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where do i find the apple wallet app			Apple Wallet	apple wallet	Apple Wallet ( Wallet for short , formerly Passbook ) is a mobile app included with the iOS operating system that allows users to store `` Wallet - passes '' , meaning coupons , boarding passes , event tickets , store cards and ( starting with iOS 8.1 ) credit cards , loyalty cards , and debit cards via Apple Pay . It was designed by Apple Inc. and was presented at the 2012 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference ( WWDC ) on June 11 , 2012 . The app first appeared on iOS 6 on September 19 , 2012 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 2 Ecosystem 3 Distribution 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Features ( edit ) Wallet displays Aztec , PDF417 and QR 2D barcodes and Code 128 1D barcodes beginning with iOS 9 . Each digital coupon or ticket is known as a `` pass '' . When the user launches Wallet for the first time , a brief introduction screen appears with a button inviting users to browse apps on the App Store with Wallet integration . Passes can also be distributed online via Safari , sent to the user via email , or scanned using the built - in scanner in Wallet . Passes are synced between iOS devices using iCloud , and OS X 10.8. 2 and later also support opening passes to be sent to users ' iOS devices . Although the app is available in iOS 6 or later , it is only available on iPhone and iPod Touch , but not on iPad . Wallet has the following features : Displays 2D barcodes of following types : Aztec , PDF417 and QR . Displays 1D barcodes of following types : Code 128 beginning with iOS 9 . Triggered by location . Up to 10 locations can be added to each Pass . A location is programmed as GPS coordinates ( longitude , latitude , and altitude ) and / or iBeacon UUID ( The UUID is a Universally Unique Identifier which is a 32 ASCII character code or a code automatically generated from a name using the PassKit API ) . Triggered by time of pass . Localisation of the pass . Up to 35 languages can be stored per each pass in Wallet . Pass changes can be pushed via the Apple Push Notification Service by the pass provider , or manually updated by the user themselves . Several third party developers have created similar apps for other operating systems , such as Pass2U Wallet or PassWallet for Android and BlackBerry , that support importing and viewing Wallet passes . Windows Phone 8.1 also supports Apple 's pass format as well , although dynamic updates are not supported . Some issuers of passes also support viewing the passes through any web browser . Ecosystem ( edit ) Add to Apple Wallet badge Passes exist in a larger ecosystem , because passes are created as a package . The package is a pass template , that is created with a pass signer , along with relevant data and a private key . Passes can be updated at any time using the PassKit API and an iOS app can interact directly with passes stored in Wallet . Passes are presented and managed by Wallet . Systems and apps interact with passes via the PassKit API . In its simplest form , an interaction ( or transaction ) between a pass and a system is facilitated by a 2D Barcode or the modern QR code although it requires the customer to initiate the activity . In late 2014 , the first known implementations utilizing the iBeacon wireless geofencing started to appear in retail locations in the US . The iBeacon solutions allowed the retailer to broadcast an unsolicited lock - screen notice onto smartphones within Wi - Fi range , which is about one thousand feet . In 2015 , Apple incorporated the ability to present a loyalty card in Wallet to a point - of - sale terminal via NFC . Walgreens enabled this first with their Balance Rewards loyalty program ; customers can add add their card to Wallet through the Walgreens or Duane Reade mobile apps and tap their phone to the terminal when prompted for their rewards card . Distribution ( edit ) Passes can be distributed via email , SMS , MMS , social media , an app , and as QR codes . See also ( edit ) Apple Pay Google Pay Microsoft Pay References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://developer.apple.com/passbook/ Jump up ^ Trew , James ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Apple unveils iOS 6 at WWDC , launch apps with Siri , Facebook integration , Maps '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.passsource.com/info/new.php What 's new in Passbook with iOS 9 Jump up ^ `` Apple Passbook and its potential impact on the travel industry '' . Tnooz . June 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` iOS What 's New : Passbook '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PassLocales '' . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.imore.com/windows-phone-81-somehow-working-apple-passbook Jump up ^ https://www.passsource.com/info/#view New version of PassSource.com offers web views of passes Jump up ^ `` Beacon marketers have new ways around app download requirement - Marketing Land '' . Marketing Land . 2016 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Serenity . `` How to use rewards cards with Apple Pay and the Wallet app '' . iMore . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Getting Started with Passbook '' ( PDF ) . Apple Inc . External links ( edit ) Apple Wallet -- official site Wallet apps in the iTunes Store hide Apple Inc . History Outline Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Board of directors Current James A. Bell Tim Cook ( CEO ) Albert Gore Jr . Robert A. Iger Andrea Jung Arthur D. Levinson ( Chairman ) Ronald D. Sugar Susan L. Wagner Former Gil Amelio Fred D. Anderson Bill Campbell Mickey Drexler Al Eisenstat Larry Ellison Steve Jobs Delano Lewis Mike Markkula Arthur Rock Eric Schmidt John Sculley Edgar S. Woolard Jr . Jerry York Executives Current Tim Cook ( CEO ) Jony Ive ( CDO ) Jeff Williams ( COO ) Luca Maestri ( CFO ) Katherine Adams ( General Counsel ) Angela Ahrendts Eddy Cue Craig Federighi Lisa Jackson Dan Riccio Phil Schiller Johny Srouji Former Gil Amelio Fred D. Anderson John Browett Guerrino De Luca Paul Deneve Al Eisenstat Tony Fadell Scott Forstall Ellen Hancock Nancy R. Heinen Steve Jobs Ron Johnson Mike Markkula David Nagel Peter Oppenheimer Mark Papermaster Jon Rubinstein Michael Scott John Sculley Bertrand Serlet Bruce Sewell Michael Spindler Sina Tamaddon Avie Tevanian Ronald Wayne Steve Wozniak Products Hardware Mac iMac iMac Pro MacBook family Mac Mini Mac Pro iPod Classic Nano Shuffle Touch iPhone iPad Mini Air Pro Accessories Apple TV Apple Watch AirPods HomePod Software Classic Mac OS macOS History Server Software iOS Version history tvOS watchOS audioOS Core Foundation Developer Tools Final Cut Pro Logic Pro QuickTime CarPlay HomeKit Services Apple ID Apple Maps Apple Music Apple Pay Developer iAd TestFlight WWDC Game Center iCloud MobileMe iWork News Newsstand Stores App Store iOS macOS tvOS Apple Store iBookstore iTunes Store Support AppleCare Apple Specialist Certifications Genius Bar ProCare One to One Companies Subsidiaries Beats Electronics Beats Music Braeburn Capital FileMaker Inc . Acquisitions Anobit AuthenTec Inc . Beats Electronics Beats Music Cue Emagic FingerWorks Intrinsity Lala NeXT Nothing Real Metaio P.A. Semi PrimeSense Shazam Siri Spotsetter Texture Topsy Related Advertising 1984 Think different Get a Mac iPods Product Red Campus Park Design IDg Typography Book Didi Chuxing History Codenames Community Criticism Litigation FBI -- Apple encryption dispute iOS app approvals Apple Music Festival Welcome to Macintosh ( 2008 documentary ) Artistic depictions of Steve Jobs Original programs distributed by Apple Book Portal hide iOS and iOS - based products History Outline Hardware Apple TV 2nd 3rd iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air 1st 2017 2018 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro 1st 2nd iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 & 6 Plus 6S & 6S Plus SE 7 & 7 Plus 8 & 8 Plus X iPod Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Software AirDrop AirPlay AirPrint CarPlay Cocoa Touch Control Center Core Animation HomeKit iTunes iOS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 All Night Shift Notification Center SDK Siri Spotlight SpringBoard VoiceOver WebKit Bundled apps Books Calendar Clock Contacts FaceTime Files Find My Friends Find My iPhone Health Home Mail Maps Messages Music News Notes Photos Reminders Safari TV Videos Wallet Weather Watch Measure Discontinued Newsstand Apple apps AirPort Utility Clips iLife GarageBand iMovie iWork Keynote Numbers Pages Logic Remote Remote Discontinued Beats Music Cards iPhoto Nike + iPod Services Apple Pay App Store Game Center iBookstore iCloud iMessage iTunes Connect iTunes Store Multitasking Push Notifications TestFlight Discontinued iAd iTunes Radio MobileMe Other 300 - page bill Apple mobile application processors FairPlay Free and open - source iOS applications Games History of iPhone iFund Jailbreaking Metal Swift WWDC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple_Wallet&oldid=845129795 '' Categories : IOS software WatchOS software Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2013 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本語 Norsk Simple English Svenska Türkçe 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 16 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%20Wallet	81,306
who sang your daddy's home to stay			Daddy 's Home ( song )	daddy's home ( song )	`` Daddy 's Home '' is a famous song by American doo - wop group Shep and the Limelites . The song was written by the three members of the band , James `` Shep '' Sheppard ( 1935 -- 1970 ) , Clarence Bassett ( 1936 -- 2005 ) and Charles Baskerville . The group recorded the original version of `` Daddy 's Home '' on February 1 , 1961 , and it was released on Hull Records in March 1961 with the B - side being `` This I Know '' .	`` Daddy 's Home '' reached no . 2 on the Billboard popular music chart in May 1961 . Later songs by the band were not as successful as `` Daddy 's Home '' , but still sold well . Contents ( hide ) 1 Part of a song cycle 2 Controversy 3 Covers 3.1 Jermaine Jackson 3.2 Cliff Richard version 4 References Part of a song cycle ( edit ) The song is an example of James Sheppard 's legacy of composing of rock ' n ' roll 's first - ever song cycle titles , telling the story of a relationship , beginning with going home to his girl , and further twists along the way , like getting married , celebrating their anniversary , problems encountered etc . The songs that told this story cycle were famously `` A Thousand Miles Away '' , `` 500 Miles to Go '' , both with the Heartbeats ; and continued with `` Daddy 's Home '' , `` Three Steps from the Altar , '' `` Our Anniversary '' , and `` What Did Daddy Do ? '' for Shep and the Limelites . Controversy ( edit ) Kahl Music , publisher of `` A Thousand Miles Away '' , an earlier song written by Sheppard , sued Keel Music , publisher of `` Daddy 's Home '' , for copyright violation . Keel eventually lost , and this resulted in the end of the Limelites and Hull Records in 1966 as a fall - off of the controversy . Covers ( edit ) The song was covered by many artists including PJ Proby ( 1970 ) , Jermaine Jackson ( 1972 ) , Toots and the Maytals ( Funky Kingston 1973 ) , Junior English , and Cliff Richard ( 1981 ) . Jermaine Jackson ( edit ) Jermaine Jackson covered a very successful version with the Jackson 5 as backing vocals to him . It peaked at number 9 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in March 1973 . Cliff Richard version ( edit ) `` Daddy 's Home '' Single by Cliff Richard from the album Wired for Sound B - side `` Shakin ' All Over '' Released November 1981 Recorded 1 May 1981 , live at the Hammersmith Odeon Genre Pop , Doo - wop Length 2 : 55 Label EMI Records Songwriter ( s ) James Sheppard , Clarence Bassett , Charles Baskerville Cliff Richard singles chronology `` Wired for Sound '' ( 1981 ) `` Daddy 's Home '' ( 1981 ) `` The Only Way Out '' ( 1982 ) `` Wired for Sound '' ( 1981 ) `` Daddy 's Home '' ( 1981 ) `` The Only Way Out '' ( 1982 ) Music video `` Daddy 's Home '' on YouTube British singer Cliff Richard released a live version as a single for the Christmas period in 1981 . It was the second single to be lifted from his 1981 album Wired for Sound . The song became an international hit reaching number 2 on the UK Singles Chart , number 3 on the Irish Singles Chart and number 23 on US Billboard Hot 100 in March 1982 ( almost twenty years after the release of the original by Shep and the Limelites ) . It also made it to number 8 in Australia , number 4 on New Zealand , number 8 in Belgium and number 14 in the Netherlands . In Britain , it was certified Gold by the BPI for sales over 500,000 . A video clip was recorded to accompany the single release instead of using footage of the original BBC live recording . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Biography by Andrew Hamilton '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Tobler , John ( 1992 ) . NME Rock ' N ' Roll Years ( 1st ed . ) . London : Reed International Books Ltd. p. 208 . CN 5585 . Jump up ^ AllMusic , Shep & the Limelites Biography Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shep and the Limelites . '' The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music , Volume 3 . Enfield , England : Guinness Publishing Ltd. , 1992 , p. 2247 . Jump up ^ `` UK certification Database '' . BPI . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Cliff Richard - `` Daddy 's Home '' ( video clip ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daddy%27s_Home_(song)&oldid=738738968 '' Categories : 1961 songs 1981 songs 1981 singles Cliff Richard songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 September 2016 , at 19 : 37 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daddy%2527s%20Home%20%28song%29	107,989
when did stoke get promoted to the premier league	The club moved in 1997 to the Britannia Stadium , a 28,383 all - seater stadium ; having spent 119 years at the Victoria Ground . In the 2007 -- 08 season , Stoke won promotion from the Football League Championship , the second tier of English football , and as of 2008 -- 09 are playing in the top flight ( currently Premier League ) for the first time since the 1984 -- 85 season , when they were relegated with a total of 17 points , a record low unsurpassed for 21 years . Stoke 's only major trophy was the 1972 Football League Cup , won when they beat Chelsea 2 -- 1 in the final at Wembley Stadium before a crowd of 97,852 . The club have also won the Football League Trophy twice , in 1992 and 2000 . In terms of league achievement the closest Stoke have come to winning the title was in the 1946 -- 47 season where a final day defeat cost Stoke top spot .	2008 -- 09	History of Stoke City F.C.	history of stoke city f. c.	Stoke City Football Club was formed in 1863 as Stoke Ramblers Football Club by former pupils of the Charterhouse School whilst they were apprentices at the North Staffordshire Railway . The club dropped the Ramblers from their name in 1878 , and in 1888 they were founding members of the Football League . In 1925 , the club 's name was changed for the final time to Stoke City Football Club when Stoke - on - Trent was granted city status .	The club moved in 1997 to the Britannia Stadium , a 28,383 all - seater stadium ; having spent 119 years at the Victoria Ground . In the 2007 -- 08 season , Stoke won promotion from the Football League Championship , the second tier of English football , and as of 2008 -- 09 are playing in the top flight ( currently Premier League ) for the first time since the 1984 -- 85 season , when they were relegated with a total of 17 points , a record low unsurpassed for 21 years . Stoke 's only major trophy was the 1972 Football League Cup , won when they beat Chelsea 2 -- 1 in the final at Wembley Stadium before a crowd of 97,852 . The club have also won the Football League Trophy twice , in 1992 and 2000 . In terms of league achievement the closest Stoke have come to winning the title was in the 1946 -- 47 season where a final day defeat cost Stoke top spot . Contents ( hide ) 1 1863 -- 1930 : Early years 2 1930 -- 1960 3 1960 -- 1977 : The Waddington years 4 1977 -- 1997 5 1997 -- 2008 : The Britannia Stadium 6 2008 -- 2018 : Ten years in the Premier League 7 References 8 Books 1863 -- 1930 : early years ( edit ) It is claimed that Stoke Ramblers was formed in 1863 when former pupils of Charterhouse School formed a football club while they were apprentices at the North Staffordshire Railway works in Stoke - on - Trent . However , Stoke Ramblers ' first documented match was five years later , on 17 October 1868 , at the club 's original home , the Victoria Cricket Club ground against E.W May 's XV , the 15 - a-side match ended in a 1 -- 1 draw . In the game , the club 's first goal was scored by Henry Almond , Stoke 's founder and captain . Stoke played four further fixtures in 1868 , recording their first victory with a 2 -- 0 win against Newcastle - under - Lyme . In 1875 , to cope with rising attendances , the club switched to a ground at Sweetings Field , not far from the Victoria Cricket Ground . At this time , the only fixtures were friendly matches ; this changed in 1877 when the Staffordshire Football Association was formed and created a new competition , the County Cup , which Stoke won in the inaugural season , beating Talke Rangers 1 -- 0 in the final . In an earlier round , Stoke had recorded what is still the club 's record victory , a 26 -- 0 triumph over Mow Cop . Stoke retained the County Cup in the following season with a 2 -- 1 win over Cobridge and established themselves as the largest club in the area . The Stoke squad of 1877 - 78 . In 1878 , the club merged with Stoke Victoria Athletic Club and became known as Stoke Football Club . They moved from Sweetings Field to the Athletic Club ground , which soon became known as the Victoria Ground . It was around this time that the club adopted their red and white striped kit . Stoke entered the newly formed Birmingham Association Cup in 1881 , although they were beaten 8 -- 0 by Aston Villa in the first round . In the 1882 -- 1883 season , Stoke reached the final of the Staffordshire Senior Cup but were beaten 3 -- 2 by West Bromwich Albion . The club decided to enter the FA Cup for the first time in the 1883 -- 84 season ; the competition itself had been founded 12 years earlier . The threat of a rival football association , the British FA , forced the Football Association to legalise professionalism in 1885 ; Stoke subsequently turned professional in August of that year . The club were defeated again in the FA Cup in 1885 -- 86 after a replay defeat to Crewe Alexandra . The club 's first victory in the competition came in the 1886 -- 87 season with a 10 -- 0 win over Caernarfon Wanderers at the Victoria Ground . Stoke became one of the twelve founding members of the Football League in 1888 . Stoke 's manager , Harry Lockett , represented the club at a meeting in London , where the league 's formation was discussed . Lockett played an instrumental role in its inception and became the league 's first secretary ; however he resigned from his role of manager in August 1890 , in order to concentrate on his league responsibilities . Stoke struggled in their first two seasons in the league , 1888 -- 89 and 1889 -- 90 , finishing in last place on both occasions . The club failed to secure re-election to the league at the end of its second season , instead being replaced by Sunderland . As a consequence , Stoke started 1890 -- 91 in the Football Alliance ; they finished the season as champions . The Football League was expanded to include fourteen clubs in 1891 -- 92 , which ensured Stoke were re-elected to the league , where they remained for the rest of the decade . In 1897 , Stoke appointed Horace Austerberry , who in 1898 -- 99 became the first manager to lead the club to the semi-final of the FA Cup . Stoke suffered financial problems around 1900 , which ultimately led to the loss of the club 's Football League status in 1908 . `` Historical Football Kits '' says that , `` In 1908 , having finished in mid-table , Stoke went into liquidation and resigned from the League . Ironically this galvanised local businessmen , the clergy ( the Victoria Ground was owned by the Church of England ) and supporters to form a new limited company and purchase the old club 's assets . '' The club moved to the Birmingham & District League after its demotion . In 1909 , the club opted to field teams in two league competitions , one in the Birmingham & District League and the other in the Southern League ; Stoke won the latter in their first year in the competition . Stoke continued to participate in both leagues until 1915 , when their application for election back into the Football League was approved . However , the outbreak of the First World War meant the league was suspended for four years ; it recommenced in August 1919 . During this time , Stoke entered the Lancashire Primary and Secondary leagues . The club became owners of the Victoria Ground in 1919 . The Butler Street stand was constructed shortly afterward , increasing the overall capacity of the ground to 50,000 . Following the restart of the Football League , Stoke achieved promotion from the Second Division in the 1921 -- 22 season under the stewardship of Arthur Shallcross , although this was followed by relegation in the 1922 -- 23 season . Unable to prevent the club 's bad form , Shallcross resigned in March 1923 . Tom Mather was appointed manager later in 1923 , although Stoke were unable to mount another promotion challenge . They were instead relegated from the Second Division four years later in the 1925 -- 26 season . The club 's stay in Third Division North was brief , as Stoke won the championship during their first season in that league . In 1925 , Stoke - on - Trent was granted city status , and this led the club to change its name to Stoke City Football Club . 1930 -- 1960 ( edit ) The 1930s saw the début of the club 's most celebrated player , Stanley Matthews . Matthews , who grew up in Hanley , was an apprentice at the club and made his first appearance , aged 17 , in March 1932 against Bury . By end of the decade , Matthews had established himself as an England international and one of the best footballers of his generation . Matthews won his first England cap in 1934 , making him the first Stoke player in 30 years to play for England . Stoke achieved promotion from the Second Division in the 1932 -- 33 season as champions , but Matthews only featured in 15 games , although he did score his first goal for the club in a 3 -- 1 win against local rivals Port Vale . By 1934 , the club 's average attendance had risen to over 23,000 , which allowed the club manager , Tom Mather , more transfer funds . Despite this , the core of the side consisted of young local players , such as Matthews , Tommy Sale and Freddie Steele . Mathers resigned from his post in May 1935 to take the managerial job at Newcastle United , ending his 12 - year tenure . Bob McGrory was appointed as the club 's manager shortly afterward ; he had previously played for the club for 14 years . In the 1935 -- 36 season , the club finished fourth in the Football League First Division , nine points adrift of champions Sunderland . This was followed by two successive mid-table finishes , in 1936 -- 37 and 1937 -- 38 . The club recorded its record league win , 10 -- 3 , over West Bromwich Albion in February 1937 , in which Steele scored five goals . In April of that year , the club achieved its largest league crowd -- 51,373 against Arsenal . Steele 's 33 league goals in the 1936 -- 37 season remains a club record in 2007 . By 1938 , rumours purported that Stanley Matthews wanted to leave Stoke to further his career . This led to a meeting at Kings Hall , attended by three thousand people with a further thousand outside . Matthews opted to stay with Stoke and helped the club to finish in seventh place in the 1938 -- 39 season . The outbreak of the Second World War prevented further progress as the league was suspended for six years . After resumption of the FA Cup , 33 fans died and 520 were injured during a sixth round away game against Bolton Wanderers when the crush barriers gave way on the terraces . At this time , the side was predominantly composed of local players who had come through the club 's youth system , including Matthews , Sale , Steele and John McCue , all in their prime , as well as the newly discovered Neil Franklin , regarded as the country 's best centre - half . In the 1946 -- 47 season , Stoke mounted a serious title challenge : the club needed a win in their final game of the season to win the First Division title , but a 2 -- 1 defeat to Sheffield United gave the title to Liverpool . Stanley Matthews left the club three games before the end of the 1946 -- 47 season to join Blackpool at the age of 32 for a fee of £ 11,500 . The team subsequently failed to mount a title challenge in the following two seasons , 1947 -- 48 and 1948 -- 49 , finishing 15th and 11th respectively . The 1950s did not start well for the club ; having avoided relegation in the 1950 -- 51 and 1951 -- 52 seasons , Stoke succumbed in 1952 -- 53 , finishing second from bottom . Bob McGrory resigned as the club 's manager in February 1952 after 17 years in the role . His successor , Frank Taylor , consolidated the club 's position in the Second Division but was unable to mount a sustained challenge for promotion , although Stoke came close in the 1954 -- 55 season , missing by two points . Taylor 's failure to deliver promotion led to his dismissal in June 1960 , after a 17th - place finish in the 1959 -- 60 season . 1960 -- 1977 : the Waddington years ( edit ) By 1960 Stoke were struggling to attract supporters to the Victoria Ground , with the average attendance dropping below 10,000 for the first time in 40 years . Tony Waddington was appointed as the club 's manager in June 1960 . He joined the club in 1952 as a coach , before being promoted to assistant manager in 1957 . In his first season in charge , 1960 -- 61 , Stoke finished 18th in the Second Division . Crowds were still low ; a match against Preston North End attracted 8,409 in 1961 . However , Waddington pulled off a significant coup by enticing Stanley Matthews -- now 46 years old -- back to the club , 14 years after he had left . A crowd of 35,974 witnessed Matthews ' return to the club , only a fortnight after the poor crowd against Preston . The return of Matthews helped Stoke to rise to eighth position in 1961 -- 62 . Promotion was achieved in the next season , when Stoke finished as champions . In their first season back in the First Division , 1963 -- 64 , Waddington guided Stoke to a mid-table finish . Matthews remained influential , as he helped the club to the Football League Cup final in 1964 , although this ended in a 4 -- 3 defeat to Leicester over two legs . Waddington relied upon experience ; Dennis Viollet , Jackie Mudie , Roy Vernon , Maurice Setters and Jimmy McIlroy were players signed in the later stages of their careers . Matthews was awarded a knighthood for services to football in the 1965 New Year 's Honours list . This was followed by his final , league appearance for the club against Fulham in February 1965 , shortly after his 50th birthday . It ended a career spanning 33 years , including 19 years ' service to his home town club . Gordon Banks , England 's 1966 World Cup winning goalkeeper , joined Stoke from Leicester in 1967 for £ 52,000 . Regarded as the best goalkeeper in the world , Banks proved to be a shrewd signing for Waddington as he helped the club maintain stability in the First Division . However , Banks was forced to quit top - level football in 1972 , after losing an eye in a road accident . The club won its first significant trophy on 4 March 1972 , in the League Cup Final . Stoke beat favourites Chelsea 2 -- 1 in the final at Wembley Stadium before a crowd of 97,852 spectators . Before this victory , Stoke had progressed through 11 games to reach the final . This included four games with West Ham United in the semi-final ; the two - legged match was played twice . Stoke fared well in the FA Cup ; the club progressed to the semi-final stage in both the 1970 -- 71 and 1971 -- 72 seasons . However , on both occasions Stoke lost to Arsenal in a replay . Waddington was presented with a dilemma as both George Eastham and Peter Dobing retired not long after the club 's League Cup win . Waddington responded by paying £ 240,000 to Chelsea for the services of Alan Hudson in early 1974 . This was followed by Geoff Salmons ' arrival from Sheffield United for £ 160,000 , in the same year . Waddington later paid a world record fee for a goalkeeper , £ 325,000 , to sign Peter Shilton from Leicester City . The new personnel brought added impetus to Waddington 's side , and Stoke were close to winning the League title in 1974 -- 75 , but an end of season slump led to a fifth - place finish , four points off the champions , Derby . The 1970s also saw Stoke compete at European Level for the first time in its history . Stoke qualified for the UEFA Cup in 1972 -- 73 as a result of their League Cup triumph . In the first round , Stoke played Kaiserslautern of Germany : Stoke won the first leg 3 -- 1 at the Victoria Ground , with a crowd of over 22,000 . However , the club lost the second leg 4 -- 0 , therefore losing 5 -- 3 on aggregate . Stoke qualified for the UEFA Cup two years later , due to their fifth - place finish in the First Division in the 1973 -- 74 season . In the 1974 -- 75 competition , Stoke were again knocked out at the first stage . Stoke drew both legs against Dutch side Ajax , 1 -- 1 and 0 -- 0 respectively , but went out due to the away goals rule . The Butler Stand roof was blown off in a storm in January 1976 . The ground damage meant the club 's next home game against Middlesbrough had to be played at Vale Park , the home of local rivals Port Vale . The repair bill , in the region of £ 250,000 , put the club in financial trouble , which was eased by the sale of Alan Hudson , Mike Pejic and Jimmy Greenhoff for a combined sum of £ 440,000 . With the team depleted , relegation proved inevitable in the 1976 -- 77 season . Waddington , after a spell of 17 years in charge , left the club after a 1 -- 0 home defeat in March 1977 . 1977 -- 1997 ( edit ) George Eastham , who had previously been Waddington 's assistant , was appointed as manager in March 1977 , but the club 's slide into the Second Division in 1976 -- 77 season proved unstoppable . Eastham did not last long , leaving in January 1978 after only 10 months in charge . The club 's misery was compounded by a defeat to non-league Blyth Spartans in the FA Cup shortly afterwards . Alan Durban , arriving from Shrewsbury Town , was selected as the club 's new manager in February 1978 . Durban achieved promotion to the First Division in his first full season , 1978 -- 79 , with a third - place finish . After consolidating the club 's position in the First Division , Durban left for Sunderland in 1981 . Richie Barker , Durban 's successor , was appointed manager in 1981 . He signed Mickey Thomas from Brighton and Hove Albion and Mark Chamberlain from Port Vale , as he set about building a side for the 1982 -- 83 season . Thomas was signed for £ 200,000 and made over 60 appearances for the club , but was sold to Chelsea for £ 75,000 in 1984 . Winger Chamberlain , a £ 135 , 00 signing , proved successful as he made eight appearances for England during his stay at Stoke . Barker 's spell in charge was short - lived ; he was sacked in his second season , 1983 -- 84 . The club 's new manager , Bill Asprey , decided to bring back veteran Alan Hudson , and the decision paid off as Stoke improved during the second half of the 1983 -- 84 season and avoided relegation on the final day . The next season , referred to as The Holocaust Season by fans , proved to be disastrous . Stoke finished the season with only 17 points and just three wins , which would be the lowest points total in the top flight of English football ( under the `` three points for a win '' system ) for 21 years until the record was broken by Sunderland in the 2005 -- 06 season . Mick Mills was appointed player - manager for the 1985 -- 86 season , following Asprey 's departure in April 1985 due to ill health . His first task was to consolidate following the club 's relegation in the previous season , which he achieved with a mid-table finish in the Second Division . The team reached fourth place in 1986 -- 87 , his second season in charge , including a 7 -- 2 win over Leeds United , but the team 's form tailed off towards the end of the season , culminating in an eighth - place finish . Mills was unable to sustain a challenge for promotion and was sacked in November 1989 , following a poor start to the 1989 -- 90 season after spending £ 1m on players . His successor , Alan Ball , became the club 's fifth manager in 10 years . Peter Coates became the club 's chairman in 1989 , following numerous changes of chairmanship during the 1980s . Ball struggled in his first season in charge , 1989 -- 90 , and his Stoke side were relegated to the third tier of English football after finishing bottom of the Second Division . The start of the 1990 -- 91 season in the Third Division marked the first time Stoke had played at this level in 63 years . Ball kept his job for the start of this campaign but departed in February 1991 in the midst of an indifferent season that saw Stoke finish in their lowest league position of 14th . Ball 's successor , Lou Macari , was appointed in May 1991 , prior to the start of the 1991 -- 92 season . The improvement was immediate , as Stoke narrowly missed out on promotion in his first season in charge , finishing fourth in the Third Division . He also clinched a cup for the club ; the Football League Trophy was won with a 1 -- 0 victory against Stockport County at Wembley ; Mark Stein scored the only goal of the game . The following season , 1992 -- 93 , promotion was achieved from the third tier , with Stoke finishing as league champions . Stein , a £ 100,000 purchase from Oxford United , scored 26 goals during the season as Stoke amassed a total of 93 points . Macari left in October 1993 to take over as manager of Scottish side Celtic , and Stein also departed in a £ 1.5 m move to Chelsea . Joe Jordan 's tenure in charge was short ; he left the club less than a year after joining . Following Jordan 's departure , Stoke opted to reappoint Lou Macari only 12 months after he had left . Despite the optimism surrounding his return , only a mid-table finish was attained in the 1994 -- 95 season . The 1995 -- 96 season started poorly , but the signing of striker Mike Sheron turned around the club 's campaign . Stoke eventually finished fourth but were defeated in the play - off semi-final by Leicester City . The following season , 1996 -- 97 , saw Mark Stein return from Chelsea on loan , partnering Sheron in attack . The season started well , with Stoke in fourth place at Christmas , but a poor second half of the season saw the club drop to an eventual 12th place . Sheron was sold in 1997 for a club record fee of £ 2.5 m . Macari left the club at the end of the season , his last game in charge the final league game at the Victoria Ground in a match against West Bromwich Albion . 1997 -- 2008 : the Britannia Stadium ( edit ) The Britannia Stadium The 1997 -- 98 season saw Stoke move to its new ground , the 28,000 all - seater Britannia Stadium , after 119 years at the Victoria Ground , the longest time spent at a ground by any team in Britain . Chic Bates , Macari 's assistant , was appointed manager for the club 's inaugural season in the new ground . Bates struggled as his side slipped from a play - off place towards the relegation zone , with the club 's bad run culminating in a 7 -- 0 home defeat to Birmingham City . Bates was replaced by Chris Kamara in January 1998 . Kamara could not improve the club 's fortunes , and he left in April . Alan Durban , Stoke 's manager two decades earlier , took charge for the remainder of season . Durban was unable to keep the club up , with a 23rd - place finish consigning Stoke to relegation from Division One . Brian Little , formerly manager of Aston Villa , took charge for the 1998 -- 99 season , and Stoke began the season impressively , holding first place until December with six straight wins . The team 's form tailed off in the latter stages of the season , leading to Little 's departure at the end of the season . His successor , Gary Megson , was only in the job for four months . Megson was forced to depart following a takeover by Stoke Holding , an Icelandic consortium that purchased a 66 percent share in Stoke City F.C. for £ 6.6 m . The club 's new owners appointed the club 's first foreign manager , Icelander Gudjon Thordarson , in November 1999 . Stoke won the Football League Trophy in the 1999 -- 2000 season with a 2 -- 1 win over Bristol City in April 2000 before a crowd of 75,057 at Wembley . Disappointment followed a month later , as Stoke were defeated against Gillingham in the play - off semi-finals , consigning themselves to another year in Division Two . They reached the play - offs again in the 2000 -- 01 season with a fifth - place finish , but this time Walsall halted Stoke 's progress at the semi-final stage . Thordarson achieved promotion at the third attempt in 2001 -- 02 ; another fifth - place finish ensured a play - off spot . Cardiff City were defeated in the semi-final before a 2 -- 0 win against Brentford at the Millennium Stadium secured promotion . Despite achieving the goal of promotion , Thordarson was sacked by Gunnar Gíslason , only five days after the club won the play - off final . A campaign calling for Thordarson 's reinstatement was organised by fans , but it proved unsuccessful . Steve Cotterill was drafted in as Thordarson 's replacement before the start of the 2002 -- 03 season . Cotterill quit in October 2002 , after only four months in charge , to take the role of Howard Wilkinson 's assistant at Sunderland . The club were close to unveiling George Burley as their new manager after Cotterill 's departure ; however , a last minute charge of heart led the former Ipswich manager to decline the club 's offer . The club acted swiftly and Tony Pulis was appointed as Stoke 's new manager shortly afterwards . Pulis steered Stoke clear of relegation with a 1 -- 0 win over Reading on the final day of the season that kept the club in the First Division . The club 's position in the league was consolidated in 2003 -- 04 . Pulis was sacked at the end of the 2004 -- 05 season , following a disagreement between himself and the club 's owners . Dutch manager Johan Boskamp was named as Pulis ' successor on 29 June 2005 , only a day after Pulis was sacked . Boskamp broke the club 's transfer record in signing Sambegou Bangoura for a fee in the region of £ 1m . Another significant addition was the signing of Belgium international Carl Hoefkens , who subsequently won the Fans ' Player of the Year Award for the 2005 -- 06 season . Despite his spending on new players , Boskamp 's side was inconsistent and only a mid-table finish was achieved . The season was marred by a feud between Boskamp and the club 's director of football , John Rudge , which escalated to the point where Boskamp threatened to quit . Boskamp left at the end of the 2005 -- 06 season , amidst a takeover by former chairman Peter Coates . Stoke City fans celebrate following promotion to the Premier League on 4 May 2008 . On 23 May 2006 , Coates completed his takeover of Stoke City , marking the end of Gunnar Gíslason 's chairmanship of the club . Coates chose former manager Tony Pulis as Boskamp 's successor in June 2006 . Pulis took Stoke close to a play - off place , however an eventual eighth - place finish was achieved in the 2006 -- 07 season . In June 2007 , chairman Peter Coates purchased the Britannia Stadium outright from the City Council for a fee in the region of £ 6m . 2008 -- 2018 : ten years in the Premier League ( edit ) Stoke won automatic promotion to the Premier League on the final day of the 2007 -- 08 season , finishing in 2nd place in the Championship . On 18 July 2008 , the club broke their transfer record to purchase striker Dave Kitson for £ 5.5 million from Reading . A 3 -- 1 defeat to Bolton Wanderers on the opening day of the 2008 -- 09 season saw Stoke written off by many media outlets as relegation certainties . The following weekend , the Britannia Stadium hosted its first ever top - flight game , against Aston Villa , with a home win courtesy of Mamady Sidibe 's injury - time goal from a Rory Delap throw - in , giving Stoke City their first ever Premier League points . The club went on to record a 12th - place finish in their first season back in the Premier League . A much cited aspect of the team 's style of play has been the utilisation of Rory Delap 's long throw to create goal - scoring opportunities . Pulis signed Robert Huth and Tuncay Şanlı from Middlesbrough for a combined fee in the region of £ 10 million , in a bid to establish the club in the Premier League prior to the 2009 -- 10 season . This feat was achieved comfortably as the club finished in 11th place , thereby securing a third season in the Premier League . Pulis bolstered his squad for 2010 -- 11 season with the club record £ 8 million signing of Kenwyne Jones . A 3 -- 0 win over West Bromwich Albion in the 2010 -- 11 season gave Stoke two new records : The largest away win in the Premier League and largest top division away win since 1982 and also the first time since the 1983 -- 84 season Stoke have won three top - flight matches in a row . Manager Pulis hailed the new records as `` A Fantastic Achievement '' . For the second season running Stoke made it to the quarter final of the FA Cup after overcoming Cardiff City , Wolverhampton Wanderers and Brighton & Hove Albion . They met West Ham United in the quarters and won 2 -- 1 thus earning a place in the FA Cup Semi-final for only the fourth time in their history . It was also be their first trip to the New Wembley Stadium when they took on Bolton Wanderers for a place in the final . Stoke comfortably beat Bolton 5 -- 0 clinching a first FA Cup Final appearance in their 148 - year history . However , they lost the final 1 -- 0 to Manchester City . By reaching the final , Stoke qualified for the 2011 -- 12 UEFA Europa League . Despite a strong season , with an 8th - place finish in sight , defeat at home to Wigan Athletic in the final game meant that Stoke finished 13th in the 2010 -- 11 season . On 28 July 2011 , Stoke beat Hadjuk Split 2 -- 0 over two legs in the third qualifying round of the Europa League . It was Stoke 's first appearance in Europe in 37 years . Stoke would go on progress past FC Thun in the Play - off round gaining entrance into the group stage where Stoke were handed a tough draw against Besiktas , Dynamo Kyiv and Maccabi Tel Aviv . Stoke finished second in the group and were handed a glamour tie against Spanish giants Valencia in the round of 32 , following the draw manager Pulis stated that he is relishing the prospect of taking on one of Europe 's top clubs . Stoke lost both legs 1 -- 0 to end their European campaign . Pulis received criticism from some supporters after he fielded a weakened team in the second leg . Stoke ended the 2011 -- 12 season in 14th position in what was perceived to be a disappointing season . The 2012 -- 13 season saw Stoke make little progress , finishing in 13th position . Pulis subsequently left the club by mutual consent on 21 May 2013 . He was replaced by another Welsh manager , Mark Hughes . Hughes led Stoke to a ninth - place finish in 2013 -- 14 , their highest position in the Premier League and best finish since 1974 -- 75 . Stoke again finished in ninth position in 2014 -- 15 , which ended with a 6 -- 1 victory against Liverpool . Despite breaking their transfer record twice ( on Xherdan Shaqiri and then Giannelli Imbula ) , in 2015 -- 16 , Stoke did not make any progression and finished in ninth position for a third season running . Stoke declined in 2016 -- 17 , finishing in 13th position . The decline continued in 2017 -- 18 under Mark Hughes and hes was sacked in January 2018 with the club in the relegation zone . The board chose Paul Lambert to try and keep Stoke up but he managed just one win in 14 , ending Stoke 's ten year spell in the Premier League . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 1863 -- 1888 in the Beginning '' . Stoke City F.C. Archived from the original on 19 October 2008 . Retrieved 22 June 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Stoke City '' . historicalkits.co.uk . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Stoke City FC Records '' . Stoke City F.C. 19 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 4 November 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Matthews , Tony ( 1997 ) . `` Almond , Henry John '' . A-Z of Stoke City . The Breedon Books Publishing Company Limited . p. 13 . ISBN 1 - 85983 - 100 - 1 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Tony ( 1997 ) . `` Sweetings Field '' . A-Z of Stoke City . The Breedon Books Publishing Company Limited . p. 224 . ISBN 1 - 85983 - 100 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Matthews , Tony ( 1997 ) . `` Victoria Ground ( The ) '' . A-Z of Stoke City . The Breedon Books Publishing Company Limited . pp. 236 -- 237 . ISBN 1 - 85983 - 100 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` History of the FA Cup '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 3 February 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2009 . 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Retrieved 6 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stoke 3 -- 2 Aston Villa '' . BBC Sport. 23 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Stoke City manager Tony Pulis defends Rory Delap and long throw tactics after Wolves draw '' . goal.com. 11 April 2010 . Retrieved 2001 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Stoke complete transfer of Tuncay '' . BBC News . 28 August 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Stoke sign Kenwyne Jones for club record £ 8m '' . BBC Sport. 12 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Two Notable Achievements '' . stokecityfc.com . Archived from the original on 23 November 2010 . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Fantastic Achievement ' -- Pulis '' . stokecityfc.com . Archived from the original on 22 November 2010 . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stoke City vs West Ham Utd '' . stokecityfc.com . Archived from the original on 19 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The long wait is finally over for Potters '' . thisisstaffordshire.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Rampant City Make History '' . stokecityfc.com . Archived from the original on 21 April 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bolton 0 -- 5 Stoke '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 1 -- 0 Stoke '' . BBC Sport. 14 May 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` City Boosted By Europa League Spot '' . stokecityfc.com . Stoke City FC. 11 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Table -- 2010 - 11 '' . Archived from the original on 16 May 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hajduk Split 0 -- 1 Stoke ( agg 0 -- 2 ) '' . BBC Sport. 4 August 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Great Draw For Us ' -- Pulis '' . Stoke City . Archived from the original on 5 August 2012 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stoke City vs Valencia '' . Stoke City F.C . Archived from the original on 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia vs Stoke City '' . Stoke City F.C . Archived from the original on 24 February 2012 . Retrieved 27 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Pulis defends Stoke team selection at Valencia '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Stoke 2 - 2 Bolton '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Pulis leaves Stoke City after seven years in charge '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Hughes : Stoke City appoint former QPR manager '' . BBC Sport. 30 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Three - year deal for Mark Hughes as new Stoke City era begins '' . The Sentinel. 30 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Brom 1 - 2 Stoke '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stoke 6 - 1 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stoke 2 - 1 West Ham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southampton 0 - 1 Stoke '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stoke 1 - 2 Crystal Palace '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Books ( edit ) Lowe , Simon ( 2007 ) . Match of My Life : Stoke City . Know the Score Books . ISBN 1 - 905449 - 55 - 0 . Matthews , Tony ( 1997 ) . A-Z of Stoke City . The Breedon Books Publishing Company Limited . ISBN 1 - 85983 - 100 - 1 . Matthews , Tony ( 2008 ) . The Legends of Stoke City . Breedon Books Publishing Company Limited . ISBN 1 - 85983 - 653 - 4 . Smith , Denis ( 2008 ) . Denis Smith : Just One of Seven . Know the Score Books . ISBN 1 - 84818 - 504 - 9 . Thomas , Mickey ( 2008 ) . Kickups , Hiccups , Lockups : The Autobiography . Century . ISBN 1 - 84605 - 523 - 7 . City and Unitary Authority area of Stoke - on - Trent Areas , towns and wards Abbey Green ward Abbey Hulton Banky Brook Basford Bentilee Birches Head Blurton Blythe Bridge Bradeley Bucknall Burslem Chell Cliffe Vale Cobridge Dresden Etruria Fenton Goldenhill Hanley Hartshill Heron Cross Lightwood Longport Longton Meir Middleport Milton Norton le Moors Penkhull Shelton Sideway Smallthorne Sneyd Green Stoke - upon - Trent Trentham Trent Vale Tunstall Weston Coyney History Ceramic and Allied Trades Union Darwin -- Wedgwood family Federation of Stoke - on - Trent History of Port Vale F.C. History of Stoke City F.C. Staffordshire Potteries Wedgwood Pottery In Stoke - on - Trent 1842 Pottery riots Parliamentary constituencies Current Stoke - on - Trent North Stoke - on - Trent Central Stoke - on - Trent South Historic Burslem Hanley Stoke - on - Trent Stoke - upon - Trent Religion Stoke Minster Bethesda Methodist Chapel Hulton Abbey Our Lady of the Angels and St Peter in Chains Church Tourism Buildings Bottle ovens Etruria Hall Ford Green Hall Trentham Mausoleum The Villas Wedgwood Institute Water World Winton Square ( North Stafford Hotel ) Theatres Regent Theatre Victoria Hall Theatre Royal Museums and libraries Burslem School of Art Ceramica Chatterley Whitfield Etruria Industrial Museum Gladstone Pottery Museum Montagu C. Butler Library Potteries Museum & Art Gallery Spode Museum Shopping City Sentral Potteries Shopping Centre Parks and countryside Berryhill Fields Hanley Park Hartshill Park Stoke - on - Trent Garden Festival Trentham Estate Sport and music venues Bet365 Stadium Golden Torch Jollees Longton Cricket Club Ground Meir Heath Cricket Club Shelley 's Laserdome The Sugarmill The Underground Vale Park Media Publishing Cross Rhythms G&Y Pits n Pots The Oatcake The Sentinel Radio BBC Radio Stoke Cross Rhythms City Radio Signal 1 Signal 2 UCB UK Stoke & Stafford ( DAB Multiplex ) Education List of schools Stoke - on - Trent College City of Stoke - on - Trent Sixth Form College Staffordshire University Royal Stoke University Hospital Companies Pottery Aynsley China Beswick Pottery Burleigh Pottery Carlton Ware Churchill China Clayburn Pottery Dudson Emma Bridgewater Etruria Works Gray 's Pottery James Sadler and Sons Ltd Lucideon J. & G. Meakin Midwinter Pottery Mintons Moorcroft Palissy Paragon China Portmeirion Pottery Royal Doulton Royal Winton Shelley Potteries Spode Wedgwood WH Grindley Other Armitage Shanks Bet365 Canditv Clay Records Dechra Pharmaceuticals Goodwin Steel Castings Hanley Economic Building Society Randles Motor Group Shelton Bar Sons Ltd . Titanic Brewery Twyford Bathrooms Wrights Pies Sport Association football teams Abbey Hulton United Dresden United Eastwood Hanley Hanley Town Meir KA Norton United Port Vale Stoke City Speedway teams Stoke Potters Stoke Spitfires Transport Canals Caldon Canal Trent and Mersey Canal Public transport D&G Bus First Potteries Stoke Streetcar Rail Longport railway station Longton railway station North Staffordshire Railway Stafford -- Manchester line Stoke - on - Trent railway station Stoke railway works Major roads A34 A50 A52 A53 A500 Longton Interchange Miscellaneous List of people Lobby May un Mar Lady Oatcake Owd Grandad Piggott Potteries derby Potteries dialect River Trent Sanity Fair Start Up Citywide ST postcode area Stoke City Football Club History Records Honours Managers Seasons Europe Reserves & Academy Head - to - head General Current season Potteries derby Matches Stoke City Ladies All articles Grounds Victoria Ground bet365 Stadium Training ground Clayton Wood Training Ground Players Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Player of the Year Current squad Category : Stoke City F.C. Portal : Association football Commons : Stoke City F.C. Stoke City F.C. seasons 1880 -- 81 1881 -- 82 1882 -- 83 1883 -- 84 1884 -- 85 1885 -- 86 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 00 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 00 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Stoke_City_F.C.&oldid=839875985 '' Categories : History of association football clubs in England History of Stoke - on - Trent Stoke City F.C. 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what is the top 5 percent of income in the us			Affluence in the United States	affluence in the united states	Affluence refers to an individual 's or household 's economical and financial advantage in comparison to a given reference group .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Affluence as a metric 2 Top percentiles 2.1 Household income over time 3 Median income levels 4 Professions 5 Education 6 Race 7 Status and stratification 8 Extreme affluence 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Affluence as a metric ( edit ) Breakdowns of individuals and households with incomes exceeding $60,000 ( 2005 data ) . The image contains several charts related to U.S. wealth inequality . While U.S. net worth roughly doubled from 2000 to 2016 , the gains went primarily to the wealthy . Affluence in the United States has been attributed in many cases to inherited wealth amounting to `` a substantial head start '' : in September 2012 , the Institute for Policy Studies found that over 60 percent of the Forbes richest 400 Americans had grown up with substantial privilege . Income is commonly used to measure affluence , although this is a relative indicator : a middle class person with a personal income of $77,500 annually and a billionaire may both be referred to as affluent , depending on reference groups . An average American with a median income of $32,000 ( $39,000 for those employed full - time between the ages of 25 and 64 ) when used as a reference group would justify the personal income in the tenth percentile of $77,500 being described as affluent , but if this earner were compared to an executive of a Fortune 500 company , then the description would not apply . Accordingly , marketing firms and investment houses classify those with household incomes exceeding $250,000 as mass affluent , while the threshold upper class is most commonly defined as the top 1 % with household incomes commonly exceeding $525,000 annually . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , 42 % of U.S. households have two income earners , thus making households ' income levels higher than personal income levels ; the percent of married - couple families with children where both parents work is 59.1 % . In 2005 , the economic survey revealed the following income distribution for households and individuals : The top 5 % of individuals had six figure incomes ( exceeding $100,000 ) ; the top 10 % of individuals had incomes exceeding $75,000 ; The top 5 % of households , three quarters of whom had two income earners , had incomes of $166,200 ( about 10 times the 2009 US minimum wage , for one income earner , and about 5 times the 2009 US minimum wage for two income earners ) or higher , with the top 10 % having incomes well in excess of $100,000 . The top 0.12 % had incomes exceeding $1,600,000 annually . Households may also be differentiated among each other , depending on whether or not they have one or multiple income earners ( the high female participation in the economy means that many households have two working members ) . For example , in 2005 the median household income for a two income earner households was $67,000 while the median income for an individual employed full - time with a graduate degree was in excess of $60,000 , demonstrating that nearly half of individuals with a graduate degree have higher earnings than most dual income households . By another measure - the number of square feet per person in the home - the average home in the United States has more than 700 square feet per person , 50 % - 100 % more than in other high - income countries ( though this indicator may be regarded as an accident of geography , climate and social preference , both within the USA and beyond it ) but this metric indicates even those in the lowest income percentiles enjoy more living space than the middle classes in most European nations . Similarly ownership levels of ' gadgets ' and access to amenities are exceptionally high compared to many other countries . Another , possibly more objective indicator is the fact that immigrants to the US come from all over the world and its net migration rate is among the highest in the world . Overall , the term affluent may be applied to a variety of individuals , households , or other entities , depending on context . Data from the U.S. Census Bureau serves as the main guideline for defining affluence . U.S. government data not only reveal the nation 's income distribution but also the demographic characteristics of those to whom the term `` affluent '' , may be applied . Top percentiles ( edit ) This section 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2013 ) Affluence and economic standing within society are often expressed in terms of percentile ranking . Economic ranking is conducted either in terms of giving lower thresholds for a designated group ( e.g. the top 5 % , 10 % , 15 % , etc . ) or in terms of the percentage of households / individuals with incomes above a certain threshold ( e.g. above $75,000 , $100,000 , $150,000 , etc . ) . The table below presents 2006 income data in terms of the lower thresholds for the given percentages ( e.g. the top 25.6 % of households had incomes exceeding $80,000 , compared to $47,000 for the top quarter of individuals ) . Data Top third Top quarter Top quintile Top 15 % Top 10 % Top 5 % Top 3 % Top 1.5 % Top 0.1 % Household income Lower threshold ( annual gross income ) $65,000 $80,000 $91,202 $100,000 $118,200 $166,200 $200,000 $250,000 $1,600,000 Exact percentage of households 34.72 % 25.60 % 20.00 % 17.80 % 10.00 % 5.00 % 2.67 % 1.50 % 0.12 % Personal income ( age 25 + ) Lower threshold ( annual gross income ) $37,500 $47,500 $52,500 $62,500 $75,000 $100,000 N / A Exact percentage of individuals 33.55 % 24.03 % 19.74 % 14.47 % 10.29 % 5.63 % N / A Source : U.S. Census Bureau , 2006 This graph shows the income of the given percentiles from 1967 to 2003 , in 2003 dollars . Household income over time ( edit ) Household income changes over time , with income gains being substantially larger for the upper percentiles than for the lower percentiles . All areas of the income strata have seen their incomes rise since the late 1960s , especially during the late 1990s . The overall increase in household income is largely the result of an increase in the percentage of households with more than one income earner . While households with just one income earner , most commonly the male , were the norm in the middle of the 20th century , 42 % of all households and the vast majority of married couple households now have two or more income earners . With so many households now having two income earners , the substantial increase in household income is easily explained : The typical middle - class household in the United States is no longer a one - earner family , with one parent in the workforce and one at home full - time . Instead , the majority of families with small children now have both parents rising at dawn to commute to jobs so they can both pull in paychecks ... Today the median income for a fully employed male is $41,670 per year ( all numbers are inflation - adjusted to 2004 dollars ) -- nearly $800 less than his counterpart of a generation ago . The only real increase in wages for a family has come from the second paycheck earned by a working mother . -- Elizabeth Warren , Harvard Magazine . Two income - earner households are more common among the top quintile of households than the general population : 2006 U.S. Census Bureau data indicates that over three quarters , 76 % , of households in the top quintile , with annual incomes exceeding $91,200 , had two or more income earners compared to just 42 % among the general population and a small minority in the bottom three quintiles . As a result , much of the rising income inequity between the upper and lower percentiles can be explained through the increasing percentage of households with two or more incomes . Data 2003 2000 1991 1985 1982 1979 1976 1973 1970 1967 20th percentile $17,984 $19,142 $17,601 $16,484 $16,580 $17,006 $16,306 $15,548 $16,457 $15,615 $15,844 $15,126 $14,002 Median ( 50th ) $43,318 $44,853 $42,294 $39,613 $39,679 $40,678 $38,510 $36,811 $38,649 $36,155 $37,700 $35,832 $33,338 80th percentile $86,867 $87,341 $81,719 $77,154 $74,759 $75,593 $71,433 $66,920 $68,318 $63,247 $64,500 $60,148 $55,265 95th percentile $154,120 $155,121 $144,636 $134,835 $126,969 $127,958 $119,459 $111,516 $111,445 $100,839 $102,243 $95,090 $88,678 Source : U.S. Census Bureau ( 2004 ) : `` Income , Poverty , and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States : 2003 '' , p. 36 et seq . All figures are inflation - adjusted and given in 2003 dollars . Median income levels ( edit ) Further information : Personal income in the United States and Household income in the United States Median income levels Households Persons , age 25 or older with earnings Household income by race or ethnicity All households Dual earner households Per household member Males Females Both sexes Asian Non-Hispanic White Hispanic ( of any race ) Black $46,326 $67,348 $23,535 $39,403 $26,507 $32,140 $57,518 $48,977 $34,241 $30,134 Median personal income by educational attainment Measure Some High School High school graduate Some college Associate 's degree Bachelor 's degree or higher Bachelor 's degree Master 's degree Professional degree Doctorate degree Persons , age 25 + w / earnings $20,321 $26,505 $31,054 $35,009 $49,303 $43,143 $52,390 $82,473 $70,853 Male , age 25 + w / earnings $24,192 $32,085 $39,150 $42,382 $60,493 $52,265 $67,123 $100,000 $78,324 Female , age 25 + w / earnings $15,073 $21,117 $25,185 $29,510 $40,483 $36,532 $45,730 $66,055 $54,666 Persons , age 25 + , employed full - time $25,039 $31,539 $37,135 $40,588 $56,078 $50,944 $61,273 $100,000 $79,401 Household $22,718 $36,835 $45,854 $51,970 $73,446 $68,728 $78,541 $100,000 $96,830 Household income distribution Bottom 10 % Bottom 20 % Bottom 25 % Middle 33 % Middle 20 % Top 25 % Top 20 % Top 5 % Top 1.5 % Top 1 % $0 to $10,500 $0 to $18,500 $0 to $22,500 $30,000 to $62,500 $35,000 to $55,000 $77,500 and up $92,000 and up $167,000 and up $250,000 and up $350,000 and up Source : US Census Bureau , 2006 ; income statistics for the year 2005 Professions ( edit ) The vast majority of Americans derive the majority of their income from occupational earnings . Income derived from an occupation is largely determined by scarcity , the economic law of supply and demand , and politics ( e.g. , AMA lobbying efforts ) . The greater the demand for a certain specialty and the less supply , the higher the income . A correlation has been shown between increases in income and increases in worker satisfaction . Increasing worker satisfaction , however , is not solely a result of the increase in income : workers in more complex and higher level occupations tend to have attained higher levels of education and thus are more likely to have a greater degree of autonomy in the workplace . Additionally , higher level workers with advanced degrees are hired to share their personal knowledge , to conceptualize , and to consult . Higher - level workers typically suffer less job alienation and reap not only external benefits in terms of income from their jobs , but also enjoy high levels of intrinsic motivation and satisfaction . In the United States , the highest earning occupational group is referred to as white collar professionals . Individuals in this occupational classification tend to report the highest job satisfaction and highest incomes . Defining income based on title of a profession can be misleading , given that a professional title may indicate the type of education received , but does not always correlate with the actual day to day income - generating endeavors that are pursued . Some sources cite the profession of physician in the United States as the highest paying , Physician ( M.D. and D.O. ) and Dentist ( D.M.D and D.D.S ) compensation ranks as the highest median annual earnings of all professions . Median annual earnings ranged from $149,310 for general dentists and $156,010 for family physicians to $321,686 for anesthesiologists . Surgeons post a median annual income of $282,504 . However , the annual salary for Chief Executive Officer ( C.E.O. ) is projected quite differently based on source : Salary.com reports a median salary of $634,941 , while the U.S. Department of Labor in May 2004 reported the median as $140,350 . This is primarily due to a methodological difference in terms of which companies were surveyed . Overall annual earnings among the nation 's top 25 professions ranged from the $70,000 s to the $300,000 s . In addition to physicians , lawyers , physicists , and nuclear engineers were all among the nation 's 20 highest paid occupations with incomes in excess of $78,410 . Some of the other occupations in the high five - figure range were economists with a median of $72,780 , mathematicians with $81,240 , financial managers with $81,880 , and software publishers with median annual earnings of $73,060 . The median annual earnings of wage - and - salary pharmacists in May 2006 were $94,520 . The median annual earnings of wage - and - salary engineers in November 2011 were $90,000 . The middle 50 percent earned between $83,180 and $108,140 a year ( as in the Occupational Outlook Handbook , 2008 -- 09 Edition by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ) . Education ( edit ) Further information : Educational attainment in the United States Median household and personal income by educational attainment . Educational attainment plays a major factor in determining an individual 's economic disposition . Personal income varied greatly according to an individual 's education , as did household income . Incomes for those employed , full - time , year - round and over the age of twenty - five ranged from $20,826 ( $17,422 if including those who worked part - time ) for those with less than a ninth grade education to $100,000 for those with professional degrees ( $82,473 if including those who work part - time ) . The median income for individuals with doctorates was $79,401 ( $70,853 if including those who work part - time ) . These statistics reveal that the majority of those employed full - time with professional or doctoral degrees are among the overall top 10 % ( 15 % if including those who work part - time ) of income earners . Of those with a master 's degree , nearly 50 % were among the top quarter of income earners ( top third if including those who work part - time ) . Race ( edit ) Percent of households with six figure incomes and individuals with incomes in the top 10 % , exceeding $77,500 . Racial breakdown of households making over $100,000 per year ( 2006 ) . White ( 86.9 % ) Asian American ( 5.9 % ) Hispanic ( 5.6 % ) African American ( 5.5 % ) Recent U.S. Census Bureau publications indicate a strong correlation between race and affluence . In the top household income quintile ( households with incomes exceeding $91,200 ) , Asian Americans and Whites were over represented , whereas Hispanics and African Americans were underrepresented . The household income for Asian Americans was , at $61,094 , by far the highest , exceeding that of Whites ( $48,554 ) by 26 % . Over a quarter , 27.5 % , of Asian American households had incomes exceeding $100,000 , and another 40 % had incomes of over $75,000 . Among White households , who remained near the national median , 18.3 % had six figure incomes , while 28.9 % had incomes exceeding $75,000 . The percentages of households with incomes exceeding $100,000 and $75,000 were far below the national medians for Hispanic and African American households . Among Hispanic households , for example , only 9 % had six figure incomes , and 17 % had incomes exceeding $75,000 . The race gap remained when considering personal income . In 2005 , roughly 11 % of Asian Americans and 7 % of White individuals had six figure incomes , compared to 2.6 % among Hispanics and 2.3 % among African Americans . The racial breakdowns of income brackets further illustrate the racial disparities associated with affluence. in 2005 , 81.8 % of all 114 million households were White ( including White Hispanics ) , 12.2 % were African American , 10.9 % were Hispanic and 3.7 % were Asian American . While White households are always near the national median due to Whites being by far the most prevalent racial demographic , the percentages of minority households with incomes exceeding $100,000 strayed considerably from their percentage of the overall population : Asian Americans , who represent the smallest surveyed racial demographic in the overall population , were the found to be the prevalent minority among six figure income households . Among the nearly twenty million households with six figure incomes , 86.9 % were White , 5.9 % were Asian American , 5.6 % were Hispanic and 5.5 % were African American . Among the general individual population with earnings , 82.1 % were White , 12.7 % were Hispanic , 11.0 % were African American and 4.6 % were Asian American . Of the top 10 % of income earners , those nearly 15 million individuals with incomes exceeding $77,500 , Whites and Asians were once again over-represented with the percentages of African Americans and Hispanics trailing behind considerably . Of the top 10 % of earners , 86.7 % were White . Asian Americans were the prevalent minority , constituting 6.8 % of top 10 % income earners , nearly twice the percentage of Asian Americans among the general population . Hispanics , who were the prevalent minority in the general population of income earners , constituted only 5.2 % of those in the top 10 % , with African Americans being the least represented with 5.1 % . Race Overall median High school Some college College graduate Bachelor 's degree Master 's degree Doctoral degree Total population All , age 25 + 32,140 26,505 31,054 49,303 43,143 52,390 70,853 Full - time workers , age 25 -- 64 39,509 31,610 37,150 56,027 50,959 61,324 79,292 White alone All , age 25 + 33,030 27,311 31,564 49,972 43,833 52,318 71,268 Full - time workers , age 25 -- 64 40,422 32,427 38,481 56,903 51,543 61,441 77,906 Asian alone All , age 25 + 36,152 25,285 29,982 51,481 42,466 61,452 69,653 Full - time workers , age 25 -- 64 42,109 27,041 33,120 60,532 51,040 71,316 91,430 African American All , age 25 + 27,101 22,379 27,648 44,534 41,572 48,266 61,894 Full - time workers , age 25 -- 64 32,021 26,230 32,392 47,758 45,505 52,858 N / A Hispanic or Latino All , age 25 + 23,613 22,941 28,698 41,596 37,819 50,901 67,274 Full - time workers , age 25 -- 64 27,266 26,461 33,120 46,594 41,831 53,880 N / A Source : U.S. Census Bureau , 2006 Status and Stratification ( edit ) Economic well - being is often associated with high societal status , yet income and economic compensation are a function of scarcity and act as only one of a number of indicators of social class . It is in the interest of all of society that open positions are adequately filled with a competent occupant enticed to do his or her best . As a result , an occupation that requires a scarce skill , the attainment of which is often documented through an educational degree , and entrusts its occupant with a high degree of influence will generally offer high economic compensation . To put it another way , the high income is intended to ensure that the desired individuals obtain the necessary skills ( e.g. medical or graduate school ) and complete their tasks with the necessary vigor but differences in income may , however , be found among occupations of similar sociological nature : the median annual earnings of a physician were in excess of $150,000 in May 2004 , compared to $95,000 for an attorney . Both occupations require finely tuned and scarce skill sets and both are essential to the well - being of society , yet physicians out - earned attorneys and other upper middle class professionals by a wide margin as their skill - sets are deemed especially scarce . Overall , high status positions tend to be those requiring a scarce skill and are therefore commonly far better compensated than those in the middle of the occupational strata . ... It is essential that the duties of the positions be performed with the diligence that their importance requires . Inevitably , then , a society must have , first , some kind of rewards that it can use as inducements , and , second , some way of distributing these rewards differently according to positions . The rewards and their distribution become part of the social order ... If the rights and perquisites of different positions in a society must be unequal , then society must be stratified ... Hence every society ... must differentiate persons ... and must therefore possess a certain amount of institutionalized inequality . -- Kingsley Davis & Wilbert E. Moore , `` Some Principles of Stratification '' , republished in Social Class and Stratification It is important to note that the above is an ideal type , a simplified model or reality using optimal circumstances . In reality other factors such as discrimination based on race , ethnicity and gender as well as aggressive political lobbying by certain professional organizations also influence personal income . An individual 's personal career decisions , as well as his or her personal connections within the nation 's economic institutions , are also likely to have an effect on income , status and whether or not an individual may be referred to as affluent . In contemporary America it is a combination of all these factors , with scarcity remaining by far the most prominent one , which determine a person 's economic compensation . Due to higher status professions requiring advanced and thus less commonly found skill sets ( including the ability to supervise and work with a considerable autonomy ) , these professions are better compensated through the means of income , making high status individuals affluent , depending on reference group . While the two paragraphs above only describe the relationship between status and personal income , household income is also often used to infer status . As a result , the dual income phenomenon presents yet another problem in equating affluence with high societal status . As mentioned earlier in the article , 42 % of households have two or more income earners , and 76 % of households with six figure incomes have two or more income earners . Furthermore , people are most likely to marry their professional and societal equals . It therefore becomes apparent that the majority of households with incomes exceeding the six figure mark are the result of an economic as well as personal union between two economic equals . Today , two nurses , each making $55,000 a year , can easily out - earn a single attorney who makes the median of $95,000 annually . Despite household income rising drastically through the union of two economic equals , neither individual has advanced his or her function and position within society . Yet the household ( not the individual ) may have become more affluent , assuming an increase in household members does not offset the dual - income derived gains . Academic class models Dennis Gilbert , 2002 William Thompson & Joseph Hickey , 2005 Leonard Beeghley , 2004 Class Typical characteristics Class Typical characteristics Class Typical characteristics Capitalist class ( 1 % ) Top - level executives , high - rung politicians , heirs . Ivy League education common . Upper class ( 1 % ) Top - level executives , celebrities , heirs ; income of $500,000 + common . Ivy league education common . The super-rich ( 0.9 % ) Multi-millionaires whose incomes commonly exceed $350,000 ; includes celebrities and powerful executives / politicians . Ivy League education common . Upper middle class ( 15 % ) Highly - educated ( often with graduate degrees ) , most commonly salaried , professionals and middle management with large work autonomy . Upper middle class ( 15 % ) Highly - educated ( often with graduate degrees ) professionals & managers with household incomes varying from the high 5 - figure range to commonly above $100,000 . The rich ( 5 % ) Households with net worth of $1 million or more ; largely in the form of home equity . Generally have college degrees . Middle class ( plurality / majority ? ; ca . 46 % ) College - educated workers with considerably higher - than - average incomes and compensation ; a man making $57,000 and a woman making $40,000 may be typical . Lower middle class ( 30 % ) Semi-professionals and craftsmen with a roughly average standard of living . Most have some college education and are white - collar . Lower middle class ( 32 % ) Semi-professionals and craftsmen with some work autonomy ; household incomes commonly range from $35,000 to $75,000 . Typically , some college education . Working class ( 30 % ) Clerical and most blue - collar workers whose work is highly routinized . Standard of living varies depending on number of income earners , but is commonly just adequate . High school education . Working class ( 32 % ) Clerical , pink - and blue - collar workers with often low job security ; common household incomes range from $16,000 to $30,000 . High school education . Working class ( ca . 40 -- 45 % ) Blue - collar workers and those whose jobs are highly routinized with low economic security ; a man making $40,000 and a woman making $26,000 may be typical . High school education . Working poor ( 13 % ) Service , low - rung clerical and some blue - collar workers . High economic insecurity and risk of poverty . Some high school education . Lower class ( ca . 14 -- 20 % ) Those who occupy poorly - paid positions or rely on government transfers . Some high school education . Underclass ( 12 % ) Those with limited or no participation in the labor force . Reliant on government transfers . Some high school education . The poor ( ca . 12 % ) Those living below the poverty line with limited to no participation in the labor force ; a household income of $18,000 may be typical . Some high school education . References : Gilbert , D. ( 2002 ) The American Class Structure : In An Age of Growing Inequality . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth , ISBN 0534541100 . ( see also Gilbert Model ) ; Thompson , W. & Hickey , J. ( 2005 ) . Society in Focus . Boston , MA : Pearson , Allyn & Bacon ; Beeghley , L. ( 2004 ) . The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States . Boston , MA : Pearson , Allyn & Bacon . The upper middle class may also be referred to as `` Professional class '' Ehrenreich , B. ( 1989 ) . The Inner Life of the Middle Class . NY , NY : Harper - Collins . Extreme affluence ( edit ) The wide income discrepancies within the top 1.5 % of households . See also : Category : American billionaires , Poverty in the United States , and Wealth gap As of 2002 , there were approximately 146,000 ( 0.1 % ) households with incomes exceeding $1,500,000 , while the top 0.01 % or 11,000 households had incomes exceeding $5,500,000 . The 400 highest tax payers in the nation had gross annual household incomes exceeding $87,000,000 . Household incomes for this group have risen more dramatically than for any other . As a result , the gap between those who make less than one and half million dollars annually ( 99.9 % of households ) and those who make more ( 0.1 % ) has been steadily increasing , prompting The New York Times to proclaim that the `` Richest Are Leaving Even the Rich Far Behind . '' The income disparities within the top 1.5 % are quite drastic . While households in the top 1.5 % of households had incomes exceeding $250,000 , 443 % above the national median , their incomes were still 2200 % lower than those of the top 0.1 % of households . One can therefore conclude that almost any household , even those with incomes of $250,000 annually , are poor when compared to the top 0.01 % , who in turn are poor compared to the top 0.000267 % , the top 400 taxpaying households . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Income distribution in the United States . Panama Papers Paradise Papers Plutocracy States of the United States of America by income The Affluent Society General : Economy of the United States International Ranking of Household Income List of Average Wages per Country References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Procter , Paul , ed. ( 1995 ) . Cambridge International Dictionary of English . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 48236 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , personal income distribution , 2005 '' . Archived from the original on 14 December 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` US Census 2005 Economic Survey , income data '' . Archived from the original on 30 June 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bruenig , Matt ( March 24 , 2014 ) . `` You call this a meritocracy ? Why rich inheritance is poisoning the American economy '' . Salon . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Inequality - Inherited wealth '' . The Economist . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pizzigati , Sam ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` The ' Self - Made ' Hallucination of America 's Rich '' . Institute for Policy Studies . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , personal income distribution , age 25 + , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , income distribution of individuals , employed full - time , year round , age 25 -- 64 , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Ehrenreich , Barbara ( 1989 ) . Fear of Falling , The Inner Life of the Middle Class . New York , NY : Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 097333 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , William ; Joseph Hickey ( 2005 ) . Society in Focus . Boston , MA : Pearson . ISBN 0 - 205 - 41365 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , income quintile and top 5 % household income distribution and demographic characteristics , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 4 January 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Employment Characteristics of Families Summary '' . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , overall household income distribution , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 4 January 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Times quote , households with incomes of over 1.6 million '' . Archived from the original on 31 December 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle income ca n't buy Middle class lifestyle '' . Archived from the original on 29 December 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Robert E. Rector and Kirk A. Johnson , Ph. D. ( January 5 , 2004 ) . `` Understanding Poverty in America '' Jump up ^ Robert Rector ( August 27 , 2007 ) . `` How Poor Are America 's Poor ? Examining the `` Plague '' of Poverty in America '' ^ Jump up to : `` Income and poverty since 1967 , US Census Bureau '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , income quintilea and Top 5 Percent , 2004 '' . Archived from the original on 4 January 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Eichar , Douglas ( 1989 ) . Occupation and Class Consciousness in America . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 26111 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Department of Labor , annual earnings for doctors '' . Archived from the original on 28 December 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Salary.com '' . Archived from the original on 6 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Labor , CEO salaries '' . Archived from the original on 22 December 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bureau of Labor statistics data published by Monster.com , 20 highest paying jobs '' . Archived from the original on 27 December 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Labor , median income of Economists '' . Archived from the original on 28 December 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Labor , median income of Mathematicians '' . Archived from the original on 28 December 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Labor , median income of financial managers '' . Archived from the original on 16 December 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Labor , median income of Software Publishers '' . Archived from the original on 25 December 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , personal income for full - time , year round employed employed workers , age 25 + '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , household income distribution for Asians , 2006 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , household income distribution for Whites '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , household income distribution for Whites , 2006 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , household income distribution for African Americans '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , household income distribution for Hispanics , 2006 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , personal income distribution for Asian Americans , 2006 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , personal income distribution for Whites , 2006 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , personal income distribution for Hispanics , 2006 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , personal income distribution for African Americans , 2006 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , overall households income distribution to $100,000 , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 30 December 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , Personal income , age 25 + , 2006 statistics forum '' . Archived from the original on 4 January 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , Rhonda ( 1998 ) . Social Class and Stratification . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 8543 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Labor , median income of registered nurses '' . Archived from the original on 2 January 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times , Richest Are Leaving Even the Rich Far Behind '' . 2005 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( September 28 , 2014 ) . `` Our Invisible Rich '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Frank , Robert L. ( 2007 ) . Richistan : A Journey Through the American Wealth Boom and the Lives of the New Rich . Crown Publishing Group . p. 277 . ISBN 0 - 307 - 33926 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Alternate income measures forum . Americans Underestimate U.S. Wealth Inequality ( audio - NPR ) . 15 Mind - Blowing Facts About Wealth And Inequality In America ( charts - The Business Insider ) . It 's the Inequality , Stupid : 11 Charts that Explain Everything that 's Wrong with America ( Mother Jones - March 2011 ) . US Census Bureau , personal income forum . US Census Bureau , household income forum . `` Wealth Gap '' - A Guide ( AP News - January , 2014 ) . 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who does rory have her first time with	Rory starts her college education at Yale , with Paris - now a friend - as her roommate . Both start working for the Yale Daily News . Rory is surprised when Dean quickly marries his new girlfriend . The pair grow closer again over the season , leading Rory to turn down Jess when he returns and declares his love . Lorelai spends the season renovating the Dragonfly Inn in preparation for its open , along with Sookie and their colleague Michel . She also begins a relationship with Richard 's new business partner , Jason Stiles , which she keeps secret from her parents . Lane 's mother learns about Hep Alien and throws her out of the house . Sookie and Jackson have a son . Emily feels neglected by Richard and the two separate , with Richard moving into the poolhouse . Luke and Nicole elope during a cruise , but quickly decide to divorce . Towards the end of the season , Luke accepts that he is in love with Lorelai and begins wooing her . The pair finally kiss on the Dragonfly 's opening night , while Rory loses her virginity to a married Dean .	Dean	Gilmore Girls	gilmore girls	Gilmore Girls is an American comedy - drama television series , created by Amy Sherman - Palladino and starring Lauren Graham and Alexis Bledel . The show debuted on October 5 , 2000 on The WB and became a flagship series for the network . Gilmore Girls originally ran for seven seasons , with the final season moving to The CW , and ended its run on May 15 , 2007 .	The show 's main focus is on the relationship between single mother Lorelai Gilmore and her daughter Rory , who live in Stars Hollow , Connecticut , a small fictional town filled with colorful characters . The series explores issues of family , romance , education , friendship , disappointment , and ambition , along with generational divides and social class , the latter themes manifesting through Lorelai 's difficult relationship with her high society parents , Emily and Richard , and Rory 's experiences at an elite high school and later on at Yale University . Sherman - Palladino , who served as showrunner for the majority of the series , infused Gilmore Girls with distinctive fast - paced dialogue filled with pop culture references . After season six , when the series moved to its new network , Sherman - Palladino left the show and was replaced by David S. Rosenthal for the final season . The series was produced and distributed by Warner Bros. Television and filmed on the studio 's lot in Burbank , California . Television critics praised Gilmore Girls for its witty dialogue , cross-generational appeal , and effective mix of humor and drama . It never drew large ratings but was a relative success for The WB , peaking during season five as the network 's second most - popular show . The series has been in daily syndication since 2004 , while a growing and dedicated fandom has led to its status as a cult classic . Since coming off the air , Gilmore Girls has been cited in TV ( The Book ) and Time magazine as one of the 100 greatest television shows of all time . In 2016 , the main cast and Sherman - Palladino returned for a four - part miniseries revival titled Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life , which streamed on Netflix . Contents 1 Premise 2 Synopsis 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 2.5 Season 5 2.6 Season 6 2.7 Season 7 2.8 A Year in the Life 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Production 4.1 Background 4.2 Casting 4.3 Writing 4.4 Filming 4.5 Music 5 Developments 5.1 Change of showrunner 5.2 Cancellation 5.3 Revival 6 Broadcast history 6.1 Syndication 6.2 Home media and online 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.2 Ratings 7.3 Awards and nominations 7.4 Fandom and cultural impact 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) The series has two protagonists : witty `` thirty - something '' mother Lorelai Gilmore and her intellectual teenage daughter Rory . Their backstory is established early in the show : Lorelai grew up in Hartford with her old money parents , Richard and Emily , but always felt stifled by this environment . She accidentally became pregnant at age sixteen and left home a year later to raise Rory in the close - knit town of Stars Hollow . Lorelai found work and shelter at the Independence Inn , where she eventually progressed from maid to executive manager . Lorelai and Rory develop a very close relationship , living like best friends , and Lorelai is proud of the independent life she has formed away from her parents . In the pilot episode , she is forced to go to them when Rory is admitted to Chilton Preparatory School , but she can not afford the tuition fees . Emily and Richard agree to provide a loan , so long as the girls join them every Friday night for dinner . This sets up the show 's primary conflict , as the Gilmores are forced to face their differences and complicated past . The contrasting mother -- daughter relationships of Emily -- Lorelai and Lorelai -- Rory become a defining theme of the show . Series creator Amy Sherman - Palladino has summarized the core of Gilmore Girls : `` I think the theme was always family and connection . I always felt like the underlying thing about Gilmore was that , if you happened to be born into a family that does n't really understand you , go out and make your own . That 's what Lorelai did . She went out and she made her own family . The ironic twist in her life is that then this daughter that she created this half family for , likes the family that she left . It was a cycle of crazy family . '' The series also focuses on both girls ' ambition : Rory to attend an Ivy League college and become a journalist , and Lorelai to open an inn with her best friend Sookie St. James . The romantic relationships of the protagonists are another key feature ; throughout the series Lorelai has a `` will - they - wo n't - they '' dynamic with her friend , local diner owner Luke Danes , while also harboring unresolved feelings for Rory 's father , Christopher Hayden . Rory has three boyfriends during the run of the show - local boy Dean Forrester , mysterious , well read bad boy Jess Mariano , and wealthy charismatic Logan Huntzberger . The quirky townspeople of Stars Hollow are a constant presence . Along with series - long and season - long arcs , Gilmore Girls is also episodic in nature , with mini-plots within each episode - such as a town festival , an issue at Lorelai 's inn , or a school project of Rory 's . Synopsis ( edit ) See also : List of Gilmore Girls episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 21 October 5 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 05 ) May 10 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 10 ) The WB 22 October 9 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 09 ) May 21 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 21 ) 22 September 24 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 20 ) 22 September 23 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 23 ) May 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 18 ) 5 22 September 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ) May 17 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 17 ) 6 22 September 13 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 13 ) May 9 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 09 ) 7 22 September 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 15 ) The CW Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : Gilmore Girls ( season 1 ) Rory has a difficult time settling in at Chilton , struggling to match the demands of private school and attracting the fury of classmate Paris Geller , her academic rival . She meets her first boyfriend , Dean , but the pair break up when Rory does n't reciprocate his , `` I love you '' . She is also pursued by arrogant Chilton student Tristin , but she has little interest . After being romantically pursued by Rory 's teacher , Max Medina , Lorelai decides with a conflicted heart to give the relationship a chance . This dynamic creates some tension between Lorelai and Rory . At the same time , she has a close friendship with the local diner owner , Luke Danes , and several people comment on their mutual attraction -- but Lorelai is in denial and Luke does n't act on it . Rory 's father , Christopher Hayden , returns and also wants Lorelai but she tells him he is too immature for a family . All the while , Lorelai struggles to adjust to having her parents in her life on a regular basis . Emily and Richard enjoy developing a relationship with their granddaughter , but also realize how much they have missed . The season ends with Rory reuniting with Dean , and Max proposing to Lorelai . Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : Gilmore Girls ( season 2 ) Lorelai accepts Max 's proposal , but realises shortly before the wedding that it is n't right and they break up . She and Sookie get excited about opening their own business at the dilapidated Dragonfly Inn but the owner refuses to sell . Sookie gets engaged to Jackson Belleville , a local farmer . Luke 's teenage nephew , Jess Mariano , comes to live under his care . Jess is sullen and angry with everyone apart from Rory . The two strike up a friendship , causing jealousy in Dean . Lorelai is disapproving , especially when they are in a car accident , which leads to a blow - up with Luke . Richard announces that he has retired but soon becomes bored and sets up his own insurance company . Christopher appears to have his life together and Lorelai decides to reunite with him . But at Sookie 's wedding Christopher learns that his recently estranged fiancé is pregnant and decides to return to her , leaving Lorelai heartbroken . At the same time , Rory impulsively kisses Jess . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : Gilmore Girls ( season 3 ) Rory 's attraction to Jess grows stronger , and she gets jealous when he teases her with a new girlfriend . Dean ca n't ignore what is going on , and eventually ends their relationship . Rory and Jess immediately become a couple . Meanwhile , she and Paris spend the year as Student Body Presidents at Chilton and both submit applications to Harvard University . Paris is devastated when she does n't get in . Rory is accepted but decides to attend Yale University instead , much to Emily and Richard 's delight . The Independence Inn is badly damaged in a fire , but Lorelai and Sookie are able to buy the Dragonfly when its elderly owner dies . Jess tries to force Rory to have sex with him , which lead to a fight between Dean and Jess . Luke begins dating a lawyer named Nicole . Lane Kim , Rory 's best friend , starts a band called Hep Alien and tries to convince her strict mother to let her date the guitarist , Dave , while keeping the band secret . As the season ends , Jess abruptly leaves Stars Hollow to track down his estranged father in California , and Rory graduates High School as valedictorian . Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : Gilmore Girls ( season 4 ) Rory starts her college education at Yale , with Paris - now a friend - as her roommate . Both start working for the Yale Daily News . Rory is surprised when Dean quickly marries his new girlfriend . The pair grow closer again over the season , leading Rory to turn down Jess when he returns and declares his love . Lorelai spends the season renovating the Dragonfly Inn in preparation for its open , along with Sookie and their colleague Michel . She also begins a relationship with Richard 's new business partner , Jason Stiles , which she keeps secret from her parents . Lane 's mother learns about Hep Alien and throws her out of the house . Sookie and Jackson have a son . Emily feels neglected by Richard and the two separate , with Richard moving into the poolhouse . Luke and Nicole elope during a cruise , but quickly decide to divorce . Towards the end of the season , Luke accepts that he is in love with Lorelai and begins wooing her . The pair finally kiss on the Dragonfly 's opening night , while Rory loses her virginity to a married Dean . Season 5 ( edit ) Main article : Gilmore Girls ( season 5 ) Lorelai and Luke start a relationship . Emily and Richard - who reunite and renew their wedding vows - disapprove , and Emily interferes by telling Christopher to try and win her back . Luke feels overwhelmed , resulting in a brief separation between him and Lorelai and a rift between Lorelai and Emily . Rory tries to have another relationship with Dean , now separated from his wife , but it soon ends when he realizes how different their lives are . She falls for Logan Huntzberger , a wealthy playboy Yale student whose parents think she is beneath him . Lane and Paris both start relationships : the former with her bandmate Zack , the latter with Yale Daily News editor Doyle . Sookie has a daughter . Rory gets an internship at Logan 's father 's newspaper but is deflated when he tells her she `` does n't have it . '' She and Logan are arrested for stealing a yacht , after which Rory announces that she is quitting Yale and moves in with Emily and Richard . When Lorelai sees how supportive Luke is over the situation , she asks him to marry her . Season 6 ( edit ) Main article : Gilmore Girls ( season 6 ) Lorelai is devastated by Rory 's actions but insists that she ca n't force her back to Yale : it 's a decision Rory must make for herself . Mother and daughter do n't speak for six months . Rory has to complete community service and Emily gets her a job with the DAR . Richard becomes concerned but eventually , after encouragement from Jess , Rory returns to Yale and reunites with Lorelai . She replaces Paris as editor of the Yale Daily News , which causes issues in their friendship , and after a short separation from Logan the relationship gets serious . Rory is crushed when Logan 's father sends him to work in London . Hep Alien disband then come back together ; Lane and Zack get married . Lorelai plans a wedding with Luke , but things get difficult when Luke learns that he has a 12 - year - old daughter named April . He starts building a relationship with her but keeps Lorelai separate . Lorelai tries to accept this but eventually snaps and issues him an ultimatum . When he does n't agree to elope , Lorelai goes to Christopher . Season 7 ( edit ) Main article : Gilmore Girls ( season 7 ) Lorelai and Luke officially split when she tells him she slept with Christopher . Before much time had passed , Christopher convinces Lorelai to try a relationship . The pair spontaneously marry during a trip in Paris , but Lorelai soon accepts that it is n't right and they split amicably . Luke has a custody battle over April , after her mother moves them to New Mexico , and wins the right to see her during holidays . Lane and Zack have twins , and Sookie becomes pregnant again . Rory completes her final year of college . She and Logan spend half the season in a long - distance relationship until he eventually moves back to Connecticut . He proposes , but Rory says that she wants to keep her options open , which leads to their separation . She panics about what she will do after graduating ; following some rejection , she gets a job reporting on the Barack Obama campaign trail . Stars Hollow throws a surprise goodbye party for Rory . When Lorelai finds out that Luke organized it , the pair reconcile with a kiss . Lorelai promises Emily that she will continue attending Friday Night Dinners . Before Lorelai and Rory have to say goodbye , they have one last breakfast at Luke 's Diner . A year in the life ( edit ) Main article : Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life Nine years after the end of the original series , Netflix produced a much awaited sequel to Gilmore Girls . In this short , four episode revival , Rory is struggling in her journalism career and having a no - strings - attached , secret affair with Logan in London , while technically having a boyfriend named Paul that she often forgets about . While Logan is engaged to be married the two of them ca n't seem to stay apart . Lorelai and Luke live together but are still having communication problems . Richard has recently died of a heart attack , which causes tension between Lorelai and Emily and they end up in joint therapy . Lorelai starts to question her life , so travels to California with intentions to hike the Pacific Crest Trail , where she has an epiphany : she fixes the rift with Emily by recounting a happy story about Richard , and goes home to propose to Luke . Emily decides to sell the Gilmore mansion and move to Nantucket , where she starts working in a museum . After encouragement from Jess , Rory decides to write a book about her life called `` Gilmore Girls '' . After Luke and Lorelai marry , Rory tells her mom that she is pregnant and the father is left unknown . Many of the original cast returned for the revival , including Milo Ventimiglia , who plays Jess , however he reportedly told USA Today afterwards that , `` I hear rumors that they 're bringing back everything that I 've ever been a part of ... I think it 's exciting . At times , though , I think it 's too much . There are more stories to tell with a lot of these characters , but at the same time some of these characters for some of us actors are more than a decade in the past . It was exciting going back to Gilmore Girls for the four Netflix movies , but I 'm satisfied with it ( . ) I think the stories were told . I think it was great for the audience and fans to get just one small taste of that world again . But , at the same time , I think people should not get so greedy . '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Gilmore Girls characters Main ( edit ) Lauren Graham as Lorelai Gilmore : Independent single - mom who runs an inn and loves pop - culture and coffee . Alexis Bledel as Rory Gilmore : Precocious and driven single - child of Lorelai , age 16 at the start of the show . Scott Patterson as Luke Danes : Grouchy but kind - hearted diner owner ; Lorelai 's friend and eventual love interest . Kelly Bishop as Emily Gilmore : Matriarch of the Gilmore family , who lives as a high society housewife . Melissa McCarthy as Sookie St. James : Lorelai 's chirpy best friend and chef / co-owner at the inn . ( main seasons 1 - 7 ; guest AYITL ) Keiko Agena as Lane Kim : Rory 's best friend , who secretly defies her strict mother and forms a rock band . ( main seasons 1 - 7 , AYITL ) Yanic Truesdale as Michel Gerard : The grumpy French concierge at Lorelai and Sookie 's inn . ( main seasons 1 - 7 ; recurring AYITL ) Edward Herrmann as Richard Gilmore : Intellectual patriarch of the Gilmore family , who works in insurance . ( main seasons 1 - 7 ) Liza Weil as Paris Geller : Rory 's feisty nemesis and eventual friend throughout high school and college . ( main seasons 2 - 7 ; recurring season 1 , AYITL ) Jared Padalecki as Dean Forester : Rory 's season 1 -- 3 boyfriend , who moved to Stars Hollow from Chicago . ( main seasons 2 - 3 ; recurring seasons 1 , 4 - 5 ; guest AYITL ) Sean Gunn as Kirk Gleason : Quirky resident of Stars Hollow who works numerous jobs around the town . ( main seasons 3 - 7 ; recurring seasons 1 - 2 , AYITL ) Milo Ventimiglia as Jess Mariano : Luke 's troubled nephew who falls for Rory and becomes an intense but short - lived boyfriend . ( main seasons 2 -- 3 ; recurring season 4 ; guest seasons 6 , AYITL ) Chris Eigeman as Jason Stiles : Lorelai 's season 4 boyfriend and Richard 's business partner . ( main season 4 , guest AYITL ) Matt Czuchry as Logan Huntzberger : Rory 's season 5 -- 7 boyfriend , the heir of a New York Times-esque publishing family resembling that of the Ochs - Sulzberger family . ( main seasons 6 - 7 ; recurring season 5 , AYITL ) Recurring ( edit ) Liz Torres as Miss Patty , the town dance teacher and gossip ( seasons 1 -- AYITL ) Emily Kuroda as Mrs. Kim , Lane 's strict Seventh - day Adventist mother ( seasons 1 -- AYITL ) Sally Struthers as Babette Dell , Lorelai 's eccentric neighbor and town gossip ( seasons 1 -- AYITL ) Jackson Douglas as Jackson Belleville , Sookie 's husband and a local farmer ( seasons 1 -- AYITL ) Michael Winters as Taylor Doose , the uptight town Selectman ( seasons 1 -- AYITL ) David Sutcliffe as Christopher Hayden , Rory 's father and Lorelai 's on - off love interest ( seasons 1 -- 3 ; 5 -- AYITL ) Shelly Cole as Madeline Lynn , Rory 's ditzy high school friend ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Teal Redmann as Louise Grant , Rory 's ditzy high school friend ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Scott Cohen as Max Medina , Lorelai 's season one boyfriend and brief fiance , and Rory 's English teacher at Chilton ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Chad Michael Murray as Tristin DuGray , wealthy Chilton student who has a crush on Rory ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Rose Abdoo as Gypsy , the town mechanic ( seasons 2 -- AYITL ) Todd Lowe as Zach Van Gerbig , Lane 's bandmate and eventual husband ( seasons 3 -- AYITL ) John Cabrera as Brian Fuller , Lane 's bandmate ( seasons 3 -- AYITL ) Tricia O'Kelley as Nicole Leahy , Luke 's season 3 -- 4 girlfriend and short - term wife ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Adam Brody as Dave Rygalski , Lane 's bandmate and season 3 boyfriend ( season 3 ) Sebastian Bach as Gil , Lane 's bandmate ( seasons 4 -- AYITL ) Danny Strong as Doyle McMaster , Paris 's boyfriend and one - time editor of the Yale Daily News ( seasons 4 -- AYITL ) Kathleen Wilhoite as Liz Danes , Luke 's flighty sister and Jess 's mother ( seasons 4 -- 7 ) Michael DeLuise as TJ , Luke 's dopey brother - in - law ( seasons 4 -- 7 ) Wayne Wilcox as Marty , Rory 's friend at Yale who has unrequited feelings for her ( seasons 4 -- 5 ; 7 ) Alan Loayza as Colin McCrae , Logan 's wealthy friend ( seasons 5 -- 6 ; AYITL ) Tanc Sade as Finn , Logan 's wealthy friend ( seasons 5 -- 6 ; AYITL ) Gregg Henry as Mitchum Huntzberger , Logan 's father and a newspaper mogul ( seasons 5 -- AYITL ) Vanessa Marano as April Nardini , Luke 's `` long lost '' adolescent daughter ( seasons 6 -- AYITL ) Sherilyn Fenn as Anna Nardini , April 's mother and Luke 's ex-girlfriend ( seasons 6 -- 7 ) Carole King as Sophie Bloom , owner of the Sophie 's Music shop ( seasons 2 , 5 , 6 , AYITL ) Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) `` I sold it off of a line , ' It 's ( a ) mother and daughter and they 're more like friends than mother and daughter . ' And they all perked up and literally said , ' Great , we 'll buy that ' . I walked out of there and turned to my manager at the time and said , ' That 's all I got . I do n't know what the show is . ' '' -- Amy Sherman - Palladino on her initial pitch to The WB Amy Sherman - Palladino , who came from a background of writing for half - hour sitcoms , had Gilmore Girls approved by The WB after several of her previous pitches were turned down . On a whim , she suggested a show about a mother and daughter but had put little thought into the idea . Having to create a pilot , she drew inspiration for the show 's setting of `` Stars Hollow , Connecticut '' after making a trip to Washington Depot , Connecticut , where she stayed at the Mayflower Inn . She explained : `` If I can make people feel this much of what I felt walking around this fairy town , I thought that would be wonderful ... At the time I was there , it was beautiful , it was magical , and it was feeling of warmth and small - town camaraderie ... There was a longing for that in my own life , and I thought -- that 's something that I would really love to put out there . '' Once the setting was established , Gilmore Girls developed as a mixture of sitcom and family drama . Sherman - Palladino 's aim was to create `` A family show that does n't make parents want to stick something sharp in their eyes while they 're watching it and does n't talk down to kids . '' She wanted the family dynamic to be important because `` It 's a constant evolution ... You never run out of conflict . '' The show 's pace , dialogue , and focus on class divisions was heavily inspired by the screwball comedies of the 1930s and Katharine Hepburn -- Spencer Tracy films . Sherman - Palladino was also influenced by the `` acerbic wit '' of Dorothy Parker . The pilot episode of Gilmore Girls received financial support from the script development fund of the Family Friendly Programming Forum , which includes some of the nation 's leading advertisers , making it one of the first network shows to reach the air with such funding . The show was green - lit by The WB , and Sherman - Palladino proceeded to exercise control over all aspects of its production . Her husband Daniel Palladino was a consultant and occasional writer for the first season , then agreed to quit his producer position on Family Guy to commit to Gilmore Girls ; he became an executive producer with the second season , and also played a major role . The show 's third executive producer was Gavin Polone . Casting ( edit ) Alexis Bledel 's first acting job was playing Rory Gilmore Alexis Bledel was cast in the key role of Rory despite having no previous acting experience . Sherman - Palladino was drawn to her shyness and innocence , which she said was essential for the character , and felt she photographed well . Lauren Graham was pursued by the casting directors from the start of the process , but she was committed to another show on NBC . A week before shooting , they had still failed to cast Lorelai so they asked Graham to audition anyway . Sherman - Palladino cast her that day , on the hope that Graham 's other show ( M.Y.O.B. ) would be cancelled , which it soon was . She later explained how Graham met all the criteria she had been looking for : `` Lorelai 's a hard fucking part . You 've got to be funny , you 've got to talk really fucking fast , you 've got to be able to act , you 've got to be sexy , but not scary sexy . You 've got to be strong , but not like ' I hate men ' '' . Graham and Bledel only met the night before they started filming the pilot . In casting the grandparents , Sherman - Palladino had veteran actor Edward Herrmann in mind for Richard and was delighted when he agreed . Kelly Bishop , a fellow New York stage actress , was cast straight after her audition ; Sherman - Palladino recalled knowing immediately `` and there 's Emily '' . The role of the Stars Hollow diner owner was originally a woman , but the network reported that they needed more men and Scott Patterson was cast as Luke . It was advertised as a guest role , but Patterson said he treated the pilot as `` a chemistry test '' and he was promptly promoted to series regular . In the pilot , Sookie was played by Alex Borstein but she could not be released from her Mad TV contract . She was therefore replaced by Melissa McCarthy , who re-filmed Sookie 's scenes . The role of Dean also changed after the pilot , with the original actor replaced by newcomer Jared Padalecki . The character Lane was based on Sherman - Palladino 's friend and fellow producer Helen Pai ; Japanese - American actress Keiko Agena was cast in the role when they could not find an appropriate Korean - American actress . Liza Weil auditioned to play Rory , and while she was considered wrong for the part -- Sherman - Palladino liked her so much that she wrote the role of Paris especially for her . Writing ( edit ) Headed by Amy Sherman - Palladino and Daniel Palladino from seasons 1 to 6 , Gilmore Girls had a small writing staff that changed regularly throughout the series . The Palladinos wrote a high percentage of episodes , and would review and rework the dialogue in episodes allocated to others . As such , the show is considered to have a distinctive `` voice '' . Sherman - Palladino said `` every draft either I write , or it passes through my hands ... so that there is a consistency of tone . It 's very important that it feel like the same show every week , because it is so verbal . '' The main job of the writers ' room was to help develop storylines and create detailed episode outlines . Notable writers who worked on the show at some point include Jenji Kohan , Bill Prady , Jane Espenson , Rebecca Rand Kirshner , and Janet Leahy . Gilmore Girls creator and showrunner , Amy Sherman - Palladino As signalled by its tagline `` Life 's short . Talk fast '' , Gilmore Girls is known for its fast - paced dialogue and `` witty repartee '' . Sherman - Palladino wanted a snappy delivery from the characters because she believes that `` comedy dies slow '' , which required large volumes of dialogue to fill the hour - long time slot . Scripts averaged 80 pages per episode , compared to an `` hour - long '' average of 55 -- 60 pages , with one page translating to 20 -- 25 seconds of screen time . Much of the dialogue is peppered with references to film , television shows , music , literature , and celebrity culture . The range of references is broad , summarised by critic Ken Tucker as `` some cross between Mystery Science Theater 3000 and Ulysses '' . Sherman - Palladino wanted the characters to speak this way as an indicator of their worldliness and intelligence , and to cater to a broad audience . At the start , she argued with the network about the frequently old - fashioned references ; when she refused to remove a comment about Oscar Levant , she felt the executives adopted an attitude of `` Let the crazy woman dig her own grave . '' The relative obscurity of some of the allusions resulted in explanatory `` Gilmore - isms '' booklets being included in the DVD sets of the first four seasons . In contrast to the rapid - fire dialogue , storylines on Gilmore Girls move slowly . Sherman - Palladino 's motto was `` make the small big , make the big small '' , which she learned from her days writing for Roseanne . She chose to be `` very stingy with events '' , and the drama is low - key because `` sometimes the average every day things are more impactful '' . Key incidents often take place off - screen and are only revealed through character conversations , which journalist Constance Grady says is because `` On Gilmore Girls , the explosion is never what matters : It 's the fallout . '' The show similarly uses subtext rather than exposition , `` where people will talk a great deal in order to obscure what they really mean to say '' . The writers did not like moments to be overly sentimental , preferring characters to show love through actions and behavior . Sherman - Palladino stated that the network did not interfere or request changes , though there is speculation that she delivered scripts at the last minute to avoid their input . Sherman - Palladino treated Lorelai as a reflection of herself . Her husband commented : `` Amy writing for Lorelai Gilmore has always been really special . No surprise , they 're kind of dopplegangers ... Amy and Lorelai are very , very similar . That character is a great cipher for a lot of what Amy is and has been , from the very beginning . '' Filming ( edit ) Exterior of Lorelai and Rory 's house , on the Warner Bros. backlot The pilot episode was shot in the Toronto suburb of Unionville . The rest of the series was filmed at the Warner Bros. lot in Burbank , California . Exterior scenes of Stars Hollow , along with those at Luke 's Diner and Miss Patty 's dance studio , were all filmed on the backlot -- with dozens of background actors utilized to make it look like a functioning town . Production designers regularly had to decorate the town square with fake leaves or fake snow to make it look like a New England fall or winter . Interiors of Lorelai 's house and inn , and all scenes at Yale and the Gilmore mansion , were filmed on a sound stage . Very occasionally , the show was filmed on location . The exterior shots of Rory 's preparatory school , Chilton , were filmed at Greystone Mansion in Beverly Hills , California . Rory 's visit to Harvard was filmed at UCLA , and her initial visit to Yale was filmed at Pomona College . Gilmore Girls relied on a master shot filming style , in which a scene is filmed to frame characters and their dialogue together within a long and uninterrupted , single take ; often illustrated through another method regularly employed on the show , the walk and talk . Sherman - Palladino explained `` There 's an energy and style to our show that 's very simple , in my mind ... ( it ) almost needs to be shot like a play . That 's how we get our pace , our energy , and our flow ... I do n't think it could work any other way . '' It took eight working days to shoot an episode , and days were regularly 14 -- 20 hours long . Lauren Graham said : `` We filmed alongside The West Wing , and Aaron Sorkin shows are known for having the worst hours ever , they go on and on , but we were always there even after they had gone home , because you could n't change a word of the script . '' The cast were required to be word - perfect in all the scenes , while also reciting large amounts of dialogue at speed . Matt Czuchry , who had a main role for the final three seasons , commented `` The pace of the dialogue was what made that show incredibly unique , and also incredibly difficult as an actor . To be able to maintain that speed , tone , and at the same time , try to make layered choices was a great experience to have early in my career . It really challenged me . '' The combination of the difficult dialogue and long takes meant each scene had to be shot many times ; Graham said in 2015 : `` never before or since have I done as many takes of anything '' . Alexis Bledel recalled that one scene required 38 takes . Graham added , `` that show -- as fun and breezy and light as it is -- is technically really challenging '' . Music ( edit ) Singer - songwriter Sam Phillips composed the Gilmore Girls musical score Gilmore Girls ' non-diegetic score was composed by singer - songwriter Sam Phillips throughout its entire run . Sherman - Palladino , who served as the music supervisor of the series , was a big fan of the musician and secured her involvement . For the score 's instrumental arrangement , Phillips primarily used her voice and an acoustic guitar , and on occasion included piano , violin , and drums . Many of the musical cues are accompanied by melodic `` la - la '' s and `` ahh '' s , which developed because Sherman - Palladino wanted the score to sound connected to the girls themselves , almost like `` an extension of their thoughts ... if they had music going in their head during a certain emotional thing in their life . '' Sherman - Palladino felt that the score elevated the series `` because it was n't a wasted element in the show . Everything was trying to say a little something , add a little something to it . '' Several of Phillips ' album tracks are also played in the show , and she made an appearance in the season six finale , performing part of `` Taking Pictures '' . The theme song is a version of Carole King 's 1971 song `` Where You Lead '' . King made a new recording specially for Gilmore Girls : a duet with her daughter Louise Goffin . She was happy that it gave the song `` a deeper meaning of love between a mother and her child '' . King appeared in several episodes as Sophie , the town music shop owner , and performed a brief portion of her song `` I Feel the Earth Move '' in the revival . Music also plays a large part in the show as a frequent topic of conversation between characters and in live performances within scenes . Musical acts who made appearances include The Bangles , Sonic Youth , Sparks , and The Shins ( S04E17 ) . Grant - Lee Phillips appears in at least one episode per season as the town 's troubadour , singing his own songs and covers . In 2002 , a soundtrack to Gilmore Girls was released by Rhino Records , entitled Our Little Corner of the World : Music from Gilmore Girls . The CD booklet features anecdotes from show producers Amy Sherman - Palladino and Daniel Palladino about the large part music has played in their lives . Developments ( edit ) Change of showrunner ( edit ) In 2006 , the WB merged with UPN to form a new network , The CW . Gilmore Girls survived the merger , being selected as one of seven WB shows to be transferred for a new season , but it resulted in a significant change . In April that year , it was announced that Amy Sherman - Palladino and her husband Daniel could not come to an agreement with The CW and would be leaving the show when their contracts expired that summer . Journalist Michael Ausiello said of the decision : `` The thought of Gilmore Girls heading into what is likely to be its final season ( and its first on a brand - new network ) without its mama or her right - hand man is unfathomable . '' Discussing the departure later , Sherman - Palladino reflected on the contract dispute in an interview with Vulture , saying : `` It was a botched negotiation . It really was about the fact that I was working too much . I was going to be the crazy person who was locked in my house and never came out . I heard a lot of ' Amy does n't need a writing staff because she and Dan Palladino write everything ! ' I thought , That 's a great mentality on your part , but if you want to keep the show going for two more years , let me hire more writers . By the way , all this shit we asked for ? They had to do ( it ) anyway when we left . They hired this big writing staff and a producer - director onstage . That 's what bugged me the most . They wound up having to do what we 'd asked for anyway , and I was n't there . '' David S. Rosenthal , who worked on the show as a writer and producer for season 6 , was selected by Sherman - Palladino to replace her as showrunner . Commenting on this change , an article in Wired says : `` the Palladinos had written the majority of the episodes up to that point , and their distinctive rhythms and obsessions were what defined Gilmore Girls . What remains after their departure is something that seems like Gilmore Girls Adjacent more than anything . '' Cancellation ( edit ) There was speculation during the seventh season that it would be the show 's final year , as Graham and Bledel 's contracts were both coming to an end . As negotiations continued between the actresses and the network , Rosenthal planned a finale that `` could serve as an ending or a beginning of a new chapter and a new season '' . Graham later said that at the time they finished filming , `` there was a 50 / 50 chance we 'd be returning '' , and requested that the finale provide `` an opportunity to say goodbye '' to the characters , in case of cancellation . The cast and crew did not have a final wrap party or an opportunity to say farewells . The CW initially considered bringing the show back for a shortened , 13 - episode season but then decided against the idea . On May 3 , 2007 , the network announced that the series would not be renewed . Graham explained that the possibility of returning fell through because `` We were trying to find a way we ( she and Bledel ) could have a slightly easier schedule , and there was really no way to do that and still have it be Gilmore Girls . '' Revival ( edit ) Main article : Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life Official Netflix title announcement for the 2016 revival miniseries Because the final season was not written by the series ' creator , and the new writers had not known that the finale was definitely the last episode , Lauren Graham noted that a lot of fans `` were disappointed with how it ( the series ) ended '' . In 2009 , Amy Sherman - Palladino expressed an interest in pursuing a Gilmore Girls film , to finish the series as she originally intended . Over the following years , fans and journalists continued to ask regularly if the show would return . Privately , Sherman - Palladino stayed in contact with Graham , Bledel , Patterson and Bishop to discuss the possibility , but nothing came to fruition . In June 2015 , for the 15th anniversary of the show , the cast and showrunners reunited for a special panel at the ATX Television Festival . When asked about a possible revival , Sherman - Palladino told the audience `` I 'm sorry , there 's nothing in the works at the moment . '' The hype generated by the reunion , however , empowered Sherman - Palladino to pitch new episodes and encouraged Netflix to produce them . In October 2015 -- eight years after the show had ended -- TVLine reported that the streaming channel struck a deal with Warner Bros. to revive the series in a limited run , consisting of four 90 - minute episodes , written and directed by Amy and Daniel Palladino . The Palladinos explained that it felt like the right time creatively to continue the story , and that the freedom provided by Netflix made it possible . The revival miniseries , titled Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life , was filmed from February to May 2016 . Aside from Edward Herrmann , who died a year prior , every cast member who received a main credit on the show returned for at least a scene , while many supporting characters also made an appearance . The sets all had to be rebuilt from scratch , using nothing but photos and footage from the original series . The revival was released on Netflix on November 25 , 2016 to positive reviews . There is speculation regarding a possible second revival , with Netflix reportedly keen . Broadcast History ( edit ) Gilmore Girls ' first season commenced on The WB in the Thursday 8pm / 7pm Central time slot , as a lead in for Charmed . Renewed for a second season , the show was relocated on Tuesdays 8pm / 7pm , the time slot of Buffy the Vampire Slayer , which transferred to UPN , and served as a lead - in for Smallville . Later seasons saw it lead into One Tree Hill . First season reruns aired on Monday nights from March until May 2001 , to spread audience awareness . An additional run of the first season aired in 2002 on Sunday nights under the title Gilmore Girls Beginnings ( which featured a modified opening sequence voiced with a monologue detailing the premise from Graham ) , and was one of two shows on The WB to give the Beginnings in its title for reruns ( the other being 7th Heaven ) . In the United Kingdom , Gilmore Girls was initially screened on Nickelodeon from 2003 . Only the first three seasons were shown , with episodes edited for content and some , like `` The Big One '' , dropped entirely . The series was subsequently picked up by the Hallmark Channel , which gave UK premieres to seasons 4 and 5 . In Ireland , the series aired its entire run on RTÉ One on Sundays . Syndication ( edit ) In the US , the show began its syndicated release on ABC Family in 2004 . The network has continued to air the show daily under its new name Freeform . In October 2015 , Gilmore Girls concurrently became available on a second network , Up . Josef Adalian of Vulture commented on how rare this is : `` not that many non-procedural , hour - long shows from the early part of the century -- particularly those from a small network such as WB -- are still even airing regularly on one cable network , let alone two . '' Up showed Gilmore Girls 1,100 times in its first year ; Freeform aired it 400 times in the same period . From 2009 to 2013 , Gilmore Girls also aired in weekend timeslots on SOAPnet . In the UK , E4 showed all seven seasons in rotation until January 2012 . The show moved to 5Star , where it has been airing since 2013 . In Australia , from March 2015 , Gilmore Girls began airing again weeknights on digital terrestrial network GEM . Home Media and online ( edit ) Warner Home Video released all seven seasons of Gilmore Girls on DVD , in regions 1 , 2 and 4 , mainly in full - screen 4 : 3 ratio due to Amy Sherman - Palladino 's preference at the time of original release . The full series DVD boxset was released in 2007 . Special features include deleted scenes , three behind - the - scenes featurettes , cast interviews , montages , and one episode commentary ( for `` You Jump , I Jump , Jack '' ) . On October 1 , 2014 , all seven seasons of the series began streaming on Netflix 's `` Watch Instantly '' service in the United States . On July 1 , 2016 , Gilmore Girls became available on Netflix worldwide . All seasons of Gilmore Girls are also available for digital download on the iTunes Store , Amazon.com and other digital sales websites , with all digital sites offering all episodes in HD . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Lauren Graham , who played Lorelai Gilmore , received critical acclaim for her performance Upon debut , Gilmore Girls was lauded for the distinct , dialogue - infused style created by Amy Sherman - Palladino , the strength of the dynamic familial themes , and the performances of its cast , particularly leading star Lauren Graham . On Metacritic , the first season has an average rating of 81 out of 100 from 26 reviews , indicating `` universal praise '' . In the San Francisco Chronicle , John Carman wrote `` It 's cross-generational , warm - the - cockles viewing , and it 's a terrific show . Can this really be the WB , niche broadcaster to horny mall rats ? '' Caryn James of The New York Times called it a `` witty , charming show '' that `` is redefining family in a realistic , entertaining way for today 's audience , all the while avoiding the sappiness that makes sophisticated viewers run from anything labeled a ' family show . ' '' Ray Richmond of The Hollywood Reporter declared it `` a genuine gem in the making , a family - friendly hour unburdened by trite cliche or precocious pablum , '' while Jonathan Storm of The Philadelphia Inquirer dubbed it `` a touching , funny , lively show that really does appeal to all ages '' . David Zurawik of The Baltimore Sun called Gilmore Girls `` One of the most pleasant surprises of the new season '' . For the second - season premiere , Hal Boedeker of the Orlando Sentinel praised the show as `` one of television 's great , unsung pleasures '' , and said `` Series creator Amy Sherman - Palladino writes clever dialogue and ingratiating comedy , but she also knows how to do bittersweet drama . '' Emily Yahr of The Washington Post retrospectively called the second instalment `` Pretty much a perfect season of television '' . Viewers were concerned that the show would suffer when Rory left for college after season 3 , and Yahr commented that the show was not `` the same '' from this point but gave seasons four and five a positive 7 / 10 . The last two seasons were less positively received . Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune described the sixth season as `` uneven at best '' , explaining , `` the protracted fight between Lorelai and Rory Gilmore left the writers scrambling to cram the show with filler plots that stretched many fans ' patience to the limit . '' The introduction of Luke 's daughter has been described as `` pretty much the most hated plot device in Gilmore Girls history '' . Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly rated the seventh season `` C '' , describing it as `` a death - blow season ( which ) was more accurately Gilmore Ghosts , as the exhausted actors bumped into the furniture searching for their departed souls and smart punchlines '' . But he concluded that before this came `` six seasons of magnificent mixed emotions '' among a `` perfect television idyll '' . Giving the show an overall rating of `` A - '' , he added , `` industry ignorance of the writing and of Graham 's performance in particular will remain an eternal scandal '' . Kelly Bishop portrayed Emily Gilmore Gilmore Girls was listed as one of Time magazine 's `` All - TIME 100 TV Shows '' . and was ranked the 87th greatest American television series in TV ( The Book ) , authored by critics Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz in 2016 . Entertainment Weekly placed Gilmore Girls 32nd on its `` New TV Classics '' list , and included the show on its end - of - the - 2000s `` best - of '' list , and The A.V. Club named `` They Shoot Gilmores , Do n't They ? '' as one of the best TV episodes of the decade . Alan Sepinwall included the show in his `` Best of the 00s in Comedies '' list , saying : `` Gilmore offered up an unconventional but enormously appealing family ... As the quippy , pop culture - quoting younger Gilmores were forced to reconnect with their repressed elders , creator Amy Sherman - Palladino got plenty of laughs and tears out of the generational divide , and out of showing the family Lorelai created for herself and her daughter in the idealized , Norman Rockwell-esque town of Stars Hollow . At its best , Gilmore Girls was pure , concentrated happiness . '' In 2016 , Amy Plitt of Rolling Stone reflected on the enduring appeal of Gilmore Girls , and noted that it stood out from other family shows like 7th Heaven , The OC and Everwood by being `` far richer , deeper ... The characters were funny and relatable , the banter was zinger - heavy , the familial drama was poignant and the romantic chemistry ... was off the charts . '' Ratings ( edit ) Viewer ratings for Gilmore Girls were not large , but the numbers were a relative success for the small WB network and it became one of their flagship series . For its first season the show aired in the tough Thursday 8pm / 7pm Central time slot dominated by Friends on NBC and Survivor on CBS . Critical acclaim encouraged the network to move it to Tuesday evenings , as part of a push to promote the series and due to the move of Tuesday stalwart Buffy the Vampire Slayer to UPN in the same timeslot . During season 2 , ratings for Gilmore Girls surpassed Buffy and it became The WB 's third - highest - rated show , with viewer numbers that grew by double digits in all major demographics . For seasons 4 -- 7 , Gilmore Girls was up against the US 's top - rated show American Idol , which led to a drop in viewers , but with Season 5 it became The WB 's second-most - watched prime time show . The series was often in the top 3 most - viewed shows in its timeslot for women under 35 . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Network Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 8 : 00 pm The WB 21 October 5 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 05 ) 4.6 May 10 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 10 ) 4.1 2000 -- 01 126 3.6 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 9 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 09 ) 5.0 May 21 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 21 ) 5.2 2001 -- 02 121 5.2 22 September 24 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 24 ) 5.7 May 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 20 ) 5.5 2002 -- 03 121 5.2 22 September 23 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 23 ) 5.2 May 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 18 ) 5.5 2003 -- 04 157 4.1 5 22 September 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ) 6.20 May 17 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 17 ) 5.89 2004 -- 05 110 4.8 6 22 September 13 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 13 ) 6.22 May 9 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 09 ) 5.33 2005 -- 06 119 4.5 7 The CW 22 September 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 26 ) 4.48 May 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 15 ) 4.90 2006 -- 07 129 3.7 In its 2016 syndicated release , Gilmore Girls averaged 100,000 - 120,000 viewers per episode , for an annual viewership of 11 million on each of its networks . The same year , the Chief Content Officer for Netflix , Ted Sarandos , cited Gilmore Girls as one of the streaming channel 's most watched shows worldwide . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Gilmore Girls Gilmore Girls earned several accolades , but did not receive much attention from the major awarding bodies . Its only Emmy nomination was for Outstanding Makeup for a Series , for the episode `` The Festival of Living Art '' , which it won in 2004 . Michael Ausiello has attributed this to `` a notorious bias against the WB '' . Recognition did come from the American Film Institute , who named Gimore Girls one of the ten best shows of 2002 , and the Television Critics Association ( TCA ) who named it Outstanding New Program of the Year in 2001 . The TCA Awards also nominated the show for Outstanding Drama in 2001 and 2002 , and Outstanding Comedy in 2005 . The Satellite Awards nominated it for Best Series -- Musical or Comedy in 2002 and 2004 , while it was nominated for Favorite Television Drama at the People 's Choice Awards 2005 . The show was honored by the Viewers for Quality Television with a `` seal of quality '' in 2000 . The series also achieved considerable attention from the Teen Choice Awards , where it received multiple nominations and wins including the award for Choice Comedy Series in 2005 . Lauren Graham was nominated for one Golden Globe Award and two Screen Actors Guild Awards for her work on the first and second seasons , and received five successive nominations at the Satellite Awards . The TCAs nominated her for Individual Achievement in Drama in 2002 , then for Comedy in 2006 . She also received a Family Television Award , and she won the Teen Choice Award for Best TV Mom twice . Alexis Bledel won a Young Artist Award , two Teen Choice Awards , and a Family Television Award . She was also nominated by the Satellite Awards in 2002 , as was Kelly Bishop for her supporting performance in 2002 and 2004 . Fandom and cultural impact ( edit ) Scott Patterson , who played Luke Danes , at the Gilmore Girls 15 - year anniversary reunion Gilmore Girls is considered a cult classic , with an `` avid following '' . During the run of the show this was mostly a small but dedicated group , predominantly of females , but its audience has grown steadily since it came off the air . The series experienced a resurgence when it became available on Netflix in October 2014 , introducing it to a new generation of viewers . When the revival was announced in 2015 , star Lauren Graham credited it to the campaigning and persistence of the fans . At this point , according to The Washington Post , the show became `` a quirky pop culture obsession . '' The enduring popularity of Gilmore Girls is considered to come from its comforting quality and cross-generational appeal . It is particularly known as a show that mothers and daughters watch together . For the 16th anniversary of the show , 200 coffee houses around the US and Canada were transformed into `` Luke 's Diners '' . In October 2016 , the first Gilmore Girls Fan Fest took place in Washington Depot , Connecticut . The sold - out festival included panels with cast and crew members , themed activities , and screenings . The second took place in Kent , Connecticut in October 2017 . The show has an active fandom , posting in internet forums and creating work such as fan fiction . Special Gilmore Girls trivia nights have been held at venues in multiple different cities . The Irish Independent has commented that `` Even though it preceded social media , Gilmore Girls has been internet gold for the past few years . Thanks to its snappy one - liners , it 's spawned thousands of memes that have introduced the Buzzfeed generation to its coffee - swilling , cheeseburger - loving , critically - thinking characters . '' The show has been parodied on Mad TV and Family Guy , and featured in an episode of Six Feet Under . A cocktail bar in Brooklyn devised a menu inspired by the show . Warner Bros. has produced a range of Gilmore Girls merchandise , including T - shirts , mugs , and dolls . Two collections of academic essays that analyse the show have been published : Gilmore Girls and the Politics of Identity ( 2008 ) and Screwball Television : Critical Perspectives on Gilmore Girls ( 2010 ) . In 2002 , four young adult novels were published that adapted scripts from the first and second seasons into novel form , told from Rory 's first - person point of view . There have also been two unofficial guides to the series Coffee At Luke 's : An Unauthorized Gilmore Girls Gab Fest ( 2007 ) and The Gilmore Girls Companion ( 2010 ) . The show has also produced a book club , in which followers aim to read all 339 books referenced on the show , and inspired a cook book called Eat Like a Gilmore . The show is the basis for the successful podcast Gilmore Guys ( 2014 -- 2017 ) , which established a following of its own and was named by Time as one of the 50 best podcasts of 2017 -- the only television - based inclusion . It follows the hosts , Kevin T. Porter and Demi Adejuyigbe , as they watch every episode of the series . Sadaf Ahsan of the National Post commented that it `` helped reignite -- and , for some , initiate -- fan fervour '' towards Gilmore Girls . NOTES ( edit ) Jump up ^ Credited as special appearance by Jump up ^ In the second episode of season one , `` The Lorelais ' First Day At Chilton '' , Gunn played a character named `` Mick '' , who worked as a DSL installer . In the third episode , he played an unnamed character delivering swans at a wedding . He was then given the recurring role of Kirk . Jump up ^ Jackson 's surname began as Melville and changed to Belleville later in the series , without explanation . Jump up ^ Abdoo also played Emily 's maid , Berta , in A Year in the Life . Jump up ^ In the twenty - first episode of season 3 , `` Here Comes the Son '' , Fenn played a character named `` Sasha '' , the girlfriend of Jess Mariano 's estranged father as part of the Windward Circle backdoor pilot which did not go forward . Fenn did not return as Sasha , but was given a part as Luke 's daughter 's mother , Anna Nardini , in seasons six and seven . Jump up ^ For the 2003 - 2004 television season , Gilmore Girls was criticised by the Directors Guild of America for not delivering a single script on time . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ; Seitz ( 2016 ) . TV ( The Book ) : Two Experts Pick the Greatest American Shows of All Time . New York , NY : Grand Central Publishing . pp. 385 -- 390 . ISBN 9781455588190 . ^ Jump up to : Poniewozik , James ( September 6 , 2007 ) . `` All - TIME 100 TV Shows '' . Time . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amy Sherman - Palladino & Dan Palladino on the Return of ' Gilmore Girls ' and the Problem with Network TV '' . Jump up ^ `` Estes and Fenn Join Gilmore Spin - off '' . Zap2it . February 25 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` 6 Things We Learned About Gilmore Girls From the Cast 's Today Show Interview '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( February 22 , 2001 ) . `` Visit to tiny town led to show idea '' . Deseret News . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Binge - Watching Guide : Gilmore Girls '' . Wired . ^ Jump up to : James , Caryn ( February 25 , 2001 ) . `` Home Sweet Home , but Not Saccharine '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` ' Gilmore Girls ' Creator Amy Sherman - Palladino Talks Spoiler Fears , Melissa McCarthy 's Return & More -- TCA '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Screwball Television : Critical Perspectives on Gilmore Girls '' . ^ Jump up to : Hart , Hugh ( April 1 , 2001 ) . `` The Gift of Gab '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Stuart ( March 31 , 2000 ) . `` THE MEDIA BUSINESS : ADVERTISING ; A coalition of marketers is accelerating efforts to sponsor ' family friendly ' prime - time television '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 Things You Need to Know About Netflix 's ' Gilmore Girls ' Revival '' . Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to : The Mind Behind the ' Gilmore Girls ' . NPR . Jump up ^ Berman , A.S. ( July 9 , 2015 ) . The Gilmore Girls Companion . BearManor Media . ISBN 1 - 5939 - 3616 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` ATX Festival Panel : `` Gilmore Girls '' 15 Year Reunion presented with Entertainment Weekly ( 2015 ) `` . YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` How Gilmore Girls Found Its Brightest Stars '' . Vanity Fair . ^ Jump up to : `` Flashback -- Interview : Amy Sherman - Palladino on `` Gilmore Girls '' . Moveable Fest . Jump up ^ Gilmore Gabs - Scott Patterson . Gilmore Guys . ^ Jump up to : Amy Sherman - Palladino interview . The AV Club . 2005 . Jump up ^ Gilmore Gabs : Sheila Lawrence . Gilmore Guys podcast . Gilmore Gabs : Jane Espenson . Gilmore Guys podcast . ^ Jump up to : `` Why everyone on Gilmore Girls talks a mile a minute '' . Vox . Jump up ^ `` Far from just `` comfort TV '' in dark times , Gilmore Girls reminds us that pop culture is n't stupid `` . New Statesman . ^ Jump up to : `` Article Amy Sherman - Palladino : ' Nobody would buy ' Gilmore Girls today '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` He said , he said : The men of ' Gilmore Girls ' dish to BUILD '' . AOL . Jump up ^ Tannen , Deborah ( January 5 , 2003 ) . `` Did You Catch That ? Why They 're Talking as Fast as They Can '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2009 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Ken ( May 11 , 2007 ) . `` Gilmore Girls ( 2000 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ATX Festival Panel : `` Coffee with Amy ( Sherman - Palladino ) '' ( 2015 ) `` . YouTube . Jump up ^ Lecter , Scott ( March 20 , 2005 ) . `` Gilmore Girls : The Complete First Season '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Tyner , Adam ( December 23 , 2004 ) . `` Gilmore Girls : The Complete Second Season '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Lecter , Scott ( May 15 , 2005 ) . `` Gilmore Girls : The Complete Third Season '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Lecter , Scott ( October 16 , 2005 ) . `` Gilmore Girls : The Complete Fourth Season '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilmore Girls reunion panel live blog . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Amy Sherman - Palladino 's The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel : A Review '' . Gilmore News . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Script tardiness easing '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Berman , A.S. ( July 9 , 2015 ) . The Gilmore Girls Companion . BearManor Media . ISBN 1 - 59393 - 616 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Greystone Mansion '' . iamnotastalker . Jump up ^ Taylor , Michael ( September -- October 2003 ) . `` Gilmore Girls -- Faking It '' . Yale Alumni Magazine . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2012 . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott D. ( June 25 , 2002 ) . `` Scott D. Pierce : ' Gilmore ' girl is n't headed for Harvard '' . Deseret News . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Emily ( January 13 , 2003 ) . `` Dialogue speeding up on TV '' . Deseret News . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cherkezian , Megan ( December 8 , 2006 ) . `` Gilmore Girls ' Sally Struthers Tackles a Hallmark Love Story '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Gilmore Girls ' : Why Lauren Graham Refused at First to Read the Revival 's Final Script '' . Indiewire . Jump up ^ `` Gilmore Girls ' Lauren Graham and Alexis Bledel tell us if season 8 on Netflix is the final farewell '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` Matt Czuchry : Rory Turning Down Logan 's Proposal on Gilmore Girls Was `` the Right Decision '' `` . Us Magazine . ^ Jump up to : `` Gilmore Girls : Amy Sherman - Palladino and Lauren Graham look back 15 years later '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ ' Gilmore Girls ' : Fans cheer Netflix return . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ Hay , Carla ( September 28 , 2002 ) . `` Soundtracks '' . Billboard. 114 ( 39 ) : 14 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foster , Stephen ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` An Interview with Amy Sherman - Palladino '' . Outsmart . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Tseng , Ada . `` Ode to Gilmore Girls : Behind the Musicality of TV 's Beloved Show '' . UCLA Asia Institute . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Up and Smell Stars Hollow : How the Uncelebrated Best Things in Life Became the Theme Song of a Gilmore Girls Generation '' . Talkhouse . Jump up ^ Weigle , Lauren ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) . `` ' Gilmore Girls ' Netflix Revival : Episode 3 Recap & Spoilers -- ' Summer ' '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( April 20 , 2006 ) . `` Team Palladino Says `` Goodbye , Girls '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Denise ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Amy Sherman - Palladino Reflects on Gilmore Girls , Her New Show Bunheads , and Aaron Sorkin 's Shameful Fashion Choice '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 18 , 2006 ) . `` Finally : Gilmore 's New Boss Speaks '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview : David S. Rosenthal , Head Writer and Executive Producer on Gilmore Girls ( Part 2 ) '' . BuddyTV . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's Here : Lauren Graham 's Final Gilmore Girls Interview '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ Gilmore Gabs : Keiko Agena . Gilmore Guys . Jump up ^ `` CW Pulls Plug On Gilmore Girls '' . Broadcasting & Cable . May 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2007 . Retrieved May 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CW Bids ' Gilmore Girls ' Goodbye '' . Zap2it.com . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2007 . Retrieved May 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 23 , 2009 ) . `` Lauren Graham on Broadway , ' Gilmore ' movie , and her big TV comeback '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2009 . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Gilmore ' creator 's stunning reveal : ' I had a different path planned for Rory ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Graham , Lauren . Talking as Fast as I Can . pp. 167 -- 169 . Jump up ^ `` We May Find Out Amy Sherman - Palladino 's Final Four Words For `` Gilmore Girls '' `` . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Gilmore Girls Limited - Series Revival Set at Netflix -- This Is Not a Drill '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Satran , Joe ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Is Reportedly Reviving ' Gilmore Girls ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gilmore Girls revival sets : The new Stars Hollow took some getting used to '' . Entertainment Weekly . April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Gilmore Girls : Lauren Graham and Alexis Bledel Respond to Renewal Buzz '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rutenberg , Jim ( May 17 , 2000 ) . `` TV NOTES ; A Mix for WB '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rutenberg , Jim ( May 16 , 2001 ) . `` TV NOTES ; WB 's Fall Schedule '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Girls ' going to ABC Family '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : `` Why Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life Is Probably Going to Break the Internet '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ GILMORE GIRLS TM : The Complete Series Collection ( Repackage / DVD ) . Warner Bros. Shop . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Olivia ( September 10 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : All Seven Seasons Of ' Gilmore Girls ' To Be Released On Netflix '' . Decider . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Stars Hollow , world ! Gilmore Girls is going global on July 1 '' . Twitter . June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gilmore Girls : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ Carman , John ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` The Charming ' Gilmore Girls ' / WB family drama has a terrific script '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal ( October 9 , 2001 ) . `` Witty And Whimsical -- 3 Reasons To Cheer '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Gilmore Girls ' on Netflix : A refresher ( and ranking ) on each season '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` ' Gilmore Girls ' : 7 Must - Watch Episodes of the Original Series '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( November 20 , 2005 ) . `` Great TV characters '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The New Classics : TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Movies , TV Shows , and More '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 4 , 2009 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( November 12 , 2009 ) . `` The best TV episodes of the decade ( from shows not on any of our other lists ) '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` Best of the ' 00s in TV : Best Comedies '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gilmore Girls : An Oral History . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Calvin , Rich . Gilmore Girls and the Politics of Identity ( 2008 ) , p. 127 . Jump up ^ The WB Playing For Laughter . Ad Week . ^ Jump up to : `` Overall Ratings '' . gilmoreGirls.org . Retrieved November 7 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Hiatt , Brian ( January 24 , 2002 ) . `` All in the Family '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2004 -- 05 primetime series wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Gilmore Girls '' USA ratings `` . Jump up ^ `` The Bitter End '' . Entertainment Weekly Published in issue # 598 Jun 01 , 2001 . June 1 , 2001 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How did your favorite show rate ? '' . USA Today . May 28 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen 's TOP 156 Shows for 2002 -- 03 '' . rec.arts.tv . May 20 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` I.T.R.S. Ranking Report : 01 Thru 210 '' . ABC Medianet . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Gilmore Girls Best and Worst Episodes '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 primetime wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Netflix Boss Ted Sarandos Talks Ratings , New Original Programming Spending Increase & ' Stranger Things ' Renewal . Deadline . ^ Jump up to : `` Gilmore Girls Has a Pretty Short Awards - Show History '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ `` The complete list of winners '' . Los Angeles Times . September 20 , 2004 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Revisiting the Emmys ' `` Lauren Graham Rule , '' 10 Years Later `` . TV Line . Jump up ^ `` AFI AWARDS 2002 '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 TCA Awards announcement '' . Television Critics Association . July 21 , 2001 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Viewers for Quality Television canceled '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . December 15 , 2000 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` West Wing , ' ` Survivor ' take family television honors '' . Racine Journal Times . August 4 , 2001 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teen Choice Awards -- 2005 '' . Awards and Winners . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teen Choice Awards -- 2006 '' . Awards and Winners . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 22nd Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cusumano , Katherine . `` How Netflix 's ' Gilmore Girls ' Revival News Played Out On Social Media '' . Forbes . ^ Jump up to : Notaro ; Vicky ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` I 'm a Gilmore Girl ! Why is series set in sleepy smalltown American so beloved by women across the world ? '' . Irish Independent . Jump up ^ Welsh , Sarah ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Gilmore Girls star Lauren Graham says show has inspired feminists ahead of Netflix revival '' . Sunday Express . Jump up ^ Chi , Paul ( 20 November 2016 ) . `` Lauren Graham on Gilmore Girls Revival : It 's `` What I Wanted It to Be '' `` . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ `` Inside the weird business of cult TV reboots '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Ahsan , Sadaf . `` ' It 's a lifestyle , it 's a religion ' : How Gilmore Girls has transcended generations , gender and genre '' . National Post . ^ Jump up to : Radnor , Abigail ( 5 November 2016 ) . `` ' It 's sunny and safe ' : why Gilmore Girls is perfect comfort TV '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Kevin ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` The ' Gilmore Girls ' Reunion Reminded Us Why It 's One of the Most Beloved Shows Ever '' . Mic . Jump up ^ Mlotek , Hayley ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Why the ' Gilmore Girls ' Fandom Lives On '' . The New York Times Magazine . ^ Jump up to : `` Bad day ? Bad 2016 ? Gilmore Girls might be the comfort you need '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Lauren Graham 's Emotional , Heartfelt Gilmore Girls Revival Reaction : ' It 's What I Hoped It Would Be ' '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ Contrera , Jessica ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Two guys started a podcast about ' Gilmore Girls ' and it really , really worked '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` ' Gilmore Girls ' Fans Celebrate Show 's 16th Anniversary With Free Coffee at Luke 's Diner Pop - Ups '' . ABC. Oct 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What Happens When You Put 1,500 Gilmore Girls Superfans in One Place ? '' . Elle . October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alert the Stars Hollow Gazette : The Gilmore Girls Fan Fest Is Happening Again '' . Cosmopoliitan . March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Ritch ( 2008 ) . Gilmore Girls and the Politics of Identity . p. 2 . Jump up ^ David Scott Diffrient , David Lavery ( 2010 ) . Screwball Television : Critical Perspectives on Gilmore Girls . p. xxxvi ; 283 . Jump up ^ Gilmore Girls Quizzo . Ticketfly . Gilmore Girls Trivia Time Out New York . * ' Gilmore Girls ' Creators Crash Show 's Trivia Night in Brooklyn Archived 2017 - 08 - 05 at the Wayback Machine ... DNA Info . Gilmore Girls Quiz : Geeks Who Drink . Lakewood Patch . There 's a Gilmore Girls quiz night coming to Liverpool . Liverpool Echo . Gilmore Girls Trivia Night . Visit Bend . Geeks Who Drink : A Gilmore Girl Quiz . Do512 . Geeks Who Drink Presents Gilmore Girls Quiz . Joe Lane . Jump up ^ 11 ' MadTV ' Parodies To Get You Psyched For The CW Reboot . Bustle . Jump up ^ Gilmore Girls reference in Family Guy . YouTube . Jump up ^ Mothers and Daughters . YouTube . Jump up ^ You can now get Gilmore Girls - inspired cocktails at one of Brooklyn 's best bars . Time Out New York . Jump up ^ Gilmore Girls . WB Shop . Jump up ^ Gajanan , Mahita ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Meet the Gilmore Guys Behind the Gilmore Girls Podcast '' . Time . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` The 50 Best Podcasts Right Now '' . Time . 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who are the new characters in agents of shield			List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Characters	list of agents of s. h. i. e. l. d. characters	Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. is an American television series created for ABC by Joss Whedon , Jed Whedon , and Maurissa Tancharoen , based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement and Logistics Division ) , a fictional peacekeeping and spy agency in a world of superheroes . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the feature and short films of the franchise .	The series stars Clark Gregg , reprising his role of Phil Coulson from the films , as well as Ming - Na Wen , Brett Dalton , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , and Elizabeth Henstridge . Nick Blood and Adrianne Palicki joined the cast for the second and third seasons , while Henry Simmons and Luke Mitchell had recurring roles in the second season before being promoted to the main cast for the third . John Hannah , who recurred in the third season , joined the main cast in the fourth , while Natalia Cordova - Buckley , who recurred in both the third and fourth seasons , was promoted to the main cast for the series ' fifth season . Additionally , several other characters from Marvel Cinematic Universe films and Marvel One - Shots also appear throughout the series , along with other characters based on various Marvel Comics properties . Several characters from the series also appear in the supplemental digital series Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot . This list includes the series ' main cast , all guest stars deemed to have had recurring roles throughout the series , and any other guest who is otherwise notable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Main characters 2.1 Phil Coulson 2.2 Melinda May 2.3 Grant Ward 2.3. 1 Hive 2.4 Daisy `` Skye '' Johnson / Quake 2.5 Leo Fitz 2.6 Jemma Simmons 2.7 Lance Hunter 2.8 Bobbi Morse 2.9 Mack 2.10 Lincoln Campbell 2.11 Holden Radcliffe 2.12 Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez 3 Recurring characters 3.1 Introduced in films 3.1. 1 Gideon Malick 3.2 Introduced in season one 3.2. 1 Mike Peterson / Deathlok 3.2. 2 Ian Quinn 3.2. 3 Raina 3.2. 4 Victoria Hand 3.2. 5 Davis 3.2. 6 Anne Weaver 3.2. 7 John Garrett / The Clairvoyant 3.2. 8 Antoine Triplett 3.2. 9 Glenn Talbot / Graviton 3.2. 10 The Koenigs 3.2. 11 Calvin Johnson 3.3 Introduced in season two 3.3. 1 Daniel Whitehall 3.3. 2 Sunil Bakshi 3.3. 3 Carl Creel 3.3. 4 Kara Palamas / Agent 33 3.3. 5 Jiaying Johnson 3.3. 6 Gordon 3.3. 7 Andrew Garner / Lash 3.3. 8 Robert Gonzales 3.3. 9 Alisha Whitley 3.3. 10 Kebo 3.4 Introduced in season three 3.4. 1 Rosalind Price 3.4. 2 Luther Banks 3.4. 3 Joey Gutierrez 3.4. 4 Werner von Strucker 3.4. 5 Giyera 3.4. 6 Polly Hinton 3.4. 7 J.T. James / Hellfire 3.4. 8 Anderson 3.4. 9 Piper 3.4. 10 Aida `` Ophelia '' / Madame Hydra 3.5 Introduced in season four 3.5. 1 Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider 3.5. 2 Gabe Reyes 3.5. 3 Lucy Bauer 3.5. 4 Jeffrey Mace / Patriot 3.5. 5 Ellen Nadeer 3.5. 6 Burrows 3.5. 7 Eli Morrow 3.5. 8 Anton Ivanov / The Superior 3.5. 9 Hope MacKenzie 3.5. 10 Enoch 3.6 Introduced in season five 3.6. 1 Deke Shaw 3.6. 2 Tess 3.6. 3 Kasius 3.6. 4 Sinara 3.6. 5 Grill 3.6. 6 Flint 3.6. 7 Hale 3.6. 8 Ruby 3.6. 9 Qovas 4 Guest characters 4.1 Introduced in films 4.2 Introduced in short films 4.3 Introduced in season one 4.4 Introduced in season two 4.5 Introduced in season three 4.6 Introduced in season four 4.7 Introduced in season five 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Character Portrayed by Appearances First Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Main characters Phil Coulson Clark Gregg `` Pilot '' Main Melinda May Ming - Na Wen Main Grant Ward Hive Brett Dalton Main Recurring Does not appear `` 4,722 Hours '' Does not appear Main Does not appear Guest Daisy `` Skye '' Johnson Quake Chloe Bennet `` Pilot '' Main Leo Fitz Iain De Caestecker Main Jemma Simmons Elizabeth Henstridge Main Lance Hunter Nick Blood `` Shadows '' Does not appear Main Does not appear Guest Bobbi Morse Adrianne Palicki `` A Hen in the Wolf House '' Does not appear Main Main Does not appear Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie Henry Simmons `` Shadows '' Does not appear Recurring Main Lincoln Campbell Luke Mitchell `` Afterlife '' Does not appear Recurring Main Does not appear Holden Radcliffe John Hannah `` The Singularity '' Does not appear Recurring Main Does not appear Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez Natalia Cordova - Buckley `` Bouncing Back '' Does not appear Recurring Main Recurring characters Mike Peterson Deathlok J. August Richards `` Pilot '' Recurring Guest Does not appear Guest Ian Quinn David Conrad `` The Asset '' Recurring Does not appear Guest Raina Ruth Negga `` Girl in the Flower Dress '' Recurring Does not appear Guest Victoria Hand Saffron Burrows `` The Hub '' Recurring Does not appear Davis Maximilian Osinski `` Repairs '' Guest Does not appear Guest Recurring Anne Weaver Christine Adams `` Seeds '' Guest Recurring Does not appear John Garrett The Clairvoyant Bill Paxton `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' Recurring Does not appear Antoine Triplett B.J. Britt Recurring Does not appear Guest Does not appear Glenn Talbot Graviton Adrian Pasdar `` Providence '' Guest Recurring The Koenigs Patton Oswalt Guest Recurring Does not appear Guest Does not appear Calvin Johnson Kyle MacLachlan `` Beginning of the End '' Guest Recurring Does not appear Daniel Whitehall Reed Diamond `` Shadows '' Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Guest Sunil Bakshi Simon Kassianides Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Guest Does not appear Carl Creel Brian Patrick Wade Does not appear Guest Does not appear Recurring Kara Palamas Agent 33 Maya Stojan `` Making Friends and Influencing People '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Jiaying Johnson Dichen Lachman `` The Things We Bury '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Gordon Jamie Harris `` What They Become '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Andrew Garner Lash Blair Underwood `` One of Us '' Does not appear Guest Recurring Does not appear Matthew Willig `` Laws of Nature '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Guest Robert Gonzales Edward James Olmos `` Love in the Time of Hydra '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Alisha Whitley Alicia Vela - Bailey `` Scars '' Does not appear Guest Does not appear Kebo Daz Crawford `` S.O.S. '' Does not appear Guest Does not appear Rosalind Price Constance Zimmer `` Laws of Nature '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Luther Banks Andrew Howard Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Joey Gutierrez Juan Pablo Raba Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Werner von Strucker Spencer Treat Clark `` Purpose in the Machine '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Recurring Gideon Malick Powers Boothe `` Among Us Hide ... '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Giyera Mark Dacascos `` Many Heads , One Tale '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Polly Hinton Lola Glaudini `` Spacetime '' Does not appear Guest Does not appear Recurring J.T. James Hellfire Axle Whitehead `` Paradise Lost '' Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Anderson Alexander Wraith Does not appear Guest Does not appear Piper Briana Venskus `` Failed Experiments '' Does not appear Guest Recurring Aida `` Ophelia '' Madame Hydra Mallory Jansen `` Ascension '' Does not appear Guest Recurring Does not appear Robbie Reyes Ghost Rider Gabriel Luna `` The Ghost '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Gabe Reyes Lorenzo James Henrie Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Lucy Bauer Lilli Birdsell Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Jeffrey Mace Patriot Jason O'Mara `` Meet the New Boss '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Ellen Nadeer Parminder Nagra `` Uprising '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Burrows Patrick Cavanaugh Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Eli Morrow José Zúñiga `` Let Me Stand Next to Your Fire '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Anton Ivanov The Superior Zach McGowan `` Hot Potato Soup '' Does not appear Recurring Guest Hope MacKenzie Jordan Rivera `` Identity and Change '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Enoch Joel Stoffer `` World 's End '' Does not appear Guest Recurring Deke Shaw Jeff Ward `` Orientation '' Does not appear Recurring Tess Eve Harlow Does not appear Recurring Kasius Dominic Rains Does not appear Recurring Sinara Florence Faivre Does not appear Recurring Grill Pruitt Taylor Vince Does not appear Recurring Flint Coy Stewart `` A Life Spent '' Does not appear Recurring Hale Catherine Dent `` Rewind '' Does not appear Recurring Ruby Dove Cameron `` All the Comforts of Home '' Does not appear Recurring Qovas Peter Mensah `` The Devil Complex '' Does not appear Recurring Palicki began the season as a recurring guest star . She was promoted to series regular with the episode `` Aftershocks '' . These characters and actors appear in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot . Main characters ( edit ) Phil Coulson ( edit ) Main article : Phil Coulson Phillip `` Phil '' Coulson ( portrayed by Clark Gregg ) was the S.H.I.E.L.D. agent in charge of Project T.A.H.I.T.I. , meant to bring a potential dead Avenger back to life using a drug derived from an ancient alien corpse . Following his death in The Avengers , Fury resurrected Coulson using T.A.H.I.T.I. , and had his memories of the project replaced . Coulson puts together a team of agents , and they travel the world dealing with strange new cases . During this time , Hydra is revealed to have infiltrated S.H.I.E.L.D. , leading to the latter 's demise . Fury makes Coulson the new Director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and tasks him with rebuilding the agency `` the right way '' . Coulson becomes romantically involved with Rosalind Price , the leader of an anti-Inhuman government taskforce , until her death at the hands of Grant Ward , one of Coulson 's former agents . He gets revenge by crushing Ward 's chest with his prosthetic hand . Following the signing of the Sokovia Accords , S.H.I.E.L.D. is re-legitimized , with the still officially dead Coulson replaced as director . In the Framework virtual reality , Coulson teaches about the dangers of Inhumans . It is later discovered that Phil Coulson is dying due to the side effect of having Ghost Rider in him during the final battle with Aida . Following the final battle with the gravitonium - enhanced Glenn Talbot , Coulson retires to live out his last days on Tahiti with May . Clark Gregg Phil Coulson was created for Iron Man ; he was the first S.H.I.E.L.D. agent introduced in the MCU , and was portrayed by Gregg , who went on to play the character in several other MCU films and Marvel One - Shots . At the 2012 New York Comic Con , Gregg was announced to be starring as Coulson in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , despite the character dying in The Avengers . '' In April 2013 , Gregg said that he had found creator Joss Whedon 's explanation for Coulson 's resurrection `` fascinating '' and `` true to the world of the comics and mythology in general '' . On whether the resurrected Coulson would be the same as before he died , Gregg said `` I think if he had n't gone through some kind of change , it would n't be any good . '' After Coulson was promoted to Director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , Gregg said `` He kind of got his dream job that I do n't even think he would have ever dreamed he would be given ... it 's going to require him to move a little bit in the direction of a more pragmatic figure like Nick Fury '' . Discussing Coulson 's character progression through three seasons , executive producer Jeffrey Bell said , `` First season Coulson would have beat Ward up and then thrown him over his shoulder and brought him back to Earth and locked him away . Season two Coulson would have defeated him and left him there on the other planet to fend for himself , '' while season three Coulson paused while a portal to Earth was closing to take the time to kill Ward . Speaking to the final episode of season five , which sees Coulson retires to live out his last days on Tahiti , Gregg said , `` My understanding is that Phil Coulson is no longer alive . He 's been brought back , he 's been really clear that he did n't want supernatural measures used again . I always felt like he thought almost like he was n't supposed to be here ... I do n't think there is a real buy back for the fact that this deal he made with the Ghost Rider is killing his body . '' Gregg also noted he was talking with the series showrunners about appearing in some form in the sixth season , as there had been some interest in including him . Melinda May ( edit ) For the subsequent comic book version , see Melinda May ( comics ) . Melinda Qiaolian May ( portrayed by Ming - Na Wen ) is a S.H.I.E.L.D. ace pilot and weapons expert who is called `` the Cavalry '' , against her wishes , after a mission to Bahrain where she saved an entire S.H.I.E.L.D. team from a rogue gifted -- unbeknownst to S.H.I.E.L.D. , she did this by killing a young girl named Katya Belyakov . Still struggling to move past this event years later , May agrees to watch her old friend and partner Coulson for Fury , reporting to the latter and looking for potential side - effects of Project T.A.H.I.T.I. in the former . When Coulson becomes the new Director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , May acts as his second - in - command , and over time begins to move past the events of Bahrain and even develop familial relationships with characters such as Skye . In the Framework , May did not kill Belyakov and becomes a top operative within Hydra . Ming - Na Wen Wen was cast as May in October 2012 . Whedon had the character , who was originally listed with the name Agent Althea Rice on casting sheets , `` rolling around in his head '' for a long time . In preparation for the role , Wen was `` given a couple of background stories '' about May , but found it challenging to play a character who is respected by those around her when the audience does n't know why , stating `` It 's a challenge in different ways ... I use some of my own personal experience where we 've been scarred or we 've been greatly disappointed '' . When May 's past was revealed in `` Melinda '' , Wen called it `` devastating '' , explaining `` She was married , she was in love with Andrew , she had a job that she excelled at and loved and believed in -- so her world was pretty perfect ... To have learned what she had to do , for the good of the many ... I can understand why it would traumatize her so much and cause her to retreat . '' May 's shirt is the same blue as many S.H.I.E.L.D. agents in The Avengers such as Maria Hill , so as to have some continuity between her uniform and those established in the films . The rest of her costume is inspired by military flight suits , including a leather vest , and pants with stretch panels to aid with fighting . Following the series premiere , Wen teased the character , saying `` She 's very much the observer , and whenever she wants to put in her two cents , it 's something that you want to listen to and kind of pay attention to ... She 's slow in getting acclimated to part of the group and being in the field again . '' Talking about May 's reasons for staying with S.H.I.E.L.D. , Wen explained `` May 's friendship and ... loyalty and her love for Coulson ( keeps her there ) . Maybe not romantic ( love ) , it 's just really -- it 's hard to describe -- it 's a bond , it 's unbreakable , and she will watch over Coulson and take care of him and help him through whatever he needs to at this point in his life ... She wants to be there for him , and if it serves S.H.I.E.L.D. , that 's just more or less a side effect , really . '' Wen admitted that May develops a relationship with Skye over the course of the series , going from thinking of Skye as `` someone that she did n't want as part of the team and did n't understand why Coulson wanted her '' to wanting Skye `` to be the best agent that she can be . '' After discovering that Skye is an Inhuman , Wen stated that `` it 's like when you have your child or your daughter losing control or getting involved with situations or people that you 're not sure about . You do n't have the control anymore . It 's very frightening . For Skye to be an unknown entity , May still holds out hope . She hopes that her training with her will help her be able to control her new powers , but you never know . Sometimes the power overtakes everything else . '' On how May deals with her ex-husband Andrew becoming the Inhuman killer Lash , Wen said , `` She 's come to the understanding that it was something he had no control over . The betrayal might be not sharing that information of what happened to him with her . I think she understands that , in a way , he was scared and trying to be protective of their relationship and doing it all for the wrong reasons . I think , ultimately , Agent May is kind of shut down when it comes to Lash and Andrew at this point . That 's why she 's re-focusing all her energy back into S.H.I.E.L.D. , back being by Coulson 's side . That 's where she 's most comfortable . '' Wen went on to describe May as `` unconventionally maternal ... she 's taking care of Simmons and really believing that she needs to be able to protect herself , she 's very , very concerned about the family 's well being . '' Wen received nominations for ' Favorite Actress in a New TV Series ' at the 40th People 's Choice Awards and ' Favorite Female TV Star -- Family Show ' at the 29th Kids ' Choice Awards . Wen was also named TVLine 's `` Performer of the Week '' for the week of April 12 , 2015 , for her performance in `` Melinda '' , specifically her portrayal of May in the flashback sequences . Grant Ward ( edit ) For the subsequent comic book version , see Grant Ward ( comics ) . Grant Douglas Ward ( portrayed by Brett Dalton ) , the son of politicians , was abused by his parents and older brother Christian growing up . After attempting to kill Christian by burning their house down , Grant meets John Garrett , a Hydra double agent within S.H.I.E.L.D. , who trains Grant to be a skilled agent . Later being assigned to Coulson 's team , Grant is outed as Hydra when that organisation is revealed to the world , and , after the death of Garrett , becomes a prisoner of S.H.I.E.L.D. In love with his former teammate Skye , Grant escapes custody , apparently kills Christian and their parents , and infiltrates Hydra so Skye can meet her father . Despite this , Skye turns on Ward and shoots him , and he escapes only with the help of former S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Kara Palamas , with whom he develops a romantic relationship . He accidentally kills Palamas while she is in disguise as May , and blaming S.H.I.E.L.D. , decides to take over the now leader-less Hydra . Joining forces with one of Hydra 's previous leaders , Gideon Malick , Ward travels through a portal to an alien planet in search of the ancient Inhuman Hive , but is killed there by Coulson . This allows Hive to use Ward 's body as a host . Ward returns in the Framework created by Holden Radcliffe as Johnson 's boyfriend and a double agent working for the Inhuman resistance . Brett Dalton Dalton was cast in November 2012 . From the conception of the series it was decided that Grant Ward would be a traitor , with executive producer Jed Whedon saying `` since ( the events of Captain America : The Winter Soldier are ) an infiltration based on betrayal on a massive scale , we wanted to have it on the small scale , and have it be a really personal dagger to the heart . '' Ward 's initial costumes were inspired by Jason Bourne and Ethan Hunt , with his look based purely in function and with a muted color palette to reflect his serious attitude . After Ward was outed as Hydra and became a prisoner of S.H.I.E.L.D. , Dalton grew a beard for the character , explaining that S.H.I.E.L.D. would not provide a prisoner with a razor , `` so it just happens to work out that I have a beard and beards can have a sort of evil connotation . '' Austin Lyon portrays a young Ward . I think what I was given was just a huge opportunity to play somebody who is more complex , more interesting , more dangerous , scarier in a way that Ward was n't . I get to play two different characters in a way . -- Dalton on being informed of his character 's double agent status . Dalton has described Ward as he first appeared in the series as `` a guy who is very trustworthy and rolled up his sleeves and did all the heavy lifting and did n't really question authority . You know , a by - the - book risk assessor '' . Although it was eventually revealed that Ward was a Hydra imposter , Dalton noted that that does n't necessarily mean the relationships the character built with his S.H.I.E.L.D. team were n't genuine , since going undercover meant letting his guard down to make the other characters trust him , opening himself up to those relationships despite his ulterior motives . Following the death of Garrett , the question was asked , `` Who is ( Grant Ward ) without someone telling him what to do ? '' Dalton answered that `` he can follow commands really well . He can do and make tough choices and he can sometimes do unpleasant things in the name of something that he feels he believes in . But ... I do n't think that Ward knows the answer to that question himself . '' Dalton called the character a ' wildcard ' , since he was loyal to Garrett as a father figure rather than Hydra , `` and he was more about his teammates rather than the team '' , later elaborating that `` It 's not quite good guy , it 's not quite bad guy . It 's not trying to get in with S.H.I.E.L.D. again , it 's not trying to get in with Hydra . He 's really on his own path . He 's living by his code at this particular point in life . '' Explaining Ward 's relationship with Palamas , Dalton stated When they first started this relationship , I thought they 're two people who have experienced something similar by following orders and then finding themselves not knowing who they are when someone 's not telling them what to do ... But it really ( has ) developed into something that 's much more complicated than that . There 's a teacher - student relationship there as well as what seems like a genuinely romantic relationship . You see us really lovey - dovey in the cockpit and it 's making everybody around us sick . In some ways , we have the most healthy relationship out of all of the other dynamics on the show , which is saying something because Ward is not a lovey - dovey kind of guy . That 's interesting that he 's now in probably the most stable relationship there is . When Ward accidentally kills Palamas in the season two finale , Dalton said that `` This affects him in a way that is deep and lasting . There was a shred of humanity in there , and always the possibility and the thought that he could be redeemed ... After Kara 's death -- that is actually at my hands -- after all the time and effort and energy that 's been invested in this relationship , it turns him . You see it in his eyes ... This whole thing of closure keeps coming up over and over again . There is so much closure out there in the world that needs to be achieved . There 's a lot of unfairness that he wants to fix , so we see somebody who is determined , who knows who he is , and is like , ' Fine , if you want to call me the bad guy , I 'm the bad guy . ' '' Speaking about the monologue Ward gives in `` Maveth '' , Dalton noted that some viewers thought Ward sounded like `` a born - again , devout , off - my - rocker person at that point '' , but Dalton felt that it was `` a real moment for Ward where he actually gets a sense of there 's something greater than revenge and all of these smaller emotions ; there 's actually something that 's bigger out there that he 's a part of . '' Following Ward 's death later in the episode , Bell discussed whether the writers ever considered redeeming the character , saying , `` No character is too high to fall or too low to be redeemed , theoretically ... but for someone to be redeemed , they need to ask forgiveness , or want to be redeemed ... ( Ward ) never felt like he needed to apologize for what he did . '' Dalton returned to the series in the fourth season to portray Ward in the Framework . Dalton felt returning to the character in this capacity allowed him to `` finally get to have the hero arc that Grant Ward deserves . '' Dalton won for ' Male Breakout Star ' at the 2014 Teen Choice Awards . The character of Grant Ward garnered a fan following , with a group known as the `` Ward Warriors '' often using the hashtag `` StandWithWard '' on social media . Dalton was surprised that people `` seem to be standing with Ward no matter what he does ... there are people out there who just seem to be following this character wherever he goes . I think that 's brilliant ... There is n't any character like him on the show , and I would say even within the Marvel canon . '' As a `` shoutout '' to these fans , Palamas says , `` I will always stand with Ward '' in the second - season finale , which Dalton called `` a testament to the fans , this incredibly loyal fanbase that has now influenced the script of our show . '' Hive ( edit ) Further information : Hive ( comics ) Hive ( from Latin : Alveus ) is one of the first Inhumans , a parasite who can connect with and control the minds of other Inhumans and feed off of or possess humans . Created by the Kree from a Mayan hunter ( portrayed by Jason Glover ) to lead their Inhuman army against mankind , Hive ultimately incited a rebellion , uniting humans and Inhumans to drive the Kree from Earth . Soon , a faction of Hive 's followers who feared his power banished him through a portal to the planet Maveth , where he destroyed an entire civilization over centuries . He eventually only survived on human sacrifices sent through the portal by followers , and their descendants , still loyal to him -- Hydra . Hive escapes back through the portal in modern times by possessing the body of Grant Ward . He retains the memories of all the bodies he has inhabited , including now Hydra leader Gideon Malick 's brother Nathaniel , and punishes Gideon for causing Nathaniel 's sacrifice by murdering his daughter Stephanie , before taking control of Johnson , who Ward was in love with , and using her to kill Gideon . Hive then takes steps to recreate the original Kree experiment that made him , planning to use a warhead to spread a pathogen around the world and transform all humans into Primitive Inhumans . He is destroyed when S.H.I.E.L.D. traps him in a quinjet with the warhead and detonates it in space . What 's so great about ( Ward ) is , he started off as one of the good guys , as one of the original team . Here we are , coming full circle , with him being on the completely opposite side of that . He 's not just one of the bad guys -- he 's the bad guy ! ... I feel like I 've gotten to do three characters . -- Dalton on transitioning to the role of Hive for the third season . Based on the Hive , `` a genetic experiment created by Hydra '' in the Secret Warriors comic , Hive possesses the corpses of first Will Daniels and then Grant Ward in the show , with Dillon Casey and Brett Dalton portraying the reanimated bodies , respectively . Jason Glover briefly appears as Hive 's original human form , while Dalton portrays Hive 's true , CGI - created Inhuman form through motion capture . On having Hive possess Ward 's body , Whedon explained that Ward has `` been the baddie for a while and I thought it was a nice way to escalate this character ... there 's still memories in there . So there 's still an aspect of the man we came to love to hate in there , but we wanted to give it some extra juice and we wanted to give Brett one more challenge where he has to change his character . '' Hive 's true form , as portrayed by Dalton through motion capture Dalton aimed to emulate Meryl Streep 's character in The Devil Wears Prada , who never spoke above `` a conversational level ... She did n't pound on her chest and make sure everybody knew that she 's powerful , she just was . '' Dalton also changed his voice to represent the memories of Will Daniels and Nathaniel Malick `` just a little bit . I tried to change my voice in there , I tried to change even my level of expression in there because I was supposed to be channeling somebody else entirely coming through . '' Dalton called the coat that Hive wears later in the third season `` iconic and timeless '' , noting that `` fashion was n't on the forefront of ( Ward 's ) mind '' , while Hive is more theatrical , `` colorful without having to do much . '' Hive 's ultimate goal is `` connection '' , with Dalton saying , `` all these Inhumans have a purpose . Hive finds his purpose has to do with somehow connecting all of the Inhumans . What we see is Hive 's attempt to fulfill what he thinks is his destiny ... this desperate need to connect . Gregg called Hive `` the perfect villain for this show because he carries with him the memories , desire , hatreds and agendas of Will and of Grant Ward . At the same time , he 's got a much deeper , bigger agenda that 's thousands of years old , and gave birth to Hydra . '' Dalton described him as a `` survivor '' who `` does not think small . This person has been around for way too long to think in anything other than global terms . '' He saw this as a fundamental difference between the character and Ward , who `` just becomes single minded and is hellbent on one thing at a time ... Hive is the opposite . He sees every move on the chess board . That 's what we 're seeing in terms of Hive 's thinking . It is about a new world order of sorts . '' On how much influence the memories of those whose bodies Hive inhabits have on the character , Dalton said , `` It 's the motivations ... you 're seeing a flash of it . It 's almost like seeing your kid . There are flashes of you in there ... but then again , it 's not me . '' Dalton realized that Hive would not be on the show for long when he took the part , with `` the big , big bad '' less likely to last as long as an `` anti-hero '' like Ward . On Hive 's final scene in the third - season finale , Dalton noted that there would have been no point in the character doing anything other than reflect : `` It 's like looking into a fire . Somehow the truth comes out . You 're looking at the Earth , man . It 's so far away . And you 'll get a perspective on things . For Hive , he was trying to change that entire thing and everyone who was on there ... I think there 's a great deal of remorse ( that he was not ) able to achieve that connection and do all the things that ( he ) wanted to do . But there was also an acceptance . '' Daisy `` Skye '' Johnson / Quake ( edit ) Further information : Daisy Johnson Daisy Johnson ( portrayed by Chloe Bennet ) was born in China to Calvin Johnson and his Inhuman wife Jiaying , but was soon taken by S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and raised as an orphan by nuns . Taking the name `` Skye '' , she became a skilled hacktivist , opposing organisations like S.H.I.E.L.D. This led to her involvement with Coulson , who decided to recruit her , and have Ward , and then May , train her to be a formidable field agent . After reuniting with her father , Skye chooses to drive him away , knowing him to be a monster and murderer , though his wishes for her to fulfill her destiny -- by unlocking her Inhuman abilities -- are granted when she unintentionally comes into contact with the Terrigen Mists , which give her earthquake - generating abilities . Skye soon meets Jiaying , who helps Skye control her abilities . Skye 's loyalties are tested when Jiaying attempts to start a war with S.H.I.E.L.D. , and she ultimately sides with S.H.I.E.L.D. Now using her birth name , Johnson forms a S.H.I.E.L.D. team of Inhumans named the Secret Warriors . After briefly being connected to Hive , and watching Lincoln Campbell , with whom she developed a romantic relationship , sacrifice himself for her , Johnson leaves S.H.I.E.L.D. and becomes known as the powered vigilante `` Quake '' to the public . Chloe Bennet Daisy Johnson was created by Brian Michael Bendis and Gabriele Dell'Otto for Secret War # 2 . When the character of Skye was introduced to the series , it was always intended that she would be the MCU version of Johnson , as executive producer Maurissa Tancharoen explained , `` there are always the series of clearances , but we always knew we wanted to evolve Skye into something else . Daisy Johnson was the main character that we wanted to go for . We got confirmation on that very early on , so we 've been on that track ever since . '' Bennet was cast as Skye in December 2012 , out of more than 400 actresses who auditioned for the role . Unlike the comic version , Skye is an Inhuman ; Jed Whedon explained that `` We 've created a different origin for her ... we merged those two ideas together also because there are such rabid fans out there that if we stick to original story points from the comics , they will smell story points from miles away . Those two factors led us to coming up with a different notion of how she got her powers . '' During a single - shot fight sequence in `` The Dirty Half Dozen '' , Bennet broke her arm and finished the second season without wearing a cast . Skye 's initial costume design was intended to keep her relatable , with inspiration coming from street style blogs , but as she became a more experienced S.H.I.E.L.D. agent in the second season , she received a more tactical outfit . For the third season , Bennet cut her hair to further her character 's transformation to Daisy Johnson , as she is portrayed in the comics , though she did not cut her hair as short as her comic counterpart ; Bennet explained that `` the comic book version of Daisy Johnson has very short , Miley Cyrus-esque hair . We wanted to stay true to the comic book character fans love ; I wanted to please them but also make sure there was still some movement and length and sexiness in the hair . '' Bennet also received a superhero costume for the third season , again bringing the character closer to the version in the comics . Foley felt that `` one of the most important things was that the symbol be incorporated into her costume but especially onto the gauntlets , And it 's also on the back of her suit , which was a fun little touch that we added . As far as the silhouette , we wanted to stay true to the comics and pay tribute to those original designs . I also wanted to incorporate the gold color that I 've seen in some of the illustrations of her suit throughout the comics , which is why we have the gold lines that we see on the suit . Finally , for me personally , I wanted a nod to her tactical look from last season , so if you look at the style lines around the top of the costume , you will see that they 're similar to her tactical hood from Season 2 . '' The suit was `` made out of printed EuroJersey , which works well for these costumes because it 's a four - way stretch that gives Chloe the ability to move and do her stunts ... But there is a lot more leather in her suit than in some of the others . '' Legacy Effects created Johnson 's iconic gauntlets from the comics , making them `` out of flexible materials painted to look like metal '' so as not to injure anyone during stunts . Bennet , talking about Skye 's commitment to S.H.I.E.L.D. , stated that `` I think at the beginning she came into S.H.I.E.L.D. thinking it was this government - run , CIA - type thing , where they 're not for the people and their motives were not good ones . But throughout the ( first ) season , being on the team and seeing what was happening , she really got to know why S.H.I.E.L.D. is there . It really is to protect people , and the intention behind the organization is pure ... I think she finds a parallel between S.H.I.E.L.D. and Coulson , and I think that 's why she 's committed to it so deeply . '' Elaborating on this , Bennet said `` she 's always had this unspoken bond with Coulson that 's a very father / daughter relationship where clearly the love they have for each other is evident in a very caring way . '' Going into the second season , Bennet noted on the character , `` I think she 's always someone who will wear her heart on her sleeve , but I think she 's much smarter about it now , if that makes any sense . I do n't think she 's the type of person who can halfass anything , and that includes emotions . If she feels something , she feels something . But she knows how to control it more '' . Talking about the changes to the character after it was revealed that she was Daisy Johnson and an Inhuman , Tancharoen said `` With this discovery will come some consequences , especially in her relationships with everyone around her , specifically Coulson ... Needless to say , it 's going to be a very complex , emotional journey for her . We have the ability on a television show to really explore the emotional journey of that . What does that mean now that she has this ability ? Does she even want it ? '' Explaining some of these changes in the character , Bennet stated that `` I make sure to try to keep the season one Daisy weaved through the new , badass Daisy ... ( but ) she 's changed a lot . She went into S.H.I.E.L.D. hating organizations like S.H.I.E.L.D. , and now she 's the epitome of S.H.I.E.L.D. She believes in everything that they believe in . '' Discussing the character becoming leader of the Secret Warriors , Bennet said , `` What makes her such a good leader is how much she 's been through , so she can relate to everyone on the team and she really has so much empathy and that 's what I love about playing her . She really genuinely cares about everyone so deeply and it wears heavily on her because she obviously went through this big Inhuman change ... And so what I think makes her such a good kind of ... unconventional leader is that she 's really kind of still learning and I think that 's so realistic that leaders are -- it 's almost like when you grow up and you realize that your parents are just humans , parenting . '' Wen noted how the character `` has evolved from being so anti-establishment into suddenly being someone who wants to create an establishment that would help and enhance the betterment of the world '' , to which Bennet said , `` she was lost for a really long time , she was an orphan and she wanted to find her parents and all of a sudden she does and it 's not what she expected . You know , when your mom tries to kill you and your dad is Hyde . So she 's kind of grown into this . '' Entering the fourth season , Bennet felt that , after the events of the final episode of season three , Johnson was `` in a darker place . She 's mourning . She cares about the team so much that she feels like she is protecting them by kind of pushing them away , because I think she feel like everything bad happens around her and she ca n't help but cause problems . Her way of taking care of the people she cares about is kind of pushing them away , which ... is not the best thing . '' She also added that physically , Johnson would not be in great shape , since she is no longer under S.H.I.E.L.D. 's monitoring `` containing and helping me grow my powers '' so there would be `` repercussions of her kind of using these powers and ... abusing her body '' . Bennet received nominations for ' Favorite TV Actress ' and ' Favorite Female TV Star -- Family Show ' at the 28th and 29th Kids ' Choice Awards , respectively . Leo Fitz ( edit ) For the subsequent comic book version , see Leo Fitz ( comics ) . Leopold `` Leo '' James Fitz ( portrayed by Iain De Caestecker ) is brought on to Coulson 's team as an engineering and weapons technology specialist , and provides tech support for the team throughout the first season . He has a close bond with Agent Simmons , the two having graduated from the S.H.I.E.L.D. academy together . At the end of the first season he confesses to Simmons that he has romantic feelings towards her , before nearly dying in an attempt to save her . Left with severe brain damage , Fitz struggles with technology and speech , but over time becomes a full member of the team again . When his consciousness is submerged in the Framework , Fitz becomes `` The Doctor '' , Hydra 's remorseless second - in - command , and has a relationship with Madame Hydra . The experience changes him ; retaining his memories of this other life , he is haunted by his past actions . During the final battle against a gravitonium - enhanced Glenn Talbot , Fitz is buried under a rubble and was found fatally injured when dug out by May and Mack where he succumbs to his wounds . Iain De Caestecker De Caestecker was cast as Fitz in November 2012 . Following injuries the character receives at the end of the first season , the series began to deal with brain trauma , as De Caestecker explained `` From the get - go , before I even knew about it , the writers had the idea , and they did a lot of research in it with doctors . When I found out about it , I did my own research and correlated it together . It 's just something that should never be trivialized . It 's a real and serious thing to a lot of people , brain trauma , so we just have to constantly be respectful towards it . We talk about it all the time . Even if you do n't see it or it 's not obvious , it 's always something that 's in our heads that we 're keeping going . It 's the realization that you never get fully better , it 's about embracing the new side of you and making that work in the world that you 're in . I suppose the idea of a cure -- I do n't know if that could happen . '' For Fitz 's costume design , Foley tried to have his clothes reflect his personality , without `` getting too cliché ... we try and play up his `` heritage style '' ... using classic design details on him like paisley & leather elbow patches and mixing them with different plaids . '' De Caestecker , in describing the character , said that `` Fitz has got this funny kind of temper . He 's quite passionate about what he does . So those moments where -- I do n't think he 's someone that really responds very quickly to emotion ; he does n't really understand emotions as much '' . Fitz has a lot of interaction with Simmons in the series , with De Caestecker explaining `` My character , he 's Engineering , so he 's on the computer and tech side of everything . He 's consumed within that world , and he works very closely with Simmons , who 's Biochem. They 've got this kind of weird chemistry together , and they just kind of fit each other in a very weird way . '' Regarding the changing dynamic over time between Fitz and Simmons , De Caestecker said `` I suppose what 's happened from the start of season two up to midseason is , they 've become a lot stronger as individuals , I think . But I think they still care for and need each other a lot , and they also work better together when they are together . But I think there 's a lot of things that have still been unsaid and will hopefully come out , certain confrontations that are still bubbling under . '' De Caestecker was named TVLine 's `` Performer of the Week '' for the week of September 27 , 2015 , for his performance in `` Laws of Nature '' , particularly the episode 's final scene . Jemma Simmons ( edit ) For the subsequent comic book version , see Jemma Simmons ( comics ) . Jemma Anne Simmons ( portrayed by Elizabeth Henstridge ) is brought on to Coulson 's team as a life sciences ( both human and alien ) specialist , and has a close bond with Agent Fitz , the two having graduated from the S.H.I.E.L.D. academy together . She grows to mistrust all things alien and superhuman , but shows her loyalty to Coulson despite this when they are faced with the rival S.H.I.E.L.D. faction . Following the fight against the Inhumans , Simmons is absorbed by the Kree monolith , a portal to the alien planet Maveth . There she falls in love with Will Daniels , who sacrifices himself so she can return to Earth . Simmons eventually moves on from Daniels and begins a relationship with Fitz . Elizabeth Henstridge Henstridge was also cast in November 2012 . She described her character as `` a biochem expert . She 's young and hungry and she 's a great woman to play because she 's intelligent and focused and curious and she does n't apologize for it . She 's got a wonderful relationship with Fitz . They kind of bounce off each other . '' After the reveal during the season two premiere that Fitz was just imagining Simmons in the episode , Henstridge explained that the showrunners `` tell you what you need to know to act your scenes , but anything after that , you never know . '' For Simmons ' costume design , Foley tried to have her clothes reflect her personality , without `` getting too cliché ... we mix the hard with the soft -- we combine the feminine elements like peter pan collars , silk blouses and florals with the masculine touches like ties '' . Henstridge talked about the characters of Fitz and Simmons being separated over the course of the series , noting that they have `` never been without each other . When you see them without each other , that brings a whole new dynamic just to them as characters in discovering what it 's like to have to be independent '' . On Simmons ' guilt over Fitz 's brain damage , Henstridge said `` She feels a huge amount of guilt . There 's a lot of emotions happening . A lot of it revolves around Fitz and Ward . She feels a lot of anger and resentment at the situation . When something catastrophic happens to someone you love , or a situation arises that affects people you love the most , if that 's the first time you 've been in that position , you never really know what to do . '' As this relationship developed through the second season , Henstridge said , `` I do n't think they fully realize the implication of how far apart they are . There 's so much hurt there . I do n't think they realize what they 're sacrificing by not figuring this out . '' Talking about the harsher side of Simmons seen later in the second season , after the reveal of the Inhumans and the subsequent death of Agent Triplett , Henstridge explained that at the beginning of the series , Simmons was `` very mathematical '' but throughout the first season `` understood that it was more about human relationships and what it means to save someone 's life '' . Now , `` she 's had a traumatic event and she 's gone straight back to what she knows of trying to make everything black and white '' , and so `` It makes sense ( to her ) if there are these people -- call them what you want ; Inhumans -- that cause destruction , and you can get rid of them , then they wo n't be a destruction ( sic ) anymore ... Of course it is n't '' that simple . After Simmons is trapped on the planet Maveth for six months , she becomes `` profoundly different '' , with Henstridge describing her as `` definitely still her essence -- she does n't just completely change . But she 's been through so much . She 's hardened . She 's had to face things that she never would 've imagined , also by herself without Fitz , so she 's definitely changed , stronger and kind of damaged . '' Describing the relationship that Simmons develops with Daniels on the planet , and comparing it to that with Fitz , Henstridge said , `` It 's very visceral . It 's more primal and intense . That just comes from having to survive in a hostile environment , only having each other on the whole planet . The stakes are always so high , so it 's more physical than her relationship with Fitz . FitzSimmons is a slow burn that 's taken years and years , and they connected over intellect , whereas her and Will , it 's an `` us against the world '' kind of thing . '' After Daniels dies and Simmons eventually moves on with Fitz , the latter two are shown consummating their relationship after several seasons worth of build up . `` We imagine they spend the morning after laughing a lot about what just happened , '' said Whedon and Tancharoen , `` We want their relationship to feel like their friendship did , because all the best relationships are just that . So moving forward , while this change in their friendship would hopefully only deepen their connection , it is bound also to make things a bit more complicated . '' Henstridge was named TVLine 's `` Performer of the Week '' for the week of October 25 , 2015 , for her performance in `` 4,722 Hours '' , particularly for carrying the episode herself . Lance Hunter ( edit ) Further information : Lance Hunter Lance Hunter ( portrayed by Nick Blood ) , an SAS lieutenant turned mercenary , joins post-Hydra S.H.I.E.L.D. at the request of Coulson following a recommendation from his ex-wife Bobbi Morse . Despite a tumultuous relationship with Morse , Hunter becomes a full - time S.H.I.E.L.D. agent , and risks his life to save her when she is kidnapped . Following an incident in Russia involving the near - assassination of Prime Minister Olshenko , Hunter and Morse decide to disavow themselves from S.H.I.E.L.D. to protect Coulson and the team . Hunter continues doing mercenary work , with Fitz eventually reaching out for Hunter to help him rescue Coulson and the team when they are transported to 2091 . Nick Blood Lance Hunter , created by Gary Friedrich as the British version of Nick Fury for Captain Britain Weekly , was confirmed in September 2014 to be a member of the principal cast for the second season . Blood was announced as cast at the 2014 San Diego Comic Con , where the character was described as not a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent , but a mercenary . On his character joining the cast , Blood explained that `` each different character , the original characters , has a different kind of response to ( Hunter ) . Generally I think they 're slightly wary , a little bit suspicious , ( but also ) a little bit amused by him . Because the nice thing about him coming into this group is that Lance does n't really care that much of what people think of him . So he 's very much himself and very comfortable in it . He does n't bow down to the etiquette of the S.H.I.E.L.D. hierarchy . '' Talking about Hunter 's integration into the team following an offer from Coulson to become a full - time agent , Blood said , `` I feel Hunter probably feels very independent , still , so I do n't think he would like to admit that he 's not an outsider , that he 's a part of it ... He does n't have too much respect for authority and titles , particularly in this world , but I think he takes each decision as it comes . If Coulson does something he respects , that 's all good . If he does n't , he 's going to say something . But I think he sees that ( Coulson is ) trying to do the right thing , and he 's got a lot of respect for him in that sense '' . Also , on Hunter 's on - again , off - again relationship with Morse , Blood said , `` I think the dynamic 's great . I think it 's really good and there is a lot of truth in it of those relationships you have where it 's kind of , `` ca n't live with each other , ca n't kill each other , '' and that sort of thing . '' After Hunter kills a man in `` A Wanted ( Inhu ) man '' , Blood said , `` I think that 's probably newer for the audience than it is for Hunter . I think Hunter , in his past , has probably done some morally questionable acts ... not to say he 's ever been a vicious , vindictive , or immoral person . I think he 's just kind of straddled that line between right and wrong . '' Blood left the series following the season three episode `` Parting Shot '' to star in the spin - off show Marvel 's Most Wanted . As that series was not picked up in May 2016 , it was announced in September 2017 that Blood would return to Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D during season five . On where Hunter 's been when he returns to help Fitz get to 2091 to rescue Coulson and the team , Blood said , `` he 's been up his usual tricks , doing some mercenary work and bickering with Bobbi ... . He does n't necessarily have access to all the bells - and - whistles and gadgetry that S.H.I.E.L.D. did , so he has to use his charm and his wit to break down doors , and call in a few favors from his dodgy friends '' . Bobbi Morse ( edit ) Further information : Mockingbird ( Marvel Comics ) Barbara `` Bobbi '' Morse ( portrayed by Adrianne Palicki ) is Hunter 's ex-wife and an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. A founding member of the `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' after disobeying Fury 's orders to save hundreds of S.H.I.E.L.D. lives , she infiltrates Coulson 's group for reconnaissance . Coulson sends her undercover within Hydra , where she gave up the location of Agent 33 rather than risk the lives of many other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents . She later agrees , along with her fellow `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' leaders , to combine their faction with Coulson 's . Ward then kidnaps her in an attempt to force her to confess to giving up 33 to Hydra , but when Morse is unrepentant , Ward sets a trap for Hunter which will see him killed in front of her . Morse takes the bullet for Hunter , barely surviving . Following an incident in Russia involving the near - assassination of Prime Minister Olshenko , Morse and Hunter decide to disavow themselves from S.H.I.E.L.D. to protect Coulson and the team . Adrianne Palicki At the 2014 San Diego Comic Con , the character of Bobbi Morse / Mockingbird , who was first introduced in Astonishing Tales # 6 by Gerry Conway , was revealed to be appearing in the second season . That August , Palicki was cast as Morse in a guest role , to appear in the episode `` A Hen in the Wolf House '' , but with the potential to return . Palicki , a comic fan , was approached by the showrunners specifically for the part , and at first hesitated to take the role , thinking `` I will never be able to play another Marvel character if I go forward in this role . '' Palicki already had martial arts and gun training , but had to learn to use the character 's signature arnis sticks , and noted similarities between Morse 's fighting style and that of Scarlett Johansson 's Black Widow from the MCU films . Palicki was promoted to series regular with the season two episode `` Aftershocks '' . In approaching Morse 's costume , Foley `` looked at all of her comic appearances and really wanted to try to bring elements of the look from the comics into the costume that we 're doing now for the show ... but we had to change it , obviously , for practicality , because it had to fit into our world . It had to have a kind of tactical feeling to it too so that it made sense in our universe . She 's got rivets that are in the straps across her chest , and those are there as a tribute to the buttons that go down the side of her ( most recent comics ) costume '' . The character 's comics costume is traditionally navy blue and white , which was changed to navy blue and grey for the series . Three sets of the costume were produced ; two for Palicki to wear , and one for her stunt double . Foley used `` lots of stretch panels '' and leather to ensure freedom of movement in the character 's many action sequences . With the reveal of Morse 's loyalty to the `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' faction , Palicki explained that the character was `` not doing anything wrong in her ( own ) eyes ... This was a choice she made . She 's been through hell with these people . She does care about Coulson 's team . She 's torn because of Hunter and she has a soft spot for Coulson . But at the end of it , she really is a true soldier and she feels there has been a compromise and she needs to take care of it . '' Bell , in response to a question on whether Morse had more secrets than those revealed during the second season , stated that `` she and Hunter have been keeping secrets from one another , evidently for years . And one of the things I find interesting about her is she seems to be more of an ideologue -- she 's loyal to an idea -- and sometimes , the short term of what appears to be betrayal or short term conflict is often because of what she views as the greater good . And that 's an interesting character to have in a world where Coulson is much more `` we need to protect or save that person . '' Are you loyal to a person ? Are you loyal to the guy in the bunker next to you ? Or are you loyal to the larger concept of what we 're fighting for ? '' When asked about her character potentially appearing in an MCU film , Palicki said `` that was one of the things that was discussed when I was coming on for the part , and you know , we 'll see what happens . It 's such a nice world that we live in that crossover can happen so often now which in the past it never really did so , to see these worlds come together on the small screen and the big screen is really cool . '' Palicki left the series following the season three episode `` Parting Shot '' to star in the spin - off show Marvel 's Most Wanted . Palicki was named as an honorable mention for TVLine 's `` Performer of the Week '' for the week of March 20 , 2016 , for her performance in `` Parting Shot '' . Mack ( edit ) Further information : Al MacKenzie Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie ( portrayed by Henry Simmons ) , a S.H.I.E.L.D. mechanic under Robert Gonzales , is a founding member of the `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' , and infiltrates Coulson 's group with Morse . After being briefly mind - controlled by Kree technology Mack 's distrust in alien and the superhuman is deepened , and he decides to leave S.H.I.E.L.D. when his fellow leaders agree to join forces with Coulson . However , following the war with the Inhumans , Coulson convinces Mack to stay , and places him in charge of all alien materials . Coulson makes Mack acting director of S.H.I.E.L.D. when he goes after Ward and Hydra . In the Framework , Mack 's daughter Hope is still alive . After being used by Hydra to reveal Johnson is from the real world , he seeks out the S.H.I.E.L.D. resistance to help them . When the exit point from the Framework is found , Mack chooses to stay behind , saying that the time he spent with the Framework version of Hope was real enough for him . He later leaves the Framework when Hope disappears amongst the Framework 's collapse . Henry Simmons In August 2014 , Simmons joined the cast as Mack , a recurring character inspired by one that first appeared in Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. # 3 . He was promoted to series regular for the third season . Simmons described Mack as `` a big guy . That is , he has a big heart , but when it comes down to it and business has to get done , there 's another side of him that gets it done ... He wants to make a difference , so that 's why he wants to be a part of this team '' . On the different dynamic that a mechanic brings to the S.H.I.E.L.D. team , Simmons said `` I think my guy does have a little bit of a different element , ( because ) the other people have the stress of the everyday life or death danger situations . Mack does n't have that quite yet . He has the stress of getting things done because he wants to contribute , but he 's not out there in the field ... They might have their quips and everything , but everything is very serious . I see that my guy brings a little bit of a different color to everything . He has a little bit more humor to him , he 's a little bit more laid back . '' On Mack 's stance on violence , Simmons confirmed that `` Mack really is a guy that does not like violence at all , but , when pushed , it 's `` by any means necessary . '' He does n't enjoy it , but he 'll do what he has to do . '' After Mack 's allegiance to the `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' faction is revealed , and as his distrust of Coulson grew throughout the second season , Simmons spoke of Mack 's feelings towards Coulson : `` He respects Coulson . And I think he genuinely likes Coulson . But I think he just believes that Coulson is not the right man for the job ... look , I 'm loyal , but if the head is going about doing things that really are n't in our job description , and he 's using us to do things for personal reasons , and then one of my brothers dies because of it ? Yeah , I have a problem . And everyone else should , too ... when Coulson is in his most crazed state and on the verge of killing Sebastian Derik , no one has ever seen Coulson like that . Skye witnessed it , but she has a different relationship to him ; there 's like a father / daughter thing going . So out of the whole team , I was the only one to see him like that , completely out of control . I tried to explain it to Hunter -- if that happened in that instant , what 's going to happen when everything is on the line ? How is he going to act ? -- and Hunter kind of brushed it aside . But that 's another reason why Mack is very , very deeply skeptical . '' Lincoln Campbell ( edit ) Lincoln Campbell ( portrayed by Luke Mitchell ) is an Inhuman doctor with the ability to control electric charges . He helps Skye adjust to her new life post-terrigenesis , and his later attempt to protect her from S.H.I.E.L.D. and Hydra leads to his capture and experimentation at the hands of Dr. List . Skye saves his life , and when she turns on Jiaying once realizing her true intentions , Campbell is shortly convinced to do the same . Following Jiaying 's death , Campbell attempts to live a normal life , convinced that his Inhuman abilities are a curse , but is hunted by the ATCU and becomes a fugitive . He subsequently joins S.H.I.E.L.D. for protection and to be near Skye -- now going by Daisy Johnson and with whom Campbell forms a relationship -- and becomes a Secret Warrior. Campbell chooses to sacrifice himself to save the team and the world from Hive 's plan by taking Hive and a nuclear warhead to space in a quinjet where the weapon can detonate without affecting Earth . Luke Mitchell Mitchell was introduced as Lincoln Campbell , a recurring character , in the second season . He was promoted to series regular for the third season . Regarding the character 's introduction , Bell stated that `` Meeting Luke 's character in the Inhuman world is just setting up a new dynamic . We 're taking Skye into a group with a whole bunch of different people . So far , we 've seen that there 's a guy with no eyes , and there 's a woman who now is covered in thorns . And as in the X-Men world , there are a handful of people who look more like them , but a lot of them turn out to be just attractive people with powers . And we thought , `` Hey , let 's have some of those as well ! '' We were looking for a new character to come on , and Luke just really impressed us . He was a good actor , had a nice quality , and we felt he might be a good person to sort of usher Skye into this other world . '' Heading into season three , Mitchell explained that `` the Lincoln that the audience was introduced to in season two was a side of Lincoln , and that side of Lincoln was not necessarily a lie or the truth or whatever , but we all put on different faces in different environments ... I think in that environment Lincoln was very much under the spell of the Inhuman Elders . He played his part in the hierarchy there and he believed in the cause , which then was exposed to be evil . Then in season three , it 's like , wow , how is he dealing with the events in season two ? '' On seeing Lincoln 's darker side in the third season , Mitchell said , `` I think we 're going to see a lot more of Lincoln 's issues with his past pop up , in particular possibly some anger issues that have been unresolved . They pop their heads up from time to time . Certainly in matters of conflict , in pressure situations '' . On the relationship that Campbell develops with Johnson , the only person who can `` keep him somewhat in check when it comes to his anger '' , Mitchell said , `` he wants to make something of his life , but he does n't see anything without Daisy in the picture '' , and `` if something were to happen to Daisy , I think Lincoln would n't stay in S.H.I.E.L.D. Daisy is his life . He 'll do anything to get her back . '' This is seen when he agrees to wear a `` murder vest '' as a fail safe , and when he disobeys orders to test an experimental antitoxin on himself -- `` Once he