E Equator -- 40 ° S , African Coast -- 55 ° E Australian region Indonesian Agency for Meteorology , Climatology and Geophysics Papua New Guinea National Weather Service Australian Bureau of Meteorology Equator -- 10 ° S , 90 ° E -- 141 ° E Equator -- 10 ° S , 141 ° E -- 160 ° E 10 ° S -- 36 ° S , 90 ° E -- 160 ° E Southern Pacific Fiji Meteorological Service Meteorological Service of New Zealand Equator -- 25 ° S , 160 ° E -- 120 ° W 25 ° S -- 40 ° S , 160 ° E -- 120 ° W South Atlantic Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center ( Unofficial ) Equator -- 35 ° S , Brazilian Coast -- 20 ° W At present tropical cyclones are officially named by one of eleven warning centres and retain their names throughout their lifetimes to provide ease of communication between forecasters and the general public regarding forecasts , watches , and warnings . Due to the potential for longevity and multiple concurrent storms , the names are thought to reduce the confusion about what storm is being described . Names are assigned in order from predetermined lists once storms have one , three , or ten - minute sustained wind speeds of more than 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) depending on which basin it originates in . However , standards vary from basin to basin , with some tropical depressions named in the Western Pacific , while tropical cyclones have to have gale - force winds occurring near the center before they are named within the Southern Hemisphere . Any member of the World Meteorological Organisation 's hurricane , typhoon and tropical cyclone committees can request that the name of a tropical cyclone be retired or withdrawn from the various tropical cyclone naming lists . A name is retired or withdrawn if a consensus or majority of members agree that the tropical cyclone has acquired a special notoriety , such as causing a large amount of deaths , damages , impacts or for other special reasons . Any tropical cyclone names assigned by the Papua New Guinea National weather Service are automatically retired regardless of any damage caused . A replacement name is then submitted to the committee concerned and voted upon , but these names can be rejected and replaced for various reasons . These reasons include the spelling and pronunciation of the name , its similarity to the name of a recent tropical cyclone or on another list of names , and the length of the name for modern communication channels such as social media . PAGASA also retires the names of significant tropical cyclones , when they have caused at least 7009100000000000000 ♠ ₱ 1 billion in damage and / or have caused at least 300 deaths . There are no names retired within the South - West Indian Ocean , as names that are used are automatically removed from the three naming lists used in that basin . See also ( edit ) European windstorm List of historic tropical cyclone names List of tropical cyclones Tropical cyclone naming Winter storm naming in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dorst , Neal M ( October 23 , 2012 ) . `` They Called the Wind Mahina : The History of Naming Cyclones '' . Hurricane Research Division , Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Slides 8 -- 72 . ^ Jump up to : Adamson , Peter ( September 2003 ) . `` Clement Lindley Wragge and the naming of weather disturbances '' . Weather . 58 ( 9 ) : 359 -- 363 . doi : 10.1256 / wea. 13.03 . ^ Jump up to : Mújica - Baker , Frank . Huracanes y Tormentas que han afectadi a Puerto Rico ( PDF ) ( Report ) ( in Spanish ) . Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , Agencia Estatal para el manejo de Emergencias y Administracion de Desastres . pp. 5 -- 23 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Ray ( 1990 ) . `` What 's in a Name ? '' ( PDF ) . Weather and Climate. 10 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 26 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Landsea , Christopher W ; Dorst , Neal M ( June 1 , 2014 ) . `` Subject : Tropical Cyclone Names : B1 ) How are tropical cyclones named ? '' . Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Question . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's Hurricane Research Division . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barnard , G. M ( October 5 , 1935 ) . `` Letters to the Editor : Quite Weatherly '' . The Examiner . Launceston , Tasmania . p. 15 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cry , George ( July 1958 ) . Bristow , Gerald C , ed . `` Naming hurricanes and typhoons '' . Mariners Weather Log. 2 ( 4 ) : 109 . ISSN 0025 - 3367 . OCLC 648466886 . hdl : 2027 / uc1. b3876059 . Jump up ^ 70th anniversary of women 's names used for typhoons . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's Hurricane Research Division . December 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2015 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Warrilow , Chrissy ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` Why Hurricanes are Named '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Witten , Don ( 2010 ) . `` What 's in a Name ? A Hurricane by Any Name Can Be a Killer '' . Weatherwise. 34 ( 4 ) : 71 . doi : 10.1080 / 00431672.1981. 9931969 . Jump up ^ Norton , Grady ( January 1951 ) . `` Hurricanes of the 1950 Season '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . 79 : 8 . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 - 79.1. 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 26 , 2014 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What 's in a name ? -- The Phonetic Alphabet goes International '' ( PDF ) . Topics of the Weather Bureau . 11 ( 3 ) : 36 . March 1952 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Padgett , Gary ( 2007 ) . `` Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary July 2007 '' . Australian Severe Weather . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Decide Next Month On Use Of Girl 's Names For Hurricanes '' . The Times News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . December 22 , 1954 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girl 's Names For Storms Are Criticized In North '' . Miami Daily News . October 20 , 1954 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Favors Law To Stop Girls ' Names For Hurricanes '' . Times - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . March 20 , 1955 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anstett , Richard ( April 30 , 1998 ) . `` JTWC Formation , 1958 -- 1959 '' . History of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center up to 1998 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2014 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Ian S ( March 1 , 1976 ) . `` Tropical Storms and Hurricanes in the Southwest Pacific : November 1939 to May 1969 '' ( PDF ) . pp. 23 -- 28 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleet Weather Central ; Joint Typhoon Warning Center . Annual Typhoon Report : 1959 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . p. 4 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tropical Cyclone Warning System and General Information '' . Mauritius Meteorological Services . 2012 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ W.B. , Issues 36 -- 38 . South Africa Weather Bureau . 1960 . Jump up ^ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre . South - West Indian Ocean Cyclone Season : 2000 -- 01 ( PDF ) ( Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary ) . Météo - France . p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Kohler , Joseph P , ed . ( March 1960 ) . `` New Procedure for naming Tropical Cyclones in the North Atlantic '' . Mariners Weather Log. 4 ( 2 ) : 34 . ISSN 0025 - 3367 . OCLC 648466886 . hdl : 2027 / uc1. b3876059 . ^ Jump up to : Kohler , Joseph P , ed . ( July 1960 ) . `` On The Editors Desk : First Weather Satellite / Names for North Pacific Tropical Cyclones '' . Mariners Weather Log. 4 ( 4 ) : 105 -- 107 . ISSN 0025 - 3367 . OCLC 648466886 . hdl : 2027 / uc1. b3876059 . Jump up ^ Tropical Cyclones of 1963 . Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical , and Astronomical Services Administration . p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Naming of Tropical Cyclones '' . Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical , and Astronomical Services Administration . Archived from the original on December 3 , 1998 . Jump up ^ Dioquino , Rose - an Jessica ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` From Rosing to Pedring : A storm by any other name '' . GMA News online . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` In Queensland this week '' . The Canberra Times . Australian Capital Territory . October 10 , 1963 . p. 2 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tropical Cyclones Frequently Asked Questions '' . 14 . When did the naming of cyclones begin ? . Australian Bureau of Meteorology . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blake , Eric S ; Gibney , Ethan J ; Brown , Daniel P ; Mainelli , Michelle ; Franklin , James L ; Kimberlain , Todd B ; Hammer , Gregory R ( 2009 ) . Tropical Cyclones of the Eastern North Pacific Basin , 1949 - 2006 ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Padgett , Gary . `` Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone summary : November 2007 '' . Australian Severe Weather . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Samenow , Jason ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Himicanes and hericanes : In 1970s , some argued male - named hurricanes would not be respected '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeAngellis , Richard M ( March 1976 ) . Wison , Elwyn E , ed . Hurricane Alley : Australian Tropical Cyclone Names . Mariners Weather Log ( Report ) . 20 . pp. 82 -- 83 . ISSN 0025 - 3367 . OCLC 648466886 . Jump up ^ `` Sex - Shift in Australia : A Cyclone Named ' Alan ' '' . New York Times . Reuters . September 30 , 1975 -- via New York Times . ^ Jump up to : The Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research ( May 1978 ) . National Hurricane Operational Plan : 1978 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Jump up ^ McAdie , Colin J ; Landsea , Christopher W ; Neumann , Charles J ; David , Joan E ; Blake , Eric S ; Hammer , Gregory R ( August 20 , 2009 ) . Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean , 1851 -- 2006 ( PDF ) ( Sixth ed . ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Padgett , Gary ( January 1 , 2008 ) . `` Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone summary : August 2007 '' . Australian Severe Weather . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Big Blows to get his and her names '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . Daytona Beach , Florida . May 12 , 1978 . Jump up ^ Naval Oceanography Command Center ; Joint Typhoon Warning Center . `` Chapter III : Summary of Tropical Cyclones '' . Annual Typhoon Report : 1979 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . p. 10 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kirkman , Don ( October 15 , 1985 ) . `` Hurricanes hitting Southwest ? They do '' . The Lewiston Journal . Lewiston , Maine . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Padgett , Gary . `` Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary : February 2002 '' . Australian Severe Weather . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carnahan , Robert L. National Hurricane Operations Plan 1987 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lomarda , Nanette C , ed. ( September 1998 ) . `` The ESCAP / WMO Typhoon Committee Newsletter '' ( PDF ) ( 10 ) : 2 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zhou , Xiao ; Lei , Xiaotu ( 2012 ) . `` Summary of retired typhoons within the Western North Pacific Ocean '' . Tropical Cyclone Research and Review . 1 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 32 . ISSN 2225 - 6032 . doi : 10.6057 / 2012TCRR01. 03 ( inactive 2017 - 08 - 22 ) . Jump up ^ `` Northwest Pacific Basin Names '' . Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lomarda , Nanette C , ed . ( July 1999 ) . `` The ESCAP / WMO Typhoon Committee Newsletter '' ( PDF ) ( 11 ) : 2 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( 1998 ) . `` Appendix B -- Tropical Cyclone Names '' . 1998 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report ( PDF ) . pp. 199 -- 200 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 29 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : RSMC -- Tropical Cyclones New Delhi ( January 2015 ) . Report on Cyclonic Disturbances over North Indian Ocean during 2014 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : WMO / ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones ( April 15 , 2004 ) . WMO / ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones Thirty - First Session ( PDF ) ( Final Report ) . pp. 8 , 54 , 55 , 56 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : WMO / ESCAP panel on Tropical Cyclones ( April 15 , 2004 ) . WMO / ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones : Thirty - Second Session ( PDF ) ( Final Report ) . p. 8 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 29 , 2012 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ RA IV Hurricane Committee ( 2000 ) . RA IV Hurricane Committee 24th Session ( PDF ) ( Final Report ) . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 19 , 2003 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` How are the names chosen ? '' . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee ( 2001 ) . RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee : Fifteenth session ( PDF ) ( Final Report ) . p. 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2005 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guishard , Mark P ( March 14 , 2006 ) . `` Boundary Layer Winds in Fabian 's Eyewall '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Padgett , Gary . `` Monthly Tropical Cyclone Summary : March 2004 '' . Australian Severe Weather . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beven , John L ; Avila , Lixion A ; Blake , Eric S ; Brown , Daniel P ; Franklin , James L ; Knabb , Richard D ; Pasch , Richard J ; Rhome , Jamie R ; Stewart , Stacy R ( March 1 , 2008 ) . `` Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005 '' . Monthly Weather Review . 136 ( 3 ) : 1109 -- 1173 . doi : 10.1175 / 2007MWR2074. 1 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 25 , 2010 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology ( March 10 , 2010 ) . New action items : 64th IHC action items : Replace Backup Tropical Cyclone `` Greek Alphabet '' Name List with Secondary Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Name List ( PDF ) ( Report ) . pp. 10 -- 11 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ RA IV Hurricane Committee ( 2006 ) . RA IV Hurricane Committee 28th Session ( PDF ) ( Report ) . pp. 11 -- 12 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 61st IHC action items ( PDF ) ( Report ) . November 29 , 2007 . pp. 5 -- 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 29 , 2007 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : RA IV Hurricane Committee ( February 1 , 2008 ) . RA IV Hurricane Committee 29th Session ( PDF ) ( Final Report ) . pp. 7 , 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Central Pacific Hurricane Center ( May 21 , 2007 ) . `` NOAA announces Central Pacific hurricane season outlook '' ( Press release ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paterson , Linda ( October 1 , 2008 ) . Tropical Cyclone Durga ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Australian Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee ( 2008 ) . RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee Twelfth Session ( PDF ) ( Final Report ) . pp. 6 , 11 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tropical Cyclone Names '' . Australian Bureau of Meteorology . November 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee ( November 18 , 2016 ) . Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South - East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2016 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . World Meteorological Organization . pp. I -- 4 -- II -- 9 ( 9 -- 21 ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee ( April 15 , 2004 ) . RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee : Eighteenth session ( PDF ) ( Final Report ) . p. 8 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 29 , 2012 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sixth Tropical Cyclone RSMCs / TCWCs Technical Coordination Meeting ( PDF ) ( Report ) . October 19 , 2012 . p. 13 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 30 , 2015 . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee . RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee Nineteenth Session ( PDF ) ( Final Report ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Caroff , Philippe . FAQ B : Nom des cyclones tropicaux Sujet B4 ) Qu'arrive - t - il au nom d'un cyclone lorsqu'il change de zone de responsabilité ? . Meteo France La Réunion . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Padgett , Gary . `` Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks March 2010 '' . Australian Severe Weather . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Normas Da Autoridade Marítima Para As Atividades De Meteorologia Marítima '' ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ) . Brazilian Navy . 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 6 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Masters , Jeff ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Subtropical Storm Cari Forms Near Brazil ; South Pacific 's Cyclone Pam a Cat 4 '' . Weather Underground . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee ( July 1 , 2016 ) . RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee Twenty - First Session ( Final Report ) . p. 8 . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : RA IV Hurricane Committee ( March 13 , 2015 ) . Regional Association IV ( North America , Central America and the Caribbean ) Hurricane Operational Plan 2015 ( PDF ) ( Report No . TCP - 30 ) . World Meteorological Organization . pp. 30 -- 31 , 101 -- 105 . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : WMO / ESCP Typhoon Committee ( March 13 , 2015 ) . Typhoon Committee Operational Manual Meteorological Component 2015 ( PDF ) ( Report No . TCP - 23 ) . World Meteorological Organization . pp. 1 -- 7 , 33 -- 34 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Padua , David M.V ( July 16 , 2004 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone Terminologies & Other Weather Definitions '' . Typhoon2000 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee ( September 16 , 2016 ) . Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South - West Indian Ocean : 2016 ( PDF ) ( Report No . TCP - 12 ) . World Meteorological Organization . pp. 13 -- 14 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 18 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ WMO / ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones ( August 5 , 2014 ) . Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea 2014 ( PDF ) ( Report No . TCP - 21 ) . pp. 11 -- 12 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 29 , 2015 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PAGASA replaces names of 2014 destructive typhoons '' ( Press release ) . Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration . February 5 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) AskBOM : How do tropical cyclones get their names ? Australian Bureau of Meteorology Fiji Meteorological Service India Meteorological Department Indonesian Meteorological Department Japan Meteorological Agency Mauritius Meteorological Services Météo - France -- La Reunion Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited United States Central Pacific Hurricane Center United States National Hurricane Center Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_tropical_cyclone_naming&oldid=797384400 '' Categories : Tropical cyclones Tropical cyclone meteorology Names Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 18 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20tropical%20cyclone%20naming
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what's the process for amending the constitution
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Article Five of the United states Constitution
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article five of the united states constitution
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Article Five of the United States Constitution describes the process whereby the Constitution , the nation 's frame of government , may be altered . Altering the Constitution consists of proposing an amendment or amendments and subsequent ratification . Amendments may be proposed either by the Congress with a two - thirds vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate or by a convention of states called for by two - thirds of the state legislatures . To become part of the Constitution , an amendment must be ratified by either -- as determined by Congress -- the legislatures of three - quarters of the states or state ratifying conventions in three - quarters of the states . The vote of each state ( to either ratify or reject a proposed amendment ) carries equal weight , regardless of a state 's population or length of time in the Union .
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Additionally , Article V temporarily shielded certain clauses in Article I from being amended . The first clause in Section 9 , which prevented Congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of slaves prior to 1808 , and the fourth clause in that same section , a declaration that direct taxes must be apportioned according to state populations , were explicitly shielded from Constitutional amendment prior to 1808 . It also shields the first clause of Article I , Section 3 , which provides for equal representation of the states in the Senate , from being amended , though not absolutely . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Procedures for amending the Constitution 2.1 Proposing amendments 2.2 Ratification of amendments 3 Ratification deadline and extension 3.1 Deadlines 3.2 Extensions 4 Exclusive means for amending the Constitution 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Text ( edit ) The Congress , whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary , shall propose amendments to this Constitution , or , on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several states , shall call a convention for proposing amendments , which , in either case , shall be valid to all intents and purposes , as part of this Constitution , when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states , or by conventions in three fourths thereof , as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no state , without its consent , shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate . Procedures for amending the Constitution ( edit ) The U.S. constitutional amendment process Thirty - three amendments to the United States Constitution have been approved by the Congress and sent to the states for ratification . Twenty - seven of these amendments have been ratified and are now part of the Constitution . The first ten amendments were adopted and ratified simultaneously and are known collectively as the Bill of Rights . Six amendments adopted by Congress and sent to the states have not been ratified by the required number of states and are not part of the Constitution . Four of these amendments are still technically open and pending , one is closed and has failed by its own terms , and one is closed and has failed by the terms of the resolution proposing it . All totaled , approximately 11,539 measures to amend the Constitution have been proposed in Congress since 1789 ( through December 16 , 2014 ) . Proposing amendments ( edit ) Article V provides two methods for amending the nation 's frame of government . The first method authorizes Congress , `` whenever two - thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary '' ( a