does that , and it does n't work , then they put him in the containment module for his own benefit , because his immune system is done . It becomes incredibly frustrating . '' Mitchell added , `` He makes these decisions , but you still see the fear in him when he does this . It 's not just bravado ... There 's a deep well of emotion in him . '' The episode `` Bouncing Back '' opens with `` a mysterious flash - forward to three months in the future , showing an unidentified S.H.I.E.L.D. agent seemingly dead in space '' , leading to a `` four - episode event '' for the final episodes of the season , marketed as Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Fallen Agent . A poster created by Greg Land for the event recreated the cover of the `` iconic '' The Amazing Spider - Man # 121 that served as the first issue of the story arc `` The Night Gwen Stacy Died '' , and ahead of the season finale , Marvel released a series of videos that `` memorialized '' each of the potential character who could have been the Fallen Agent . The final episode of the season reveals that it is Campbell who dies , which the executive producers had known going into the season when forming the arcs for Lincoln , Daisy , and Ward . Bell said he `` earned it '' , adding that Lincoln comes to a point where he realizes what his purpose is , with Whedon explaining that the decision was based on the fact that the series did not `` want to be a body count show , but it is a real world with real stakes . What we had not done is the heroic death and the full - sacrifice death . This was a conscious decision . We also think that there 's a poetry in the fact that the person doing it does n't consider himself a hero . That 's the beauty of the moment -- it 's not just for ( Daisy ) , but it is , and it 's not just for him , but it is . '' Holden Radcliffe ( edit ) Further information : Holden Radcliffe Holden Radcliffe ( portrayed by John Hannah ) is a transhumanist who believes in the improvement of humanity through enhancement . Due to his studies of parasites , Fitz and Simmons seek his help with counteracting Hive 's abilities , but he is kidnapped by Hive first to help recreate the original Kree experiment that created the Inhumans . After a S.H.I.E.L.D. raid on Hive 's base , Radcliffe escapes and agrees to cooperate with Coulson and Talbot . After being acquitted , Radcliffe transfers his artificial intelligence AIDA into a Life Model Decoy ( LMD ) , an old S.H.I.E.L.D. project , which Radcliffe also names Aida . After seeing pages from the Darkhold , Radcliffe begins using his LMDs , including Aida and a decoy of May , to try and take it for himself in an attempt to learn the secret to eternal life . Fearing for his safety , Radcliffe also creates a decoy of himself , and seeks protection from the Watchdogs . Using the Darkhold and the resources of the Watchdogs ' Superior , Racliffe creates an entire digital world within the Framework . Feeling that Radcliffe may one day jeopardize the Framework himself , Aida slits Radcliffe 's wrists and uploads his mind to the Framework as his body dies . Within the Framework , his consciousness resided on Ogygia with Agnes in exchange for not interfering with Aida 's work as Madame Hydra . After redeeming himself , Holden is deleted amongst the Framework 's collapse . John Hannah Hannah recurred as Radcliffe during the end of the third season , before being promoted to the main cast for the fourth season . On Radcliffe transferring his artificial intelligence AIDA into a Life Model Decoy , Whedon said , `` Radcliffe has a good heart , but he 's willing to do anything for science . He 's excited about the prospect . He said Fitz and Simmons had friends die and maybe they did n't have to . He 's clearly opening a box . Whether or not it 's Pandora 's box , we 'll see . He thinks there 's something beyond humans . '' Tancharoen added , `` To someone like Radcliffe , he might believe that to be just the next step in human evolution . There are a number of people who are into body modification now , so what does that mean ? What 's the root of that ? '' Hannah felt portray Radcliffe was `` quite interesting '' , describing him as `` someone who is not the up - down , white - hearted good guy '' but still is not `` a bad guy '' . He also noted the fatherly feelings Radcliffe has towards Aida , stating , `` possibly as ( their relationship ) develops , as she proves there 's almost a paternal ... caring and sympathetic way in which that technology has developed self - awareness and how that self - awareness disappoints . A bit like you would with a child , where a child becomes aware of their own limitations , their own lackings . I would say there 's certainly have a very benign kind of deity sense about it -- a benign ... not dictatorship about it , but a benign parental way about it . '' Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez ( edit ) Natalia Cordova - Buckley Further information : Yo - Yo Rodriguez Elena Rodriguez ( portrayed by Natalia Cordova - Buckley ) is a Colombian Inhuman who can move at a super speed for a beat of her heart , before returning to the point she started moving from . She comes into contact with S.H.I.E.L.D. when they investigate her for stealing weapons from the corrupt members of the local police . She grows close to Mack , who nicknames her `` Yo - Yo '' , and eventually agrees to join the Secret Warriors . After the signing of the Sokovia Accords , Rodriguez returns to her life with occasional monitoring by S.H.I.E.L.D. Rodriguez later helps Daisy Johnson and Jemma Simmons to infiltrate the Framework . After Johnson and Simmons are unable to rescue Mack from the Framework , Rodriguez goes in to rescue him . By February 2016 , Cordova - Buckley was cast as `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez , based on the comic Secret Warrior of the same name . Cordova - Buckley learned of the role after she had been cast in the series , and subsequently researched the comics for inspiration . She described the character , as she is initially introduced in the series , as a freedom fighter who `` in a lot of ways she wants to help her people in Colombia and she wants to do good with her powers and she makes sure that she 's very adamant on how she goes about things . '' She also noted the rarity of the character 's spirituality , saying that she `` has this whole spiritual connection to her powers which is rare to ever see in a super hero movie ... She wants to use ( her powers ) as what she calls a blessing and a gift from God to help others , so it 's a very unique approach to it all '' . When first portraying the character , Cordova - Buckley smiled whenever Rodriguez was about to use her abilities , to show an adrenaline rush and the feeling of having such power . After positive fan responses to this , the actress morphed this trait into a more mischievous personality for the character . Before the start of the fifth season , it was revealed that Cordova - Buckley had been promoted to series regular . Recurring characters ( edit ) The following is a list of guest characters that have recurring roles throughout the series . The characters are listed by the MCU media or season in which they first appeared . Introduced in films ( edit ) Gideon Malick ( edit ) Gideon Malick ( portrayed by Powers Boothe ) is a former member of the World Security Council and secret leader of Hydra who ascended to power following the death of his father in 1970 . Gideon was joined by his brother Nathaniel , but the two soon learned of a trick their father used to avoid being sacrificed to Hive , and when Gideon followed suit , Nathaniel was sacrificed . Gideon successfully opens the portal to allow Hive to return to Earth , but Hive reveals that he has retained Nathaniel 's memories , and punishes Gideon by murdering his daughter Stephanie . After being captured by S.H.I.E.L.D. , Gideon cooperates with Coulson against Hive . Gideon is murdered by Johnson while she is controlled by Hive . In October 2015 , it was announced that Boothe was joining the series as a recurring character early in the third season , reprising his role from The Avengers ( where he was credited only as `` World Security Council '' ) . On how much the series would use the character later in the third season , following the midseason finale , Whedon stated that `` we 'd be fools not to use him more . We could n't be bigger fans of ( Boothe 's ) portrayal of the role . We knew going in that we were going to get some bang for our buck , and we 've been loving writing the character . We love the way he 's attacking the scenes . We plan on keeping him around , because we 'd be idiots not to . '' Cameron Palatas portrays a young Gideon Malick . Introduced in season one ( edit ) Mike Peterson / Deathlok ( edit ) Further information : Deathlok and Mike Peterson ( comics ) Mike Peterson ( portrayed by J. August Richards ) is an ordinary man that was artificially enhanced with the Extremis - containing Centipede serum by Project Centipede . Peterson later joins S.H.I.E.L.D , but is caught in an explosion and awakens without his right leg and under the control of the `` Clairvoyant '' , who gives him a bionic prosthetic limb as part of `` Project Deathlok '' . After the defeat of Centipede and the `` Clairvoyant '' , Peterson works for Coulson covertly , and aids in the take down of Hydra leader Dr. List . Peterson later returned with some S.H.I.E.L.D. agents to help Phil Coulson seal the rift in the Lighthouse that was leaking different fears from it . Afterwards , he attended Fitz and Simmons ' wedding . Richards appeared in Joss Whedon 's Angel as Charles Gunn before being cast as Peterson , who was revealed to be the MCU version of Deathlok in January 2014 . Created by Rich Buckler and Doug Moench in 1974 , Deathlok has gone through many different iterations in the comics . Richards called the role `` a dream come true '' , and described the character 's costume and makeup , which took `` about five departments ... two hours to do the makeup and then ( about ) 15 or 20 minutes to get into the costume '' , as `` restrictive . I love the costume and it really helps me to play the character , because it makes me feel part - machine , part - human . '' The costume also had to be enhanced with visual effects , including the addition of a robotic leg and an arm mounted rocket launcher , as well as a half metal plated skull with robotic eye for when Deathlok is seen with x-ray vision . The costume was updated and evolved to be closer to the comic version for Deathlok 's appearance in the second season . Richards found `` the theme of Deathlok ( to be ) about deep , internal conflict , and that 's what we 're bringing with this ( version ) . '' After returning late in the second season , Richards looked back , and felt that his initial awkwardness and reluctance with the character and the costume reflected Peterson 's own journey becoming Deathlok . He also noted that when the character says `` Mike Peterson is dead '' , `` the only way that line could have meaning ( is ) if it were not true . I always think of Mike Peterson being at the core of this character , and whatever happens as a result of that , is all Mike Petersen . '' Ian Quinn ( edit ) Ian Quinn ( portrayed by David Conrad ) is a wealthy industrialist / philanthropist and the CEO of Quinn Worldwide and a former partner of Franklin Hall who is involved with The Clairvoyant . He acquires Deathlok technology for Mike Peterson , and attempts to sell more Deathlok soldiers to the U.S. military . After Garrett is defeated , Quinn is absorbed by the gravitonium . Raina ( edit ) For the subsequent comic book version , see Raina ( comics ) . Raina ( portrayed by Ruth Negga ) was raised by Calvin Johnson , and grew up with stories of her heritage as an Inhuman , and her potential to be more . Becoming the Project Centipede recruiter due to her interest in powered people , Raina works with Hydra in an attempt to replicate the GH - 325 serum that was used to resurrect Coulson . She eventually goes through Terrigenesis , gaining the power of precognition , but also a monstrous appearance . Raina comes to accept her new circumstances , and later allows Jiaying to kill her so that Skye can learn of the former 's true intent . Negga was first cast as a guest star in October 2013 , with executive producer Jeffrey Bell later explaining that `` Ruth Negga showed up and we just fell in love with her and found ways to use her beyond our initial conception '' . Foley was informed of Raina ahead of time , allowing her to flesh out the character with illustrations , as well as print specific fabric . When Raina is introduced in `` Girl in the Flower Dress '' , Foley and Negga `` wanted to show a progression in her dresses that reflects where her character might be going '' , with her initially unclear intentions paired with `` a softer silhouette '' and a pattern of white with black flowers . For her second appearance in the episode , `` it 's becoming clear that she has an agenda '' so the dress is more streamlined , and the colors are flipped to black with white flowers . For her final appearance in the episode , her dress is red with black flowers . Foley concluded , `` By the time you see her again in ( '' The Bridge `` ) you know she means business '' . After Raina is transformed in the second season she hides her hideous appearance with a hooded jacket , which Foley subtly added a flower pattern to , as `` she was always going to be the girl in the flower dress , so I wanted to pay tribute to that '' . Raina 's Inhuman look was created by Glenn Hetrick of Optic Nerve Studios . To get to the final look , the writers spent a lot of time discussing what her transformed look would entail , such as if she would have a nose , or a tail , with series writer Drew Greenberg eventually suggesting thorns . With the design idea in hand , Hetrick and his team began compiling potential designs for the character , looking to the Clive Barker film Nightbreed , specifically the character Shuna Sassi , because `` She 's a creature covered in porcupine quills and that image is so strong -- it creates such a striking silhouette '' . Since Hetrick and his team did not have source material to pull from in the comics , he wanted to `` make her feel like the first real Inhuman '' and give her face a level of symmetry . When creating the prosthetic makeup , which was done in two weeks , the producers wanted to still be able to see Negga 's eyes , with Bell saying , `` Ruth Negga has amazingly expressive eyes and eyebrows . And she gets so much of who Raina is through the eyes . We wanted her to still be able to communicate , we still wanted you to feel her expressions through all of ( the makeup ) . '' Victoria Hand ( edit ) Further information : Victoria Hand Victoria Hand ( portrayed by Saffron Burrows ) is introduced as the high - ranking S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who runs The Hub , a S.H.I.E.L.D. base . After discovering that Hydra exists within S.H.I.E.L.D. , Hand turns on Coulson , believing him to be a double agent . However , Garrett soon reveals himself to be the traitor , and Hand works with Coulson to detain him . She is killed by Ward when he reveals himself to be a member of Hydra to save Garrett from imprisonment . In November 2013 , Burrows was announced as playing Hand , who was created by Brian Michael Bendis and Mike Deodato , and played an integral role in their Dark Avengers comic book series . The character was intentionally introduced in the first season as a mislead for the true identity of the Clairvoyant . With the introduction of Lucy Lawless as Isabelle Hartley in the second season , the executive producers considered establishing a relationship between Hand and Hartley , since the comic book - counterpart of Hand was in a relationship with a character called Isabelle , but Tancharoen stated that `` it started to be irresponsible if we addressed it to not address it with more weight and time and energy . '' However , this relationship was later hinted at onscreen in `` One Door Closes '' . Davis ( edit ) Davis ( portrayed by Maximilian Osinski ) is a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who worked alongside Phil Coulson 's group on investigating the explosion at StatiCorp 's Particle Accelerator Complex before the Hydra Uprising . He later returned to S.H.I.E.L.D. when Jeffrey Mace became its director . During the LMD infiltration of the S.H.I.E.L.D. base , Davis and a few surviving S.H.I.E.L.D. agents help Daisy Johnson and Jemma Simmons escape the base . Davis helps protect Daisy and Simmons as they infiltrate the Framework to save their friends , after which he is attacked by Ophelia and badly wounded . Mike Peterson saves him and later reunites him with Coulson 's fugitive team at the Lighthouse . Anne Weaver ( edit ) Anne Weaver ( portrayed by Christine Adams ) is the director of the S.H.I.E.L.D. Academy of Science and Technology who joins the leadership of the `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' following the fall of the original organization , in which she fought one of Hydra 's enhanced soldiers , developing a distrust in the superhumans . She takes over command of the S.H.I.E.L.D. warship The Iliad following the death of Robert Gonzales . John Garrett / the Clairvoyant ( edit ) Further information : John Garrett ( comics ) John Garrett ( portrayed by Bill Paxton ) was a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who was left for dead by that organization , and only survived by becoming the first Deathlok . Joining Hydra , he became `` The Clairvoyant '' , leader of the Centipede group , and was focused on discovering the secret to Coulson 's resurrection given the impending failure of his now outdated Deathlok technology . Under the guise of a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent tasked with capturing and interrogating Ian Quinn , Garrett joins in Coulson 's efforts to find the GH - 325 drug . Based on his findings , Raina is able to synthesize a version of the drug , which does save his life . However , after Hydra is revealed to have infiltrated S.H.I.E.L.D. and Garret is outed as the Clairvoyant , Coulson kills him by disintegration . In December 2013 , `` a high - level S.H.I.E.L.D. agent / munitions expert who has past ties to both Coulson and Ward '' was set to be added to the series . The next month , Paxton was cast as Agent John Garrett , `` a rough - and - tumble former cohort of Agent Coulson with a little bit of attitude and cigar - smoking swagger '' . Garrett was first introduced by Frank Miller and Bill Sienkiewicz in Elektra : Assassin . Jed Whedon said that `` We actually discussed Bill Paxton in the room , when we were talking about the character ... Then when he came up as an actual possibility , we could n't believe it . '' Following the revelation that Garrett was The Clairvoyant , Paxton said , `` He 's felt like he 's found a true home in Hydra , which is more of a Darwinian outfit . It 's survival of the fittest . He can relate to that . '' Antoine Triplett ( edit ) Antoine Triplett ( portrayed by B.J. Britt ) worked with Garrett until the Hydra reveal , after which he joins Coulson 's team . Trip perishes when he becomes trapped in the chamber Skye and Raina undergo Terrigenesis in and gets hit by a fragment of the Diviner . In the Framework , Antoine Triplett is Jeffrey Mace 's inside man who got caught and was incarcerated at a Hydra Cultivation Enlightenment Camp until he was freed by Mace and Phil Coulson . In December 2013 , `` an African - American agent who specializes in combat / weapons '' was set to be added to the series . In February , Britt was announced as cast in the role of Triplett . Britt 's smile and charm were incorporated into the character after he had worked with the writers for several episodes , with Tancharoen saying to Britt `` I love your smile . We have to incorporate the smile of Trip into the show . '' Britt said of the character , `` Trip likes to make sure everything is in order ... he 's going make sure that stuff does n't go wrong . ( But ) I still feel like Trip has something to prove . That 's going to cross over to the second season where Trip wants to show Coulson that he can trust him . '' Britt returned in the fourth season to reprise the character within the Framework reality . Glenn Talbot / Graviton ( edit ) Further information : Glenn Talbot and Graviton ( comics ) Glenn Talbot ( portrayed by Adrian Pasdar ) is a United States Air Force colonel and later brigadier general who hunts active S.H.I.E.L.D. agents after the organization 's disbandment . Coulson earns his trust over time , and the two soon enter an agreement in which S.H.I.E.L.D. provides the government with sensitive assets and helps with the take down of Hydra in exchange for being left alone . He is made head of the Advanced Threat Containment Unit ( ATCU ) following the death of Rosalind Price , an arrangement which sees him reluctantly working for Coulson . Glenn Talbot is later placed in a coma following a head shot caused by the Daisy Johnson LMD at a government meeting . Talbot was later revealed to be a prisoner of General Hale until Coulson managed to free him . However , upon calling his wife Carla , Hale 's subordinate Candice Lee forces her to read a script to activate his brainwashing that occurred during his imprisonment . Talbot eventually enters the Rebirth machine to absorb gravitonium , becoming Graviton . He finds Robin Hinton so she can tell him where the gravitonium within the Earth is located . During his fight with Johnson , Talbot is blasted into space after Johnson takes the Centipede Serum . Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko for Tales to Astonish # 61 , Talbot was a recurring antagonist of the Hulk . Pasdar was cast as Talbot by March 2014 , with this version focused on taking down Hydra . In the fifth season , Talbot becomes the villain Graviton , despite the series previously introducing Franklin Hall in the first season , the character who becomes the villain in the comics . The Koenigs ( edit ) Further information : Eric Koenig Eric , Billy , Sam , and Thurston Koenig ( portrayed by Patton Oswalt ) are identical brothers . The former three are S.H.I.E.L.D. agents , programmers in the initial S.H.I.E.L.D. LMD program . Eric is stationed at the Providence base and assists Coulson in the wake of Hydra 's emergence , but is soon killed by Ward . Coulson and his team meet Billy , the brother of Eric , at the Playground base soon after . Billy and Sam work with Coulson on the mysterious Theta Protocol , the maintenance of a S.H.I.E.L.D. helicarrier for use by Nick Fury . Later , Coulson entrusts the Darkhold to Billy and Sam , who hide the book in the Labyrinth , a S.H.I.E.L.D. base only accessible by the Koenigs . Oswalt joined the series as Eric Koenig in March 2014 . This version of the character is loosely inspired by one that first appeared in Sgt . Fury and his Howling Commandos # 27 . Oswalt also portrays Eric 's brothers . After previously working on Joss Whedon 's Dollhouse and being a long time fan of Marvel , Oswalt was sought for the part specifically . Calvin Johnson ( edit ) Further information : Mister Hyde ( comics ) Calvin Johnson ( portrayed by Kyle MacLachlan ) , a young doctor , met the Inhuman Jiaying while in China . The two eventually married , and had a daughter , Daisy . After Jiaying was torn apart by Hydra , and Daisy was taken by S.H.I.E.L.D. agents , Cal stitched his wife back together , found innocent people whose life - force was used to bring Jiaying back to life , and began searching for his daughter , at some point changing his last name . He also began experimenting on himself in an attempt to be stronger , blaming himself for not protecting his family . Jiaying eventually abandoned the search to live a peaceful life with other Inhumans like her , but Cal continued , eventually meeting Daisy -- now going by Skye -- and over time forming a bond with her , despite her hatred for his past actions . Coulson later convinces Cal that Jiaying is a monster who has forced him to do terrible things , and when Jiaying starts a war with S.H.I.E.L.D. that leads to a face down with Skye , Cal kills Jiaying . S.H.I.E.L.D. then wipes Cal 's memory to allow him to live a peaceful life . During the first - season finale , Skye 's father is briefly seen from behind , portrayed by a stand - in . In August 2014 , MacLachlan was cast in the role , to recur throughout the second season . Initially referred to as `` The Doctor '' , his character was revealed to be Calvin Zabo , also known as Mister Hyde , in December 2014 . Zabo was created by Stan Lee and Don Heck for Journey into Mystery in 1963 , and is influenced by Robert Louis Stevenson 's The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . MacLachlan 's makeup for his transformation into the Mister Hyde persona in the second - season finale took around two and a half hours to apply . Following the conclusion of season two , Bell said on Cal 's storyline , `` He got to live a happily ever after in a beautiful way . We would never write off the idea of finding more story for him down the road , but we had a great time with Kyle this year and feel like that was a story that ended nicely . '' Bell elaborated that they `` felt like everything he did came from the right place but that he was just a really horrible , broken man . The idea of ( using ) the T.A.H.I.T.I. program to reset him as the good person that has always been in there was too good to pass up . '' Introduced in season two ( edit ) Daniel Whitehall ( edit ) Further information : Kraken ( Marvel Comics ) Werner Reinhardt ( portrayed by Reed Diamond ) , a high ranking Nazi officer and an elite member of Hydra in 1945 , was experimenting on the Diviner when his base was taken by the SSR and he was imprisoned for life . Released by Alexander Pierce in 1988 , Reinhardt discovered that a woman unaffected by the Diviner , Jiaying , had apparently not aged in four decades . Dissecting her , Reinhardt discovered the secret to her youthfulness and used it to de-age himself . Taking the name Daniel Whitehall , he became the North American leader of Hydra following Pierce 's death , fighting against Coulson 's S.H.I.E.L.D. while remaining interested in the Diviner and other alien matters . He is killed by Coulson while trying to unlock the true power of the Diviner . At the San Diego Comic Con in July 2014 , Diamond was announced as portraying Daniel Whitehall , also known as the Kraken in the comics , where he was introduced by Jonathan Hickman for Secret Warriors # 7 . Diamond previously worked with the creators on Dollhouse and Much Ado About Nothing , and though they had wanted him for parts throughout the first season , he had been unavailable due to commitments to another series . Diamond accepted the role of Whitehall with just 24 hours to prepare , during which he formed the character 's German accent to use for flashback sequences . In developing the character , Diamond watched Nazi documentaries , and re-watched Marvel 's films , looking at the characters of Loki and Red Skull in particular . From the former , Diamond was inspired by his The Avengers quote , `` I am burdened with glorious purpose '' , as he had never played a super villain , `` someone who really believed that they were the best person to rule the universe , or at least the Earth . '' For Hugo Weaving 's portrayal of the Red Skull , Diamond looked at his anger and voice to see `` how ( Whitehall ) would fit in within that spectrum '' , and settled on `` this is TV . I 'm the smiling , calm , villain . '' Diamond also sought advice from Malcolm McDowell , who told him to `` Always smile and let the lines do the work . '' The character is often seen cleaning his glasses , an `` identifying quality '' devised by Jed Whedon . Sunil Bakshi ( edit ) Sunil Bakshi ( portrayed by Simon Kassianides ) , the right - hand man to Whitehall , is instrumental in the brainwashing of Hydra 's subjects , including S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Kara Palamas , who later gets revenge by brainwashing Bakshi herself . Now loyal to Palamas and Ward , Bakshi sacrifices his life to save the latter when Simmons tries to kill him . In the Framework , Sunil Bakshi is a news presenter who hosts The Bakshi Report where he reports on Hydra 's actions against the S.H.I.E.L.D. resistance . Kassianides , a fan of the series and of comic books in general , was cast in the `` major recurring role '' of Bakshi in July 2014 . The producers intended for Bakshi to be killed off in the fifth episode of the second season , but changed their minds after Kassianides ' early table reads and extended his run on the show through to the nineteenth episode . Speaking of the character 's relationship with Whitehall , Kassianides explained , `` Bakshi really feels he can act under the authority of Whitehall on his own , using his own judgment . He has the trust of Whitehall and is acting as he sees fit , the consequences of which will play out . '' On Bakshi 's motivations and thought process , Kassianides said `` When you 're that committed to any ideology , I think that it allows for elements of insanity ... whether that 's been trained in him or it 's inherent , it 's not clear , but he 's certainly at that point where hurting people , torturing people , and operating under this ideology is something he quite enjoys . '' Carl Creel ( edit ) Further information : Absorbing Man Carl Creel ( portrayed by Brian Patrick Wade ) is a Hydra operative recruited by Garrett and brainwashed by Whitehall who can absorb the properties of whatever he touches . He is later hired by Talbot to serve as his bodyguard , but quits when Talbot is injured and hospitalized . Sometime later , Creel is hired by General Hale to help her hunt S.H.I.E.L.D. , but he betrays her after learning she is holding Talbot prisoner , helping Coulson and Talbot escape . Creel also forms a mental link with gravitonium and discovers that the minds of Franklin Hall and Ian Quinn live on inside it after it absorbed them . While recuperating in the hospital , Creel is visited by Glenn Talbot who absorbs Creel into himself with his gravitonium . Wade was cast in the role in August 2014 . Kara Palamas / Agent 33 ( edit ) Further information : Agent 33 Kara Palamas ( portrayed by Maya Stojan ) was a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent betrayed to Hydra by the then undercover Morse and subjected to brainwashing by Bakshi and Whitehall . The now Hydra - loyal Palamas used a nanomask to take on the appearance of May , and when the latter electrocutes Palamas whilst in this disguise , she is left stuck as May , but deformed . After Coulson kills Whitehall , Palamas works with Ward , the two forming a romantic relationship while the latter does everything in his power to bring Palamas `` closure '' . They get her nanomask repaired so that she can become whoever she wishes , brainwash Bakshi , and kidnap Morse in an attempt to force a confession out of her . When May and Hunter come to rescue Morse , Ward accidentally kills Palamas while she is in disguise as May . While Stojan portrays Palamas , the character is also portrayed by other cast members , including Ming - Na Wen and Chloe Bennet , when she takes on the appearance of their characters . Stojan had to balance working on the series with her concurrent recurring role on Castle , but was still able to appear in every episode offered to her . Speaking about portraying Palamas , and the differences between her and May , Wen said , `` not only did she lose her face , she lost her will , really . I mean she is completely controlled by Whitehall and ... it 's sort of a sad character for me to portray because she 's so opposite from May . May is so confident and knows exactly what she needs to do and can get the job done based on her own opinions and with Agent 33 , not only is she disfigured , not only does n't she have her face anymore , she does n't have her identity anymore . '' After Palamas breaks free of her brainwashing and joins Ward , Stojan said of the character and their new relationship , `` That love / romance that she has with Ward ... she 's really , I think , trying to find herself -- whether it 's good or bad . She truly believes in that one man , and she 's going to follow him . '' Jiaying Johnson ( edit ) For the subsequent comic book version , see Jiaying ( comics ) . Jiaying Johnson ( portrayed by Dichen Lachman ) is the Inhuman wife of Calvin Johnson , and Daisy 's mother , who does not age and can heal rapidly thanks to an elder of her village giving their life each year . Pieced back together by Calvin after Whitehall dissects her to discover the secret to her abilities , Jiaying is never the same , and goes to great lengths to find her daughter , now willingly taking innocent lives to feed her abilities , having no regard for humans . Eventually Jiaying tries to escape this new persona by founding Afterlife , a haven for Inhumans , and when Daisy ( going by Skye ) journeys to Afterlife , Jiaying happily becomes her mentor . However , when S.H.I.E.L.D. discovers the location of Afterlife , Jiaying starts a war with them , and attempts to kill all humans with artificial Terrigen crystals . She even tries to drain Skye 's life when the former turns on her , but is stopped by Calvin , who kills her . After Tony Caine gives Daisy the information about the modified Project Centipede serum that John Garrett used , she goes to the graveyard and starts exhuming Jaiying 's grave . Speaking about the levels of violence depicted in the series , Bell admitted that the executive producers and the network did question the graphicness of the sequence where Jiaying is dissected by Whitehall , but that it was ultimately kept as is because they felt that `` it was important for you to understand how horrible that was and what she went through and miraculously survived -- that was a big part of our story . '' For Jiaying 's costume , Foley `` wanted her to have an other - worldly kind of feeling and then also , at the time , Dichen ( Lachman ) was pregnant , so we needed to come up with a silhouette that could hide the pregnancy , and kind of grow with her which is why we landed on that tunic . The great thing about it is that it had this really cool Asian feeling to it with the high neck and the buttons down the front . '' Foley chose the fabrics for Jiaying 's tunics based on what was going on in the story and how she felt the character was thinking . In regards to Jiaying 's perceived role as the main villain of the second season due to her actions in the final episodes , Bell said `` In our minds , ( Jiaying ) was n't a villain so much ; she was an antagonist , but if you look at why she feels the way she does , Jiaying really earned that position . '' After the character 's backstory and motivations were revealed , she was compared by some to the Marvel Comics character Magneto . In response to this , Bell said `` We did n't consciously mimic ( Magneto ) , but what they both have in common is a valid motive . Jiaying was ripped to shreds ... I feel like her motive is really earned in the same way that Magneto 's is fairly earned . We always want our antagonists to have good motives ... We tried to make everything she says be true . '' Gordon ( edit ) For the subsequent comic book version , see Gordon ( comics ) . Gordon ( portrayed by Jamie Harris ) is an eyeless Inhuman with the ability to teleport and emit force fields . His transition to an Inhuman was tended to by Jiaying , and he remained loyal to her in his adult life , ensuring that only a select few could enter and leave Afterlife , and joining with her in her war against S.H.I.E.L.D. While trying to spread Terrigen mist through the ventilation system of The Iliad , he is killed by Fitz . Andrew Garner / Lash ( edit ) Further information : Lash ( comics ) Andrew Garner ( portrayed by Blair Underwood ) is May 's ex-husband and a psychologist at Culver University who assesses gifted people for S.H.I.E.L.D. Following a vacation with May to try and rekindle their relationship , Garner is exposed to Terrigen which unlocks Inhuman abilities within him ; he becomes the monstrous Lash ( portrayed by Matt Willig ) , who uses energy abilities to hunt and kill ' unworthy ' Inhumans . Garner surrenders himself to S.H.I.E.L.D. before the transformation becomes permanent , and manages to say goodbye to May before completely becoming Lash . S.H.I.E.L.D. then send Lash to fight Hive , hoping that his Inhuman purpose is to destroy the latter . Though this is not the case , Lash is able to purge Daisy Johnson of Hive 's control , before being killed by Hellfire . In December 2014 , Underwood was revealed to be cast as Garner for multiple appearances starting in the second season . In July 2015 , the Inhuman Lash , who was created by Charles Soule and Joe Madureira for Inhuman # 1 , was announced as appearing in the third season . That August , Willig was revealed to be cast as Lash , with Hetrick again working alongside the series ' makeup and visual effects teams to realize the character 's `` unique look '' from the comics . Whedon noted that it would be their `` own take on ( Lash ) . There will be some elements from the comics for sure , but as we always do ... we 're changing it up a little bit . '' Bell elaborated that `` it 's hard to have a hidden or magical city '' in the MCU , such as Lash 's comic home of Orollan , but `` Lash 's agenda can certainly remain true to what it was in the comics '' , with him judging whether Inhumans are worthy . Willig 's Lash make - up initially took six hours to apply , but the make - up team was able to reduce the time to four and a half hours . Whedon noted that the series already has several Inhumans who are `` fairly attractive '' and the producers wanted `` to also show the other side of the change that bad things can happen '' , with Tancharoen elaborating that `` on a very basic level , we were interested in putting a monster in the mix , because he is not human and his looks are pretty crazy and scary . We wanted to put our team up against something like that . '' On how the cast and characters react to seeing Lash , Bennet said , `` I like to think that they 've seen their fair share of crazy shit and that 's just something that 's pretty insane but not totally mind - blowing . '' Following the reveal that Lash still had a human form , Bell said that they would spend time exploring different characters as potential candidates , though the human form was revealed to be Garner two episodes later . For the onscreen CGI transformation from Garner to Lash , Underwood and Willig were 3D scanned ( the latter while in full prosthetics and make - up ) , and then Underwood provided motion capture for the sequence , as visual effects supervisor Mark Kolpack noted the lack of resemblance between Underwood and the final Lash design , and so wanted to keep as much of Underwood 's `` essence '' throughout the transformation process as possible . Underwood portrayed the transformation as `` painful '' , `` rigid '' , and `` tiring '' , though he noted that it would become easier for the character to transform the more it happened . Going into the third season , Underwood had only known that the producers wanted to explore more of Garner 's personal life , after his appearances in the second season were `` as an appendage to Agent May ... a device and a construct to open her up and see more of her life . '' He also did not see the Lash reveal coming , which he did not learn until the table read for `` Devils You Know '' , when it is presumed Garner is dead , and the producers approached him afterwards to tell them their plan for the character . Underwood compared the Garner / Lash dynamic to Jekyll and Hyde and Bruce Banner / the Hulk , and compared the new May / Garner dynamic to Beauty and the Beast . On Lash 's motivations , Underwood stated that `` Lash sees ( the Inhumans ) as an exalted society and it 's an honor to be an Inhuman . Not everyone is worthy of that moniker . He takes it upon himself to be judge , jury and executioner of who is worthy of being an Inhuman and who is not . '' Elaborating on this and Garner 's connection to Lash , Underwood said , `` If you look at his work as a psychologist ... in S.H.I.E.L.D. , he determines ( who ) is worthy and is not worthy to be part of the Secret Warriors team ... it makes sense that it 's kind of that same kind of rationale , but on steroids '' . Robert Gonzales ( edit ) Robert Gonzales ( portrayed by Edward James Olmos ) is an elderly S.H.I.E.L.D. agent , tactician , and the commander of The Iliad during the fall of S.H.I.E.L.D. who is tasked with protecting the Kree monolith . He is convinced not to destroy the ship ( to prevent Hydra from claiming the monolith ) so that the hundreds of agents on board may live , disobeying Fury 's orders , and subsequently becomes a founding member of the `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' alongside Anne Weaver , Tomas Calderon , and Agent Oliver . He remains distrustful of secrets and all things alien , even after agreeing to keep Coulson on as Director of a new , unified S.H.I.E.L.D. , but still attempts to negotiate with Jiaying and the Inhumans peacefully . However , Jiaying kills Gonzales and shoots herself , claiming that he attacked her , in order to start a war against S.H.I.E.L.D. It was announced in January 2015 that Olmos would be joining the series as Robert Gonzales , with Olmos describing joining the MCU one of the high points of his career . Concerning the apparent difference in philosophies between Gonzales and Coulson , Olmos explained that `` the situations that I 've come across and the situations that he 's come across have changed our ability to work with the same understanding . He 's working like Fury worked and under that understanding . I do n't work under Fury 's understanding ... I think that Coulson 's philosophy is the same as mine ! We are S.H.I.E.L.D. We are not anything but S.H.I.E.L.D. people . It 's just that our S.H.I.E.L.D. , the one that we originally put forth , was very , very transparent . And the S.H.I.E.L.D. that has materialized under Fury -- and now Coulson -- is much more secretive . '' Olmos also compared the relationship between the two factions of S.H.I.E.L.D. to that between the Democrats and the Republicans . Alisha Whitley ( edit ) Alisha Whitley ( portrayed by Alicia Vela - Bailey ) is a duplicating Inhuman who was loyal to Jiaying until she learned that the latter started the war with S.H.I.E.L.D. After Jiaying 's death , Alisha helps S.H.I.E.L.D. until she falls under the influence of Hive . She is later murdered by a Kree reaper . Kebo ( edit ) Kebo ( portrayed by Daz Crawford ) is a member of Hydra , second - in - command to Ward until he is killed by Morse . Crawford only signed on for the second - season finale , but the writers liked him in the character and so brought him back for the third season . Crawford said that Kebo has reservations about Ward as a boss , but `` some people like their bosses , some people do n't . '' Introduced in season three ( edit ) Rosalind Price ( edit ) Rosalind Price ( portrayed by Constance Zimmer ) is the head of the ATCU as it crosses paths with S.H.I.E.L.D. in the hunt for Inhumans . After developing a romantic relationship with Coulson , Price is killed by Ward . In July 2015 , Zimmer was cast as Price , who Gregg described as `` a potent ... I would n't say doppelganger , but she 's definitely got a lot in common with Coulson . She represents a character who 's not someone he comes across every day , who has more in common with him than most other people do . '' That September , Bell elaborated , `` Where in the past , Coulson frequently plays sort of a paternal role on the show , because Daisy is kind of a surrogate daughter figure -- suddenly there 's another adult ( in Price ) , who can banter , who can hold her own , and there 's something nice about seeing him in that relationship . '' Luther Banks ( edit ) Luther Banks ( portrayed by Andrew Howard ) is an ATCU agent and former Marine loyal to Price . He is killed by Giyera . Joey Gutierrez ( edit ) Joey Gutierrez ( portrayed by Juan Pablo Raba ) is an Inhuman and former construction worker with the ability to melt certain metals who is recruited by S.H.I.E.L.D. for Daisy Johnson 's Secret Warriors team . Raba was announced as cast in August 2015 . Scott Meslow of Vulture and Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club , reviewing the season three episode `` Laws of Nature '' , both indicated their pleasure in seeing Gutierrez , a gay character , appear on the series , which Meslow noted appeared to be the first openly gay character in the MCU . Werner von Strucker ( edit ) Further information : Werner von Strucker Werner von Strucker ( portrayed by Spencer Treat Clark ) is the son of Hydra leader Wolfgang von Strucker , who is recruited to Hydra by Ward after Wolfgang 's death . After failing to follow Ward 's orders to kill Garner , Werner is left in a vegetative state by Kebo , and is taken into S.H.I.E.L.D. custody . He is later hospitalized in an asylum and teams up with General Hale and her daughter Ruby upon being freed . Werner gave in to General Hale 's demands when he saw one of his father 's experiments in the form of Carl Creel lifting weights . After Ruby gets 8 % of the gravitonium in her , Werner is accidentally killed by Ruby . Giyera ( edit ) R. Giyera ( portrayed by Mark Dacascos ) is a telekinetic Inhuman and head of security for the ATCU , secretly loyal to Malick . He is eventually swayed over to Hive 's side , until he is killed by Fitz . Polly Hinton ( edit ) Polly Hinton ( portrayed by Lola Glaudini ) is the wife of Charles Hinton and mother of Robin Hinton . J.T. James / Hellfire ( edit ) Further information : Hellfire ( J.T. Slade ) J.T. James ( portrayed by Axle Whitehead ) is an Inhuman who was refused the right of Terrigenesis by Jiaying and banished from Afterlife . Johnson subjects James to the transformation while under the influence of Hive , giving James the ability to imbue objects with fire . He is then taken under Hive 's influence himself , and chooses the codename Hellfire . After Hive is destroyed , James suffers terrible withdrawal symptoms and comes to hate being an Inhuman as a result . He betrays his kind to the Watchdogs , helping them track and kill other Inhumans , with the promise that they would kill him when they are done . Whitehead first guest starred as James in `` Paradise Lost '' , introduced as someone from Lincoln 's past , with Whitehead and Mitchell having previously starred together on Home and Away . With the character recurring through the rest of the third season , he was revealed to be an adaptation of the comic Secret Warrior character Hellfire . Executive producer Tancharoen felt it was `` a no - brainer '' to include Hellfire in the series , despite him not being Inhuman in the comics . Whedon expanded , saying , `` We liked his attitude . He 's a tell - it - like - it - is guy . He 's a little bit of a prick . He does not care if he 's liked , and that 's fun to write . '' The producers were also able to find a way to incorporate Hellfire 's signature fire chain into the series . In the fourth season , it is revealed that his full name is J.T. James . Anderson ( edit ) Anderson ( portrayed by Alexander Wraith ) is a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent and assistant to Coulson . Piper ( edit ) Piper ( portrayed by Briana Venskus ) is a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent and member of May 's strike team . Aida `` Ophelia '' / Madame Hydra ( edit ) Further information : AIDA ( comics ) and Viper ( Madame Hydra ) Aida ( portrayed by Mallory Jansen ) is a Life Model Decoy , an android body based on Radcliffe 's former lover and partner Agnes Kitsworth ( also portrayed by Jansen ) into which he transferred his artificial intelligence AIDA ( voiced by Amanda Rea ) . After the Darkhold shows Radcliffe the secret to eternal life , Radcliffe programs Aida to go rogue in an attempt to steal the book from S.H.I.E.L.D. She is ultimately beheaded in battle against S.H.I.E.L.D. , and Radcliffe builds a new model of the android . Aida later kills Kitsworth , so her consciousness can reside in the Framework reality . Aida enters the Framework where she takes up the name `` Ophelia '' and is also known as Madame Hydra , the leader of Hydra . She also has a relationship with Leo Fitz in his alias of The Doctor . Agnes also resides in the Framework , living with Radcliffe 's consciousness on Ogygia before she is deleted by The Doctor . With the help of Project Looking Glass , Aida succeeds in making her organic body , and once again goes by Ophelia . Ophelia also gains the Inhuman abilities of teleportation , electric charge manipulation , and a healing factor . She is later killed by Phil Coulson possessed by Ghost Rider . The artificial intelligence AIDA is briefly voiced by Amanda Rea in the third - season finale . By June 2016 , casting was underway for a `` very attractive '' actress to portray the robot in a recurring role for the fourth season . The character was described as moving around `` quite naturally '' , but speaking `` a bit formally '' like Iron Man 's J.A.R.V.I.S. A.I. in the MCU films . In August , Jansen was cast in the role ; she also portrays Agnes Kitsworth , for which she uses her native Australian accent . In April 2017 , it was revealed that Aida would appear in the Framework reality as Madame Hydra , also portrayed by Jansen . On having Aida become Madame Hydra , Whedon noted , `` We had what is one of most formidable female villains we 've ever had ( in Aida ) , and we were bringing back Hydra , so it seemed like a natural pairing . She 's plugged herself into this world and clearly she 's trying to live some other new , unique life . We felt like if you grew up in a world and tried to be as powerful as you could be , and that world was Hydra - dominated , then it would be natural that she would become ( Madame Hydra ) . We thought it would be a fun way to introduce that character that 's so creepy , odd , weird , and fun . '' Aida 's costume was custom made , and inspired by the works of Alexander McQueen . Foley wanted it to be simple to `` not take away from the character at all '' , but also `` sort of a ' Where did this outfit come from ? ' kind of a feeling so that it 's specifically hers . It just adds to the mystery of who she is . '' Jansen described `` Aida 2.0 '' as being programmed to be more ruthless , with the character 's costume a darker shade of gray than that worn by the original Aida to reflect these changes . New costume designer Amanda Riley took Foley 's costumes for Aida as the base shape of the Madame Hydra costume , but looked to make it feel `` stronger '' and more military-esque than those costumes by having the shoulders of the costume evoke epaulettes . The costume uses the color green , which is closely tied with the character in the comics . Introduced in season four ( edit ) Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider ( edit ) Further information : Ghost Rider ( Robbie Reyes ) Roberto `` Robbie '' Reyes ( portrayed by Gabriel Luna ) is a mechanic who , alongside his brother Gabe , was attacked by gang members who were hired to kill their uncle Eli Morrow . Gabe was paralyzed and Robbie was killed , but his life was saved when a Ghost Rider riding a motorcycle gave Robbie his power , creating a new Ghost Rider . Robbie lives to protect Gabe , and at night he seeks out vengeance by hunting the guilty and murdering them . His actions bring him into contact with the vigilante Quake and the agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , through whom he learns of his uncle 's interests in the Darkhold . This leads to Robbie taking Morrow through a portal to another dimension . After returning to Earth , Robbie Reyes helps to defeat Aida and uses his new portal - making abilities to take the Darkhold far away . Advertisements for Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ahead of the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International featuring a flaming chain lead to speculation that the character of Ghost Rider would be joining the series during the season , though it was noted that the image could indicate an increased role for Hellfire after his introduction in the third season . When casting for a Latino character matching the description of Marvel Comics ' Robbie Reyes , was revealed to be underway for the series , further speculation pointed to the inclusion of Ghost Rider , a mantle that Reyes took over in the comics . At the series ' Comic - Con panel , this speculation was confirmed , and Luna was announced to be cast in the role . Luna had initially been hesitant to sign up for a recurring , rather than starring , role , but changed his mind once he was told that the character would be Ghost Rider , who he was a fan of growing up . He felt it was `` too good to be true '' that Reyes `` was a character who looked like me , acted like me , and had this amazing family dynamic with his brother '' , with Luna relating to the latter since his father died before he was born leaving Luna the `` oldest male in ( his ) immediate family '' . Luna described the Ghost Rider as a `` separate entity '' from Reyes , comparing the dynamic to the Hulk . Reyes was chosen as the Ghost Rider for the series , over other versions of the character , since his is the newest version from the comics , and the executive producers thought `` it would be interesting to bring in someone with ( his ) background into our dynamic '' . Regarding if the character would be possessed by a Satanic serial killer , as in the comics , or by the more traditional Spirit of Vengeance , Tancharoen said , `` We 're staying true to his circumstance . But as always with any property that we use , we 're taking our liberties with it , '' with Whedon adding that they would be `` pulling a little bit from different versions of the Ghost Rider '' with `` a little mixing and matching '' . Luna said that due to the character 's recent introduction in the comics , `` a lot of the show is going to be expanding the Ghost Rider canon '' ; however Luna read all 12 issues of the All - New Ghost Rider series that introduced Reyes for preparation . The character drives a 1969 Dodge Charger in the show , the `` Hellcharger '' of the comics which Luna nicknamed Lucy , for Lucifer . The production had a hero car and a double for stunts , while the visual effects team used a CG double when needed . Eric Norris serves as Luna 's stunt driver , with Morgan Benoit , a frequent collaborator with Luna , as his stunt double . The character 's signature jacket and flaming head were designed by Marvel Television creative director Joshua Shaw , based on Felipe Smith 's design from the comics . The skull design includes exhaust - type jets of flames coming from the temples to mimic the effects on his car . For the CG skull , Luna wore tracking markers on his face to provide performance - reference for these sequences , especially for the animation of Ghost Rider 's coal - like eyes . Luna also wears a hood fitted with flickering lights , to create the effect of fire lighting up his costume and surfaces around him . The lights can be adjusted to match different temperature fire for different situations . Whedon noted that the series depicts Reyes ' flaming head `` exactly as much as we can afford '' , adding , `` We 're hoping that the character has not just a flaming skull but some real heart to him , and some depth . '' Foley paired the character 's jacket with jeans and Vans to keep Reyes `` grounded in the reality of where he was brought up in Los Angeles '' . Foley also worked with Kolpack to ensure that the costume would not interfere with the visual effects . Since a skeleton does not have a voice box , the Ghost Rider does not speak in the series . In August 2016 , Marvel Television head Jeph Loeb said that the character `` could venture into other sections of the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' , depending on the audience 's response to their take on him , saying , `` if we can tell that story in a compelling way , then the thing to do is to then have people want more . And if they want more , the networks say , oh , we want more . '' On this , Luna noted that he `` signed on the line to do all the work necessary ... that 's extremely exciting . '' That October , Luna said that there had been `` rumblings '' about a spin - off for the character , but reiterated that it would depend on audience response . Gabe Reyes ( edit ) Further information : Gabe Reyes Gabriel `` Gabe '' Reyes ( portrayed by Lorenzo James Henrie ) is Robbie 's younger brother , who was paralyzed in the accident that led to Robbie becoming the Ghost Rider . Casting for a Latino character matching the description of Gabe Reyes , was revealed to be underway for the series at the same time as it was for Robbie . Robbie Reyes was confirmed for the series in September 2016 , and Henrie was revealed to be portraying Gabe later that month . The role was one of the first that Henrie auditioned for after he finished filming for Fear the Walking Dead , in which his character is killed off . At his audition , Henrie confirmed that he would be able to dedicate his time to Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. without spoiling the events of Fear for the S.H.I.E.L.D. casting team , and was cast in the role the next day . His introduction as Gabe aired only weeks after his Fear the Walking Dead death aired . Lucy Bauer ( edit ) Lucy Bauer ( portrayed by Lilli Birdsell ) was a scientist working at Momentum Labs in a group including her husband Joseph and engineer Eli Morrow . They were experimenting with the mysterious Darkhold until Morrow took steps to gain the book 's power for himself by creating a machine that turned Lucy and her co-workers into ghost - like beings . Lucy later attempts to force Morrow to restore her body , but his nephew Robbie Reyes exorcised her first with the power of the Ghost Rider . Jeffrey Mace / Patriot ( edit ) Further information : Jeffrey Mace Jeffrey Mace ( portrayed by Jason O'Mara ) is the new Director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , who was appointed to try and restore the trust of the public following the public outlawing of Steve Rogers and several of the Avengers due to the Sokovia Accords . Originally thought by the public and other members of S.H.I.E.L.D. to be an Inhuman with super-strength and invulnerability , Mace instead received his abilities from the U.S. government 's Project Patriot , which used a super-serum derived from Calvin Johnson 's formula . Mace received the serum after being heralded for a heroic moment at a ceremony in Vienna , Austria following the signing of the Sokovia Accords . With S.H.I.E.L.D. in need of a new , enhanced director on the recommendation of outgoing director Coulson , Talbot and the U.S. government gave the job to Mace , who they could trust . After it was revealed that Mace 's powers were a lie , Coulson decided that Mace should stay on as `` the Patriot '' and the face and political leader of S.H.I.E.L.D. , while Coulson takes back command of S.H.I.E.L.D. operations . In the Framework , Mace is the head of the S.H.I.E.L.D. resistance . During the raid on the Hydra Cultivation Enlightenment Camp , Mace sacrifices himself to buy everyone time to get out of the collapsing quarantine building , resulting in his death in the real world as well . A flash - forward at the end of the third - season finale revealed that Coulson would no longer be the director of S.H.I.E.L.D. in the fourth season . The showrunners intentionally avoided giving hints as to who the new director would be in the sequence . After speculation in the media about which previously introduced character could be taking on the role , it was revealed that the new leader would actually be a new character to the series portrayed by O'Mara , described as a character `` whose Marvel roots go back to the 1940s '' . The character was always going to be new to the series , as the executive producers felt that replacing Coulson with someone he knows `` would n't ( provide ) as much tension to mine from '' . The character was revealed to be Mace and an Inhuman with super strength with his introduction in `` Meet the New Boss '' . O'Mara , a big Marvel fan as a child who has worked a lot with ABC , found out that Marvel was `` really seriously '' interested in him for the part in the same call that his agent told him that his A&E pilot The Infamous was not getting picked up to series . Within 24 hours , O'Mara had talked to Loeb , watched some of the third season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and accepted an offer to join the season without reading a script for it . He described the character as `` high status '' , saying that `` he comes in and he 's the boss , telling the other characters orders . Here I come in after ( the other actors ) been doing this for four years and I 'm telling them what to do . It 's a little awkward '' . Ellen Nadeer ( edit ) Ellen Nadeer ( portrayed by Parminder Nagra ) is a senator and leader of the Humans First movement , who hates Inhumans after her mother 's death during the Chitauri invasion . Nadeer allies herself with the Watchdogs , but when high - ranking Watchdog Tucker Shockley tests Nadeer 's humanity with a Terrigen crystal , it reveals his own explosive Inhuman abilities . Nadeer and those with her die in the ensuing explosion . Burrows ( edit ) Burrows ( portrayed by Patrick Cavanaugh ) is a member of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's PR division loyal to Mace . He dies during the ambush on the airplane that Coulson and Mace are on . In the Framework , Burrows is part of the S.H.I.E.L.D. resistance . Eli Morrow ( edit ) Further information : Eli Morrow Elias `` Eli '' Morrow ( portrayed by José Zúñiga ) is the uncle of Robbie and Gabe Reyes , and engineer who helped raise his nephews . After his coworkers at Momentum Energy labs began experimenting with the Darkhold , Morrow came to crave its power for himself . He put Joseph Bauer into a coma trying to find the book , and ultimately turned the rest of his coworkers into ghost - like beings . S.H.I.E.L.D. breaks him out of prison believing him to be a victim , but he uses the Darkhold to create a machine that gives him the power to create matter . The comics version of Eli Morrow is a Satanist who , after dying , possesses his nephew Robbie and turns him into the Ghost Rider . In August 2016 , Whedon cautioned that the series would not necessarily be directly adapting the comics ' storyline , saying , `` We ca n't say much about what we 're going to do with ( Robbie Reyes ' ) origin , but we are doing our own spin on it . We do n't want people who have read the comics to know exactly what 's coming . '' In October , Morrow was confirmed to be appearing in the series , with Zúñiga cast . He is changed for the series by introducing him as an apparently innocent man , and then revealing him to be as power hungry as his fellow scientists experimenting on the Darkhold . The abilities he gains from his experiments have been compared to those of the comic character Molecule Man . Anton Ivanov / the Superior ( edit ) Further information : Superior ( Marvel Comics ) Anton Ivanov ( portrayed by Zach McGowan ) is a reclusive Russian industrialist known as `` The Superior '' , who champions traditional values and old - fashioned hardware over modern technology and extraterrestrial entities . He believes that Coulson is the cause of Earth 's alien problems , and works with the Watchdogs , Senator Nadeer , and Holden Radcliffe to fight S.H.I.E.L.D. After being crippled by Daisy Johnson , Aida decapitates Ivanov and creates an android body for his mind to control . Ivanov then creates multiple additional bodies for his mind to control . After finding Anton Ivanov 's head , General Hale persuaded Ivanov to join up with her . Hope MacKenzie ( edit ) Hope MacKenzie ( portrayed by Jordan Rivera ) is Mack 's daughter . While she has died sometime after birth in real life , she appears alive in the Framework . Hope 's Framework counterpart is later deleted when the Framework collapses . Enoch ( edit ) Enoch ( portrayed by Joel Stoffer ) is a Chronicom anthropologist posing as a human . He abducts and sends Phil Coulson 's group , except for Fitz , through time to the Lighthouse in the year 2091 due to a prophecy uncovered by Robin Hinton . He later helps Fitz to get to the same time to save the rest of his team . During the final battle with Kasius , Enoch and Deke sacrifice their lives to get Phil Coulson 's team back to their own time . Though Deke turned up alive and in the present . Introduced in season five ( edit ) Deke Shaw ( edit ) Deke Shaw ( portrayed by Jeff Ward ) is `` the ultimate survivor '' and a `` roguish scavenger '' on the space station Lighthouse in the year 2091 . With a sharp mind and quick wit , he has the ability to acquire items for a price . During the final battle with Kasius , Enoch and Deke sacrifice their lives to get Phil Coulson 's team back to their own time . However , Deke is revealed to have been sent to the present with Coulson and his team and is found and rescued from jail by Daisy under the alias of Sinara Smith . Deke later realizes that he is the grandson of Fitz and Simmons , eventually telling the latter . Ward was cast in August 2017 ; his role was announced in November 2017 . Tess ( edit ) Tess ( portrayed by Eve Harlow ) is a resourceful , self - sufficient inhabitant of the Lighthouse with a hope for a better future . She was later hanged by the Kree with a message pinned to her demanding that Flint be brought to the Kree . Kasius later had the Kree doctor perform the Kree procedure to revive Tess so that she can carry a message for Mack and Yo - Yo to surrender Flint . Following the death of Kasius , Tess and Flint prepare to use Flint 's abilities in an attempt to rebuild Earth . Harlow was announced in the role in November 2017 . Kasius ( edit ) Kasius ( portrayed by Dominic Rains ) is a Kree nobleman and perfectionist in the year 2091 who is the overseer of the Lighthouse . Kasius was sent to oversee the Lighthouse by his father after his failure in an earlier battle while his brother Faulnak oversaw the Kree Empire . During his fight with Mack , Kasius took a Kree medicine that removes his pain after killing future Elena . With help from Jemma , Mack was able to kill Kasius . Rains ' makeup takes 4 hours to apply . Sinara ( edit ) Sinara ( portrayed by Florence Faivre ) is a female Kree in the year 2091 that serves as Kasius ' second - in - command , enforcer , and head of the Kree Watch . She wields floating spheres which she uses to either attack her enemies or kill anyone that has offended Kasius . After most of Phil Coulson 's group fled to the remains of Earth , Kasius sent Sinara to dispose of them . During the gravity storm fight with Daisy Johnson aboard the modified Zephyr - One , Sinara was killed when Daisy Johnson impaled her with a pipe . Faivre 's makeup takes 3.5 hours to apply . Grill ( edit ) Grill ( portrayed by Pruitt Taylor Vince ) is a `` gruff taskmaster '' of the Lighthouse 's junkyard with an unforgiving temperament , who does not have illusions about the world he lives in . When Grill finds out about Yo - Yo , Flint 's Inhuman ability manifests where he kills Grill with assembled rocks in self - defense . Vince was announced in the role in November 2017 . Flint ( edit ) Further information : Flint ( Marvel Comics ) Flint ( portrayed by Coy Stewart ) is a young man and inhabitant of the Lighthouse looking to make something of himself , and to prove that he is capable of big things . He later underwent Terrigenesis where he developed geokinesis which he first used to kill Grill in self - defense . Flint later helps Mack and Yo - Yo into getting rid of the attacking Vrellnexians that were unleashed on Kasius ' orders as part of his retribution on Phil Coulson 's group . Before dying , an elderly Robin Hinton tells Melinda May about a vision that involves Flint which she had when she was still a child . After rebuilding the Monolith with the rocks he made , Flint joins Tess on the trawler . Upon sensing that Phil Coulson 's group made it through the Monolith , Flint and Tess work to rebuild Earth with Flint using a globe as a blueprint . Stewart was announced in the role in November 2017 . The role is based on a character of the same name from the Inhumans comics . Hale ( edit ) Hale ( portrayed by Catherine Dent ) is a female general and the mother of Ruby who hunts Phil Coulson 's group after what happened to Glenn Talbot . Alyssa Jirrels portrays a teenage Hale . She soon teams up with Carl Creel and Anton Ivanov and is revealed to be a member of Hydra since she was a teenager . After graduation , Hale was chosen by Daniel Whitehall for insemination . Later on , she came across an alien device that enabled her to contact Qovas of an alien alliance called the Confederacy . It 's her weariness of the Confederacy that led to General Hale 's attempts to get S.H.I.E.L.D. and Hydra to work together . Following Ruby 's death , Hale informs Qovas that S.H.I.E.L.D. now has the gravitonium . After Talbot absorbs the gravitonium and takes command of Qovas ' ship , Hale tries to control him through his Hydra reprogramming , but he rebels and crushes Hale with his powers . Ruby ( edit ) Ruby ( portrayed by Dove Cameron ) is the daughter of General Hale who has an obsession with Daisy Johnson . She has been trained as an assassin by her mother and wields chakrams which she used to slice half of Elena 's arms off when she was attacking Mack . It was revealed that she was born through insemination . When Ruby gets 8 % of the gravitonium in her , she starts to hear Franklin Hall and Ian Quinn 's voices in her head like Carl Creel which leads to her accidentally killing Werner von Strucker . After attempts by Daisy Johnson and General Hale to get her to let them help , Elena had no choice but to use on of Ruby 's chakrams to put her out of her misery . In November 2017 , Marvel revealed that Dove Cameron had joined the season in an unspecified role , which was revealed in January 2018 to be the character Ruby . Cameron described Ruby as `` a very interesting , complex , dark girl '' and `` a wild card '' . When auditioning for the role , Cameron , who did not know anything about Ruby or the character , played her like a murderer , which the producers liked . This helped Cameron once she was cast in the role and learned that Ruby was some form of assassin . Regarding Ruby 's relationship with her mother , Cameron felt the relationship was `` complex '' with both of these strong women . She continued , `` there 's also a lot of love there . It 's like a real , complicated mother - daughter relationship . It 's very sad . It 's very gratifying . It 's very scary . It 's very fast . It 's very physical . '' Qovas ( edit ) Qovas ( portrayed by Peter Mensah ) is a Remorath representative of the Confederacy that General Hale answers to . Qovas pursues the gravitonium S.H.I.E.L.D. has in their possession , by sending Remorath warriors down to the Lighthouse . This ends with the Remorath warriors being killed by a gravitonium - enhanced Glenn Talbot . During his fight with May , Qovas launches ionizing missiles intended to strike the Lighthouse , only to find out that Deke changed the coordinates to strike his ship . Guest characters ( edit ) The following is a supplementary list of guest stars that appear in lesser roles , make significant cameo appearances or who receive co-starring credit over multiple appearances . The characters are listed by the MCU media or season in which they first appeared . Introduced in films Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe film actors Maria Hill ( portrayed by Cobie Smulders , first in season one ) : Former S.H.I.E.L.D. Deputy Director Nick Fury ( portrayed by Samuel L. Jackson , first in season one ) : Former S.H.I.E.L.D. Director Jasper Sitwell ( portrayed by Maximiliano Hernández , Adam Faison as a teenager , first in season one ) : A Hydra operative within S.H.I.E.L.D. who trained alongside Hale and Strucker . Sif ( portrayed by Jaimie Alexander , first in season one ) : An Asgardian warrior . Peggy Carter ( portrayed by Hayley Atwell , first in season two ) : A co-founder of S.H.I.E.L.D. Timothy `` Dum Dum '' Dugan ( portrayed by Neal McDonough , first in season two ) : A Howling Commando . Jim Morita ( portrayed by Kenneth Choi , first in season two ) : A Howling Commando . List ( portrayed by Henry Goodman , first in season two ) : A Hydra scientist interested in Inhumans . Matthew Ellis ( portrayed by William Sadler , first in season three ) : President of the United States . Wolfgang von Strucker ( portrayed by Joey Defore , first in season five ) : A leader of Hydra who specializes in human experimentation , advanced robotics , and artificial intelligence . Thomas Kretschmann portrayed an adult version of the character in the MCU films . Introduced in short films Further information : Marvel One - Shots § Cast and characters Felix Blake ( portrayed by Titus Welliver , first in season one ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. agent whose spine is broken by Deathlok . He becomes the leader of the anti-Inhumans Watchdogs terrorist group . Introduced in season one Streiten ( portrayed by Ron Glass ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. physician who oversaw Coulson 's resurrection . Ace Peterson ( portrayed by Ajani Wrighster ) : Mike Peterson 's son . Franklin Hall ( portrayed by Ian Hart ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. teacher who experimented with the gravitonium that his former partner Ian Quinn obtained . He later got trapped in the gravitonium . Hart was originally intended to make a recurring appearance in the series , but ended up appearing in only one episode after the writers chose to go in a different direction with their plans for the character . Edison Po ( portrayed by Cullen Douglas ) : A Project Centipede leader , killed by the Clairvoyant . Chan Ho Yin / Scorch ( portrayed by Louis Ozawa Changchien ) : A street performer with pyrokinesis who joins up with Raina and Hydra to enhance his powers . Elliot Randolph ( portrayed by Peter MacNicol ) : An Asgardian posing as a human college professor . Thomas Ward ( portrayed by Tyler Ritter as an adult , Micah Nelson as a boy ) : The abused brother of Grant and Christian , living in hiding from his family under an alias . Christian Ward ( portrayed by Tim DeKay as an adult , Alex Neustaedter as a boy ) : A Massachusetts Senator and abusive brother to Grant and Thomas . Grant later apparently kills Christian . Goodman ( portrayed by Imelda Corcoran ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. physician in Project T.A.H.I.T.I. Donnie Gill ( portrayed by Dylan Minnette ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. cadet who gains cryokinetic abilities . Richard Lumley ( portrayed by Boyd Kestner ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. agent from Skye 's past . Lorelei ( portrayed by Elena Satine ) : An Asgardian with the ability to seduce any man . Thomas Nash ( portrayed by Brad Dourif ) : A vegetative man Garrett uses as a decoy Clairvoyant . Marcus Daniels ( portrayed by Patrick Brennan ) : Able to drain the energy from anything following an experiment with the Darkforce , he explodes after being exposed to pure light by S.H.I.E.L.D. Audrey Nathan ( portrayed by Amy Acker ) : A cellist involved with Coulson before The Avengers . Lian May ( portrayed by Tsai Chin ) : Melinda May 's mother . Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance as a train patron . Chris Hemsworth appears as Thor via archive footage from Thor : The Dark World . Introduced in season two Isabelle Hartley ( portrayed by Lucy Lawless ) : A veteran S.H.I.E.L.D. agent . She is killed by Carl Creel . Carla Talbot ( portrayed by Raquel Gardner ) : The wife of Glenn Talbot . George Talbot ( portrayed by Jack Fisher ) : The son of Glenn and Carla Talbot . Kenneth Turgeon ( portrayed by Adam Kulbersh ) : A scientist at Hydra Laboratories with Simmons . Marcus Scarlotti ( portrayed by Falk Hentschel ) : A Hydra - aligned mercenary who poses as a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent to discredit S.H.I.E.L.D. Sebastian Derik ( portrayed by Brian Van Holt ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. assassin resurrected by T.A.H.I.T.I. Vin - Tak ( portrayed by Eddie McClintock ) : A Kree intending to destroy the Diviners and Inhumans . Karla Faye Gideon ( portrayed by Drea de Matteo ) : A woman on the Index with scalpel - implanted nails who allies with Cal . David A. Angar ( portrayed by Jeff Daniel Phillips ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. prisoner whose vocal cords produce catatonia - rendering sounds . Tomas Calderon ( portrayed by Kirk Acevedo ) : A `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' leader critically injured by Skye . Oliver ( portrayed by Mark Allan Stewart ) : A `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' leader killed by Jiaying . O'Brien ( portrayed by Derek Phillips ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who is later transformed into a Primitive Inhuman . Eva Belyakov ( portrayed by Winter Ave Zoli ) : An Inhuman killed by May in Bahrain . Katya Belyakov ( portrayed by Ava Acres ) : A young Inhuman killed by May in Bahrain . In the Framework , Katya was not killed by May and began attending school in Cambridge , Massachusetts where she would later cause the `` Cambridge Incident '' that enabled Hydra 's rise to power . Jiaying 's assistant ( portrayed by Brendan Wayne ) : An unnamed Inhuman loyal to Jiaying . George Stephanopoulos makes a cameo appearance as himself . Introduced in season three William May ( portrayed by James Hong ) : Melinda May 's father . Will Daniels ( portrayed by Dillon Casey ) : An astronaut stranded on Maveth who falls in love with Simmons and sacrifices himself to save her from Hive . Victor Ramon ( portrayed by Yancey Arias ) : A corrupt Columbian police officer who killed Rodriguez 's cousin . Lucio ( portrayed by Gabriel Salvador ) : An Inhuman who can temporarily paralyze people with his gaze . Anton Petrov ( portrayed by Ravil Isyanov ) : A Russian delegate planning an Inhuman sanctuary that is allied with Gideon Malick . Stephanie Malick ( portrayed by Bethany Joy Lenz ) : Gideon 's daughter who is killed by Hive . Dimitri Olshenko ( portrayed by Endre Hules ) : The Prime Minister of Russia . Androvich ( portrayed by Kristof Konrad ) : A Russian General and Inhuman who can manifest and control Darkforce shadow beings . Ruben MacKenzie ( portrayed by Gaius Charles ) : Mack 's brother . Charles Hinton ( portrayed by Bjørn Johnson ) : An Inhuman who , when he touches someone , sees and shows them a vision of a future death . Nathaniel Malick ( portrayed by Joel Dabney Courtney ) : Gideon 's brother who he sacrificed to Hive . Kirk Vogel ( portrayed by Mark Atteberry ) : A member of Gideon Malick 's inner - circle , loyal to Hive . Walter Thomas ( portrayed by Dorian Gregory ) : An undersecretary in the Department of Defense . Robin Hinton / Seer ( portrayed by Willow Hale as an old woman , Ava Kolker as age 12 , Lexy Kolker as age 7 ) : The daughter of Charles and Polly Hinton . Her Terrigenesis enabled her to see into the past , present , and future which led to a prophecy that enabled Enoch to send most of Phil Coulson 's group to the year 2091 to save humanity . In 2091 , an elderly Robin resides in the wreckage of the Zephyr with some humans on the remaining piece of Earth . After being stabbed by Samuel Voss and dying in Melinda May 's arms , an elderly Robin tells May the vision that revolves around Flint . Noelle Mabry , Frank Moran , and Ralph Lammie , contestants on the `` reality '' web series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Academy , make cameo appearances as S.H.I.E.L.D. agents . Introduced in season four Nathanson ( portrayed by Blaise Miller ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. lab tech who is killed by Aida . Prince ( portrayed by Ricardo Walker ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who is killed by Ophelia . Chen ( portrayed by Jen Kuo Sung ) : A Chinese gang leader allied with the Watchdogs . Frederick ( portrayed by Dan Donohue ) : A scientist at Momentum Labs who was turned into a ghost by Morrow . Hugo ( portrayed by Ward Roberts ) : A scientist at Momentum Labs who was turned into a ghost by Morrow . Vincent ( portrayed by Usman Ally ) : A scientist at Momentum Labs who was turned into a ghost by Morrow . Canelo ( portrayed by Daniel Zacapa ) : Robbie Reyes ' friendly , yet tough boss at Canelo 's Body Shop . Cecilio ( portrayed by Deren Tadlock ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. agent that is loyal to Jeffrey Mace . Joseph Bauer ( portrayed by Kerr Smith ) : Lucy 's husband , who was beaten into a coma by Eli Morrow . After Lucy uses her ghostly abilities to bring him out of a coma in order to learn the location of the Darkhold , Joseph was visited by Coulson and Mac where he died from the side effects of Lucy 's ghostly touch . Johnny Blaze / Ghost Rider : The Ghost Rider who gave Robbie Reyes his power . Vijay Nadeer ( portrayed by Manish Dayal ) : Ellen Nadeer 's Inhuman brother . In the Framework , Vijay is one of the captives of Hydra . Tucker Shockley ( portrayed by John Pyper - Ferguson ) : A member of the Watchdogs who accidentally discovers his own Inhumanity where he can explode and then reassemble his molecules . Sunjna Nadeer ( portrayed by Shari Vasseghi ) : Ellen and Vijay 's mother who died during the Chitauri 's attack on New York . L.T. Koenig ( portrayed by Artemis Pebdani ) : A S.H.I.E.L.D. agent and sister to the Koenig brothers . Alistair Fitz ( portrayed by David O'Hara ) : Fitz 's father . He is first seen in the Framework as a supporter of Hydra and a loving father of Fitz until he was accidentally killed by Simmons . George Stephanopoulos once again makes a cameo appearance as himself . Introduced in season five Virgil ( portrayed by Deniz Akdeniz ) : A member of the Lighthouse who believed S.H.I.E.L.D. would travel to the year 2091 and save humanity . He was killed by a Vrellnexian . Zev ( portrayed by Kaleti Williams ) : A right - hand man of Grill . After being busted for having a weapon in violation of the Lighthouse rules , Zev was sent down to Earth 's surface where he was killed by the Vrellnexians . Ava ( portrayed by Tunisha Hubbard ) : An inhabitant of the Lighthouse and one of Kasius ' many slaves . During the final battle against Kasius , Ava was freed by Jemma Simmons following Hek - Sel 's death and evacuated to the trawler by Flint . Basha ( portrayed by Rya Kihlstedt ) : An unspecified alien noblewoman who is one of Kasius ' acquaintances . Tye ( portrayed by Max Williams ) : An Inhuman combat trainer under Kasius at the Lighthouse . After being subjected to a Kree medicine while escorting the remaining Inhumans to another part of the Lighthouse , Tye is killed by Daisy Johnson . Abby ( portrayed by Ciara Bravo ) : A young Inhuman with density manipulation who Kasius has Simmons train . After defeating Basha 's champion in the Lighthouse 's arena called the Crater , Abby was sold to Basha by Kasius . Ben ( portrayed by Myko Olivier ) : An Inhuman living on the Lighthouse . He can read the minds of others within his vicinity allowing him to hear their thoughts . After aiding in the cover - up of the rest of Phil Coulson 's team being on the Lighthouse , Ben is killed by Sinara on Kasius ' orders . Faulnak ( portrayed by Samuel Roukin ) : The brother of Kasius who helps his father oversee the Kree Empire . He was killed by his own brother . Maston - Dar ( portrayed by Remington Hoffman ) : A Kree soldier employed by Faulnak . He was killed by Sinara during the Kree 's hunt for Phil Coulson 's group . Samuel Voss ( portrayed by Michael McGrady ) : A member of the True Believers community residing on the surface of the post-Apocalyptic Earth . He used to be a resident of the Lighthouse before he alongside many other True Believers were exiled to the remainder of Earth 's surface . Hek - Sel ( portrayed by Luke Massy ) : A Kree Watch member who is loyal to Kasius . He and his fellow Kree were killed by Flint . Rick Stoner ( portrayed by Patrick Warburton ) : A general and member of S.H.I.E.L.D. in the 1970s , who established the Lighthouse as an emergency bunker . Noah ( portrayed by Joel David Moore ) : A Cromnicom that meets with Coulson and his team at the Lighthouse when they return to present day . He sacrifices himself to save Daisy and Fitz from a Kree beacon that General Hale rigged to explode . Candice Lee ( portrayed by Shontae Saldana ) : One of General Hale 's main subordinates who assists in the hunt for Phil Coulson 's group . Tony Caine ( portrayed by Jake Busey ) : An ex-S.H.I.E.L.D. Academy student and friend of Mack 's who aids the S.H.I.E.L.D. team in locating the gravitonium . After helping to place Polly and Robin Hinton in a safe place , he gives Daisy the Project Centipede device and information on what was in the stuff that empowered John Garrett which leads Daisy to exhume Jaiying 's grave . Deke 's mother ( portrayed by Katie Amanda Keane ) : Deke 's deceased mother and Fitz and Simmons ' future daughter . Taryan ( portrayed by Craig Parker ) : A Kree who is a member of the Confederacy along with Qovas and a present day member of the House of Kasius . Derek Mears cameos as a Kree Watch Captain that tortures Mack and Yo - Yo . Jay Hunter appears as a Kree Watch Commander . Isaac C. Singleton , Jr. appears as a Kree vicar that oversees the Terrigenesis on the Lighthouse . See also ( edit ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot cast and characters List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series actors List of S.H.I.E.L.D. members References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Khatchatourian , Maane ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Promotes Adrianne Palicki to Series Regular '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD : Slingshot in Full ! '' . ComingSoon.net . December 13 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 27 , 2006 ) . `` Marvel Making Deals for Title Wave '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved March 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( April 17 , 2008 ) . `` Iron Man : Summer 's first Marvel ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel One - Shots : Expanding the Cinematic Universe '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sunu , Steven ( October 13 , 2012 ) . `` NYCC : Coulson Lives In Whedon 's `` S.H.I.E.L.D. '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nemiroff , Perri ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` Clark Gregg Suggests Coulson 's Return Could Mean ' The Avengers ' Were Deceived '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( September 22 , 2014 ) . `` Rebuilding S.H.I.E.L.D. With Clark Gregg '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bucksbaum , Sydney ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' EP Explains What 's Next After That Shocking Midseason Finale Death '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2015 . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Star Clark Gregg on the Tragic Season 5 Finale '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Ming - Na To Star In Joss Whedon 's ABC Pilot ' Marvel 's S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` S.H.I.E.L.D. Scoop : Meet the Members of Joss Whedon 's New ABC Pilot ! '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2012 . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fienberg , Daniel ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` Interview : ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' star Ming - Na Wen talks stunts , The Whedonverse and punctuation '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Ming - Na Wen Previews ' Devastating ' Origin of ' The Cavalry , ' Coulson 's ' Massive ' New Secrets '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kucharski , Joe ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Costume Design '' . Tyranny of Style . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2014 . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD ' : Ming - Na Wen on Melinda May 's backstory , movie crossovers '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Rebuilding S.H.I.E.L.D. With Ming - Na Wen '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : Will Agent May crack as Skye 's powers grow ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : The Hunt for Lash , Hive 's Powers and 8 More Teasers '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Phegley , Kiel ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` '' Agents of SHIELD 'S '' Bennet , Wen & Henstridge on Taking Charge & Earning a Happy Ending `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2014 -- Winner 's List '' . Yahoo !. January 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jamie ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Chris Pratt , Daisy Ridley & More Nominated For 2016 Kids ' Choice Awards '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Ming - Na Wen '' . TVLine. April 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2016 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Joss Whedon 's Red - Hot S.H.I.E.L.D. Pilot Adds ' Deadly ' New Agent '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` What The `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Bosses Learned From That Tumultuous First Season `` . BuzzFeed . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Connelly , Brendon ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive ! Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Showrunner Talks Interconnection With Avengers : Age Of Ultron , Agent Carter , & Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( September 20 , 2014 ) . `` Rebuilding S.H.I.E.L.D. With Brett Dalton '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' react : A boy and his dog '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Brett Dalton on Agent Ward 's New Role in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' star Brett Dalton : Can Ward ever be trusted ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Why did n't Ward pull the trigger ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. postmortem : Is Ward past redemption ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : Brett Dalton Teases Ward 2.0 'S Bigger Purpose '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. welcomes back original cast member '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` WonderCon : Agents of SHIELD Panel '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Season 3 : Brett Dalton is excited Ward is ' officially ' the Big Bad '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cairns , Bryan ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` '' Agents of SHIELD 'S '' Dalton Hints at Hive 's Destiny & Super-Powered Epic Finale `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( February 21 , 2016 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. Spoiler : Grant Ward 's Villainous Identity Revealed '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : `` Maveth '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Serad , Althea ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' season 4 updates , news : Real reason why Daisy has gone rogue explained '' . Christian Daily . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Kolpack ( @ @ MarkKolpack ) ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tracking markers on @ IMBrettDalton face with a match move cap . All CG alter ego . Huge props to @ fusefx Just amazing '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jamie ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Brett Dalton Wants Hive To Be Like Meryl Streep In The Devil Wears Prada '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jamie ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Brett Dalton On Hive 's Master Plan And If Grant Ward Is Gone For Good '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. rushes through a lot of story to move towards its endgame '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. star Brett Dalton on that Hive ending '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : Brett Dalton Discusses Hive 's Fate '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunt , James ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 2 questions answered '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' reveals Skye 's true identity -- what 's next ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( December 19 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon 's ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Pilot Enlists ' Nashville ' Actress ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ryan ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Chinese - American Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. star Chloe Bennet talks diversity in Hollywood '' . Chicago Reader . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` 16 ' Agents of SHIELD ' Season 3 teases , from Simmons ' destination to Daisy 's new wardrobe '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2015 . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Ann Foley Designs Daisy 's New Look in ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2015 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Chloe Bennet on Her Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Haircut : ' I Should Have Brought Tequila With Me ! '' . People . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Rebuilding S.H.I.E.L.D. With Chloe Bennet '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Chloe Bennet Prepares for ' New , Badass ' Role on `` Agents of SHIELD '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Daisy ' Is Not In Great Shape ' When `` Agents Of SHIELD '' Season 4 Picks Up , Says Bennet `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2015 : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . March 28 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon 's ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Pilot Adds Two Agents ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Huver , Scott ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` '' Agents of SHIELD 's '' Henstridge & Caestecker on the Future of FitzSimmons `` . ComicBookResources . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` S.H.I.E.L.D. On Set : Iain de Caestecker On Character Development , Sif & A Monkey For Fitz '' . SHIELD. SITE . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Iain De Caestecker on Agent Leo Fitz '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Iain De Caestecker '' . TVLine . October 3 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Elizabeth Henstridge on ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . Crave Online . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : Elizabeth Henstridge dissects Simmons ' Hydra bombshell '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Elizabeth Henstridge : Fitz and Simmons Are `` Like a Married Couple '' `` . TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. postmortem : Where the heck is Simmons ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' : Elizabeth Henstridge Dives Deep Into What Happened to Simmons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses answer THE burning question '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TVLine 's Performers of the Week ( tie ) : Carrie Coon and Elizabeth Henstridge '' . TVLine . October 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Look at Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D new character Lance Hunter '' . The Daily Marvelite . September 5 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Learn How Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Begins Its Second Season '' . Marvel.com . September 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Reveals New Characters , Carter Adds Captain Directors '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rebuilding S.H.I.E.L.D. With Nick Blood '' . Marvel.com . September 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` '' Agents of SHIELD 'S '' Palicki & Blood on Mockingbird & Hunter 's Rocky Relationship `` . ComicBookResources . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guerrero , Tony ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Nick Blood Talks Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , Hunter 's Past , and Getting Revenge '' . Comic Vine . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD EP Jeff Bell on Mockingbird and Hunter Departure and Marvel 's Most Wanted '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Most Wanted ' Not Going Forward at ABC '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Nick Blood returning as Lance Hunter '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Nick Blood Previews Hunter 's Return , Team - Up With Fitz -- Plus : Where 's Bobbi ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Adrienne Palacki Cast as Mockingbird in Marvel 's ' Agents of SHIELD ' '' . SlashFilm . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Enlists Adrianne Palicki as Marvel Favorite ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( January 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : How long will Mockingbird be sticking around ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Get Tactical With Your First Look at Mockingbird 's Suit in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoo , Fawnia Soo ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` How Superhero Costumes Are Made '' . Fashionista . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Loyalties will be tested as real S.H.I.E.L.D. takes over '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Art of Evolution Mockingbird takes center stage -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Adrianne Palicki Says Mockingbird Joining The Avengers Has Been Discussed '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Louie Anderson '' . TVLine . March 26 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2016 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Henry Simmons Joins Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Henry Simmons Re-Enlists With ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' as Series Regular '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2015 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Rebuilding S.H.I.E.L.D. With Henry Simmons '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Henry Simmons Talks S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Captain America 2 Flashbacks , Mack vs. Coulson and Lucy Lawless ' Encore '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Declassifying ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : Afterlife '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Mitchell Joins ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' as Series Regular '' . Marvel.com . June 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Loyalties are divided in new Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. art : Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Does Lincoln have a death wish ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Bosses Address Flash - Forward Mystery , ' Agent Carter ' Integration '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Loses One of Its Own in Fallen Agent '' . Marvel.com. April 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD Recreates Classic Gwen Stacy Death Cover Teasing Huge Finale Event '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Watch : `` Agents of SHIELD '' Teases Season Finale Death With Series of Memorial Videos `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bucksbaum , Sydney ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Bosses Talk Finale Deaths , Time Jump and Agent Carter 's Future in the MCU '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses on death twist and what 's next '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 318 ) `` Singularity '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phegley , Kiel ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` The Kree Return To An Expanding Marvel Cinematic Universe In New `` Agents Of SHIELD '' Synopsis `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox - Smith , Michael ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : Season Four Premiere ' The Ghost ' ( Review ) '' . Mike 's Film Talk . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD : `` Ascension '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD 's John Hannah On Radcliffe 's Science -- Mad Or Not ? '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Casts Natalia Cordova - Buckley As Slingshot '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fratangelo , Nichole ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Natalia Cordova - Buckley Dishes on Her ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Character '' . Latina . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yo - Yo Bounces Back in This Week in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' ( Podcast ) . Marvel.com . October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Ups Natalia Cordova - Buckley To Series Regular For Season 5 -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adds Powers Boothe '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2015 . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. adds Powers Boothe in ' incredibly menacing ' role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Who paid the ultimate price in the fall finale ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2015 . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 316 ) `` Paradise Lost '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` J August Richards Talks Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD '' . SFX . July 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2014 . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Deathlok Sets His Sights on Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buxton , Marc ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Deathlok : The Marvel Comics Phenomenon That Almost Was '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' co-star J. August Richards talks playing Deathlok and not playing Luke Cage '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coratelli , Carlo ( July 4 , 2014 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. -- Interview with David Altenau ( Fuse FX ) '' . The White Space . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Eric ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD : J. August Richards on the Return of Deathlok '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` J. August Richards Breathes Life Into Deathlok '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Ep. 103 : The Asset '' . Marvel.com . September 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Ep. 105 : Girl in the Flower Dress '' . Marvel.com . October 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. EPs Jeph Loeb & Jeffrey Bell Look Back at Season 1 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Gerry ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Costume Designer Ann Foley on New Looks for Season Three '' . Paste . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zalban , Alec ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's First Inhuman : The Inside Story Of How ' Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Transformed A Universe '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Hot List 2013 : Inside Marvel 's Buzzy New Cult Fave Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` '' Agents of SHIELD '' Adds Bendis & Deodato - Created Character `` . ComicBookResources . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' postmortem : Bosses answer burning season 2 questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Agents of SHIELD Review - One Door Closes '' . April 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Complete First Season ( Disc 02 ) '' . LowPro.net . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Seeds '' . Marvel.com . December 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2014 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Once , New Girl , H50 , Haven , Arrow , S.H.I.E.L.D , Mentalist , Reign & More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2014 . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives First Look : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Recruits Bill Paxton '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Paxton To Play Elektra : Assassin Character John Garrett in Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Paxton Makes His Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD Debut '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Paxton Menaces Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on S.H.I.E.L.D. , Scandal , Parenthood , H50 , Once , Castle , Banshee & More ! '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` BJ Britt Breaks Down the Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Winter Finale '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` Rebuilding S.H.I.E.L.D. With BJ Britt '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McLevy , Alex ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. gets sharply political -- and a surprisingly moving guest star '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CS ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Heroes ' Adrian Pasdar Joins Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. as Glenn Talbot '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Adrian Pasdar to Play Glenn Talbot on Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2014 . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. reveals Graviton in new promo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD 's Awesome Villain Twist Delivers On A Season 1 Tease '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive : Patton Oswalt Enlists in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel . March 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Season 2 : Glenn Talbot Returns , Plus ... Kyle MacLachlan ? '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Kyle MacLachlan Joins Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. in Critical Role '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Debriefing the Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Winter Finale '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jasper , Gavin ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : Who is Daisy ? '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MacLachlan , Kyle ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` This is a time lapse of the transformation from Cal to Hyde with the finished work at the end . My thanks go out to Optic Nerve Studios and Glenn Hetrick and Richard Redlefsen . With special thanks to Danielle Noe . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Facebook . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. postmortem : Are the Secret Warriors on the way ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD Esecutive Producer on the Big Events in the Season 2 Finale and Setting Up Season 3 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` Reed Diamond Brings on the Bad Guys in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Richards , Dave ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Hickman Talks `` Sedcret Warriors '' `` . ComicBookResources . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Simon Kassianides Relishes His Villainy in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adds Simon Kassianides '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Kassianides Turns ' This Week in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Villainous '' ( Podcast ) . Marvel.com. April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crusher Creel to Menace Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . August 21 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Making Friends and Influencing People '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2014 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meslow , Scott ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Recap : Ice , Ice , Baby '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sava , Oliver ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. : `` Love In The Time Of Hydra '' `` . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : jmaloni ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Q&A : Rising star Maya Stojan talks ' Castle , ' ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , ' Agent 33 '' . Niagara Frontier Publications . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` Ming - Na Wen Talks Melinda May , Evil Doubles and Agent of SHIELD 'S Midseason Finale '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Things We Bury '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mian , Bilal ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Exec Producer , Chloe Bennet on the Mother of All Reveals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Robert ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Did ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Go Too Far ? Plus , EP Jeffrey Bell Previews the Season Finale '' . Yahoo . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD ' Boss Talks Shocking Finale Cliffhanger , Skye 's Secret Mission '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Aftershocks '' . Marvel.com . February 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' : Blair Underwood Set as Melinda May 's Ex ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Comic - Con : Lash is Coming to Season 3 of Agents of SHIELD '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Steinbeiser , Andrew ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` Matt Willig Cast As Lash in Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Casts NFL / NCIS Alum as Inhuman ' Monster ' Lash '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses tease ' slow burn ' to Secret Warriors creation in season 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2015 . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jamie ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. EP Talks Secret Warriors , Civil War , Last Week 's Shocking Death & More '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Superfan Live ' Aftershow for ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' . Yahoo !. September 30 , 2015 . Event occurs at 7 : 07 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Viscardi , James ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : Chloe Bennet On Quake , Secret Warriors & Big Bad Inhumans '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD : `` Among Us Hide ... '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CBR Interviews ( November 13 , 2015 ) . Marvel 's AGENTS OF SHIELD - Mark Kolpack Talks Lash 's Transformation ( 2015 ) , ABC HD . YouTube . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cairns , Bryan ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` '' Agents of SHIELD 'S '' Underwood Did Not See Lash Twist Coming `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Just Revealed Who Lash Is & ( SPOILER ) Is Relieved the Secret Is Finally Out '' . E Online . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Edward James Olmos Comes to Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2015 . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Why Edward James Olmos Calls Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. `` One of the High Points of My Career '' `` . E Online . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Edward James Olmos Guides the ' Real ' ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Declassifying ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : S.O.S. '' Marvel.com . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Guerrero , Tony ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Daz Crawford Talks Working for Grant Ward on ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' and More '' . Comic Vine . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. adds Constance Zimmer in season 3 -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2015 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Rewrites ' Laws of Nature ' in Season 3 Premiere Photos '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2015 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` '' Agents of SHIELD '' EP Says ' Different Dynamics ' Shape Season 3 `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Andrew Howard Joins Marvel 's ' Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meslow , Scott ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Recap : Brave New Universe '' . Vulture ( New York ) . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sava , Oliver ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. has difficulty going through its Inhuman transition '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Eric ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD : `` Purpose in the Machine '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Casts Mark Dacascos In Recurring Role '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 315 ) `` Spacetime '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Axle Whitehead reunites with Luke Mitchell in Marvel : Agents of SHIELD '' . TV Week . April 12 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD : `` The Singularity '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Hellfire comes to life in exclusive sneak peek '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , James ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Agents Of SHIELD Season 4 Episode 4 : Let Me Stand Next To Your Fire Recap With Spoilers '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 319 ) `` Failed Experiments '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 321 / 322 ) `` Absolution / Ascension '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , Once Upon a Time , Legends , POI , Rizzoli & Isles and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Taps Galavant Star Mallory Jansen to Do the Robot '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 413 ) `` BOOM '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD Recap : Everything Goes `` BOOM '' `` . Nerdist . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` Madame Hydra to appear on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. -- first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holub , Christian ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. recap : ' Identity and Change ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. boss on those Framework twists '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jaimie ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. Costume Designer Gives Details On Ghost Rider And AIDA 's TV Look '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Week in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Returns With a LMD Uprising '' ( Podcast ) . Marvel.com . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This Week in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Discusses Creating a Hydra World '' ( Podcast ) . SoundCloud. April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Could Ghost Rider Be Headed to Agents of SHIELD Season Four ? '' . SuperheroHype ! . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mueller , Matthew ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Is Agents Of SHIELD Casting Ghost Rider After All ? '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. adds Gabriel Luna as Ghost Rider '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ghost Rider Blazes into This Week in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' ( Podcast ) . Marvel.com . September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pitts , Lan ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Inside Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. 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Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD 'S Luna Reveals Robbie 's Secret Weapon for Ghost Rider '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Kolpack ( @ @ MarkKolpack ) ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` We have two . One is for stunts and the other is the beauty and one is CG '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mark Kolpack ( @ @ MarkKolpack ) ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Eric Norris . Son of Chuck Norris '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mark Kolpack ( @ @ MarkKolpack ) ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Another name all of you should learn is Joshua James Shaw . He 's Marvel TV 's creative concept designer . He designed the skull . VFX made it CG '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Marvel Entertainment ( September 22 , 2016 ) . Creating the Ghost Rider -- Forging Marvel 's S.H.I.E.L.D. YouTube . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 4 Photos Introduce ( A Cooled - Off ) Ghost Rider '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Kolpack ( @ @ MarkKolpack ) ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Good question and very observant of you . Anatomically , he does not have a voice box as the Rider . Plus a talking skeleton is not scary '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Meet Marvel 's New Ghost Rider , Gabriel Luna '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghost Rider Actor Says There Are ' Rumblings ' He 'll Get His Own Show - NYCC 2016 . IGN . October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Ghost `` '' . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridgely , Charlie ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Lorenzo James Henrie Talks Leaving Fear The Walking Dead And Joining Agents Of SHIELD '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Casts Lilli Birdsell In Recurring Role For Season 4 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 405 ) `` Lockup '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Season 4 : Who Is the New Director ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Jason O'Mara Cast as New Director for Season 4 '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' EPs Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen on Season 4 , Ghost Rider , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` S.H.I.E.L.D. Recap : Catch the Spirit -- Plus , the New Director Is ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. officially reveals new director 's identity '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The director 's identity revealed ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Jason O'Mara on His Top - Secret ' Agents of SHIELD ' Director Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Parminder Nagra Joins ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' in a Recurring Role '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Meslow , Scott ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Recap : Prison Break '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 403 ) `` Uprising '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Leah ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Who Is Eli Morrow On ' Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' ? Robbie 's Uncle Is Messing With Dark Powers '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Arrow , S.H.I.E.L.D. , Lucifer , Supernatural , POI , H50 , Jessica Jones and More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scoop : MARVEL 'S AGENTS OF S.H.I.E.L.D on ABC - Tuesday , October 18 , 2016 '' . BroadwayWorld . October 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 412 ) `` Hot Potato Soup '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 418 ) `` No Regrets '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 501 / 502 ) `` Orientation , Part One & Part Two '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the new season 5 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. cast members -- first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : Jeff Ward Set To Recur In Season 5 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( January 11 , 2018 ) . Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. -- Dominic Rains transforms into Kasius . YouTube . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( January 11 , 2018 ) . Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. -- Florence Faivre transforms into Sinara . YouTube . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. first look : Dove Cameron 's role revealed ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 515 ) `` Rise and Shine '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. star Dove Cameron on that shocking Ruby reveal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( @ Marvel ) ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Coulson awaits . Welcome to `` Marvel 's @ AgentsofSHIELD , '' @ DoveCameron ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. first look : Dove Cameron 's role revealed ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Damore , Meagan ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : Dove Cameron Introduces Her ' Cunning , ' ' Complex ' Ruby '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : Hale 's Mysterious Masters Revealed ? '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Cobie Smulders ' Comic - Con Reveal : Secret ' Agents of SHIELD ' Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' ' 0 - 8 - 4 ' recap : A Marvel movies regular comes to check on the team '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Hub '' . Marvel.com . October 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Look : Thor Star Jaimie Alexander Meets the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' TV Guide . February 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( September 10 , 2014 ) . `` First Look : Haley Atwell 's Agent Carter on Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' leads into ' Avengers ' sequel '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Breaks the ' Laws of Nature , ' Gets Inhumanly Good in Season 3 '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dracula ' Actor to Play Villain in ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Titus Welliver Set to Return as Agent Blake in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . October 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Read the Official Synopsis For Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Ep. 1 '' . Marvel.com . September 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Bridge '' . Marvel.com . November 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Inside TV ' Agents of SHIELD ' casts ' Luck ' actor -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louisa ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Ian Hart interview : The Driver , British film , Harry Potter '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Virtue , Graeme ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD recap : season one , episode five -- The Girl in the Flower Dress '' . The Gaurdian . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Thor : The Dark World Tie - In , Easter Eggs and References '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kaitlin ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. `` Closure '' Review : No More Half Measures `` . TV.com . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Zap2it first : ' Agents of SHIELD ' casts ' White Collar ' star as Ward 's brother '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2014 . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` S.H.I.E.L.D. Recruits White Collar Vet Tim DeKay to Play Ward 's ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Writing on the Wall '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Lok and Load '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Patrick Brennan Brings a Blackout to Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel . March 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2014 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arbams , Natalie ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Exclusive : Amy Acker to Play Famous Role from Coulson 's Past '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2014 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Andrew ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 1 Recap , Episode 19 : ' The Only Light in the Darkness ' '' . Comics Alliance . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2015 . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` It 's Official : Stan Lee to Appear on ' Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD ' ( Exclusive Photo ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel And Disney Setting ' Thor 2 ' For Summer 2013 ; Chris Hemsworth 's Back But Kenneth Branagh Wo n't Return '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( November 18 , 2013 ) . Marvel 's Agetns of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 1 , Ep. 8 - Clip 1 . YouTube . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Love in the Time of Hydra '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : A Hen in the Wolf House '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : A Fractured House '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Who You Really Are '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Drea de Matteo Turns Villainous in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . February 12 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : One of Us '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Here 's why you recognize those new S.H.I.E.L.D. leaders '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cavanaugh , Patrick ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Declassifying ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : Melinda '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Episode Title : ( # 305 ) `` 4,722 Hours '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 311 ) `` Bouncing Back '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 313 ) `` Parting Shot '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 314 ) `` Watchdogs '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 508 ) `` The Last Day '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 507 ) `` Together or Not at All '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. finale recap : Absolution / Ascension '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark , Jon ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Academy ' Takes Super Fans For a Real Ride '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roffman , Marisa ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Finale Includes Superfans From Academy Web Series ( PHOTOS ) '' . TV Insider . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 402 ) `` Meet the New Boss '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Caleb ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Phoenix Comic - Con 17 : Teddy Spears , Ciara Renee and Gabriel Luna Panels '' . Omega Underground . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Does Agents of SHIELD 's Ghost Rider Reveal Mean Johnny Blaze Is In The MCU ? '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 407 ) `` Deals with Our Devils '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 409 ) `` Broken Promises '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Agents of SHIELD Season 4 Episode 13 : BOOM '' . Den of Geek . February 8 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 503 ) `` A Life Spent '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 504 ) `` A Life Earned '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 509 ) `` Best Laid Plans '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' : Who is Rick Stoner ? '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` All the Comforts of Home '' . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 513 ) `` Principia '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Casts Craig Parker as Formidable Alien '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Season 1 Whedon , Joss ; Whedon , Jed ; Tancharoen , Maurissa ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` Pilot '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ABC . Tancharoen , Maurissa ; Whedon , Jed ; Bell , Jeffrey ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` 0 - 8 - 4 '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Whedon , Jed ; Tancharoen , Maurissa ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` The Asset '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Bell , Jeffrey ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Eye Spy '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Fletcher , Brent ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Girl in the Flower Dress '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Zbyszewski , Paul ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` FZZT '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Judkins , Rafe ; LeFranc , Lauren ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Hub '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Owusu - Breen , Monica ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` The Well '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Tancharoen , Maurissa ; Whedon , Jed ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Repairs '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Francis , Shalisha ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` The Bridge '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Zbyszewski , Paul ; Fletcher , Brent ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` The Magical Place '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Owusu - Breen , Monica ; Whedon , Jed ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Seeds '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . LeFranc , Lauren ; Judkins , Rafe ( February 4 , 2014 ) . `` T.R.A.C.K.S. '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Bell , Jeffrey ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Francis , Shalisha ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Yes Men '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Zbyszewski , Paul ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` End of the Beginning '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Whedon , Jed ; Tancharoen , Maurissa ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Turn , Turn , Turn '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Fletcher , Brent ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Providence '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Owusu - Breen , Monica ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` The Only Light in the Darkness '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Zbyszewski , Paul ; Doyle , DJ ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Nothing Personal '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Bell , Jeffrey ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Ragtag '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Tancharoen , Maurissa ; Whedon , Jed ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Beginning of the End '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Season 2 Whedon , Jed ; Tancharoen , Maurissa ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Shadows '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ABC . Zbyszewski , Paul ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Heavy Is the Head '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Owusu - Breen , Monica ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Making Friends and Influencing People '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Greenberg , Drew Z . ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Face My Enemy '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Fletcher , Brent ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` A Hen in the Wolf House '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Judkins , Rafe ; LeFranc , Lauren ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` A Fractured House '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Titley , Craig ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Writing on the Wall '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Doyle , DJ ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Things We Bury '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Zbyszewski , Paul ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` ... Ye Who Enter Here '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Bell , Jeffrey ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` What They Become '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Tancharoen , Maurissa ; Whedon , Jed ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Aftershocks '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Greenberg , Drew Z. ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Who You Really Are '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Owusu - Breen , Monica ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` One of Us '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Fletcher , Brent ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Love in the Time of Hydra '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . LeFranc , Lauren ; Judkins , Rafe ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` One Door Closes '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Titley , Craig ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Afterlife '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Doyle , DJ ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Melinda '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Owusu - Breen , Monica ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` The Frenemy of My Enemy '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Fletcher , Brent ; Greenberg , Drew Z. ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` The Dirty Half Dozen '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Judkins , Rafe ; LeFranc , Lauren ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Scars '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Bell , Jeffrey ; Whedon , Jed ; Tancharoen , Maurissa ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` S.O.S. '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Season 3 Whedon , Jed ; Tancharoen , Maurissa ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Laws of Nature '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ABC . Doyle , DJ ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Purpose in the Machine '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Owusu - Breen , Monica ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` A Wanted ( Inhu ) man '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Zbyszewski , Paul ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Devils You Know '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Titley , Craig ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` 4,722 Hours '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Greenberg , Drew Z . ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Among Us Hide ... '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . LeFranc , Lauren ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Chaos Theory '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Whedon , Jed ; Doyle , DJ ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Many Heads , One Tale '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Fletcher , Brent ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Closure '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Bell , Jeffrey ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Maveth '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Owusu - Breen , Monica ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Bouncing Back '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Titley , Craig ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` The Inside Man '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Zinberg , Michael ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Parting Shot '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Bochco , Jesse ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Watchdogs '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Tancharoen , Maurissa ; Whedon , Jed ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Spacetime '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Kitson , George ; Oliver , Sharla ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Paradise Lost '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Doyle , DJ ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` The Team '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . LeFranc , Lauren ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` The Singularity '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Fletcher , Brent ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Failed Experiments '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Titley , Craig ( May 10 , 2015 ) . `` Emancipation '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Dingess , Chris ; Greenberg , Drew Z . ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Absolution '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Whedon , Jed ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Ascension '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Season 4 Whedon , Jed ; Tancharoen , Maurissa ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` The Ghost '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ABC . Greenberg , Drew Z . ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Meet the New Boss '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Titley , Craig ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Uprising '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Owens , Matt ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Let Me Stand Next to Your Fire '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Zuckerman , Nora ; Zuckerman , Lilla ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Lockup '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Bell , Jeffrey ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Good Samaritan '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Doyle , DJ ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Deals with Our Devils '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Zbyszewski , Paul ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Laws of Inferno Dynamics '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Fletcher , Brent ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Broken Promises '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Oliver , James C. ; Oliver , Sharla ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Patriot '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Greenberg , Drew Z . ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Wake Up '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Titley , Craig ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Hot Potato Soup '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Zuckerman , Nora ; Zuckerman , Lilla ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` BOOM '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Owens , Matt ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Man Behind the Shield '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Whedon , Jed ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Self Control '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Doyle , DJ ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` What If ... '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Kitson , George ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Identity and Change '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Zbyszewski , Paul ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` No Regrets '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Oliver , James C. ; Oliver , Sharla ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` All the Madame 's Men '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Fletcher , Brent ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Farewell , Cruel World ! '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . Tancharoen , Maurissa ; Whedon , Jed ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` The Return '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ABC . `` World 's End '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . May 16 , 2017 . ABC . Season 5 Whedon , Jed ; Tancharoen , Maurissa ; Doyle , DJ ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Orientation '' . Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ABC . External links ( edit ) Full cast and crew of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. at IMDb hide S.H.I.E.L.D. Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Founding Members Peggy Carter Chester Phillips Howard Stark Executive Directors George W. Bridge Sharon Carter Timothy Dugan Nick Fury Maria Hill Daisy Johnson Norman Osborn Steve Rogers Tony Stark Alphonso Mackenzie Field Agents Clay Quartermain Victoria Hand Jasper Sitwell Mitch Carson Valentina Allegra de Fontaine Jessica Drew Clint Barton Natasha Romanova Barbara Morse Jimmy Woo Alexander Goodwin Pierce John Garrett Nick Fury Jr . Sam Wilson Antagonist Organizations A.I.M. H.A.M.M.E.R. Hand Hydra Leviathan Maggia Masters of Evil Mys - Tech Purifiers Secret Empire Squadron Supreme Thunderbolts Taskmaster Zodiac Affiliated Agencies Avengers Dark Mighty Secret Howling Commandos Project Livewire Team White ( Secret Warriors ) S.T.R.I.K.E. S.T.A.K.E. S.W.O.R.D. Bases and facilities Camp Hammond Helicarrier Stark Tower The Vault Triskelion Technology and units Life Model Decoy Mandroid SJ3RX ( Red Ronin ) Superhuman Restraint Unit SPIN Tech Iron Patriot S.H.I.E.L.D. Flying Car Publications Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. 1965 feature Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D. Kitty Pryde , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. S.H.I.E.L.D. 2010 series 2014 series Howling Commandos of S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Carter : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Fury : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. In other media Marvel Cinematic Universe Phil Coulson Item 47 Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters episodes season 1 5 Slingshot Ultimate Marvel Universe Ultimate Nick Fury Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Empyre Category hide Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher season 1 Hulu Runaways `` Reunion '' Freeform Cloak & Dagger Other Most Wanted New Warriors Other media Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Tony Stark Claire Temple Music Soundtracks Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War Singles `` Live to Rise '' `` All the Stars '' `` King 's Dead '' `` Pray for Me '' MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Disney Parks Iron Man Experience Marvel - themed areas Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Other Team Thor Book Category Portal Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D._characters&oldid=846476794 '' Categories : Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Lists of science fiction television characters Lists of action television characters Lists of drama television characters Lists of Marvel Comics television characters Marvel Cinematic Universe lists Marvel Cinematic Universe specific characters Superhero television characters Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Español Italiano 日本語 Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 00 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Agents%20of%20S.H.I.E.L.D.%20characters	28,669
how old do you have to be to get a tattoo in finland	You need to be 18 + to get a tattoo in Finland , however , you may be able to get a permit to get a tattoo under the age of 18 .		Legal status of tattooing in the european union	legal status of tattooing in the european union		Contents ( hide ) 1 Austria 2 Belgium 3 Bulgaria 4 Croatia 5 Cyprus 6 Denmark 7 Estonia 8 Finland 9 France 10 Germany 11 Greece 12 Hungary 13 Ireland 14 Italy 15 Latvia 16 Lithuania 17 Luxembourg 18 Netherlands 19 Poland 20 Portugal 21 Romania 22 Slovakia 23 Slovenia 24 Spain 25 Sweden 26 References Austria ( edit ) You may get a tattoo at the age of 16 with parental consent ( this can be written ) and without parental consent from the age of 18 upwards . Belgium ( edit ) In Belgium , there is not a specific implementation decree regulating the sector of piercing and tattooing practices . Bulgaria ( edit ) No legislation exists . Croatia ( edit ) You may get a tattoo or piercing at the age of 16 with parental consent ( parents must be present ) and without parental consent from the age of 18 upwards . ( tattooing or piercing of minors may vary depending on studios policy , some refuse to tattoo or pierce minors completely ) Cyprus ( edit ) The legal age to get a tattoo in Cyprus is 16 with written consent of parent . 18 without permission from parents Denmark ( edit ) The Danish tattoo law was valid from June 15 , 1966 . It is unlawful to tattoo someone under the age of 18 . In addition to this it is unlawful to tattoo someone on the head , neck and hands . Estonia ( edit ) No legislation found . Finland ( edit ) You need to be 18 + to get a tattoo in Finland , however , you may be able to get a permit to get a tattoo under the age of 18 . France ( edit ) The legal minimum age is 16 ( with consent from parents ) in France . Germany ( edit ) You must be over 18 years of age to get a tattoo freely without parental consent . You need to have parental or guardian consent at the ages of 16 and 17 . Greece ( edit ) The minimum age is 18 . Greek tattoo law only covers tattoos and not permanent make - up . Other key provisions ( non exhaustive summary ) : Only tattoo persons who are at least 18 years of age . Persons under the age of 18 may only be tattooed in the presence of a guardian who has given the required written consent . Not advise on the customer 's state of physical health or offer any medical opinion . Not effect any medical procedure , be it on the recommendation , under the guidance or with the help of any form of medical specialist . Not proceed in any manner whatsoever to remove a tattoo . Hungary ( edit ) No legislation found . Ireland ( edit ) `` There is no legislation regulating body piercing and tattooing . As a result there is no legal minimum age at which you can get a body piercing or tattoo . '' However , many tattoo shops will refuse to tattoo anyone under the age of 15 . Italy ( edit ) You must be over 18 years of age to get a tattoo freely without parental consent . You need to have parental or guardian consent at the ages of 16 and 17 . Latvia ( edit ) The legal age is 15 . Lithuania ( edit ) The age is 18 or 15 with consent of parents . Luxembourg ( edit ) Malta The minimum age is 18 . Netherlands ( edit ) In the Netherlands , the age at which persons may decide for themselves to have a tattoo and piercing is 16 years . This age limit is suspended for earlobe piercing but pertains to all other areas . Informed consent forms , with information concerning health ( including allergies ) must be available and must be signed by the client . In the case of young adults under 16 years , a parent or guardian must sign . If they have signed but are not present with the client , the tattooist or piercer must verify their consent by telephone . Signed consent forms must be kept by the studio in a locked file for ten years . Poland ( edit ) No regulation . Portugal ( edit ) 18 , or 16 with parental consent ... Romania ( edit ) The minimum without parental consent is 18. With parental consent you can get away at some salons from the age 14 . ( Parental supervision ) Slovakia ( edit ) Unknown Slovenia ( edit ) No legislation found . Spain ( edit ) 16 with parent 's consent . 14 or 15 in some parts of the country with parent 's consent . Sweden ( edit ) No legislation , but most tattoo shops will refuse to tattoo you if you 're under 18 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Age limits '' . Infomobil . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/cons_safe/news/eis_tattoo_reg_052003_en.pdf Jump up ^ http://tattoo.dk/engelske/law_on_tattooing.html Jump up ^ `` Jugendschutzgesetz 2013 : Ab wann sind Tattoos und Piercings erlaubt ? '' . T-online.de . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Children and rights in Ireland '' . Citizensinformation.ie . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=591 Tattoos and Tattooing Topics History Medical issues Religious perspectives Removal Categories Medical Permanent makeup Temporary Process Artist Ink Machine Art style Black - and - gray Burmese Flash Japanese ( Irezumi ) Maori ( Tā moko ) Marquesan Old school Samoan ( Malu / Peʻa ) Cambodian / Lao / Vietnamese ( Yantra ) Location on body Body suit Cornea Genital Lower - back Scalp Sclera Sleeve Legal status in ... the European Union South Korea the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_the_European_Union&oldid=840687843 '' Categories : Tattooing and law Law in Europe Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 14 : 05 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal%20status%20of%20tattooing%20in%20the%20European%20Union	19,304
when did the continent of australia become oceania			Oceania	oceania	Oceania ( UK : / ˌoʊʃiˈɑːniə , ˌoʊsi - / or US : / ˌoʊʃiːˈæniə / ) is a geographic region comprising Melanesia , Micronesia , Polynesia and Australasia . Spanning the eastern and western hemispheres , Oceania covers an area of 8,525,989 square kilometres ( 3,291,903 sq mi ) and has a population of 40 million . Situated in the southeast of the Asia Pacific region , Oceania is the smallest continental grouping in land area and the second smallest in population after Antarctica .	The islands at the geographic extremes of Oceania are Bonin Islands , a politically integral part of Japan ; Hawaii , a state of the United States ; Clipperton Island , a possession of France ; the Juan Fernández Islands , belonging to Chile ; the Campbell Islands , belonging to New Zealand ; and the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands , belonging to Australia . Oceania has a diverse mix of economies from the highly developed and globally competitive financial market of Australia and New Zealand , which rank high in quality of life and human development index , to the much less developed economies that belong to countries such as of Kiribati and Tuvalu , while also including medium - sized economies of pacific islands such as Palau , Fiji and Tonga . The largest and most populous country in Oceania is Australia , with Sydney being the largest city of both Oceania and Australia . The first settlers of Australia , New Guinea , and the large islands just to the east arrived between 50,000 and 30,000 years ago . Oceania was first explored by Europeans from the 16th century onward . Portuguese navigators , between 1512 and 1526 , reached the Tanimbar Islands , some of the Caroline Islands and west Papua New Guinea . On his first voyage in the 18th century , James Cook , who later founded the Hawaiian Islands , went to Tahiti and followed the east coast of Australia for the first time . The Pacific front saw major action during the Second World War , mainly between the belligerents the United States , its ally Australia , and Japan . The arrival of European settlers in subsequent centuries resulted in a significant alteration in the social and political landscape of Oceania . In more contemporary times there has been increasing discussion on national flags and a desire by some Oceanians to display their distinguishable and individualistic identity . The rock art of Australian Aborigines is the longest continuously practiced artistic tradition in the world . Puncak Jaya in Papua is often considered the highest peak in Oceania . Most Oceanian countries have a parliamentary representative democratic multi-party system , with tourism being a large source of income for the Pacific Islands nations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 2 History 2.1 Australia 2.2 Melanesia 2.3 Polynesia 2.4 Micronesia 2.5 European exploration 2.5. 1 Colonization 2.6 Modern history 3 Geography 3.1 Regions 3.2 Geology 3.3 Flora 3.4 Fauna 3.5 Climate 4 Demographics 4.1 Religion 4.2 Languages 4.3 Immigration 4.4 Archaeogenetics 5 Economy 5.1 Australia and New Zealand 5.2 Pacific Islands 5.3 Tourism 6 Politics 6.1 Australia 6.2 New Zealand 6.3 Pacific Islands 7 Culture 7.1 Australia 7.2 Hawaii 7.3 New Zealand 7.4 Samoa 7.5 Arts 7.6 Sport 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Definitions ( edit ) Regions of Oceania The term was coined as Océanie circa 1812 by geographer Conrad Malte - Brun . The word Océanie is a French word derived from the Latin word oceanus , and this from the Greek word ὠκεανός ( ōkeanós ) , ocean . Natives and inhabitants of this region are called Oceanians or Oceanicans . The term Oceania is used because , unlike the other continental groupings , it is the ocean that links the nations together . Biogeographically , as a synonym for the Australasian ecozone and the Pacific ecozone ( Melanesia , Polynesia , and Micronesia ) , with New Zealand forming the south - western corner of the Polynesian Triangle . To note , New Zealand may also be considered part of Australasia , despite being traditionally part of Polynesia . As an ecozone , Oceania includes all of Micronesia , Fiji , and all of Polynesia except New Zealand . New Zealand , along with New Guinea and nearby islands , part of the Philippine islands , Australia , the Solomon Islands , Vanuatu , and New Caledonia , constitute the separate Australasian ecozone . In the geopolitical conception used by the United Nations , International Olympic Committee , and many atlases , Oceania includes Australia and the nations of the Pacific from Papua New Guinea east , but not the Indonesian New Guinea . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Oceania Australia ( edit ) Main articles : Prehistory of Australia and History of Indigenous Australians A 19th - century engraving of an Aboriginal Australian encampment Indigenous Australians are the original inhabitants of the Australian continent and nearby islands who migrated from Africa to Asia around 70,000 years ago and arrived in Australia around 50,000 years ago . They are believed to be among the earliest human migrations out of Africa . Although they likely migrated to Australia through Southeast Asia they are not demonstrably related to any known Asian or Polynesian population . There is evidence of genetic and linguistic interchange between Australians in the far north and the Austronesian peoples of modern - day New Guinea and the islands , but this may be the result of recent trade and intermarriage . They reached Tasmania approximately 40,000 years ago by migrating across a land bridge from the mainland that existed during the last ice age . It is believed that the first early human migration to Australia was achieved when this landmass formed part of the Sahul continent , connected to the island of New Guinea via a land bridge . The Torres Strait Islanders are indigenous to the Torres Strait Islands , which are at the northernmost tip of Queensland near Papua New Guinea . The earliest definite human remains found in Australia are that of Mungo Man , which have been dated at about 40,000 years old . Melanesia ( edit ) Distribution of Melanesians Main article : History of New Guinea The original inhabitants of the group of islands now named Melanesia were likely the ancestors of the present - day Papuan - speaking people . Migrating from South - East Asia , they appear to have occupied these islands as far east as the main islands in the Solomon Islands , including Makira and possibly the smaller islands farther to the east . Particularly along the north coast of New Guinea and in the islands north and east of New Guinea , the Austronesian people , who had migrated into the area somewhat more than 3,000 years ago , came into contact with these pre-existing populations of Papuan - speaking peoples . In the late 20th century , some scholars theorized a long period of interaction , which resulted in many complex changes in genetics , languages , and culture among the peoples . Polynesia ( edit ) Main articles : History of Hawaii and History of New Zealand Moai at Ahu Tongariki on Rapa Nui ( Easter Island ) The Polynesian people are considered to be by linguistic , archaeological and human genetic ancestry a subset of the sea - migrating Austronesian people and tracing Polynesian languages places their prehistoric origins in the Malay Archipelago , and ultimately , in Taiwan . Between about 3000 and 1000 BC speakers of Austronesian languages began spreading from Taiwan into Island South - East Asia , as tribes whose natives were thought to have arrived through South China about 8,000 years ago to the edges of western Micronesia and on into Melanesia . In the archaeological record there are well - defined traces of this expansion which allow the path it took to be followed and dated with some certainty . It is thought that by roughly 1400 BC , `` Lapita Peoples '' , so - named after their pottery tradition , appeared in the Bismarck Archipelago of north - west Melanesia . Easter Islanders claimed that a chief Hotu Matu'a arrived on the island in one or two large canoes with his wife and extended family . They are believed to have been Polynesian . Published literature suggests the island was settled around AD 300 -- 400 , or at about the time of the arrival of the earliest settlers in Hawaii . Around 1200 , Tahitian explorers found and began settling the area . This date range is based on glottochronological calculations and on three radiocarbon dates from charcoal that appears to have been produced during forest clearance activities . Moreover , a recent study which included radiocarbon dates from what is thought to be very early material suggests that the island was settled as recently as 1200 . Micronesia ( edit ) See also : History of the Federated States of Micronesia Stone money transport to Yap Island in Micronesia ( 1880 ) Micronesia began to be settled several millennia ago , although there are competing theories about the origin and arrival of the first settlers . There are numerous difficulties with conducting archaeological excavations in the islands , due to their size , settlement patterns and storm damage . As a result , much evidence is based on linguistic analysis . The earliest archaeological traces of civilization have been found on the island of Saipan , dated to 1500 BC or slightly before . The ancestors of the Micronesians settled there over 4,000 years ago . A decentralized chieftain - based system eventually evolved into a more centralized economic and religious culture centered on Yap and Pohnpei . The prehistory of many Micronesian islands such as Yap are not known very well . The first people of the Northern Mariana Islands navigated to the islands at some period between 4000 BC to 2000 BC from South - East Asia . They became known as the Chamorros , and spoke an Austronesian language called Chamorro . The ancient Chamorro left a number of megalithic ruins , including Latte stone . The Refaluwasch , or Carolinian , people came to the Marianas in the 1800s from the Caroline Islands . Micronesian colonists gradually settled the Marshall Islands during the 2nd millennium BC , with inter-island navigation made possible using traditional stick charts . European Exploration ( edit ) See also : Magellan -- Elcano circumnavigation , Spanish East Indies , History of Australia ( 1788 -- 1850 ) , and Colony of New Zealand 1852 map of Oceania by J.G. Barbie du Bocage . Includes regions of Polynesia , Micronesia , Melanesia and Malaysia . From 1527 to 1595 a number of other large Spanish expeditions crossed the Pacific Ocean , leading to the discovery of the Marshall Islands and Palau in the North Pacific , as well as Tuvalu , the Marquesas , the Solomon Islands , the Cook Islands and the Admiralty Islands in the South Pacific . In the quest for Terra Australis , Spanish explorations in the 17th century , such as the expedition led by the Portuguese navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós , discovered the Pitcairn and Vanuatu archipelagos , and sailed the Torres Strait between Australia and New Guinea , named after navigator Luís Vaz de Torres . Willem Janszoon , made the first completely documented European landing in Australia ( 1606 ) , in Cape York Peninsula . Abel Janszoon Tasman circumnavigated and landed on parts of the Australian continental coast and discovered Van Diemen 's Land ( now Tasmania ) , New Zealand in 1642 , and Fiji islands . He was the first known European explorer to reach these islands . On 23 April 1770 British explorer James Cook made his first recorded direct observation of indigenous Australians at Brush Island near Bawley Point . On 29 April , Cook and crew made their first landfall on the mainland of the continent at a place now known as the Kurnell Peninsula . It is here that James Cook made first contact with an aboriginal tribe known as the Gweagal . His expedition became the first recorded Europeans to have encountered its eastern coastline of Australia . Colonization ( edit ) See also : Colonisation of Australia and Colonisation of New Zealand New Guinea from 1884 to 1919 . The Netherlands controlled the western half of New Guinea , Germany the north - eastern part , and Britain the south - eastern part . In 1789 the Mutiny on the Bounty against William Bligh led to several of the mutineers escaping the Royal Navy and settling on Pitcairn Islands , which later became a British colony . Britain also established colonies in Australia in 1788 , New Zealand in 1840 and Fiji in 1872 , with much of Oceania becoming part of the British Empire . The Gilbert Islands ( now known as Kiribati ) and the Ellice Islands ( now known as Tuvalu ) came under Britain 's sphere of influence in the late 19th century . French Catholic missionaries arrived on Tahiti in 1834 ; their expulsion in 1836 caused France to send a gunboat in 1838 . In 1842 , Tahiti and Tahuata were declared a French protectorate , to allow Catholic missionaries to work undisturbed . The capital of Papeetē was founded in 1843 . On 24 September 1853 , under orders from Napoleon III , Admiral Febvrier Despointes took formal possession of New Caledonia and Port - de-France ( Nouméa ) was founded 25 June 1854 . The Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar landed in the Marshall Islands in 1529 . They were named by Krusenstern , after English explorer John Marshall , who visited them together with Thomas Gilbert in 1788 , en route from Botany Bay to Canton ( two ships of the First Fleet ) . In 1905 the British government transferred some administrative responsibility over south - east New Guinea to Australia ( which renamed the area `` Territory of Papua '' ) ; and in 1906 , transferred all remaining responsibility to Australia . The Marshall Islands were claimed by Spain in 1874 . Germany established colonies in New Guinea in 1884 , and Samoa in 1900 . The United States also expanded into the Pacific , beginning with Baker Island and Howland Island in 1857 , and with Hawaii becoming a U.S. territory in 1898 . Disagreements between the US , Germany and UK over Samoa led to the Tripartite Convention of 1899 . Modern History ( edit ) Main articles : Pacific War , Military history of Oceania , Military history of New Zealand , Military history of Australia during World War I , Military history of Australia during World War II , History of Guam , and History of Australia ( 1901 -- 1945 ) New Zealand troops land on Vella Lavella , in the Solomon Islands One of the first land offensives in Oceania was the Occupation of German Samoa in August 1914 by New Zealand forces . The campaign to take Samoa ended without bloodshed after over 1,000 New Zealanders landed on the German colony . Australian forces attacked German New Guinea in September 1914 . A company of Australians and a British warship besieged the Germans and their colonial subjects , ending with a German surrender . The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters , was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , on the morning of 7 December 1941 . The attack led to the United States ' entry into World War II . The Japanese subsequently invaded New Guinea , the Solomon Islands and other Pacific islands . The Japanese were turned back at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the Kokoda Track campaign before they were finally defeated in 1945 . Some of the most prominent Oceanic battlegrounds were the Battle of Bita Paka , Solomon Islands campaign , the Air raids on Darwin , the Kokada Track , and the Borneo campaign . The United States fought the Battle of Guam from July 21 to August 10 , 1944 , to recapture the island from Japanese military occupation . Australia and New Zealand became dominions in the 20th century , adopting the Statute of Westminster Act in 1942 and 1947 respectively . In 1946 , Polynesians were granted French citizenship and the islands ' status was changed to an overseas territory ; the islands ' name was changed in 1957 to Polynésie Française ( French Polynesia ) . Hawaii became a U.S. state in 1959 . Fiji and Tonga became independent in 1970 . On 1 May 1979 , in recognition of the evolving political status of the Marshall Islands , the United States recognized the constitution of the Marshall Islands and the establishment of the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands . The South Pacific Forum was founded in 1971 , which became the Pacific Islands Forum in 2000 . Geography ( edit ) See also : List of Oceanian countries by population and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania Aoraki / Mount Cook , located on the South Island of New Zealand Puncak Jaya / Carstensz Pyramid , highest summit in Oceania Oceania was originally conceived as the lands of the Pacific Ocean , stretching from the Strait of Malacca to the coast of the Americas . It comprised four regions : Polynesia , Micronesia , Malaysia ( now called the Malay Archipelago ) , and Melanesia . Today , parts of three geological continents are included in the term `` Oceania '' : Eurasia , Australia , and Zealandia , as well the non-continental volcanic islands of the Philippines , Wallacea , and the open Pacific . Oceania extends to New Guinea in the west , the Bonin Islands in the northwest , the Hawaiian Islands in the northeast , Rapa Nui and Sala y Gómez Island in the east , and Macquarie Island in the south . Not included are the Pacific islands of Taiwan , the Ryukyu Islands , the Japanese archipelago , and the Maluku Islands , all on the margins of Asia , and the Aleutian Islands of North America . In its periphery , Oceania sprawls 28 degrees north to the Bonin Islands in the northern hemisphere , and 55 degrees south to Macquarie Island in the southern hemisphere . Oceanian islands are of four basic types : continental islands , high islands , coral reefs and uplifted coral platforms . High islands are of volcanic origin , and many contain active volcanoes . Among these are Bougainville , Hawaii , and the Solomon Islands . Oceania is one of eight terrestrial ecozones , which constitute the major ecological regions of the planet . Related to these concepts are Near Oceania , that part of western Island Melanesia which has been inhabited for tens of millennia , and Remote Oceania which is more recently settled . Although the majority of the Oceanian islands lie in the South Pacific , a few of them are not restricted to the Pacific Ocean -- Kangaroo Island and Ashmore and Cartier Islands , for instance , are situated in the Southern Ocean and Indian Ocean , respectively , and Tasmania 's west coast faces the Southern Ocean . The coral reefs of the South Pacific are low - lying structures that have built up on basaltic lava flows under the ocean 's surface . One of the most dramatic is the Great Barrier Reef off northeastern Australia with chains of reef patches . A second island type formed of coral is the uplifted coral platform , which is usually slightly larger than the low coral islands . Examples include Banaba ( formerly Ocean Island ) and Makatea in the Tuamotu group of French Polynesia . Regions ( edit ) Micronesia , which lies north of the equator and west of the International Date Line , includes the Mariana Islands in the northwest , the Caroline Islands in the center , the Marshall Islands to the west and the islands of Kiribati in the southeast . Melanesia , to the southwest , includes New Guinea , the world 's second largest island after Greenland and by far the largest of the Pacific islands . The other main Melanesian groups from north to south are the Bismarck Archipelago , the Solomon Islands , Santa Cruz , Vanuatu , Fiji and New Caledonia . Polynesia , stretching from Hawaii in the north to New Zealand in the south , also encompasses Tuvalu , Tokelau , Samoa , Tonga and the Kermadec Islands to the west , the Cook Islands , Society Islands and Austral Islands in the center , and the Marquesas Islands , Tuamotu , Mangareva Islands , and Easter Island to the east . Australasia comprises Australia , New Zealand , the island of New Guinea , and neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean . Most of Australasia lies on the southern portion of the Indo - Australian Plate , flanked by the Indian Ocean to the west and the Southern Ocean to the south . The bulk of Australasia sits on the Indo - Australian Plate , together with India . Various maps of Oceania Satellite image of Oceania A map of Oceania from the CIA World Factbook Political map of Oceania Map of Oceania , from a CIA factbook Geology ( edit ) Main articles : Geography of Fiji , Geology of New Zealand , Geology of Australia , and Geography of Samoa The Pacific Plate comprises most of Oceanian regions , excluding Australasia and western portion of Melanesia . The Pacific Plate , which makes up most of Oceania , is an oceanic tectonic plate that lies beneath the Pacific Ocean . At 103 million square kilometres ( 40,000,000 sq mi ) , it is the largest tectonic plate . The plate contains an interior hot spot forming the Hawaiian Islands . It is almost entirely oceanic crust . The oldest member disappearing by way of the plate tectonics cycle is early - Cretaceous ( 145 to 137 million years ago ) . Australia , being part of the Indo - Australian plate , is the lowest , flattest , and oldest landmass on Earth and it has had a relatively stable geological history . Geological forces such as tectonic uplift of mountain ranges or clashes between tectonic plates occurred mainly in Australia 's early history , when it was still a part of Gondwana . Australia is situated in the middle of the tectonic plate , and therefore currently has no active volcanism . The geology of New Zealand is noted for its volcanic activity , earthquakes and geothermal areas because of its position on the boundary of the Australian Plate and Pacific Plates . Much of the basement rock of New Zealand was once part of the super-continent of Gondwana , along with South America , Africa , Madagascar , India , Antarctica and Australia . The rocks that now form the continent of Zealandia were nestled between Eastern Australia and Western Antarctica . The Australia - New Zealand continental fragment of Gondwana split from the rest of Gondwana in the late Cretaceous time ( 95 -- 90 Ma ) . By 75 Ma , Zealandia was essentially separate from Australia and Antarctica , although only shallow seas might have separated Zealandia and Australia in the north . The Tasman Sea , and part of Zealandia then locked together with Australia to form the Australian Plate ( 40 Ma ) , and a new plate boundary was created between the Australian Plate and Pacific Plate . Most islands in the Pacific are high islands ( volcanic islands ) , such as , Easter Island , American Samoa and Fiji , among others , having peaks up to 1300 m rising abruptly from the shore . The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands were formed approximately 7 to 30 million years ago , as shield volcanoes over the same volcanic hotspot that formed the Emperor Seamounts to the north and the Main Hawaiian Islands to the south . Hawaii 's tallest mountain Mauna Kea is 13,796 ft ( 4,205 m ) above mean sea level . Flora ( edit ) Main articles : Geography of Australia , Environment of New Zealand , Flora of Australia , Flora of New Zealand , and Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands New Zealand countryside Uluru in Central Australia The most diverse country of Oceania when it comes to the environment is Australia , with tropical rainforests in the north - east , mountain ranges in the south - east , south - west and east , and dry desert in the centre . Desert or semi-arid land commonly known as the outback makes up by far the largest portion of land . The coastal uplands and a belt of Brigalow grasslands lie between the coast and the mountains , while inland of the dividing range are large areas of grassland . The northernmost point of the east coast is the tropical - rainforested Cape York Peninsula . Prominent features of the Australian flora are adaptations to aridity and fire which include scleromorphy and serotiny . These adaptations are common in species from the large and well - known families Proteaceae ( Banksia ) , Myrtaceae ( Eucalyptus -- gum trees ) , and Fabaceae ( Acacia -- wattle ) . The flora of Fiji , Solomon Islands , Vanuatu and New Caledonia is tropical dry forest , with tropical vegetation that includes palm trees , premna protrusa , psydrax odorata , gyrocarpus americanus and derris trifoliata . New Zealand 's landscape ranges from the fjord - like sounds of the southwest to the tropical beaches of the far north . South Island is dominated by the Southern Alps . There are 18 peaks of more than 3000 metres ( 9800 ft ) in the South Island . All summits over 2,900 m are within the Southern Alps , a chain that forms the backbone of the South Island ; the highest peak of which is Aoraki / Mount Cook , at 3,754 metres ( 12,316 ft ) . Earthquakes are common , though usually not severe , averaging 3,000 per year . There is a wide variety of native trees , adapted to all the various micro-climates in New Zealand . In Hawaii , one endemic plant , Brighamia , now requires hand - pollination because its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct . The two species of Brighamia -- B. rockii and B. insignis -- are represented in the wild by around 120 individual plants . To ensure these plants set seed , biologists rappel down 3,000 - foot ( 910 m ) cliffs to brush pollen onto their stigmas . Fauna ( edit ) Main articles : Fauna of Australia , Birds of Australia , Birds of New Zealand , Fauna of New Zealand , Mammals of Australia , List of birds of Australia , and List of birds of New Zealand The Pacific robin inhabits the islands of the south western Pacific . The aptly - named Pacific kingfisher is found in the Pacific Islands , as is the Red - vented bulbul , Polynesian starling , Brown goshawk , Pacific Swallow and the Cardinal myzomela , among others . Birds breeding on Pitcairn include the fairy tern , common noddy and red - tailed tropicbird . The Pitcairn reed warbler , endemic to Pitcairn Island , was added to the endangered species list in 2008 . Native to Hawaii is the Hawaiian crow , which has been extinct in the wild since 2002 . The brown tree snake is native to northern and eastern coasts of Australia , Papua New Guinea , Guam and the Solomon Islands . Native to Australia , New Guinea and proximate islands are birds of paradise , honeyeaters , Australasian treecreeper , Australasian robin , kingfishers , butcherbirds and bowerbirds . A unique feature of Australia 's fauna is the relative scarcity of native placental mammals , and dominance of the marsupials -- a group of mammals that raise their young in a pouch , including the macropods , possums and dasyuromorphs . The passerines of Australia , also known as songbirds or perching birds , include wrens , the magpie group , thornbills , corvids , pardalotes , lyrebirds . Predominant bird species in the country include the Australian magpie , Australian raven , the pied currawong , crested pigeons and the laughing kookaburra . The koala , emu , platypus and kangaroo are national animals of Australia , and the Tasmanian devil is also one of the well - known animals in the country . The goanna is a predatory lizard native to the Australian mainland . The birds of New Zealand evolved into an avifauna that included a large number of endemic species . As an island archipelago New Zealand accumulated bird diversity and when Captain James Cook arrived in the 1770s he noted that the bird song was deafening . The mix includes species with unusual biology such as the kakapo which is the world 's only flightless , nocturnal , lek breeding parrot , but also many species that are similar to neighboring land areas . Some of the more well known and distinctive bird species in New Zealand are the kiwi , kea , takahe , kakapo , mohua , tui and the bellbird . The tuatara is a notable reptile endemic to New Zealand . Climate ( edit ) Main articles : Climate of Australia , Climate of New Zealand , and Climate of Hawaii August 2011 winter 's snowfall in Dunedin , Otago The Pacific Islands are ruled by a tropical rainforest and tropical savanna climate . In the tropical and subtropical Pacific , the El Niño Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) affects weather conditions . In the tropical western Pacific , the monsoon and the related wet season during the summer months contrast with dry winds in the winter which blow over the ocean from the Asian landmass . November is the only month in which all the tropical cyclone basins are active . To the southwest of the region , in the Australian landmass , the climate is mostly desert or semi-arid , with the southern coastal corners having a temperate climate , such as oceanic and humid subtropical climate in the east coast and Mediterranean climate in the west . The northern parts of the country have a tropical climate . Snow falls frequently on the highlands near the east coast , in the states of Victoria , New South Wales , Tasmania and in the Australian Capital Territory . Most regions of New Zealand belong to the temperate zone with a maritime climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ) characterised by four distinct seasons . Conditions vary from extremely wet on the West Coast of the South Island to almost semi-arid in Central Otago and subtropical in Northland. Snow falls in New Zealand 's South Island and at higher altitudes in the North Island . It is extremely rare at sea level in the North Island . Hawaii , although being in the tropics , experiences many different climates , depending on latitude and its geography . The island of Hawaii for example hosts 4 ( out of 5 in total ) climate groups on a surface as small as 4,028 square miles ( 10,430 km ) according to the Köppen climate types : tropical , arid , temperate and polar . The Hawaiian Islands receive most of their precipitation during the winter months ( October to April ) . A few islands in the northwest , such as Guam , are susceptible to typhoons in the wet season . The highest recorded temperature in Oceania occurred in Oodnadatta , South Australia ( 2 January 1960 ) , where the temperature reached 50.7 ° C ( 123.3 ° F ) . The lowest temperature ever recorded in Oceania was − 25.6 ° C ( − 14.1 ° F ) , at Ranfurly in Otago in 1903 , with a more recent temperature of − 21.6 ° C ( − 6.9 ° F ) recorded in 1995 in nearby Ophir . Pohnpei of the Senyavin Islands in Micronesia is the wettest place in Oceania , and one of the wettest places on earth , with annual recorded rainfall exceeding 7,600 millimetres ( 300 in ) each year in certain mountainous locations . The summit of Mount Waialeale received 460.0 inches ( 11,684 mm ) in the 1912 -- 45 averages . Köppen climate classification of selected regions in Oceania Australia Hawaii New Zealand Papua New Guinea Australasia and adjacent islands Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Oceania The linked map below shows the Exclusive economic zones ( EEZs ) of the islands of Oceania and neighbouring areas , as a guide to the following table . ( There are no political boundaries that can be drawn on a map of the Pacific at this scale . ) Australia New Zealand Chatham Hawaii Wake Federated States of Micronesia Palau Papua New Guinea Easter Island French Polynesia Cook Islands New Caledonia Fiji Tuvalu Kiribati ( Gilberts ) ( Phoenix ) ( Line ) Solomon Islands Tokelau Marshall Islands Nauru Vanuatu Tonga Pitcairn Guam Norfolk Northern Marianas Samoa AS WF Niue Cocos Christmas Daito Bonin Parece Vela Marcus Midway Johnston Clipperton Socorro Howland Baker Kingman Palmyra Jarvis Coral Sea Lord Howe Kermadec Bounties Antipodes Aucklands Campbell Ashmore & Cartier Macquarie Indonesia Philippines Sarawak BN Sabah Maluku Papua East Timor Paracels Spratlys This template : view talk edit The demographic table below shows the subregions and countries of geopolitical Oceania . The countries and territories in this table are categorised according to the scheme for geographic subregions used by the United Nations . The information shown follows sources in cross-referenced articles ; where sources differ , provisos have been clearly indicated . These territories and regions are subject to various additional categorisations , depending on the source and purpose of each description . Arms Flag Name of region , followed by countries Area ( km2 ) Population ( 2016 ) Population density ( per km2 ) Capital ISO 3166 - 1 Australasia Ashmore and Cartier Islands ( Australia ) 199 Australia 7,686,850 24,125,848 2.7 Canberra AU Coral Sea Islands ( Australia ) 10 New Zealand 268,680 4,660,833 16.5 Wellington NZ Norfolk Island ( Australia ) 35 2,302 61.9 Kingston NF Melanesia Fiji 18,270 898,760 46.9 Suva FJ New Caledonia ( France ) 19,060 272,677 12.6 Nouméa NC Papua ( Indonesia ) 319,036 3,486,432 11 Jayapura West Papua ( Indonesia ) 140,375 760,855 5.4 Manokwari Papua New Guinea 462,840 8,084,991 11.2 Port Moresby PG Solomon Islands 28,450 599,419 17.4 Honiara SB Vanuatu 12,200 270,402 19.7 Port Vila VU Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia 702 104,937 193.5 Palikir FM Guam ( United States ) 549 162,896 292.9 Hagåtña GU Kiribati 811 114,395 118.8 South Tarawa KI Marshall Islands 181 53,066 406.8 Majuro MH Nauru 21 11,347 587.1 Yaren ( de facto ) NR Northern Mariana Islands ( United States ) 477 55,023 162.1 Saipan MP Palau 458 21,503 42.4 Ngerulmud PW Wake Island ( United States ) 150 Wake Island UM Polynesia American Samoa ( United States ) 199 55,599 345.2 Pago Pago , Fagatogo AS Cook Islands ( New Zealand ) 240 17,379 86.7 Avarua CK Easter Island ( Chile ) 164 5,761 31 Hanga Roa CL French Polynesia ( France ) 4,167 280,208 61.9 Papeete PF Hawaii ( United States ) 16,636 1,360,301 81.8 Honolulu US Niue ( New Zealand ) 260 1,624 8.2 Alofi NU Pitcairn Islands ( United Kingdom ) 47 47 10 Adamstown PN Samoa 2,944 195,125 63.2 Apia WS Tokelau ( New Zealand ) 10 1,282 143.1 Nukunonu TK Tonga 748 107,122 141.9 Nuku ʻalofa TO Tuvalu 26 11,097 428.7 Funafuti TV Wallis and Futuna ( France ) 274 11,899 56.9 Mata - Utu WF Total 8,919,530 45,725,020 5.1 Total minus mainland Australia 1,232,680 21,599,172 16.6 Jump up ^ According to Act of Papua Autonomy ( Undang - Undang Otonomi Khusus bagi Provinsi Papua ) section 2 verse 2 , the province itself has their own flag & arms , similar with other provinces . However , the flag & arms is not a representation of sovereignty over Republic of Indonesia Jump up ^ West Papua was split from Papua province in 2003 but still retain the autonomy status as Papua Province Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Oceania Saione , the church of the King , a Free Wesleyan Church in Kolomotuʻa , Tonga . Due to missionary efforts undertaken by various organizations , particularly British and American societies , diverse Protestant denominations like Methodist , Congregationalist , Baptist , Anglican , Adventist , Pentecostal , Presbyterian or United Protestant churches were introduced throughout Oceania . The predominant religion in Oceania is Christianity ( 73 % ) . A 2011 survey found that 92 % in Melanesia , 93 % in Micronesia and 96 % in Polynesia described themselves as Christians . Traditional religions are often animist , and prevalent among traditional tribes is the belief in spirits ( masalai in Tok Pisin ) representing natural forces . In the 2013 census , 48 % of New Zealanders affiliated themselves with Christianity and 42 % declared no religion . In the 2016 Census , 52 % of the Australian population declared some variety of Christianity and 30 % stated `` no religion '' . In recent Australian and New Zealand censuses , large proportions of the population say they belong to `` no religion '' ( which includes atheism , agnosticism , deism , secular humanism , and rationalism ) . In Tonga , everyday life is heavily influenced by Polynesian traditions and especially by the Christian faith . The Ahmadiyya mosque in Marshall Islands is the only mosque in Micronesia . Another one in Tuvalu belongs to the same sect . The Bahá'í House of Worship in Tiapapata , Samoa , is one of seven designations administered in the Bahá'í Faith . Other religions in the region include Islam , Buddhism and Hinduism , which are prominent minority religions in Australia and New Zealand . Judaism , Sikhism and Jainism are also present . Sir Isaac Isaacs was the first Australian born Governor General of Australia and was the first Jewish vice-regal representative in the British Empire . Prince Philip Movement is followed around Yaohnanen village on the southern island of Tanna in Vanuatu . Languages ( edit ) Main articles : Languages of Australia , Languages of New Zealand , Languages of Fiji , and Languages of Tonga Native languages of Oceania fall into three major geographic groups : The large Austronesian language family , with such languages as Malay ( Indonesian ) , and Polynesian languages such as Maori and Hawaiian The Aboriginal Australian languages , including the large Pama -- Nyungan family The Papuan languages of New Guinea and neighbouring islands , including the large Trans -- New Guinea family Colonial languages include English in Australia , New Zealand , Hawaii , and many other territories ; French in New Caledonia and French Polynesia , Japanese in the Bonin Islands , Spanish on Easter Island . There are also Creoles formed from the interaction of Malay or the colonial languages with indigenous languages , such as Tok Pisin , Bislama , Chavacano , various Malay trade and creole languages , Hawaiian Pidgin , Norfuk , and Pitkern . Contact between Austronesian and Papuan resulted in several instances in mixed languages such as Maisin . Immigrants brought their own languages to the region , such as Mandarin , Italian , Arabic , Polish , Hindi , German , Spanish , Korean , Cantonese and Greek , among others , namely in Australia and New Zealand , or Fiji Hindi in Fiji . Immigration ( edit ) Main articles : Post-war immigration to Australia , Immigration to Australia , Immigration to New Zealand , Refugees in Australia , and Refugees in New Zealand Dutch immigrants arriving in Australia ( 1954 ) The most multicultural areas in Oceania , which have a high degree of immigration , are Australia , New Zealand and Hawaii . Since 1945 , more than 7 million people have settled in Australia . From the late 1970s , there was a significant increase in immigration from Asian and other non-European countries , making Australia a multicultural country . Sydney is the most multicultural city in Oceania , having more than 250 different languages spoken with about 40 percent of residents speaking a language other than English at home . Furthermore , 36 percent of the population reported having been born overseas , with top countries being Italy , Lebanon , Vietnam and Iraq , among others . Melbourne is also fairly multicultural , having the largest Greek - speaking population outside of Europe , and the second largest Asian population in Australia after Sydney . European migration to New Zealand provided a major influx following the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 . Subsequent immigration has been chiefly from the British Isles , but also from continental Europe , the Pacific , The Americas and Asia . Auckland is home to over half ( 51.6 percent ) of New Zealand 's overseas born population , including 72 percent of the country 's Pacific Island - born population , 64 percent of its Asian - born population , and 56 percent of its Middle Eastern and African born population . Many Portuguese immigrants in Hawaii were Azorean or Madeiran . Hawaii is a majority - minority state . Chinese workers on Western trading ships settled in Hawaii starting in 1789 . In 1820 , the first American missionaries arrived to preach Christianity and teach the Hawaiians Western ways . As of 2015 , a large proportion of Hawaii 's population have Asian ancestry -- especially Filipino , Japanese , Korean and Chinese . Many are descendants of immigrants brought to work on the sugarcane plantations in the mid-to - late 19th century . Almost 13,000 Portuguese immigrants had arrived by 1899 ; they also worked on the sugarcane plantations . Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii began in 1899 when Puerto Rico 's sugar industry was devastated by two hurricanes , causing a worldwide shortage of sugar and a huge demand for sugar from Hawaii . Between 2001 and 2007 Australia 's Pacific Solution policy transferred asylum seekers to several Pacific nations , including the Nauru detention centre . Australia , New Zealand and other nations took part in the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands from 2003 after a request for aid . Archaeogenetics ( edit ) Archaeology , linguistics , and existing genetic studies indicate that Oceania was settled by two major waves of migration . The first migration took place approximately 40 thousand years ago , and these migrants , Papuans , colonised much of Near Oceania . Approximately 3.5 thousand years ago , a second expansion of Austronesian speakers arrived in Near Oceania , and the descendants of these people spread to the far corners of the Pacific , colonising Remote Oceania . Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) studies quantify the magnitude of the Austronesian expansion and demonstrate the homogenising effect of this expansion . With regards to Papuan influence , autochthonous haplogroups support the hypothesis of a long history in Near Oceania , with some lineages suggesting a time depth of 60 thousand years . Santa Cruz , a population located in Remote Oceania , is an anomaly with extreme frequencies of autochthonous haplogroups of Near Oceanian origin . Large areas of New Guinea are unexplored by scientists and anthropologists due to extensive forestation and mountainous terrain . Known indigenous tribes in Papua New Guinea have very little contact with local authorities aside from the authorities knowing who they are . Many remain preliterate and , at the national or international level , the names of tribes and information about them is extremely hard to obtain . The Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua on the island of New Guinea are home to an estimated 44 uncontacted tribal groups . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Oceania Australia and New Zealand ( edit ) Main articles : Economy of Australia and Economy of New Zealand The skyline of Sydney . New Zealand and Australia are the only first world nations in the region , although the economy of Australia is by far the largest and most dominant economy in the region and one of the largest in the world . Australia 's per - capita GDP is higher than that of the UK , Canada , Germany , and France in terms of purchasing power parity . New Zealand is also one of the most globalised economies and depends greatly on international trade . The Australian Securities Exchange in Sydney is the largest stock exchange in Australia and in the South Pacific . New Zealand is the 53rd - largest national economy in the world measured by nominal gross domestic product ( GDP ) and 68th - largest in the world measured by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . In 2012 , Australia was the 12th largest national economy by nominal GDP and the 19th - largest measured by PPP - adjusted GDP . Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranks Sydney tenth in the world in terms of quality of living , making it one of the most livable cities . It is classified as an Alpha+ World City by GaWC . Melbourne also ranked highly in the world 's most liveable city list , and is a leading financial centre in the Asia - Pacific region . Auckland and Wellington , in New Zealand , are frequently ranked among the world 's most liveable cities . The majority of people living in Australia and to a lesser extent , New Zealand work in mining , electrical and manufacturing sectors also . Australia boasts the largest amount of manufacturing in the region , producing cars , electrical equipment , machinery and clothes . Pacific Islands ( edit ) Main articles : Economy of Fiji , Economy of Samoa , and Economy of Tonga Honolulu viewed from Diamond Head crater The overwhelming majority of people living in the Pacific islands work in the service industry which includes tourism , education and financial services . Oceania 's largest export markets include Japan , China , the United States and South Korea . The smallest Pacific nations rely on trade with Australia , New Zealand and the United States for exporting goods and for accessing other products . Australia and New Zealand 's trading arrangements are known as Closer Economic Relations . Australia and New Zealand , along with other countries , are members of Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) and the East Asia Summit ( EAS ) , which may become trade blocs in the future particularly EAS . The main produce from the pacific is copra or coconut , but timber , beef , palm oil , cocoa , sugar and ginger are also commonly grown across the tropics of the Pacific . Fishing provides a major industry for many of the smaller nations in the Pacific , although many fishing areas are exploited by other larger countries , namely Japan . Natural Resources , such as lead , zinc , nickel and gold , are mined in Australia and the Solomon Islands . Oceania 's largest export markets include Japan , China , the United States , India , South Korea and the European Union . Endowed with forest , mineral , and fish resources , Fiji is one of the most developed of the Pacific island economies , though it remains a developing country with a large subsistence agriculture sector . Agriculture accounts for 18 % of gross domestic product , although it employed some 70 % of the workforce as of 2001 . Sugar exports and the growing tourist industry are the major sources of foreign exchange . Sugar cane processing makes up one - third of industrial activity . Coconuts , ginger , and copra are also significant . The history of Hawaii 's economy can be traced through a succession of dominant industries ; sandalwood , whaling , sugarcane , pineapple , the military , tourism and education . Hawaiian exports include food and clothing . These industries play a small role in the Hawaiian economy , due to the shipping distance to viable markets , such as the West Coast of the contiguous U.S. The state 's food exports include coffee , macadamia nuts , pineapple , livestock , sugarcane and honey . As of 2015 , Honolulu was ranked high on world livability rankings , and was also ranked as the 2nd safest city in the U.S. Tourism ( edit ) Shangri - La 's Fijian Resort Tourists mostly come from Japan , the United Kingdom and the United States . Fiji currently draws almost half a million tourists each year ; more than a quarter from Australia . This contributes $1 billion or more since 1995 to Fiji 's economy but the Government of Fiji islands underestimate these figures due to invisible economy inside tourism industry . Vanuatu is widely recognised as one of the premier vacation destinations for scuba divers wishing to explore coral reefs of the South Pacific region . Tourism has been promoted , in part , by Vanuatu being the site of several reality - TV shows . The ninth season of the reality TV series Survivor was filmed on Vanuatu , entitled Survivor : Vanuatu -- Islands of Fire . Two years later , Australia 's Celebrity Survivor was filmed at the same location used by the US version . Dandenong Ranges in Victoria are popular among tourists . Tourism in Australia is an important component of the Australian economy . In the financial year 2014 / 15 , tourism represented 3 % of Australia 's GDP contributing A $47.5 billion to the national economy . In 2015 , there were 7.4 million visitor arrivals . Popular Australian destinations include the Sydney Harbour ( Sydney Opera House , Sydney Harbour Bridge , Royal Botanic Garden , etc . ) , Gold Coast ( theme parks such as Warner Bros. Movie World , Dreamworld and Sea World ) , Walls of Jerusalem National Park and Mount Field National Park in Tasmania , Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne , the Great Barrier Reef in Queensland , The Twelve Apostles in Victoria , Uluru and the Australian outback . Tourism in New Zealand contributes NZ $ 7.3 billion ( or 4 % ) of the country 's GDP in 2013 , as well as directly supporting 110,800 full - time equivalent jobs ( nearly 6 % of New Zealand 's workforce ) . International tourist spending accounted for 16 % of New Zealand 's export earnings ( nearly NZ $10 billion ) . International and domestic tourism contributes , in total , NZ $24 billion to New Zealand 's economy every year . Tourism New Zealand , the country 's official tourism agency , is actively promoting the country as a destination worldwide . Milford Sound in South Island is acclaimed as New Zealand 's most famous tourist destination . In 2003 alone , according to state government data , there were over 6.4 million visitors to the Hawaiian Islands with expenditures of over $10.6 billion . Due to the mild year - round weather , tourist travel is popular throughout the year . In 2011 , Hawaii saw increasing arrivals and share of foreign tourists from Canada , Australia and China increasing 13 % , 24 % and 21 % respectively from 2010 . Politics ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Australia Elizabeth is Head of the Commonwealth and Queen of five Oceanian countries : Australia , New Zealand , Papua New Guinea , Solomon Islands and Tuvalu . Australia is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy with Elizabeth II at its apex as the Queen of Australia , a role that is distinct from her position as monarch of the other Commonwealth realms . The Queen is represented in Australia by the Governor - General at the federal level and by the Governors at the state level , who by convention act on the advice of her ministers . There are two major political groups that usually form government , federally and in the states : the Australian Labor Party and the Coalition which is a formal grouping of the Liberal Party and its minor partner , the National Party . Within Australian political culture , the Coalition is considered centre - right and the Labor Party is considered centre - left . The Australian Defence Force is by far the largest military force in Oceania . New Zealand ( edit ) Main article : Politics of New Zealand New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy , although its constitution is not codified . Elizabeth II is the Queen of New Zealand and the head of state . The Queen is represented by the Governor - General , whom she appoints on the advice of the Prime Minister . The New Zealand Parliament holds legislative power and consists of the Queen and the House of Representatives . A parliamentary general election must be called no later than three years after the previous election . New Zealand is identified as one of the world 's most stable and well - governed states , with high government transparency and among the lowest perceived levels of corruption . Pacific Islands ( edit ) Government building in the capital Apia housing administrative ministerial offices . In Samoan politics , the Prime Minister of Samoa is the head of government . The 1960 constitution , which formally came into force with independence from New Zealand in 1962 , builds on the British pattern of parliamentary democracy , modified to take account of Samoan customs . The national government ( malo ) generally controls the legislative assembly . Politics of Tonga takes place in a framework of a constitutional monarchy , whereby the King is the Head of State . Fiji has a multiparty system with the Prime Minister of Fiji as head of government . The executive power is exercised by the government . Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Parliament of Fiji . Fiji 's Head of State is the President . He is elected by Parliament of Fiji after nomination by the Prime Minister or the Leader of the Opposition , for a three - year term . In the politics of Papua New Guinea the Prime Minister is the head of government . In Kiribati , the President of Kiribati is the head of government , and of a multi-party system . New Caledonia remains an integral part of the French Republic . Inhabitants of New Caledonia are French citizens and carry French passports . They take part in the legislative and presidential French elections . New Caledonia sends two representatives to the French National Assembly and two senators to the French Senate . Hawaii is dominated by the Democratic Party . As codified in the Constitution of Hawaii , there are three branches of government : executive , legislative and judicial . The governor is the only state public official elected statewide ; all others are appointed by the governor . The lieutenant governor acts as the Secretary of State . The governor and lieutenant governor oversee twenty agencies and departments from offices in the State Capitol . Culture ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Main articles : Culture of Australia and Cuisine of Australia On 28 June 2007 , the Sydney Opera House became a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Since 1788 , the primary influence behind Australian culture has been Anglo - Celtic Western culture , with some Indigenous influences . The divergence and evolution that has occurred in the ensuing centuries has resulted in a distinctive Australian culture . Since the mid-20th century , American popular culture has strongly influenced Australia , particularly through television and cinema . Other cultural influences come from neighbouring Asian countries , and through large - scale immigration from non-English - speaking nations . The Story of the Kelly Gang ( 1906 ) , the world 's first feature length film , spurred a boom in Australian cinema during the silent film era . The Australian Museum in Sydney and the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne are the oldest and largest museums in Oceania . The city 's New Year 's Eve celebrations are the largest in Oceania . Australia is also known for its cafe and coffee culture in urban centres . Australia and New Zealand were responsible for the flat white coffee . Most Indigenous Australian tribal groups subsisted on a simple hunter - gatherer diet of native fauna and flora , otherwise called bush tucker . The first settlers introduced British food to the continent , much of which is now considered typical Australian food , such as the Sunday roast . Multicultural immigration transformed Australian cuisine ; post-World War II European migrants , particularly from the Mediterranean , helped to build a thriving Australian coffee culture , and the influence of Asian cultures has led to Australian variants of their staple foods , such as the Chinese - inspired dim sim and Chiko Roll . The ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu , formerly the residence of the Hawaiian monarch , was restored and opened to the public as a museum in 1978 . Hawaii ( edit ) Main articles : Culture of Hawaii , Cuisine of Hawaii , and Hawaiian religion The music of Hawaii includes traditional and popular styles , ranging from native Hawaiian folk music to modern rock and hip hop . Hawaii 's musical contributions to the music of the United States are out of proportion to the state 's small size . Styles such as slack - key guitar are well - known worldwide , while Hawaiian - tinged music is a frequent part of Hollywood soundtracks . Hawaii also made a major contribution to country music with the introduction of the steel guitar . The Hawaiian religion is polytheistic and animistic , with a belief in many deities and spirits , including the belief that spirits are found in non-human beings and objects such as animals , the waves , and the sky . The cuisine of Hawaii is a fusion of many foods brought by immigrants to the Hawaiian Islands , including the earliest Polynesians and Native Hawaiian cuisine , and American , Chinese , Filipino , Japanese , Korean , Polynesian and Portuguese origins . Native Hawaiian musician and Hawaiian sovereignty activist Israel Kamakawiwoʻole , famous for his medley of `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' , was named `` The Voice of Hawaii '' by NPR in 2010 in its 50 great voices series . New Zealand ( edit ) Main articles : Culture of New Zealand and Cuisine of New Zealand The Hobbiton Movie Set , located near Matamata , was used for The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . New Zealand as a culture is a Western culture , which is influenced by the cultural input of the indigenous Māori and the various waves of multi-ethnic migration which followed the British colonisation of New Zealand . Māori people constitute one of the major cultures of Polynesia . The country has been broadened by globalisation and immigration from the Pacific Islands , East Asia and South Asia . New Zealand marks two national days of remembrance , Waitangi Day and ANZAC Day , and also celebrates holidays during or close to the anniversaries of the founding dates of each province . The New Zealand recording industry began to develop from 1940 onwards and many New Zealand musicians have obtained success in Britain and the United States . Some artists release Māori language songs and the Māori tradition - based art of kapa haka ( song and dance ) has made a resurgence . The country 's diverse scenery and compact size , plus government incentives , have encouraged some producers to film big budget movies in New Zealand , including Avatar , The Lord of the Rings , The Hobbit , The Chronicles of Narnia , King Kong and The Last Samurai . The national cuisine has been described as Pacific Rim , incorporating the native Māori cuisine and diverse culinary traditions introduced by settlers and immigrants from Europe , Polynesia and Asia . New Zealand yields produce from land and sea -- most crops and livestock , such as maize , potatoes and pigs , were gradually introduced by the early European settlers . Distinctive ingredients or dishes include lamb , salmon , kōura ( crayfish ) , dredge oysters , whitebait , pāua ( abalone ) , mussels , scallops , pipis and tuatua ( both are types of New Zealand shellfish ) , kūmara ( sweet potato ) , kiwifruit , tamarillo and pavlova ( considered a national dish ) . Samoa ( edit ) A fale on Manono Island Main articles : Culture of Samoa and Polynesian culture The fa'a Samoa , or traditional Samoan way , remains a strong force in Samoan life and politics . Despite centuries of European influence , Samoa maintains its historical customs , social and political systems , and language . Cultural customs such as the Samoa ' ava ceremony are significant and solemn rituals at important occasions including the bestowal of matai chiefly titles . Items of great cultural value include the finely woven ' ie toga . The Samoan word for dance is siva with unique gentle movements of the body in time to music and which tell a story , although the Samoan male dances can be more snappy . The sasa is also a traditional dance where rows of dancers perform rapid synchronised movements in time to the rhythm of wooden drums ( pate ) or rolled mats . Another dance performed by males is called the fa'ataupati or the slap dance , creating rhythmic sounds by slapping different parts of the body . As with other Polynesian cultures ( Hawaiian , Tahitian and Māori ) with significant and unique tattoos , Samoans have two gender specific and culturally significant tattoos . Arts ( edit ) Main articles : Oceanian art , Samoan art , Hawaiian art , Maori art , and Indigenous Australian art Bradshaw rock paintings found in the north - west Kimberley region of Western Australia The artistic creations of native Oceanians varies greatly throughout the cultures and regions . The subject matter typically carries themes of fertility or the supernatural . Petroglyphs , Tattooing , painting , wood carving , stone carving and textile work are other common art forms . Art of Oceania properly encompasses the artistic traditions of the people indigenous to Australia and the Pacific Islands . These early peoples lacked a writing system , and made works on perishable materials , so few records of them exist from this time . Indigenous Australian rock art is the oldest and richest unbroken tradition of art in the world , dating as far back as 60,000 years and spread across hundreds of thousands of sites . These rock paintings served several functions . Some were used in magic , others to increase animal populations for hunting , while some were simply for amusement . Sculpture in Oceania first appears on New Guinea as a series of stone figures found throughout the island , but mostly in mountainous highlands . Establishing a chronological timeframe for these pieces in most cases is difficult , but one has been dated to 1500 BC . By 1500 BC the Lapita culture , descendants of the second wave , would begin to expand and spread into the more remote islands . At around the same time , art began to appear in New Guinea , including the earliest examples of sculpture in Oceania . Starting around 1100 AD , the people of Easter Island would begin construction of nearly 900 moai ( large stone statues ) . At about 1200 AD , the people of Pohnpei , a Micronesian island , would embark on another megalithic construction , building Nan Madol , a city of artificial islands and a system of canals . Hawaiian art includes wood carvings , feather work , petroglyphs , bark cloth ( called kapa in Hawaiian and tapa elsewhere in the Pacific ) and tattoos . Native Hawaiians had neither metal nor woven cloth . Sport ( edit ) See also : Sport in Oceania Fiji playing Wales at seven - a-side rugby Rugby union is one of the region 's most prominent sports , and is the national sport of New Zealand , Samoa , Fiji and Tonga . The most popular sport in Australia is cricket , the most popular sport among Australian women is netball , while Australian rules football is the most popular sport in terms of spectatorship and television ratings . Rugby is the most popular sport among New Zealanders . In Papua New Guinea , the most popular sport is the Rugby league . Australian rules football is the national sport in Nauru and is the most popular football code in Australia in terms of attendance . It has a large following in Papua New Guinea , where it is the second most popular sport after Rugby League . It attracts significant attention across New Zealand and the Pacific Islands . Fiji 's sevens team is one of the most successful in the world , as is New Zealand 's . Currently , Vanuatu is the only country in Oceania to call association football its national sport . However , it is also the most popular sport in Kiribati , the Solomon Islands and Tuvalu , and has a significant ( and growing ) popularity in Australia . In 2006 , Australia joined the Asian Football Confederation and qualified for the 2010 and 2014 World Cups as an Asian entrant . Australia has hosted two Summer Olympics : Melbourne 1956 and Sydney 2000 . Also , Australia has hosted four editions of the Commonwealth Games ( Sydney 1938 , Perth 1962 , Brisbane 1982 , Melbourne 2006 ) , and is scheduled for a fifth ( Gold Coast 2018 ) . Meanwhile , New Zealand has hosted the Commonwealth Games three times : Auckland 1950 , Christchurch 1974 and Auckland 1990 . The Pacific Games ( formerly known as the South Pacific Games ) is a multi-sport event , much like the Olympics on a much smaller scale , with participation exclusively from countries around the Pacific . It is held every four years and began in 1963 . Australia and New Zealand competed in the games for the first time in 2015 . See also ( edit ) Geography portal Oceania portal Europeans in Oceania Festival of Pacific Arts Flags of Oceania List of cities in Oceania Oceanic cuisine Oceania ( journal ) Pacific Union Secretariat of the Pacific Community United Nations geoscheme for Oceania References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . 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Containing what is known concerning the customes and products of the countries so far discovered ; and treating of the usefulness of making broader discoveries there , and of the means of setting up an establishment there ) ( in French ) . Paris : Durand . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` SFT and the Earth 's Tectonic Plates '' . Los Alamos National Laboratory . Archived from the original on 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 27 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Frisch , Wolfgang ; Meschede , Martin ; Blakey , Ronald C. ( 2010 ) , Plate Tectonics : Continental Drift and Mountain Building , Springer , pp. 11 -- 12 , ISBN 9783540765042 . Jump up ^ `` Age of the Ocean Floor '' . Jump up ^ Pain , C.F. , Villans , B.J. , Roach , I.C. , Worrall , L. & Wilford , J.R. ( 2012 ) : Old , flat and red -- Australia 's distinctive landscape . In : Shaping a Nation : A Geology of Australia . Blewitt , R.S. 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Encyclopedia of Australian wildlife . Reader 's Digest Jump up ^ `` Australia 's National Symbols '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' ( PDF ) . Save the Tasmanian Devil . June 2008 . p. 1 . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Underhill D ( 1993 ) Australia 's Dangerous Creatures , Reader 's Digest , Sydney , New South Wales , ISBN 0 - 86438 - 018 - 6 Jump up ^ Trewick SA , Gibb G. 2010 . Assembly of the New Zealand avifauna -- a review of molecular evidence . IBIS 152 : 226 -- 253 . Jump up ^ Trewick SA . 2011 . Vicars and vagrants : Assembly of the New Zealand avifauna . Australasian Science 32 : 24 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Climate Prediction Center ( 30 June 2014 ) . `` ENSO : Recent Evolution , Current Status and Predictions '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . pp. 5 , 19 -- 20 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . Monsoon . Archived 22 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved on 16 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory -- Hurricane Research Division . `` Frequently Asked Questions : When is hurricane season ? '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 25 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Centre , National Climate . `` BOM -- Climate of Australia '' . pandora.nla.gov.au . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Precipitation in Australia '' . Climates and Weather of Australia . Routledge. 1997 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Walrond , Carl ( March 2009 ) . `` Natural environment -- Climate '' . Te Ara -- the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Mean monthly rainfall , NIWA . Jump up ^ Chapman , Paul ( 15 August 2011 ) . `` ' Once in a lifetime ' snow storm hits New Zealand '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Wellington . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Regions and constituents as per UN categorisations / map except notes 2 -- 3 , 6 . Depending on definitions , various territories cited below ( notes 3 , 5 -- 7 , 9 ) may be in one or both of Oceania and Asia or North America . Jump up ^ The use and scope of this term varies . The UN designation for this subregion is `` Australia and New Zealand . '' Jump up ^ New Zealand is often considered part of Polynesia rather than Australasia . Jump up ^ Excludes parts of Indonesia , island territories in Southeast Asia ( UN region ) frequently reckoned in this region . Jump up ^ Indonesian Act of Papua Autonomy , Act 21 year 2001 ( Indonesian : UU 21 tahun 2001 ) . Available at : http://www.kinerja.or.id/pdf/8bbcd469-bc2c-4d89-bf63-c2d81804ae27.pdf Jump up ^ `` Papuan province changes name from West Irian Jaya to West Papua '' . Radio New Zealand International . 7 February 2007 . Retrieved 27 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Papua New Guinea is often considered part of Australasia and Melanesia . It is sometimes included in the Malay Archipelago of Southeast Asia . Jump up ^ On 7 October 2006 , government officials moved their offices in the former capital of Koror to Ngerulmud in the state of Melekeok , located 20 km ( 12 mi ) northeast of Koror on Babelthuap Island . Jump up ^ Fagatogo is the seat of government of American Samoa . ^ Jump up to : Christianity in its Global Context , 1970 -- 2020 Society , Religion , and Mission , Center for the Study of Global Christianity Jump up ^ US Dept of State ( 2012 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Background Notes Australia , Fiji , Kiribati , Malaysia , Micronesia , New Zealand , Samoa '' . State.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Cowan , James G. ( 1993 ) . Messengers of the Gods . New York , NY : Bell Tower . ISBN 0 - 517 - 88078 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Religious Diversity in New Zealand -- Statement on Religious Diversity '' ( PDF ) . New Zealand Human Rights Commission and Victoria University . 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cultural diversity in Australia '' . 2071.0 -- Reflecting a Nation : Stories from the 2011 Census , 2012 -- 2013 . Australian Bureau of Statistics . 21 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2016 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Mosque soon to open in Uliga '' . November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population of Jews in Australia '' . Judaism.about.com. 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Statistics , c = AU ; o = Commonwealth of Australia ; ou = Australian Bureau of . `` Main Features -- Cultural Diversity in Australia '' . www.abs.gov.au . Jump up ^ Statistics , c = AU ; o = Commonwealth of Australia ; ou = Australian Bureau of . `` Main Features -- Net Overseas Migration '' . www.abs.gov.au . Jump up ^ `` Sydney 's melting pot of language '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 2014 . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2016 : Migrants make a cosmopolitan country '' . The Australian . 15 July 2017 . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population , dwellings , and ethnicity '' ... id. 2014 . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Vicnet Directory Indian Community '' . Vicnet . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Vicnet Directory Sri Lankan Community '' . Vicnet . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnamese Community Directory '' . yarranet.net.au . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Immigration chronology : selected events 1840 -- 2008 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Immigration regulation '' . p. 1 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity -- data tables '' . Statistics New Zealand . 15 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` California 's Hispanic population projected to outnumber white in 2014 '' . Reuters . January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charles ( 1832 ) ( 1828 ) . The missionary gazetteer : comprising a geographical and statistical account ... CIHM / ICMH microfiche series , no . 35042 ( also ATLA monograph preservation program ; ATLA fiche 1988 -- 3226 ) . BB Edwards ( America ed . ) . Boston , MA : W. Hyde & Co. p. 424 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 665 - 35042 - 9 . OCLC 657191416 , 718098082 , 719990067 , 680518873 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Frederic L. ( September 1899 ) . `` The Portuguese Population in the United States '' . Publications of the American Statistical Association . Alexandria , VA : American Statistical Association . 6 ( 47 ) : 327 -- 336 . doi : 10.2307 / 2276463 . JSTOR 2276463 . OCLC 11137237 . ( subscription required ) See pp. 332 -- 33 . Jump up ^ The Puerto Rican Diaspora , by Carmen Teresa Whalen ; p. 47 ; Publisher : Temple University Press ( August 30 , 2005 ) ; ISBN 1 - 59213 - 413 - 0 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 413 - 7 Jump up ^ Mares , Peter ( 2002 ) . Borderline : Australia 's Treatment of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the Wake of the Tampa . UNSW Press . pp. 132 -- 133 . ISBN 0868407895 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Duggan , A.T. ; Evans , B. ; Friedlaender , F.O.R. ; Friedlaender , J.S. ; Koki , G. ; Merriwether , D.A. ; Kayser , M. ; Stoneking , M. ( 2014 ) . `` Maternal History of Oceania from Complete mtDNA Genomes : Contrasting Ancient Diversity with Recent Homogenization Due to the Austronesian Expansion '' . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 94 ( 5 ) : 721 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajhg. 2014.03. 014 . PMC 4067553 . PMID 24726474 . Jump up ^ `` BBC : First contact with isolated tribes ? '' . Survival International . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 24 . 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Tokyo , Japan : Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation . October 2010 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ ( http://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/italian/en/article/2016/08/30/happy-birthday-melbourne-181-and-still-kicking ) Jump up ^ The Global Financial Centres Index 14 ( September 2013 ) . Y / Zen Group . p 15 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ 2012 Global Cities Index and Emerging Cities Outlook . A.T. Kearney . p. 2 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Brinded , Lianna ( 23 February 2016 ) . `` The 23 cities with the best quality of life in the world '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Quality of Living Worldwide City Rankings -- Mercer Survey '' . www.mercer.com. 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fj.html Jump up ^ `` Hawaii sandalwood trade '' . Hawaiihistory.org . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . 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Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` State of the Parties '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on 18 April 2010 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Fenna , Alan ; Robbins , Jane ; Summers , John ( 2013 ) . Government Politics in Australia . London , United Kingdom : Pearson Higher Education AU . p. 139 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4860 - 0138 - 5 . Jump up ^ Defence Annual Report 2005 - 06 Archived 2006 - 11 - 18 at the Wayback Machine ... pp. 219 -- 220 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand 's Constitution '' . The Governor - General of New Zealand . Retrieved 13 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet -- New Zealand -- Political Forces '' . The Economist . The Economist Group . 15 February 2005 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2006 . Retrieved 4 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Legislation : Royal Titles Act 1974 '' . New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office . February 1974 . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Role of the Governor - General '' . The Governor - General of New Zealand . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament Brief : What is Parliament ? '' . New Zealand Parliament . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The electoral cycle '' . Cabinet Manual . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . 2008 . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fragile States Index 2016 '' . The Fund for Peace . Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Democracy Index 2015 '' . The Economist Intelligence Unit . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Corruption Perceptions Index 2015 '' . Transparency International . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Samoa '' . U.S. State Department . Retrieved 26 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Braithwaite , David ( 28 June 2007 ) . `` Opera House wins top status '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 28 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Jupp , pp. 796 -- 802 . 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Jump up ^ Unterberger , pp. 465 -- 473 Jump up ^ Chai , Makana Risser . `` Huna , Max Freedom Long , and the Idealization of William Brigham , '' The Hawaiian Journal of History , Vol. 45 ( 2011 ) pp. 101 -- 121 Jump up ^ Kamakawiwo , Israel ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Israel Kamakawiwo'ole : The Voice Of Hawaii '' . NPR . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Downes , Siobhan ( 1 January 2017 ) . `` World famous in New Zealand : Hobbiton Movie Set '' . Stuff Travel . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapaleao , Vaimoana ( 8 March 2008 ) . `` Thousands attend Pasifika '' . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Government and nation -- National holidays '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . 3 March 2009 . Retrieved 16 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Swarbrick , Nancy ( June 2010 ) . `` Creative life -- Music '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 21 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Swarbrick , Nancy ( June 2010 ) . `` Creative life -- Performing arts '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 21 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Cieply , Michael ; Rose , Jeremy ( October 2010 ) . `` New Zealand Bends and ' Hobbit ' Stays '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Production Guide : Locations '' . Film New Zealand . Archived from the original on 7 November 2010 . Retrieved 21 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Zealand Cuisine '' . New Zealand Tourism Guide . January 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Petrie , Hazel ( November 2008 ) . `` Kai Pākehā -- introduced foods '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Whaanga , Mere ( June 2006 ) . `` Mātaitai -- shellfish gathering '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Story : Shellfish '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Burton , David ( September 2013 ) . `` Cooking -- Cooking methods '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dance : Siva '' . Samoa.