two - thirds of those members present -- assuming that a quorum exists at the time that the vote is cast -- and not necessarily a two - thirds vote of the entire membership elected and serving in the two houses of Congress ) , to propose Constitutional amendments . The second method requires Congress , `` on the application of the legislatures of two - thirds of the several states '' ( presently 34 ) , to `` call a convention for proposing amendments '' . When the 1st Congress considered a series of constitutional amendments , it was suggested that the two houses first adopt a resolution indicating that they deemed amendments necessary . This procedure was not used . Instead , both the House and the Senate proceeded directly to consideration of a joint resolution , thereby implying that both bodies deemed amendments to be necessary . Also , when initially proposed by James Madison , the amendments were designed to be interwoven into the relevant sections of the original document . Instead , they were approved by Congress and sent to the states for ratification as supplemental additions ( codicils ) appended to it . Both these precedents have been followed ever since . Regarding the amendment process crafted during the 1787 Constitutional Convention , Madison , in The Federalist No. 43 , wrote : It guards equally against that extreme facility which would render the Constitution too mutable ; and that extreme difficulty which might perpetuate its discovered faults . It moreover equally enables the General and the State Governments to originate the amendment of errors , as they may be pointed out by the experience on one side , or on the other . Resolution proposing the Nineteenth Amendment Each time the amendment process has been initiated since 1789 , the first method has been used . All 33 amendments submitted to the states for ratification originated in the Congress . The second method , the convention option , which Alexander Hamilton ( writing in The Federalist No. 85 ) believed would serve as a barrier `` against the encroachments of the national authority '' , has yet to be successfully invoked , although not for lack of activity in the states . Three times in the 20th century , concerted efforts were undertaken by proponents of particular amendments to secure the number of applications necessary to summon an Article V Convention . These included conventions to consider amendments to ( 1 ) provide for popular election of U.S. Senators ; ( 2 ) permit the states to include factors other than equality of population in drawing state legislative district boundaries ; and ( 3 ) to propose an amendment requiring the U.S. budget to be balanced under most circumstances . The campaign for a popularly elected Senate is frequently credited with `` prodding '' the Senate to join the House of Representatives in proposing what became the Seventeenth Amendment to the states in 1912 , while the latter two campaigns came very close to meeting the two - thirds threshold in the 1960s and 1980s , respectively . Further information : Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution and Second Constitutional Convention of the United States Once approved by Congress , the joint resolution proposing a constitutional amendment does not require Presidential approval before it goes out to the states . While Article I Section 7 provides that all federal legislation must , before becoming Law , be presented to the President for his or her signature or veto , Article V provides no such requirement for constitutional amendments approved by Congress , or by a federal convention . Thus the president has no official function in the process . In Hollingsworth v. Virginia ( 1798 ) , the Supreme Court affirmed that it is not necessary to place constitutional amendments before the President for approval or veto . Ratification of amendments ( edit ) Tennessee certificate of ratification of the nineteenth Amendment ; with this ratification , the amendment became valid as a part of the Constitution After being officially proposed , either by Congress or a national convention of the states , a constitutional amendment must then be ratified by three - fourths of the states . Congress is authorized to choose whether a proposed amendment is sent to the state legislatures or to state ratifying conventions for ratification . Amendments ratified by the states under either procedure are indistinguishable and have equal force as part of the Constitution . Of the 33 amendments submitted to the states for ratification , the state convention method has been used for only one , the Twenty - first Amendment , which became part of the Constitution in 1933 . This was also one of only four times that Congress has placed the mode of ratification in the body of an amendment rather than in accompanying legislation ; the others being the Eighteenth , Twentieth , and Twenty - second Amendments . In United States v. Sprague ( 1931 ) , the Supreme Court affirmed the authority of Congress to decide how each individual constitutional amendment is ratified , in accordance with the options provided in Article V and the equal validity of amendments properly ratified in either fashion . The Court had earlier , in Hawke v. Smith ( 1920 ) , ruled the ratification of the proposed Nineteenth Amendment ( which Congress had sent to the state legislatures for ratification ) by the Legislature of Ohio could not be referred to the electors ( voters ) of the state , and that the Ohio Constitution , in requiring such a referendum , was inconsistent with the U.S. Constitution . An amendment becomes an operative part of the Constitution when it is ratified by the necessary number of states , rather than on the later date when its ratification is certified . No further action by Congress or anyone is required . On three occasions , Congress has , after being informed that an amendment has reached the ratification threshold , adopted a resolution declaring the process successfully completed . Such actions , while perhaps important for political reasons , are , constitutionally