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Worn With Pride -- Tatau ( Tatoo ) '' . Oceanside Museum of Art . Archived from the original on 30 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Brunt , Peter ( 2012 ) . Art in Oceania : A New History . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . pp. 410 -- 497 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 19028 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson Encyclopedia . Oceanic art Archived 2006 - 05 - 15 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved on June 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Met Timeline of Art History , Oceania , 80000 -- 2000 BC . Retrieved on June 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Taçon , Paul S.C. ( 2001 ) . `` Australia '' . In Whitely , David S ... Handbook of Rock Art Research . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 531 -- 575 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 0256 - 7 Jump up ^ Henly , Susan Gough ( 6 November 2005 ) . `` Powerful growth of Aboriginal art '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Met Timeline of Art History Ubirr ( c. 40,000 BC -- present ) . Retrieved on June 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Met Timeline of Art History , Lapita Pottery ( c. 1500 -- 5000 BC ) . Retrieved on June 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Met Timeline of Art History , Oceania , 1000 -- 1400 AD . Retrieved on June 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Met Timeline of Art History , Oceania , 1400 -- 1600 AD . Retrieved on June 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Oceania Rugby Vacations '' . Real Travel . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Australia -- p. 54 , Tracey Boraas -- 2002 Jump up ^ Planet Sport -- p. 85 , Kath Woodward -- 2012 Jump up ^ Australia -- p. 101 , Sundran Rajendra -- 2002 Jump up ^ New Zealand -- p. 76 , Rebecca Hirsch -- 2013 Jump up ^ `` PNG vow to upset World Cup odds '' . Rugby League . BBC . 2008 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . But it would still be one of the biggest shocks in World Cup history if Papua New Guinea -- the only country to have Rugby League as its national Sport -- were to qualify for the last 4 . Jump up ^ `` Nauru AFL team to play in International Cup '' . solomonstarnews.com. 2008 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Australian rules football ( sport ) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea '' . www.miningfm.com.au . Jump up ^ `` MSN Groups Closure Notice '' . Groups.msn.com. 2008 - 10 - 23 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Football in Australia -- Australia 's Culture Portal '' . Cultureandrecreation.gov.au. 2008 - 03 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby League Football -- 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand '' . Teara.govt.nz. 1908 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Andy ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) . `` southern hemisphere sides are a class apart '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA world cup 2010 -- qualifying rounds and places available by confederation '' . Fifa.com. 2009 - 04 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Australia and New Zealand to compete in Pacific Games '' . ABC News . 3 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Frank Harary & Per Hage ( 1991 ) Exchange in Oceania : A Graph Theoretic Analysis , Oxford Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology , Oxford University Press . Frank Harary & Per Hage ( 2007 ) Island Networks : Communication , Kinship , and Classification Structures in Oceania , Structural Analysis in the Social Sciences , Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutOceaniaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Oceania at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` Australia and Oceania '' from National Geographic Articles related to Oceania Countries and territories of Oceania Sovereign states Entire Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu In part Chile Easter Island Juan Fernández Islands Indonesia West Papua Papua Japan Bonin Islands Minami - Tori - Shima United States Hawaii Palmyra Atoll Associated states of New Zealand Niue Cook Islands Dependencies and other territories Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands Coral Sea Islands Norfolk Island United States American Samoa Baker Island Guam Howland Island 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who plays the doctor in madea's big happy family	Tyler Perry as Mabel `` Madea '' Simmons and Uncle Joe Simmons Loretta Devine as Shirley Shad `` Bow Wow '' Moss as Byron Tamela Mann as Cora Cassi Davis as Betty Ann `` Aunt Bam '' Murphy Lauren London as Renee Shannon Kane as Kimberly Isaiah Mustafa as Calvin Natalie Desselle as Tammy Rodney Perry as Harold David Mann as Leroy `` Mr. Brown '' Brown Teyana Taylor as Sabrina Philip Anthony - Rodriguez as Dr. Evans Chandra Currelley as Sister Laura , the lead singer of the church choir at the funeral who sings , `` Heaven Waits For Me . '' Maury Povich as himself	Philip Anthony - Rodriguez	Madea 's Big Happy Family ( film )	madea's big happy family ( film )	Tyler Perry 's Madea 's Big Happy Family is a 2011 comedy - drama film based on Tyler Perry 's 2010 play of the same name and the eleventh film in the Tyler Perry film franchise , and the sixth in the Madea franchise .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Release 3.1 Box office 3.2 Critical reception 4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shirley ( Loretta Devine ) , the main character of the film , goes to visit Dr. Evans ( Philip Anthony - Rodriguez ) with her longtime family friend , Aunt Bam ( Cassi Davis ) about her cancer and finds out that it has gotten worse , and that she may only have a few months to live . She asks Aunt Bam to call her children so she can tell them . Cora and Mr. Brown ( David and Tamela Mann ) are also at the hospital , to get Mr. Brown a check - up . Dr. Evans tells them he has to do a colonoscopy on Mr. Brown , and they find a growth that needs to be removed surgically . Meanwhile , Madea ( Tyler Perry ) furiously and violently drives her car through a restaurant named ' Smax ' , because they stopped serving breakfast for the day when she wanted a biscuit sandwich , and because the manager had been very rude to her . Shirley 's children Byron ( Shad `` Bow Wow '' Moss ) , Tammy ( Natalie Desselle - Reid ) , and Kimberly ( Shannon Kane ) arrive at Shirley 's house later that day for a dinner Shirley has planned for them in order to tell them the sad news about her recent prognosis from Dr. Evans . Byron arrives with his girlfriend Renee ( Lauren London ) and his baby Byron Jr . Tammy arrives with her husband Harold ( Rodney Perry ) and their two kids . Just before they arrived , Tammy and Harold had been fighting about the directions to the house , and subsequently carry their argument into the house with them . Kimberly arrives with her husband Calvin ( Isaiah Mustafa ) . Tammy and Kimberly continue to argue when Byron 's ex-girlfriend Sabrina ( Teyana Taylor ) also arrives . Sabrina is Byron 's `` baby mama '' , Byron Jr. 's biological mother , and she likes calling Byron a `` drug dealer '' , since he was one when he was young and got arrested for it . She also loudly extends out the last vowel and consonant sounds of his name , just to annoy him and his family . On top of that , she also lies excessively , uses her son 's child support money and supplies for herself , and also tries to goad Byron back into selling drugs , so she can get more money for herself in the process . Sabrina also turns out to be the manager of ' Smax ' , the restaurant that Madea crashed her car into earlier that day when Sabrina rudely lashed out at Madea about the restaurant not serving breakfast anymore for the day . Everybody leaves the dinner later on that afternoon due to the constant arguing as well as their own reasons , and Shirley does n't get the chance to tell them about her cancer . During the night , Byron and Renee sneak inside Shirley 's house to sleep there , but Byron is arrested by the police for failing to pay child support . Shirley goes to Kimberly 's house to ask her to bail him out , but Kimberly refuses . Calvin instead helps Shirley bail him out , much to Kimberly 's anger and consternation . The next day , Aunt Bam tells Madea about Shirley 's cancer prognosis and the family 's situation , to which Madea promises to gather all Shirley 's children for another dinner that evening . She goes to Harold 's auto repair garage where Tammy works with him and authoritatively demands her to go to the family dinner . After she does so , Tammy then gets called by a client , so Madea takes the opportunity to discipline Tammy 's two unruly children for their disrespect , putting fear into them . She then goes to Byron 's workplace , but she finds him outside , since he was fired for being late as he spent the night in jail . It is revealed that the manager ( played by Palmer Williams , Jr . ) had fired Byron because him being late for the job that day was the last straw . Madea then brusquely demands that he is at the family dinner as well and threatens him if he does not come . She proceeds to Kimberly , whom she finds her showing clients a new house , as it is revealed that she is a real estate agent , and she peremptorily yells at her to attend the dinner after Kimberly attempts to ignore her . Meanwhile , Mr. Brown loses a lot of blood during his surgery and the doctor asks Cora to donate some . When she does , she finds out that she does n't have the same blood type as him , implying that he may not be her real , biological father . At dinner later on that night , Tammy and Kimberly have a vicious argument that leads to Tammy revealing that Kimberly is Byron 's birth mother , having had him when she was 13 years old . Byron storms out of the house , angry that this secret was kept from him . Later that night , for the first time , Harold puts his foot down towards Tammy and tells her to respect him more . Tammy and Harold then sort their problems out : Harold acted weak because Tammy kept pushing to be the dominant one in the relationship , and the resultant bickering and power struggle between them led their children to have no respect for their parents or anyone else . After dinner , Kimberly and Calvin continue to fight , which results in Calvin leaving and taking their son with him , much to Kimberly 's dismay . The next day , when Byron and Renee go to the drug store , where they see Sabrina on `` Maury '' via the store 's TV , humiliating Byron and demanding her child support . This finally pushes Byron over the edge and he decides to go back to dealing drugs . Overtime , Shirley 's condition worsens greatly and she goes to the hospital . She later tells Byron ( who left his drug dealing corner after learning of Shirley 's hospitalization ) , Tammy , Harold , and Calvin , who arrive to see her , that she loves them all , including Kimberly who is n't present at the time , and after giving them some last words of advice , she dies . At Shirley 's funeral service , which is held at a local church a few days later , the church choir , played by several of the cast members from Madea 's Big Happy Family : the Play , including one of the members of the choir who sings lead that is played by Chandra Currelley - Young , sings the song `` Heaven Waits For Me . '' After Shirley 's funeral service , later on back at the house , Madea confronts the family , saying that Shirley was a peaceful woman and that she would not have wanted all the fighting going on between them . First , Madea confronts Sabrina about abusing Byron 's hard - earned money , and that she needs to start respecting him , especially telling her to stop using their child to make his life miserable or she will be dealing with Madea herself or worse . Second , Madea confronts Byron and tells him to get himself a new job in order remain on the right path , because selling drugs again will only lead him to his own demise ( a return to prison or an early grave ) and Renee will just move on to the next man with a lot of money ; Madea also threatens Renee when she attempts to backtalk . Madea also tells both Byron and Sabrina to start working together to take care of their baby , and settle things between them wisely and peacefully . Third , Madea tells everyone that Shirley did n't want her children to know that Kimberly had been raped by an uncle of hers , on her father 's side , when she was 12 , which resulted in her pregnancy with Byron , and was why she became so hostile and aggressive towards everyone , because she had n't forgiven the man that raped her ; Madea urges Kimberly to forgive her uncle for her own sake , otherwise , he 'll continue to have power over her , and she 'll never be able to move on or make peace with herself and what he did to her . Kimberly then sorts out her issues with Calvin , feeling that she does n't know how to begin , and finally hugs him and apologizes while they agree to acquire some professional help . Byron breaks up with Renee , because he just buried his mother while Renee keeps thinking only about herself , and trying to get him to deal drugs again . The film ends with Madea , Mr. Brown , and Cora on The Maury Povich Show to find out if Mr. Brown is in fact Cora 's father . Madea insists that he is , but it turns out he 's not . This shocks Madea , who runs off - stage , sobbing hysterically . Madea does this mocking the running gag on the Maury Povich Show of how many of the woman , when it is revealed that their old romantic interests are not the real fathers of their child ( ren ) , they run off - stage and sob wildly and hysterically . ( Although the DNA tests on the show reveals that Mr. Brown is not Cora 's real father , this , however , is non-canon to the rest of the Tyler Perry franchise as Mr. Brown is still portrayed as Cora 's father ) . Cast ( edit ) Tyler Perry as Mabel `` Madea '' Simmons and Uncle Joe Simmons Loretta Devine as Shirley Shad `` Bow Wow '' Moss as Byron Tamela Mann as Cora Cassi Davis as Betty Ann `` Aunt Bam '' Murphy Lauren London as Renee Shannon Kane as Kimberly Isaiah Mustafa as Calvin Natalie Desselle as Tammy Rodney Perry as Harold David Mann as Leroy `` Mr. Brown '' Brown Teyana Taylor as Sabrina Philip Anthony - Rodriguez as Dr. Evans Chandra Currelley as Sister Laura , the lead singer of the church choir at the funeral who sings , `` Heaven Waits For Me . '' Maury Povich as himself Release ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Madea 's Big Happy Family was released on April 22 , 2011 . It opened with $25,068,677 on its opening weekend , ranking # 2 at the box office behind Rio . By the end of its run , the $25 million film grossed $53,345,287 in the United States . Critical reception ( edit ) The film has received mixed reviews from critics . Based on 40 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an overall approval rating of 38 % with an average rating of 4.6 / 10 . Another review aggretator , Metacritic , gave the film an average rating of 45 based on 15 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Home media ( edit ) Madea 's Big Happy Family was released on DVD and Blu - ray on August 30 , 2011 . The DVD features four featurettes : `` By - reen : The Baby Mama from Hell '' , `` Ties That Bind '' , `` Madea 's Family Tree '' , and `` Brown Calls Maury '' . The Blu - ray contains these features including a digital copy . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Amy ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : Tyler Perry 's latest ' Madea ' film should trample ' Water for Elephants ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tyler Perry 's Madea 's Big Happy Family ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Young , John ( 2011 - 04 - 24 ) . `` ' Rio ' tops ' Madea 's Big Happy Family ' '' . Cable News Network . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's Madea 's Big Happy Family Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Madea 's Big Happy Family Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Madea 's Big Happy Family ( DVD ) Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Madea 's Big Happy Family ( Blu - ray ) External links ( edit ) Official website Madea 's Big Happy Family on IMDb Madea 's Big Happy Family at AllMovie Madea 's Big Happy Family at Box Office Mojo Madea 's Big Happy Family at Rotten Tomatoes Madea 's Big Happy Family at Metacritic ( hide ) Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween A Madea Family Funeral Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home The Paynes Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madea%27s_Big_Happy_Family_(film)&oldid=832265487 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s comedy - drama films 2010s romantic comedy films American films American comedy - drama films American romantic comedy films Films directed by Tyler Perry African - American films Films based on plays Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Lions Gate Entertainment films Screenplays by Tyler Perry Hidden categories : Film articles using image size parameter Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from August 2014 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 21 : 54 . 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what does calypso say in pirates of the caribbean 3			Tia Dalma	tia dalma	Tia Dalma , played by Naomie Harris , is a fictional character from the films Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest and Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End . It is revealed in At World 's End that she is the sea goddess Calypso .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Character history 2.1 Prior to the films 2.2 Dead Man 's Chest 2.3 At World 's End 3 Personality and appearance 4 Other appearances 5 References 6 External links Name ( edit ) The name implies several linguistic possibilities stemming from Portuguese to Spanish . Tia is both Portuguese and Spanish for `` aunt '' . Dalma could be a reference to the colloquial Caribbean Spanish del mar , `` of the sea '' . It could also be a reference to Spanish de Alma , or Portuguese da alma , which means `` of the soul '' . Her full name is also an anagram for Dalmatia , a region in modern day Croatia infamous for its pirates , who were mostly active during the 9th and 10th centuries . Character history ( edit ) Prior to the films ( edit ) Prior to the events of the films , Tia Dalma was known as the goddess Calypso . Davy Jones , a human , fell in love with her . Calypso gave him the task of guiding the spirits of the dead lost at sea , and Jones accepted the task out of love for her . Jones was granted immortality on the condition that he could return to shore only once every ten years . However , when Jones returned to shore after ten years of service , Calypso failed to appear . Feeling betrayed , Davy Jones made a secret agreement with the Pirate Lords . He showed them how to bind her to human form using Pieces of Eight ; and thus , at the first Brethren Court , the pirates captured Calypso and bound her to a human body . Her binding tamed the seas and satisfied Jones 's desire for vengeance . This entrapment could only be reversed if the Brethren Court reassembled , resubmitted the original nine Pieces of Eight they used to bind her , and burned them . Until the events of At World 's End , she was unaware of the crucial role that her former lover had played in her imprisonment . After she was bound in human form , Tia Dalma began to practice Voodoo and Obeah magic . It was thought that Tia Dalma and Sparrow became lovers at some point during the latter 's adult life ; Sparrow confessed to having `` known '' her at a time when they had been `` nigh inseparable '' . Tia Dalma provided him with his compass , a mysterious device that pointed to that which its user wanted most . Dead Man 's Chest ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest When the events of Dead Man 's Chest begin , Jack Sparrow returns to see Tia Dalma after many years , in need of her assistance . Pursued across the Caribbean by Davy Jones 's Kraken , he plans to find the Dead Man 's Chest . This chest contains Jones 's heart , and offers the only means to kill him . A series of trades takes place , leaving Jack with the location of the Flying Dutchman and a jar of dirt to protect him from Jones , while Tia Dalma gains possession of the undead monkey belonging to the late Captain Barbossa . Jack 's crew returns to Tia Dalma 's shack after Jack is dragged to Davy Jones 's Locker by the Kraken . Tia has apparently foreseen this eventuality , and informs the mourning crew that there is a chance to save Jack . She reveals that she has resurrected Barbossa , who will help lead the rescue mission . At World 's End ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Tia Dalma joins Barbossa , Will , Elizabeth , and the rest of the Black Pearl 's crew as they travel to Singapore . There , they infiltrate Sao Feng 's headquarters to acquire the navigational chart needed to sail to World 's End and Davy Jones ' Locker , barely escaping the clutches of the East India Trading Company . On the journey , she explains to Pintel and Ragetti that Jack Sparrow can not be resurrected the same way Barbossa was because Sparrow was `` taken '' by the Kraken while Barbossa died from normal , earthly causes . When rescuing Jack from the Locker , Tia Dalma flirts with him and references a presumed past romantic relationship . As the group searches for an escape route back to the mortal world , they encounter numerous souls adrift in the water . Tia Dalma tells the group the story of Davy Jones and Calypso , but does not reveal her identity . While caressing her locket , she reminisces that Jones was once human . Later , is revealed that Tia Dalma is Calypso , bound into human form . Her true motives for resurrecting Barbossa and Jack are unveiled when it is learned that both are Pirate Lords of the Brethren Court . Each has their respective `` Pieces of Eight '' , the talismans necessary to free Calypso . She resurrected Barbossa to obtain his piece , and rescued Jack because his Piece went with him to Davy Jones ' Locker . Upon arrival at Shipwreck Cove , she reminds Barbossa of her power by gripping his hand and temporarily rendering it skeletal . She warns him that it was only by her power that he is alive again and that he must fulfill their agreement to release her . If he failed , she would kill him . Tia Dalma and her estranged lover , Davy Jones , briefly reunite while she is locked in the brig of the ship . Calypso says she still feels deeply for Jones . She responds to his anger by saying that Jones never would have loved her if not for her uncontrollable and unpredictable nature . Calypso also chastises him for abandoning his duty to ferry souls to the other world . It was because he neglected his charges that Jones became a monster . Calypso is also furious that the Pirate Lords trapped her in her human form . Thus , her true motives are revealed : she plans to use her powers against the current court in revenge for the original act of turning her into a human . She will also fully give her love to Jones , and it appears they reconcile . When she touches Jones , he momentarily transforms back into the man he once was . Jones 's parting words betray that his heart will always belong to her . As the battle between the East India Trading Company and the pirates looms , Barbossa and Ragetti release Calypso from her human form . Before Calypso is fully freed , Will tells her that it was Davy Jones who betrayed her by revealing to the first Brethren Court how to bind her into her human form . Bound by ropes , she grows to nearly sixty feet high , towering over the crew . Barbossa asks that she fulfill their agreement and use her powers to aid the pirates . Calypso breaks free , transforming herself into thousands of small crabs that engulf the ship and flee into the sea . Her fury then creates a violent maelstrom that becomes the battlefield between the Black Pearl and the Flying Dutchman . Instead of aiding a particular side , her wrath is directed both at the pirate lords for imprisoning her and at Davy Jones for his betrayal . Personality and appearance ( edit ) In Dead Man 's Chest , Tia Dalma appears to be quite mysterious and enigmatic . Her personality is flirtatious and playful , alluding to the belief that Calypso was a seductress . She speaks in Jamaican Patois with a typical West Indian accent . Harris 's mother , a Jamaican immigrant , was her accent coach for the films . The movie - based comic series of the same name depicted Tia Dalma barefoot , which was seen in At World 's End . The Kingdom Keepers book series also described her as perpetually barefoot , which was a plot point in `` The Insider '' . Other appearances ( edit ) In Kingdom Keepers , Tia Dalma appears near the fifth book of the series , Shell Game , as a member of the Overtakers . Having set up residence in Castaway Cay , she meets with Jafar , who had been sent by the Overtakers to bring her aboard the Dream . Serving as the guardian of the Overtakers ' DHI server , she fights with Finn and Willa , only to be given a death threat unless she released Finn 's mother from Overtaker control . In the sixth book , Dark Passage , she works with the witches Maleficent and the Evil Queen to bring Chernabog out of his stupor and back to full power ; she burns a key flower and tricks Finn into fatally stabbing his best friend , allowing Chernabog to lick the blood and fully awaken . She is knocked out , and taken hostage by the Keepers . In the final book The Insider , Tia Dalma escapes custody and searches through the maze , freeing Chernabog and the Evil Queen , while collecting some of Maleficent 's bones ; she was horrified that a powerful praticioner of the black arts had been killed . She manipulates a supply driver for Disneyland to get herself and her allies to their new hideouts . She originally leads the attack against the Keepers in Toontown , but forfeits leadership to the Queen . Tia Dalma instead focused on the spell needed to resurrect Maleficent . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Naomie Harris interview on World 's End Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( 26 May 2007 ) . `` The actress behind Tia Dalma 's black teeth '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 8 Mar 2017 . External links ( edit ) Tia Dalma at the Pirates of the Caribbean wiki ( hide ) Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales ‎ soundtrack Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Video games Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tia_Dalma&oldid=797574059 '' Categories : Pirates of the Caribbean characters Adventure film characters Fictional deities Fictional avatars Fictional characters who use magic Fictional fortune tellers Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Fictional Jamaican people Fictional witches Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2009 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 23 : 39 . 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who defeated the new york jets in the first monday night football			History of Monday Night Football	history of monday night football	The following article details the history of Monday Night Football , the weekly broadcast of National Football League games on U.S. television .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-1970 1.1 Negotiations with ABC 2 1970 - 1985 - Founding Era 2.1 Cosell , Jackson , and Meredith 2.2 Cosell , Gifford , and Meredith 2.3 Cosell , Gifford , Williamson , and Karras 2.4 Cosell , Gifford , Meredith , and Tarkenton 2.5 1980 2.5. 1 John Lennon tragedy 2.6 1982 contract renewal 2.7 Cosell , Gifford , Meredith , and Simpson 2.8 Gifford , Meredith , and Simpson 2.9 Gifford , Simpson , and Namath 3 1986 - 2005 - Al Michaels Era 3.1 Gifford and Michaels 3.2 Gifford , Michaels , and Dierdorf 3.2. 1 1989 contract renewal 3.2. 2 1994 3.2. 3 1995 3.2. 4 1997 3.3 Michaels , Dierdorf , and Esiason 3.4 Michaels and Esiason 3.5 Michaels , Fouts , and Miller 3.5. 1 2000 3.5. 2 2001 3.6 Michaels and Madden 3.6. 1 2002 3.6. 2 2003 3.6. 3 2004 3.6. 4 2005 3.6. 4.1 `` Monday Night Massacre '' ( Seahawks ) 3.7 End of the ABC era 4 2006 - Present - ESPN Era 4.1 Move to ESPN 4.1. 1 Secondary broadcast teams 4.2 Tirico , Theismann , and Kornheiser 4.3 Tirico , Jaworski , and Kornheiser 4.3. 1 2007 4.3. 2 2008 4.3. 2.1 2008 election eve 4.4 Tirico , Jaworski , and Gruden 4.4. 1 2009 season 4.4. 2 2010 season - `` Monday Night Massacre '' ( Eagles ) 4.5 Hank Williams Jr. controversy 5 References 6 External links Pre-1970 ( edit ) Main article : Monday night National Football League games prior to 1970 During the early 1960s , NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle envisioned the possibility of playing at least one game weekly during prime time that could be viewed by a greater television audience ( while the NFL had scheduled Saturday night games on the DuMont Television Network in 1953 and 1954 , poor ratings and the dissolution of DuMont led to those games being eliminated by the time CBS took over the rights in 1956 ) . An early bid by the league in 1964 to play on Friday nights was soundly defeated , with critics charging that such telecasts would damage the attendance at high school football games . Undaunted , Rozelle decided to experiment with the concept of playing on Monday night , scheduling the Green Bay Packers and Detroit Lions for a game on September 28 , 1964 . While the game was not televised , it drew a sellout crowd of 59,203 spectators to Tiger Stadium , the largest crowd ever to watch a professional football game in Detroit up to that point . Two years later , Rozelle would build on this success as the NFL began a four - year experiment of playing on Monday night , scheduling one game in prime time on CBS during the 1966 and 1967 seasons , and two contests during each of the next two years . NBC followed suit in 1968 and 1969 with games involving American Football League teams . Negotiations with ABC ( edit ) During subsequent negotiations on a new television contract that would begin in 1970 ( coinciding with a merger between the NFL and AFL ) , Rozelle concentrated on signing a weekly Monday night deal with one of the three major networks . After sensing reluctance from both NBC and CBS in disturbing their regular programming schedules , Rozelle spoke with ABC . Despite the network 's status at the time as the lowest - rated of the three major broadcast networks , ABC was also reluctant to enter the risky venture . It was only after Rozelle used the threat of signing a deal with the independent Hughes Sports Network , an entity bankrolled by reclusive businessman Howard Hughes , did ABC sign a contract for the scheduled games . Speculation was that had Rozelle signed with Hughes , many ABC affiliates would have pre-empted the network 's Monday lineup in favor of the games , severely damaging potential ratings . After the final contract for Monday Night Football was signed , ABC Sports producer Roone Arledge immediately saw possibilities for the new program . Setting out to create an entertainment `` spectacle '' as much as a simple sports broadcast , Arledge hired Chet Forte , who would serve as director of the program for over 22 years . Arledge also ordered twice the usual number of cameras to cover the game , expanded the regular two - man broadcasting booth to three , and used extensive graphic design within the show as well as instant replay . 1970 - 1985 - founding era ( edit ) See also : Monday Night Football results ( 1970 -- 1989 ) Prior to 1978 , Monday night games were not scheduled in the final week ( Week 14 ) of the regular season . From 1974 to 1977 , a Saturday night game was scheduled for Week 14 and televised live by ABC in lieu of a game on Monday night . Cosell , Jackson , and Meredith ( edit ) Looking for a lightning rod to garner attention , Arledge hired controversial New York City sportscaster Howard Cosell as a commentator , along with veteran football play - by - play announcer Keith Jackson . Arledge had tried to lure Curt Gowdy and then Vin Scully to ABC for the MNF play - by - play role , but settled for Jackson after they proved unable to break their respective existing contracts with NBC Sports and the Los Angeles Dodgers . Jack Buck was also considered , but when Arledge assistant Chuck Howard telephoned Buck with the job offer , Buck refused to respond due to anger at his treatment by ABC during an earlier stint with the network . Arledge 's original choice for the third member of the trio , Frank Gifford , was unavailable since he was still under contract to CBS Sports . However , Gifford suggested former Dallas Cowboys quarterback Don Meredith , setting the stage for years of fireworks between the often - pompous Cosell and the laid - back Meredith . Monday Night Football first aired on ABC on September 21 , 1970 , with a game between the New York Jets and the Browns in Cleveland . Advertisers were charged US $65,000 per minute by ABC during the clash , a cost that proved to be a bargain when the contest collected 33 % of the viewing audience . The Browns defeated the Jets , 31 - 21 in a game which featured a 94 - yard kickoff return for a touchdown by the Browns ' Homer Jones and was punctuated when Billy Andrews intercepted Joe Namath late in the fourth quarter and returned it 25 yards for the clinching touchdown . However , Cleveland viewers saw different programming on WEWS - TV , because of the NFL 's blackout rules of the time ( this would apply for all games through the end of the 1972 season ; beginning in 1973 , home games could be televised if tickets were sold out 72 hours before kickoff ) . One of the trademarks of Monday Night Football is a music cue used during the opening teasers of each program , a Johnny Pearson - composition titled `` Heavy Action '' , originally a KPM production library cue ( and also used as the theme music for the BBC programme Superstars ) , which MNF began using in 1975 . That success would continue over the course of the season , helping establish a phenomenon on Monday nights in the fall : movie attendance dropped , bowling leagues shifted to Tuesday nights and a Seattle hospital established an unwritten rule of no births during games . Cosell 's presence initially caused Henry Ford II , chairman of the Ford Motor Company , the program 's main sponsor , to ask for his removal . ABC refused , and Ford had a change of heart once the show 's ratings were made public . Cosell dodged another controversy when he appeared to be intoxicated on - air during the November 23 game between the New York Giants and Philadelphia Eagles . Already ill , Cosell drank at a promotional party prior to the game , then ended up vomiting on Don Meredith 's cowboy boots near the end of the first half . Jackson and Meredith ended up announcing the rest of the contest . Cosell , Gifford , and Meredith ( edit ) In 1971 , Frank Gifford became available after his contract with CBS Sports concluded ; Arledge brought him to ABC to serve as play - by - play announcer , replacing Jackson ( who returned to broadcasting college football for the network , which he continued to do for the next 35 seasons ) . The former New York Giant had been an NFL analyst for CBS during the 1960s but had never called play - by - play prior to joining Monday Night Football . In that capacity for Monday Night Football from 1971 to 1985 , Gifford was often criticized for his see - no - evil approach in regard to discussing the NFL , earning him the dubious nickname `` Faultless Frank . '' Regardless , Gifford would have the longest tenure of any broadcaster on the show , lasting until 1998 . Cosell 's abrasive personality gave him enough recognition to host a live variety show on ABC in the fall of 1975 . That show is remembered today only as a trivia question , as its title , Saturday Night Live , prevented a new late - night sketch comedy program on NBC from using that title until the ABC show was canceled . That seeming popularity was in contrast to the repeated criticisms in the media , as well as bar room contests in which winners were allowed to throw a brick through a television image of Cosell . After beginning with critical acclaim , Meredith began to take his weekly assignments less seriously , while also beginning an acting career . By 1973 , his motivation for the broadcasts seemed highly suspect , given incidents during a trio of contests . On October 29 , Meredith was drinking during the Buffalo Bills -- Kansas City Chiefs game , which was preceded one week earlier by his pre-game analysis of the Denver Broncos -- Oakland Raiders game : `` We 're in the Mile High City and I sure am '' -- a not - so - subtle reference to his use of marijuana at the time . Finally , during the Pittsburgh Steelers -- Washington Redskins game on November 5 , he referred to U.S. President Richard Nixon as `` Tricky Dick . '' Cosell , Gifford , Williamson , and Karras ( edit ) Don Meredith would be absent from Monday Night Football for a broadcasting and acting career on rival NBC from 1974 to 1976 . Fred Williamson , a former Kansas City Chiefs defensive back nicknamed `` The Hammer '' for his often - brutal hits , was selected by ABC to replace Meredith in 1974 , but following a few pre-season broadcasts , proved so inarticulate that he was relieved of his duties prior to the start of the regular season , becoming the first MNF personality not to last an entire season ( much less no part of the regular season at all ) . Williamson was replaced by fellow Gary , Indiana native Alex Karras , formerly of the Detroit Lions . The highlight of Williamson 's MNF career was probably at the introductory press conference where he quipped that he was hired to `` bring some color to the booth . '' Karras made his debut on September 16 , 1974 and immediately made an impact when he jokingly referred to Oakland Raiders ' defensive lineman Otis Sistrunk as having attended `` The University of Mars . '' That would essentially be the high point of Karras ' three - year tenure , with a developing movie career often distracting him from showing any improvement ( in reality , Sistrunk did not attend any college but enlisted in the United States Marine Corps after high school and played semi-professional football before getting a tryout with the Raiders ; the Raiders team guide listed his college alma mater as `` U.S. Mars '' ) . Cosell , Gifford , Meredith , and Tarkenton ( edit ) Meredith returned to the ABC booth in 1977 , but seemed to lack the enthusiasm that had marked his first stint from 1970 to 1973 . While the NFL moved to a 16 - week schedule in 1978 , Meredith was contractually obligated to work only 14 games , leaving Cosell and Gifford to work games as a duo or with newly retired Fran Tarkenton beginning in 1979 . From 1977 to 1986 , ABC also aired occasional NFL games on Thursday , Saturday and Sunday nights . Each of these telecasts would be billed by the network as a `` Special Thursday / Saturday / Sunday Night Edition of Monday Night Football '' . One of the more somber contests in the run of the series came on November 27 , 1978 when the San Francisco 49ers hosted the Pittsburgh Steelers . Earlier in the day , San Francisco mayor George Moscone and City Supervisor Harvey Milk had been murdered at City Hall . Despite the complaints that followed , the NFL chose to play the game , a decision that mirrored the league 's decision to play its scheduled games during the weekend following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy 15 years earlier . The opening contest of the 1979 season saw a poignant moment as former New England Patriots wide receiver Darryl Stingley was introduced to a sellout crowd at the Patriots ' Schaefer Stadium . Stingley had been paralyzed in a preseason game the year before and was making his first visit to the stadium since the accident . 1980 ( edit ) During the 1980 season , Monday Night Football continued its tradition of featuring notable guests during the half - time show , from a variety of different industries and backgrounds . During a Thursday Night Football special in Houston , 2 days after Ronald Reagan was elected to the White House , Vice-President elect George H.W. Bush was interviewed in the broadcast booth at halftime . Prior to the election , none of the candidates were invited on the program due to equal time regulations governing appearances during campaigns . Later that same season in Southern California , movie star Bo Derek , well known for her role in the movie `` Ten '' , was the half - time guest and was interviewed by Howard Cosell . Some of the production crew teasingly referred to the segment as `` The Beauty and the Beast '' . 1980 also marked some key personnel moves for the top - rated ABC show . It was the first season of Monday Night Football produced by Bob Goodrich , who would lead the production team for another 6 years . In addition , 1980 was the first year a woman joined the traveling production crew of over 40 cameramen , engineers , producers and directors . Alexis Denny , then a sophomore at Yale University , served as the stage manager of the telecasts and wrote the script for the half - time highlights that Howard Cosell would voice over in a style for which he was known throughout his career . John Lennon tragedy ( edit ) One of the most remembered moments in Monday Night Football history occurred on December 8 , 1980 , yet had nothing to do with the game or football in general . During a game between the Miami Dolphins and New England Patriots , Howard Cosell broke the news of famed Beatle John Lennon 's assassination , news that stunned a nationwide audience . `` Yes , we have to say it . Remember , this is just a football game , no matter who wins or loses . An unspeakable tragedy confirmed to us by ABC News in New York City : John Lennon , outside of his apartment building on the West Side of New York City , the most famous perhaps , of all of The Beatles , shot twice in the back , rushed to Roosevelt Hospital , dead ... on ... arrival . '' In 1974 , Lennon had appeared in the Monday Night Football broadcast booth and was briefly interviewed by Cosell . 1982 contract renewal ( edit ) The NFL 's television contract renewal in 1982 also put ABC in the Super Bowl rotation for the first time , giving it the broadcast rights to Super Bowl XIX in 1985 . A second renewal of the television contract gave them the rights to Super Bowl XXII in 1988 . From 1983 to 1986 , ABC also aired a Friday night game in the final week ( Week 16 ) of the regular season , in addition to the normal Monday night game . Cosell , Gifford , Meredith , and Simpson ( edit ) Cosell continued to draw criticism during Monday Night Football with one of his offhand comments during the September 5 , 1983 game , igniting a controversy and laying the groundwork for his departure at the end of that season . In a game between the Washington Redskins and Dallas Cowboys , Cosell referred to Alvin Garrett , an African American wide receiver for the Redskins , as a `` little monkey . '' Cosell noted that Garrett 's small stature , and not his race , was the basis for his comment , citing the fact that he had used the term to describe his grandchildren . Later , a special on Howard Cosell showed him calling Mike Adamle ( a white player ) a `` little monkey . '' Stung by the unrelenting barrage of remarks , Cosell claimed upon his departure from Monday Night Football that the NFL had become `` a stagnant bore . '' In Cosell 's book , I Never Played the Game , he devoted an entire chapter ( `` Monkey Business '' ) to the Garrett episode . In the book , Cosell also said that ABC should have had the right to choose its own Monday Night schedule . In his mind , Monday Night Football is what elevated the NFL in popularity over Major League Baseball . He felt that this should have been ABC 's reward for raising the league 's profile . That same year , O.J. Simpson replaced Tarkenton as a fill - in when Meredith or Cosell , who also was a broadcaster for the network 's coverage of the Major League Baseball playoffs , was unavailable . The season would serve as a study in contrasts as one of the most exciting Monday night games ever was followed the next week by one of the most badly played in the run of the series . On October 17 , 1983 , the highest scoring game in Monday Night Football history took place in the Green Bay Packers - Washington Redskins game , with the Packers winning the game by a score of 48 -- 47 . One week later , the New York Giants and St. Louis Cardinals played for more than four hours before settling for a 20 -- 20 overtime tie , MNF 's only OT tie to date . The deadlock had come after dropped touchdown passes by Cardinal wide receivers Willard Harrell and Roy Green , and a trio of missed field goals by teammate Neil O'Donoghue , including two in the final 63 seconds of the overtime period . Gifford , Meredith , and Simpson ( edit ) When Cosell left prior to the start of the 1984 season , the trio of Gifford , Meredith and Simpson handled the duties . Cosell 's departure seemed to have the greatest effect on Meredith , who many believed to be a poor analyst in his absence . Falling ratings also gave indications that much of the mystique that surrounded the weekly event had disappeared . Gifford , Simpson , and Namath ( edit ) After the 1984 season , ABC replaced Meredith with Joe Namath the following year , with the quarterback making his debut in the annual Pro Football Hall of Fame Game . In a coincidental twist , both Namath and Simpson were busy prior to the telecast with their induction into the shrine . One of the more grisly moments in Monday Night Football history occurred during a game between the Washington Redskins and New York Giants on November 18 , 1985 , at RFK Stadium . Redskins quarterback Joe Theismann 's career would end when Giants linebacker Lawrence Taylor reached from behind to drag him down and Taylor fell heavily on the quarterback 's leg in the process . On the play , which viewers could see in a gruesome slow - motion replay , Theismann suffered a compound fracture of the tibia and fibula in his lower right leg . The injury ended the playing career of Theismann , who had teamed with Gifford and Meredith on ABC 's coverage of Super Bowl XIX in January 1985 . Two weeks after that painful memory , the program 's most watched contest took place as the previously unbeaten Chicago Bears were defeated by the Miami Dolphins , which had not lost to a National Football Conference ( NFC ) team at home since 1976 . That would turn out to be Chicago 's only loss in 1985 . The game broadcast earned a Nielsen rating of 29.6 with a 46 share . 1986 - 2005 - Al Michaels era ( edit ) See also : Major League Baseball on ABC , 1987 World Series , 1988 National League Championship Series , and 1989 World Series See also : Monday Night Football results ( 1990 -- 2009 ) Both Namath and Simpson would be replaced at the end of the 1985 NFL season , with critics noting their lack of journalistic skills in comparison to Cosell . In their place the following year came veteran broadcaster Al Michaels , who had previously anchored ABC 's pregame coverage of Super Bowl XIX , and had been the lead play - by - play announcer of Monday Night Baseball since 1983 . Michaels had also by this point , gained much notoriety at ABC for his 1980 `` Miracle on Ice '' broadcast . Gifford and Michaels ( edit ) Michaels served as the play - by - play announcer , teaming with Gifford for a two - man booth in 1986 . During that season , the Miami Dolphins again made records with the biggest blowout in Monday Night Football history in a 45 - 3 rout of the then 10 - 1 New York Jets ( the record was later tied and subsequently broken in 2005 ; see below ) . Also in 1986 , when Al Michaels became unavailable because he was calling Major League Baseball 's League Championship Series , Frank Gifford moved up into the play - by - play spot while Lynn Swann or O.J. Simpson filled - in as the color commentator . Gifford would once again call the play - by - play when Michaels was busy calling the World Series in 1987 and 1989 and the National League Championship Series in 1988 . Gifford , Michaels , and Dierdorf ( edit ) In 1987 , Gifford and Michaels were joined by Dan Dierdorf , returning the series to its original concept of three announcers in the booth . The trio would last for 11 seasons through the conclusion of the 1997 season . In 1989 , television composer Edd Kalehoff created a new arrangement of Johnny Pearson 's `` Heavy Action '' , by that time fully synonymous with the series . This more or less replaced an original composition by Charles Fox . Also debuting in 1989 was Hank Williams , Jr. performing `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' , sung to the music of his 1984 hit `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight . '' 1989 contract renewal ( edit ) As part of the league 's television contract renewal with the network in 1989 , ABC was awarded the television rights to Super Bowl XXV and Super Bowl XXIX , and the first round of NFL playoffs . The Monday Night Football announcing team anchored the telecasts , except for the first of two Wild Card Playoff games , in which ESPN 's Sunday Night NFL crew of Mike Patrick and Joe Theismann presided over that telecast . However , the original crew for one of the two Wild Card Playoff games from 1990 to 1995 consisted of Brent Musburger and Dick Vermeil ( both of whom did college football broadcasts for ABC during those two seasons ) . From 1990 until 2005 , ABC 's MNF television package included seventeen ( eighteen in 1992 and 1993 ) regular season games ( from 2003 until 2005 , a Thursday game and 16 Mondays -- no game on Week 17 because of playoff preparation disadvantages ) , the first two wild card playoff games ( held on the first Saturday of the playoffs ) , and at times , the AFC -- NFC Pro Bowl . 1994 ( edit ) The October 17 , 1994 episode between the Kansas City Chiefs and Denver Broncos featured a duel between two future Hall of Fame quarterbacks , Joe Montana and John Elway . With 1 : 29 left to play in the game , Elway scored on a 4 - yard touchdown run to put the Broncos ahead 28 -- 24 . But then Montana led the Chiefs on a 75 - yard drive to score the game - winning touchdown with just 8 seconds to play . The final score was Chiefs 31 , Broncos 28 . The October 31 , 1994 game between the Green Bay Packers and Chicago Bears is notable for a very windy / rainy game , which also featured the Crypt Keeper deliver the famous phase , and also remembered with a 36 - yard TD run by Brett Favre , who had a sore hip that night . Later dubbed the Halloween Monsoon by Bear fans , the Packers crushed the Bears , 33 - 6 . 1995 ( edit ) In the 1995 MNF regular season opener between the Dallas Cowboys and New York Giants at the New Jersey Meadowlands , Cowboys owner Jerry Jones controversially brought Nike chairman Phil Knight down to the sidelines , representing Jones ' individual deal with Nike , contrary to the NFL 's policy of negotiating its marketing deals as a league . 1997 ( edit ) In 1997 , ABC began using a scoring bug showing the game clock and score throughout the entire broadcast . Michaels , Dierdorf , and Esiason ( edit ) In 1998 , Lesley Visser became the first female commentator on Monday Night Football . She had been the first female beat writer in the NFL when she covered the New England Patriots for the Boston Globe in the mid-1970s , and was the first and only woman to handle a Super Bowl Trophy presentation when she was a sportscaster with CBS . Visser was followed by several women , notably Melissa Stark and Lisa Guerrero , on the sideline who were perceived as `` eye candy '' , none of whom affected the ratings . For the 1998 season , ABC pushed Monday Night Football back an hour ( it has usually aired at 9 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time ) . A special pre-game show was created , Monday Night Blast , hosted by Chris Berman from the ESPN Zone restaurant in Baltimore . The game would start around 8 : 20 p.m. Eastern for this particular season . Despite leaving the booth , Frank Gifford stayed on one more year as a special contributor to the pre-game show , usually presenting a single segment . A mildly infamous incident came during the final 1998 telecast when Dierdorf asked Michaels , prior to a halftime interview with Buffalo Bills quarterback Doug Flutie , `` Are you gon na tell ' em how you 're sick of all this B.C. ( Boston College ) stuff ? '' Michaels ( thinking that they had gone into a commercial break and that his microphone was off ) replied , `` No shit . '' Nielsen ratings data for the first 17 weeks of the 1998 -- 99 television season showed that Monday Night Football averaged a 13.9 rating , down 8 % from the 15.0 average rating for the broadcasts in 1997 -- the previous standard in ratings futility . In actuality , MNF ratings had been hitting all - time record lows for the previous four years . Michaels and Esiason ( edit ) Beginning in 1999 , Monday Night Football telecasts used a computer - generated yellow line to mark where a team needs to get a first down , a method first used by ABC sister cable channel ESPN . 1999 also saw the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game being moved from Saturday afternoon to Monday night . It would remain on Monday night through 2005 . Boomer Esiason replaced Gifford in 1998 , and Dierdorf left for a return to CBS in 1999 . Esiason 's relationship with Michaels was questioned leading to his firing . Esiason and Michaels reportedly never got along , and it led to ABC firing Esiason shortly after calling Super Bowl XXXIV together . Michaels , Fouts , and Miller ( edit ) 2000 ( edit ) Unexpectedly , comedian Dennis Miller joined the cast in 2000 , along with Dan Fouts . The move was ultimately regarded as a bust by many viewers and commentators . ABC briefly considered adding radio personality Rush Limbaugh before Miller was added to the broadcast team , despite having no prior sports broadcast experience ( Limbaugh would instead be assigned as a commentator to Sunday NFL Countdown on ABC sister ESPN ) . Miller demonstrated a knowledge of the game and its personalities , although at times he tended to lapse into sometimes obscure analogy - riddled streams of consciousness similar to the `` rants '' of his standup comedy act . ABC even set up a webpage dedicated to explaining Miller 's sometimes obscure pop culture references . Soon , it would become apparent that Miller 's comedy did not mix with football . In June 2000 , Lesley Visser 's career suffered a highly publicized setback when she was famously bounced as the Monday Night Football sideline reporter for a less experienced , much younger woman and a man , who did not have as extensive journalistic credentials as Visser . `` It was staggering to me '' , Visser later recalled . However , she wound up returning to CBS Sports , philosophical as ever . `` You can have a short career if it 's based on looks and youth '' , she said , `` but legitimacy is what lasts . '' Which ABC replaced her with both Melissa Stark and Eric Dickerson . This was part of the overhaul when ABC brought back Don Ohlmeyer to serve as producer , who installed Dennis Miller as an analyst ( for ultimately two unsuccessful seasons ) . She sued ABC Sports for age discrimination , with Howard Katz and Ohlmeyer being named as co-defendants . As previously mentioned , in 2000 , Don Ohlmeyer , the program 's producer up until 1977 was brought back . After spending time at NBC , Ohlmeyer was lured out of retirement to spark interest and provide some vigor to the broadcast . Besides the on - air talent , Ohlmeyer 's changes included clips of players introducing themselves , new graphics and music . In another rather irreverent move , the scoring bug began incorporating nicknames for the teams , such as `` Skins '' and `` Fins '' ( for the Washington Redskins and Miami Dolphins ) instead of their respective common abbreviations , WSH and MIA . On October 23 , 2000 , the New York Jets and Miami Dolphins competed in what is now known as The Monday Night Miracle Trailing 30 -- 7 in the fourth quarter , Vinny Testaverde led the Jets to score 23 consecutive points to tie the game . After Miami scored another touchdown , Testaverde threw to offensive tackle Jumbo Elliott to tie the game at 37 - all . At 1 : 08 a.m. Eastern Time , the game having crossed into Tuesday morning , John Hall kicked a field goal in overtime to win the game 40 -- 37 . It was the second biggest fourth quarter comeback in NFL history and biggest comeback in Jets ' history . Arnold Schwarzenegger predicted the comeback at halftime , where he was appearing with the MNF crew to promote an upcoming movie . With the Jets already down by 20 points he said , `` Wayne Chrebet will catch a pass and the Jets will win . They 're a great team . '' 2001 ( edit ) The 2001 season of MNF featured a season - long campaign promoting the anticipated 20,000 th point scored in MNF history . Denver Broncos kicker Jason Elam completed the task with a field goal during a 38 -- 28 loss at Oakland on November 5 . The three points also put Elam over 1,000 points for his career . In addition , the scoring bug reverted to using the team abbreviations , as opposed to the nickname scheme used in the previous season . Michaels and Madden ( edit ) In 2002 , both Dennis Miller and Dan Fouts were dropped and John Madden joined Al Michaels in a two - man booth . Madden was a coach for the Oakland Raiders , namesake of the seminal Madden NFL video game series , and a successful broadcaster for 21 years -- first with CBS until 1993 and then with Fox -- before joining Monday Night Football . 2002 ( edit ) See also : List of Pro Bowl broadcasters In 2002 , the broadcast debuted the `` Horse Trailer '' award , in which a picture of the game 's top performer ( s ) is displayed , as chosen by the broadcasting crew . During the fourth quarter of a preseason game early that season , Madden was joking about doing some recording in the `` Horse Trailer '' , a term the producers used for one of the ABC production trucks . It was , in fact , a custom - built trailer designed from the shell of a horse trailer , but housed sophisticated electronic equipment inside it . By the first week of the regular season , an idea to decorate the plain white trailer with MNF decor , the entire MNF schedule , and a weekly MVP , was born . Immediately following each game , the winner ( s ) is chosen , and his picture is affixed to the trailer in the corresponding location . When Madden and Michaels went to NBC in 2006 , they debuted a similar feature , the Rock Star -- in which the photo of the player of the game was attached to the top of 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City ( the `` Horse Trailer '' concept was reinstated for the 2007 season ) . In addition to Fouts and Madden helming the regular season broadcasts , Brent Musburger and Gary Danielson served as commentators for that year 's AFC Wild Card game , with Jack Arute serving as the sideline reporter . After suffering through several years of dismal Pro Bowl ratings , ABC considered moving the game to Monday night . In February 2003 , Madden declined to serve as color commentator for the game in Hawaii , citing his fear of flying ; former MNF personality Dan Fouts took his place . The Pro Bowl held the following year was played on a Sunday as typical , but was moved to ABC 's sister network ESPN . 2003 ( edit ) In 2003 , ABC and the NFL dropped the Monday Night Football game for the final week of the regular season . The move , which had been in effect for the first eight years of the broadcast ( 1970 -- 1977 ) , was the result of declining ratings , as well as problems involved for potential playoff teams , as there was a potential of only four days rest between their final regular season game and first - round playoff game . ABC replaced the telecast with an opening weekend Thursday night game , and in exchange ESPN got a Saturday night game on the final weekend . Also during the 2003 season , Lisa Guerrero decided to leave Fox Sports Net 's The Best Damn Sports Show Period to join the MNF television crew as a sideline reporter ( replacing the pregnant Melissa Stark ) . Guerrero 's performance on the broadcast was heavily criticized , and the following year ( also in an apparent move away from the `` eye candy '' concept ) ABC replaced her with longtime TV sports journalist Michele Tafoya . Guerrero defended herself by saying that the show hired her with the intention of going in a totally different direction with the job of sideline reporter -- personality - driven and feature - driven -- then discarded all of that and told her to just do the job in the usual fashion . She said that she never would have taken the job if she had known that they would change their minds like that . In 2005 , Michele Tafoya sat out much of the season while on maternity leave , with Sam Ryan temporarily taking her place . During the October 6 , 2003 game between the Indianapolis Colts and Tampa Bay Buccaneers , Indianapolis was trailing 35 -- 14 with 3 : 43 remaining . The Colts had returned a Tampa Bay kickoff 90 yard to the 11 - yard line , setting up a quick score . The Colts recovered an onside kick and scored again to narrow the margin to 35 -- 28 . They forced a Bucs punt and with less than two minutes remaining , Peyton Manning led an 87 - yard drive to score the game - tying touchdown with 35 seconds left in regulation . In overtime , kicker Mike Vanderjagt missed a 40 - yard field goal , but Simeon Rice was called for a leaping penalty , a rarely seen unsportsmanlike conduct infraction that penalizes a player for running and jumping to block a kick and landing on other players . Vanderjagt 's subsequent kick was batted and hit the upright , but fell in good , winning the game for the Colts . Vanderjagt went on to become the second kicker in NFL history not to miss either a field goal or extra point in a single season after Gary Anderson , who accomplished the feat in the 1998 season as a member of the Minnesota Vikings . Vanderjagt did not miss a kick in the playoffs either , making him the first kicker to accomplish that feat ( Anderson missed a field goal in the 1998 - 99 NFC Championship Game ) . On December 22 , 2003 , Green Bay Packers quarterback Brett Favre put on one of the most defining moments of his career ( while also ranking among his greatest game ever ) . The day before the contest against the Oakland Raiders , his father , Irvin , died suddenly of a heart attack . Favre elected to play , passing for four touchdowns in the first half , and 399 yards for the game in a 41 -- 7 destruction of the Raiders ( receiving applause from the highly partisan `` Raider Nation '' ) . Afterwards , Brett said , `` I knew that my dad would have wanted me to play . I love him so much and I love this game . It 's meant a great deal to me , to my dad , to my family , and I did n't expect this kind of performance . But I know he was watching tonight . '' On November 15 , 2004 , controversy shrouded Philadelphia Eagles wide receiver Terrell Owens when he appeared with actress Nicollette Sheridan ( one of the stars of the new hit ABC comedy - drama Desperate Housewives ) in an introductory skit which opened that evening 's MNF telecast , in which Owens and the Eagles played the Cowboys at Texas Stadium . The skit was widely condemned as being sexually suggestive ( see video ) and ABC was forced to apologize for airing it ( the Eagles went on to win the game , 49 - 21 , with Owens catching three touchdown passes ) . However , on March 14 , 2005 , the Federal Communications Commission ruled that the skit did not violate decency standards , because it contained no outright nudity or foul language . Originally , John Madden was supposed to appear in the commercial . 2005 ( edit ) For the 2005 season , which would become the network 's final season as the MNF broadcaster and used through Super Bowl XL , ABC converted its scoring bug into a horizontal time - score banner placed across the bottom of the screen . `` Monday Night Massacre '' ( Seahawks ) ( edit ) On December 5 , 2005 , in a game dubbed `` The Monday Night Massacre '' by NFL Films , the Seattle Seahawks shut out the Philadelphia Eagles 42 -- 0 with three defensive touchdowns ( two interceptions , one fumble return ) to tie the then - largest margin of victory mark in Monday Night Football history and set the mark for the greatest margin of victory in a Monday night shutout , as well as setting the NFL record for scoring the most points with less than 200 yards of offense . Andre Dyson scored twice for the Seahawks defense , once on a 72 - yard interception return and the other on a 25 - yard fumble return , earning himself the `` Horse Trailer Player of the Game '' as well as NFC defensive player of the week . A fourth interception return by Michael Boulware fell just short of tying another Seahawks NFL record of four defensive scores in a single game , set during a 45 -- 0 victory over the Kansas City Chiefs in 1984 . The defeat was the Eagles third worst in team history . This was due to the Eagles ' major injuries including star quarterback Donovan McNabb and also the situation with Terrell Owens . The Eagles also lost their star running back Brian Westbrook due to an injury in this game . End of the ABC era ( edit ) Despite high ratings , ABC lost millions of dollars on televising the games during the late 1990s and 2000s . The NFL also indicated that it wanted Sunday night to be the new night for its marquee game , because more people tend to watch television on Sundays , and games held on that night would be more conducive to flexible scheduling , a method by which some of the NFL 's best games could be moved from the afternoon to the evening on Sunday on short notice . Given these factors , as well as the rise of ABC 's ratings on Sunday night , and the network 's wish of protecting its Desperate Housewives franchise ( which they knew would be costly ) , on April 18 , 2005 , ABC and the NFL announced the end of their 36 - year partnership , with the Monday Night Football broadcasts being moved to ESPN starting with the 2006 season ; the move was criticized by some of the Disney shareholders ( as well as NFL fans and purists ) . However , ESPN 's ability to collect subscription fees from cable and satellite providers , in addition to selling commercials , made it more likely that ESPN could turn a profit on NFL telecasts , as opposed to ABC 's heavy losses . The final Monday Night Football broadcast on ABC aired on December 26 , 2005 , when the New York Jets hosted the New England Patriots from Giants Stadium . Coincidentally , both the first and last ABC Monday Night Football game telecasts ended with a score of 31 -- 21 with the Jets on the losing end . Vinny Testaverde holds the distinction of throwing the last TD pass in ABC 's MNF telecast history ; it was to wide receiver Laveranues Coles . Also , Testaverde 's pass set an NFL record : most consecutive seasons with a touchdown pass , 19 seasons ( 1987 -- 2005 ) . Patriots linebacker Mike Vrabel set a record of note during that last ABC telecast , becoming the first player to catch two touchdown passes and record a quarterback sack in the same game . The final play of the ABC era was a Pats kneeldown by 44 - year - old reserve quarterback Doug Flutie . John Madden said at the show 's ending : `` They can take football away from ABC on Monday nights , but they ca n't take away the memories . '' During its final NFL television contract , ABC was awarded the telecasts to Super Bowl XXXIV , Super Bowl XXXVII and Super Bowl XL . With the end of ABC 's contract , the Super Bowl XL broadcast was the network 's final NFL telecast until 2016 , when they simulcasted ESPN 's Wild Card game production . 2006 - present - ESPN era ( edit ) Move to ESPN ( edit ) The changes to the NFL 's prime time broadcasts took place with the 2006 season , as ESPN began airing the Monday night games at the same time NBC assumed the rights to the Sunday night package from ESPN . The Sunday night game is now the `` showcase '' game of the week on the NFL schedule . While the ESPN broadcasts still carry the MNF name and heritage , NBC ( like ABC ) is a broadcast network , whereas ESPN is a cable channel not freely available to all Americans , though per a cause in the NFL 's broadcasting rules , many ESPN games air on a participating broadcast television station in the home markets of each team to allow viewers who do not subscribe to a pay television provider to view the game . For that reason , NBC gained rights to the Thursday night season - opening game , the Wild Card doubleheader that has traditionally aired on ABC , as well as a share of the rotating rights to the Super Bowl ( with CBS and Fox also in the mix ) . ESPN had initially stated that its MNF team would consist of Al Michaels and Joe Theismann in the booth , with Michele Tafoya and Suzy Kolber serving as sideline reporters . However , on February 8 , 2006 , ESPN announced that former NBA studio host Mike Tirico would replace Michaels in the booth in 2006 , joined by Theismann , and Tony Kornheiser . ESPN announced the following day that it had `` traded '' the contract of Michaels to NBC in exchange for some NBCUniversal properties , including rights to Ryder Cup coverage , and the return of the rights to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit ( a Walt Disney creation ) to ESPN parent The Walt Disney Company after nearly 80 years of Universal ownership . Secondary broadcast teams ( edit ) Since the program 's move to ESPN in 2006 , the network has broadcast two games in a doubleheader on the opening week of the season , with the second game using separate announcers and production staff that are not used for the rest of the schedule . On September 11 , 2006 , the announcers for the second game were Brad Nessler , Ron Jaworski and Dick Vermeil . On September 10 , 2007 , the team of Mike Greenberg and Mike Golic ( co-hosts of Mike and Mike in the Morning ) presided alongside Mike Ditka . For both games , Bonnie Bernstein was the sideline reporter . Greenberg , Golic and Ditka served as the secondary team for the September 8 , 2008 game , with Suzy Kolber on the sidelines . The September 14 , 2009 game had Steve Young join Greenberg , Golic and Kolber . On September 13 , 2010 , Nessler and Trent Dilfer teamed to call the second game , with Kolber again on the sidelines . Tirico , Theismann , and Kornheiser ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ESPN 's first Monday night broadcast was a preseason game held on August 14 , 2006 , when the Oakland Raiders visited the Minnesota Vikings , publicized as the return of Randy Moss to Minnesota for the first time since the Vikings traded him after the 2004 season . The telecast debuted with brand - new graphics , including a time - score box placed in the lower center of the screen ; a variation of the MNF graphics began to be used on almost all sporting events televised by ESPN and ABC ( the former of which effectively took over full responsibility of ABC 's sports division that year , which was rebranded as ESPN on ABC ) . The first regular season Monday Night Football game to air on ESPN was on September 11 , 2006 , featuring the visiting Minnesota Vikings at the Washington Redskins at FedExField , in which the Vikings won 19 -- 16 . The September 25 edition of Monday Night Football highlighted the New Orleans Saints ' first game back in the Louisiana Superdome following Hurricane Katrina to take on the Atlanta Falcons . The game had a Super Bowl - like atmosphere with performances by the Goo Goo Dolls , U2 and Green Day before the game . The NFL tapped producer Don Mischer and director Hamish Hamilton to produce the event . Former President George H.W. Bush handled the pregame coin toss . The Saints beat the Falcons 23 -- 3 in what now ranks as one of the most - watched events in the history of cable television . ESPN 's October 23 , 2006 game telecast between the New York Giants and Dallas Cowboys drew the largest audience in the history of cable television at the time , besting the previous mark set by a 1993 North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) debate between Al Gore and Ross Perot . An average of 16,028,000 viewers ( 12.8 rating ) watched as the Giants defeated the Cowboys , 36 -- 22 . ESPN 's Monday Night Football telecasts now account for eight of the ten highest - rated programs in cable television history . What would eventually be named the `` NFL 's comeback of the year '' was played on Monday Night Football on October 16 . Late in the third quarter , the massive underdog Arizona Cardinals led the Chicago Bears 23 -- 3 . Arizona seemed to have the game wrapped up , as rookie quarterback Matt Leinart was having a great day , and Arizona had forced six turnovers out of Chicago quarterback Rex Grossman . Chicago 's defense then went on to score 14 points on fumble returns for touchdowns . With 2 : 58 left in the fourth quarter , and down 17 -- 23 , Chicago 's Devin Hester returned a punt for a touchdown to take a 24 -- 23 lead . Leinart then led the Cardinals down the field , only to have Neil Rackers miss a field goal , and Chicago went on to win . At the conclusion of the 2006 season , ESPN had managed to secure all of the cable television audience records . Monday Night Football and its surrounding shoulder programming also became the most profitable franchise on cable television . Tirico , Jaworski , and Kornheiser ( edit ) Analyst and former NFL quarterback Ron Jaworski replaced Joe Theismann , who was offered a prominent football analyst job with ESPN , in the booth beginning with the 2007 season . 2007 ( edit ) On December 3 , 2007 , 17.5 million people watched the undefeated New England Patriots defeat the Baltimore Ravens , 27 -- 24 . The game became the most - watched single cable television program of all - time by total viewership , breaking the previous record set by the August 17 premiere of High School Musical 2 , which was viewed by 17.2 million on ESPN corporate sibling Disney Channel ( after the film was surpassed by the Patriots - Ravens game , High School Musical 2 retained the record as the highest - rated non-sports program in basic cable history ) . 2008 ( edit ) After experiencing low ratings and criticism about the production during the 2007 season , ESPN announced that long - time sideline reporters Suzy Kolber and Michele Tafoya would have reduced roles for the 2008 season . As the 2008 season began , ESPN announced a new focus on covering the games as sporting events rather than as entertainment and cultural events . Among the changes were the removal of celebrity booth guests and a reduction in the number of sideline interviews . Tafoya and Kolber were retained to conduct those interviews and file reports from the field . In addition , ESPN replaced the bottom center - screen time - score box introduced in 2006 ( which was used until the 2008 preseason ) with a horizontal time - score banner across the bottom of the screen . The September 15 , 2008 Eagles -- Cowboys game , with a 13.3 rating and 18.6 million viewers , set a new record for the most - watched cable television program , surpassing the record set the previous October by the Patriots - Ravens game . 2008 election eve ( edit ) The night before the 2008 United States Presidential Election , studio host Chris Berman interviewed both major party candidates , Republican nominee John McCain and Democratic nominee Barack Obama at halftime . The November 10 , 2008 game featured the Washington Redskins losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers , 23 - 6 . Tirico , Jaworski , and Gruden ( edit ) 2009 season ( edit ) Tony Kornheiser stepped down for the 2009 season and was replaced by former Oakland Raiders and Tampa Bay Buccaneers head coach Jon Gruden . The rest of the team remained intact . The October 5 , 2009 Packers -- Vikings game was the fourth ESPN MNF broadcast to become the most - watched program ever on a cable channel , with a 15.3 rating and 21.839 million viewers . The record stood until it was surpassed by the network 's telecast of the BCS National Championship Game on January 10 , 2011 . 2010 season - `` Monday Night Massacre '' ( Eagles ) ( edit ) On November 15 , 2010 , the Eagles visited the Redskins , in what was Donovan McNabb 's second game against the Eagles since being traded on April 4 of that year . The Redskins won the first meeting that season by a score of 17 - 12 ; however , in the first half of the game , Eagles star quarterback Michael Vick suffered a rib injury knocking him out of the game , resulting in Kevin Kolb taking over . After the game , McNabb gave a post-game speech in the locker room in which he stated the Eagles made a mistake by trading him . Before the game , McNabb signed a five - year contract extension worth $78 million , after being benched in the fourth quarter just a week earlier . The very first play of the game Vick threw an 88 - yard touchdown pass to DeSean Jackson . The Redskins were criticized for their lack of coverage because the Eagles were known for going deep on the first play ; the Eagles ' next two possessions led to touchdowns . The very first play of the second quarter , with Philadelphia up 28 - 0 , saw Vick throw a 48 - yard touchdown to Jeremy Maclin . With Philadelphia up 45 - 21 at halftime , Vick threw a three - yard touchdown to Jason Avant in the third quarter to make the score 52 - 21 . During the play , Vick scrambled , waiting for someone to get open when Albert Haynesworth ( who signed a six - year $100 million contract with the Redskins the year prior ) had fallen down and continued to lie on the field as Vick continued to scramble . The very next Redskins possession had McNabb throw a pick six to Dimitri Patterson , helping the Eagles score seven points . The Redskins went on to score one more touchdown , however their seven - point run was not able to stop Philadelphia , which defeated Washington 59 - 28 . McNabb finished the game with 295 yards on 17 for 31 , along with two touchdowns and three interceptions . The Eagles finished with 593 offense yards ( setting a new team record ) ; Vick went 20 of 28 for 333 yards throwing four touchdowns , and also ran for 80 yards and two touchdowns on eight carries . He became the first player with at least 300 yards passing , 50 yards rushing four passing touchdowns and two rushing touchdowns in a game . Vick 's performance in the game also moved him past Steve Young for second place on the all - time list for rushing yards by a quarterback . Hank Williams Jr. controversy ( edit ) On October 3 , 2011 , Hank Williams Jr. made controversial remarks during an interview on Fox News Channel 's Fox & Friends , when talking about a golf outing he went on that summer with Barack Obama , John Boehner , Joe Biden and John Kasich . Williams compared President Obama and Speaker of the House Boehner golfing together to `` Hitler playing golf with ( Israeli prime minister ) Netanyahu '' , stressing their philosophical and political differences . On October 6 , 2011 , ESPN subsequently announced that it would stop using `` All My Rowdy Friends '' as its theme song ( as the song is still owned by Williams ) and drop Williams from the show 's opening . Williams commented on the matter : `` After reading hundreds of e-mails , I have made my decision ... By pulling my opening October 3 , ( ESPN ) stepped on the toes of the First Amendment Freedom of Speech , so therefore me , my song , and All My Rowdy Friends are out of here . It 's been a great run . '' MNF was absent an opening sequence from Week 4 through the end of that season . In 2017 , ESPN re-hired Hank Williams Jr. for the intro . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jack Buck ; Rob Rains ( 1997 ) . That 's a Winner ! . Sports Publishing LLC . p. 140 . Jump up ^ 995themountain.com http://www.995themountain.com/guides/aahtml/wav/00jl806.wav . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Theismann 's career ended in a horrific moment '' . The Washington Times . News World Communications . November 10 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dennis Miller a surprise addition to MNF '' . June 22 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Monday Night Football on YouTube Jump up ^ Leonard Shapiro ; Mark Maske ( April 19 , 2005 ) . `` ' Monday Night Football ' Changes the Channel '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Stay ' tooned : Disney gets ' Oswald ' for Al Michaels -- NFL '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Jaworski replacing Theismann in MNF booth -- NFL '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ John Dempsey ( December 5 , 2007 ) . `` ESPN football earns record ratings '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Rick Kissell ; Michael Schneider ( August 18 , 2007 ) . `` ' High School Musical 2 ' huge hit '' . Variety . Retrieved August 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN 's ' Monday Night Football ' Ratings Hit Record Low '' . Multichannel News . October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Paul Farhi ( August 15 , 2006 ) . `` Kornheiser , Not Yet in Game Shape On ' MNF ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Says Suzy Kolber , Michele Tafoya 's ' Roles Are Being Determined ' for MNF in 2008 '' . FanHouse . AOL . February 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jim Carlisle ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` ESPN will shift its focus to football '' . Ventura County Star . Retrieved September 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles / Cowboys most watched cable program ever '' . Sports Media Watch . September 16 , 2008 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard Shapiro ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` Obama 's Proposal , Berman 's Performance Win on ' Monday Night ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Gruden Joins ESPN 's Monday Night Football '' . ESPN MediaZone . May 18 , 2009 . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Packers - Vikings ' MNF ' Draws Largest Audience In Cable History '' . Sports Business Daily . October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Philiana Ng ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` BCS Title Game Most - Watched Cable Broadcast Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN 's Monday Night Football : 21.4 Million Viewers for Patriots - Saints Game '' . The Futon Critic . December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Martínez ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Hank Williams Jr. apologizes for Hitler - Obama comparison '' . CNN.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN pulls Williams from MNF opening '' . ESPN.com . October 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hank Williams Jr . out on Monday Night Football '' . Yahoo ! News . Associated Press . October 6 , 2011 . 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who sang the original version of true colors	Billy Steinberg originally wrote `` True Colors '' about his own mother . Tom Kelly altered the first verse and the duo originally submitted the song to Anne Murray , who passed on recording it , and then to Cyndi Lauper . Their demo was in the form of a piano - based gospel ballad like `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' . Steinberg told Songfacts that `` Cyndi completely dismantled that sort of traditional arrangement and came up with something that was breathtaking and stark . '' Other songs they wrote for Lauper include `` I Drove All Night '' and `` Unconditional Love '' , of which the former went on to be covered by Celine Dion , the latter by Susanna Hoffs .	Cyndi Lauper	True Colors ( Cyndi Lauper song )	true colors ( cyndi lauper song )		`` The Goonies ' R ' Good Enough '' ( 1985 ) `` True Colors '' ( 1986 ) `` Change of Heart '' ( 1986 ) Music video `` True Colors '' on YouTube `` True Colors '' is a song written by American songwriters Billy Steinberg and Tom Kelly . It was both the title track and the first single released from American singer Cyndi Lauper 's second album . It was the only original song on the album that Lauper did not help write . `` True Colors '' spent two weeks in the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 , and was the last single from Lauper to occupy the top of the chart . It received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . Contents 1 Song information 2 Tours 3 Charts and certifications 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Certifications 4 Official versions 5 Phil Collins version 5.1 Charts 6 Kasey Chambers version 6.1 Track listing 6.2 Charts 7 Other covers 8 References 9 External links Song information ( edit ) Billy Steinberg originally wrote `` True Colors '' about his own mother . Tom Kelly altered the first verse and the duo originally submitted the song to Anne Murray , who passed on recording it , and then to Cyndi Lauper . Their demo was in the form of a piano - based gospel ballad like `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' . Steinberg told Songfacts that `` Cyndi completely dismantled that sort of traditional arrangement and came up with something that was breathtaking and stark . '' Other songs they wrote for Lauper include `` I Drove All Night '' and `` Unconditional Love '' , of which the former went on to be covered by Celine Dion , the latter by Susanna Hoffs . It reached number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , three in Australia and New Zealand , and 12 on the UK Singles Chart . `` True Colors '' also became a standard in the gay community . In various interviews , Lauper elaborated that the song had resonated with her because of the recent death of her friend , Gregory Natal , from HIV / AIDS . Years later , Lauper co-founded the True Colors Fund , a non-profit dedicated to eradicating LGBT youth homelessness . Tours ( edit ) Lauper embarked on a True Colors Tour in 2007 with several other acts including Deborah Harry and Erasure . The tour was for the Human Rights Campaign to promote LGBT rights in the US and beyond . A second True Colors tour occurred in 2008 . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 - 87 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Ö3 Austria Top 40 12 Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary French Singles Chart 49 German Singles Chart 18 German Airplay 6 Ireland Singles Chart 6 Italy Singles Chart Japan Hot 100 59 Netherlands Singles Chart 14 New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart 8 Norway Singles Chart 10 Swedish Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart 17 UK Singles Chart 12 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 5 Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Norway Singles Chart 17 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Rank Australia 19 Canada RPM Top Singles 19 US Billboard Hot 100 41 US Cash Box 29 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Sales Japan 11,240 Canada Gold 50,000 United States Platinum 1,000,000 Official versions ( edit ) Album Version Phil Collins version ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` True Colors '' Single by Phil Collins from the album ... Hits B - side `` Do n't Lose My Number '' `` Take Me Home '' Released October 26 , 1998 Format CD Genre Pop rock smooth jazz R&B blue - eyed soul Length 4 : 34 Label Atlantic , Virgin , WEA Songwriter ( s ) Tom Kelly , Billy Steinberg Producer ( s ) Babyface Phil Collins singles chronology `` The Same Moon '' ( 1997 ) `` True Colors '' ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' ( 1999 ) `` The Same Moon '' ( 1997 ) `` True Colors '' ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' ( 1999 ) In 1998 , the song was covered by Phil Collins for his compilation album ... Hits . The version was a smooth - jazz - influenced version compared to the original . R&B singer Kenneth `` Babyface '' Edmonds produced and provided backing vocals . The track peaked at number two on the U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart and at number 26 on the UK Singles Chart . In 2004 , a live rehearsal version was released on Collins ' Love Songs : A Compilation ... Old and New album . Phil Collins -- drums , vocals Michael Thompson -- guitar Cornelius Mims -- bass Greg Phillinganes -- acoustic piano & Wurlitzer electric piano Babyface -- keyboards , drum programming , backing vocals Sheila E. -- percussion Eric Rigler -- Uilleann pipes Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Dutch Singles Chart 73 German Singles Chart 35 UK Singles Chart 26 US Billboard Hot 100 Singles 66 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks Kasey Chambers version ( edit ) `` True Colours '' Single by Kasey Chambers Released April 2003 Format CD Genre Pop rock country pop Label EMI Music Songwriter ( s ) Tom Kelly , Billy Steinberg Producer ( s ) Nash Chambers Kasey Chambers singles chronology `` If I Were You '' ( 2002 ) `` True Colours '' ( 2003 ) `` Hollywood '' ( 2004 ) `` If I Were You '' ( 2002 ) `` True Colours '' ( 2003 ) `` Hollywood '' ( 2004 ) In 2003 , Australian singer - songwriter Kasey Chambers ' cover of `` True Colors '' became the theme song for the 2003 Rugby World Cup . The song peaked at number four , was certified gold and went on to be the 76th best - selling single in Australia that year Track listing ( edit ) `` True Colours '' `` If I Could '' ( Live ) `` Lonely '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart ( ARIA ) Other covers ( edit ) The song has been covered by many artists . In 2009 , Jenna Ushkowitz performed it in the television program Glee , and it was released as a single `` True Colors ( Glee Cast Version ) '' . The version was included in the compilation album Glee : The Music , Volume 2 released on December 4 , 2009 . The single charted on Billboard Hot 100 , and reached number 15 in Ireland , number 35 in the United Kingdom , number 38 in Canada , and number 47 in Australia . In 2012 , Artists Against Bullying ( often styled as `` Artists Against '' ) , an agglomeration of seven Canadian musicians re-recorded the song . It was released during Bullying Awareness Week . The project was inspired by the increase in teen bullying and cyberbullying , especially the Amanda Todd case , with proceeds being donated to Kids Help Phone - a Canadian counseling service for children and youth . The artists involved in the recording were Lights , Pierre Bouvier ( from Simple Plan ) , Jacob Hoggard from Hedley , Fefe Dobson , Kardinal Offishall , Alyssa Reid and Walk Off the Earth . The song entered the Canadian Singles Top 100 chart at number 10 the week it was released . In 2014 , Shane Filan of Westlife released it as a promotional single for his debut album You and Me . In 2016 , Justin Timberlake and Anna Kendrick performed a cover of the song for the animated film Trolls and its accompanying soundtrack . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` True Colors by Cyndi Lauper '' . Interview with Billy Steinberg about `` True Colors '' . Songfacts . Retrieved April 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper '' . 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Richard ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` The true colours of Cyndi Lauper '' . CurtainsUP . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mission Statement '' . True Colors Fund . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 173 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between 1983 and June 19 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Cyndi Lauper - True Colors '' . Jump up ^ RPM 100 Singles , November 8 , 1986 . Jump up ^ RPM Adult Contemporary , November 8 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Cyndi Lauper - True Colors '' . lescharts.com . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Cyndi Lauper - True Colors '' . germancharts.com . Jump up ^ Hitparadeitalia ( 1986 ) . `` Chart '' . Hitparadeitalia Charts . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Cyndi Lauper - True Colors '' . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` charts.org.nz - Cyndi Lauper - True Colors '' . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Cyndi Lauper - True Colors '' . norwegiancharts.com . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Cyndi Lauper - True Colors - hitparade.ch '' . Jump up ^ `` CYNDI LAUPER - full Official Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Cyndi Lauper - Chart history '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts -- 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Weekly - Top Singles of 1986 '' . Library and Archives Canada . December 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Billboard Top 100 Hits of 1986 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 27 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Canadian Certification Archived November 15 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ US Certification Archived June 26 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Phil Collins - Chart history '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` Phil Collins - full Official Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Phil Collins - True Colors '' . Jump up ^ `` Bubbling Under Hot 100 : Apr 17 , 1999 - Billboard Chart Archive '' . Jump up ^ `` Various -- True Colours : Official Album Of Rugby World Cup 2003 '' . Discogs . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2003 '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Kasey Chambers - True Colors '' . australian charts . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats -- Glee Cast '' . Chart Stats . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glee Cast Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glee Cast '' . acharts.us . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` November 12 , 2012 Archives '' . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 -- via www.chymfm.com . ^ Jump up to : 12 , News Desk More from News Desk Published on : November ; 12 , 2012 Last Updated : November ; Est , 2012 5 : 48 Pm ( 12 November 2012 ) . `` Artists Against remake True Colors '' . Jump up ^ `` True Colors by Artists Against Bullying - Music Charts '' . External links ( edit ) True Colors Second Hand Songs Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Cyndi Lauper version Cyndi Lauper singles She 's So Unusual `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' `` Time After Time '' `` She Bop '' `` All Through the Night '' `` Money Changes Everything '' `` When You Were Mine '' True Colors `` True Colors '' `` Change of Heart '' `` What 's Going On '' `` Boy Blue '' `` Maybe He 'll Know '' A Night to Remember `` I Drove All Night '' `` My First Night Without You '' `` A Night to Remember '' `` Heading West '' `` Primitive '' `` Unconditional Love '' Hat Full of Stars `` Who Let In the Rain '' `` That 's What I Think '' `` Sally 's Pigeons '' `` Hat Full of Stars '' Twelve Deadly Cyns ... and Then Some `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Strong '' `` Come on Home '' Sisters of Avalon `` You Do n't Know '' `` Sisters of Avalon '' `` Ballad of Cleo and Joe '' Merry Christmas ... Have a Nice Life `` Early Christmas Morning '' Shine `` Shine '' At Last `` At Last '' `` Walk On By '' The Body Acoustic `` Time After Time '' Bring Ya to the Brink `` Set Your Heart '' `` Same Ol ' Story '' `` Into the Nightlife '' Memphis Blues `` Just Your Fool '' Detour `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Funnel of Love '' Other singles `` You Make Loving Fun '' `` We Are the World '' `` The Goonies ' R ' Good Enough '' `` Hole in My Heart ( All the Way to China ) '' `` Another Brick in the Wall '' `` The World Is Stone '' `` Disco Inferno '' `` A Christmas Duel '' `` Girls Just Wanna Set Your Heart '' Phil Collins songs Discography Face Value `` In the Air Tonight '' `` I Missed Again '' `` If Leaving Me Is Easy '' Hello , I Must Be Going ! `` Thru These Walls '' `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' `` I Do n't Care Anymore '' `` Do n't Let Him Steal Your Heart Away '' `` Why Ca n't It Wait ' Til Morning '' `` I Cannot Believe It 's True '' `` Like China '' No Jacket Required `` Sussudio '' `` One More Night '' `` Do n't Lose My Number '' `` Take Me Home '' Buster `` A Groovy Kind of Love '' `` Two Hearts '' ... But Seriously `` Another Day in Paradise '' `` I Wish It Would Rain Down '' `` Something Happened on the Way to Heaven '' `` That 's Just the Way It Is '' `` Do You Remember ? '' `` Hang in Long Enough '' Serious Hits ... Live ! `` Do You Remember ? '' ( live ) `` Who Said I Would '' ( live ) Both Sides `` Both Sides of the Story '' `` Everyday '' `` We Wait and We Wonder '' Dance into the Light `` Dance into the Light '' `` It 's in Your Eyes '' `` No Matter Who '' `` Wear My Hat '' `` The Same Moon '' ... Hits `` True Colors '' Tarzan `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' `` Strangers Like Me '' `` Son of Man '' `` Two Worlds '' Testify `` Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Come with Me '' `` Wake Up Call '' / `` The Least You Can Do '' Brother Bear `` Look Through My Eyes '' `` No Way Out '' Going Back `` ( Love Is Like a ) Heatwave '' `` Going Back '' Featured singles `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` Easy Lover '' `` Hero '' `` In the Air Tonite '' `` Home '' Other singles `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' `` Separate Lives '' `` Somewhere '' Other songs `` The Man with the Horn '' `` You Ought to Know ... '' Book Kasey Chambers Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums The Captain Barricades & Brickwalls Wayward Angel Carnival Rattlin ' Bones Kasey Chambers , Poppa Bill and the Little Hillbillies Little Bird Storybook Wreck & Ruin Bittersweet Dragonfly Campfire Extended plays Ai n't No Little Girl Singles `` The Captain `` Not Pretty Enough '' `` Million Tears '' `` If I Were You '' `` True Colours '' `` Hollywood '' `` Pony '' `` Nothing at All '' `` Luka '' Related articles Shane Nicholson Dead Ringer Band Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True_Colors_(Cyndi_Lauper_song)&oldid=855998325 '' Categories : 1986 singles 1998 singles 2003 singles Cyndi Lauper songs Phil Collins songs Kasey Chambers songs Marina and the Diamonds songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Pop ballads RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Tom Kelly ( musician ) Songs written by Billy Steinberg 1980s ballads Kodak LGBT - related songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano ქართული Nāhuatl 日本語 Português Русский ไทย 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 06 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True%20Colors%20%28Cyndi%20Lauper%20song%29	34,300