speaking , unnecessary . Presently , the Archivist of the United States is charged with responsibility for administering the ratification process under the provisions of 1 U.S. Code § 106b . The Archivist officially notifies the states , by a registered letter to each state 's Governor , that an amendment has been proposed . Each Governor then formally submits the amendment to their state 's legislature ( or ratifying convention ) . When a state ratifies a proposed amendment , it sends the Archivist an original or certified copy of the state 's action . Upon receiving the necessary number of state ratifications , it is the duty of the Archivist to issue a certificate proclaiming a particular amendment duly ratified and part of the Constitution . The amendment and its certificate of ratification are then published in the Federal Register and United States Statutes at Large . This serves as official notice to Congress and to the nation that the ratification process has been successfully completed . Ratification deadline and extension ( edit ) The Constitution is silent on the issue of whether or not Congress may limit the length of time that the states have to ratify constitutional amendments sent for their consideration . It is also silent on the issue of whether or not Congress , once it has sent an amendment that includes a ratification deadline to the states for their consideration , can extend that deadline . Deadlines ( edit ) The practice of limiting the time available to the states to ratify proposed amendments began in 1917 with the Eighteenth Amendment . All amendments proposed since then , with the exception of the Nineteenth Amendment and the ( still pending ) Child Labor Amendment , have included a deadline , either in the body of the proposed amendment , or in the joint resolution transmitting it to the states . The ratification deadline `` clock '' begins running on the day final action is completed in Congress . An amendment may be ratified at any time after final congressional action , even if the states have not yet been officially notified . In Dillon v. Gloss ( 1921 ) , the Supreme Court upheld Congress 's power to prescribe time limitations for state ratifications and intimated that clearly out of date proposals were no longer open for ratification . Granting that it found nothing express in Article V relating to time constraints , the Court yet allowed that it found intimated in the amending process a `` strongly suggest ( ive ) '' argument that proposed amendments are not open to ratification for all time or by States acting at widely separate times . The court subsequently , in Coleman v. Miller ( 1939 ) , modified its opinion considerably . In that case , related to the proposed Child Labor Amendment , it held that the question of timeliness of ratification is a political and non-justiciable one , leaving the issue to Congress 's discretion . It would appear that the length of time elapsing between proposal and ratification is irrelevant to the validity of the amendment . Based upon this precedent , the Archivist of the United States proclaimed the Twenty - seventh Amendment as having been ratified when it surpassed the `` three fourths of the several states '' plateau for becoming a part of the Constitution . Declared ratified on May 7 , 1992 , it had been submitted to the states for ratification on September 25 , 1789 , an unprecedented time period of 202 years , 7 months and 12 days . Extensions ( edit ) Whether once it has prescribed a ratification period Congress may extend the period without necessitating action by already - ratified States embroiled Congress , the states , and the courts in argument with respect to the proposed Equal Rights Amendment ( Sent to the states on March 22 , 1972 with a seven - year ratification time limit attached ) . In 1978 Congress , by simple majority vote in both houses , extended the original deadline by 3 years , 3 months and 8 days ( through June 30 , 1982 ) . The amendment 's proponents argued that the fixing of a time limit and the extending of it were powers committed exclusively to Congress under the political question doctrine and that in any event Congress had power to extend . It was argued that inasmuch as the fixing of a reasonable time was within Congress ' power and that Congress could fix the time either in advance or at some later point , based upon its evaluation of the social and other bases of the necessities of the amendment , Congress did not do violence to the Constitution when , once having fixed the time , it subsequently extended the time . Proponents recognized that if the time limit was fixed in the text of the amendment Congress could not alter it because the time limit as well as the substantive provisions of the proposal had been subject to ratification by a number of States , making it unalterable by Congress except through the amending process again . Opponents argued that Congress , having by a two - thirds vote sent the amendment and its authorizing resolution to the states , had put the matter beyond changing by passage of a simple resolution , that states had either acted upon the entire package or at least that they had or could have acted affirmatively upon the promise of Congress that if the amendment had not been ratified within the prescribed period it would expire and their assent would not be compelled for longer than they had intended . In 1981 , the United States District Court for the District of Idaho , however , found that Congress did not have the authority to extend the deadline , even when only contained within the proposing joint resolution 's resolving clause . The Supreme Court had decided to take up the case , bypassing the Court of Appeals , but before they could hear the case , the extended period granted by Congress had been exhausted without the necessary number of states , thus rendering the case moot . Exclusive means for amending the Constitution ( edit ) According to constitutional theorist and scholar Lawrence G. Sager , some commentators have seriously questioned whether