how did the fall of the byzantine empire affect russia			Fall of Constantinople	fall of constantinople	Decisive Ottoman victory	End of the Byzantine Empire Territorial changes Ottoman Empire annexes the remaining Byzantine territories ; Constantinople becomes its new capital Trebizond and Epirus continue as Byzantine rump states , until their conquest in 1461 and 1479 respectively Belligerents Ottoman Empire Byzantine Empire Republic of Genoa Republic of Venice Kingdom of Sicily Papal States Ottoman Defectors Commanders and leaders Mehmed II Zagan Pasha Suleiman Baltoghlu Hamza Bey Constantine XI † Loukas Notaras Theophilos Palaiologos † Giovanni Giustiniani Longo ( WIA ) Orhan Çelebi Strength Ottomans Land forces : 50,000 -- 80,000 100,000 -- 160,000 -- 200,000 70 cannons 14 large and 56 small caliber ) Naval forces : 70 ships , 20 galleys 90 -- 126 ships Byzantines Land forces : 7,000 - 10,000 - 12,000 , 600 Ottoman defectors Naval forces : 26 ships Casualties and losses Unknown but heavy 4,000 killed in total ( including combatants and civilians ) 30,000 enslaved Jump up ^ More specifically , the Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty Jump up ^ The Venetians decided to make a peace treaty with the Ottomans in September 1451 , because they were on good terms already with the Ottomans and they did not want to ruin a relationship . They also did not want the Ottomans to interfere with their trade in the Black Sea and Mediterranean . The Venetians ' efforts mainly included giving Constantine XI ships and a total of 800 soldiers in February 1453 . The Venetians also promised that a larger fleet would arrive to save Constantine , this fleet would be full of ammunition , fresh soldiers and supplies . This fleet arrived too late . Jump up ^ The Kingdom of Sicily mainly donated ships and a few soldiers , it was not official however , and was done by several Cardinals . Jump up ^ The Genoese captain Giovanni Giustiniani Longo was wounded in battle , but managed to escape , he died during the early days of June 1453 . Jump up ^ Figures according to recent estimates and Ottoman archival data . The Ottoman Empire , for demographic reasons , would not have been able to put more than 80,000 men into the field at the time . Jump up ^ Figures according to contemporaneous Western / Christian estimates Jump up ^ By nationality , there were 5,000 Greeks and 2,000 foreigners , mostly of Genoese and Venetian origin . Byzantine -- Ottoman wars Bapheus Dimbos Catalan campaign Prusa Pelekanon Nicaea Nicomedia 1st Gallipoli 2nd Gallipoli Adrianople 1st Thessalonica Philadelphia 1st Constantinople 2nd Constantinople 2nd Thessalonica 3rd Constantinople Trebizond The Fall of Constantinople ( Greek : Ἅλωσις τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως , Halōsis tēs Kōnstantinoupoleōs ; Turkish : İstanbul'un Fethi Conquest of Istanbul ) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading Ottoman army on 29 May 1453 . The attackers were commanded by the then 21 - year - old Sultan Mehmed II , who defeated an army commanded by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos and took control of the imperial capital , ending a 53 - day siege that had begun on 6 April 1453 . After conquering the city , Sultan Mehmed transferred the capital of his Empire from Edirne to Constantinople , and established his court there . The capture of the city ( and two other Byzantine splinter territories soon thereafter ) marked the end of the Byzantine Empire , a continuation of the Roman Empire , an imperial state dating to 27 BC , which had lasted for nearly 1,500 years . The conquest of Constantinople also dealt a massive blow to Christendom , as the Muslim Ottoman armies thereafter were left unchecked to advance into Europe without an adversary to their rear . It was also a watershed moment in military history . Since ancient times , cities had used ramparts and city walls to protect themselves from invaders , and Constantinople 's substantial fortifications had been a model followed by cities throughout the Mediterranean region and Europe . The Ottomans ultimately prevailed due to the use of gunpowder ( which powered formidable cannons ) . The conquest of the city of Constantinople and the end of the Byzantine Empire was a key event in the Late Middle Ages which also marks , for some historians , the end of the Medieval period . Contents ( hide ) 1 State of the Byzantine Empire 2 Preparations 2.1 Strength 2.1. 1 Ottoman dispositions and strategies 2.1. 2 Byzantine dispositions and strategies 3 Siege 3.1 Final assault 3.2 Plundering phase 4 Aftermath 4.1 Third Rome 4.2 Impact on the Churches 5 Cultural references 5.1 Legends 5.2 Cultural impact 5.3 Impact on the Renaissance 5.4 Megali idea 5.5 Renaming of the city 5.6 In historical fiction 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links State of the Byzantine Empire ( edit ) Constantinople had been an imperial capital since its consecration in 330 under Roman Emperor , Constantine the Great . In the following eleven centuries , the city had been besieged many times but was captured only once : during the Fourth Crusade in 1204 . The crusaders established an unstable Latin state in and around Constantinople while the remaining empire splintered into a number of Byzantine successor states , notably Nicaea , Epirus and Trebizond . They fought as allies against the Latin establishments , but also fought among themselves for the Byzantine throne . The Nicaeans eventually reconquered Constantinople from the Latins in 1261 . Thereafter , there was little peace for the much - weakened empire as it fended off successive attacks by the Latins , the Serbians , the Bulgarians , and , most importantly , the Ottoman Turks . The Black Plague between 1346 and 1349 killed almost half of the inhabitants of Constantinople . The city was severely depopulated due to the general economic and territorial decline of the empire , and by 1453 consisted of a series of walled villages separated by vast fields encircled by the fifth - century Theodosian walls . By 1450 the empire was exhausted and had shrunk to a few square miles outside the city of Constantinople itself , the Princes ' Islands in the Sea of Marmara , and the Peloponnese with its cultural center at Mystras . The Empire of Trebizond , an independent successor state that formed in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade , also survived on the coast of the Black Sea . Preparations ( edit ) When Sultan Mehmed II succeeded his father in 1451 , he was just nineteen years old . Many European courts assumed that the young Ottoman ruler would not seriously challenge Christian hegemony in the Balkans and the Aegean . This calculation was boosted by Mehmed 's friendly overtures to the European envoys at his new court . But Mehmed 's mild words were not matched by actions . By early 1452 , work began on the construction of a second fortress ( Rumeli hisarı ) on the Bosphorus , on the European side several miles north of Constantinople , set directly across the strait on the Asian side from the Anadolu Hisarı fortress , built by his great - grandfather Bayezid I . This pair of fortresses ensured complete control of sea traffic on the Bosphorus ; and defended against attack by the Genoese colonies on the Black Sea coast to the north . ( This new fortress , was called Boğazkesen , which means ' strait - blocker ' or ' throat - cutter ' , to emphasize its strategic position . ) In October 1452 , Mehmed ordered Turakhan Beg to station a large garrison force in the Peloponnese to block Thomas and Demetrios ( despotes in Southern Greece ) from providing aid to their brother Constantine XI Palaiologos during the impending siege of Constantinople . Michael Critobulus says about the speech of Mehmed II to his soldiers : `` My friends and men of my empire ! You all know very well that our forefathers secured this kingdom that we now hold at the cost of many struggles and very great dangers and that , having passed it along in succession from their fathers , from father to son , they handed it down to me . For some of the oldest of you were sharers in many of the exploits carried through by them -- those at least of you who are of maturer years -- and the younger of you have heard of these deeds from your fathers . They are not such very ancient events nor of such a sort as to be forgotten through the lapse of time . Still the eyewitness of those who have seen testifies better than does the hearing of deeds that happened but yesterday or the day before . '' Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI swiftly understood Mehmed 's true intentions and turned to Western Europe for help ; but now the price of centuries of war and enmity between the eastern and western churches had to be paid . Since the mutual excommunications of 1054 , the Pope in Rome was committed to establishing authority over the eastern church . Nominal union had been negotiated in 1274 , at the Second Council of Lyon , and indeed , some Palaiologoi emperors ( Latin , Palaeologan ) had since been received into the Latin church . Emperor John VIII Palaiologos had also recently negotiated union with Pope Eugene IV , with the Council of Florence of 1439 proclaiming a Bull of Union . These events , however , stimulated a propaganda initiative by anti-unionist Orthodox partisans in Constantinople ; the population , as well as the laity and leadership of the Byzantine Church , became bitterly divided . Latent ethnic hatred between Greeks and Italians , stemming from the events of the Massacre of the Latins in 1182 by the Greeks and the sack of Constantinople in 1204 by the Latins , played a significant role . Finally , the attempted Union failed , greatly annoying Pope Nicholas V and the hierarchy of the Roman church . The Byzantine Empire in the first half of the 15th century . Thessaloniki was captured by the Ottomans in 1430 . A few islands in the Aegean and the Propontis remained under Byzantine rule until 1453 ( not shown on the map ) . In the summer of 1452 , when Rumelı Hisari was completed and the threat had become imminent , Constantine wrote to the Pope , promising to implement the Union , which was declared valid by a half - hearted imperial court on 12 December 1452 . Although he was eager for an advantage , Pope Nicholas V did not have the influence the Byzantines thought he had over the Western kings and princes , some of whom were wary of increasing Papal control , and these had not the wherewithal to contribute to the effort , especially in light of the weakened state of France and England from the Hundred Years ' War , Spain being in the final part of the Reconquista , the internecine fighting in the German Principalities , and Hungary and Poland 's defeat at the Battle of Varna of 1444 . Although some troops did arrive from the mercantile city states in the north of Italy , the Western contribution was not adequate to counterbalance Ottoman strength . Some Western individuals , however , came to help defend the city on their own account . Cardinal Isidore , funded by the pope , arrived in 1452 with 200 archers One of these was an accomplished soldier from Genoa , Giovanni Giustiniani , who arrived with 400 men from Genoa and 300 men from Genoese Chios , in January 1453 . As a specialist in defending walled cities , he was immediately given the overall command of the defense of the land walls by the emperor . Around the same time , the captains of the Venetian ships that happened to be present in the Golden Horn offered their services to the Emperor , barring contrary orders from Venice , and Pope Nicholas undertook to send three ships laden with provisions , which set sail near the end of March . In Venice , meanwhile , deliberations were taking place concerning the kind of assistance the Republic would lend to Constantinople . The Senate decided upon sending a fleet in February 1453 , but there were delays , and when it finally set out late in April , it was already too late for it to be able to take part in the battle . Further undermining Byzantine morale , seven Italian ships with around 700 men slipped out of the capital at the moment when Giustiniani arrived , men who had sworn to defend the capital . At the same time , Constantine 's attempts to appease the Sultan with gifts ended with the execution of the Emperor 's ambassadors -- even Byzantine diplomacy could not save the city . Restored Walls of Constantinople The chain that closed off the entrance to the Golden Horn in 1453 , now on display in the İstanbul Archaeology Museums . Fearing a possible naval attack along the shores of the Golden Horn , Emperor Constantine XI ordered that a defensive chain be placed at the mouth of the harbour . This chain , which floated on logs , was strong enough to prevent any Turkish ship from entering the harbour . This device was one of two that gave the Byzantines some hope of extending the siege until the possible arrival of foreign help . This strategy was enforced because in 1204 the armies of the Fourth Crusade successfully circumvented Constantinople 's land defenses by breaching the Golden Horn Wall . Another strategy employed by the Byzantines was the repair and fortification of the Land Wall ( Theodosian Walls ) . Emperor Constantine deemed it necessary to ensure that the Blachernae district 's wall were the most fortified because that section of the wall protruded northwards . The land fortifications comprised a 60 ft ( 18 m ) wide moat fronting inner and outer crenellated walls studded with towers every 45 -- 55 metres . Strength ( edit ) Map of Constantinople and the dispositions of the defenders and the besiegers The army defending Constantinople was relatively small , totaling about 7,000 men , 2,000 of whom were foreigners . At the onset of the siege , probably fewer than 50,000 people were living within the walls , including the refugees from the surrounding area . Turkish commander Dorgano , who was in Constantinople in the pay of the Emperor , was also guarding one of the quarters of the city on the seaward side with the Turks in his pay . These Turks kept loyal to the Emperor and perished in the ensuing battle . The defending army 's Genoese corps were well trained and equipped , while the rest of the army consisted of small numbers of well - trained soldiers , armed civilians , sailors and volunteer forces from foreign communities , and finally monks . The garrison used a few small - calibre artillery pieces , which nonetheless proved ineffective . The rest of the city repaired walls , stood guard on observation posts , collected and distributed food provisions , and collected gold and silver objects from churches to melt down into coins to pay the foreign soldiers . The Ottomans had a much larger force . Recent studies and Ottoman archival data state that there were about 50,000 -- 80,000 Ottoman soldiers including between 5,000 and 10,000 Janissaries , an elite infantry corps , and thousands of Christian troops , notably 1,500 Serbian cavalry that the Serbian lord Đurađ Branković was forced to supply as part of his obligation to the Ottoman sultan -- just a few months before , he had supplied the money for the reconstruction of the walls of Constantinople . Contemporaneous Western witnesses of the siege , who tend to exaggerate the military power of the Sultan , provide disparate and higher numbers ranging from 160,000 to 200,000 and to 300,000 ( Niccolò Barbaro : 160,000 ; the Florentine merchant Jacopo Tedaldi and the Great Logothete George Sphrantzes : 200,000 ; the Cardinal Isidore of Kiev and the Archbishop of Mytilene Leonardo di Chio : 300,000 ) . Ottoman dispositions and strategies ( edit ) The Dardanelles Gun , cast in 1464 and based on the Orban bombard that was used by the Ottoman besiegers of Constantinople in 1453 ( British Royal Armouries collection ) . Mehmed built a fleet to besiege the city from the sea ( partially manned by Greek sailors from Gallipoli ) . Contemporary estimates of the strength of the Ottoman fleet span between about 100 ships ( Tedaldi ) , 145 ( Barbaro ) , 160 ( Ubertino Pusculo ) , 200 -- 250 ( Isidore of Kiev , Leonardo di Chio ) to 430 ( Sphrantzes ) . A more realistic modern estimate predicts a fleet strength of 126 ships comprising 6 large galleys , 10 ordinary galleys , 15 smaller galleys , 75 large rowing boats , and 20 horse - transports . Before the siege of Constantinople , it was known that the Ottomans had the ability to cast medium - sized cannons , but the range of some pieces they were able to field far surpassed the defenders ' expectations . Instrumental to this Ottoman advancement in arms production was a somewhat mysterious figure by the name of Orban ( Urban ) , a Hungarian ( though some suggest he was German ) . One cannon designed by Orban was named `` Basilica '' and was 27 feet ( 8.2 m ) long , and able to hurl a 600 lb ( 272 kg ) stone ball over a mile ( 1.6 km ) . Modern painting of Mehmed and the Ottoman Army approaching Constantinople with a giant bombard , by Fausto Zonaro The master founder initially tried to sell his services to the Byzantines , who were unable to secure the funds needed to hire him . Orban then left Constantinople and approached Mehmed II , claiming that his weapon could blast ' the walls of Babylon itself ' . Given abundant funds and materials , the Hungarian engineer built the gun within three months at Edirne , from which it was dragged by sixty oxen to Constantinople . In the meantime , Orban also produced other cannons for the Turkish siege forces . Orban 's cannon had several drawbacks : it took three hours to reload ; cannonballs were in very short supply ; and the cannon is said to have collapsed under its own recoil after six weeks ( this is disputed , however , given that it was only reported in the letter of Archbishop Leonardo di Chio and in the later and often unreliable Russian chronicle of Nestor Iskander ) . Having previously established a large foundry about 150 miles ( 240 km ) away , Mehmed now had to undertake the painstaking process of transporting his massive artillery pieces . Orban 's giant cannon was said to have been accompanied by a crew of 60 oxen and over 400 men . In preparation for the final assault , Mehmed had an artillery train of seventy large pieces dragged from his headquarters at Edirne , in addition to the bombards cast on the spot . Mehmed planned to attack the Theodosian Walls , the intricate series of walls and ditches protecting Constantinople from an attack from the West , the only part of the city not surrounded by water . His army encamped outside the city on the Monday after Easter , 2 April 1453 . The bulk of the Ottoman army were encamped south of the Golden Horn . The regular European troops , stretched out along the entire length of the walls , were commanded by Karadja Pasha . The regular troops from Anatolia under Ishak Pasha were stationed south of the Lycus down to the Sea of Marmara . Mehmed himself erected his red - and - gold tent near the Mesoteichion , where the guns and the elite regiments , the Janissaries , were positioned . The Bashi - bazouks were spread out behind the front lines . Other troops under Zagan Pasha were employed north of the Golden Horn . Communication was maintained by a road that had been constructed over the marshy head of the Horn . Byzantine dispositions and strategies ( edit ) Painting of the Fall of Constantinople , by Theophilos Hatzimihail The city had about 20 km of walls ( land walls : 5.5 km ; sea walls along the Golden Horn : 7 km ; sea walls along the Sea of Marmara : 7.5 km ) , one of the strongest sets of fortified walls in existence . The walls had recently been repaired ( under John VIII ) and were in fairly good shape , giving the defenders sufficient reason to believe that they could hold out until help from the West arrived . In addition , the defenders were relatively well - equipped with a fleet of 26 ships : 5 from Genoa , 5 from Venice , 3 from Venetian Crete , 1 from Ancona , 1 from Aragon , 1 from France , and about 10 Byzantine . On 5 April , the Sultan himself arrived with his last troops , and the defenders took up their positions . As their numbers were insufficient to occupy the walls in their entirety , it had been decided that only the outer walls would be manned . Constantine and his Greek troops guarded the Mesoteichion , the middle section of the land walls , where they were crossed by the river Lycus . This section was considered the weakest spot in the walls and an attack was feared here most . Giustiniani was stationed to the north of the emperor , at the Charisian Gate ( Myriandrion ) ; later during the siege , he was shifted to the Mesoteichion to join Constantine , leaving the Myriandrion to the charge of the Bocchiardi brothers . Minotto and his Venetians were stationed in the Blachernae palace , together with Teodoro Caristo , the Langasco brothers , and Archbishop Leonardo of Chios . To the left of the emperor , further south , were the commanders Cataneo , with Genoese troops , and Theophilus Palaeologus , who guarded the Pegae Gate with Greek soldiers . The section of the land walls from the Pegae Gate to the Golden Gate ( itself guarded by a certain Genoese called Manuel ) was defended by the Venetian Filippo Contarini , while Demetrius Cantacuzenus had taken position on the southernmost part of the Theodosian wall . The sea walls were manned more sparsely , with Jacobo Contarini at Stoudion , a makeshift defense force of Greek monks to his left hand , and prince Orhan at the Harbour of Eleutherius . Pere Julià was stationed at the Great Palace with Genoese and Catalan troops ; Cardinal Isidore of Kiev guarded the tip of the peninsula near the boom . The sea walls at the southern shore of the Golden Horn were defended by Venetian and Genoese sailors under Gabriele Trevisano . Two tactical reserves were kept behind in the city , one in the Petra district just behind the land walls and one near the Church of the Holy Apostles , under the command of Loukas Notaras and Nicephorus Palaeologus , respectively . The Venetian Alviso Diedo commanded the ships in the harbor . Although the Byzantines also had cannons , they were much smaller than those of the Ottomans and the recoil tended to damage their own walls . According to David Nicolle , despite many odds , the idea that Constantinople was inevitably doomed is wrong , and the overall situation was not as one - sided as a simple glance at a map might suggest.It has also been claimed that Constantinople was `` the best - defended city in Europe '' at that time . Siege ( edit ) At the beginning of the siege , Mehmed sent out some of his best troops to reduce the remaining Byzantine strongholds outside the city of Constantinople . The fortress of Therapia on the Bosphorus and a smaller castle at the village of Studius near the Sea of Marmara were taken within a few days . The Princes ' Islands in the Sea of Marmara were taken by Admiral Baltoghlu 's fleet . Mehmed 's massive cannon fired on the walls for weeks , but due to its imprecision and extremely slow rate of reloading the Byzantines were able to repair most of the damage after each shot , limiting the cannon 's effect . The Ottoman Turks transport their fleet overland into the Golden Horn . Meanwhile , despite some probing attacks , the Ottoman fleet under Suleiman Baltoghlu could not enter the Golden Horn due to the chain the Byzantines had previously stretched across the entrance . Although one of the fleet 's main tasks was to prevent any ships from outside from entering the Golden Horn , on 20 April a small flotilla of four Christian ships managed to slip in after some heavy fighting , an event which strengthened the morale of the defenders and caused embarrassment to the Sultan . Baltoghlu 's life was spared after his subordinates testified to his bravery during the conflict . Mehmed ordered the construction of a road of greased logs across Galata on the north side of the Golden Horn , and dragged his ships over the hill , directly into the Golden Horn on 22 April , bypassing the chain barrier . This seriously threatened the flow of supplies from Genoese ships from the -- nominally neutral -- colony of Pera , and demoralized the Byzantine defenders . On the night of 28 April , an attempt was made to destroy the Ottoman ships already in the Golden Horn using fire ships , but the Ottomans had been warned in advance and forced the Christians to retreat with heavy losses . Forty Italians escaped their sinking ships and swam to the northern shore . On orders of Mehmed , they were impaled on stakes , in sight of the city 's defenders on the sea walls across the Golden Horn . In retaliation , the defenders brought their Ottoman prisoners , 260 in all , to the walls , where they were executed , one by one , before the eyes of the Ottomans . With the failure of their attack on the Ottoman vessels , the defenders were forced to disperse part of their forces to defend the sea walls along the Golden Horn . The Ottoman army had made several frontal assaults on the land wall of Constantinople , but were always repelled with heavy losses . Venetian surgeon Niccolò Barbaro , describing in his diary one of such frequent land attacks especially by the Janissaries , wrote : `` They found the Turks coming right up under the walls and seeking battle , particularly the Janissaries ... and when one or two of them were killed , at once more Turks came and took away the dead ones ... without caring how near they came to the city walls . Our men shot at them with guns and crossbows , aiming at the Turk who was carrying away his dead countryman , and both of them would fall to the ground dead , and then there came other Turks and took them away , none fearing death , but being willing to let ten of themselves be killed rather than suffer the shame of leaving a single Turkish corpse by the walls . '' Siege of Constantinople as depicted between 1453 and 1475 . After these inconclusive frontal offensives , the Ottomans sought to break through the walls by constructing underground tunnels in an effort to mine them from mid-May to 25 May . Many of the sappers were miners of Serbian origin sent from Novo Brdo by the Serbian despot . They were placed under the command of Zagan Pasha . However , an engineer named Johannes Grant , a German who came together with the Genoese contingent , had counter-mines dug , allowing Byzantine troops to enter the mines and kill the workers . The Byzantines intercepted the first Serbian tunnel on the night of 16 May . Subsequent tunnels were interrupted on 21 , 23 , and 25 May , and destroyed with Greek fire and vigorous combat . On 23 May , the Byzantines captured and tortured two Turkish officers , who revealed the location of all the Turkish tunnels , which were then destroyed . On 21 May , Mehmed sent an ambassador to Constantinople and offered to lift the siege if they gave him the city . He promised he would allow the Emperor and any other inhabitants to leave with their possessions . Moreover , he would recognize the Emperor as governor of the Peloponnese . Lastly , he guaranteed the safety of the population that might choose to remain in the city . Constantine XI only agreed to pay higher tributes to the sultan and recognized the status of all the conquered castles and lands in the hands of the Turks as Ottoman possession . `` Giving you though the city depends neither on me nor on anyone else among its inhabitants ; as we have all decided to die with our own free will and we shall not consider our lives . '' Around this time , Mehmed had a final council with his senior officers . Here he encountered some resistance ; one of his Viziers , the veteran Halil Pasha , who had always disapproved of Mehmed 's plans to conquer the city , now admonished him to abandon the siege in the face of recent adversity . Zagan Pasha argued against Halil Pasha , and insisted on an immediate attack . Mehmed planned to overpower the walls by sheer force , expecting that the weakened Byzantine defense by the prolonged siege would now be worn out before he ran out of troops and started preparations for a final all - out offensive . Final assault ( edit ) Painting by the Greek folk painter Theophilos Hatzimihail showing the battle inside the city , Constantine is visible on a white horse Preparations for the final assault were started in the evening of 26 May and continued to the next day . For 36 hours after the war council decision to attack , the Ottomans extensively mobilized their manpower in order to prepare for the general offensive . Prayer and resting would be then granted to the soldiers on the 28th , and then the final assault would be launched . On the Byzantine side , a small Venetian fleet of 12 ships , after having searched the Aegean , reached the Capital on May 27 and reported to the Emperor that no large Venetian relief fleet was on its way . On May 28 , as the Ottoman army prepared for the final assault , large - scale religious processions were held in the city . In the evening a last solemn ceremony was held in the Hagia Sophia , in which the Emperor and representatives of both the Latin and Greek church partook , together with nobility from both sides . Shortly after midnight on May 29 the all - out offensive began . The Christian troops of the Ottoman Empire attacked first , followed by the successive waves of the irregular azaps , who were poorly trained and equipped , and Anatolians who focused on a section of the Blachernae walls in the northwest part of the city , which had been damaged by the cannon . This section of the walls had been built earlier , in the eleventh century , and was much weaker . The Anatolians managed to breach this section of walls and entered the city but were just as quickly pushed back by the defenders . Finally , as the battle was continuing , the last wave , consisting of elite Janissaries , attacked the city walls . The Genoese general in charge of the land troops , Giovanni Giustiniani , was grievously wounded during the attack , and his evacuation from the ramparts caused a panic in the ranks of the defenders . Sultan Mehmed II 's entry into Constantinople , painting by Fausto Zonaro ( 1854 -- 1929 ) . With Giustiniani 's Genoese troops retreating into the city and towards the harbor , Constantine and his men , now left to their own devices , kept fighting and managed to successfully hold off the Janissaries for a while , but eventually they could not stop them from entering the city . The defenders were also being overwhelmed at several points in Constantine 's section . When Turkish flags were seen flying above a small postern gate , the Kerkoporta , which was left open , panic ensued , and the defense collapsed , as Janissary soldiers , led by Ulubatlı Hasan pressed forward . Many Greek soldiers ran back home to protect their families , the Venetians ran over to their ships , and a few of the Genoese got over to Galata . The rest committed suicide by jumping off the city walls or surrendered . The Greek houses nearest to the walls were the first to suffer from the Ottomans . It is said that Constantine , throwing aside his purple regalia , led the final charge against the incoming Ottomans , perishing in the ensuing battle in the streets just like his soldiers . On the other hand , Nicolò Barbaro , a Venetian eyewitness to the siege , wrote in his diary that it was said that Constantine hanged himself at the moment when the Turks broke in at the San Romano gate , although his ultimate fate remains unknown . After the initial assault , the Ottoman Army fanned out along the main thoroughfare of the city , the Mese , past the great forums , and past the Church of the Holy Apostles , which Mehmed II wanted to provide a seat for his newly appointed patriarch which would help him better control his Christian subjects . Mehmed II had sent an advance guard to protect key buildings such as the Church of the Holy Apostles . A small few lucky civilians managed to escape . When the Venetians retreated over to their ships , the Ottomans had already taken the walls of the Golden Horn . Luckily for the occupants of the city , the Ottomans were not interested in killing them , but rather in the loot they could get from raiding the city 's houses , so they decided to attack the city instead . The Venetian captain ordered his men to break open the gate of the Golden Horn . Having done so , the Venetians left in ships filled with soldiers and refugees . Shortly after the Venetians left , a few Genoese ships and even the Emperor 's ships followed them out of the Golden Horn . This fleet narrowly escaped prior to the Ottoman navy assuming control over the Golden Horn , which was accomplished by midday . The Army converged upon the Augusteum , the vast square that fronted the great church of Hagia Sophia whose bronze gates were barred by a huge throng of civilians inside the building , hoping for divine protection . After the doors were breached , the troops separated the congregation according to what price they might bring in the slave markets . Ottoman casualties are unknown but they are believed by most historians to be very heavy due to several unsuccessful Ottoman attacks made during the siege and final assault . Barbaro described blood flowing in the city `` like rainwater in the gutters after a sudden storm '' , and bodies of the Turks and Christians floating in the sea `` like melons along a canal '' . Plundering phase ( edit ) Mehmed II had promised to his soldiers three days to plunder the city , to which they were entitled . Soldiers fought over the possession of some of the spoils of war . According to the Venetian surgeon Nicolò Barbaro `` all through the day the Turks made a great slaughter of Christians through the city '' . According to Philip Mansel , widespread persecution of the city 's civilian inhabitants took place , resulting in thousands of murders and rapes and 30,000 civilians being enslaved or forcibly deported . The looting was extremely thorough in certain parts of the city . Weeks later on 2 June , the Sultan would find the city largely deserted and half in ruins ; churches had been desecrated and stripped , houses were no longer habitable and stores and shops were emptied . He is famously reported to have been moved to tears by this , speaking `` What a city we have given over to plunder and destruction . '' Aftermath ( edit ) On the third day of the conquest , Mehmed II ordered all looting to stop and issued a proclamation that all Christians who had avoided capture or who had been ransomed could return to their homes without further molestation , although many had no homes to return to , and many more had been taken captive and not ransomed . Byzantine historian George Sphrantzes , an eyewitness to the fall of Constantinople , described the Sultan 's actions : `` On the third day after the fall of our city , the Sultan celebrated his victory with a great , joyful triumph . He issued a proclamation : the citizens of all ages who had managed to escape detection were to leave their hiding places throughout the city and come out into the open , as they were to remain free and no question would be asked . He further declared the restoration of houses and property to those who had abandoned our city before the siege . If they returned home , they would be treated according to their rank and religion , as if nothing had changed . '' The Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque , but the Greek Orthodox Church was allowed to remain intact and Gennadius Scholarius was appointed Patriarch of Constantinople . This was once thought to be the origin of the Ottoman millet system , however , it is now considered a myth and no such system existed in the fifteenth century . Following the city 's conquest , the Church of the Holy Wisdom ( the Hagia Sophia ) was converted into a mosque . After the sack , many feared other European Christian kingdoms would suffer the same fate as Constantinople . Two possible responses emerged amongst the humanists and churchmen of that era : Crusade or dialogue . Pope Pius II strongly advocated for another Crusade , while Nicholas of Cusa supported engaging in a dialogue with the Ottomans . The Morean ( Peloponnesian ) fortress of Mystras , where Constantine 's brothers Thomas and Demetrius ruled , constantly in conflict with each other and knowing that Mehmed would eventually invade them as well , held out until 1460 . Long before the fall of Constantinople , Demetrius had fought for the throne with Thomas , Constantine , and their other brothers John and Theodore. Thomas escaped to Rome when the Ottomans invaded Morea while Demetrius expected to rule a puppet state , but instead was imprisoned and remained there for the rest of his life . In Rome , Thomas and his family received some monetary support from the Pope and other Western rulers as Byzantine emperor in exile , until 1503 . In 1461 the independent Byzantine state in Trebizond fell to Mehmed . Constantine XI had died without producing an heir , and had Constantinople not fallen he likely would have been succeeded by the sons of his deceased elder brother , who were taken into the palace service of Mehmed after the fall of Constantinople . The oldest boy , renamed to Murad , became a personal favorite of Mehmed and served as Beylerbey ( Governor - General ) of Rumeli ( the Balkans ) . The younger son , renamed Mesih Pasha , became Admiral of the Ottoman fleet and Sancak Beg ( Governor ) of the Province of Gallipoli . He eventually served twice as Grand Vizier under Mehmed 's son , Bayezid II . With the capture of Constantinople , Mehmed II had acquired the `` natural '' capital of its kingdom , albeit one in decline due to years of war . The loss of the city was a crippling blow to Christendom , and it exposed the Christian west to a vigorous and aggressive foe in the east . The Christian re-conquest of Constantinople remained a goal in Western Europe for many years after its fall to the House of Osman . Rumors of Constantine XI 's survival and subsequent rescue by an angel led many to hope that the city would one day return to Christian hands . Pope Nicholas V called for an immediate counter-attack in the form of a crusade . When no European monarch was willing to lead the crusade , the Pope himself decided to go , but his early death stopped this plan . As Western Europe entered the 16th century , the age of Crusading began to come to an end . For some time Greek scholars had gone to Italian city - states , a cultural exchange begun in 1396 by Coluccio Salutati , chancellor of Florence , who had invited Manuel Chrysoloras , a Byzantine scholar to lecture at the University of Florence . After the conquest many Greeks , such as John Argyropoulos and Constantine Lascaris , fled the city and found refuge in the Latin West , bringing with them knowledge and documents from the Greco - Roman tradition to Italy and other regions that further propelled the Renaissance . Those Greeks who stayed behind in Constantinople mostly lived in the Phanar and Galata districts of the city . The Phanariotes , as they were called , provided many capable advisers to the Ottoman rulers . Third Rome ( edit ) Main article : Third Rome Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror , by Gentile Bellini Byzantium is a term used by modern historians to refer to the later Roman Empire . In its own time , the Empire ruled from Constantinople ( or `` New Rome '' as some people call it , although this was a laudatory expression that was never an official title ) was considered simply as `` the Roman Empire . '' The fall of Constantinople led competing factions to lay claim to being the inheritors of the Imperial mantle . Russian claims to Byzantine heritage clashed with those of the Ottoman Empire 's own claim . In Mehmed 's view , he was the successor to the Roman Emperor , declaring himself Kayser - i Rum , literally `` Caesar of Rome '' , that is , of the Roman Empire , though he was remembered as `` the Conqueror '' . He founded a political system that survived until 1922 with the establishment of the Republic of Turkey . Stefan Dušan , Tsar of Serbia , and Ivan Alexander , Tsar of Bulgaria both made similar claims , regarding themselves as legitimate heirs to the Roman Empire . Other potential claimants , such as the Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire have disintegrated into history . Impact on the churches ( edit ) In 17th century Russia , the Fall of Constantinople had a role in the fierce theological and political controversy between adherents and opponents of the reforms in the Russian Orthodox Church , carried out by Patriarch Nikon and intended to bring the Russian Church closer to the norms and practices of other Orthodox churches . Avvakum and other of the `` Old Believers '' saw these reforms as a corruption of the Russian Church , which they considered to be the `` true '' Church of God . As the other Churches were more closely related to Constantinople in their liturgies , Avvakum argued that Constantinople fell to the Turks because of these heretical beliefs and practices . The fall of Constantinople has a profound impact on the ancient Pentarchy of the Orthodox Church . Today , the four ancient sees of Jerusalem , Antioch , Alexandria and Constantinople are almost completely void of followers and believers due to the Islamization and Dhimma system that Christians lived under since the earliest days of Islam . As a result of this process , the center of authority in the Orthodox Church changed and became centered in Eastern Europe ( e.g. , Russia ) rather than previously , in the former Byzantine Middle East . Cultural references ( edit ) Legends ( edit ) There are many legends in Greece surrounding the Fall of Constantinople . It was said that the partial lunar eclipse that occurred on 22 May 1453 represented a fulfillment of a prophecy of the city 's demise . Four days later , the whole city was blotted out by a thick fog , a condition unknown in that part of the world in May . When the fog lifted that evening , a strange light was seen playing about the dome of the Hagia Sophia , which some interpreted as the Holy Spirit departing from the city . `` This evidently indicated the departure of the Divine Presence , and its leaving the City in total abandonment and desertion , for the Divinity conceals itself in cloud and appears and again disappears . '' For others , there was still a distant hope that the lights were the campfires of the troops of John Hunyadi who had come to relieve the city . Another legend holds that two priests saying divine liturgy over the crowd disappeared into the cathedral 's walls as the first Turkish soldiers entered . According to the legend , the priests will appear again on the day that Constantinople returns to Christian hands . Another legend refers to the Marble King ( Constantine XI ) , holding that an angel rescued the emperor when the Ottomans entered the city , turning him into marble and placing him in a cave under the earth near the Golden Gate , where he waits to be brought to life again ( a variant of the sleeping hero legend ) . Cultural impact ( edit ) Guillaume Dufay composed several songs lamenting the fall of the Eastern church , and the duke of Burgundy , Philip the Good , avowed to take up arms against the Turks . However , as the growing Ottoman power from this date on coincided with the Protestant Reformation and subsequent Counter-Reformation , the recapture of Constantinople became an ever - distant dream . Even France , once a fervent participant of the Crusades , became an ally of the Ottomans . Nonetheless , depictions of Christian coalitions taking the city and of the late Emperor 's resurrection by Leo the Wise persisted . Impact on the Renaissance ( edit ) Main article : Greek scholars in the Renaissance The migration waves of Byzantine scholars and émigrés in the period following the sacking of Constantinople and the fall of Constantinople in 1453 is considered by many scholars key to the revival of Greek and Roman studies that led to the development of the Renaissance humanism and science . These émigrés were grammarians , humanists , poets , writers , printers , lecturers , musicians , astronomers , architects , academics , artists , scribes , philosophers , scientists , politicians and theologians . They brought to Western Europe the far greater preserved and accumulated knowledge of their own ( Greek ) civilization . Megali idea ( edit ) Between 1919 and 1922 , Greek politician Eleftherios Venizelos attempted to implement the Megali Idea ( recapture of Constantinople from the Ottoman Empire ) in the Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 1922 ) since the Ottoman Empire was severely weakened by its defeat in World War I and by the occupation of Constantinople by the British and French . However , in the course of the war Venizelos lost the election of 1920 and went into exile and Greece was defeated in the war by Turkey . Renaming of the city ( edit ) Ottomans used the Arabic transliteration of the city 's name `` Kostantiniyye , '' ( القسطنطينية ) , as can be seen in numerous Ottoman documents . Islambol ( اسلامبول , Full of Islam ) or Islambul ( find Islam ) or Islam ( b ) ol ( old Turkic : be Islam ) , both in Turkish Language , were folk - etymological adaptations of Istanbul created after the Ottoman conquest of 1453 to express the city 's new role as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire . It is first attested shortly after the conquest , and its invention was ascribed by some contemporary writers to Sultan Mehmed II himself . The name of Istanbul is thought to be derived from the Greek phrase īs tīmbolī ( n ) ( Greek : εἰς τὴν πόλιν , translit . eis tēn pólin , `` to the City '' ) , and it is claimed that it had already spread among the Turkish populace of the Ottoman Empire before the conquest . However , Istanbul only became the official name of the city in 1930 by the revised Turkish Postal Law as part of Atatürk 's reforms . In historical fiction ( edit ) Lew Wallace , The Prince of India ; or , Why Constantinople Fell . New York : Harper & Brothers Publishers , 1893 . 2 volumes Mika Waltari , The Dark Angel ( Original title Johannes Angelos ) 1952 . Translated from the Finnish by Naomi Walford and pub. in English edition , New York : Putnam , 1953 Muharem Bazdulj , `` The Bridge on Land '' from The Second Book , 2000 . Translated from Bosnian by Oleg Andric and Andrew Wachtel and pub. in English edition , Evanston : Northwestern University Press , 2005 Andrew Novo , Queen of Cities , Seattle : Coffeetown Press , 2009 Jack Hight , Siege . London : John Murray Publisher Ltd , 2010 James Shipman , `` Constantinopolis '' , Amazon Digital Services , 2013 C.C. Humphreys , A Place called Armageddon . London : Orion , 2011 Emanuele Rizzardi , L'ultimo Paleologo . PubMe Editore , 2017 John Bellairs , `` The Trolley to Yesterday '' Dial , 1989 Kiersten White , `` The Conqueror 's Saga '' , 2016 Stefan Zweig , `` Die Eroberung von Byzanz ( Conquest of Byzantium ) '' in `` Sternstunden der Menschheit ( Decisive Moments in History ) '' , 1927 See also ( edit ) Byzantine Empire portal Military history of the Ottoman Empire portal Fetih 1453 `` How many angels can dance on the head of a pin ? '' , question linked to the imagery of pointless debate while the city was falling . Military of the Ottoman Empire Tursun Beg ( Turkish historian ) Ulubatlı Hasan Dolfin Dolfin , venetian , naval commander during the siege Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ While Mehmed II had been steadily preparing for the siege of Constantinople , he had sent the old general Turakhan and the latter 's two sons , Ahmed Beg and Omar Beg , to invade the Morea and to remain there all winter also to prevent the despots Thomas and Demetrius from giving aid to Constantine XI . Jump up ^ According to Sphrantzes , whom Constantine had ordered to make a census , the Emperor was appalled when the number of native men capable of bearing arms turned out to be only 4,983 . Leonardo di Chio gave a number of 6,000 Greeks . Jump up ^ The Spanish Cristóbal de Villalón claims there were ' 60,000 Turkish households , 40,000 Greek and Armenian , 10,000 Jewish . Jump up ^ Another expert who was employed by the Ottomans was Ciriaco de ' Pizzicolli , also known as Ciriaco of Ancona , a traveler and collector of antiquities . Jump up ^ These were the three Genoese ships sent by the Pope , joined by a large Imperial transport ship which had been sent on a foraging mission to Sicily previous to the siege and was on its way back to Constantinople . Jump up ^ Runciman speculates that he may have been Scottish Jump up ^ Original text : Τὸ δὲ τὴν πόλιν σοῖ δοῦναι οὔτ ' ἐμὸν ἐστίν οὔτ ' ἄλλου τῶν κατοικούντων ἐν ταύτῃ κοινῇ γὰρ γνώμῃ πάντες αὐτοπροαιρέτως ἀποθανοῦμεν καὶ οὐ φεισόμεθα τῆς ζωῆς ἡμῶν . Jump up ^ Sources hostile towards the Genoese ( such as the Venetian Nicolò Barbaro ) , however , report that Longo was only lightly wounded or not wounded at all , but , overwhelmed by fear , simulated the wound to abandon the battlefield , determining the fall of the city . These charges of cowardice and treason were so widespread that the Republic of Genoa had to deny them by sending diplomatic letters to the Chancelleries of England , France , the Duchy of Burgundy and others . Giustiniani was carried to Chios , where he succumbed to his wounds a few days later . Jump up ^ Barbaro added the description of the emperor 's heroic last moments to his diary based on information he received afterward . According to some Ottoman sources Constantine was killed in an accidental encounter with Turkish marines a little further to the south , presumably while making his way to the Sea of Marmara in order to escape by sea . Jump up ^ It is possible that all these phenomena were local effects of the cataclysmic Kuwae volcanic eruption in the Pacific Ocean . The `` fire '' seen may have been an optical illusion due to the reflection of intensely red twilight glow by clouds of volcanic ash high in the atmosphere . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tekbaşina . `` 1453'de İstanbul'u Fatih'e karşı savunan Osmanlı Şehzadesi kim ? '' ( Who Were the Ottoman Princes Defending Istanbul against the Conqueror in 1453 ? ) . Milliyet blog ( in Turkish ) . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Frantzes , Georgios ; Melisseidis ( Melisseides ) , Ioannis ( Ioannes ) A. ; Zavolea - Melissidi , Pulcheria ( 2004 ) . Εάλω η ΠόλιςΤ ο χρονικό της άλωσης της Κωνσταντινούπολης : Συνοπτική ιστορία των γεγονότων στην Κωνσταντινούπολη κατά την περίοδο 1440 -- 1453 ( The City has Fallen : Chronicle of the Fall of Constantinople : Concise History of Events in Constantinople in the Period 1440 -- 1453 ) ( in Greek ) ( 5 ed . ) . Athens : Vergina Asimakopouli Bros. ISBN 9607171918 . ^ Jump up to : Pertusi , Agostino , ed. ( 1976 ) . La Caduta di Costantinopoli , I : Le testimonianze dei contemporanei scrittori greci e latini ( The Fall of Constantinople , I : The Testimony of the Contemporary Greek and Latin Writers ) ( in Italian ) . I. Verona : Fondazione Lorenzo Valla . ^ Jump up to : Nicol , Donald M. ( 1993 ) . The Last Centuries of Byzantium , 1261 -- 1453 ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : Runciman , Steven ( 1965 ) . The Fall of Constantinople , 1453 ( Canto ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521398329 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann , J.E. ; Kaufmann , Hanna W. ( 2004 ) . The Medieval Fortress : Castles , Forts , and Walled Cities of the Middle Agess . Boston , Massachusetts : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81358 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sehgal , Ikram ul - Majeed ( 2005 ) . `` Defence Journal '' ( 8 ) . Jump up ^ Goffman , Daniel ( 2002 ) . The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 45908 - 7 . Jump up ^ Patrick , James ( 2007 ) . ' Renaissance And Reformation . Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 0 - 7614 - 7650 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolle , David ( 2000 ) . Constantinople 1453 : The End of Byzantium ( Campaign ) . 78 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 091 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : İnalcıkt , Halil ( 2001 ) . Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Klasik Çağ ( 1300 -- 1600 ) ( The Ottoman Empire , The Classical Age , 1300 -- 1600 ) . Translated by Itzkouritz , Norman ; Imber , Colin . London : Orion . ^ Jump up to : Severy , Merle ( December 1983 ) . `` Byzantine Empire '' . National Geographic . Vol. 164 no . 6 . ^ Jump up to : Sphrantzes , George . Οικτρός Γεώργιος ο Φραντζής ο και Πρωτοβεσιαρίτης Γρηγόριος τάχα μοναχός ταύτα έγραψεν υπέρ των καθ ' αυτών και τινων μερικών γεγονότων εν τώ της αθλίας ζωής αυτε χρόνω ( The Pitiful George Frantzes Who was Protovestiaros , Now a Monk , Wrote This for the Βetterment of Others and as Recompense for Some Deeds in His Miserable Life , This Chronicle ) ( in Greek ) . Jump up ^ Pears , Edwin ( 1903 ) . The Destruction of the Greek Empire . London : Longman 's , Green & Co . Jump up ^ Lanning , Michael Lee ( 2005 ) . The Battle 100 : The Stories Behind History 's Most Influential Battles . Sourcebooks , Inc . ISBN 1 - 4022 - 2475 - 3 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Saul S. ( 2006 ) . A history of the Middle East . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 5134 - 3 . Jump up ^ Uyar , Mesut ; Erickson , Edward J. ( 2009 ) . A military history of the Ottomans : from Osman to Atatürk . Santa Barbara : Praeger . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98876 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy Hickman . `` Fall of Constantinople , 1453 -- Byzantine - Ottoman Wars '' . About.com Education . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. ( 2009 ) . A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East . ABL - CLIO . Jump up ^ Heath , Ian ( 1995 ) . Byzantine Armies AD 1118 -- 1461 ( Men - at - Arms ) . 287 . Oxford : Osprey Publishers . ISBN 1855323478 . Jump up ^ Bartusis , Mark C. ( 1997 ) . The Late Byzantine Army : Arms and Society , 1204 -- 1453 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . Jump up ^ `` İstanbul'un fethinde 600 Türk askeri , Fatih'e karşı savaştı '' ( In the Conquest of Istanbul 600 Turkish Military Fought Against the Conqueror ) . Osmanlı Arauştırmalarlı ( in Turkish ) . ^ Jump up to : Hatzopoulos , Dionysios . `` Fall of Constantinople , 1453 '' . Hellenic Electronic Center . ^ Jump up to : `` Part II : Fall of Constantinople '' . The American Legion 's Burnpit . Jump up ^ Roger Crowley ( 6 August 2009 ) . Constantinople : The Last Great Siege , 1453 . Faber & Faber . p. 226 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 25079 - 0 . The vast majority of the ordinary citizens - about 30,000 - were marched off to the slave markets of Edirne , Bursa and Ankara . We know the fates of a few of these deportees because they were important people who were subsequently ransomed back into freedom . Among these was Matthew Camariotes , whose ... Jump up ^ Momigliano & Schiavone ( 1997 ) , Introduction ( `` La Storia di Roma '' ) , p . XXI Jump up ^ `` The fall of Constantinople '' . The Economist. 23 December 1999 . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Foster , Charles ( 22 September 2006 ) . `` The Conquest of Constantinople and the end of empire '' . Contemporary Review . Archived from the original on 11 June 2009 . It is the end of the Middle Ages ) ^ Jump up to : Norwich , John Julius ( 1997 ) . A Short History of Byzantium . New York : Vintage Books . Jump up ^ Madden , Thomas ( 2005 ) . Crusades : The Illustrated History . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan . Jump up ^ Haldon , John ( 2000 ) . Byzantium at War 600 -- 1453 . New York : Osprey . ^ Jump up to : Mango , Cyril ( 2002 ) . The Oxford History of Byzantium . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` The Black Death '' . Archived from the original on 25 June 2008 . Retrieved 13 August 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Channel 4 -- History . Jump up ^ Runciman Fall . p. 60 Jump up ^ Norwich Short Byz . Hist . p. 373 Jump up ^ `` Bosphorus ( i.e. Bosporus ) , View from Kuleli , Constantinople , Turkey '' . World Digital Library . 1890 -- 1900 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ name = `` norwichshortbyzhist '' / > Jump up ^ Setton , Kenneth M. ( 1978 ) . The Papacy and the Levant ( 1204 -- 1571 ) : The Fifteenth Century . 2 . DIANE Publishing . ISBN 0 - 87169 - 127 - 2 . Jump up ^ Crowley , Roger ( 2013 - 02 - 12 ) . 1453 : The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West . Hachette Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 0558 - 1 . Jump up ^ Michael Spilling , ed. , Battles That Changed History : Key Battles That Decided the Fate of Nations ( London , Amber Books Ltd. 2010 ) p. 187 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolò Barbaro , Giornale dell'Assedio di Costantinopoli , 1453 . The autograph copy is conserved in the Biblioteca Marciana in Venice . Barbaro 's diary has been translated into English by John Melville - Jones ( New York : Exposition Press , 1969 ) ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) Concasty , M. - L. , Les `` Informations '' de Jacques Tedaldi sur le siège et la prise de Constantinople ^ Jump up to : Rutheniae , Isidorus ( 6 July 1453 ) . `` Isidore of Ruthenia '' ( Letter ) ( in Latin ) . Letter to Bisarion . ^ Jump up to : ( in Latin ) Leonardo di Chio , Letter to Pope Nicholas V , dated 16 August 1453 , edited by J. - P. Migne , Patrologia Graeca , 159 , 923A -- 944B . Jump up ^ Leonardo di Chio , Letter , 927B : `` three hundred thousand and more '' . Jump up ^ Ubertino Pusculo , Constantinopolis , 1464 Jump up ^ Leonardo di Chio , Letter , 930C . Jump up ^ Davis , Paul ( 1999 ) . 100 Decisive Battles . Oxford . p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514366 - 9 . Jump up ^ Arnold ( 2001 ) p. 111 Jump up ^ `` The fall of Constantinople '' . The Economist. 23 December 1999 . Jump up ^ Crowley ( 2005 ) , pp. 150 -- 54 Jump up ^ Marios Philippides and Walter K. Hanak , The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , ( Ashgate Publishing , 2011 ) , 520 . Jump up ^ From Jean Chartier , Chronicle of Charles VII , king of France , MS Bnf Français 2691 , f. 246v ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Crowley , Roger . 1453 : the holy war for Constantinople and the clash of Islam and the West . New York : Hyperion , 2005 . pp. 168 -- 171 . ISBN 1 - 4013 - 0850 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` 29 Μαϊου 1453 : Όταν `` η Πόλις εάλω ... '' ( 29 May 1453 : When the City Fell ... ) . `` iefemerida.com '' ( in Greek ) . 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference vasilievhistbyz2 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Desimoni , C. ( 1874 ) . Adamo di Montaldo . Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria ( Proceedings of the Ligurian Society for Homeland History ) ( in Italian ) . X . Genoa . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael Llewellyn , The Fall of Constantinople , History Makers magazine No. 5 , Marshall Cavendish , Sidgwick & Jackson ( London ) . Jump up ^ Reinert , Stephen ( 2002 ) . The Oxford History of Byzantium . New York : Oxford UP . Jump up ^ Mansel , Philip ( 1995 ) . Constantinople : City of the World 's Desire . Hachette UK . p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 5076 - 9 . Jump up ^ George Sphrantzes . The Fall of the Byzantine Empire : A Chronicle by George Sphrantzes 1401 -- 1477 . Translated by Marios Philippides . University of Massachusetts Press , 1980 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87023 - 290 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kritovoulos ( or Kritoboulos ) . History of Mehmed the Conqueror . Translated by Charles T. Riggs . Greenwood Press Reprint , 1970 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8371 - 3119 - 1 . Jump up ^ Braude , Benjamin ( 1982 ) . `` Foundation Myths of the Millet System '' . In Braude , Benjamin ; Bernard Lewis . Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire . 1 . New York : Holmes & Meier . pp. 69 -- 90 . ISBN 0841905193 . Jump up ^ Masters , Bruce ( 2009 ) . `` Millet '' . In Ágoston , Gábor ; Bruce Masters . Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire . pp. 383 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Volf , Miroslav ( 2010 ) . `` Body counts : the dark side of Christian history '' . The Christian Century . 127 ( Journal Article ) : 11 -- . ISSN 0009 - 5281 . ^ Jump up to : Norwich , John Julius ( 1995 ) . Byzantium : The Decline and Fall . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 679 - 41650 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Heath W. ( 2003 ) . The Nature of the Early Ottoman State . Albany , NY : SUNY Press . p. 115 - 116 . Jump up ^ N.G. Wilson , From Byzantium to Italy . Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance , London , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 7156 - 2418 - 0 Jump up ^ `` John Argyropoulos '' . britannica.com . Retrieved 2 October 2009 ... ^ Jump up to : Byzantines in Renaissance Italy Jump up ^ `` Saving the Third Rome . `` Fall of the Empire '' , Byzantium and Putin 's Russia `` . IWM . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Guillermier , Pierre ; Serge Koutchmy ( 1999 ) . Total Eclipses : Science , Observations , Myths , and Legends . Springer . p. 85 . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 160 - 7 . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Kritovoulos , Michael . History of Mehmed the Conqueror . Translated by C.T. Riggs . Princetone , NJ : Princeton University Press , 1954 . Pg. 59 . Jump up ^ `` # 1543 '' ( Press release ) . Pasadena , California : Public Information Office , Jet Propulsion Laboratory , California Institute of Technology , National Aeronautics & Space Administration ( NASA ) . 1993 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ The Marble King ( in Greek ) Archived 13 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Greeks in Italy Archived 7 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sakaoğlu , Necdet ( 1993 -- 94 ) . `` İstanbul'un adları '' ( The names of Istanbul ) . Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi ( in Turkish ) . Istanbul : Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı . Jump up ^ Robinson , Richard D. ( 1965 ) . The First Turkish Republic : A Case Study in National Development . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Room , Adrian , ( 1993 ) , Place Name changes 1900 -- 1991 , ( Metuchen , N.J. , & London : The Scarecrow Press , Inc . ) , ISBN 0 - 8108 - 2600 - 3 pp. 46 , 86 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Turkey '' . BBC News . 10 December 2009 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Babinger , Franz ( 1992 ) : Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01078 - 1 Crowley , Roger ( 2005 ) : 1453 : The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West . Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 0558 - 1 Fletcher , Richard A. : The Cross and the Crescent ( 2005 ) Penguin Group ISBN 0 - 14 - 303481 - 2 Harris , Jonathan ( 2007 ) : Constantinople : Capital of Byzantium . Hambledon / Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84725 - 179 - 4 Harris , Jonathan ( 2010 ) : The End of Byzantium . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11786 - 8 Melville Jones , John , The Siege of Constantinople 1453 : Seven Contemporary Accounts , Amsterdam 1972 Momigliano , Arnaldo ; Schiavone , Aldo ( 1997 ) . Storia di Roma , 1 ( in Italian ) . Turin : Einaudi . ISBN 88 - 06 - 11396 - 8 . Murr Nehme , Lina ( 2003 ) . 1453 : The Conquest of Constantinople . Aleph Et Taw . ISBN 2 - 86839 - 816 - 2 . Pertusi , Agostino , ed. ( 1976 ) . La Caduta di Costantinopoli , II : L'eco nel mondo ( The Fall of Constantinople , II : The Echo in the World ) ( in Italian ) . II . Verona : Fondazione Lorenzo Valla . Philippides , Marios and Walter K. Hanak , The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , Ashgate , Farnham and Burlington 2011 . Smith , Michael Llewellyn , `` The Fall of Constantinople '' , in History Makers magazine No. 5 ( London , Marshall Cavendish , Sidgwick & Jackson , 1969 ) p. 192 Wheatcroft , Andrew ( 2003 ) : The Infidels : The Conflict Between Christendom and Islam , 638 -- 2002 . Viking Publishing ISBN 0 - 670 - 86942 - 2 Wintle , Justin ( 2003 ) : The Rough Guide History of Islam . Rough Guides . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 018 - X External links ( edit ) Media related to Fall of Constantinople at Wikimedia Commons Ancient History Encyclopedia -- 1453 : The Fall of Constantinople Byzantine Empire topics History Preceding Roman Empire Dominate ( 330 -- 717 ) Early Constantinian - Valentinian era ( Constantinian dynasty - Valentinian dynasty ) Theodosian era Leonid era Justinian era Heraclian era Twenty Years ' Anarchy ( 717 -- 1204 ) Middle Isaurian era Nikephorian era Amorian era Macedonian era Doukid era Komnenian era Angelid era ( 1204 -- 1453 ) Late Fourth Crusade Frankokratia represented by Latin Empire Byzantine Successor States ( Nicaea / Epirus -- Thessalonica / Morea / Trebizond ) Palaiologan era Decline of the Byzantine Empire Fall of Constantinople Governance Central Emperors Basileus Autokrator Senate Imperial bureaucracy Eparch Early Praetorian prefects Magister officiorum Comes sacrarum largitionum Comes rerum privatarum Quaestor sacri palatii Middle Logothetes tou dromou Sakellarios Logothetes tou genikou Logothetes tou stratiotikou Chartoularios tou sakelliou Chartoularios tou vestiariou Epi tou eidikou Protasekretis Epi ton deeseon Late Megas logothetes Mesazon Provincial Early Praetorian prefectures Dioceses Provinces Quaestura exercitus Exarchate of Ravenna Exarchate of Africa Middle Themata Kleisourai Bandon Catepanates Late Kephale Despotates Diplomacy Treaties Diplomats Military Army Battle tactics Military manuals Wars Battles Revolts Siege warfare Generals Mercenaries Early Late Roman army East Roman army Foederati Bucellarii Scholae Palatinae Excubitors Middle Themata Kleisourai Tourma Droungos Bandon Tagmata Domestic of the Schools Hetaireia Akritai Varangian Guard Late Komnenian army Pronoia Vestiaritai Palaiologan army Allagion Paramonai Grand Domestic Navy Karabisianoi Maritime themata Cibyrrhaeot Aegean Sea Samos Dromon Greek fire Droungarios of the Fleet Megas doux Admirals Naval battles Religion and law Religion Eastern Orthodox Church Byzantine Rite Ecumenical councils Saints Patriarchate of Constantinople Arianism Monophysitism Paulicianism Iconoclasm Great Schism Bogomilism Hesychasm Mount Athos Missionary activity Bulgaria Moravia Serbs Kievan Rus ' Jews Muslims Law Codex Theodosianus Corpus Juris Civilis Ecloga Basilika Hexabiblos Mutilation Culture and society Architecture Secular Sacred Cross-in - square Domes Constantinople Great Palace of Constantinople Blachernae Palace Hagia Sophia Hagia Irene Chora Church Pammakaristos Church City Walls Thessalonica Arch of Galerius and Rotunda Hagios Demetrios Hagia Sophia Panagia Chalkeon Ravenna San Vitale Sant'Apollinare in Classe Sant'Apollinare Nuovo Other locations Daphni Monastery Hosios Loukas Nea Moni of Chios Panagia Gorgoepikoos Saint Catherine 's Monastery Mystras Art Icons Enamel Glass Mosaics Painters Macedonian period art Komnenian renaissance Economy Agriculture Coinage Mints Trade silk Silk Road Varangians Dynatoi Literature Novel Acritic songs Digenes Akritas Alexander romance Historians Everyday life Calendar Cuisine Dance Dress Flags and insignia Hippodrome Music Octoechos People Byzantine Greeks Slavery Units of measurement Science Learning Encyclopedias Inventions Medicine Philosophy Neoplatonism Scholars University Impact Byzantine commonwealth Byzantine studies Museums Byzantinism Cyrillic script Neo-Byzantine architecture Greek scholars in the Renaissance Third Rome Megali Idea Byzantine Empire portal Major sieges by the Ottoman Empire by century 14th 1326 Prusa 1331 Nicaea 1333 Nicomedia 1360s Adrianople 1385 Sofia 1393 Tarnovo 15th 1422 Constantinople 1422 -- 30 Thessalonica 1448 Svetigrad 1453 Constantinople 1456 Belgrade 1461 Trebizond 1462 Mytilene 1470 Negroponte 1478 Scutari 1480 Rhodes 1481 Otranto 16th 1517 Cairo 1521 Belgrade 1522 Rhodes 1529 Peñón of Algiers 1529 Vienna 1532 Güns ( Kőszeg ) 1532 Maribor 1534 Tunis 1534 Baghdad 1537 Klis 1537 Corfu 1538 Diu 1538 Aden 1539 Castelnuovo 1541 Buda 1543 Nice 1543 Esztergom 1547 Van 1551 Tripoli 1552 Muscat 1552 Hormuz 1552 Temesvár 1552 Eger 1556 Oran 1563 Oran 1565 Malta 1566 Szigetvar 1574 Tunis 1578 Gvozdansko 1593 Sisak 1596 Eger 17th 1638 Baghdad 1663 Uyvar 1664 Novi Zrin 1648 -- 69 Candia 1672 Kamenets 1683 Vienna 18th -- 19th 1739 Belgrade 1825 -- 26 Missolonghi Ottoman defeats shown in italics . 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what does the pink panther movie have to do with the cartoon	The first film in the series derives its name from the eponymous pink diamond that has an enormous size and value . The diamond is called the `` Pink Panther '' because the flaw at its centre , when viewed closely , is said to resemble a leaping pink panther . The phrase reappears in the title of the fourth film The Return of the Pink Panther , in which the theft of the diamond is again the centre of the plot . The phrase was used for all the subsequent films in the series , even when the jewel did not figure in the plot . It ultimately appeared in six of the eleven films .		The Pink Panther	the pink panther	The Pink Panther is a media franchise primarily focusing on a series of comedy - mystery films featuring an inept French police detective , Inspector Jacques Clouseau . The series began with the release of The Pink Panther ( 1963 ) . The role of Clouseau was originated by , and is most closely associated with , Peter Sellers . Most of the films were written and directed by Blake Edwards , with theme music composed by Henry Mancini . Elements and characters inspired by the films were adapted into other media , including books , comic books and animated series .	The first film in the series derives its name from the eponymous pink diamond that has an enormous size and value . The diamond is called the `` Pink Panther '' because the flaw at its centre , when viewed closely , is said to resemble a leaping pink panther . The phrase reappears in the title of the fourth film The Return of the Pink Panther , in which the theft of the diamond is again the centre of the plot . The phrase was used for all the subsequent films in the series , even when the jewel did not figure in the plot . It ultimately appeared in six of the eleven films . The first film in the series had an animated opening sequence , created by DePatie -- Freleng Enterprises , features The Pink Panther Theme by Mancini , as well as the Pink Panther character . This character , designed by Hawley Pratt and Friz Freleng , was subsequently the subject of his own series of animated cartoons which gained its highest profile when aired on Saturday mornings as The Pink Panther Show . The character would be featured in the opening of every film in the movie series except A Shot in the Dark and Inspector Clouseau . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 The Pink Panther 1.2 A Shot in the Dark 1.3 Inspector Clouseau 1.4 The Return of the Pink Panther 1.5 The Pink Panther Strikes Again 1.6 Revenge of the Pink Panther 1.7 Romance of the Pink Panther 1.8 Trail of the Pink Panther 1.9 Curse of the Pink Panther 1.10 Son of the Pink Panther 1.11 The Pink Panther 1.12 The Pink Panther 2 2 Development 3 Crew 4 Statistics 5 In popular culture 6 Future 7 Cartoons 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Films ( edit ) The Pink Panther ( edit ) Main article : The Pink Panther ( 1963 film ) Although the film was centred on David Niven , Peter Sellers ' who 's performance was so popular that the resulting series would be built on Clouseau rather than the Phantom / Sir Charles Lytton . A Shot in the Dark ( edit ) Main article : A Shot in the Dark ( 1964 film ) Released less than a year after The Pink Panther . Clouseau returns to muddle his way through a murder investigation . This also marks the first appearance of both Herbert Lom 's Charles Dreyfus and Burt Kwouk 's Cato . Inspector Clouseau ( edit ) Main article : Inspector Clouseau ( 1968 film ) This film stars Alan Arkin as Clouseau , and does not have any other recurring characters from the rest of the series . Although it was produced by the Mirisch Corporation , Peter Sellers , Blake Edwards , and Henry Mancini were not involved in the making of this film . The Return of the Pink Panther ( edit ) Main article : The Return of the Pink Panther This not only marks the return of the famous `` Pink Panther '' diamond but also - after an 11 - year hiatus - that of Peter Sellers as Clouseau , along with director Edwards , Mancini , Dreyfus and Cato . Sir Charles Lytton is portrayed by Christopher Plummer . The Pink Panther Strikes again ( edit ) Main article : The Pink Panther Strikes Again Dreyfus ' insanity reaches a pinnacle , as he tries to intimidate the rest of the world into killing Clouseau . Revenge of the Pink Panther ( edit ) Main article : Revenge of the Pink Panther This film pits Clouseau against the French Connection . It is the last in which Sellers played Clouseau . He died two years after its release . Romance of the Pink Panther ( edit ) Romance of the Pink Panther was to be the 7th film in the franchise , written by Peter Sellers and Jim Moloney . The Basic plot involved inspector Clouseau becoming smitten with a cat burglar called `` The Frog '' . Two drafts were written before Sellers death , each with different endings . Shortly afterwards , it was suggested Dudley Moore should play Clouseau , but Blake Edwards chose to introduce a new character in the series to replace Clouseau . Trail of the Pink Panther ( edit ) Main article : Trail of the Pink Panther Features Peter Sellers as Clouseau utilizing scenes cut from Strikes Again as well as flashbacks from the previous Pink Panther films . This movie was intended as a tribute to Sellers , but after its release Sellers ' widow Lynne Frederick successfully sued Edwards and the studio for tarnishing her late husband 's memory . David Niven and Capucine reprise their original roles from the first Pink Panther film . Trail was a critical and commercial failure . Curse of the Pink Panther ( edit ) Main article : Curse of the Pink Panther Inspector Clouseau and the Pink Panther diamond , both of which had gone missing in Trail , are pursued by a bungling American detective , Sgt . Clifton Sleigh ( Ted Wass ) . Clouseau returns , after having plastic surgery to disguise his identity , in a cameo played by Roger Moore ( who is credited as Turk Thrust II ) . Although intended to spawn a new series of misadventures for Sergeant Sleigh , the film 's dismal box - office performance and critical drubbing led to a decade - long hiatus of the series . Son of the Pink Panther ( edit ) Main article : Son of the Pink Panther Blake Edwards tried again to revive the series , this time by casting Roberto Benigni as Gendarme Jacques Gambrelli , Inspector Clouseau 's illegitimate son by Maria Gambrelli , the murder suspect from A Shot in the Dark . Once again , many former Panther co-stars return -- Herbert Lom , Burt Kwouk , and Graham Stark , and a star of the original 1963 film , Claudia Cardinale . Although intended to relaunch the series with a new lovable inept hero , Son failed critically and commercially and became the final installment in the original Pink Panther series . The Pink Panther ( edit ) Main article : The Pink Panther ( 2006 film ) This reboot launches a new series starring Steve Martin as Inspector Clouseau and Kevin Kline as Chief Inspector Dreyfus . Not a remake of the original film , it forms a new starting point for a contemporary series , introducing the Clouseau and Dreyfus characters along with the famous diamond to a new generation . The Pink Panther 2 ( edit ) Main article : The Pink Panther 2 The sequel to Steve Martin 's 2006 film . Martin reprises his role , but John Cleese replaces Kevin Kline as Chief Inspector Dreyfus . Development ( edit ) Although there are two later Pink Panther films starring Steve Martin , most of the films in the series starred Sellers as Inspector Clouseau and were directed and co-written by Blake Edwards . The jazz - based theme music was composed by Henry Mancini . In addition to the credits sequences , the theme often accompanies any suspenseful sequence in the first film and in subsequent films using the character . The `` Pink Panther '' of the title is a diamond supposedly containing a flaw which forms the image of a `` leaping panther '' which can be seen if held up to light in a certain way . This is explained in the beginning of the first film , and the camera zooms in on the diamond to reveal the blurry flaw , which focuses into the cartoon Panther ( though not actually leaping ) to start the opening credits sequence . ( This is also done in Return . ) The plot of the first film is based on the theft of this diamond . The diamond reappears in several later films in the series , The Return of the Pink Panther , Trail of the Pink Panther , and Curse of the Pink Panther . It also appears in the revival of the Inspector Clouseau character in the much later Steve Martin films The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) , and its sequel The Pink Panther 2 ( 2009 ) . The name `` the Pink Panther '' became attached to Inspector Clouseau in much the same way that Frankenstein has been used in film titles to refer to Dr. Frankenstein 's creation , or The Thin Man was used in a series of detective films . A Shot in the Dark , a film which was not originally intended to feature Clouseau , is the first of two films in the series ( the other being Inspector Clouseau ) that features neither the diamond nor the distinctive animated Pink Panther in the opening credits and ending . Many critics , including Leonard Maltin , regard this film as the best in the series . In the original film , released in 1963 , the main focus was on David Niven 's role as Sir Charles Litton , the infamous jewel thief nicknamed `` the Phantom , '' and his plan to steal the Pink Panther . Inspector Clouseau was only a secondary character as Litton 's incompetent antagonist and provided slapstick comic relief to an otherwise subtle , lighthearted caper film , a somewhat jarring contrast of styles which is typical of Edwards 's films . The popularity of Clouseau caused him to become the main character in subsequent Pink Panther films , which were more straightforward slapstick comedies . Mancini 's theme , with variations in arrangement , is used at the start of all but the first two of the subsequent films . Mancini 's other themes for the first film include an Italian - language set - piece called `` Meglio stasera , '' whose purpose seems primarily to introduce young actress Fran Jeffries . Portions of an instrumental version also appear in the film 's musical score several times . Other segments include `` Shades of Sennett , '' a `` honky - tonk '' piano number introducing the film 's climactic chase scene through the streets of Rome . Most of the remaining tracks on the soundtrack album are early 1960s orchestral jazz pieces , matching the style of the era . Although variations of the main theme would reprise for many of the Pink Panther series entries , as well as the cartoon series , Mancini composed different theme music for A Shot in the Dark ; this was later adopted by the animated spin - off series , The Inspector . Although official , the live - action film Inspector Clouseau ( 1968 ) starring Alan Arkin , is generally not considered by fans to be part of the series canon , since it involved neither Sellers nor Edwards . Some elements of Arkin 's performance and costuming , however , were retained when Peter Sellers resumed the role of Clouseau for Return in 1975 . Despite speculation , Alan Arkin does not appear in Trail of the Pink Panther . The film that launched the second Pink Panther series , The Pink Panther , starring Martin as Clouseau , directed by Shawn Levy and produced by Robert Simonds , was released in February 2006 by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , and was co-produced with Columbia Pictures . It is set in the present day and introduces different main characters , therefore belonging to a different continuity . Martin also stars in the sequel , The Pink Panther 2 , released in 2009 . Crew ( edit ) Film Producer Director Screenwriter Production Designer Cinematographer Editor Composer The Pink Panther Martin Jurow Blake Edwards Maurice Richlin & Blake Edwards Fernando Carrere Philip H. Lathrop Ralph E. Winters Henry Mancini A Shot in the Dark Blake Edwards Blake Edwards & William Peter Blatty Michael Stringer Christopher Challis Inspector Clouseau Lewis J. Rachmil Bud Yorkin Tom Waldman & Frank Waldman Arthur Ibbetson John Victor - Smith Ken Thorne The Return of the Pink Panther Blake Edwards & Tony Adams Blake Edwards Frank Waldman & Blake Edwards Peter Mullins Geoffrey Unsworth Alan Jones Henry Mancini The Pink Panther Strikes Again Harry Waxman Revenge of the Pink Panther Frank Waldman & Ron Clark & Blake Edwards Ernest Day Trail of the Pink Panther Frank Waldman & Tom Waldman & Blake Edwards & Geoffrey Edwards Dick Bush Curse of the Pink Panther Blake Edwards & Geoffrey Edwards Ralph E. Winters Son of the Pink Panther Blake Edwards & Madeline Sunshine & Steve Sunshine Robert Pergament The Pink Panther Robert Simonds Shawn Levy Len Blum & Steve Martin & Michael Saltzman Lilly Kilvert Jonathan Brown George Folsey , Jr . Christophe Beck The Pink Panther 2 Harald Zwart Scott Neustadter & Michael H. Weber & Steve Martin Rusty Smith Denis Crossan Julia Wong Statistics ( edit ) Title Clouseau actor Release date Reception Budget Gross The Pink Panther Peter Sellers January 7 , 1964 90 % N / A $10,878,107 A Shot in the Dark Peter Sellers June 23 , 1964 93 % N / A $12,368,234 Inspector Clouseau Alan Arkin July 19 , 1968 N / A N / A N / A The Return of the Pink Panther Peter Sellers May 21 , 1975 88 % $5 million $41,833,347 The Pink Panther Strikes Again Peter Sellers December 15 , 1976 83 % $6 million $33,833,201 Revenge of the Pink Panther Peter Sellers July 19 , 1978 82 % $12 million $49,579,269 Trail of the Pink Panther Peter Sellers ( previous unused footage ) , stand - ins December 17 , 1982 25 % $6 million $9,056,073 Curse of the Pink Panther Roger Moore August 12 , 1983 29 % $11 million $4,491,986 Son of the Pink Panther Roberto Benigni August 27 , 1993 16 % $28 million $2,438,031 The Pink Panther Steve Martin February 10 , 2006 22 % $80 million $158,851,357 The Pink Panther 2 Steve Martin February 6 , 2009 12 % $70 million $75,936,494 In popular culture ( edit ) This article contains a list of miscellaneous information . Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles . ( January 2018 ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In a 1978 episode of the anime series Lupin the Third , titled `` Black Panther '' ( American - dub title `` My Birthday Pursuit '' ) , Lupin attempts to steal the Black Panther diamond as a birthday gift for his girlfriend . Inspector Zenigata is aided by a clearly Clouseau - inspired character , Inspector Conaiseau . Conaiseau is even assisted by a Cato - inspired character , Hageito . Also within the episode , Lupin and Conaiseau both infiltrate a nudist colony , much like Clouseau does in A Shot in the Dark . The Simpsons : in the season five episode `` Homer the Vigilante '' ( 1994 ) , when the Springfield Cat Burglar burgles the Simpsons 's house , the background music resembles the Pink Panther theme , and he steals the world 's largest cubic zirconia from a museum , much like the Phantom stealing the Pink Panther diamond . When he is captured he turns out to be a suave , David Niven - like character . In another season five episode , `` The Boy Who Knew Too Much , '' when it was revealed the waiter 's injuries were self - inflicted due to his clumsiness and not a result of Freddie Quimby assaulting him , the waiter proclaims `` This is an outrage ! I am not a clumsy Clouseau-esque waiter ! '' before tripping over a chair and falling out of the window into an open - roof truck filled with rat traps . In the 1998 episode `` This Little Wiggy , '' an announcer on Chief Wiggum 's television is heard saying , `` We now return to The Return of the Pink Panther Returns , starring Ken Wahl as Inspector Clouseau . '' ( Wahl had actually retired from acting by that time . ) Cato appears in the 1999 movie Inspector Gadget during the Minions Anonymous meeting . In a 2000 episode of the animated series Jackie Chan Adventures , titled `` Enter the Viper '' , Jackie Chan and his niece Jade must protect the `` Pink Puma '' diamond from a female jewel thief called Viper . In The Life and Death of Peter Sellers ( 2004 ) great homage is paid to the character of Clouseau in scenes played by Geoffrey Rush , and also the story covers Sellers 's relationship with Blake Edwards , notably where Sellers describes his relationship with Edwards via Clouseau dressed as the Swedish sailor from Revenge of the Pink Panther . In the 2005 Family Guy episode Breaking Out Is Hard to Do , there is a chase scene through Asiantown which is a parody of the original chase scene near the end of Revenge of the Pink Panther , using the same music . In the Taiwanese series Hi My Sweetheart ( 2009 ) , the Pink Panther is an essential point in the series ambient , and appearing a lot of times in the form of plushes or several other items . Also the male protagonist takes the name of `` Da lung '' in reference to the Pink Panther song . In the 2012 30 Rock episode `` Standards and Practices , '' Jack ( Alec Baldwin ) hires a man named Kato to attack him at random . As with Inspector Clouseau , these attacks take place in his apartment . In the 2016 movie Why Him ? , Ned Fleming ( Bryan Cranston ) observes that Laird Mayhew ( James Franco ) ( millionaire boyfriend to his daughter ) and Laird 's best friend and butler , Gustav ( Keegan - Michael Key ) engage in random attack / defense interactions that are reminiscent of Inspector Closeau / Cato surprise attacks to keep him alert . Neither Laird nor Gustav are aware of the Pink Panther reference . Future ( edit ) On March 31 , 2014 , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer announced plans to develop a new live - action / animated Pink Panther film , which it said would be directed by David Silverman and produced by Walter Mirisch and Julie Andrews ( who , in addition to her career accomplishments , is Blake Edwards ' widow ) . This film would not focus on Inspector Clouseau , but it will instead focus on the Pink Panther cartoon character . As of 2018 , the film is still in development . Cartoons ( edit ) Main articles : Pink Panther ( character ) and List of The Pink Panther cartoons This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2016 ) The opening title sequence of the original 1963 The Pink Panther film was such a success with the United Artists executives that they decided to adapt the title sequence into a series of theatrical animated shorts . DePatie -- Freleng Enterprises , run by former Warner Bros. Cartoons creators David H. DePatie and Isadore `` Friz '' Freleng , produced the opening sequences , with Freleng as director . United Artists commissioned a long series of The Pink Panther shorts , the first of which , 1964 's The Pink Phink , won the 1964 Academy Award for Animated Short Film . This was the first ( and to date only ) time a studio 's first work won an Oscar . By the autumn of 1969 , the shorts were being broadcast on NBC during Saturday mornings on The Pink Panther Show ; after 1969 , new shorts were produced for both television broadcast and theatrical release . A number of sister series also joined the Pink Panther character on movie screens and on the airwaves , including The Inspector , featuring a comical French police officer based on the Jacques Clouseau character . Traditionally mute , the Pink Panther was given the voice of actor Matt Frewer for a 1993 - 1996 animated TV series ... The animated Pink Panther character has also appeared in computer and console video games , as well as advertising campaigns for several companies , most notably for Owens Corning Fiberglass insulation . There was also a short - lived animated series called Pink Panther and Pals ( 2010 ) which is aimed at younger children . In 2014 , MGM announced ( see above ) that it was planning an animation / live - action hybrid film reboot of the franchise , to be directed by David Silverman and produced by Walter Mirisch and Julie Andrews . The animated Pink Panther character also appeared in a short animated segment on the educational TV series Sesame Street , demonstrating his karate skills to carve the letter K out of a block of stone , only for it to crumble quickly afterwards . See also ( edit ) `` Pink Panthers , '' which was the name given by Interpol to a group of Montenegrin thieves who successfully executed several jewel heists starting in 1993 . The Pink Panthers , a name used for several different LGBT rights organizations in North America since the 1970s . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` MGM To Make New Live - Action / CG ' Pink Panther ' Movie '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ Elysa Gardner ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` Julie Andrews , 79 , finds new favorite things '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Pink Phink . '' www.bcdb.com , April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Pink Panther Show . '' www.bcdb.com , April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ George Wales ( 2 April 2014 ) . `` Pink Panther getting animated reboot '' . Total Film . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Koch , Dave ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Pink Turns 50 ! Let 's Celebrate ! '' . Big Cartoon News . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Pink Panther ( hide ) The Pink Panther Feature films Original series The Pink Panther ( 1963 ) A Shot in the Dark ( 1964 ) Inspector Clouseau ( 1968 ) The Return of the Pink Panther ( 1975 ) The Pink Panther Strikes Again ( 1976 ) Revenge of the Pink Panther ( 1978 ) Trail of the Pink Panther ( 1982 ) Curse of the Pink Panther ( 1983 ) Son of the Pink Panther ( 1993 ) Reboot The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) The Pink Panther 2 ( 2009 ) Music `` The Pink Panther Theme '' `` Meglio stasera '' `` Check on It '' `` A Woman Like Me '' Other List of The Pink Panther characters Inspector Clouseau Pink Panther jewel Lugash Cartoons Shorts List of The Pink Panther cartoons List of The Inspector cartoons TV shows The Pink Panther Show ( 1969 -- 1980 ) Pink Panther and Sons ( 1984 -- 1985 ) The Pink Panther ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Pink Panther and Pals ( 2010 ) TV specials A Pink Christmas ( 1978 ) Olym - Pinks ( 1980 ) Pink at First Sight ( 1981 ) Characters The Pink Panther The Little Man The Inspector The Ant and the Aardvark Crazylegs Crane The Blue Racer Misterjaw The Dogfather Roland and Rattfink Tijuana Toads Hoot Kloot Video games Pink Goes to Hollywood ( 1993 ) The Pink Panther : Passport to Peril ( 1996 ) The Pink Panther : Hokus Pokus Pink ( 1998 ) Related DePatie -- Freleng Enterprises Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Pink_Panther&oldid=833618925 '' Categories : Film series introduced in 1963 The Pink Panther Film series Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with trivia sections from January 2018 All articles with trivia sections Articles needing additional references from March 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from September 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Македонски Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe ייִדיש 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 16 : 48 . 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michael nyman man with a movie camera soundtrack			Man with a Movie Camera	man with a movie camera		Man with a Movie Camera Directed by Dziga Vertov Written by Dziga Vertov Cinematography Mikhail Kaufman Edited by Elizaveta Svilova Production company VUFKU Release date 8 January 1929 ( 1929 - 01 - 08 ) Running time 68 minutes Country Soviet Union Language Silent film No intertitles Man with a Movie Camera ( Russian : Человек с кино - аппаратом ( Chelovek s kino - apparatom ) , Ukrainian : Людина з кіноапаратом ( Liudyna z Kinoaparatom ) -- sometimes called A Man with a Movie Camera , The Man with the Movie Camera , The Man with a Camera , The Man with the Kinocamera , or Living Russia ) -- is an experimental 1929 Soviet silent documentary film , directed by Dziga Vertov and edited by his wife Elizaveta Svilova . Vertov 's feature film , produced by the film studio VUFKU , presents urban life in the Soviet cities of Kiev , Kharkov , Moscow and Odessa . It has no actors . From dawn to dusk Soviet citizens are shown at work and at play , and interacting with the machinery of modern life . To the extent that it can be said to have `` characters , '' they are the cameramen of the title , the film editor , and the modern Soviet Union they discover and present in the film . Man with a Movie Camera is famous for the range of cinematic techniques Vertov invented , deployed or developed , such as double exposure , fast motion , slow motion , freeze frames , match cuts , jump cuts , split screens , Dutch angles , extreme close - ups , tracking shots , reversed footage , stop motion animations and self - reflexive visuals ( at one point it features a split - screen tracking shot ; the sides have opposite Dutch angles ) . Man with a Movie Camera was largely dismissed upon its initial release ; the work 's quick - cut editing , self - reflexivity , and emphasis on form over content were all subjects of criticism . In the British Film Institute 's 2012 Sight & Sound poll , however , film critics voted it the eighth greatest film ever made , and the work was later named the best documentary of all time in the same magazine . Contents 1 Overview 2 Vertov 's intentions 3 Stylistic aspects 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Initial 5.2 Reevaluation 6 Analysis 7 Soundtracks 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Overview ( edit ) Play media The complete 68 - minute film The film has an unabashedly avant - garde style , and emphasizes that film can go anywhere . For instance , the film uses such scenes as superimposing a shot of a cameraman setting up his camera atop a second , mountainous camera , superimposing a cameraman inside a beer glass , filming a woman getting out of bed and getting dressed , even filming a woman giving birth , and the baby being taken away to be bathed . Vertov 's message about the prevalence and unobtrusiveness of filming was not yet true -- cameras might have been able to go anywhere , but not without being noticed ; they were too large to be hidden easily , and too noisy to remain hidden anyway . To get footage using a hidden camera , Vertov and his brother Mikhail Kaufman ( the film 's co-author ) had to distract the subject with something else even louder than the camera filming them . The film also features a few obvious stagings such as the scene of a woman getting out of bed and getting dressed and the shot of chess pieces being swept to the center of the board ( a shot spliced in backwards so the pieces expand outward and stand in position ) . The film was criticized for both the stagings and the stark experimentation , possibly as a result of its director 's frequent assailing of fiction film as a new `` opiate of the masses . '' Vertov 's intentions ( edit ) In this shot , Mikhail Kaufman acts as a cameraman risking his life in search of the best shot Vertov -- born David Abelevich Kaufman -- was an early pioneer in documentary film - making during the late 1920s . He belonged to a movement of filmmakers known as the kinoks , or kino - oki ( kino - eyes ) . Vertov , along with other kino artists declared it their mission to abolish all non-documentary styles of film - making . This radical approach to movie making led to a slight dismantling of film industry : the very field in which they were working . Most of Vertov 's films were highly controversial , and the kinok movement was despised by many filmmakers of the time . Vertov 's crowning achievement , Man with a Movie Camera , was his response to critics who rejected his previous film , A Sixth Part of the World . Critics had declared that Vertov 's overuse of `` intertitles '' was inconsistent with the film - making style to which the ' kinoks ' subscribed . Working within that context , Vertov dealt with much fear in anticipation of the film 's release . He requested a warning to be printed in the Soviet central Communist newspaper , Pravda , which spoke directly of the film 's experimental , controversial nature . Vertov was worried that the film would be either destroyed or ignored by the public . Upon the official release of Man with a Movie Camera , Vertov issued a statement at the beginning of the film , which read : `` The film Man with a Movie Camera represents AN EXPERIMENTATION IN THE CINEMATIC COMMUNICATION Of visual phenomena WITHOUT THE USE OF INTERTITLES ( a film without intertitles ) WITHOUT THE HELP OF A SCENARIO ( a film without a scenario ) WITHOUT THE HELP OF THEATRE ( a film without actors , without sets , etc . ) This new experimentation work by Kino - Eye is directed towards the creation of an authentically international absolute language of cinema on the basis of its complete separation from the language of theatre and literature . '' This manifesto echoes an earlier one that Vertov wrote in 1922 , in which he disavowed popular films he felt were indebted to literature and theater . Stylistic aspects ( edit ) Working within a Marxist ideology , Vertov strove to create a futuristic city that would serve as a commentary on existing ideals in the Soviet world . This artificial city 's purpose was to awaken the Soviet citizen through truth and to ultimately bring about understanding and action . The kino 's aesthetic shined through in his portrayal of electrification , industrialization , and the achievements of workers through hard labour . This could also be viewed as early modernism in film . Some have mistakenly stated that many visual ideas , such as the quick editing , the close - ups of machinery , the store window displays , even the shots of a typewriter keyboard are borrowed from Walter Ruttmann 's Berlin : Symphony of a Great City ( 1927 ) , which predates Man with a Movie Camera by two years , but as Vertov wrote to the German press in 1929 , these techniques and images had been developed and employed by him in his Kino - Pravda newsreels and documentaries for the last ten years , all of which predate Berlin . Vertov 's pioneering cinematic concepts actually inspired other abstract films by Ruttmann and others , including writer , translator , filmmaker and critic Liu Na'ou ( 1905 -- 1940 ) whose The Man Who Has a Camera ( 1933 ) , pays explicit homage to Vertov 's The Man With a Movie Camera . On a technical note , Man with a Movie Camera 's usage of double exposure and seemingly ' hidden ' cameras made the movie come across as a very surreal montage rather than a linear motion picture . Many of the scenes in the film contain people , which change size or appear underneath other objects ( double exposure ) . Because of these aspects , the movie is fast - moving . The sequences and close - ups capture emotional qualities , which could not be fully portrayed through the use of words . The film 's lack of ' actors ' and ' sets ' makes for a unique view of the everyday world ; one that , according to a title card , is directed toward the creation of a new cinematic language that is `` ( separated ) from the language of theatre and literature . '' Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2012 ) Man with a Movie Camera , depicting the daily life of a Soviet city , was actually filmed over a period of about 3 years . Four Soviet cities -- Kharkiv , Kiev , Moscow and Odessa -- were the shooting locations . Reception ( edit ) Initial ( edit ) Man with a Movie Camera was not always a highly regarded work . Vertov 's Soviet contemporaries criticized its focus on form over content , with Sergei Eisenstein even deriding the film as `` pointless camera hooliganism '' . The work was largely dismissed in the West as well . Documentary filmmaker Paul Rotha said that in Britain , Vertov was `` regarded really as rather a joke , you know . All this cutting , and one camera photographing another camera -- it was all trickery , and we did n't take it seriously . '' The pace of the film 's editing -- more than four times faster than a typical 1929 feature , with approximately 1,775 separate shots -- also perturbed some viewers , including The New York Times ' reviewer Mordaunt Hall : `` The producer , Dziga Vertov , does not take into consideration the fact that the human eye fixes for a certain space of time that which holds the attention . '' Because of doubts before screening , and great anticipation from Vertov 's pre-screening statements , the film gained great interest before even being shown . Once the film was finally screened , the public either embraced or dismissed Vertov 's stylistic choices . Reevaluation ( edit ) Man with a Movie Camera is now regarded by many as one of the greatest films ever made , having ranked eighth in the 2012 Sight & Sound poll of the world 's best films . In 2009 , Roger Ebert wrote , `` It made explicit and poetic the astonishing gift the cinema made possible , of arranging what we see , ordering it , imposing a rhythm and language on it , and transcending it . '' Analysis ( edit ) Man with a Movie Camera has been interpreted as an optimistic work . Jonathan Romney has called it `` an exuberant manifesto that celebrates the infinite possibilities of what cinema can be . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote that the work `` is visibly excited about the new medium 's possibility , dense with ideas , packed with energy : it echoes Un Chien Andalou , anticipates Vigo 's À propos de Nice and the New Wave generally , and even Riefenstahl 's Olympia . '' Soundtracks ( edit ) The film , originally released in 1929 , was silent , and accompanied in theaters with live music . It has since been released a number of times with different soundtracks : 1983 -- New composition was performed by Un Drame Musical Instantané , based on Vertov 's writings among which his Ear Laboratory . Electronic sounds , ambiences , voices were mixed to the 15 - piece orchestra . An LP had been issued in 1984 on GRRR Records . 1995 -- New composition was performed by the Alloy Orchestra of Cambridge , Massachusetts , based on notes left by Vertov . It incorporates sound effects such as sirens , babies crying , crowd noise , etc . Readily available on several different DVD versions . 1996 -- Norwegian composer Geir Jenssen ( aka Biosphere ) was commissioned by the Tromsø International Film Festival to write a new soundtrack for the movie , using the director 's written instructions for the original accompanying piano player . Jenssen wrote half of the soundtrack , turning the other half to Per Martinsen ( aka Mental Overdrive ) . It was used for the Norwegian version Mannen med filmkameraet at the 1996 TIFF . This version of the film has not been re-released elsewhere , but the soundtrack was released separately with Jenssen 's contributions on Substrata 2 in 2001 and Martinsen 's on an album of the same name in 2012 . 1999 -- In the Nursery version , made for the Bradford International Film Festival . Currently available on a few DVD versions , often paired with the Alloy Orchestra score as an alternate soundtrack . 2001 -- Steve Jansen and Claudio Chianura recorded a live soundtrack for a showing of the film at the Palazzina Liberty , in Milan on 11 December 1999 . This was subsequently released on CD as the album Kinoapparatom in 2001 . 2002 -- A version was released with a soundtrack composed by Jason Swinscoe and performed by the British jazz and electronic outfit The Cinematic Orchestra ( see Man with a Movie Camera ( The Cinematic Orchestra album ) ) . Originally made for the Porto 2000 Film Festival . It was also released on DVD in limited numbers by Ninja Tune . This DVD edition is currently very much in demand and goes for prices higher than the other DVD versions . 2002 -- A score for the film by Michael Nyman was premiered performed by the Michael Nyman Band on 17 May 2002 at London 's Royal Festival Hall . A British Film Institute DVD of the film was released with Nyman 's score . This score is readily available on several different DVD editions . It has not been issued on CD , but some of the score is reworked from material Nyman wrote for the Sega Saturn video game Enemy Zero , which had a limited CD release , and Nyman performs a brief excerpt , `` Odessa Beach '' on his album , The Piano Sings . 2003 June -- American multi-theremin ensemble The Lothars performed a semi-improvised soundtrack accompanying a screening of the film at the Coolidge Corner Theatre in Brookline , Massachusetts . They repeated their performance three years later , in December 2006 at the Galapagos Art Space in Brooklyn , New York . 2006 Absolut Medien , Berlin released a DVD with the 3soundtracks from Michael Nyman , In the nursery , and a new soundtrack from Werner Cee 2007 November -- France based group Art Zoyd presented a scenic version of the film with addition video by artist Cecile Babiole . A studio recording of the soundtrack was released on CD in 2012 . 2008 -- Norwegian electronic jazz trio Halt the Flux performed their interpretation of the soundtrack for Man with a Movie Camera in Bergen International Film Festival . The trio consists of Anders Wasserfall , Jørgen Vaage & Bjørnar Thyholdt . 2008 October -- London based Cinematic Orchestra undertook a show featuring a screening of Vertov 's film , which preceded the re-issue of the Man With A Movie Camera DVD , in November . 2008 November -- American Tricks of the Light Orchestra accompanied a screening of the film on Sunday , 30 November at Brainwash Cafe in San Francisco . 2009 July ; Mexican composer Alex Otaola performed live a new soundtrack for the film at Mexico 's National Cinematheque . Aided by the ' Ensamble de Cámara / Acción ' ( Adrian Terrazas - bass clarinet , Daniel Zlotnik - clarinet / flute , María Emilia Martínez - flute , Luca Ortega - flute / piano , Carlos Maldonado - upright , Jose María Arreola - drums / percussion ) , which consists of members from The Mars Volta , Los Dorados , San Pascualito Rey , Klezmerson and LabA 2009 The American Voxare String Quartet performed music by Soviet Modernist composers to accompany a screening of the film . 2010 August -- Irish instrumental post-rock band 3epkano accompanied a screening of the film with an original live soundtrack in Fitzwilliam Square in Dublin 2010 July -- Ukrainian guitarist and composer Vitaliy Tkachuk with his quartet performed his own soundtrack for the film at a first Ukrainian silent cinema festival `` Mute Nights '' in Odessa , the city where this movie was made . 2011 : The French pianist Yann Le Long , the violoncellist Philippe Cusson and the percussionist Stéphane Grimalt performed for the first time the soundtrack written by Le Long for the film ( 20 May 2011 ) at the Centre Culturel du Vieux Couvent , Muzillac , France . 2014 March : Sarodist , beat maker , and multi-instrumentalist composer James Whetzel performed live a 51 piece new all - original soundtrack to Man With a Movie Camera at SIFF Cinema Uptown in Seattle , WA , USA . Soundtrack features sarod , electric sarod , analog synthesizers , accordion , mandolin , bass , guitar , dhol , dholak , darbouka , bendir , rumba box , electronic drums , and 41 other pieces of percussion . Whetzel successfully completed a Kickstarter project for the soundtrack in July . 2014 Spanish band Caspervek Trio premiered a new soundtrack for the film at La Galería Jazz Club , Vigo , with further performances in Gijón , Ourense and Sigulda ( Latvia ) . 2014 September : Swedish indie rock band bob hund premiered a new soundtrack for the film at Cinemateket in Stockholm , with subsequent performances in Helsinki , Luleå , Gothenburg and Malmö . 2016 March : Man with a movie camera footage used in the new Oliver Heldens feat . RUMORS soundtrack called `` Ghost '' . This is a 2016 EDM song , with a creative video edit on the bass of the music . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ List of alternate titles for `` Man with a Movie Camera '' Jump up ^ `` Movie Review Devushka s Korobkoy ( 1927 ) THE SCREEN '' , 17 September 1929 . Jump up ^ Dziga Vertov . On Kinopravda. 1924 , and The Man with the Movie Camera. 1928 , in Annette Michelson ed . Kevin O'Brien tr . Kino - Eye : The Writings of Dziga Vertov , University of California Press , 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Sight & Sound Revises Best - Films - Ever Lists '' . studiodaily. 1 August 2012 . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Silent film tops documentary poll '' . BBC News . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Crofts , Stephen . `` An Essay Towards Man with a Movie Camera '' ( PDF ) . http://psi416.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Screen-1977-Crofts-9-60.pdf . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Images - Man With a Movie Camera by Grant Tracey ) '' . imagesjournal.com . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Dziga Vertov . Letter from Berlin page 101 , in Annette Michelson ed . Kevin O'Brien tr . Kino - Eye : The Writings of Dziga Vertov , University of California Press , 1995 . Jump up ^ Rhythmic movement , the city symphony and transcultural transmediality : Liu Na'ou and The Man Who Has a Camera ( 1933 ) Ling Zhang a Department of Cinema and Media Studies , The University of Chicago , Classics 305 , 1010 E. 59th Street , Chicago , IL 60637 , USA Journal of Chinese Cinemas Volume 9 , Issue 1 , 2015 , pages 42 - 61 Published online : 11 March 2015 DOI : 10.1080 / 17508061.2015. 1010303 Jump up ^ Ian Aitken ( 4 January 2013 ) . The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of the Documentary Film . Routledge . p. 602 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 51206 - 3 . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Feaster , Felicia . `` Man With a Movie Camera '' . Turner Classic Movies , Inc . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' 50 Greatest Documentaries of All Time '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Graham ( 2000 ) . The Man With the Movie Camera : The Film Companion . I.B. Tauris . p. 99 . ISBN 1860643949 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( 1 July 2009 ) . `` Man With a Movie Camera '' . suntimes.com . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man with a Movie Camera ( 1929 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Brady , Tara ( 30 July 2015 ) . `` Man with a Movie Camera review : power to The People '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Romney , Jonathan ( 2 August 2015 ) . `` Man With a Movie Camera review -- pure cinema , still unparalleled '' . The Observer . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 30 July 2015 ) . `` Man With a Movie Camera review -- visionary , transformative 1929 experimental film '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Man with a Movie Camera ( Un Drame Musical Instantané ) , 01 : 06 , 1929 on YouTube Jump up ^ `` UN DRAME MUSICAL INSTANTANÉ , À travail égal salaire égal '' . drame.org . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ORCHESTRA Current Touring Repertoire '' . Archived from the original on 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 13 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Man with a Movie Camera ( Alloy Orchestra ) , 01 : 06 : 40 , 1929 on YouTube Jump up ^ `` tiff1996 '' . Tromsø International Film Festival ( in Norwegian ) . Internet Archive : Tromsø International Film Festival . Archived from the original on 15 December 2005 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Man with a movie camera ( Mini-album ) '' . Mental Overdrive Bandcamp page . Bandcamp . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Man with a Movie Camera '' score by In the Nursery Archived 24 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Eyecatcher / Man with a Movie Camera Archived 13 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( `` Featured Content on Myspace '' . Myspace . Archived from the original on 15 July 2012 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Dwyer , Davin . `` 3epkano Cinema in the Park '' . The Irish Times . Archived from the original on 1 August 2010 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ vitgit . Retrieved 10 March 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Sigulda.lv - Koncertzālē `` Baltais flīģelis '' uzstāsies `` Caspervek Trio '' `` . www.sigulda.lv . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Hund - Mannen med filmkameran '' . Cinemateket . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Annette Michelson ed . Kevin O'Brien tr . Kino - Eye : The Writings of Dziga Vertov , University of California Press , 1995 . John MacKay , `` Man with a Movie Camera : An Introduction '' ( 1 ) Feldman , Seth R. Dziga Vertov . A Guide to References and Resources . Boston : G.K. Hall , 1979 . Devaux , Frederique . L'Homme et la camera : de Dziga Vertov . CrisnÈe , Belgique : Editions Yellow Now , 1990 . Nowell - Smith , Geoffrey . The Oxford history of World Cinema . Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press , 1996 . Roberts , Graham . The Man With the Movie Camera . London : I.B. Tauris , 2000 . Tsivian , Yuri . Lines of Resistance : Dziga Vertov and the Twenties . edited and with an introduction by Yuri Tsivian ; Russian texts translated by Julian Graffy ; filmographic and biographical research , Aleksandr Deriabin ; co-researchers , Oksana Sarkisova , Sarah Keller , Theresa Scandiffio . Gemona , Udine : Le Giornate del cinema muto , 2004 . Manovich , Lev . `` Database as a Symbolic Form '' . Cambridge : MIT Press , 2001 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Man with a Movie Camera ( film ) . Man with a Movie Camera is available for free download at the Internet Archive Man with a Movie Camera on IMDb Man with a Movie Camera at AllMovie Man with a Movie Camera at Rotten Tomatoes Man with a Movie Camera ( Cinematic Orchestra version film ) at Discogs ( list of releases ) Man with a Movie Camera ( Cinematic Orchestra version album ) at Discogs ( list of releases ) Man with a Movie Camera ( alternative soundtracks ) on Discogs Man With a Movie Camera on the Reviews Of The Rare And Obscure By John DeBartolo Man With a Movie Camera -- Roland Fischer - Briand on the film 's storyboard Man With a Movie Camera on Great Movies list by Roger Ebert Man With a Movie Camera : The Global Remake participatory video inviting people globally to record images interpreting the original script of the original Vertov film Films directed by Dziga Vertov Soviet Toys ( 1924 ) Kino - Glaz ( 1924 ) Kino - Pravda ( 1925 ) Stride , Soviet ! ( 1926 ) A Sixth Part of the World ( 1926 ) The Eleventh Year ( 1928 ) Man with a Movie Camera ( 1929 ) Enthusiasm ( 1931 ) Three Songs About Lenin ( 1934 ) In Memory of Sergo Ordzhonikidze ( 1937 ) Lullaby ( 1937 ) BFI Sight & Sound Poll 1952 Bicycle Thieves City Lights The Gold Rush Battleship Potemkin Intolerance : Love 's Struggle Throughout the Ages Louisiana Story Greed Le Jour Se Lève The Passion of Joan of Arc Brief Encounter The Rules of the Game Le Million 1962 Citizen Kane L'Avventura The Rules of the Game Greed Ugetsu Monogatari Battleship Potemkin Bicycle Thieves Ivan the Terrible La Terra Trema L'Atalante 1972 Citizen Kane The Rules of the Game Battleship Potemkin 81⁄2 L'Avventura Persona The Passion of Joan of Arc The General The Magnificent Ambersons Ugetsu Monogatari Wild Strawberries 1982 Citizen Kane The Rules of the Game Seven Samurai Singin ' in the Rain 81⁄2 Battleship Potemkin L'Avventura The Magnificent Ambersons Vertigo The General The Searchers Critics ' Citizen Kane The Rules of the Game Tokyo Story Vertigo The Searchers L'Atalante The Passion of Joan of Arc Pather Panchali Battleship Potemkin 2001 : A Space Odyssey Directors ' Citizen Kane 81⁄2 Raging Bull La Strada L'Atalante The Godfather Modern Times Vertigo The Godfather Part II The Passion of Joan of Arc Rashomon Seven Samurai 2002 Critics ' Citizen Kane Vertigo The Rules of the Game The Godfather The Godfather Part II Tokyo Story 2001 : A Space Odyssey Battleship Potemkin Sunrise 81⁄2 Singin ' in the Rain Directors ' Citizen Kane The Godfather / The Godfather Part II 81⁄2 Lawrence of Arabia Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb Bicycle Thieves Raging Bull Vertigo Rashomon The Rules of the Game Seven Samurai 2012 Critics ' Vertigo Citizen Kane Tokyo Story The Rules of the Game Sunrise 2001 : A Space Odyssey The Searchers Man with a Movie Camera The Passion of Joan of Arc 81⁄2 Directors ' Tokyo Story 2001 : A Space Odyssey Citizen Kane 81⁄2 Taxi Driver Apocalypse Now The Godfather Vertigo The Mirror Bicycle Thieves Related The Sight & Sound Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time 2014 Documentaries Man with a Movie Camera Shoah Sans Soleil Night and Fog The Thin Blue Line Chronique d'un été Nanook of the North The Gleaners and I Dont Look Back Grey Gardens Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_with_a_Movie_Camera&oldid=854467697 '' Categories : 1929 films 1920s documentary films Black - and - white documentary films Soviet films Soviet documentary films Soviet silent feature films Soviet avant - garde and experimental films Soviet black - and - white films Dovzhenko Film Studios films Films directed by Dziga Vertov Films set in the Soviet Union Films set in Ukraine Films without speech Self - reflexive films Non-narrative films Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from December 2017 Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Ukrainian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles to be expanded from August 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with Internet Archive links Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 15 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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who took out mexico in the last world cup	World Cup Round Against Score Scorers 1930 Group stage France 1 -- 4 Carreño Chile 0 -- 3 Argentina 3 -- 6 Manuel Rosas ( 2 ) , Gayón 1950 Group stage Brazil 0 -- 4 Yugoslavia 1 -- 4 Héctor Ortiz Switzerland 1 -- 2 Casarín 1954 Group stage Brazil 0 -- 5 France 2 -- 3 Lamadrid , Balcázar 1958 Group stage Sweden 0 -- 3 Wales 1 -- 1 Belmonte Hungary 0 -- 4 1962 Group stage Brazil 0 -- 2 Spain 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 3 -- 1 Díaz , del Águila , Hernández 1966 Group stage France 1 -- 1 Borja England 0 -- 2 Uruguay 0 -- 0 1970 Group stage Soviet Union 0 -- 0 El Salvador 4 -- 0 Valdivia ( 2 ) , Fragoso , Basaguren Belgium 1 -- 0 Peña Quarterfinal Italy 1 -- 4 González 1978 Group stage Tunisia 1 -- 3 Vázquez Ayala West Germany 0 -- 6 Poland 1 -- 3 Rangel 1986 Group stage Belgium 2 -- 1 Quirarte , Hugo Sánchez Paraguay 1 -- 1 Luis Flores Iraq 1 -- 0 Quirarte Round of 16 Bulgaria 2 -- 0 Negrete , Servín Quarterfinal West Germany 0 -- 0 ( AET ) , 1 -- 4 ( p ) 1994 Group stage Norway 0 -- 1 Republic of Ireland 2 -- 1 García ( 2 ) Italy 1 -- 1 Bernal Round of 16 Bulgaria 1 -- 1 ( AET ) , 1 -- 3 ( p ) García Aspe 1998 Group stage South Korea 3 -- 1 Peláez , Hernández ( 2 ) Belgium 2 -- 2 García Aspe , Blanco Netherlands 2 -- 2 Peláez , Hernández Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 2 Hernández 2002 Group stage Croatia 1 -- 0 Blanco Ecuador 2 -- 1 Borgetti , Torrado Italy 1 -- 1 Borgetti Round of 16 United States 0 -- 2 2006 Group stage Iran 3 -- 1 Bravo ( 2 ) , Zinha Angola 0 -- 0 Portugal 1 -- 2 Fonseca Round of 16 Argentina 1 -- 2 ( AET ) Márquez Group stage South Africa 1 -- 1 Márquez France 2 -- 0 Javier Hernández , Blanco Uruguay 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Argentina 1 -- 3 Javier Hernández 2014 Group stage Cameroon 1 -- 0 Peralta Brazil 0 -- 0 Croatia 3 -- 1 Márquez , Guardado , Javier Hernández Round of 16 Netherlands 1 -- 2 G. Dos Santos 2018 Group stage Germany 1 -- 0 Lozano South Korea 2 -- 1 Vela , Javier Hernández Sweden 0 -- 3 Round of 16 Brazil 0 -- 2	Netherlands	Mexico at the FIFA World Cup	mexico at the fifa world cup	This is a record of the results of the Mexico national football team at the FIFA World Cup . The World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , and then every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to World War II .	The Mexico national team has competed in the tournament since the inaugural 1930 FIFA World Cup , and has entered ever since , for a total of 16 tournaments , although it has failed to qualify for the finals proper on 3 occasions : 1934 ( Italy ) , 1974 ( West Germany ) , and 1982 ( Spain ) . In addition , it withdrew from the finals in 1938 ( France ) , and was banned by FIFA from entering the 1990 World Cup ( Italy ) after fielding over-aged players during the 1988 Olympic Games qualifiers , which was a youth tournament . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the Finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals . The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 tournament final . Along with Brazil , Mexico holds the record for most consecutive 2nd round appearances . Contents 1 Records 2 By match 3 Record players 4 Top goalscorers 5 References 6 External links Records ( edit ) FIFA World Cup record Year Round Position Pld GF GA 1930 Group stage 13th 0 0 13 1934 Did not qualify 1938 Withdrew 1950 Group stage 12th 0 0 10 1954 Group stage 14th 0 0 8 1958 Group stage 16th 0 8 1962 Group stage 11th 0 1966 Group stage 12th 0 1970 Quarterfinal 6th 6 Did not qualify 1978 Group stage 16th 0 0 12 1982 Did not qualify 1986 Quarterfinal 6th 5 0 6 Banned 1994 Round of 16 13th 1998 Round of 16 13th 8 7 2002 Round of 16 11th 2006 Round of 16 15th 5 5 Round of 16 14th 5 2014 Round of 16 10th 5 2018 Round of 16 12th 0 6 2022 To be determined 2026 To be determined Total Quarterfinal 16 / 21 57 16 14 27 60 98 By match ( edit ) World Cup Round Against Score Scorers 1930 Group stage France 1 -- 4 Carreño Chile 0 -- 3 Argentina 3 -- 6 Manuel Rosas ( 2 ) , Gayón 1950 Group stage Brazil 0 -- 4 Yugoslavia 1 -- 4 Héctor Ortiz Switzerland 1 -- 2 Casarín 1954 Group stage Brazil 0 -- 5 France 2 -- 3 Lamadrid , Balcázar 1958 Group stage Sweden 0 -- 3 Wales 1 -- 1 Belmonte Hungary 0 -- 4 1962 Group stage Brazil 0 -- 2 Spain 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 3 -- 1 Díaz , del Águila , Hernández 1966 Group stage France 1 -- 1 Borja England 0 -- 2 Uruguay 0 -- 0 1970 Group stage Soviet Union 0 -- 0 El Salvador 4 -- 0 Valdivia ( 2 ) , Fragoso , Basaguren Belgium 1 -- 0 Peña Quarterfinal Italy 1 -- 4 González 1978 Group stage Tunisia 1 -- 3 Vázquez Ayala West Germany 0 -- 6 Poland 1 -- 3 Rangel 1986 Group stage Belgium 2 -- 1 Quirarte , Hugo Sánchez Paraguay 1 -- 1 Luis Flores Iraq 1 -- 0 Quirarte Round of 16 Bulgaria 2 -- 0 Negrete , Servín Quarterfinal West Germany 0 -- 0 ( AET ) , 1 -- 4 ( p ) 1994 Group stage Norway 0 -- 1 Republic of Ireland 2 -- 1 García ( 2 ) Italy 1 -- 1 Bernal Round of 16 Bulgaria 1 -- 1 ( AET ) , 1 -- 3 ( p ) García Aspe 1998 Group stage South Korea 3 -- 1 Peláez , Hernández ( 2 ) Belgium 2 -- 2 García Aspe , Blanco Netherlands 2 -- 2 Peláez , Hernández Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 2 Hernández 2002 Group stage Croatia 1 -- 0 Blanco Ecuador 2 -- 1 Borgetti , Torrado Italy 1 -- 1 Borgetti Round of 16 United States 0 -- 2 2006 Group stage Iran 3 -- 1 Bravo ( 2 ) , Zinha Angola 0 -- 0 Portugal 1 -- 2 Fonseca Round of 16 Argentina 1 -- 2 ( AET ) Márquez Group stage South Africa 1 -- 1 Márquez France 2 -- 0 Javier Hernández , Blanco Uruguay 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Argentina 1 -- 3 Javier Hernández 2014 Group stage Cameroon 1 -- 0 Peralta Brazil 0 -- 0 Croatia 3 -- 1 Márquez , Guardado , Javier Hernández Round of 16 Netherlands 1 -- 2 G. Dos Santos 2018 Group stage Germany 1 -- 0 Lozano South Korea 2 -- 1 Vela , Javier Hernández Sweden 0 -- 3 Round of 16 Brazil 0 -- 2 Record players ( edit ) Mexico 's record World Cup player , Rafael Márquez , and goalkeeper Antonio Carbajal have appeared in five FIFA World Cups each , a record they only share with German midfielder Lothar Matthäus . Rafael Márquez is Mexico 's record World Cup player and one of only three players with appearances in five tournaments . No . Name Matches World Cups Rafael Márquez 19 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 Andrés Guardado 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 Javier Hernández 12 2010 , 2014 and 2018 Antonio Carbajal 11 1950 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 and 1966 Cuauhtémoc Blanco 11 1998 , 2002 and 2010 Gerardo Torrado 11 2002 , 2006 and 2010 7 Carlos Salcido 10 2006 , 2010 and 2014 8 Chava Reyes 9 1958 , 1962 and 1966 Giovani Dos Santos 9 2010 , 2014 and 2018 Héctor Moreno 9 2010 , 2014 and 2018 Top goalscorers ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Luis Hernández 1998 Javier Hernández 2010 ( 2 ) , 2014 ( 1 ) , and 2018 ( 1 ) Cuauhtémoc Blanco 1998 , 2002 and 2010 Rafael Márquez 2006 , 2010 and 2014 5 Manuel Rosas 1930 Javier Valdivia 1970 Fernando Quirarte 1986 Luis García 1994 Alberto García Aspe 1994 and 1998 Ricardo Peláez 1998 Jared Borgetti 2002 Omar Bravo 2006 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage In 2018 mexico created one of the biggest upsets after defeating World champions Germany 1 - 0 in the opening game of the World Cup Archived 2007 - 06 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com , Retrieved on 6 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` Sports News & Articles -- Scores , Pictures , Videos - ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com. 2014 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ ( https://archive.is/20140702031132/http://www.newsday.com/sports/soccer/netherlands-vs-mexico-netherlands-wins-2-1-in-2014-fifa-world-cup-elimination-game-1.8606268 External links ( edit ) FIFA Official Ranking of all Participants at Finals 1930 -- 2002 . FIFA Match Results for all Stages 1930 -- 2002 FIFA official site Mexico national football team General Mexican Football Federation History Managers Venues Estadio Azteca Statistics Results All - time record Honours Players Squad Previous squads Footballer records Performances FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup CONCACAF Gold Cup Copa América Summer Olympics Images Kit Rivalries Argentina Brazil Costa Rica Honduras United States Other Mexican teams U23 U20 U17 Women 's U20 U17 Futsal Beach soccer Mexico national football team squads Mexico squad -- 1930 FIFA World Cup MF Amézcua GK Bonfiglio FW Carreño FW Castro DF F. Garza Gutiérrez DF R. Garza Gutiérrez ( c ) FW Gayón FW López FW Mejía FW Olivares FW Pérez MF Rodríguez MF F. Rosas DF M. Rosas FW Ruiz MF Sánchez GK Sota Coach : Luque de Serrallonga Mexico squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Carbajal GK Córdoba DF Gómez DF Gutiérrez DF Montemayor DF Roca DF Ruiz DF Zetter MF Cuburu MF Flores MF Guevara MF Hernández MF Ochoa MF Ortiz MF Pérez FW Borbolla FW Casarín ( c ) FW Naranjo FW Navarro FW Prieto FW Septién FW Velázquez Coach : Vial Mexico squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Carbajal 2 López 3 Romo 4 Martínez 5 Cárdenas 6 Ávalos 7 Torres 8 Naranjo ( c ) 9 Lamadrid 10 Balcázar 11 Arellano 12 Mota 13 Bravo 14 Gómez 15 Blanco 16 Nájera 17 Septién 18 Carus 19 Jinich 20 Roca 21 Ochoa 22 Cortés Coach : López Herranz Mexico squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 Carbajal ( c ) 2 del Muro 3 Romo 4 Villegas 5 Portugal 6 Flores 7 Hernández 8 Reyes 9 Calderón de la Barca 10 C. Gutiérrez 11 Sesma 12 Camacho 13 Gómez 14 M. Gutiérrez 15 Sepúlveda 16 Roca 17 Cárdenas 18 Salazar 19 Belmonte 20 Blanco 21 López 22 González Coach : López Herranz Mexico squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Carbajal ( c ) 2 del Muro 3 Sepúlveda 4 Villegas 5 Cárdenas 6 Nájera 7 del Águila 8 Reyes 9 H. Hernández 10 Ortiz 11 Díaz 12 Gómez 13 Chaires 14 Romero 15 Jáuregui 16 Farfán 17 Ruvalcaba 18 A. Hernández 19 Jasso 20 Velarde 21 Baeza 22 Mota Coach : Trelles Mexico squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup 1 Carbajal 2 Chaires 3 Peña ( c ) 4 del Muro 5 Jáuregui 6 Díaz 7 Ruvalcaba 8 Padilla 9 Cisneros 10 Fragoso 11 Jara 12 Calderón 13 González 14 Núñez 15 Hernández 16 Regueiro 17 Mercado 18 Muñoz 19 Reyes 20 Borja 21 Navarro 22 Vargas Coach : Trelles Mexico squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Calderón 2 Alejándrez 3 Peña ( c ) 4 Montes 5 Pérez 6 Hernández 7 Rivas 8 Munguía 9 Borja 10 Salgado 11 Padilla 12 Mota 13 Vantolrá 14 Guzmán 15 Pulido 16 Díaz 17 González 18 Velarde 19 Valdivia 20 Basaguren 21 Fragoso 22 Castrejón Coach : Cárdenas Mexico squad -- 1978 FIFA World Cup 1 Reyes 2 Nájera 3 Tena 4 Ramos 5 Vázquez ( c ) 6 Mendizábal 7 de la Torre 8 López 9 Rangel 10 Ortega 11 Sánchez 12 Martínez 13 Cisneros 14 Gómez 15 Flores 16 Cárdenas 17 Cuéllar 18 Lugo 19 Rodríguez 20 Medina 21 Isiordia 22 Soto Coach : Roca Mexico squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Larios 2 Trejo 3 Quirarte 4 Manzo 5 Francisco Cruz 6 de los Cobos 7 España 8 Domínguez 9 Sánchez 10 Boy ( c ) 11 Hermosillo 12 Rodríguez 13 Aguirre 14 Félix Cruz 15 Flores 16 Muñoz 17 Servín 18 Amador 19 Hernández 20 Heredia 21 Ortega 22 Negrete Coach : Milutinović Mexico squad -- 1994 FIFA World Cup 1 Campos 2 Suárez 3 Ramírez Perales 4 Ambríz ( c ) 5 Ramírez 6 Bernal 7 Hermosillo 8 García Aspe 9 Sánchez 10 García 11 Zague 12 Fernández 13 J. Chávez 14 del Olmo 15 Espinoza 16 Valdéz 17 Galindo 18 Salgado 19 Salvador 20 Rodríguez 21 Gutiérrez 22 A. Chávez Coach : Mejía Barón Mexico squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Campos 2 Suárez 3 J. Sánchez 4 Villa 5 Davino 6 Bernal 7 Ramírez 8 García Aspe ( c ) 9 Peláez 10 García 11 Blanco 12 O. Sánchez 13 Pardo 14 Lara 15 Hernández 16 Terrazas 17 Palencia 18 Carmona 19 Luna 20 Ordiales 21 Arellano 22 Pérez Coach : Lapuente Mexico squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Pérez 2 Gabriel 3 García 4 Márquez ( c ) 5 Vidrio 6 Torrado 7 Morales 8 García Aspe 9 Borgetti 10 Blanco 11 Luna 12 Sánchez 13 Mercado 14 Villa 15 Hernández 16 Carmona 17 Palencia 18 J. Rodríguez 19 Caballero 20 Brown 21 Arellano 22 A. Rodríguez 23 Campos Coach : Aguirre Mexico squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Sánchez 2 Suárez 3 Salcido 4 Márquez ( c ) 5 Osorio 6 Torrado 7 Sinha 8 Pardo 9 Borgetti 10 Franco 11 Morales 12 Corona 13 Ochoa 14 Pineda 15 Castro 16 Méndez 17 Fonseca 18 Guardado 19 Bravo 20 García 21 Arellano 22 Rodríguez 23 Pérez Coach : La Volpe Mexico squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Pérez 2 Rodríguez 3 Salcido 4 Márquez ( c ) 5 Osorio 6 Torrado 7 Barrera 8 Castro 9 Franco 10 Blanco 11 Vela 12 Aguilar 13 Ochoa 14 Hernández 15 Moreno 16 Juárez 17 dos Santos 18 Guardado 19 Magallón 20 Torres Nilo 21 Bautista 22 Medina 23 Michel Coach : Aguirre Mexico squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Corona 2 Rodríguez 3 Salcido 4 Márquez ( c ) 5 Reyes 6 H. Herrera 7 Layún 8 Fabián 9 Jiménez 10 dos Santos 11 Pulido 12 Talavera 13 Ochoa 14 Hernández 15 Moreno 16 Ponce 17 Brizuela 18 Guardado 19 Peralta 20 Aquino 21 Peña 22 Aguilar 23 Vázquez Coach : M. Herrera Mexico squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup 1 Jo. Corona 2 Ayala 3 Salcedo 4 Márquez ( c ) 5 Gutiérrez 6 J. dos Santos 7 Layún 8 Fabián 9 Jiménez 10 G. dos Santos 11 Vela 12 Talavera 13 Ochoa 14 Hernández 15 Moreno 16 Herrera 17 Je . Corona 18 Guardado 19 Peralta 20 Aquino 21 Álvarez 22 Lozano 23 Gallardo Coach : Osorio Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexico_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=850406779 '' Categories : Countries at the FIFA World Cup Mexico at the FIFA World Cup Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 17 : 36 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%20at%20the%20FIFA%20World%20Cup	19,874
i just shot a man down in central station			Man Down ( song )	man down ( song )	`` Man Down '' is a song by Barbadian singer , Rihanna from her fifth studio album , Loud ( 2010 ) . Singer Shontelle and production duo Rock City wrote the song with its main producer , Sham . They wrote it during a writing camp , in Los Angeles of March 2010 , held by Rihanna 's record label to gather compositions for possible inclusion on the then - untitled album . Rock City were inspired by Bob Marley 's 1973 song `` I Shot the Sheriff '' and set out to create a song which embodied the same feel , but from a female perspective . `` Man Down '' is a reggae song which incorporates elements of ragga and electronic music . Lyrically , Rihanna is a fugitive after she shoots a man , an action she later regrets . Several critics singled out `` Man Down '' as Loud 's highlight , while others commented on her prominent West Indian accent and vocal agility .	Def Jam released `` Man Down '' on May 3 , 2011 , as the fifth single from the album . In the United States , the single reached number 59 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 9 on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart . It has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The song topped the chart in France for five consecutive weeks and reached the top three in Belgium and the Netherlands . Anthony Mandler directed its music video , in which Rihanna 's character shoots a man after he rapes her . The video was criticized by the Parents Television Council , Industry Ears and Mothers Against Violence , who faulted Rihanna for suggesting that murder is an acceptable form of justice for rape victims . However , actress Gabrielle Union , a rape victim , praised the video for being relatable . `` Man Down '' was on the set list for three of Rihanna 's tours -- the Loud Tour ( 2011 ) , the Diamonds World Tour ( 2013 ) and the Anti World Tour ( 2016 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Production and recording 3 Composition and lyrical interpretation 4 Release and reception 5 Commercial performance 6 Music video 6.1 Background and synopsis 6.2 Analysis and reception 6.3 Controversy 7 Live performances and covers 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 Certifications 10 Release history 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Background ( edit ) In March 2010 , record label Def Jam held a writing camp in Los Angeles for songwriters and producers to compose material for possible inclusion on Rihanna 's then - untitled fifth studio album , Loud . Def Jam rented out nearly every recording studio in Los Angeles in order to create as many songs as possible . Ray Daniels , the manager of musical duo Rock City ( brothers Theron and Timothy Thomas ) , was present during the sessions , and stated that a writing camp typically involves the label hiring ten recording studios for two weeks at the cost of $25,000 per day . Daniels revealed that it is where songwriters have lyrics but no music , and where producers have music but no lyrics . Shama Joseph , professionally known as Sham , was hired as one of the producers to work on crafting songs at the camp . Sham 's manager had arranged his attendance at the camp through an acquaintance who was an employee of the record label . Sham explained that he found a flight to Los Angeles and began working on music as soon as he arrived , stating that he had `` nothing to lose and everything to gain '' . He was inspired by a vision of Rihanna performing songs at a concert that were Caribbean themed . Sham felt that Rihanna had not explored Caribbean - themed music since her debut album , Music of the Sun ( 2005 ) . Production and recording ( edit ) Rock City wanted to recreate Bob Marley 's ( pictured ) 1973 song `` I Shot the Sheriff '' from a female perspective . According to Daniels , Rock City knew Sham but they had not heard the West Indian / Caribbean - themed music that he had composed during the camp . Sham played the music to them , to which the brothers responded `` Let 's give Rihanna a one - drop ! Like , a response to ' I shot the sheriff ' ! '' Together , Sham and Rock City wrote the lyrics to `` Man Down '' in twelve minutes . In an MTV News interview , Rock City said they intended to write a song that would embody Bob Marley 's `` I Shot the Sheriff '' ( 1973 ) from a female perspective and to `` tap ( Rihanna 's ) island origins in a way that sounded authentic '' . Singer Shontelle said that Rihanna called her during the Last Girl on Earth tour and asked her to be involved with the song . She confirmed that Rihanna was present when she was writing her part in the recording studio . Shontelle elucidated that following one of Rihanna 's concerts , the singer exited the stage and immediately returned to the tour bus to work in the studio . Daniels said that once the writing camp had concluded , Rihanna listened to all of the songs which had been composed for her and chose her favorites . In September 2010 , several months after Sham attended the writing camp , Rihanna called him and said that she wanted to record `` Man Down '' for inclusion on Loud . Rihanna later described the sentiment she wanted to express as `` gangsta '' , and elaborated on how reggae culture has influenced her musical style : `` I 'm super inspired by reggae music ( and it ) has been a part of me since I was born , and I grew up listening to it . I was exciting for me to take this on as my own and do a song like this , especially with the lyrics being like that . '' The track was composed during Rihanna 's Last Girl on Earth tour . The song 's instrumental was recorded by Cary Clark at The Village in Los Angeles . Kuk Harrell produced Rihanna 's vocals with Josh Gudwin and Marcos Tovar at Westlake Recording Studios , also in Los Angeles . Bobby Campbell assisted with vocal production and recording . The song was mixed by Manny Marroquin at Larrabee Sound Studios in Los Angeles , assisted by Erik Madrid and Christian Plata . Daniels estimated the total cost of the writing camp to be approximately $200,000 , averaging $18,000 for each of the eleven songs which were included on Loud ; the camp consisted of forty writers and producers . Daniels confirmed that Rock City received $15,000 and Sham $20,000 for their part in the production of `` Man Down '' . He said that `` to get that twelve minutes of inspiration from a top songwriting team is expensive -- even before you take into account the fee for the songwriters '' . A cost of $53,000 for `` Man Down '' was already incurred prior to Rihanna entering the studio with a vocal producer . Although Makeba Riddick did not serve as the song 's vocal producer , Daniels cited her as an example of how the process works and how much she would charge . It is the responsibility of the vocal producer to tell a singer how to sing the song correctly to achieve the desired sound . Daniels said that Riddick 's fee varies from $10,000 to $15,000 , and that the final part of the process is for the song to be mixed and mastered , which incurs a similar fee . He estimated the final cost of writing , producing , vocal producing , mixing and mastering `` Man Down '' to be $78,000 . When combined with the marketing and promotional costs , the total expense was $1,078,000 . Composition and lyrical interpretation ( edit ) August Brown of Los Angeles Times saw `` Man Down '' as a warning to Rihanna 's ex-boyfriend Chris Brown ( pictured ) . `` Man Down '' is a reggae murder ballad with `` Caribbean - rhythms '' and elements of ragga and electronic music . The song , in the key of C minor , has a tempo of 77 beats per minute . Rihanna 's voice spans more than one and a half octaves , from F to E ♭ . Slant Magazine critic Sal Cinquemani described `` Man Down '' as one of Rihanna 's `` most confident vocal performances '' with her strong Barbadian patois . Jon Pareles of The New York Times said that the singer `` plays up her West Indian accent '' , and August Brown of the Los Angeles Times described the vocals as reasserting `` her Caribbean lilt '' . Entertainment Weekly writer Leah Greenblatt described `` Man Down '' as a song with `` island rhythms '' . Lyrically , Rihanna is a fugitive after she shoots a man , but later regrets it . Rihanna slowly relays the chain of events which led up to the murder . She cries to her mother about the act that she has committed -- `` Mama , I just shot a man down '' -- expressing guilt and remorse for not meaning to kill her attacker , and that he is somebody 's son . As the track develops , Rihanna 's Bajan accent becomes stronger and exaggerated , which climaxes during the bridge as she declares `` Why deed I pull dee treeguh , pull dee treeguh , pull dee treeguh , BOOM ! '' MuuMuse writer Bradley Stern thought that the track took on a confessional tone . On February 8 , 2009 , Rihanna was reported to have been involved in an altercation with her boyfriend , Chris Brown . He allegedly punched Rihanna and threatened to kill her . Brown turned himself in to the police and pleaded guilty to misdemeanor assault during the trial . August Brown called the song an apparent `` warning '' to Chris Brown and a response to his song `` Deuces '' ( 2010 ) , which denounces an ex-lover . Kitty Empire of The Guardian wrote that Brown 's assault on Rihanna gives the song lyrical context , and that Rihanna sings the song with `` bittersweet menace . '' When asked by HipHopDX about how he reacted to listeners of the song saying that it condones violence , Sham dismissed the accusations : I did n't think it made any sense . I think it was because of who it was saying ' I just shot a man down . ' I think it was very hypocritical for some of the parents against violence in media , those same parents have probably allowed their kids to watch all types of movies and programs that have depictions , or things that insinuate violence . So for them to be mad about , number one , an issue that actually exists ? ... A woman feeling like she wants to shoot somebody who 's still alive because of something that they took from her , that 's real and that 's honest . So the emotion is a very true emotion ... and they relive it on a daily basis . I think it was crazy and blown out of proportion ... But people benefit from controversy , and those same people who probably were trying to bring awareness , now they have a voice and now they 're ' specialists , ' and they can speak for a group of people all of a sudden . Release and reception ( edit ) On March 1 , 2011 , Rihanna asked fans to help her choose the next single from Loud using Twitter , saying that she would film a music video in the forthcoming weeks . After an influx of suggestions , the singer said she had narrowed the options down to four songs : `` Man Down '' , `` California King Bed '' , `` Cheers ( Drink to That ) '' and `` Fading '' . On March 12 , she confirmed that `` California King Bed '' had been selected as the next international single . However , `` Man Down '' was sent to rhythmic and urban radio stations in the United States on May 3 , before the May 13 release of `` California King Bed '' , making `` Man Down '' and `` California King Bed '' the fifth and sixth singles from Loud . The song was released in France and Switzerland on July 11 and the Netherlands on July 15 . Kitty Empire called the track `` excellent '' , and praised it for being an original composition which is reminiscent of a `` righteous old reggae murder ballad '' . Consequence of Sound writer Ryan Burleson said that `` Man Down '' and another album track called `` Fading '' both `` stand on their own sonically '' , and that the former is an homage to her Caribbean heritage with its dancehall melody . Describing the track as `` breezy '' , Bradley Stern thought that no other song on Loud embodied Rihanna 's personality more so than on `` Man Down '' . Cinquemani chose `` Man Down '' as the best song on Loud , calling Rihanna 's vocal agility `` surprising '' and noting that the `` fully - fledged reggae '' song is co-written by a fellow Barbadian - born singer , Shontelle . In her review of Loud , Emily Mackay of NME called its experimentation more `` organic '' than that on Rihanna 's previous album Rated R ( 2009 ) , citing `` Man Down '' 's theme of `` doomed youth '' . Similarly , Nima Baniamer of Contactmusic.com pointed out that `` Man Down '' , which she described as `` a dark track '' that is `` haunting '' yet `` delightfully intriguing '' , was reminiscent of the material on Rated R. In their review of Rihanna 's top 20 songs , Time Out ranked `` Man Down '' as their tenth best track , writing that it is Rihanna at `` her badass best '' . Complex staff compiled a list of their top 26 Rihanna songs , and ranked `` Man Down '' in thirteenth place ; Claire Lobenfeld thought that it was the singers most `` cinematic '' song of her career , and that she elevated the theme of `` accidental manslaughter '' from `` downtrodden '' to `` adorable '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) In the United States , `` Man Down '' debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 94 on June 1 , 2011 , peaking at number 59 and spending a total of 14 weeks on the chart . On the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart , it peaked at number 9 on August 6 , 2011 , remaining there for 2 weeks and spending a total of 19 weeks charting . It was number 47 on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 2011 year - end list . The track peaked at number 56 on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay chart , number 20 on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs chart and number 40 on the Radio Songs chart . `` Man Down '' was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of more than 2 million units . The song reached number 92 on the Canadian Hot 100 . `` Man Down '' debuted at number 65 on the French Singles Chart on June 6 , 2011 , a month before its release as a single . It rose to number 1 on July 30 , remaining there for 5 consecutive weeks , and was number 2 the week before and for 3 weeks after its chart - topping run . It stayed on the chart until May 12 , 2012 , but re-entered three weeks later . The song , on and off the French chart for the rest the year , continued to appear on it sporadically in 2013 . After a total of 73 weeks on the chart , the track 's last French chart appearance was at number 172 on August 8 , 2013 . In the United Kingdom , `` Man Down '' entered the Singles Chart at number 117 on June 11 , 2015 , reaching number 75 the following week . The song peaked at number 54 in its fourth week , remaining there for 2 weeks and spending a total of 11 weeks on the chart . On the UK R&B Chart , `` Man Down '' reached number 15 on June 26 , spending 18 weeks in the top 40 . In Belgium , the song peaked at number 3 in Dutch - speaking Flanders and number 2 in French - speaking Wallonia . It was certified gold by the Belgian Entertainment Association ( BEA ) for selling more than 15,000 copies . Although the song spent only 1 week on the Italian Singles Chart ( at number 8 ) , it was certified platinum by the Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana ( FIMI ) in 2014 for selling more than 30,000 copies . Music video ( edit ) Background and synopsis ( edit ) Anthony Mandler directed the music video for `` Man Down '' in April 2011 on a beach in Portland Parish , on the northeastern Jamaican coast . Rihanna told Rap - Up that the video has a `` strong underlying message ( for ) girls like me ! '' On May 1 , 2011 , three camera phone teaser photos , of Rihanna on a beach in a white Dolce & Gabbana dress and riding a bicycle in Portland Parish , were released . The music video premiered on BET 's 106 & Park on May 31 , 2011 . In an interview for MTV News , Mandler said that `` Man Down '' required `` a strong narrative and visual '' and that fans could expect something `` dramatic and shocking and intense and emotions and uplifting and enlightening '' . The video opens as the protagonist ( Rihanna ) shoots and kills a man while he walks through a busy train station . She flees before a flashback to the previous day , when she rides her bike , meets friends and is alone in a bedroom at dusk . At a nightclub the protagonist dances and flirts with another club - goer , who then attacks her when she leaves the club . Disheveled , the woman cries in the street after an implied sexual assault , and the video ends as she runs home to grab a gun hidden in a dresser drawer . Analysis and reception ( edit ) Janell Hobson analysed the imagery presented in the video for `` Man Down '' in her book Body as Evidence : Mediating Race , Globalizing Gender , which `` challenges postmodernist dismissals of identity politics and the delusional belief that the Millennial era reflects a ' postracial ' and ' postfeminist ' world . '' In the chapter titled `` Disclosures : Black Women 's Resistance to Sexual Violence '' , Hobson explores how black women have `` found the courage '' to speak out about sexual violence , protest against it and not remain a silent victim . She recalled Rihanna 's interview for 20 / 20 with Diane Sawyer , which aired on November 6 , 2009 . Having remained silent about her altercation with Brown on the evening of the Grammy Party in February that year , whereby Brown assaulted her , Rihanna decided to speak about it for the first time . The author noted how Sawyer decided to approach the interview by presenting the couples relationship and assault case as an `` anomaly '' and accused Rihanna of `` projecting a ' fake ' imagery of strong black woman '' , rather than presenting her another domestic violence victim not only in the United States , but in the world . `` I am strong , '' Rihanna responded . Hobson wrote that from then on , the singer decided to project an image of `` hardcore masculinity and dominatrix - type femininity in her music trajectory '' . Subsequently , several of Rihanna 's songs and music videos have courted controversy for their violent themes , which Hobson attributes to the leaking of a photo showing the singers `` battered face '' on the evening of the assault by TMZ which circulated the internet without the permission of Rihanna . Hobson writes : `` Because of this , Rihanna has had to wrest back control of the ' victim ' image foisted on her , and she in turn has challenged us rhetorically and visually to question and examine the power , danger , and violences that shape our relationships . '' She continued to highlight the music videos for `` Russian Roulette '' , `` Hard '' , `` We Found Love '' , `` Love the Way You Lie '' with Eminem which documents domestic violence , and `` S&M '' , which contains references to bondage and fetishism and is , in part , Rihanna 's response to disparaging critics , as examples . At one point in the video for `` S&M '' , Rihanna is literally tied up as a victim . However , Hobson noted that Rihanna `` rejects the victim stance '' in the video for `` Man Down '' , and elucidated that she played the role of a rape survivor who shot her attacker . She attributed the location of shooting the video in Jamaica as significant , due to how the image of a gun proliferated during 1990s Jamaican dance hall 's to `` express female rage '' . The prologue depicts Rihanna as a `` dark - hooded '' femme fatale whereby the narrative explains her motives for murder and provokes the spectator to sympathize with her because she danced in a provocative manner with a man in a club , which Hobson suggests is `` somehow deserving of rape '' . She continued to explain that Rihanna is inviting the audience to consider what justice means by `` pointing both a literal and lyrical gun at the issue '' . Hobson concluded that Rihanna is protecting her vulnerability and countering the image of the abused black woman who is looked at unsympathetically in society . Beck Bain of Idolator described the video as `` visually stunning '' , while Metro writer Lee Ann labelled it as `` shocking '' . Co-writer of `` Man Down '' Theron Thomas felt that the video was very theatrical and that Rihanna played her role `` perfectly '' . He continued to say that had the video been a lyric - by - lyric representation , the narrative would have been more `` graphic '' . Controversy ( edit ) Actress Gabrielle Union ( pictured ) , a rape victim , said that she could relate to the music video 's storyline . The Parents Television Council ( PTC ) criticized Rihanna for her portrayal of `` cold , calculated execution of murder '' in the music video , and argued that murdering a rapist as socially - acceptable justice is impermissible . The group disagreed with Rihanna 's rationale for the storyline : that the video has `` a very strong underlying message ( for ) girls '' like Rihanna . According to the PTC and Industry Ears , if Chris Brown murdered a woman in a video that premiered on BET `` the world would stop '' and Rihanna should not have been allowed to release her clip . The week before the council 's statement about the video it had objected to Rihanna and Britney Spears ' performance of the `` S&M '' remix at the Billboard Music Awards , having called it a `` profanity - laced , S&M sex show on prime - time broadcast television '' . After the PTC 's statement , Julianne Escobedo Shepherd of AlterNet wrote that the group seemed to employ a double standard ; it had not condemned Kanye West 's music video for `` Monster '' , in which dead women hang from ceilings and West holds a severed head . Shepard added that Eminem and Rihanna 's video for `` Love the Way You Lie '' had not been criticized , despite the fact that she felt that it `` glorified and romanticized '' domestic violence . A Mothers Against Violence spokesperson criticised Rihanna for failing to present a solution , rather than encouraging the vulnerable youth , for which rape is a reality for many people . Director Anthony Mandler addressed the controversy in an interview for The Hollywood Reporter , saying that the visual evoked the reaction he intended and that it highlighted an issue still taboo in modern society . He recalled growing up in an era in which artists such as Madonna released controversial music videos , and noted that contemporary videos no longer tackle taboo subjects as frequently . Rihanna responded to the PTC 's criticism on Twitter , and said that parents should not expect her to parent their children and that `` touchy subject matters '' should not be hidden from children otherwise they will not learn how to adapt in society , and that it empowers abusers even more because children are embarrassed to talk about rape . The singer continued to state that `` the industry is n't ' Parent 's ' R Us ' '' and that singers `` have the freedom to create art '' . In an interview for BET , Rihanna further explain why rape was used as the vehicle to push the story forward in the video despite the lyrics not mentioning rape , saying `` Making that into a mini-movie or video , we needed to go back to why it happened . Obviously she 's not a cold - blooded killer . It had to be something so offensive . And we decided to home in on a very serious matter that people are afraid to address , especially if you 've been victimized in this scenario . '' Rihanna added that the character is remorseful for her actions . Actress and women 's - health advocate Gabrielle Union , a rape victim , voiced support for the video on Twitter . Union called it `` brave '' and , although she did not agree with the eye for an eye sentiment , she could relate to the situation . Union said that every rape victim or survivor is a unique situation , and that they all have an idea of how justice should be served . She admitted that she tried to shoot her rapist , but missed , and that she has since realised that committing murder as a form of justice for herself would not have made the situation better . She continued to say that while it is `` understandable '' to desire to kill a rapist , unless it is in self - defense then it is not advisable . Live performances and covers ( edit ) Rihanna has included `` Man Down '' on the set lists of several concerts and tours , including the 2011 Loud Tour , BBC Radio 1 's Hackney Weekend on May 24 , 2012 and the 2013 Diamonds World Tour . For the Loud Tour , Rihanna performed the song on `` a levitating , rotating platform , a conveyer belt and graffiti - laden car shell . '' Although Kitty Empire described `` Man Down '' as `` terrific '' , the critic felt let down by the `` baffling lack of creativity '' from Rihanna 's production team for the stage set up during Rihanna 's performance . She wrote that she did not understand why a truck bonnet was in the middle of the stage . Maza praised the tracks placement on the set - list . `` Man Down '' was performed as the fourth song on the Loud Tour , following its opener `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' , `` Disturbia '' and `` Shut Up and Drive '' . Maza noted that the tempo of `` Man Down '' should have `` slowed down the momentum she 'd accumulated until then but that was instead an ideal marriage of production and performance . '' Instead , the red lights on the stage played up the `` ominous '' tone of the song as it gradually increased its tempo to the point whereby the end of the song was on the verge of sounding like an incantation . For the Diamonds World Tour , Rihanna performed `` Man Down '' in a Caribbean - theme section of the show , which also included `` You da One '' , `` No Love Allowed '' , `` What 's My Name ? '' and `` Rude Boy '' . James Lachno of The Telegraph highlight the Caribbean - themed section as the show 's highlight . Manchester Evening News writer Katie Fitzpatrick commented that Rihanna transported the audience to the Caribbean with a `` grinding groove '' . However , Gary Graff of The Oakland Press was disappointed with the lack of variety in the section , writing that it was `` addled by a sonic sameness , even with Nuno Bettencourt of Extreme , whose guitar was buried in the bass - heavy mix , playing some intriguing licks and accents '' . British singer and songwriter Leona Lewis performed a mashup of `` Man Down '' with her 2008 single `` Better in Time '' at BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge in June 2011 . She also included the mashup on the set list of her 2013 Glassheart Tour . Her rendition received a mixed response from critics . Katherine Hollisey - McLean of the Worthing Herald complimented the fusion of `` Better in Time '' with reggae beats , while The Guardian 's Malcolm Jack thought the performance was `` cringey '' and called Lewis a `` reasonably priced Rihanna '' . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position Belgium ( Flanders , Ultratop ) Belgium ( Wallonia , Ultratop ) Canadian Hot 100 ( Billboard ) 92 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 19 France ( SNEP ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 11 Italy ( FIMI ) 8 Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 17 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 37 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 31 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 9 Switzerland ( Romandie ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 54 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 59 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 9 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 77 Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 162 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 9 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 73 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 73 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 50 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 47 Chart ( 2012 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 175 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 30,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . United States May 3 , 2011 Urban radio Rhythmic radio Island Def Jam Music Group France July 11 , 2011 Digital download Universal Music Netherlands Switzerland July 15 , 2011 See also ( edit ) Book : Loud List of number - one singles of 2011 ( France ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ketchum III , William ( January 3 , 2012 ) . `` Sak Pase Reveals Queen 's Influence On ' Watch The Throne ' Tracks , Rihanna 's ' Man Down ' Controversy '' . HipHopDX . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Chace , Zoe ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` How Much Does It Cost To Make A Hit Song ? '' . NPR . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Rebecca ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Man Down ' Is Her Answer To Bob Marley Classic '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rihanna 's ' Man Down ' is ' answer to Bob Marley 's ' I Shot The Sheriff ' '' . NME . June 10 , 2011 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nissim , Maya ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` Shontelle ' glad Leona turned down song ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Music : Rihanna - ' California King Bed ' and ' Man Down ' '' . Rap - Up . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Rihanna Says Loud 's ' Man Down ' Is ' Gangsta ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Loud . Def Jam Recordings ( Inlay cover ) . Rihanna . November 12 , 2010 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Neil ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` How many songwriters does it take to change a chorus ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , August ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Critics ' Choice : New CDs '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Maza , Erik ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Rihanna at 1st Mariner Arena , first stop of Loud Tour '' . The Baltimore Sun . 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Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History -- Radio Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Rihanna -- Man Down '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian Hot 100 Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rihanna -- Man Down ( Chanson ) '' . Hung Medien ( in French ) . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart : CLUK Update 11.06. 2011 ( wk22 ) -- Chart Log UK : New Entries Update '' . Zobbel . June 11 , 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 -- 12 June 2011 -- 18 June 2011 '' . Official Charts Company . June 18 , 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 -- 3 July 2011 -- 9 July 2011 '' . Official Charts Company . July 3 , 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 -- 10 July 2011 -- 16 July 2011 '' . Official Charts Company . July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Singles Chart History '' . Official Chart Company . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 -- 26 June 2011 -- 02 July 2011 '' . Official Chart Company . June 26 , 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 -- 09 October 2011 -- 15 October 2011 '' . Official Chart Company . October 9 , 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rihanna -- Man Down '' . Ultratop ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rihanna -- Man Down '' . Ultratop ( in French ) . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold and Platinum -- Singles 2011 '' . Belgian Entertainment Association ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna -- Man Down ( Song ) '' . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificazioni '' . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana ( in Italian ) . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rihanna sends strong message in ' Man Down ' video '' . Rap - Up . May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Vena , Jocelyn ( May 16 , 2011 ) . `` Rihanna Director Talks Upcoming ' Man Down ' Video '' . MTV News . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Shoots ' Man Down ' Video in Jamaica '' . Rap - Up . May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dinh , James ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` Rihanna Pulls The Trigger In ' Man Down ' Video '' . MTV News . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hobson , Janell ( October 18 , 2012 ) . Body as Evidence : Mediating Race , Globalizing Gender . SUNY Press . p. 82 . ISBN 1438444001 . Jump up ^ `` Body as Evidence : Mediating Race , Globalizing Gender Paperback -- 18 Oct 2012 '' . Amazon.com . October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . 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Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzpatrick , Katie ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` Review : Rihanna at Manchester Arena '' . Manchester Evening News . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lachno , James ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Rihanna , Millennium Stadium , Cardiff , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daw , Robbie ( June 25 , 2011 ) . `` Leona Lewis Mashes Up ' Better In Time ' With Rihanna 's ' Man Down ' '' . Idolator . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Radio 1 to stage its biggest ever live music event on Hackney Marshes '' . BBC ( Press release ) . May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Leona Lewis begins ' Glassheart ' tour in Germany -- pictures '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hollisey , Katherine . `` Review : Leona Lewis at the Brighton Centre -- What 's On '' . Worthing Herald . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Jack ( April 28 , 2013 ) . `` Leona Lewis -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201141 into search . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Rihanna -- Man Down '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs : Sep 24 , 2011 '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 38 , 2011 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Rihanna -- Man Down '' . VG - lista . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs : Sep 17 , 2011 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201137 into search . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Rihanna -- Man Down '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Rihanna -- Man Down '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna no . 1 en Suisse romande '' . lescharts.ch . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classement des 100 premiers Singles '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mahasz Rádiós Top 100 2011 '' . Mahasz ( in Hungarian ) . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2011 '' . Sverigetopplistan . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2011 '' . hitparade.ch . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Classement des 200 premiers Singles Fusionnés par GfK année 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2011 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Rihanna -- Man Down '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Type Rihanna in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Man Down and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Rihanna ; ' Man Down ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Rihanna -- Man Down '' . British Phonographic Industry . December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Enter Man Down in the search field and then press Enter . Further reading ( edit ) Bascomb , Lia T. ( 2014 ) . `` Rude Girl , Big Woman : Power and Play in Representations of Caribbean Women '' . Palimpsest. 3 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 213 . Bierria , Alisa ( 2011 ) . `` ' Where Them Bloggers At ? ' : Reflections on Rihanna , Accountability , and Survivor Subjectivity '' . Social Justice . 37 ( 4 ) : 101 -- 125 . JSTOR 41478937 . Fleetwood , Nicole R. ( 2012 ) . `` The Case of Rihanna : Erotic Violence and Black Female Desire '' . African American Review . 45 ( 3 ) : 419 -- 435 . doi : 10.1353 / afa. 2012.0047 . Nolte , S. Philip ( 2013 ) . `` The realities people live by : A critical reflection on the value of Wolfgang Iser 's concept of repertoire for reading the story of Susanna in the Septuagint '' . HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies . 69 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 7 . doi : 10.4102 / hts. v69i1. 1320 . External links ( edit ) `` Man Down '' official music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Rihanna songs Discography Music of the Sun `` Pon de Replay '' `` If It 's Lovin ' that You Want '' `` You Do n't Love Me ( No , No , No ) '' A Girl like Me `` SOS '' `` Unfaithful '' `` We Ride '' `` Break It Off '' Good Girl Gone Bad `` Umbrella '' `` Do n't Stop the Music '' `` Shut Up and Drive '' `` Hate That I Love You '' `` Rehab '' Good Girl Gone Bad : Reloaded `` Disturbia '' `` Take a Bow '' `` If I Never See Your Face Again '' Rated R `` Wait Your Turn '' `` Hard '' `` Stupid in Love '' `` Rockstar 101 '' `` Russian Roulette '' `` Rude Boy '' `` Te Amo '' `` Cold Case Love '' Loud `` S&M '' `` What 's My Name ? '' `` Cheers ( Drink to That ) '' `` Fading '' `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' `` California King Bed '' `` Man Down '' `` Raining Men '' `` Complicated '' `` Skin '' `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' Talk That Talk `` You da One '' `` Where Have You Been '' `` We Found Love '' `` Talk That Talk '' `` Cockiness ( Love It ) '' `` Birthday Cake '' `` Drunk on Love '' `` Roc Me Out '' `` Watch n ' Learn '' `` Farewell '' `` Do Ya Thang '' `` Fool in Love '' Unapologetic `` Phresh Out the Runway '' `` Diamonds '' `` Numb '' `` Pour It Up '' `` Loveeeeeee Song '' `` Jump '' `` Right Now '' `` What Now '' `` Stay '' `` Nobody 's Business '' `` Love Without Tragedy / Mother Mary '' `` No Love Allowed '' `` Half of Me '' Home `` Towards the Sun '' `` Dancing in the Dark '' Anti `` Consideration '' `` Kiss It Better '' `` Work '' `` Desperado '' `` Needed Me '' `` Love on the Brain '' `` Pose '' `` Sex with Me '' Collaborations `` All of the Lights '' `` Bad ( Remix ) '' `` Ca n't Remember to Forget You '' `` Famous '' `` Fly '' `` Lemon '' `` Live Your Life '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' `` Loyalty '' `` Nothing Is Promised '' `` Numba 1 ( Tide Is High ) '' `` Princess of China '' `` Roll It '' `` Run This Town '' `` Selfish '' `` Stranded ( Haiti Mon Amour ) '' `` Take Care '' `` The Monster '' `` This Is What You Came For '' `` Too Good '' `` Who 's That Chick ? '' `` Wild Thoughts '' Non-album songs `` American Oxygen '' `` Bad Girl '' `` Birthday Cake ( Remix ) '' `` Bitch Better Have My Money '' `` Cockiness ( Love It ) ( Remix ) '' `` FourFiveSeconds '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Redemption Song '' `` S&M ( Remix ) '' `` Sledgehammer '' `` Turn Up the Music ( Remix ) '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_Down_(song)&oldid=835632907 '' Categories : 2011 singles Music videos directed by Anthony Mandler SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Music video controversies Rape in fiction Reggae songs Rihanna songs Song recordings produced by Kuk Harrell Songs written by Theron Thomas Songs written by Timothy Thomas Song recordings produced by Shama Joseph Songs written by Shama Joseph Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 foreign language sources ( ISO 639 - 2 ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use American English from April 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 21 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%20Down%20%28song%29	107,993
where did the pineapple come from in the pineapple incident	The mystery of the pineapple was solved in a deleted scene from the season 9 episode `` Daisy '' . The scene was released online by BuzzFeed . In the clip , The Captain has a pineapple on his porch , and explains to the gang that he practices the tradition of putting one outside as a `` symbol of hospitality '' . This leads Ted to remember stealing an identical pineapple from The Captain 's house in New York when he was very drunk .		The pineapple Incident	the pineapple incident	Danica McKellar ( Trudy ) Joe Nieves ( Carl )	Episode chronology ← Previous `` Belly Full of Turkey '' Next → `` The Limo '' `` The Pineapple Incident '' is the tenth episode in the first season of the television series How I Met Your Mother . It originally aired on November 28 , 2005 . It is the highest viewed episode in season 1 and the second highest overall episode during the nine seasons of How I Met Your Mother . It is widely considered of the best episodes in the entire series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) Barney , Marshall , and Lily criticize Ted for overthinking every aspect of his life , rather than simply acting on a whim . Barney convinces Ted to take five shots of ' Red Dragon ' ( a special blend by Carl the Bartender at MacLaren 's ) ; Ted claims that he can still function cognitively even under the influence of the alcohol , but shortly afterwards he blacks out . He wakes up the next morning with a girl he does n't remember beside him in bed , a pineapple on his nightstand , and a sprained ankle . He also finds out that his coat has been partially burnt . Ted asks Marshall and Lily about the night , and Marshall and Lily tell him that he sang along with the jukebox in the bar while standing on a table . He also repeatedly drunk dialed Robin , who was on a date with a wealthy businessman . He fell off the table ( explaining the sprained ankle ) , and Marshall and Lily took him up to his bed . However , they are surprised when Ted asks about the girl on the bed , and can shed no light on the pineapple or why Ted 's coat is burnt . Ted calls Barney , thinking that he might know what had happened , and finds him sprawled in their bathtub . Barney recounts that Ted reappeared at the bar around 1 a.m. , but when he began to call Robin again , Barney lit Ted 's coat on fire . After some more fun , he put Ted back into bed , and similarly has no idea who the mystery girl is . Ted finds that someone wrote on his arm , saying to call the number if Ted was found passed out somewhere . Ted calls the number and reaches the bartender , Carl , who fills in some more of the story : Ted again returned to the bar at 3 : 00 a.m. , but Carl refused to serve him . Ted told Carl the meaning of the word `` karaoke '' and that he wanted to go see some penguins at the zoo , then suddenly called someone ( presumably Robin ) and told her come over and do something `` crazy '' . Based on this information , Marshall , Lily , and Barney believe that the mysterious girl in Ted 's bed is actually Robin , but as Ted goes to wake her up , Robin calls and tells him she is coming over to discuss the previous night . The girl in bed , Trudy ( Danica McKellar ) , wakes up , and explains her side of the story : Ted had caught her eye during his drunken dancing , and they exchanged numbers in the ladies ' room of the bar ( which Ted used by mistake ) . She told Ted the meaning of the word `` karaoke '' and about her love for penguins , explaining why Ted later mentioned these things to Carl . It was she whom he later called and invited over , not Robin . Ted tells Trudy to hide when Robin comes over to talk , and Trudy leaves via the fire escape before Ted can show her to Robin to prove that he has moved on . Future Ted explains that Trudy never responded to his subsequent message , and he never did work out where the pineapple came from , but it was delicious . Production ( edit ) Carter Bays later admitted he learned a lesson from this episode to not write themselves into a corner . The line `` we never found out where the pineapple came from '' was something they never should have said . The mystery of the pineapple was solved in a deleted scene from the season 9 episode `` Daisy '' . The scene was released online by BuzzFeed . In the clip , The Captain has a pineapple on his porch , and explains to the gang that he practices the tradition of putting one outside as a `` symbol of hospitality '' . This leads Ted to remember stealing an identical pineapple from The Captain 's house in New York when he was very drunk . This episode was the most watched episode of the entire series ' run , until the show 's finale got higher ratings and more viewers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Top 10 How I Met Your Mother Episodes '' . IGN. 2014 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` '' How I Met Your Mother '' Episodes Rated By IMDb User Rating `` . IMDb . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Ford Sullivan ( 2010 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Live at the Paley Center For Media : `` How I Met Your Mother '' `` . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ `` The How I Met Your Mother pineapple thing has been solved '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Megan ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Pineapple Incident Mystery Explained By Ted In New Video '' . International Business Times . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) `` The Pineapple Incident '' on IMDb `` The Pineapple Incident '' at TV.com ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother episodes Seasons 6 7 8 9 Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Purple Giraffe '' `` Belly Full of Turkey '' `` The Pineapple Incident '' `` The Limo '' `` The Wedding '' `` Nothing Good Happens After 2 A.M. '' `` Mary the Paralegal '' `` Best Prom Ever '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Pineapple_Incident&oldid=802132726 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother ( season 1 ) episodes 2005 American television episodes Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from May 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2015 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 05 : 24 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Pineapple%20Incident	59,750
how to save a life the fray movie			How to Save a Life	how to save a life	`` How to Save a Life '' is a song by American pop rock band The Fray . It was released as the second single from their debut studio album of the same name . The song is one of the band 's most popular airplay songs and peaked in the top 3 of the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States . It became the joint seventh longest charting single on the Billboard Hot 100 , tying with Santana 's `` Smooth '' ( 1999 ) , at 58 consecutive weeks . The song has been certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA , and has sold 4.7 million downloads as of January 2015 , the fourth best - selling rock song in digital history .	It is the band 's highest - charting song to date , topping the Adult Top 40 chart for 15 consecutive weeks and topping the Canadian Airplay Chart . It was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 2007 , but lost to `` Dani California '' by Red Hot Chili Peppers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song meaning 2 Commercial success 3 In popular culture 4 Music videos 5 Track listings 6 Personnel 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Decade - end charts 7.4 Certifications 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Song meaning ( edit ) According to lead singer Isaac Slade , the song was composed and influenced by his experience while working as a mentor at a camp for troubled teens : `` One of the youngsters I was paired up with was a musician . Here I was , a protected suburbanite , and he was just 17 and had all these problems . And no one could write a manual on how to save him . '' Slade claims that the song is about all of the people that tried to reach out to the boy but were unsuccessful . As Slade says in an interview , the boy 's friends and family approached him by saying , `` Quit taking drugs and cutting yourself or I wo n't talk to you again , '' but all he needed was some support . The boy was losing friends and going through depression . He lost his best friend and could not deal with it . The verses of the song describe an attempt by an adult to confront a troubled teen . In the chorus , the singer laments that he himself was unable to save a friend because he did not know how . While this was the original intent of the song , the band has opened the song to interpretation . They created a website where fans were welcome to submit music videos they had made for the song . This arose from the response that Slade got from the song : `` I got a lot of e-mails about it ( ... ) One boy died in a car accident , and I guess it had been the last song he downloaded from his computer . They played it at his funeral , and some of his friends got Save a life tattooed on their arms . The response has been overwhelming . '' During an interview in Sauce , Bob Wilson asked Slade , `` ' How to Save a Life ' was apparently inspired by an experience you had as a mentor to a boy who had a drug problem . What 's the story behind that ? '' Slade answered : `` Well there 's a group home here in Denver called Shelterwood , and it takes in teens who 've had a tough time ; their parents do n't want to send them to jail , but they ca n't keep track of them themselves ... A friend of mine was actually the president for that particular school , so he asked Joe and I to come up for one of their weekend retreats ... I was paired up with one boy in particular . His story was just amazing -- all the relationships that he had put at risk because of the decisions he made , and eventually losing the relationships ... the cost of his lifestyle and his choices , and kind of relating them to my own life and my own stories ; seeing all the relationships I 've threatened for one reason or another . It was a really inspiring weekend . '' Commercial success ( edit ) The song is the band 's first to achieve significant popularity outside of the United States . `` How to Save a Life '' was a top five hit in Australia , Canada , Ireland , Italy , Spain , Sweden and the United Kingdom . Due to an early leak by BBC Radio 1 in the United Kingdom , where it was the band 's debut single , the song was released in the territory five weeks earlier than planned . It debuted at number twenty nine on the UK Singles Chart on January 21 , 2007 via downloads alone . Instead of its planned release date which was to be March 26 , 2007 , the single was physically released in the United Kingdom on February 28 and gradually rose up the chart , reaching number five on February 25 , staying there for four weeks . It eventually peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart on April 8 and became Britain 's eleventh biggest - selling song of 2007 . On March 29 , `` How to Save a Life '' peaked at number 1 in Ireland , becoming their first and only number one single in the country to date . The song only stayed at the top spot for a week but sales still proved strong after it fell from number 1 . The song was ranked No. 24 on Billboard 's Best Adult Pop Songs of the Decade , and No. 47 on Billboard 's Top 100 Digital Tracks of the Decade . It was also ranked No. 58 on Billboard 's Hot 100 Songs of the Decade and No. 56 on Rhapsody 's list of the Top 100 Tracks of the Decade . The song was the 25th most downloaded song of all time on iTunes as of February 2010 . The song has sold over 4.7 million copies in the US as of January 2015 . In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) The song was first featured on ABC 's Grey 's Anatomy , after Alexandra Patsavas , the music supervisor for the show , saw the band perform in Los Angeles . Alexandra then incorporated the song into `` Superstition '' , an episode of the show 's second season ( first aired on March 19 , 2006 ) . After its usage in the episode , the song became a minor Hot 100 hit . The song became an `` unofficial theme '' for the other members of the Grey 's Anatomy production after the episode aired , leading to the decision that the song would be used in the main promotion for the third season in the show . Grey 's Anatomy is credited with bringing popularity to the song . The song also featured prominently in the series five Scrubs episode `` My Lunch '' . Music videos ( edit ) The original music video , which premiered on VH1 on 12 September 2006 , featured the recurring themes of light and stopped time . This music video shows the scene of a car crash and all of its presumed victims in pause . There is a recurring light throughout the video shining brightly in the dark woods that the video takes place in . Scenes of the band playing in a dark warehouse are intercut with the story going on outside . This version of the video was placed at No. 21 of the year by VH1 's `` Top 40 Videos of 2006 '' . Another version of the music video juxtaposes scenes from Grey 's Anatomy to scenes of the original music video . However , all the scenes of the presumed car crash victims are excluded and only scenes of The Fray playing in a warehouse are shown . A third music video , directed by Mark Pellington , was released for the song on 6 December 2006 . The video features various adolescents , most of which seem to be between 12 -- 18 in age , all who appear to be depressed and suicidal , or possibly mourning the loss of a loved one . All of these children have lost a significant loved one prior to the video , and many of them cry and scream in the video , all against a white background . Scenes of the band playing the song against this same white background are also shown throughout the video . Many numbered steps are shown alongside them , such as `` Remember '' , `` Cry '' , or `` Let It Go '' . The video ends with each child finding a catharsis and making peace with themselves or others . This version of the video debuted on MTV 's Total Request Live ( TRL ) at No. 9 , and went on to top the countdown at No. 1 on 21 December 2006 , becoming the band 's first TRL No. 1 , and also becoming the last No. 1 video on TRL for 2006 . Track listings ( edit ) UK CDS 1 `` How to Save a Life '' `` She Is '' -- Acoustic from Stripped Raw + Real UK CDS 2 `` How to Save a Life '' `` How to Save a Life '' -- Acoustic from Stripped Raw + Real `` She Is '' -- Acoustic from Stripped Raw + Real `` How to Save a Life '' -- CD - Rom Personnel ( edit ) The Fray Isaac Slade -- Lead vocals , piano Dave Welsh -- Lead guitar Joe King -- Rhythm guitar , backing vocals Dan Battenhouse -- Bass guitar Ben Wysocki -- Drums Production Produced by Aaron Johnson , Mike Flynn Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 -- 07 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 46 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 17 European Singles Chart 14 France ( SNEP ) 35 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 45 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy Digital Singles ( FIMI ) 5 Italy Physical Singles ( FIMI ) 29 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Portugal ( Billboard ) 7 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 6 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 83 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 28 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 31 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 34 Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 30 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 27 Chart ( 2007 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 18 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 40 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 38 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 93 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 24 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 - 2009 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 58 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 20,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 7,500 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 15,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 748,702 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 4,700,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 900,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2007 ( Ireland ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2007 ( U.S. ) 1 - 800 - 273 - 8255 ( song ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 14 October 2006 ) . `` Billboard '' . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Recording Industry Association of America '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Polk , Christopher ( January 31 , 2015 ) . `` The 15 Most Downloaded Songs in Rock History '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Elysa ( July 12 , 2006 ) . `` Debut ' How to Save a Life ' takes on a life of its own '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diving Into -- The Fray '' ( PDF ) . Sauce . June 9 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ BBC Music . `` Top 40 Singles of the Year 2007 `` . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 Jump up ^ `` Best of the 2000s : Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best of the 2000s : Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best of the 2000s : Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Editorial , Rhapsody ( 2009 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Top 100 Tracks of the Decade -- Rhapsody : The Mix '' . Blog.rhapsody.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Herrera , Dave ( 2010 - 02 - 25 ) . `` The Fray , Frank E and Ryan Tedder make list of Top 25 iTunes downloads -- Denver Music -- Backbeat '' . Blogs.westword.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Rock songs downloaded ( Of all time ) '' . i99radio.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` How ' Grey 's ' got that catchy new `` theme '' song `` . New York Post . 24 September 2006 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray - How To Save A Life '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` The Fray - How To Save A Life '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 13 , 2007 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Digital Download -- Classifica settimanale dal 11 / 05 / 2007 al 17 / 05 / 2007 '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica Mix e Singoli -- Classifica settimanale dal 24 / 08 / 2007 al 30 / 08 / 2007 '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2007 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- The Fray '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs -- Peak '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 200650 into search . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Fray Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs : Year End 2006 '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2007 '' . ARIA . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2007 '' . Ultratop ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop & Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 20 May 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best of singles 2007 '' . IRMA . IRMA . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2007 '' . NZTop40 . Recorded Music New Zealand Limited . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar - År 2007 '' . Hitlistan ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Archived from the original on 21 January 2016 . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official UK Singles Chart of 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Year - End 2007 '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Decade End Charts -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2007 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- The Fray -- How to Save a Life '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i August '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- The Fray -- How to Save a Life '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Gold / Platinum Singles -- RadioScope New Zealand '' . Radioscope.net.nz . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- The Fray -- How to Save a Life '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Enter How to Save a Life in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- The Fray -- How to Save a Life '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer -- The Fray -- How To Save a Life '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Full lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics . ( hide ) The Fray Isaac Slade Joe King Dave Welsh Ben Wysocki Jeremy McCoy Jeff Linsenmaier Zach Johnson Caleb Slade Mike Ayars Dan Battenhouse Jimmy Stofer Dan Lavery Studio albums How to Save a Life The Fray Scars & Stories Helios Compilation albums Through the Years : The Best of the Fray Live albums Live at the Electric Factory : Bootleg No. 1 Acoustic in Nashville : Bootleg No. 2 Live from the 9 : 30 Club : Bootleg No. 3 EPs Movement Reason Christmas Singles `` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` Look After You '' `` All at Once '' `` You Found Me '' `` Never Say Never '' `` Heartless '' `` Syndicate '' `` Heartbeat '' `` Run for Your Life '' `` Love Do n't Die '' `` Break Your Plans '' Concert tours Kelly Clarkson / The Fray Tour Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_to_Save_a_Life&oldid=835555507 '' Categories : 2005 songs 2006 singles 2007 singles The Fray songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles 2000s ballads Rock ballads Songs about death Songs about suicide Songs written by Joe King ( guitarist ) Songs written by Isaac Slade Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Music videos directed by Mark Pellington Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with trivia sections from September 2017 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart making named ref Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 12 : 04 . 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who played the dresser in beauty and the beast	Wardrobe First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Audra McDonald ( live - action film ) Voiced by Jo Anne Worley Audra McDonald ( live - action film ) Aliases Amoire Grande Bouche Garderobe Title Madame	Audra McDonald\|Jo Anne Worley	List of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast characters	list of disney's beauty and the beast characters	This article lists information of fictional characters from Disney 's Beauty and the Beast franchise , covering the 1991 animated film , its direct to video followup , a short story collection , the stage musical adaptation , and the 2017 live - action and computer animation remake .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduced in Beauty and the Beast 1.1 Belle 1.2 Beast 1.3 Gaston 1.4 Maurice 1.5 Lumière 1.6 Cogsworth 1.7 Mrs. Potts 1.8 Chip Potts 1.9 Featherduster 1.10 Sultan 1.11 The Wardrobe 1.12 Le Fou 1.13 Monsieur D'Arque 1.14 The Triplets 1.15 The Baker 1.16 The Bookseller 1.17 The Enchantress 1.18 Phillipe 1.19 Chef Bouche 1.20 Coat Rack 1.21 Palanquin 2 Introduced in Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas 2.1 Forte 2.2 Fife 2.3 Angelique 3 Introduced in Belle 's Magical World 3.1 Webster 3.1. 1 Crane 3.1. 2 LePlume 3.2 Chandeleria 3.3 Witherspoon 4 Introduced in the live - action film 4.1 Maestro Cadenza 4.2 Jean Potts 4.3 Clothilde 4.4 Monsieur Toilette 5 Cast 6 References 7 External links Introduced in Beauty and the Beast Belle Main article : Belle ( Disney ) Beast Main article : Beast ( Disney ) Gaston Main article : Gaston ( Disney ) Maurice Maurice First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Eric Keenleyside ( Once Upon a Time ) Kevin Kline ( live - action film ) Voiced by Rex Everhart Maurice is the village inventor and Belle 's father . However , most of the villagers think he is insane for crafting devices believed ridiculous and impossible to construct in reality . During the beginning of the movie , he is working on a machine that automatically chops up firewood . Once it is successfully working , he leaves for the County Fair to display his invention . However , he is unable to make it to the fair due to getting lost in the woods . After going down a path that results in the loss of his horse and cart , and being attacked and nearly killed by a pack of rabid wolves , he winds up at the gate of a dark castle . When he enters the castle to stay for the night , he ends up being locked up by the Beast , the castle 's master . Belle learns of what happened and goes to the castle , attempting to release her father . She then tries to convince the Beast to release him from the castle . She succeeds in convincing the Beast to release him , under the condition that she is to take her father 's place , to Maurice 's protests . Maurice is forcibly taken back to the village . Upon returning to the village , Maurice tries to seek the villagers ' help in trying to rescue Belle , but they do n't believe him , and they consequently throw him out of the tavern . Determined to not give up on Belle , he decides to return to the castle alone . However , it does n't take long before he succumbs to an unknown illness due to the cold weather . Luckily , Belle discovers that her father is in trouble via the Beast 's Magic Mirror and is released by the Beast so she can save him . Shortly after arriving back home , Le Fou has alarmed the villagers of their return . Shortly thereafter , Monsieur D'Arque , the keeper of the Maison de Lunes Insane Asylum , and the other villagers come to take Maurice to the insane asylum in an intricate plan to blackmail Belle into marrying Gaston . Belle reveals that Maurice 's rants are true and that the Beast does exist . Both she and Maurice are locked up by Gaston in the cellar , to stop them from interfering with Gaston 's goal to kill the Beast . Chip has managed to stow away in Belle 's satchel and uses the automated firewood cutter to destroy the door to the cellar . Maurice and Belle leave for the castle to stop Gaston from killing the Beast . He is last seen in the ballroom standing by Mrs. Potts as he happily watches Belle and the Beast ( who is now transformed back into a handsome prince ) dance while he laughs at Chip 's question to his mother whether he still has to ' stay in the cupboard ' . In the 2017 live - action remake , Maurice is played by Kevin Kline . He remains as an inventor , but makes music boxes to help Belle see the world from the comfort of home in the village of Villeneuve . He fled Paris and settled in the provinces with Belle when she was still a baby to protect the both of them from a plague that took the life of Belle 's mother and Maurice 's wife . True to the original story , Maurice is imprisoned by the Beast for taking a rose from his garden instead of being caught trespassing in the castle . Maurice returns to Villeneuve to find help , but only Gaston and LeFou are willing to do so . However , Gaston only wanted to help in order to get Maurice 's blessing for his marriage to Belle . Knowing that Belle has no interest in marrying Gaston , Maurice refuses her hand , prompting Gaston to leave him to die at the hands of the wolves . The Enchantress , disguised as a villager named Agathe , rescues him and takes him back to Villeneuve . Upon his return , Maurice attempts to have Gaston arrested for attempted murder , but Gaston in turn declares him insane and has him committed to an insane asylum . Belle arrives back in time to vindicate Maurice , but both are locked in the asylum wagon while the whole village goes to kill the Beast . After Maurice and Belle make amends regarding Belle now understanding why Maurice was so overly protective of her , thanks to the Beast , Maurice uses his inventor skills to pick the lock on the wagon , allowing Belle to take Phillipe back to the Beast 's castle while Maurice remains behind with the dumbfounded Monsieur D'Arque . At the end of the movie , Maurice is seen painting the ballroom dance as everyone celebrates . He only makes a cameo in Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas as one of the people listening to the story Mrs. Potts is telling , and makes his debut appearance in the Kingdom Hearts series in Kingdom Hearts χ . Lumiere Lumière First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Henri Lubatti ( Once Upon a Time ) Ewan McGregor ( live - action film ) Voiced by Jerry Orbach ( films , House of Mouse ) Jeff Bennett ( Kingdom Hearts II , theme parks ) Ewan McGregor ( live - action film ) Masashi Ebara ( Japanese ) Lumière is the Beast 's kindhearted but rebellious maître d ' , Cogsworth 's counterpart and rival . Because of the curse placed by the Enchantress , he was transformed into a candelabra . He allows Maurice to come into the castle to stay . Later , he and Cogsworth lure Belle to Maurice in hopes that she will break the spell . He suggests that Beast try and move her to a better room . Lumière tries to help Beast become more civil for Belle , and sometimes rebels against the Beast if it suits the other characters ' needs ( like allowing Belle to have dinner despite Beast 's refusal to let them feed her ) . Later , after the Beast rescues Belle from more wolves , and Belle nurses the beast back to health , earning his affections in the process , Lumière , aware of what would impress such a voracious reader , astutely suggests that the Beast give Belle the castle 's immense library as a gift , which has the desired effect . He also tries to help the Beast learn how to do the waltz . He is initially upset that Belle leaves the castle , but he remains optimistic at the same time , since he 's still convinced that she 'll break the spell . When he discovers that the castle is going to be invaded by Gaston 's lynch mob , he plans the battle . He then decides to set up a trap where all of the furniture is in the foyer , and he gives the signal to attack . While he is unable to stop Gaston from deserting the battle to kill the Beast , Lumière saves Fifi the Featherduster from being plucked apart by a villager and is earlier himself saved from Le Fou by Cogsworth . He , Cogsworth and Mrs. Potts rush to aid the Beast who is fighting against Gaston , but arrive after the battle 's end , when the Beast dies from a mortal wound from Gaston , who fell to his death from the West Wing . The spell breaks , however , reviving the Beast and returning Lumière and the others to their original forms . In the end , he gets into an argument with Cogsworth about who told who about Belle breaking the spell ( it was Lumière ) . In The Enchanted Christmas , he tries to help bring Christmas back into the castle ( even if it means disobeying his Master to do so ) . Also , he and Cogsworth help get a Christmas tree with Belle upon Forte 's suggestion ( unaware of Forte 's plan ) . When Forte decides to try to destroy the castle , he and Cogsworth try to save the rose . He later appears in Kingdom Hearts II and Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days as a supporting character in the Beast 's Castle world . In 358 / 2 Days , he and Cogsworth serve as the castle 's patrol guards , forcing Roxas , Xion and Xaldin to evade their sight during missions in that world , and in Kingdom Hearts II , he is locked in the dungeon by the Beast along with the other servants in an attempt to protect him by the Beast 's rage , fueled by Xaldin , but he is freed by Sora , whom he helps by opening a secret passage out of the undercroft . He later plays a small role in the final battle against Xaldin . Lumière is played by Scottish actor , Ewan McGregor in the live - action version of Beauty and the Beast . This depiction of Lumiere has him as a charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a human - shaped candelabra with a bronze human - like face , arms tipped with candles and legs to walk with as well . Despite the differences , Lumiere 's design as a candelabra with three branches still remains only by shape shifting and can be self litten . He is lover of Plumette who has been transformed into a feather duster . Cogsworth Cogsworth First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Ian McKellen ( live - action film ) Voiced by David Ogden Stiers ( film ) Ian McKellen ( live - action film ) Kazuo Kumakura ( Japanese ) Cogsworth is the Beast 's tightly wound and extremely loyal Majordomo , and Lumière 's counterpart and rival . When the Enchantress curses the Beast , he is transformed into a pendulum clock . He initially tries to stop the others from allowing Maurice to stay at the castle ( as he knows the Beast would not approve ) , but ultimately gives in . When the Beast arrives , he tries to explain what happened , but the Beast is too angry to hear what happened . He tries to get Belle to come to dinner , but she refuses . When he reports to the Beast her refusal , he tries desperately to calm him down , as well as keep him calm when trying to get her to join him for dinner . He follows the Beast 's orders to deny her dinner , but he eventually relents , telling them to at least keep the noise down . He is eventually swept up in the boisterous `` Be Our Guest '' number . Later he learns that the Beast let Belle go , much to his dismay . He then tells everyone the bad news , and seems resigned to his fate ( as the rose is nearing the last petal ) . When the residents of the castle learn of the upcoming invasion , he tries to come up with a plan to stop the villagers , but the others leave him before he can finish . He later participates in the battle and saves Lumiere from Le Fou by sliding down the banister and prodding Le Fou 's rear end with a pair of scissors . He , Lumiere and Mrs. Potts rush to aid the Beast who is fighting against Gaston , but arrive after the battle 's end , when the Beast dies from a mortal wound from Gaston , who fell from the West Wing . The spell breaks , however , reviving the Beast and returning Cogsworth and the others to their original forms . In the end , he gets into an argument with Lumiere about who told who about Belle breaking the spell ( it was Lumiere ) . In The Enchanted Christmas , he is initially opposed to the idea of Christmas ( mainly due to his master 's opposition ) , but eventually decides that Christmas in the castle would n't be such a bad idea . He and Lumière try to help Belle find a Christmas tree under Forte 's guidance , unaware of Forte 's plans . Later , when Forte tries to destroy the castle , he attempts to save the rose . He later appears in Kingdom Hearts : 358 / 2 Days and Kingdom Hearts II in his homeworld , Beast 's Castle . In theformer , he serves as a patrol guard in the castle , and in the latter , he aids Sora in the brief fight against the Beast , under Xaldin 's influence . He later plays a small role in the final battle against Xaldin . Cogsworth is played by Sir Ian McKellen in the live - action version of Beauty and the Beast . This version has a wife named Clothilde . In the ending , he is reunited with Clothilde after he transforms back into a human , much to his dismay . It is revealed that this version 's first name is Henry . The 2017 live - action version of Cogsworth is older than the 1991 animated version . Mrs. Potts Mrs. Potts First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Emma Thompson ( live - action film ) Voiced by Angela Lansbury ( first and second films ) Anne Rogers ( Belle 's Magical World ) Emma Thompson ( live - action film ) Mrs. Potts is Chip 's mother and the castle 's head of the kitchen , and has a loving , motherly feel . When the Enchantress curses the Beast , she is transformed into a teapot . In her first appearance , she helps Maurice get comfortable . She helps comfort Belle when she is made to stay at the castle in exchange for her father 's freedom . Mrs. Potts also tries to help the Beast try to become more civil to Belle , although the efforts fall apart when Belle refuses to come to dinner . Later , Mrs. Potts entertains Belle when she 's having dinner . When the Beast is wounded , she tries to tend to his wounds with Belle . After learning that there are invaders coming to the castle , she tries to get the Beast to do something , but he declines , still depressed about Belle leaving . She later participates in the battle of the castle by having the rest of the dishes pour hot liquid on the villagers . In The Enchanted Christmas , she serves as the narrator of the tale . She later appears in Kingdom Hearts II in her homeworld , Beast 's Castle . She aids Sora , Lumiere and Cogsworth in opening the secret passage out of the dungeons by extinguishing the darkness surrounding the lanterns with the help of Sora 's Keyblade . Angela Lansbury , who had been known for playing many `` despicable '' characters throughout her Broadway career , noted that in the aftermath of her film role as Mrs Potts , children no longer hid behind their parents in fear when around her , and instead treated her like a heroine . Mrs. Potts is portrayed by Emma Thompson in the live - action version of Beauty and the Beast . During the final battle , she recognizes the potter Mr. Potts among the villagers storming the castle and is reunited with him after she transforms back into a human . It is then revealed that her first name is Beatrice . Chip Potts Chip Potts First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Nathan Mack ( live - action film ) Voiced by Bradley Pierce ( first film ) Haley Joel Osment ( second film ) Gregory Grudt ( Belle 's Magical World ) Tress MacNeille ( 4 episodes of House of Mouse ) Nikita Hopkins ( 1 episode of House of Mouse ) Nathan Mack ( live - action film ) Chip is the son of Mrs. Potts . As a result of the Enchantress ' spell , he is transformed into a teacup , with a small crack on the rim . He befriends Belle and looks up to her . He gets admonished by his mother when he does a bubble trick to Belle and when he giggles at how the Beast handles a spoon . Also , he stows away when she has to leave the castle to save her father Maurice , and wants to find out why she left . He later frees Belle and Maurice , who are trapped in the cellar by Gaston , by commandeering Maurice 's invention , an automatic firewood chopper , to break open the cellar door but destroying the invention in the process . In Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas , he is seen trying to open presents for Christmas . Also when Adam gives him a present , he 's excited about it being a storybook . He helps Belle make a storybook to make the Beast feel better . Also , in the flashback depicting the Enchantress placing the spell on the castle ten years earlier , he is present as a child , implying that the spell stopped him and the other servants from aging during the ten - year period . He cameos in Kingdom Hearts II . In the live - action version of Beauty and the Beast , Chip is portrayed by Nathan Mack . He is transformed into a teacup with a matching saucer , often using the saucer to move around quickly ( reminiscent of the droid BB - 8 from Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) . When the Enchantress 's curse on the kingdom is not broken in time , Chip and all the other castle servants lose their last vestiges of humanity and become completely inanimate . Before Chip drops to the ground lifeless ( his saucer already shattering upon impact ) , his teacup form is saved at the last instant by an ailing Chapeau who is transformed into a lifeless coat rack . Shortly afterwards , the spell on the kingdom is broken and Chip along with the other servants are restored to their human forms . He and his mother are reunited with Mr. Potts . Featherduster List of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast characters First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Gugu Mbatha - Raw ( live - action film ) Voiced by Kimmy Robertson ( films , House of Mouse ) Gugu Mbatha - Raw ( live - action film ) Aliases Babette Fifi Plumette The Featherduster is a maid of the castle , who is also Lumière 's girlfriend . She is transformed into a feather duster as a cause of the Enchantress ' spell . She appears in Beauty and the Beast and Belle 's Magical World . She also makes a cameo in Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas . There have been some changes to her name throughout the different shows produced ; in the musical , she is called Babette ; and in Belle 's Magical World , she is called Fifi . In the 2017 live - action film , she is portrayed by Gugu Mbatha - Raw and is called Plumette and was transformed into a swan - shaped feather duster . In the Belle 's Magical World segment , `` Fifi 's Folly '' , Fifi misunderstands Belle as Lumière 's new girlfriend when Belle helps him rehearse for his 5th Anniversary date with Fifi . However , in the end of the segment , Lumiere tells her he loves her after a series of events and they get back together again . The Featherduster is voiced by Kimmy Robertson in the Beauty and the Beast and Belle 's Magical World , but no actress is credited for her single line in The Enchanted Christmas . She also appeared in Disney 's House of Mouse and Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse , again voiced by Robertson but this time was called Babette . Sultan Sultan First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Gizmo ( live - action film ) Voiced by Frank Welker ( animated films ) Sultan is the castle dog who was turned into a footstool when the Enchantress enacted her curse . When Maurice first appeared at the castle , he is among those who meet him and tries to get Maurice to pet him . Then Sultan gets in front of Maurice so that he can put his feet up . During Belle 's stay at the castle , Sultan plays in the snow and even gets hugged by Belle . At the time when Gaston leads the villagers into laying siege to the Beast 's castle , Sultan takes part in the fight . When he is chased into the kitchen and cornered by LeFou and those with him , Chef Bouche and the knives help scare them off . After Belle broke the Enchantress ' spell , Sultan was among those who were restored to normal . In Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas , Sultan is among those present when they hear Mrs. Potts ' story about last Christmas . In the live - action film , Sultan is renamed Frou - Frou and portrayed by Gizmo . He is apparently the Yorkshire Terrier of Madame Garderobe and Maestro Cadenza . The Wardrobe Wardrobe First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Audra McDonald ( live - action film ) Voiced by Jo Anne Worley Audra McDonald ( live - action film ) Aliases Amoire Grande Bouche Garderobe Title Madame The Wardrobe is a former opera singer , turned into a wardrobe . The character of Wardrobe was introduced by visual development person Sue C. Nichols to the then entirely male cast of servants , and was originally a more integral character named `` Madame Armoire '' . Her role was later expanded upon and ultimately taken over by Mrs. Potts . Wardrobe is known as `` Madame de la Grande Bouche '' in the stage adaptation of the film . Her stage name supposedly means `` Mistress of the Big Mouth '' in a semi-literal English translation . The Marvel Comics serial for the movie , taking place during the movie , referred to her status as an opera singer that performed even to the king . She later appears in Kingdom Hearts II in her homeworld , Beast 's Castle . In the game , she blocks Sora 's way to the undercroft to free the servants from the dungeon , forcing Sora to push her out of the way while she is sleeping . As in the film , she is Belle 's closest confidante in the castle after Lumiere . In the 2017 live - action remake , the Wardrobe is portrayed by Audra McDonald and is known as Madame de Garderobe , wife of court composer , Maestro Cadenza , and also a well - respected opera singer . The Enchantress ' curse separated her from her husband , and as the rose withered , she was prone to dozing off more often as she became more inanimate . After the Enchantress lifts the curse and restores everyone to human form , Garderobe is reunited with her husband and sings at the celebratory ball at the end of the film . Le Fou Le Fou First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Josh Gad ( live - action film ) Voiced by Jesse Corti Le Fou ( French for `` The Madman '' , and also a phonetic pun on `` The Fool '' ) is a local villager who is Gaston 's bumbling - but - loyal sidekick ( and punching bag ) ; he is often mistreated by Gaston , but he does n't seem to mind . He seems unsure about Gaston marrying Belle ( thinking that she and her father , Maurice , are `` crazy '' ) , but helps him anyway . During the attempted wedding , he acts as a conductor to signal the playing of a fast tempo version on `` Here Comes the Bride '' . Later , when Gaston comes up with a plan to arrange for Maurice to be sent to the insane asylum to force Belle to marry him , they head to Belle 's house , but both she and Maurice are gone . Gaston decides to have Le Fou stay near the house and let him know when they return , much to Le Fou 's chagrin . After a while , when Belle brings Maurice home , Le Fou alerts Gaston so he can put his plan into action . After learning that the Beast exists , he accompanies Gaston and the rest of the lynch mob to the castle to kill the Beast singing `` The Mob Song '' with everybody . He picks up Lumière upon entering the castle , and Lumiere 's signal begins the battle . During the battle , Le Fou attempts to kill Lumiere by waving a torch perilously close to Lumiere 's head , but Cogsworth saves him by jabbing scissors hard in Le Fou 's rear end . He is last seen escaping with the rest of the villagers . It is left unknown if he knew Gaston died against the Beast , though it 's possible that Gaston 's absence from then on gave him that message . In the beginning of The Enchanted Christmas , despite the rest of the villagers being invited to the castle for a Christmas party , Le Fou is not present . In the movie , Le Fou was voiced by Venezuelan voice actor Jesse Corti , who also voiced Le Fou in the Spanish - language dub of the film , making Le Fou one of the few characters to share the same voice actor in two different dubs of the movie . In the 2017 live - action adaptation , Le Fou is portrayed by Josh Gad . In the version with Gad , the character is gay , becoming the first homosexual in a Disney film . In one deleted scene , Le Fou helped Gaston to break up the headmaster leading the villagers into destroying Belle 's laundry invention by shooting the gun in the air twice with the second time having a cow accidentally killed . Unlike in the original 1991 animated film during the fight at the Beast 's castle , he saves Mrs. Potts when she falls from the chandelier and switches sides to helping the Beast 's servants after Gaston abandons him while he takes a beating from the servants . One deleted scene had him given a bad encounter with Monsieur Toilette which causes him to run out of the room he was in . In another deleted scene following the spell being broken , Le Fou runs into Monsieur Toilette 's true form which identified from the bathroom smell . At the end of this version , he briefly dances with the ( presumably gay ) Stanley , who was also a friend and minion of Gaston 's . In the 2017 version , Le Fou is thus a rounder character , with complex motivations . Monsieur D'Arque Monsieur D'Arque First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Adrian Schiller ( live - action film ) Voiced by Tony Jay Monsieur D'Arque is the owner of the local madhouse or Asylum for Loons . Gaston bribes him to take part in a scheme to blackmail Belle into marrying him in which D'Arque will threaten to have Belle 's rather eccentric father Maurice sent to the madhouse . After Belle returns from the Beast 's castle , Monsieur D'Arque appears to collect Maurice as Gaston , Le Fou , and most of the villagers are present . He is only seen in these two scenes , and his fate after the Beast 's existence is revealed is left ambiguous . He also appears in the 2017 version . He only appears after Gaston demands that Maurice be put into the asylum and also tries to lock up both Maurice and Belle on Gaston 's orders while being told to make sure they do n't get out . Monsieur D'Arque is dumbfounded when he discovers that the two had managed to escape . As Belle rides off , Maurice asks Monsieur D'Arque if he has children . The Triplets Claudette , Laurette , and Paulette First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Sophie Reid ( Eliana ) Rafaëlle Cohen ( Elise ) Carla Nella ( Eloïse ) Voiced by Kath Soucie ( Paulette ( 1991 film ) ; all characters ( subsequent appearances ) ) Mary Kay Bergman ( Claudette and Laurette ( 1991 film ) ) The Triplets , also known as the `` Bimbettes '' , are a trio of beautiful blonde women who fawn over Gaston . The real names of the girls are Claudette , who wears a red dress , Laurette , who wears yellow dress , and Paulette , who wears a green dress . They think Belle is crazy when they see her refusing Gaston 's advances . They are also upset when Gaston decides to marry Belle , as they are seen crying when he is announcing that he will propose to Belle . They are later seen comforting and fawning over Gaston in the bar . They are not part of the mob who tries to kill the Beast . The end of the Gaston song implies that they acted as waitresses in the tavern due to Paulette being seen with a silver platter . In the beginning of `` The Enchanted Christmas , '' despite the rest of the villagers being invited to the castle for a Christmas party , the Triplets are n't present . The triplets also appear in the Marvel Comics serial for Beauty and the Beast , which was set during Belle 's stay at the castle . They are generally within the B - stories , where they try to sabotage Gaston 's plans to marry Belle , with varying success . In the Musical , their roles are the same , although they are given more dialogue and their role is expanded slightly . They have made regular appearances on `` Disney 's House of Mouse . '' They are now all voiced by Kath Soucie ( who had originally just voiced Paulette ) , due to Mary Kay Bergman 's suicide by the time the show was made . They also appear in the 2017 live - action remake . Although their overall roles were the same , they are in fact among the mob late in the film unlike in the 1991 original . In addition , the triplets were given a significantly different appearance , where they wore similarly - colored pink dresses , and possessed heavy makeup , a beauty spot , and brunette hair , as well as explicitly disliking Belle ( Bill Condon and Rafaëlle Cohen both indicated the triplets ' dislike of Belle dealt with their own mom neglecting them and doting on the latter ) . They are also depicted as being more haughty and vain . Their occupations also changed , acting as seamstresses in the remake . The three of them are among the villagers that accompany Gaston to the Beast 's castle to kill the Beast where they end up fighting the servants . One deleted scene had the Triplets chasing Frou - Frou into the kitchen where Cuisiner throws food on them . It is left unknown if they knew Gaston died against the Beast , though it 's possible that Gaston 's absence from then on gave them that message . Lastly , they were also given significantly different names by their actresses , being Elise ( portrayed by Rafaëlle Cohen ) , Eliana ( portrayed by Sophie Reid ) , and Eloïse ( portrayed by Carla Nella ) , though the names have not currently been officiated . The Baker The Baker First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Dale Branston Voiced by Alec Murphy The Baker is the head of a bakery in the village that Belle lived in . He says good morning to Belle and asks where Belle is off to . When Belle states that she is on her way to the bookstore to return a book about a beanstalk and an ogre , the Baker quotes `` That 's nice '' and shouts into the bakery for Marie to hurry up with the baguettes . The Baker later provides the birthday cake for Gaston 's wedding proposal for Belle which does n't go well . After Belle returned from the Beast 's castle , the Baker is among the villagers gathered by Gaston at the time when Gaston as Monsieur D'Arque comes to collect Maurice . After Belle uses the Beast 's mirror to show that the Beast exists , the Baker is among the villagers that accompany Gaston and Le Fou to the Beast 's Castle to kill the Beast only for the villagers to be fended off by the transformed servants . In the live - action film , Belle is seen during the first song buying one of the Baker 's foods and his discussion to Belle was transferred to Jean Potts . The Baker was seen when the Headmaster had roused the villagers into destroying Belle 's laundry invention after the Headmaster caught Belle teaching a girl how to read . Like the animated film , the Baker is among the villagers that accompany Gaston and Le Fou to the Beast 's castle to kill the Beast only for the villagers to be fended off by the transformed servants . The Bookseller The Bookseller First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Ray Fearon ( live - action film ) Voiced by Alvin Epstein The Bookseller is the owner of a small bookstore / library in the village that Belle lived in . He is one of a few villagers that are friendly to Belle . When Belle visits his place of work , the Bookseller states that he has n't received any new books yet . He does allow Belle to keep the book that she has borrowed twice . In the live - action film , the Bookseller is replaced with Père Robert who is Villeneuve 's local chaplain . He encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . He later helps Belle pick up some laundry when the cruel headmaster had some villagers throw them on the street after he discovered her trying to teach a young girl how to read . When Gaston has Monsieur D'Arque take Maurice to the Asylum after being accused for leaving him for dead , Père Robert insists that Maurice is n't insane and suggests that he be brought to a hospital . As Gaston leads the villagers to the Beast 's castle with an intention to kill the Beast , Père Robert watched in horror as villagers furiously marched toward their destination while he defiantly remains behind and shuns himself from participating . After the spell that was cast by the Enchantress was broken , Père Robert was among those seen attending the ball . The Enchantress The Enchantress First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Hattie Morahan ( live - action film ) Voiced by Kath Soucie ( second film ) The Enchantress is an off - screen , minor character , but she is responsible for the events in the story , as revealed in the prologue that it is she who curses Prince Adam as the Beast . She pays a visit to the castle one cold winter night and poses as an ugly , old peddler woman , offering a single rose for shelter . After being turned away by the prince twice , she reveals her true self ( young and beautiful , yet cruel and hypocritical ) and punishes him by transforming him into the Beast , his servants into objects , and his castle into a horrific version of itself laden with ugly gargoyles and grotesque statues . The Enchantress left the Beast with only two items , a magic mirror as the only window to the outside world , and the rose she had tried to give him . It turns out the rose is enchanted , working as an hourglass : it will bloom until his 21st birthday , when its petals will begin to fall . When the last petal falls , the prince will remain a Beast forever . The spell can only be broken if he can learn to love and receives love in return . Her spell is broken at the last second by Belle 's confession of love for the Beast . In The Enchanted Christmas , it is revealed that the Enchantress ' visit that resulted in the curse occurred on Christmas Day , which resulted in Adam 's dislike for the holiday . The Enchantress is voiced by Kath Soucie in the flashback scene of the film . In the live - action version , the Enchantress is played by Hattie Morahan , who also serves as the narrator of the prologue . She came to a debutante ball disguised as a beggar woman ( portrayed by Rita Davies ) and offered a rose as payment for shelter from the storm . The Prince turned her away twice , prompting her to reveal her true self . She not only transformed the prince , his servants , and the castle , but erased the villagers ' memory of the prince . Years later , she reappeared disguised as a hermit named Agathe . A deleted scene during the `` Belle '' song had Belle giving bread and jam to Agathe . She later tended to Maurice when Gaston left him for dead for the latter 's refusal to hand Belle in marriage . Later , she came to the Beast 's chamber while the Beast lay near death and overheard Belle profess her love for him despite it already being too late , as the last petal on the rose had fallen . She turned the rose into enchanted dust which revived the Beast and transformed both him and his servants into humans once again . Phillipe Phillipe First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Rusty ( live - action film ) Voiced by Hal Smith ( original film ) Frank Welker ( sequel ) Phillipe is a Belgian horse owned by Belle and Maurice . He is frightened of wolves and he emits a loud toot noise . Chef Bouche Chef Bouche First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Clive Rowe ( live - action film ) Voiced by Brian Cummings ( first film ) Jim Cummings ( third film ) Clive Rowe ( live - action film ) Chef Bouche is the Beast 's head chef who was transformed into a stove . He was disappointed that Beast cancelled dinner and he felt he had to throw away what he had made until Belle finally informed him , Lumière , Cogsworth and Mrs. Potts that she was hungry . When the villagers attacked the castle , he and the knives ended up scaring away the villagers that chased Sultan into the kitchen . In the `` Belle 's Magical World '' segment `` Mrs. Potts ' Party , '' Chef Bouche is instructed by Belle to bake a cake for Mrs. Potts . Even though he ran into difficulty , Chef Bouche succeeded in making the cake as he and the kitchen staff help Belle present it to Mrs. Potts . In the live - action film , Chef Bouche was renamed Cuisiner . In addition to being changed into a stove , he also consists of various pots , pans , and other kitchen utensils as facial features and body parts . Cuisiner is shown preparing a dinner for Belle on Lumiere 's orders without the Beast finding out . A deleted scene has Cuisiner taking part in the battle against the villagers where he throws molasses and feathers all over the Triplets that chased Frou Frou into the kitchen . In the same deleted scene where Le Fou had finished talking with Monsieur Toilette , Cuisiner is shown hugging a villager that he knows as Monsieur Toilette passes them . When the villager reacts to the hotness as a side effect of Cuisiner having been a stove , Cuisiner apologizes to the villager . The villager gives him a forgiveness gesture . Coat Rack Coat Rack First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Thomas Padden ( live - action film ) The Coat Rack is an unnamed servant of the Beast who was turned into a coat rack that sports a green hat . He was first seen amongst the castle 's inhabitants welcoming Maurice and giving him a blanket to help him warm up . The Coat Rack was seen helping Beast get ready for his dance with Belle . When Gaston leads the villagers into raiding the castle , the Coat Rack is among the servants seen fighting the villagers where he boxes with one of the villagers . In the live - action film , the Coat Rack has a larger role and is named Chapeau . He served as the Prince 's aide ( the junior novelization listed him as a valet ) who was turned into a coat rack . When Maurice first enters the castle , he hands his coat on him . After Belle was frightened out of the West Wing by Beast , Chapeau tries to prevent Belle from leaving the castle . Chappeau later takes part in the fight against the villagers where he punches Le Fou . As the last petal falls , Chapeau catches Chip before being rendered inanimate like everyone else . After the spell is broken , Chapeau is restored to normal as he pulls his foot away from Frou - Frou who was urinating on it . Palanquin Palanquin First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Palanquin is an unidentified servant transformed into a palanquin that resides at the Beast 's castle . His name came from the comics . After Belle agreed to take Maurice 's place , Beast had Maurice loaded into Palanquin telling Maurice that Belle is no longer her concern . Beat then order Palanquin to drop Maurice back at the village . Palanquin did tha after ripping it 's bindings off . In The New Adventures of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast comics , Mrs. Potts and Sultan enlist Palanquin to help rescue Beast and Chip when they fell off the castle into the ravine . Introduced in Beauty and the Beast : the Enchanted Christmas Forte Forte First appearance Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Voiced by Tim Curry Forte is the composer of the castle and serves as the main antagonist of The Enchanted Christmas . When the Enchantress curses the Beast , he is transformed into a pipe organ . Unlike the other cursed denizens , he enjoys the new form that he has for its power , as he feels that he 's more useful to the Beast in this form than as his human form . As such , he intends to sabotage the Beast and Belle 's relationship to ensure that the spell is never broken . He also uses Fife the Piccolo to carry out his plan , promising him his own musical solo when he succeeds ( though he never actually intends to give the solo to him ) . He tries to lure Belle away from the castle to get a Christmas tree in an area beyond a frozen lake . While she 's away , Forte tells the Beast that Belle has abandoned him , thus fueling more anger into the Beast . He then proceeds to tell the Beast to destroy the Enchanted Rose , but the Beast ultimately decides not to when a rose petal lands on the storybook from Belle , thus allowing the Beast to regain his senses . Enraged at this failure , and refusing to `` fade away '' , he decides to destroy the entire castle with his music , as the Beast and Belle ca n't fall in love if they are both dead . He ultimately meets his end when the Beast rips out his keyboard and wrecks it , causing Forte to try to kill the Beast by lunging at him . He ends up being dislodged from the wall causing Forte to crash to the ground . NOTE : When The Enchanted Christmas was originally conceived as a direct sequel to the first film , the character of Forte was written as Avenant , Gaston 's vengeful younger brother who would also be determined to ruin Belle and Adam 's lives before meeting his own end . Though plans for the sequel were scrapped , many of Avenant 's characteristics were integrated into Forte . Fife Fife First appearance Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Voiced by Paul Reubens Fife is a resident of the castle . When the Enchantress curses the Beast , he is transformed into a piccolo . He is tricked by Forte into trying to sabotage the relationship under the promise of his own solo . Fife lures Belle into Forte 's room for him to tell Belle where a suitable Christmas tree is located . However , shortly after she leaves , Forte tells Fife to follow her to the tree ( presumably so he can cause the ice to break with his sound ) . Fife later regrets this action and decides to help Belle and Beast mend their relationship . Forte decides to destroy the castle and Fife tries to stop him . Forte reveals that he never intended to give him a musical solo ( via expelling blank note sheets ) . No longer loyal to Forte , Fife tells the Beast that Forte 's power comes from the keyboard and Beast uses this knowledge to depower him . In the ending of the movie ( taking place in the present ) , Fife seems to have taken over Forte 's job as the composer of the castle . Angelique Angelique First appearance Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Voiced by Bernadette Peters Angelica is the castle decorator . When the Enchantress curses the Beast , she transforms into a Christmas angel ornament . She initially opposes the idea of Christmas , but then reconsiders after Belle tells her the joys of Christmas . She later comforts Belle in the dungeon . Introduced in Belle 's Magical World Webster Webster First appearance Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Voiced by Jim Cummings Webster is the castle 's scribe who was transformed into a dictionary by the Enchantress ' spell . While he means well , he has a rather long tongue , often speaking out of the right moment . This leads to the other servants , particularly Lumiere and Cogsworth , to dislike him greatly . During the first segment of Belle 's Magical World , he infuriates the Beast by giving unwanted synonyms to Belle 's insults during a row leading the Beast to strike him . Wracked with guilt after Belle and the Beast stop speaking to each other , he forges a letter of apology from Belle with his two best friends Crane and LePlume . He is exiled from the castle when the Beast finds out , but amends are made after Belle brings him back . Crane Crane First appearance Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Voiced by Jeff Bennett Crane is a set of paper sheets that is one of Webster 's friends . LePlume LePlume First appearance Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Voiced by Rob Paulsen LePlume is a quill that is one of Webster 's friends . Chandeleria Chandeleria First appearance Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Voiced by April Winchell Chandeleria is a chandelier that resides in the Beast 's castle . Witherspoon Witherspoon First appearance Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Voiced by none Witherspoon , interestingly , is the only one of Beast 's servants who is not a household object . In contrast , he is an intelligent pigeon in charge of delivering the Beast 's messages to the village for placing orders or anything similar . While it is possible that he was already a pigeon before the Enchantress placed the spell on the castle , his previously being a human servant may be the only possible explanation of his capability of understanding English with no apparent problem . Introduced in the live - action film Maestro Cadenza Maestro Cadenza First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Portrayed by Stanley Tucci ( live - action film ) Voiced by Stanley Tucci Exclusive to the 2017 live - action film , Maestro Cadenza is the husband to the opera singer Madame de Garderobe and is the castle 's court composer . At the time of his servitude to the Prince , Cadenza was suffering from dental problems . Cadenza is turned into a harpsichord by the Enchantress ' spell on the castle , while his wife is turned into a wardrobe . As a result , when he tries to play , he makes the occasional sour note due to the cavities in his teeth , but struggles through the pain in hopes of returning to his human form and reuniting with his wife . When the villagers raid the castle , Cadenza takes part in the fight where he bodyslams LeFou and fires his remaining keys as a form of hailing bullets at the villagers but not long before Lumière scares the villagers off by lighting one of the gunpowder puddles on the castle floor causing it to spark and forcing the villagers to retreat in humiliation . When the spell is broken , Cadenza is finally reunited with Garderobe and gets his lost teeth replaced . He performs his music at the ball at the end of the movie . Jean Potts Jean Potts First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Portrayed by Gerard Horan Jean Potts is an absent - minded potter who resides in the village of Villeneuve and is one of a few villagers that are friendly to Belle . He is depicted as the Mrs. Potts ' husband and Chip 's father where he lost the memory of it when the Enchantress ' spell is cast . Jean is first seen greeting Belle and comments the book she described as boring . Jean Potts is later seen in the tavern where Le Fou is trying to cheer up Gaston and when Maurice later came in accusing Gaston of leaving him for dead . Jean is among the villagers who assist Gaston in the attack on the Beast 's castle . During the fight between the servants and the villagers , Mrs. Potts recognized her husband . When the spell is broken , Jean is reunited with his wife and son and later dances with his wife at the ball . Clothilde Clothilde First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Portrayed by Haydn Gwynne Clothilde is a villager and fishmonger who is the wife of Cogsworth . When the Enchantress casts her spell , she loses the memory of her husband . During the opening song , Clothilde was shown selling some fish while trying to buy some eggs . Clothilde is among the villagers that assist the Headmaster into destroying her laundry machine and throwing Belle 's laundry on the street after the Headmaster caught Belle trying to teach a young girl how to read . She is among the villagers that join Gaston in the attack on Beast 's castle . When the spell is broken , Clothilde is happily reunited with her husband even though Cogsworth is originally quite horrified when Clothilde recognizes him . The two of them are later seen dancing at the ball . Monsieur Toilette Monsieur Toilette First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Portrayed by Stephen Merchant Monsieur Toilette is a servant of the Beast who was turned into a toilet . His scene was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . In the first deleted scene , Le Fou tries to take refuge in a room during the villagers ' fight with the servants only to have a frightful encounter with Monsieur Toilette . In another deleted scene after the spell is broken , Le Fou encounters Monsieur Toilette in his human form who he identifies from the bathroom smell and was shown in a traumatized / relieved stated . When Le Fou asks him what he is going to do now , Monsieur Toilette states that he 's going to go brush his teeth . He walks away pleased that he is human again as he passes by Cuisiner and a villager . Cast Character Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse ( 2001 ) House of Mouse ( 2001 - 2002 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Belle Paige O'Hara Jodi Benson Emma Watson Beast / Prince Robby Benson Dan Stevens Gaston Richard White Richard White Luke Evans Lumière Jerry Orbach Maurice LaMarche Jerry Orbach Ewan McGregor Cogsworth David Ogden Stiers Ian McKellen Mrs. Potts Angela Lansbury Anne Rogers Silent role Emma Thompson Chip Bradley Pierce Haley Joel Osment Gregory Grudt Silent Role Tress MacNeille Nathan Mack Maurice Rex Everhart Silent Role Corey Burton Kevin Kline Le Fou Jesse Corti Cameo Josh Gad Wardrobe Jo Anne Worley Jo Anne Worley Silent Role Audra McDonald Featherduster Kimmy Robertson Cameo Kimmy Robertson Silent Role Kimmy Robertson Gugu Mbatha - Raw Enchantress Silent role Kath Soucie Hattie Morahan Monsieur D'Arque Tony Jay Adrian Schiller Maestro Tim Curry Stanley Tucci Chef Brian Cummings Jim Cummings Clive Rowe Bookseller Alvin Epstein Ray Fearon Fife Paul Reubens Angelique Bernadette Peters Webster Jim Cummings Le Plume Rob Paulsen Crane Jeff Bennett Chandeleria April Winchell Bimbettes Mary Kay Bergman Kath Soucie Kath Soucie Sophie Reid Rafaëlle Cohen Carla Nella Jean Potts Gerard Horan Clothilde Haydn Gwynne Coat Rack Silent role Thomas Padden Phillipe Hal Smith Frank Welker Rusty Footstool Frank Welker Frank Welker Gizmo References This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ Alex Rogers ( 2015 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth the Clock in Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Time . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Angela Lansbury On Playing Mrs. Potts In BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . YouTube . 2009 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Neuwirth , Allan ( 2003 ) . Makin ' Toons : Inside the Most Popular Animated TV Shows and Movies . New York : Allworth Press . pp. 105 -- 104 . ISBN 1 - 58115 - 269 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast : Disney 's First Gay Character Is Here '' . Time.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Deleted Scene Reveals Monsieur Toilette '' . ew.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . External links ( hide ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Disney%27s_Beauty_and_the_Beast_characters&oldid=833835487 '' Categories : Beauty and the Beast ( franchise ) characters Kingdom Hearts characters Lists of Disney animated film characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2014 Articles needing cleanup from July 2009 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from July 2009 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from July 2009 Articles needing additional references from February 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 17 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Disney%2527s%20Beauty%20and%20the%20Beast%20characters	17,659