Article V is the exclusive means of amending the Constitution , or whether there are routes to amendment , including some routes in which the Constitution could be unconsciously or unwittingly amended in a period of sustained political activity on the part of a mobilized national constituency . For example , Akhil Amar argues that the Constitution may be constitutionally amended outside of Article V. He rejects the notion that Article V excludes other modes of constitutional change , arguing instead that the procedure provided for in Article V is simply the exclusive method the government may use to amend the Constitution . He asserts that Article V nowhere prevents the People themselves , acting apart from ordinary Government , from exercising their legal right to alter or abolish Government via the proper legal procedures . Bruce Ackerman argues that the Constitution can be amended by something he calls a `` structural amendment '' whereby the people alter their Constitutional order via succeeding elections . Similarly , Sanford Levinson believes that Constitutional amendments have been made outside of Article V and as such it is not exclusive . Other scholars disagree with Amar , Ackerman , and Levinson . Some argue that the Constitution itself provides no mechanism for the American people to adopt constitutional amendments independently of Article V. Darren Patrick Guerra has argued that Article V is a vital part of the American Constitutional tradition and he defends Article V against modern critiques that Article V is either too difficult , too undemocratic , or too formal . Instead he argues that Article V provides a clear and stable way of amending the document that is explicit , authentic , and the exclusive means of amendment ; it promotes wisdom and justice through enhancing deliberation and prudence ; and its process complements federalism and separation of powers that are key features of the Constitution . He argues that Article V remains the most clear and powerful way to register the sovereign desires of the American public with regard to alterations of their fundamental law . In the end , Article V is an essential bulwark to maintaining a written Constitution that secures the rights of the people against both elites and themselves . In his farewell address , President George Washington said : If in the opinion of the People the distribution or modification of the Constitutional powers be in any particular wrong , let it be corrected by an amendment in the way which the Constitution designates . But let there be no change by usurpation ; for though this , in one instance , may be the instrument of good , it is the customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed . The precedent must always greatly overbalance in permanent evil any partial or transient benefit which the use can at any time yield . This statement by Washington has become controversial , and scholars disagree about whether it still describes the proper constitutional order in the United States . Scholars who dismiss Washington 's position often argue that the Constitution itself was adopted without following the procedures in the Articles of Confederation , while Constitutional attorney Michael Farris disagrees , saying the Convention was a product of the States ' residual power , and the amendment in adoption process was legal , having received the unanimous assent of the States ' legislatures . See also ( edit ) List of amendments to the United States Constitution List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution List of state applications for an Article V Convention List of Rescissions of Article V Convention Applications Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ On March 2 , 1861 the 36th Congress gave final approval to proposed constitutional amendment designed to shield `` domestic institutions '' ( which at the time included slavery ) from the constitutional amendment process and from abolition or interference by Congress . The following day , on his last full day in office , President Buchanan , took the unprecedented step of signing it . Submitted to the state legislatures for ratification without a time limit for ratification attached , the proposal , commonly known as the Corwin Amendment , is still technically pending before the states . Jump up ^ On January 31 , 1865 , the 38th Congress gave final approval to what would become the Thirteenth Amendment , which abolished slavery and involuntary servitude , except as punishment for a crime . The following day , the amendment was presented to the President Lincoln pursuant to the constitution 's Presentment Clause , and signed . On February 7 , Congress passed a resolution affirming that the Presidential signature was unnecessary . Jump up ^ 1868 regarding the Fourteenth Amendment , 1870 regarding the Fifteenth Amendment , and 1992 regarding the Twenty - seventh Amendment Jump up ^ In recent history , the signing of the certificate of ratification has become a ceremonial function attended by various dignitaries . President Johnson signed the certifications for the Twenty - fourth Amendment and Twenty - fifth Amendment as a witness . When the Administrator of General Services , Robert Kunzig , certified the adoption of the Twenty - sixth Amendment on July 5 , 1971 , President Nixon along with Julianne Jones , Joseph W. Loyd Jr. , and Paul Larimer of the `` Young Americans in Concert '' signed as witnesses . On May 18 , 1992 , the Archivist of the United States , Don W. Wilson , certified that the Twenty - seventh Amendment had been ratified , and the Director of the Federal Register , Martha Girard , signed the certification as a witness . Jump up ^ Congress incorporated the ratification deadline for the Eighteenth , Twentieth , Twenty - first , and Twenty - second Amendments into the body of the amendment , so these amendments ' deadlines are now part of the Constitution . The failed District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment also contained a ratification deadline clause . Congress incorporated the ratification deadline for the Twenty - third , Twenty - fourth , Twenty - fifth and Twenty - sixth Amendments into the joint resolutions transmitting them to the state legislatures in order to avoid including extraneous language in the Constitution . This practice was also followed for the failed Equal Rights Amendment . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitutional Amendment Process '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wines , Michael ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Inside the Conservative Push for States to Amend the Constitution '' . NYT . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States : Article V '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Measures Proposed to Amend the Constitution '' . Statistics & Lists . United States Senate . ^ Jump up to : Neale , Thomas H. ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Article V Convention to Propose Constitutional Amendments : Contemporary Issues for Congress '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : England , Trent & Spalding , Matthew . `` Essays on Article V : Amendments '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation , Centennial Edition , Interim Edition : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2013 . pp. 987 -- 1001 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sen. David Long `` Amending the U.S. Constitution by State - Led Convention '' Jump up ^ Rossum , Ralph A. ( 2001 ) . Federalism , the Supreme Court , and the Seventeenth Amendment : The Irony of Constitutional Democracy . Lanham , Maryland : Lexington Books . p. 207 . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0285 - 0 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tsesis , Alexander ( 2004 ) . The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom : A Legal History . New York : New York University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 8276 - 0 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Francis Newton ( 1901 ) . `` The Constitutional History of the United States , vol. 3 : 1861 -- 1895 '' . Chicago : Callaghan & Company . p. 154 . Jump up ^ Vile , John R. Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments , Proposed Amendments , and Amending Issues , 1789 -- 2002 ( Second ed . ) . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO , Inc. p. 373 . ISBN 1851094334 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornell University Law School . `` Dillon v. Gloss '' . law.cornell.edu . Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. `` The Proposed Equal Rights Amendment : Contemporary Ratification Issues '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Huckabee , David C. ( September 30 , 1997 ) . `` Ratification of Amendments to the U.S. Constitution '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service reports . Washington D.C. : Congressional Research Service , The Library of Congress . Jump up ^ http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=3068&st= &st1 = Richard Nixon : `` Remarks at a Ceremony Marking the Certification of the 26th Amendment to the Constitution , '' July 5 , 1971 . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . ^ Jump up to : `` Authentication and Proclamation : Proposing a Constitutional Amendment '' . Justia.com . Jump up ^ Idaho v. Freeman , 529 F. Supp. 1107 ( D. Idaho 1981 ) . Jump up ^ Certiorari before judgment granted , NOW v. Idaho , 455 U.S. 918 ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Judgments of the District Court of Idaho vacated ; cases remanded with instructions to dismiss as moot . NOW v. Idaho , 459 U.S. 809 ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Sager , Lawrence ( 2006 ) . Justice in Plainclothes : A Theory of American Constitutional Practice . Yale University Press . p. 82 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Scott J. ( 2004 ) . `` Wild Political Dreaming : Constitutional Reformation of the United States Senate '' . Fordham Law Review . 72 ( 4 ) : 1026 -- 27 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Bruce A. ( 1993 ) . We the People , Volume 1 : Foundations . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674948419 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ( 1995 ) . Responding to Imperfection : The Theory and Practice of Constitutional Amendment . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 1400821630 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Manheim , Karl and Howard , Edward . A Structural Theory of the Initiative Power in California , Loyola Los Angeles Law Review , p. 1167 ( 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Guerra , Darren Patrick ( 2013 ) . Perfecting the Constitution : The Case for the Article V Amendment Process . Lanham , Maryland : Lexington Books . ISBN 9780739183861 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Washington , George . `` Farewell Address '' ( 1796 ) . Jump up ^ Strauss , David . `` The Irrelevance of Constitutional Amendments , '' 114 Harvard Law Review 1457 ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Fritz , Christian . `` Fallacies of American Constitutionalism '' , Rutgers Law Journal , p. 1343 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Farris , Michael . `` Can we Trust the Constitution ? Answering the `` Runaway Convention '' Myth `` . Convention of States Project . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) U.S. Government Printing Office ( 2013 ) The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation CRS Annotated Constitution : Article 5 ( hide ) United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 Reconstruction Amendments 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=842286689 '' Categories : Articles of the United States Constitution Article Five of the United States Constitution Federalism in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2016 Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français 贛 語 Nederlands Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 13 : 37 . 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