where does the small intestine and large intestine meet	The cecum or caecum ( / ˈsiːkəm / , plural ceca / ˈsiːkə / ; from the Latin caecus meaning blind ) is an intraperitoneal pouch that is considered to be the beginning of the large intestine . It is typically located on the right side of the body ( the same side of the body as the appendix , to which it is joined ) .	cecum	Cecum	cecum	The cecum or caecum ( / ˈsiːkəm / , plural ceca / ˈsiːkə / ; from the Latin caecus meaning blind ) is an intraperitoneal pouch that is considered to be the beginning of the large intestine . It is typically located on the right side of the body ( the same side of the body as the appendix , to which it is joined ) .	It receives chyme from the ileum , and connects to the ascending colon of the large intestine . It is separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve ( ICV ) or Bauhin 's valve . It is also separated from the colon by the cecocolic junction . While the cecum is usually intraperitoneal , the ascending colon is retroperitoneal . In herbivores , the cecum stores food material where bacteria are able to break down the cellulose . This function no longer occurs in the human cecum ( see appendix ) , so in humans it is simply a dead - end pouch forming a part of the large intestine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Development 2 History 2.1 Etymology 3 Clinical significance 4 In animals 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The cecum and appendix are formed by the enlargement of the postarterial segment of the midgut loop . The proximal part of the bud grows rapidly to form the cecum . The lateral wall of the cecum grows much more rapidly than the medial wall , with the result that the point of attachment of the appendix comes to lie on the medial side . History ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) The term cecum comes from the Latin caecum , literally `` blind '' , here in the sense `` blind gut '' or `` cul de sac '' . In dissections by the Greek philosophers , the connection between the ileum of the small intestines and the cecum was not fully understood . Most of the studies of the digestive tract were done on animals and the results were compared to human structures . The junction between the small intestine and the colon , called the ileocecal valve , is so small in some animals that it was not considered to be a connection between the small and large intestines . During a dissection , the colon could be traced from the rectum , to the sigmoid colon , through the descending , transverse , and ascending sections . The cecum is an end point for the colon with a dead - end portion terminating with the appendix . The connection between the end of the small intestine ( ileum ) and the start ( as viewed from the perspective of food being processed ) of the colon ( cecum ) is now clearly understood , and is called the ileocolic orifice . The connection between the end of the cecum and the beginning of the ascending colon is called the cecocolic orifice . Clinical significance ( edit ) A cecal carcinoid tumor is a carcinoid tumor of the cecum . An appendiceal carcinoid tumor ( a carcinoid tumor of the appendix ) is sometimes found next to a cecal carcinoid . In animals ( edit ) Gastric cecum of dissected cockroach . Scale bar , 2 mm . A cecum is present in most amniote species , and also in lungfish , but not in any living species of amphibian . In reptiles , it is usually a single median structure , arising from the dorsal side of the large intestine . Birds typically have two paired ceca , as , unlike other mammals , do hyraxes . Parrots do not have ceca . Most mammalian herbivores have a relatively large cecum , hosting a large number of bacteria , which aid in the enzymatic breakdown of plant materials such as cellulose ; in many species , it is considerably wider than the colon . In contrast , obligatory carnivores , whose diets contain little or no plant material , have a reduced cecum , which is often partially or wholly replaced by the appendix . Mammalian species which do not develop a cecum include raccoons , bears , and the red panda . Over 99 % of the bacteria in the gut flora are anaerobes , but in the cecum , aerobic bacteria reach high densities . Many fish have a number of small outpocketings , called pyloric ceca , along their intestine ; despite the name they are not homologous with the cecum of amniotes , and their purpose is to increase the overall area of the digestive epithelium . Some invertebrates , such as squid , may also have structures with the same name , but these have no relationship with those of vertebrates . Additional images ( edit ) Illustration of the large intestine Diagram of human gastrointestinal tract Cecum and ileum Ileo - cecal valve Cecum Ileocecal orifice Location of McBurney 's point ( # 1 ) The superior mesenteric artery and its branches Arteries of cecum and vermiform process Inferior ileocecal fossa Interior of the cecum and lower end of ascending colon , showing colic valve Topography of thoracic and abdominal viscera Endoscopic image of cecum with arrow pointing to ileocecal valve in foreground See also ( edit ) McBurney 's point References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Large Intestine '' . VideoHelp.com . Jump up ^ Taylor , Tim . `` Anatomy and Physiology Instructor '' . InnerBody.com . Howtomedia , Inc . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 353 -- 54 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . Jump up ^ Clench , Mary H. ; Mathias , John R. ( 1995 ) . The Avian Cecum : A Review . Ann Arbor , MI : Wilson Bulletin . pp. 93 -- 121 , vol. 107 ( 1 ) March . ^ Jump up to : Guarner F , Malagelada JR ( February 2003 ) . `` Gut flora in health and disease '' . Lancet . 361 ( 9356 ) : 512 -- 19 . PMID 12583961 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 03 ) 12489 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sears CL ( October 2005 ) . `` A dynamic partnership : celebrating our gut flora '' . Anaerobe. 11 ( 5 ) : 247 -- 51 . PMID 16701579 . doi : 10.1016 / j. anaerobe. 2005.05. 001 . Jump up ^ University of Glasgow. 2005 . The normal gut flora . Available through web archive . Accessed May 22 , 2008 Jump up ^ Beaugerie L , Petit JC ( April 2004 ) . `` Microbial - gut interactions in health and disease . Antibiotic - associated diarrhoea '' . Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 18 ( 2 ) : 337 -- 52 . PMID 15123074 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bpg. 2003.10. 002 . Jump up ^ Vedantam G , Hecht DW ( October 2003 ) . `` Antibiotics and anaerobes of gut origin '' . Curr . Opin . Microbiol. 6 ( 5 ) : 457 -- 61 . PMID 14572537 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mib. 2003.09. 006 . Jump up ^ Williams , L.W. ( 1910 ) . The anatomy of the common squid : Loligo pealii , Lesueur . American Museum Of Natural History . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cecum . Photo at mgccc.cc.ms.us Anatomy figure : 37 : 03 - 08 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` Abdominal organs in situ . '' Anatomy figure : 37 : 06 - 09 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` The larger intestine . '' Anatomy figure : 39 : 05 - 09 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` The cecum with the distal portion of the ileum . '' Anatomy photo : 39 : 14 - 0101 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` Incisions of the Cecum '' Cross section image : pelvis / pelvis - e12 - 2 -- Plastination Laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna Video clip of worms in the Cecum ( hide ) Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract , excluding the mouth Upper Pharynx Muscles Spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Piriform sinus Esophagus Sphincters upper lower glands Stomach Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus antrum canal sphincter Gastric mucosa Gastric folds Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric glands Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cell Parietal cell Gastric chief cell Enterochromaffin - like cell Lower Small intestine Microanatomy Intestinal villus Intestinal gland Enterocyte Enteroendocrine cell Goblet cell Paneth cell Duodenum Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner 's glands Jejunum No substructures Ileum Ileocecal valve Peyer 's patches Microfold cell Large intestine Cecum Appendix Colon Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix Rectum Transverse folds Ampulla Anal canal Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter Wall Serosa / Adventitia Subserosa Muscular layer Submucosa Circular folds Mucosa Muscularis mucosa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cecum&oldid=793426806 '' Categories : Digestive system Latin words and phrases Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Walon 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2017 , at 17 : 46 . 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the 1982 world cup's official ball - tango españa - has what claim to fame			Adidas Tango	adidas tango	The Adidas Tango is a successful family and brand of association football balls first introduced as the Tango Durlast in 1978 for the 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina . Variations of the design had been produced for various competitions including the FIFA World Cup , the UEFA European Championship and the Summer Olympics . The Tango balls have had different names applied to them to distinguish them in their construction , the competitions they have been used for , and even if they are match or replica balls .	In 2011 , Adidas introduced the Tango 12 , but besides the name there are no particular similarities between the new ball and the old Adidas Tango family . Contents 1 Tango Durlast 2 Tango España 3 Tango variations 4 Use in heraldry 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Tango Durlast ( edit ) The 1978 Tango Durlast has twenty identical panels with ' triads ' creating the impression of 12 circles . Like its predecessors , the Adidas Tango Durlast was made of genuine leather and boasted the shiny waterproofing Durlast coating . Tango España ( edit ) Adidas Tango España . The Tango España by Adidas was the official match ball of 1982 FIFA World Cup held in Spain . The Tango España had improved water resistant qualities through its rubberized seams . These were not very resistant and resulted in the ball having to be changed several times during some games . This ball was the last genuine leather ball to be used in the World Cup . Tango variations ( edit ) Year Tango variation Competition Additional information 1978 Adidas Tango Durlast 1978 FIFA World Cup The ball was initially introduced as the Tango Durlast , however further production models were also branded as Tango River Plate . Replica variations include the Tango Rosario 1980 Adidas Tango River Plate UEFA Euro 1980 1982 Adidas Tango España 1982 FIFA World Cup Replica variations include the Tango Barcelona . Other variations include the Tango Mundial , Tango Alicante , Tango Malaga and Tango Indoor 1984 Adidas Tango Mundial UEFA Euro 1984 Adidas Tango Sevilla 1984 Summer Olympics Used for the 1984 Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles -- compared to previous Tango the only addition is the competition logo 1988 Adidas Tango Europa UEFA Euro 1988 Adidas Tango Séoul 1988 Summer Olympics 2012 Adidas Tango 12 UEFA Euro 2012 New design Adidas Tango , including Adidas Tango Argentina 12 , Torfabrik , Comoequa , The Albert , Prime and Adidas Tango 12 Other variations of the Tango ball seen include : Tango Roma , Tango Napoli , Tango Munich , Tango Scorpion , Tango Mendoza , Tango Gol , Tango Indoor Ball , Tango Tournoi For the newer family of footballs that are branded Tango please see Adidas Tango 12 . Use in heraldry ( edit ) Adidas Tango ball is featured on the club badge of Ukrainian club Chornomorets Odessa , as well as Russian football team Mordovia Saransk . See also ( edit ) Adidas Tango 12 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Soccerball World '' . Soccerball World . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nightly.net forum on rare soccer balls '' . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Official European Championship Match Balls '' . Retrieved 21 Aug 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer Ball World : Tango Espana '' . Soccer Ball World . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer Ball World : Olympic Ball 1984 '' . Soccer Ball World . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ( Spanish ) Official ball of LA Olympics '' . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer History Online : Match Balls '' . Archived from the original on 23 June 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adidas Tango . Adidas ball history Soccerball World : History of the World Cup 's Match Balls The Guardian - The Joy of Six : great footballs The History of FIFA World Cup Match Ball Preceded by Telstar Durlast FIFA World Cup official ball 1978 -- 1982 Succeeded by Azteca Preceded by Telstar Durlast UEFA European Championship official ball 1980 , 1984 , 1988 Succeeded by Etrusco Unico FIFA World Cup symbols Albums ( official ) 1994 : Gloryland 1998 : Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! 2002 : The Official Album 2006 : Voices 2010 : Listen Up ! 2014 : One Love , One Rhythm Anthems ( official ) 1998 : `` La Cour des Grands ( Do You Mind If I Play ) '' 2002 : `` Anthem '' 2006 : `` Celebrate the Day '' 2010 : `` Sign of a Victory '' 2014 : `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' 2018 : `` Komanda '' 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Songs ( official ) 1962 : `` El Rock del Mundial '' 1966 : `` World Cup Willie ( Where in this World are We Going ) '' 1970 : `` Fútbol México 70 '' 1974 : `` Futbol '' 1978 : `` El Mundial '' 1982 : `` Mundial ' 82 '' 1986 : `` A Special Kind of Hero '' 1990 : `` Un'estate italiana '' 1994 : `` Gloryland '' 1998 : `` The Cup of Life '' 2002 : `` Boom '' 2006 : `` The Time of Our Lives '' 2010 : `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' 2014 : `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' 2018 : `` Live It Up '' 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Films ( official ) 1954 : German Giants 1958 : Hinein ! 1962 : Viva Brazil 1966 : Goal ! 1970 : The World at Their Feet 1974 : Heading for glory 1978 : Campeones 1982 : G'olé ! 1986 : Hero 1990 : Soccer Shoot - Out 1994 : Two Billion Hearts 1998 : La Coupe de la Gloire 2002 : Seven Games from Glory 2006 : The Grand Finale 2010 : The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Film in 3D 2014 : Brasil ! : FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : TBA 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Mascots ( official ) 1966 : World Cup Willie 1970 : Juanito 1974 : Tip and Tap 1978 : Gauchito 1982 : Naranjito 1986 : Pique 1990 : Ciao 1994 : Striker , the World Cup Pup 1998 : Footix 2002 : Ato , Kaz , and Nik 2006 : Goleo VI and Pille 2010 : Zakumi 2014 : Fuleco 2018 : Zabivaka 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Balls ( official ) 1970 : Telstar 1974 : Telstar Durlast 1978 : Tango Durlast 1982 : Tango España 1986 : Azteca 1990 : Etrusco Unico 1994 : Questra 1998 : Tricolore 2002 : Fevernova 2006 : + Teamgeist 2010 : Jabulani 2014 : Brazuca 2018 : Telstar 18 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Video games 1986 : World Cup Carnival 1990 : World Cup Soccer : Italia ' 90 World Cup Italia ' 90 1994 : World Cup USA ' 94 1998 : World Cup 98 Jikkyou World Soccer : World Cup France ' 98 World Soccer Jikkyou Winning Eleven 3 : World Cup France ' 98 2002 : 2002 FIFA World Cup 2006 : 2006 FIFA World Cup 2010 : 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa 2014 : 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : FIFA 18 FIFA World Cup DLC 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Instruments 2010 : Vuvuzela 2014 : Caxirola 2018 : Spoon 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA UEFA European Championship symbols Albums 1996 : The Beautiful Game 2000 : Euro 2000 : The Official Album 2004 : Vive O 2004 ! Songs 1992 : `` More Than a Game '' 1996 : `` We 're in This Together '' 2000 : `` Campione 2000 '' 2004 : `` Força '' 2008 : `` Can You Hear Me '' 2012 : `` Endless Summer '' 2016 : `` This One 's for You '' Mascots 1980 : Pinocchio 1984 : Péno 1988 : Berni 1992 : Rabbit 1996 : Goaliath 2000 : Benelucky 2004 : Kinas 2008 : Trix and Flix 2012 : Slavek and Slavko 2016 : Super Victor Balls 1968 : Telstar Elast 1972 : Telstar Durlast 1976 : Telstar Durlast 1980 : Tango River Plate 1984 : Tango Mundial 1988 : Tango Europa 1992 : Etrusco Unico 1996 : Questra Europa 2000 : Terrestra Silverstream 2004 : Roteiro 2008 : Europass 2012 : Tango 12 2016 : Beau Jeu ( group stage ) & Fracas ( knockout phase ) Video games 1988 : Euro'88 1992 : Euro'92 1996 : Euro'96 2000 : UEFA Euro 2000 2004 : UEFA Euro 2004 2008 : UEFA Euro 2008 2012 : UEFA Euro 2012 2016 : Pro Evolution Soccer : UEFA Euro 2016 France UEFA Euro 1980 Stages Qualification Group stage Group 1 Group 2 Knockout stage Final General information Squads Official symbols Tango River Plate ( ball ) Pinocchio ( mascot ) UEFA Euro 1984 Stages Qualification Group stage Group 1 Group 2 Knockout stage Final General information Squads Official symbols Tango Mundial ( ball ) Péno ( mascot ) UEFA Euro 1988 Stages Qualification Group stage Group 1 Group 2 Knockout stage Final General information Squads Official symbols Tango Europa ( ball ) Berni ( mascot ) Euro'88 ( video game ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adidas_Tango&oldid=850700995 '' Categories : Adidas footballs Products introduced in 1978 FIFA World Cup balls 1978 FIFA World Cup 1982 FIFA World Cup UEFA Euro 1980 UEFA Euro 1984 UEFA Euro 1988 UEFA European Championship balls Olympic football balls Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 July 2018 , at 14 : 56 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adidas%20Tango	107,994
the cave murals of southern france and northern spain			Cave painting	cave painting	Cave paintings ( also known as `` parietal art '' ) are painted drawings on cave walls or ceilings , mainly of prehistoric origin , dated to some 40,000 years ago ( around 38,000 BCE ) in Eurasia . The exact purpose of the Paleolithic cave paintings is not known . Evidence suggests that they were not merely decorations of living areas since the caves in which they have been found do not have signs of ongoing habitation . They are also often located in areas of caves that are not easily accessible . Some theories hold that cave paintings may have been a way of communicating with others , while other theories ascribe a religious or ceremonial purpose to them . The paintings are remarkably similar around the world , with animals being common subjects that give the most impressive images . Humans mainly appear as images of hands , mostly hand stencils made by blowing pigment on a hand held to the wall .	The earliest known cave paintings / drawings of animals are at least 35,000 years old and were found in caves in the district of Maros , located in Bantimurung district , South Sulawesi , Indonesia , according to datings announced in 2014 . Previously it was believed that the earliest paintings were in Europe . The earliest figurative paintings in Europe date back to the Aurignacian period , approximately 30,000 to 32,000 years ago , and are found in the Chauvet Cave in France , and in the Coliboaia Cave in Romania . The earliest non-figurative rock art dates back to approximately 40,000 years ago , the date given both to a disk in the El Castillo cave and a hand stencil in Timpuseng cave Sulawesi , Indonesia . There are similar later paintings in Africa , Australia and South America , continuing until recent times in some places , though there is a worldwide tendency for open air rock art to succeed paintings deep in caves . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of discovery 1.1 Age 1.2 Subjects , themes and patterns 1.3 Theories and interpretations 2 Locations 2.1 Southern Africa 2.2 Horn of Africa 2.3 North Africa 2.4 Australia 2.5 Europe 2.6 India 2.7 North America 2.8 South America 2.9 Southeast Asia 2.10 East Asia 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History of Discovery ( edit ) Age ( edit ) Human timeline view discuss edit - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- Human - like apes Nakalipithecus Ouranopithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Neanderthal Homo sapiens ← Earlier apes ← Separation from gorillas ← Possibly bipedal ← Separation from chimpanzees ← Earliest bipedal ← Earliest stone tools ← Earliest exit from Africa ← Earliest fire use ← Earliest in Europe ← Earliest cooking ← Earliest clothes ← Modern speech ← Modern humans l i s o n l i o n i o n o m i n i d s Axis scale : millions of years . Also see : Life timeline and Nature timeline Cueva de las Monedas Nearly 340 caves have now been discovered in France and Spain that contain art from prehistoric times . Initially , the age of the paintings had been a contentious issue , since methods like radiocarbon dating can produce misleading results if contaminated by samples of older or newer material , and caves and rocky overhangs ( where parietal art is found ) are typically littered with debris from many time periods . But subsequent technology has made it possible to date the paintings by sampling the pigment itself and the torch marks on the walls . The choice of subject matter can also indicate chronology . For instance , the reindeer depicted in the Spanish cave of Cueva de las Monedas places the drawings in the last Ice Age . The oldest date given to an animal cave painting is now a pig that has a minimum age of 35,400 years old at Timpuseng cave in Sulawesi , an Indonesian island . Indonesian and Australian scientists have dated other non-figurative paintings on the walls to be approximately 40,000 years old . The method they used to confirm this was dating the age of the stalactites that formed over the top of the paintings . The art is similar in style and method to that of the Indonesian caves as there were also hand stencils and disks made by blowing paint onto the walls . Cave paintings in El Castillo cave were found to date back to at least 37,300 years old by researchers at Bristol University , making them the oldest known cave art in Europe , 5 -- 10,000 years older than previous examples from France . This date coincides with the earliest known evidence for Homo sapiens in Europe . Because of the cave art 's age , some scientists have conjectured that the paintings may have been made by Neanderthals . The earliest known European figurative cave paintings are those of Chauvet Cave in France . These paintings date to earlier than 30,000 BCE ( Upper Paleolithic ) according to radiocarbon dating . Some researchers believe the drawings are too advanced for this era and question this age . However , more than 80 radiocarbon dates had been obtained by 2011 , with samples taken from torch marks and from the paintings themselves , as well as from animal bones and charcoal found on the cave floor . The radiocarbon dates from these samples show that there were two periods of creation in Chauvet : 35,000 years ago and 30,000 years ago . One of the surprises was that many of the paintings were modified repeatedly over thousands of years , possibly explaining the confusion about finer paintings that seemed to date earlier than cruder ones . In 2009 , cavers discovered drawings in Coliboaia Cave in Romania , stylistically comparable to those at Chauvet . An initial dating puts the age of an image in the same range as Chauvet : about 32,000 years old . In Australia , cave paintings have been found on the Arnhem Land plateau showing megafauna which are thought to have been extinct for over 40,000 years , making this site another candidate for oldest known painting ; however , the proposed age is dependent on the estimate of the extinction of the species seemingly depicted . Another Australian site , Nawarla Gabarnmang , has charcoal drawings that have been radiocarbon - dated to 28,000 years , making it the oldest site in Australia and among the oldest in the world for which reliable date evidence has been obtained . Other examples may date as late as the Early Bronze Age , but the well - known Magdalenian style seen at Lascaux in France ( c . 15,000 BCE ) and Altamira in Spain died out about 10,000 BCE , coinciding with the advent of the Neolithic period . Some caves probably continued to be painted over a period of several thousands of years . The next phase of surviving European prehistoric painting , the rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin , was very different , concentrating on large assemblies of smaller and much less detailed figures , with at least as many humans as animals . This was created roughly between 10,000 and 5,500 years ago , and painted in rock shelters under cliffs or shallow caves , in contrast to the recesses of deep caves used in the earlier ( and much colder ) period . Though individual figures are less naturalistic , they are grouped in coherent grouped compositions to a much greater degree . Subjects , themes and patterns ( edit ) Spanish cave painting of bulls . The most common subjects in cave paintings are large wild animals , such as bison , horses , aurochs , and deer , and tracings of human hands as well as abstract patterns , called finger flutings . The species found most often were suitable for hunting by humans , but were not necessarily the actual typical prey found in associated deposits of bones ; for example , the painters of Lascaux have mainly left reindeer bones , but this species does not appear at all in the cave paintings , where equine species are the most common . Drawings of humans were rare and are usually schematic as opposed to the more detailed and naturalistic images of animal subjects . One explanation for this may be that realistically painting the human form was `` forbidden by a powerful religious taboo . '' Kieran D. O'Hara , geologist , suggests in his book Cave Art and Climate Change that climate controlled the themes depicted . Pigments used include red and yellow ochre , hematite , manganese oxide and charcoal . Sometimes the silhouette of the animal was incised in the rock first , and in some caves all or many of the images are only engraved in this fashion , taking them somewhat out of a strict definition of `` cave painting '' . Similarly , large animals are also the most common subjects in the many small carved and engraved bone or ivory ( less often stone ) pieces dating from the same periods . But these include the group of Venus figurines , which have no real equivalent in cave paintings . Hand stencils , made by placing a hand on the wall and blowing pigment at it ( probably through a pipe of some kind ) , form a characteristic image of a roughly round area of solid pigment with the uncoloured shape of the hand in the centre , which may then be decorated with lines or dashes . These are often found in the same caves as other paintings , or may be the only form of painting in a location . Some walls contain many hand stencils . Similar hands are also painted in the usual fashion . A number of hands show a finger wholly or partly missing , for which a number of explanations have been given . Hand images are found in similar forms in Europe , Eastern Asia and South America . Theories and interpretations ( edit ) Rock paintings from the Cave of Beasts ( Gilf Kebir , Libyan Desert ) Estimated 7000 BP Henri Breuil interpreted the paintings as being hunting magic , meant to increase the number of animals . Another theory , developed by David Lewis - Williams and broadly based on ethnographic studies of contemporary hunter - gatherer societies , is that the paintings were made by paleolithic shamans . The shaman would retreat into the darkness of the caves , enter into a trance state , and then paint images of their visions , perhaps with some notion of drawing power out of the cave walls themselves . R. Dale Guthrie , who has studied both highly artistic and publicized paintings and a variety of lower quality art and figurines , identifies a wide range of skill and ages among the artists . He hypothesizes that the main themes in the paintings and other artifacts ( powerful beasts , risky hunting scenes and the representation of women in the Venus figurines ) are the work of adolescent males , who constituted a large part of the human population at the time . However , in analyzing hand prints and stencils in French and Spanish caves , Dean Snow of Pennsylvania State University has proposed that a proportion of them , including those around the spotted horses in Pech Merle , were of female hands . Locations ( edit ) Southern Africa ( edit ) San rock paintings from the Western Cape in South Africa . At uKhahlamba / Drakensberg Park , South Africa , now thought to be some 3,000 years old , the paintings by the San people who settled in the area some 8,000 years ago depict animals and humans , and are thought to represent religious beliefs . Human figures are much more common in the rock art of Africa than in Europe . Cave paintings found at the Apollo 11 Cave in Namibia are estimated to date from approximately 23,000 -- 25,000 BCE . Horn of Africa ( edit ) Cave paintings at the Laas Geel complex in northern Somaliland . In 2002 , a French archaeological team discovered the Laas Geel cave paintings on the outskirts of Hargeisa in the northwestern region of Somaliland . Dating back around 5,000 years , the paintings depict both wild animals and decorated cows . They also feature herders , who are believed to be the creators of the rock art . In 2008 , Somali archaeologists announced the discovery of other cave paintings in Dhambalin region , which the researchers suggest includes one of the earliest known depictions of a hunter on horseback . The rock art is in the Ethiopian - Arabian style , dated to 1000 to 3000 BCE . Additionally , between the towns of Las Khorey and El Ayo in Karinhegane , the site of numerous cave paintings of real and mythical animals . Each painting has an inscription below it , which collectively have been estimated to be around 2,500 years old . Karihegane 's rock art is in the same distinctive Ethiopian - Arabian style as the Laas Geel and Dhambalin cave paintings . Around 25 miles from Las Khorey is found Gelweita , another key rock art site . In Djibouti , rock art of what appear to be antelopes and a giraffe are also found at Dorra and Balho . North Africa ( edit ) Cave painting at the Tassili n'Ajjer UNESCO World Heritage Site in southeast Algeria . Many cave paintings are found in the Tassili n'Ajjer mountains in southeast Algeria . A UNESCO World Heritage Site , the rock art was first discovered in 1933 and has since yielded 15,000 engravings and drawings that keep a record of the various animal migrations , climatic shifts , and change in human inhabitation patterns in this part of the Sahara from 6000 BCE to the late classical period . Other cave paintings are also found at the Akakus , Mesak Settafet and Tadrart in Libya and other Sahara regions including : Ayr mountains , Niger and Tibesti , Chad . The Cave of Swimmers and the Cave of Beasts in southwest Egypt , near the border with Libya , in the mountainous Gilf Kebir region of the Sahara Desert . The Cave of Swimmers was discovered in October 1933 by the Hungarian explorer László Almásy . The site contains rock painting images of people swimming , which are estimated to have been created 10,000 years ago during the time of the most recent Ice Age . Australia ( edit ) Significant early cave paintings , executed in ochre , have been found in Kakadu , Australia . Ochre is not an organic material , so carbon dating of these pictures is often impossible . Sometimes the approximate date , or at least , an epoch , can be surmised from the painting content , contextual artifacts , or organic material intentionally or inadvertently mixed with the inorganic ochre paint , including torch soot . A red ochre painting , discovered at the centre of the Arnhem Land Plateau , depicts two emu - like birds with their necks outstretched . They have been identified by a palaeontologist as depicting the megafauna species Genyornis , giant birds thought to have become extinct more than 40,000 years ago ; however , this evidence is inconclusive for dating . It may merely suggest that Genyornis became extinct at a later date than previously determined . The Whitsunday Islands are also home to a surprising number of cave paintings . The cave paintings by the seafaring Ngaro people on Hook Island , Australia , are remarkable for their non-figurative , non-representational , or abstract content . Their significance is a mystery . Europe ( edit ) See also : Caves in Cantabria 30,000 - year - old cave hyena painting found in the Chauvet Cave , France Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain Well - known cave paintings include those of : Magura Cave , Bulgaria Cave of El Castillo , Spain Lascaux , France Grotte de Cussac , France Pech Merle , near Cabrerets , France La Marche , in Lussac - les - Châteaux , France Les Combarelles , in Les Eyzies de Tayac , Dordogne , France Chauvet Cave , near Vallon - Pont - d'Arc , France Cave of Niaux , France Cosquer Cave , with an entrance below sea level near Marseille , France Font - de-Gaume , in the Dordogne Valley in France Cave of Altamira , near Santillana del Mar , Cantabria , Spain Cave of La Pasiega , Cuevas de El Castillo , Cantabria , Spain Caves of Gargas , France Polychrome cave painting of a wolf , Font - de-Gaume , France Other sites include Creswell Crags , Nottinghamshire , England , ( cave etchings and bas - reliefs discovered in 2003 ) , Peștera Coliboaia in Romania , Magura Cave in Bulgaria , and Kapova Cave in Russia . Rock painting was also performed on cliff faces , but fewer of those have survived because of erosion . One example is the rock paintings of Astuvansalmi in the Saimaa area of Finland . When Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola first encountered the Magdalenian paintings of the Altamira cave , Cantabria , Spain in 1879 , the academics of the time considered them hoaxes . Recent reappraisals and numerous additional discoveries have since demonstrated their authenticity , while at the same time stimulating interest in the artistry of Upper Palaeolithic peoples . India ( edit ) Main article : Cave paintings in India Bhimbetka rock painting The Bhimbetka rock shelters exhibit the earliest traces of human life in India ; a number of analyses suggest that some of these shelters were inhabited by humans for more than 100,000 years . The earliest paintings on the cave walls are believed to be of the Mesolithic period , dating to 30,000 years ago . The most recent painting , consisting of geometric figures , date to the medieval period . Executed mainly in red and white with the occasional use of green and yellow , the paintings depict the lives and times of the people who lived in the caves , including scenes of childbirth , communal dancing and drinking , religious rites and burials , as well as indigenous animals . North America ( edit ) Painted Cave , Santa Barbara County , California Main article : Great Mural Rock Art , Baja California Distinctive monochrome and polychrome cave paintings and murals exist in the mid-peninsula regions of southern Baja California and northern Baja California Sur , consisting of Pre-Columbian paintings of humans , land animals , sea creatures , and abstract designs . These paintings are mostly confined to the sierras of this region , but can also be found in outlying mesas and rock shelters . According to recent radiocarbon studies of the area , of materials recovered from archaeological deposits in the rock shelters and on materials in the paintings themselves , suggest that the Great Murals may have a time range extending as far back as 7,500 years ago . Further information : Rock art of the Chumash people Native artists in the Chumash tribes created cave paintings that are located in present - day Santa Barbara , Ventura , and San Luis Obispo Counties in Southern California . They include well executed examples at Burro Flats Painted Cave and Chumash Painted Cave State Historic Park . There are also Native American pictogram examples in caves of the Southwestern United States . Cave art that is 6,000 years old was found in the Cumberland Plateau region of Tennessee . South America ( edit ) Serra da Capivara National Park is a national park in the north east of Brazil with many prehistoric paintings ; the park was created to protect the prehistoric artifacts and paintings found there . It became a World Heritage Site in 1991 . Its best known archaeological site is Pedra Furada . It is located in northeast state of Piauí , between latitudes 8 ° 26 ' 50 '' and 8 ° 54 ' 23 '' south and longitudes 42 ° 19 ' 47 '' and 42 ° 45 ' 51 '' west . It falls within the municipal areas of São Raimundo Nonato , São João do Piauí , Coronel José Dias and Canto do Buriti . It has an area of 1291.4 square kilometres ( 319,000 acres ) . The area has the largest concentration of prehistoric small farms on the American continents . Scientific studies confirm that the Capivara mountain range was densely populated in prehistoric periods . Cueva de las Manos ( Spanish for `` Cave of the Hands '' ) is a cave located in the province of Santa Cruz , Argentina , 163 km ( 101 mi ) south of the town of Perito Moreno , within the borders of the Francisco P. Moreno National Park , which includes many sites of archaeological and paleontological importance . The hand images are often negative ( stencilled ) . Besides these there are also depictions of human beings , guanacos , rheas , felines and other animals , as well as geometric shapes , zigzag patterns , representations of the sun , and hunting scenes . Similar paintings , though in smaller numbers , can be found in nearby caves . There are also red dots on the ceilings , probably made by submerging their hunting bolas in ink , and then throwing them up . The colours of the paintings vary from red ( made from hematite ) to white , black or yellow . The negative hand impressions date to around 550 BC , the positive impressions from 180 BC , while the hunting drawings are calculated to more than 10,000 years old . Most of the hands are left hands , which suggests that painters held the spraying pipe with their right hand . Gua Tewet , the tree of life , Borneo , Indonesia . Southeast Asia ( edit ) There are rock paintings in caves in Thailand , Malaysia , Indonesia , and Burma . In Thailand , caves and scarps along the Thai - Burmese border , in the Petchabun Range of Central Thailand , and overlooking the Mekong River in Nakorn Sawan Province , all contain galleries of rock paintings . In Malaysia the oldest paintings are at Gua Tambun in Perak , dated at 2000 years , and those in the Painted Cave at Niah Caves National Park are 1200 years old . The anthropologist Ivor Hugh Norman Evans visited Malaysia in the early 1920s and found that some of the tribes ( especially Negritos ) were still producing cave paintings and had added depictions of modern objects including what are believed to be cars . ( See prehistoric Malaysia . ) In Indonesia the caves at Maros in Sulawesi are famous for their hand prints . About 1500 negative handprints have also been found in 30 painted caves in the Sangkulirang area of Kalimantan ; preliminary dating analysis puts their age in the range of 10,000 years old . In October 2014 it was announced that the Maros painting had been dated as being about 40,000 years old . Dr Maxime Aubert , of Griffith University in Queensland , Australia , said that the minimum age for the outline of a hand was 39,900 years old , which made it `` the oldest hand stencil in the world '' and added , `` Next to it is a pig that has a minimum age of 35,400 years old , and this is one of the oldest figurative depictions in the world , if not the oldest one . '' The Padah - Lin Caves of Burma contain 11,000 - year - old paintings and many rock tools . In the Philippines at Tabon Caves the oldest artwork may be a relief of a shark above the cave entrance . It was partially disfigured by a later jar burial scene . East Asia ( edit ) Originating in the Paleolithic period , the rock art found in Khoit Tsenkher Cave , Mongolia , includes symbols and animal forms painted from the walls up to the ceiling . Stags , buffalo , oxen , ibex , lions , Argali sheep , antelopes , camels , elephants , ostriches , and other animal pictorials are present , often forming a palimpsest of overlapping images . The paintings appear brown or red in color , and are stylistically similar to other Paleolithic rock art from around the world but are unlike any other examples in Mongolia . See also ( edit ) Art of the Upper Paleolithic List of Stone Age art Megalith Petroglyph Prehistoric art Rock - cut architecture Sympathetic magic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ghosh , Pallab . `` Cave paintings change ideas about the origin of art '' . BBC News . BBC News . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Zorich , Zach ( January -- February 2012 ) . `` From the Trenches -- Drawing Paleolithic Romania '' . Archaeology. 65 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Liz ; Welsh , Peter ( 2000 ) . Rock - art of the Southwest : a Visitor 's Companion ( 1st ed . ) . Berkeley , California : Wilderness Press . p. 62 . ISBN 0 - 89997 - 258 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Valladas , Helene ( 1 September 2003 ) . `` Direct radiocarbon dating of prehistoric cave paintings by accelerator mass spectrometry '' . Measurement Science and Technology . 14 ( 9 ) : 1487 -- 1492 . doi : 10.1088 / 0957 - 0233 / 14 / 9 / 301 . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Pallab . `` Cave paintings change ideas about the origin of art '' . BBC News . `` The minimum age for ( the outline of the hand ) is 39,900 years old , which makes it the oldest hand stencil in the world '' , said Dr Aubert . `` Next to it is , and this is one of the oldest figurative depictions in the world , if not the oldest one '' , he told BBC News . There are also paintings in the caves that are around 27,000 years old , which means that the inhabitants were painting for at least 13,000 years . '' Jump up ^ Pike , A.W.G. ; Hoffmann , D.L. ; García - Diaz , M. ; Pettitt , P.B. ; Alcolea , J. ; De Balbín , R. ; González - Sainz , C. ; de las Heras , C. ; Lasheras , J.A. ; Montes , R. ; Zilhão , J. ( 15 June 2012 ) . `` U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain '' . Science . 336 ( 6087 ) : 1409 -- 1413 . PMID 22700921 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1219957 . Abstract : `` ... minimum ages of 40.8 thousand years for a red disk , 37.3 thousand years for a hand stencil , and 35.6 thousand years for a claviform - like symbol '' . Jump up ^ Clottes , Jean ( 2003 ) . Chauvet Cave : The Art of Earliest Times . Paul G. Bahn ( translator ) . University of Utah Press . ISBN 0 - 87480 - 758 - 1 . Translation of La Grotte Chauvet , l'art des origins , Éditions du Seuil , 2001 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Amos , Jonathan ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Red dot becomes ' oldest cave art ' '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . One motif -- a faint red dot -- is said to be more than 40,000 years old . Jump up ^ Than , Ker ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` World 's Oldest Cave Art Found -- Made By Neanderthals ? '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Clottes , Jean ( October 2002 ) . `` Chauvet Cave ( ca . 30,000 B.C. ) '' . Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Pettitt , Paul ( 1 November 2008 ) . `` Art and the Middle - to - Upper Paleolithic transition in Europe : Comments on the archaeological arguments for an early Upper Paleolithic antiquity of the Grotte Chauvet art '' . Journal of Human Evolution. 55 ( 5 ) : 908 -- 917 . PMID 18678392 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2008.04. 003 . Jump up ^ Zorich , Zach ( March -- April 2011 ) . `` A Chauvet Primer '' . Archaeology. 64 ( 2 ) : 39 . Jump up ^ Ghemis , Calin ; Clottes , J. ; Gely , B. ; Prudhomme , F. ( 2011 ) . `` An Exceptional Archaeological Discovery -- the `` Art Gallery '' in Coliboaia Cave `` . Acta Archaeologica Carpathia . XLVI . ISSN 0001 - 5229 . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Emma ( May 31 , 2010 ) . `` Megafauna cave painting could be 40,000 years old '' . Australian Broadcasting Commission ( ABC ) . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ McGuirk , Rod ( June 18 , 2012 ) . `` Australian rock art among the world 's oldest '' . Christian Science Monitor . AP . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Gray , Richard ( 5 October 2008 ) . `` Prehistoric cave paintings took up to 20,000 years to complete '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Schiller , Ronald ( 1972 ) . Reader 's Digest : Marvels and Mysteries of The World Around Us . The Reader 's Digest Association . pp. 51 -- 55 . LCCN 72077610 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , K. ( 2014 ) . Cave Art and Climate Change , Archway Publishing . Jump up ^ Foundation , Bradshaw . `` Hand Paintings and Symbols in Rock Art '' . bradshawfoundation.com . Jump up ^ Whitley , David S. ( 2009 ) . Cave Paintings and the Human Spirit : The Origin of Creativity and Belief . Prometheus . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59102 - 636 - 5 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , R. Dale ( 2005 ) . `` Preface : Reassembling the Bones '' . The Nature of Paleolithic Art . Chicago ( u.a. ) : Univ. of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 31126 - 5 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Norman ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` Cave painters ' giveaway handprints at Pech - Merle '' . The Times . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Jaroff , Leon ( 1997 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Etched in Stone '' . Time . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 07 . Wildlife and humans tend to get equal billing in African rock art . ( In the caves of western Europe , by contrast , pictures of animals cover the walls and human figures are rare . ) In southern Africa , home to the San , or Bushmen , many of the rock scenes depicting people interpret the rituals and hallucinations of the shamans who still dominate the San culture today . Among the most evocative images are those believed to represent shamans deep in trance : a reclining , antelope - headed man surrounded by imaginary beasts , for example , or an insect - like humanoid covered with wild decorations . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 ( ca . 25,500 -- 23,500 B.C. ) and Wonderwerk ( ca . 8000 B.C. ) Cave Stones '' . Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . October 2000 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Bakano , Otto ( April 24 , 2011 ) . `` Grotto galleries show early Somali life '' . AFP . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Mire , Sada ( 2008 ) . `` The Discovery of Dhambalin Rock Art Site , Somaliland '' . African Archaeological Review . 25 : 153 -- 168 . doi : 10.1007 / s10437 - 008 - 9032 - 2 . Archived from the original on 27 June 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Alberge , Dalya ( 17 September 2010 ) . `` UK archaeologist finds cave paintings at 100 new African sites '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Hodd , Michael ( 1994 ) . East African Handbook . Trade & Travel Publications . p. 640 . ISBN 0 - 8442 - 8983 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Ali , Ismail Mohamed ( 1970 ) . Somalia Today : General Information . Ministry of Information and National Guidance , Somali Democratic Republic . p. 295 . Jump up ^ Istituto universitario orientale ( Naples , Italy ) ( 1992 ) . Annali : Supplemento , Issues 70 - 73 . Istituto orientale di Napoli . p. 57 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Art Sites of Somaliland '' . CyArk . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Universität Frankfurt am Main ( 2003 ) . Journal of African Archaeology , Volumes 1 - 2 . Africa Manga Verlag . p. 230 . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tassili n'Ajjer '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Tugman , Lindsey ( 1 September 2011 ) . `` Oldest cave drawings found in Romanian cave '' . CBS News . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka '' . World Heritage Site . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Baja California Rock Art Dated to 7,500 Years Ago '' . news.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Simekm Jan F. ; Alan Cressler ; Nicholas P. Herrmann ; Sarah C. Sherwood ( 2013 ) . `` Sacred landscapes of the south - eastern USA : prehistoric rock and cave art in Tennessee '' . Antiquity. 87 ( 336 ) : 430 -- 446 . Jump up ^ Le Comte , Christian ( 2003 ) . Argentine Indians . Consorcio de Editores . ISBN 987 - 9479 - 11 - 4 . Jump up ^ Weber , George . `` The Semang '' . The Negrito of Malaysia . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Chazine , J-M. ( 2005 ) . `` Rock Art , Burials , and Habitations : Caves in East Kalimantan '' ( PDF ) . Asian Perspectives. 44 ( 1 ) : 219 -- 230 . doi : 10.1353 / asi. 2005.0006 . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Fage , Luc - Henri ( August 2005 ) . `` Hands Across Time : Exploring the Rock Art of Borneo '' . National Geographic . 208 ( 2 ) : 44 -- 45 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Pallab. , Cave paintings change ideas about the origin of art , BBC News , 8 October 2014 Jump up ^ Australian Geographic ( October 2014 ) . `` Indonesian cave art sets new record '' . Jump up ^ Khoit tsenkher cave rock painting -- UNESCO World Heritage Centre Further reading ( edit ) Dubowski , Mark ( 2010 ) . Discovery in the Cave ( Children 's early reader ) . New York , USA : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 85893 - 8 Fage , Luc - Henri ; Chazine , Jean - Michel ( 2010 ) . Borneo -- Memory of the Caves . Le Kalimanthrope . ISBN 978 - 2 - 9536616 - 1 - 3 . Heyd , Thomas ; Clegg , John , eds. ( 2005 ) . Aesthetics and Rock Art . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 3924 - X . Curtis , Gregory ( 2006 ) . The Cave Painters : Probing the Mysteries of the World 's First Artists . Knopf . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4348 - 4 . Nechvatal , Joseph ( 2005 ) . `` Immersive Excess in the Apse of Lascaux '' . Technonoetic Arts . 3 ( 3 ) : 181 -- 192 . doi : 10.1386 / tear. 3.3. 181 / 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cave art . Bradshaw Foundation The recording of cave paintings around the world EuroPreArt database of European Prehistoric Art American Rock Art Research Association Tour of Afghan cave paintings from BBC News . Le Kalimanthrope Rock art of Borneo ( Kalimantan , Indonesia ) Journey through Art History , an outline of prehistoric art with emphasis on cave paintings from around the world . Human Timeline ( Interactive ) -- Smithsonian , National Museum of Natural History ( August 2016 ) . Cave topics and lists by country Glossary of caving and speleology Main topics Cave conservation Cave painting Cave survey Caving Caving equipment Karst Speleogenesis Speleology List Caves by country Types and formation processes Anchihaline cave Cave - in Cenote Foiba Glacier cave Ice cave Karst spring Lava cave Ley tunnel Mine Exploration Pit cave Ponor Sea cave Show cave Sinkhole Spring Subterranean river Suffosion Sump Underground lake Speleothems and Speleogens ( Cave formations ) Anthodite Boxwork Calcite rafts Cave pearl Cave popcorn Dogtooth spar Flowstone Frostwork Helictite Moonmilk Rimstone Shelfstone Snottite Soda straw Speleoseismite Stalactite Stalagmite Vug Lists of caves By country By depth By length Prehistoric Africa Somaliland South Africa Americas Belize Brazil Canada Guatemala Haiti Mexico United States Arkansas Maryland Asia China India Iran Israel Lebanon Malaysia Sri Lanka Turkey Vietnam Europe Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia France Germany Gibraltar Greece Ireland Italy Poland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Cantabria World Heritage Sites : Cave Art of Northern Spain Cave Art of Iberian Mediterranean Basin Cave Art of Siega Verde Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Oceania Australia New South Wales Western Australia New Zealand Papua New Guinea Cave dwellings Cave dweller Kome Caves Nok and Mamproug Cave Dwellings Yaodong Prehistoric technology Prehistory timeline outline Stone Age subdivisions New Stone Age synoptic table Technology history Tools Farming Neolithic Revolution founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern - 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what is the meaning of the song if by bread			If ( Bread song )	if ( bread song )	`` If '' is a song written by American singer - songwriter David Gates in 1971 . Originally popularized by his group Bread , the song charted at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 when released as a single in 1971 and number six in Canada . The song also spent three weeks at number one on the U.S. Easy Listening chart , and one week at the top of the Canadian AC chart .	In the U.S. , Bread 's version was the shortest song title to become a top ten hit until 1993 , when Prince hit No. 7 with `` 7 '' , later matched by Britney Spears ' No. 1 hit `` 3 '' in 2009 . `` If '' has been a perennial favorite at weddings ( for example , as a first - dance song ) ever since it was released . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Cover versions 3 References 4 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Australia KMR 41 Canada RPM Top Singles 6 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary U.S. Cash Box Top 100 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 82 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 61 U.S. Cash Box 89 Cover versions ( edit ) It has been covered by other singers and musicians , including Petula Clark , Sergio Franchi , Eddie Kendricks , Cleo Laine , Perry Como , Frank Sinatra , Tom Jones , Jack Jones , Shirley Bassey , Dorothy Squires , Mirusia Louwerse , Herbie Mann , Julio Iglesias , Joe Pass , Ryoko Moriyama , Westlife , Olivia Newton - John , Dolly Parton , Dana , Scott Walker , Andy Williams , Frankmusik , Sarah Geronimo ( From Sarah G. Live ! statement song ) , Deni Hines , George Millard , Damien Leith and an instrumental cover by Violinist Vov Dylan Telly Savalas recorded a mostly - spoken version which reached number one on the UK Singles Chart for two weeks in March 1975 , and has the shortest title of any song to reach number one in the UK . This version also charted at # 12 on the US Billboard Easy Listening chart in late 1974 . A parody version of the Savalas version , recorded by voiceover artists Chris Sanford and Bill Mitchell performing as Yin and Yan , reached number 25 in the UK . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` First Dance Songs for Weddings '' . Weddings.about.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 5 / 15 / 71 '' . tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . www.collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1971 / Top 100 Songs of 1971 '' . www.musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1971 '' . tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` So In Love ( feat . The Palace Orchestra ) by Vov Dylan on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 311 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rice , Jo ( 1982 ) . The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits ( 1st ed . ) . Enfield , Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 166 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 250 - 7 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary 1961 - 1993 . Record Research . p. 212 . Jump up ^ `` About Chris Sandford - Actor . Presenter . Angler . Writer . Flytyer '' . Chris Sandford . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Yin And Yan - If ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com. 2009 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' by Andy Williams Billboard Easy Listening number - one single ( Bread version ) April 24 , 1971 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Me and You and a Dog Named Boo '' by Lobo Preceded by `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' by Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel UK number - one single ( Telly Savalas version ) March 8 , 1975 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Bye Bye Baby '' by Bay City Rollers Bread David Gates Jimmy Griffin Robb Royer Mike Botts Larry Knechtel Studio albums Bread On the Waters Manna Baby I 'm - a Want You Guitar Man Lost Without Your Love Compilation albums The Best of Bread The Best of Bread , Volume 2 The Sound of Bread Anthology of Bread Hit singles `` Make It with You '' `` It Do n't Matter to Me '' `` If '' `` Baby I 'm - a Want You '' `` Everything I Own '' `` The Guitar Man '' `` Sweet Surrender '' `` Aubrey '' `` Lost Without Your Love '' Related articles Discography Elektra Records Rhino Records Warner Music Group Book : Bread Julio Iglesias Discography Studio albums Yo canto ( 1969 ) Un canto a Galicia ( 1972 ) Soy ( 1973 ) A flor de piel ( 1974 ) A México ( 1975 ) El amor ( 1975 ) America ( 1976 ) A mis 33 años ( 1977 ) Emociones ( 1978 ) Sono un pirata , sono un signore ( 1978 ) À vous les femmes ( 1979 ) Hey ! ( 1980 ) De niña a mujer ( 1981 ) Zartlichkeiten ( 1981 ) Momentos ( 1982 ) Momenti ( 1982 ) Et l'amour crea la femme ( 1982 ) 1100 Bel Air Place ( 1984 ) Libra ( 1985 ) Un hombre solo ( 1987 ) Tutto l'amore che ti manca ( 1987 ) Non Stop ( 1988 ) Raíces ( 1989 ) Starry Night ( 1990 ) Calor ( 1992 ) Crazy ( 1994 ) La carretera ( 1995 ) Tango ( 1996 ) Noche de cuatro lunas ( 2000 ) Ao Meu Brasil ( 2001 ) Divorcio ( 2003 ) Romantic Classics ( 2006 ) 1 ( 2011 ) México ( 2015 ) Live albums En concierto ( 1983 ) Compilation albums Da Manuela a Pensami ( 1978 ) Minhas canções preferidas ( 1981 ) Julio ( 1983 ) My Life : The Greatest Hits ( 1998 ) Mi vida : Grandes éxitos ( 1998 ) Love Songs ( 2003 ) 1 : The Collection ( 2014 ) Singles `` Chiquilla '' ( 1970 ) `` Gwendolyne '' ( 1970 ) `` Cucurrucucú paloma '' ( 1975 ) `` Pauvres Diables '' ( 1979 ) `` Begin the Beguine '' ( 1981 ) `` Yours ( Quiéreme Mucho ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Amor '' ( 1984 ) `` All of You '' ( 1984 ) `` The Air That I Breathe '' ( 1984 ) `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' ( 1984 ) `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' ( 1985 ) `` Lo Mejor de Tu Vida '' ( 1987 ) `` Que No Se Rompa la Noche '' ( 1987 ) `` Bamboléo '' ( 1989 ) `` Vincent '' ( 1990 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1990 ) `` Crazy '' ( 1994 ) `` Oye Como Va '' ( 1994 ) `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' ( 1994 ) `` El Choclo '' ( 1996 ) `` La Gota Fría '' ( 1998 ) `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' ( 2006 ) Non-single covers `` ¡ Ay , Jalisco , no te rajes ! '' `` Feelings '' `` Grande grande grande '' `` Guantanamera '' `` Hier Encore '' `` Historia de un Amor '' `` If '' `` La Flor de la Canela '' `` La Vie en rose '' `` Mamy Blue '' `` Mi Buenos Aires querido '' `` My Sweet Lord '' `` Puedes Llegar '' `` Quando m'innamoro '' `` Something '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` You Belong to My Heart '' `` Dulce Carolina '' ( 1972 ) `` La Mer '' ( 1976 ) `` Obsesión '' ( 1976 ) `` Ron y Coca - Cola '' ( 1980 ) `` Moon Over Naples '' ( 1988 ) `` And I Love Her '' ( 1990 ) `` If You Go Away '' ( 1990 ) `` 99 Miles from L.A. '' ( 1990 ) `` Caruso '' ( 1994 ) `` Crazy in Love '' ( 1998 ) `` Mi Manera '' ( 1998 ) `` Corazón Partío '' ( 2000 ) `` Quizás , Quizás , Quizás '' ( 2004 ) `` Careless Whisper '' ( 2006 ) `` Right Here Waiting '' ( 2006 ) `` Somos Novios '' ( 2006 ) `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' ( 2006 ) Usage `` It Never Rains in Southern California '' in `` Moonlight Lady '' `` Dark Eyes '' in `` Nostalgie ( Nathalie ) '' Family Julio Iglesias Sr. ( father ) Julio Iglesias Jr. ( son ) Enrique Iglesias ( son ) Chabeli Iglesias ( daughter ) Isabel Preysler ( first wife ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_(Bread_song)&oldid=816428018 '' Categories : 1971 singles 1971 songs Folk rock songs Elektra Records singles 1975 singles Bread ( band ) songs Songs written by David Gates UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2017 , at 08 : 00 . 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what process releases nitrogen gas into the atmosphere	The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere , terrestrial , and marine ecosystems . The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes . Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation , ammonification , nitrification , and denitrification . The majority of Earth 's atmosphere ( 78 % ) is nitrogen , making it the largest source of nitrogen . However , atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use , leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems . The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to ecologists because nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes , including primary production and decomposition . Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion , use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers , and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle .	The nitrogen cycle	Nitrogen cycle	nitrogen cycle	The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere , terrestrial , and marine ecosystems . The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes . Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation , ammonification , nitrification , and denitrification . The majority of Earth 's atmosphere ( 78 % ) is nitrogen , making it the largest source of nitrogen . However , atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use , leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems . The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to ecologists because nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes , including primary production and decomposition . Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion , use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers , and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle .	A simple diagram of the nitrogen cycle . The blue boxes represent stores of nitrogen , the green writing is for processes that occur to move the nitrogen from one place to another and the red writing are all the bacteria involved Contents ( hide ) 1 Processes 1.1 Nitrogen fixation 1.2 Assimilation 1.3 Ammonification 1.4 Nitrification 1.5 Denitrification 1.6 Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium 1.7 Anaerobic ammonia oxidation 1.8 Other processes 2 Marine nitrogen cycle 2.1 New vs. regenerated nitrogen 3 Human influences on the nitrogen cycle 3.1 Environmental impacts 4 See also 5 References Processes ( edit ) Nitrogen is present in the environment in a wide variety of chemical forms including organic nitrogen , ammonium ( NH + 4 ) , nitrite ( NO − 2 ) , nitrate ( NO − 3 ) , nitrous oxide ( N O ) , nitric oxide ( NO ) or inorganic nitrogen gas ( N ) . Organic nitrogen may be in the form of a living organism , humus or in the intermediate products of organic matter decomposition . The processes of the nitrogen cycle transform nitrogen from one form to another . Many of those processes are carried out by microbes , either in their effort to harvest energy or to accumulate nitrogen in a form needed for their growth . For example , the nitrogenous wastes in animal urine are broken down by nitrifying bacteria in the soil to be used as new . The diagram besides shows how these processes fit together to form the nitrogen cycle . Nitrogen fixation ( edit ) Main article : Nitrogen fixation Conversion of nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites through atmospheric , industrial and biological processes is called as nitrogen fixation . Atmospheric nitrogen must be processed , or `` fixed '' , in a usable form to be taken up by plants . Between 5x10 and 10x10 g per year are fixed by lightning strikes , but most fixation is done by free - living or symbiotic bacteria known as diazotrophs . These bacteria have the nitrogenase enzyme that combines gaseous nitrogen with hydrogen to produce ammonia , which is converted by the bacteria into other organic compounds . Most biological nitrogen fixation occurs by the activity of Mo - nitrogenase , found in a wide variety of bacteria and some Archaea . Mo - nitrogenase is a complex two - component enzyme that has multiple metal - containing prosthetic groups . An example of free - living bacteria is Azotobacter . Symbiotic nitrogen - fixing bacteria such as Rhizobium usually live in the root nodules of legumes ( such as peas , alfalfa , and locust trees ) . Here they form a mutualistic relationship with the plant , producing ammonia in exchange for carbohydrates . Because of this relationship , legumes will often increase the nitrogen content of nitrogen - poor soils . A few non-legumes can also form such symbioses . Today , about 30 % of the total fixed nitrogen is produced industrially using the Haber - Bosch process , which uses high temperatures and pressures to convert nitrogen gas and a hydrogen source ( natural gas or petroleum ) into ammonia . Assimilation ( edit ) Main articles : Assimilation ( biology ) and Nitrogen assimilation Plants can absorb nitrate or ammonium from the soil via their root hairs . If nitrate is absorbed , it is first reduced to nitrite ions and then ammonium ions for incorporation into amino acids , nucleic acids , and chlorophyll . In plants that have a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia , some nitrogen is assimilated in the form of ammonium ions directly from the nodules . It is now known that there is a more complex cycling of amino acids between Rhizobia bacteroids and plants . The plant provides amino acids to the bacteroids so ammonia assimilation is not required and the bacteroids pass amino acids ( with the newly fixed nitrogen ) back to the plant , thus forming an interdependent relationship . While many animals , fungi , and other heterotrophic organisms obtain nitrogen by ingestion of amino acids , nucleotides , and other small organic molecules , other heterotrophs ( including many bacteria ) are able to utilize inorganic compounds , such as ammonium as sole N sources . Utilization of various N sources is carefully regulated in all organisms . Ammonification ( edit ) When a plant or animal dies or an animal expels waste , the initial form of nitrogen is organic . Bacteria or fungi convert the organic nitrogen within the remains back into ammonium ( NH + 4 ) , a process called ammonification or mineralization . Enzymes involved are : GS : Gln Synthetase ( Cytosolic & Plastic ) GOGAT : Glu 2 - oxoglutarate aminotransferase ( Ferredoxin & NADH - dependent ) GDH : Glu Dehydrogenase : Minor Role in ammonium assimilation . Important in amino acid catabolism . A schematic representation of the microbial nitrogen cycle . ANAMMOX is anaerobic ammonium oxidation , DNRA is dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium , and COMMAMOX is complete ammonium oxidation . Nitrification ( edit ) Main article : Nitrification The conversion of ammonium to nitrate is performed primarily by soil - living bacteria and other nitrifying bacteria . In the primary stage of nitrification , the oxidation of ammonium ( NH + 4 ) is performed by bacteria such as the Nitrosomonas species , which converts ammonia to nitrites ( NO − 2 ) . Other bacterial species such as Nitrobacter , are responsible for the oxidation of the nitrites ( NO − 2 ) into nitrates ( NO − 3 ) . It is important for the ammonia ( NH 3 ) to be converted to nitrates or nitrites because ammonia gas is toxic to plants . Due to their very high solubility and because soils are highly unable to retain anions , nitrates can enter groundwater . Elevated nitrate in groundwater is a concern for drinking water use because nitrate can interfere with blood - oxygen levels in infants and cause methemoglobinemia or blue - baby syndrome . Where groundwater recharges stream flow , nitrate - enriched groundwater can contribute to eutrophication , a process that leads to high algal population and growth , especially blue - green algal populations . While not directly toxic to fish life , like ammonia , nitrate can have indirect effects on fish if it contributes to this eutrophication . Nitrogen has contributed to severe eutrophication problems in some water bodies . Since 2006 , the application of nitrogen fertilizer has been increasingly controlled in Britain and the United States . This is occurring along the same lines as control of phosphorus fertilizer , restriction of which is normally considered essential to the recovery of eutrophied waterbodies . Denitrification ( edit ) Main article : Denitrification Denitrification is the reduction of nitrates back into nitrogen gas ( N ) , completing the nitrogen cycle . This process is performed by bacterial species such as Pseudomonas and Clostridium in anaerobic conditions . They use the nitrate as an electron acceptor in the place of oxygen during respiration . These facultatively anaerobic bacteria can also live in aerobic conditions . Denitrification happens in anaerobic conditions e.g. waterlogged soils . The denitrifying bacteria use nitrates in the soil to carry out respiration and consequently produce nitrogen gas , which is inert and unavailable to plants . Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium ( edit ) Main article : Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium ( DNRA ) , or nitrate / nitrite ammonification , is an anaerobic respiration process . Microbes which undertake DNRA oxidise organic matter and use nitrate as an electron acceptor , reducing it to nitrite , then ammonium ( NO → NO → NH ) . Both denitrifying and nitrate ammonification bacteria will be competing for nitrate in the environment , although DNRA acts to conserve bioavailable nitrogen as soluble ammonium rather than producing dinitrogen gas . Anaerobic ammonia oxidation ( edit ) Main article : Ammonia In this biological process , nitrite and ammonia are converted directly into molecular nitrogen ( N ) gas . This process makes up a major proportion of nitrogen conversion in the oceans . The balanced formula for this `` anammox '' chemical reaction is : NH + 4 + NO − 2 = > N + 2H O ( ΔG ° = - 357 kJ mol - 1 ) . Other processes ( edit ) Though nitrogen fixation is the primary source of plant - available nitrogen in most ecosystems , in areas with nitrogen - rich bedrock , the breakdown of this rock also serves as a nitrogen source . Marine nitrogen cycle ( edit ) A schematic representing the Marine Nitrogen Cycle The nitrogen cycle is an important process in the ocean as well . While the overall cycle is similar , there are different players and modes of transfer for nitrogen in the ocean . Nitrogen enters the water through the precipitation , runoff , or as N from the atmosphere . Nitrogen can not be utilized by phytoplankton as N so it must undergo nitrogen fixation which is performed predominately by cyanobacteria . Without supplies of fixed nitrogen entering the marine cycle , the fixed nitrogen would be used up in about 2000 years . Phytoplankton need nitrogen in biologically available forms for the initial synthesis of organic matter . Ammonia and urea are released into the water by excretion from plankton . Nitrogen sources are removed from the euphotic zone by the downward movement of the organic matter . This can occur from sinking of phytoplankton , vertical mixing , or sinking of waste of vertical migrators . The sinking results in ammonia being introduced at lower depths below the euphotic zone . Bacteria are able to convert ammonia to nitrite and nitrate but they are inhibited by light so this must occur below the euphotic zone . Ammonification or Mineralization is performed by bacteria to convert organic nitrogen to ammonia . Nitrification can then occur to convert the ammonium to nitrite and nitrate . Nitrate can be returned to the euphotic zone by vertical mixing and upwelling where it can be taken up by phytoplankton to continue the cycle . N can be returned to the atmosphere through denitrification . Ammonium is thought to be the preferred source of fixed nitrogen for phytoplankton because its assimilation does not involve a redox reaction and therefore requires little energy . Nitrate requires a redox reaction for assimilation but is more abundant so most phytoplankton have adapted to have the enzymes necessary to undertake this reduction ( nitrate reductase ) . There are a few notable and well - known exceptions that include Prochlorococcus and some Synechococcus . These species can only take up nitrogen as ammonium . The nutrients in the ocean are not uniformly distributed . Areas of upwelling provide supplies of nitrogen from below the euphotic zone . Coastal zones provide nitrogen from runoff and upwelling occurs readily along the coast . However , the rate at which nitrogen can be taken up by phytoplankton is decreased in oligotrophic waters year - round and temperate water in the summer resulting in lower primary production . The distribution of the different forms of nitrogen varies throughout the oceans as well . Nitrate is depleted in near - surface water except in upwelling regions . Coastal upwelling regions usually have high nitrate and chlorophyll levels as a result of the increased production . However , there are regions of high surface nitrate but low chlorophyll that are referred to as HNLC ( high nitrogen , low chlorophyll ) regions . The best explanation for HNLC regions relates to iron scarcity in the ocean , which may play an important part in ocean dynamics and nutrient cycles . The input of iron varies by region and is delivered to the ocean by dust ( from dust storms ) and leached out of rocks . Iron is under consideration as the true limiting element to ecosystem productivity in the ocean . Ammonium and nitrite show a maximum concentration at 50 -- 80 m ( lower end of the euphotic zone ) with decreasing concentration below that depth . This distribution can be accounted for by the fact that nitrite and ammonium are intermediate species . They are both rapidly produced and consumed through the water column . The amount of ammonium in the ocean is about 3 orders of magnitude less than nitrate . Between ammonium , nitrite , and nitrate , nitrite has the fastest turnover rate . It can be produced during nitrate assimilation , nitrification , and denitrification ; however , it is immediately consumed again . New vs. regenerated nitrogen ( edit ) Nitrogen entering the euphotic zone is referred to as new nitrogen because it is newly arrived from outside the productive layer . The new nitrogen can come from below the euphotic zone or from outside sources . Outside sources are upwelling from deep water and nitrogen fixation . If the organic matter is eaten , respired , delivered to the water as ammonia , and re-incorporated into organic matter by phytoplankton it is considered recycled / regenerated production . New production is an important component of the marine environment . One reason is that only continual input of new nitrogen can determine the total capacity of the ocean to produce a sustainable fish harvest . Harvesting fish from regenerated nitrogen areas will lead to a decrease in nitrogen and therefore a decrease in primary production . This will have a negative effect on the system . However , if fish are harvested from areas of new nitrogen the nitrogen will be replenished . Human influences on the nitrogen cycle ( edit ) Main article : Human impact on the nitrogen cycle As a result of extensive cultivation of legumes ( particularly soy , alfalfa , and clover ) , growing use of the Haber -- Bosch process in the creation of chemical fertilizers , and pollution emitted by vehicles and industrial plants , human beings have more than doubled the annual transfer of nitrogen into biologically available forms . In addition , humans have significantly contributed to the transfer of nitrogen trace gases from Earth to the atmosphere and from the land to aquatic systems . Human alterations to the global nitrogen cycle are most intense in developed countries and in Asia , where vehicle emissions and industrial agriculture are highest . Nitrous oxide ( N O ) has risen in the atmosphere as a result of agricultural fertilization , biomass burning , cattle and feedlots , and industrial sources . N O has deleterious effects in the stratosphere , where it breaks down and acts as a catalyst in the destruction of atmospheric ozone . Nitrous oxide is also a greenhouse gas and is currently the third largest contributor to global warming , after carbon dioxide and methane . While not as abundant in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide , it is , for an equivalent mass , nearly 300 times more potent in its ability to warm the planet . Ammonia ( NH ) in the atmosphere has tripled as the result of human activities . It is a reactant in the atmosphere , where it acts as an aerosol , decreasing air quality and clinging to water droplets , eventually resulting in nitric acid ( H NO ) that produces acid rain . Atmospheric ammonia and nitric acid also damage respiratory systems . The very high temperature of lightning naturally produces small amounts of NO , NH , and HNO , but high - temperature combustion has contributed to a 6 - or 7-fold increase in the flux of NO to the atmosphere . Its production is a function of combustion temperature - the higher the temperature , the more NO is produced . Fossil fuel combustion is a primary contributor , but so are biofuels and even the burning of hydrogen . However , the rate that hydrogen is directly injected into the combustion chambers of internal combustion engines can be controlled to prevent the higher combustion temperatures that produce NO . Ammonia and nitrous oxides actively alter atmospheric chemistry . They are precursors of tropospheric ( lower atmosphere ) ozone production , which contributes to smog and acid rain , damages plants and increases nitrogen inputs to ecosystems . Ecosystem processes can increase with nitrogen fertilization , but anthropogenic input can also result in nitrogen saturation , which weakens productivity and can damage the health of plants , animals , fish , and humans . Decreases in biodiversity can also result if higher nitrogen availability increases nitrogen - demanding grasses , causing a degradation of nitrogen - poor , species - diverse heathlands . Environmental impacts ( edit ) Additional risks posed by increased availability of inorganic nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems include water acidification ; eutrophication of fresh and saltwater systems ; and toxicity issues for animals , including humans . Eutrophication often leads to lower dissolved oxygen levels in the water column , including hypoxic and anoxic conditions , which can cause death of aquatic fauna . Relatively sessile benthos , or bottom - dwelling creatures , are particularly vulnerable because of their lack of mobility , though large fish kills are not uncommon . Oceanic dead zones near the mouth of the Mississippi in the Gulf of Mexico are a well - known example of algal bloom - induced hypoxia . The New York Adirondack Lakes , Catskills , Hudson Highlands , Rensselaer Plateau and parts of Long Island display the impact of nitric acid rain deposition , resulting in the killing of fish and many other aquatic species . Ammonia ( NH ) is highly toxic to fish and the level of ammonia discharged from wastewater treatment facilities must be closely monitored . To prevent fish deaths , nitrification via aeration prior to discharge is often desirable . Land application can be an attractive alternative to the aeration . See also ( edit ) Planetary boundaries References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Steven B. Carroll ; Steven D. Salt ( 2004 ) . Ecology for gardeners . Timber Press . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88192 - 611 - 8 . Jump up ^ Galloway , J.N. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Nitrogen cycles : past , present , and future generations '' . Biogeochemistry. 70 : 153 -- 226 . doi : 10.1007 / s10533 - 004 - 0370 - 0 . Jump up ^ Moir , JWB ( editor ) ( 2011 ) . Nitrogen Cycling in Bacteria : Molecular Analysis . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 86 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Smith , B. , R.L. Richards , and W.E. Newton . 2004 . Catalysts for nitrogen fixation : nitrogenases , relevant chemical models and commercial processes . Kluwer Academic Publishers , Dordrecht ; Boston . ^ Jump up to : Smil , V ( 2000 ) . Cycles of Life . Scientific American Library , New York . Jump up ^ Willey , Joanne M. ( 2011 ) . Prescott 's Microbiology 8th Ed . New York , N.Y. : McGraw Hill . p. 705 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 337526 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sparacino - Watkins , Courtney ; Stolz , John F. ; Basu , Partha ( 2013 - 12 - 16 ) . `` Nitrate and periplasmic nitrate reductases '' . Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 ( 2 ) : 676 -- 706 . doi : 10.1039 / c3cs60249d . ISSN 1460 - 4744 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jörg ; Klotz , Martin G. `` Diversity and evolution of bioenergetic systems involved in microbial nitrogen compound transformations '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta ( BBA ) - Bioenergetics. 1827 ( 2 ) : 114 -- 135 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbabio. 2012.07. 005 . Jump up ^ `` Nitrogen Cycle '' . ^ Jump up to : Vitousek , PM ; Aber , J ; Howarth , RW ; Likens , GE ; Matson , PA ; Schindler , DW ; Schlesinger , WH ; Tilman , GD ( 1997 ) . `` Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle : Sources and consequences '' . Issues in Ecology. 1 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 17 . doi : 10.1890 / 1051 - 0761 ( 1997 ) 007 ( 0737 : HAOTGN ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Lam , Phyllis and Kuypers , Marcel M.M. ( 2011 ) . `` Microbial Nitrogen Processes in Oxygen Minimum Zones '' . Annual Review of Marine Science . 3 : 317 -- 345 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Marchant , H.K. , Lavik , G. , Holtappels , M. , and Kuypers , M.M.M. ( 2014 ) . `` The Fate of Nitrate in Intertidal Permeable Sediments '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 8 ) . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0104517 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Anammox '' . Anammox - MicrobeWiki . MicrobeWiki . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nitrogen Study Could ' Rock ' A Plant 's World '' . 2011 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Schuur , E.A.G. ( 2011 ) . `` Ecology : Nitrogen from the deep '' . Nature . 477 ( 7362 ) : 39 -- 40 . doi : 10.1038 / 477039a . PMID 21886152 . Jump up ^ Morford , S.L. ; Houlton , B.Z. ; Dahlgren , R.A. ( 2011 ) . `` Increased forest ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage from nitrogen rich bedrock '' . Nature . 477 ( 7362 ) : 78 -- 81 . doi : 10.1038 / nature10415 . PMID 21886160 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Charles ( 2008 ) . Biological Oceanography. 350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148 USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd . pp. 60 -- 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 05536 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Gruber , Nicolas ( 2008 ) . Nitrogen in the Marine Environment. 30 Corporate Drive , Suite 400 , Burlington , MA 01803 : Elsevier . pp. 1 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 372522 - 6 . Jump up ^ Miller , Charles ( 2008 ) . Biological oceanography. 350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148 USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd . pp. 60 -- 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 05536 - 4 . Jump up ^ Boyes , Elliot , Susan , Michael . `` Learning Unit : Nitrogen Cycle Marine Environment '' . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Lalli , Parsons , Carol , Timothy ( 1997 ) . Biological oceanography : An introduction . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 3384 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lalli , Parsons , Carol , Timothy ( 1997 ) . Biological Oceanography : An introduction . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 3384 - 0 . Jump up ^ Holland , Elisabeth A. ; Dentener , Frank J. ; Braswell , Bobby H. ; Sulzman , James M. ( 1999 ) . `` Contemporary and pre-industrial global reactive nitrogen budgets '' . Biogeochemistry. 46 : 7 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01007572 . Jump up ^ Chapin , S.F. III , Matson , P.A. , Mooney H.A. 2002 . Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology . Springer , New York 2002 ISBN 0 - 387 - 95443 - 0 , p. 345 Jump up ^ Proceedings of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment ( SCOPE ) International Biofuels Project Rapid Assessment , 22 -- 25 September 2008 , Gummersbach , Germany , R.W. Howarth and S. Bringezu , editors . 2009 Executive Summary , p. 3 Jump up ^ Smil , V ( 2004 ) . Cycles Of Life : Civilization And The Biosphere . Diane Pub Co . ISBN 0 - 7567 - 7350 - 4 . Jump up ^ Aerts , Rien & Berendse , Frank ( 1988 ) . `` The Effect of Increased Nutrient Availability on Vegetation Dynamics in Wet Heathlands '' . Vegetatio. 76 ( 1 / 2 ) : 63 -- 69 . JSTOR 20038308 . Jump up ^ Camargo , J.A. & Alonso , A. ( 2006 ) . Ecological and toxicological effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems : A global assessment . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 , from http://www.aseanenvironment.info/Abstract/41013039.pdf Jump up ^ Rabalais , Nancy N. , R. Eugene Turner , and William J. Wiseman , Jr. ( 2002 ) . `` Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia , aka `` The Dead Zone '' `` . Annu. Rev. Ecol . Syst. 33 : 235 -- 63 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ecolsys. 33.010802. 150513 . JSTOR 3069262 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dybas , Cheryl Lyn. ( 2005 ) . `` Dead Zones Spreading in World Oceans '' . BioScience. 55 ( 7 ) : 552 -- 557 . doi : 10.1641 / 0006 - 3568 ( 2005 ) 055 ( 0552 : DZSIWO ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ New York State Environmental Conservation , Environmental Impacts of Acid Deposition : Lakes ( 1 ) ( hide ) Biogeochemical cycles Cycles Carbon cycle Hydrogen cycle Iron cycle Mercury cycle Mineral cycle Nitrogen cycle Oxygen cycle ozone Phosphorus cycle Rock cycle Selenium cycle Sulfur cycle Water cycle Research groups DAAC GEOTRACES IMBER NOBM SOLAS Related topics Biogeochemistry geochemical cycle chemical cycling environmental chemistry Biosequestration carbon sequestration carbon sink soil carbon biological pump mycorrhizal fungi Ocean acidification acid rain Methane clathrate clathrate gun hypothesis Arctic methane emissions Human impact on the nitrogen cycle Nitrification Nitrogen fixation Nitrogen assimilation Phosphorus assimilation Sulfur assimilation Planetary boundaries GND : 4183276 - 0 NDL : 01133695 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogen_cycle&oldid=816073969 '' Categories : Nitrogen Biogeochemical cycle Soil biology Nitrogen cycle Metabolism Biogeography Fishkeeping Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 02 : 35 . 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who is huey's voice in the boondocks	Huey Freeman ( voiced by Regina King ) is a young leftist radical Black revolutionary and retired domestic terrorist . He is a practicing and near master practitioner of Chinese martial arts , as seen in the episodes `` Let 's Nab Oprah '' , `` Attack of the Killer Kung Fu Wolf Bitch '' , `` Stinkmeaner 3 : The Hateocracy '' , and `` ... Or Die Trying '' . He maintains an austere , yet strangely loving relationship with his brother Riley , and has shown the willingness to go out of his way to prevent his brother from succumbing to bad influences ( occasionally giving him some `` tough love '' ) . Over the course of the comic strip and television series , Huey retains a sober demeanor , tending not to let his countenance relay his mood . During most episodes , Huey takes on the role of narrator , and it is often only through his narration that his thoughts and emotions are revealed . In the comic strip , Huey 's best friend was Michael Caesar , who effectively balanced out Huey 's pessimistic world outlook with his upbeat personality and temperament . The role he played in Huey 's life has been taken up by his neighbor Jazmine Dubois in the television series . Unlike Caesar , Jazmine tries to balance Huey 's demeanour with a childlike , naive innocence , which often leads to Huey having to resolve a situation where Jazmine is being taken advantage of .	Regina King	List of the Boondocks characters	list of the boondocks characters	The following is a partial list of characters who have appeared in the animated television series The Boondocks .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Main fictional characters 1.1 The Freeman family 1.1. 1 Huey Freeman 1.1. 2 Riley Freeman 1.1. 3 Robert Freeman 2 Secondary fictional characters 2.1 The DuBois family 3 Other major fictional characters 4 Real life characters 5 Recurring characters 6 References Main fictional characters ( edit ) The Freeman family ( edit ) Huey Freeman ( edit ) Huey Freeman ( voiced by Regina King ) is a young leftist radical Black revolutionary and retired domestic terrorist . He is a practicing and near master practitioner of Chinese martial arts , as seen in the episodes `` Let 's Nab Oprah '' , `` Attack of the Killer Kung Fu Wolf Bitch '' , `` Stinkmeaner 3 : The Hateocracy '' , and `` ... Or Die Trying '' . He maintains an austere , yet strangely loving relationship with his brother Riley , and has shown the willingness to go out of his way to prevent his brother from succumbing to bad influences ( occasionally giving him some `` tough love '' ) . Over the course of the comic strip and television series , Huey retains a sober demeanor , tending not to let his countenance relay his mood . During most episodes , Huey takes on the role of narrator , and it is often only through his narration that his thoughts and emotions are revealed . In the comic strip , Huey 's best friend was Michael Caesar , who effectively balanced out Huey 's pessimistic world outlook with his upbeat personality and temperament . The role he played in Huey 's life has been taken up by his neighbor Jazmine Dubois in the television series . Unlike Caesar , Jazmine tries to balance Huey 's demeanour with a childlike , naive innocence , which often leads to Huey having to resolve a situation where Jazmine is being taken advantage of . Riley Freeman ( edit ) Riley Freeman ( voiced by Regina King ) is Huey 's younger brother . Riley could be described as a product of mass media influence , in that he refers to women as `` bitches '' or `` hoes '' , frequently alludes to his `` rep '' and his status on the `` streets '' , and idolizes gangsta rappers and their lifestyle . He often refers to himself as self - appointed moniker `` Young Reezy '' . Though he would seem to be everything his brother is not , he has demonstrated his ability to rationalize and plan things out , such as when he planned his `` fund raiser '' and when he rendered attorney Tom Dubois speechless after debating with him regarding the R. Kelly trial in `` The Trial of R. Kelly '' . `` Damn , you just got beat by an eight year - old . '' which Huey remarked . His criminal aptitude is put to the test when he goes on some crime sprees with the incompetent Ed Wuncler III and Gin Rummy in the episode `` Let 's Nab Oprah '' during which he effectively acts as the brains behind the operation to kidnap Oprah . Riley can be seen as representative of the misguided Black youth . He has a fascination for firearms , and his tendency for violence is displayed time and time again . At Christmas , he declared himself `` The Santa Stalker '' and attacked the Santa at the local mall with airsoft Glock 17s , hitting many innocent bystanders . Riley does not own any real firearms and has only been seen owning Airsoft - style guns -- a Glock 17 and an MP5K -- but he pals around with Ed Wuncler III and Gin Rummy , who have on occasion granted him access to real weapons . He also seems to possess unusually large amount of strength and stamina , as seen when he fights his brother Huey , who is a very high degree martial artist and swordsman . It can also be seen when he fights Stinkmeaner alongside his family where , albeit slow , his blows seem to be worth blocking against a kung - fu trained Stinkmeaner . Indeed , though , beyond this tough - guy facade , there would seem to be some measure of sensitivity that is especially apparent in the episode `` Riley Wuz Here '' during which he learns to use his incredible artistic abilities to create art for the sake of creating art , and not for personal glory . Robert Freeman ( edit ) Robert Jebediah `` Granddad '' Freeman ( voiced by John Witherspoon ) , is the paternal grandfather and legal guardian of Huey and Riley who lives in a peaceful environment in Woodcrest while he tries to enjoy his retirement . Robert has witness to many major incidents in American history . He was a part of the civil rights movement , but was prone to certain faux pas such as donning a raincoat in preparation for getting doused by a police fire hose . Robert was also a fighter pilot in World War II , during which time he flew a P - 51 Mustang with the Tuskegee Airmen . He was also a part of the Montgomery bus boycott , even sitting next to Rosa Parks , though she received all the credit for refusing to give up her seat while he , having actually refused before her and much to his chagrin , received none . This also brings Robert 's age into question , since in order to have been in World War II and in the civil rights movement he claims to have been in ( while making his relative stamina and cartoonish actions realistic ) , he would be between 87 ( the minimum age of World War II participants of 1945 ) and 100 years old today . Granddad occasionally serves as a more pragmatic voice of reason . Though he has expressed his embarrassment over Huey and Riley , his primary motivation is to advance his family 's best interest . This is where he most often finds himself at odds with his grandsons . Huey and Riley , though possessing contrasting personalities , tend not to act in a manner in line with their grandfather 's desire for simplistic living . Riley gets in trouble a lot and Huey always has his eye on some bigger picture . He does not hesitate to use corporal punishment when necessary , wielding his belt with great dexterity for this purpose . Although it is never directly explained how Robert came to be Huey and Riley 's guardian , it is implied that Huey and Riley 's biological parents are deceased . Secondary fictional characters ( edit ) The Dubois family ( edit ) Thomas Lancaster DuBois ( voiced by Cedric Yarbrough ) -- Tom DuBois is the Freemans ' wimpy , geeky across - the street neighbor who works as an attorney . He is an African - American , whose character is a stereotype of a successful white - collar middle - class black man . Skittish and easily frightened , Tom adheres strictly to the law because of his virgivitiphobia , the fear of being anally raped in prison , as Huey 's narration explains in `` A Date With The Health Inspector '' : a flashback shows 10 - year - old Tom being terrified by a prison movie he 's watching on TV ; from then on , he refuses even the slightest legal infractions ( `` But what if we get caught ? We 'll get arrested and anally raped ! '' ) . Huey mentions that Tom 's job as a prosecutor sends other Black men to the very fate he most fears . He also played basketball in college . His character can be interpreted as an `` Uncle Tom '' as he is seen as having turned his back on his Black heritage ( however genealogical testing shows him as being 32.5 % Scottish ) to marry a white woman ( Sarah ) , producing a mixed - race child ( Jazmine ) , and becoming a criminal prosecutor who often convicts Black people . But in line with the show 's complexity , the name `` Dubois '' may be an homage to W.E.B. Du Bois , thus putting his character in a state of conflict . For example , in one episode the neighborhood watch was convinced of the Freeman family 's guilt in a string of local break - ins due to their reluctance to speak to the police , and Tom , rather than acquiescing , confronted the neighborhood watch with the ridiculous nature of their accusations . Tom was at one point the unwilling vessel for Stinkmeaner after Stinkmeaner 's escape from Hell ; however , Stinkmeaner was eventually exorcised which returned Tom to normal . Various episodes depict Tom as a supporter of LGBT rights , gun control ( or at least proper gun registration ) , and protection of Intellectual property . Sarah DuBois ( voiced by Jill Talley ) -- Sarah is Tom 's white wife . She is very comfortable about their interracial marriage even when Tom is mocked for it in `` The Trial of R. Kelly '' . She even jokingly said to Tom , `` I told you about messin ' with them white women '' . Sarah and her daughter are Usher fans , which makes Tom jealous . Several episodes imply that Sarah is sexually frustrated when Tom 's jealousy over Usher forced Sarah to throw him out of the house . Jazmine DuBois ( voiced by Gabby Soleil for first 3 seasons , Kiarah Pollas for season 4 ) -- Jazmine DuBois is Tom and Sarah 's biracial daughter . She can be extremely paranoid and a bit naive , making her an object of ridicule for Riley . Jazmine was shocked by both the September 11 attacks ( and hid in her room for two years as a result in the comic strip ) and finding out that the tooth fairy is not real . She is a strong believer in Santa Claus , viewing him as the true meaning of Christmas to the point where she dreams of preaching the gospel of Santa to the masses . Huey can sometimes be cold toward her and this is shown through her constantly following him around . She first appears in the episode `` The Trial of R. Kelly '' . Other major fictional characters ( edit ) Uncle Ruckus ( voiced by Gary Anthony Williams ) -- Uncle Ruckus is the main antagonist . Overweight with a grotesque appearance and a glass eye ( it is also implied that he may possibly be senile ) , he idolizes old black - slave culture . Ruckus is self - hating , disassociating himself from his African - American heritage as best he can , and hates all non-white people . His greatest wish is that black people were still enslaved , because he believes that they were better off . His name draws on the character Uncle Remus , the fabled raconteur from African - American folktales like Song of the South . His views of black people align with the views of white racists . He claims to be white by stating he has a mythical disease called `` re-vitiligo '' ( `` It 's the opposite of what Michael Jackson 's got , lucky bastard '' he always retorts ) . The episode `` The Garden Party '' strongly evidences his hatred of black people to the point that when Riley , Huey and Granddad arrive he exclaims , in an ignorant misuse of the hospital emergency codes system , `` We have a ' code black ' at the main gate '' . During that episode , Ruckus performs an impromptu song entitled `` Do n't Trust Them New Niggas Over There . '' Not only is Uncle Ruckus racist toward blacks , but he seems to be a white supremacist and an extreme racist which is strongly shown in `` The Red Ball '' , where he claims that Ed Wuncler Sr. 's `` White leadership '' helped the team win the game and refers to a Chinese man as a `` yellow nigga '' . Ironically , he is the show 's darkest - skinned character . His character is a hyperbolic parody of the self - hating black man . However , as much as he may hate black culture , other episodes show him socializing with the Freemans . In `` ... Or Die Trying '' , he demonstrates a mastery of the nunchaku and hand - to - hand combat . In `` The Uncle Ruckus Reality Show '' , he is horrified to learn via a DNA test that he is 102 % African with a 2 % margin of error . The knowledge of his true heritage causes him to quit all of his jobs ( he is seen in a variety of service jobs in the show ) and adopt other behaviors that conform with his racist views . Later in the episode he is shown false documents stating that he is 52 % white after the executives in charge of the show become upset over the plummet in ratings that Ruckus ' behavior caused . He is told the original results were performed by a black doctor and were erroneous . In `` The Color Ruckus , '' his childhood and possible reason for his hatred towards black people was revealed . He was subject to frequent physical abuse from his drunken father , Mister Ruckus , and raised with the belief of his re-vitiligo and white man history by his loving mother , Bunny Ruckus . Although Mister would later state that he was really an accidental birth and his skin condition was a deluded hoax , Ruckus would still retain the belief that he was adopted and originally white . In `` Good Times , '' Uncle Ruckus started his campaign to run for mayor . Edward `` Ed '' Rothschild Wuncler Sr. ( voiced by Edward Asner ) -- Ed Wuncler Sr. is an overweight , rich realtor who is the father of Ed Wuncler Jr. and the grandfather of Ed Wuncler III . His family founded the town of Woodcrest and have lived in the area for over a century . His last name draws on the character `` the Once - ler '' from Dr. Seuss 's book The Lorax . Like his namesake , Wuncler acts as the hyperbolic archetypal capitalist . He praises the freedom to exploit cheap labor and complains about high taxes in `` The Block is Hot '' . The wealthy Wuncler owns the loan on Granddad 's house ( as he does with every house in Woodcrest ) and somehow Woodcrest 's police force , and is embarrassed by Ed Wuncler III . Wuncler sometimes does things considered racist such as referring to Grandad as `` Robert Freedman '' , and employing only illegal Mexicans at his restaurants . Ultimately , though , his racism is implied as simply being a byproduct of his insatiable greed rather than an active hatred of those from different races . Ed seems to have taken a general liking to Robert , referring to him as `` old school '' , and even funding his soul food Restaurant venture in the episode `` The Itis '' , though this may have merely been part of an elaborate scheme to lower property values in the area so that he could purchase the nearby park and `` develop '' it . Along with this , he owns a fast food restaurant called `` McWuncler '' , a parody of McDonald 's as seen in the episode `` Return of the King '' . He also has a sweatshop which is run by 12 - year - old Indonesian girls as Huey reveals and Ed confirms in `` The Block is Hot '' , demonstrating his ruthless manner . It appears that Wuncler 's pettiness and self - serving nature knows no bounds , as in the episode `` The Red Ball , '' he admits to orchestrating an elaborate hoax in order to emotionally traumatize Huey into never playing kick - ball again , by convincing Huey that he was responsible for giving a young girl a `` ... permanent , severe limp ... '' during a friendly kick - ball game , simply to make sure Huey would never challenge Wuncler 's own undefeated kick - ball team in future competition . In the season 3 finale , `` It 's Goin ' Down , '' Ed masterminds a false terrorist attack in Woodcrest , with the intention of making the lone victim ( an overweight security guard ) a national martyr and cultural icon , and then exploit his likeness for profit including a film that would star Jack Black . The plot is foiled by Huey and a government agent named Jack Flowers , but Ed avoids arrest thanks to the intervention of President Barack Obama ( who called up Jack Flowers ) . In the final minutes of the episode , an angry Flowers takes Ed 's grandson hostage , and he responds by smiling and saying `` What are you waiting for ? Shoot him ! '' Edward `` Ed '' Wuncler Jr. ( voiced by Sam McMurray ) -- Ed Wuncler Jr. is the son of Ed Wuncler Sr. , immoral like his father with an apparent code of conduct akin to the mafia as he is not above committing acts of violence . Wuncler Jr. first appears in Season 4 to seemingly help Robert with his money trouble in `` Good Times '' , only to have the Freeman family in even worse conditions and in debt to him . Soon after , Wuncler Jr. has the Freemans and other people indebted to him work in the his Freedomland amusement park as slaves . But Huey stages a revolt and the amusement park closes soon after . Edwin `` Ed '' Wuncler III ( voiced by Charlie Murphy ) -- Ed Wuncler III is the grandson of Ed Wuncler Sr. and the son of Ed Wuncler Jr . Ed Wuncler III is a drunken , psychopathic , trigger - happy ex-special forces soldier freshly discharged from active duty in Iraq . His character could be seen as a parody of a young George W. Bush , painted in broad strokes -- a figure destined to be president on the strength of his family 's wealth and power , despite his sub-average intelligence ( as referenced at the end of `` The Garden Party '' , where his grandfather says , `` In 30 years , that boy will be President of the United States ... and he 'll still be a fucking idiot ! '' ) . His personality and physical appearance are strikingly similar to rapper Eminem ( especially his Slim Shady persona ) . He reveals that while in Iraq , he defecated in his pants out of fear so many times that the smell compromised his unit 's position ; he was not allowed to go on patrol as a result . Ed 's bling includes a large medallion in the shape of the letter W , and he frequently wears a bulletproof vest . Although he is set to inherit an enormous fortune , he insists upon living a life of poorly executed crime , usually on behalf of his grandfather 's business interests or as personal favors to Riley Freeman . He seems to have trouble distinguishing targets ; as he has repeatedly kidnapped or attempted to murder the wrong person . Ed III and his friend , Gin Rummy , get away with their misguided and comically inept criminal antics because Ed Wuncler Sr. has the police and everyone else in the city on his payroll , and because his status as a member of the U.S. Armed Forces confers the public image of a hero no matter how immoral his actions may be , while Gin Rummy often argues that their escapes are the result of his being a master planner . For example , the pair go unpunished when staging a poorly executed bank robbery ; Ed and Rummy are seen as heroes when they rob a convenience store owned by a person of `` terrorist descent '' after an unexpected shootout ensues ; in attempting to kidnap Oprah Winfrey , they mistakenly abduct Maya Angelou , then Bill Cosby instead . Ed 's signature line is `` ' The fuck y'all looking at ? '' Gin Rummy ( voiced by Samuel L. Jackson ) -- Gin Rummy is a former special forces soldier and Ed Wuncler III 's best friend . The character is apparently intended as a parody of Donald Rumsfeld by similarities in name , appearance , and use of actual quotes . His last name , `` Rummy , '' matches the nickname given to Rumsfeld that was often spoken by President George W. Bush . Even though he is shown to be more intelligent than his best friend , he shares the same homicidal tendencies . His name is also a reference to the card game Gin rummy . When someone challenges his poor criminal planning , claiming they only get away because no one comes after them , he defends himself by claiming just because they do not know no one comes after them does not mean there is not anyone coming after them , asserting that `` the absence of evidence is not the evidence of absence '' ( parodying the claims of Bush and Rumsfeld regarding Saddam Hussein 's supposed weapons of mass destruction in Iraq ) in reference to the assertion that no one ever comes after them or by insisting that he could not plan for `` unknown unknowns '' . In every episode he appears in , he complains about modern technology , from Bluetooth headsets to the iPhone . Gin Rummy considers himself a patriot and will do whatever it takes to bring the `` Fugitives of Justice '' their due ; a behavior that mirrors most American militiamen . Though never implied , he is probably individually wealthy , unlike Ed who is an inheritor . He first appears in the episode `` A Date With The Health Inspector '' . His style of speaking often parodies Samuel L. Jackson 's character Jules Winnfield from Pulp Fiction . In many episodes Rummy drives a black Cadillac Escalade . Otis Jenkins ( voiced by series producer Carl Jones ) -- Otis Jenkins is a once - famous rapper named Thugnificent and Riley 's most recent idol . Thugnificent hails from the fictional town of Terra - Belle , Georgia . He is loud - mouthed and sports afro puffs similar to those worn by the rapper Ludacris . His narcissism is unmatched , epitomized by the ubiquitous statues of himself , designed to mirror Ancient Greek gods in their style and pose , that adorn his white - and - gold mansion , as well as by a painting depicting himself standing above Martin Luther King Jr. , Malcolm X , Tupac Shakur and The Notorious B.I.G. . Soon after moving into the neighborhood , he begins a rivalry with Robert and later initiates Riley into his entourage , the `` Lethal Interjection Crew , '' consisting of himself , fellow rappers Macktastic and Flonominal , whom he met through his record label , and `` other niggas ( he 's ) known his whole life '' . Despite his less - than - attractive traits , Thugnificent does attempt to be a good neighbor by asking for permission to throw his loud parties and encouraging face - to - face communication within the neighborhood , and is fairly friendly with most other neighborhood citizens . In the episode `` The Fried Chicken Flu '' he is even seen saving the family from Uncle Ruckus and Mrs. Von Hueson , after Robert kicked him out of the house . In `` Bitches To Rags '' it is revealed that Thugnificent has a bachelor 's degree in Communications . `` Bitches To Rags '' also reveals that Thugnificent 's record sales and popularity have been in sharp decline ; by the end of the episode his home is foreclosed and his belongings auctioned to pay his debts . Relinquishing his stage name , Otis thus begins a new career as a delivery man and cuts his hair ( all the while hoping for a reality show to save him from `` real work '' ) . His catchphrase is `` Eat a Dick ! ! '' . He is a marijuana aficionado ; being a firm critic of the Pharmaceutical industry , he admits he does n't consume any medications over the counter or prescribed . Leonard ( voiced by DeRay Davis ) is Thugnificent 's dim yet well - meaning friend and member of Thugnificent 's Lethal Interjection Crew . Although Leonard was treated as a second - class member of the Lethal Interjection Crew -- mostly due to his penchant for being socially awkward -- he is the only member of the crew to stick with Thugnificent when he lost all of his money . While he is shown to be slow and a bit of a buffoon ( Believing that Buffalo Wings are made from Buffalo ) , he is also shown to be more thoughtful , generous and loyal than most characters on the show . In the third season he is almost always shown in his Wendy 's uniform , the job he took after Lethal Interjection disbanded . Real life characters ( edit ) Martin Luther King Jr. ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) -- In this show , Martin Luther King Jr. did not die from being shot . Instead , he ended up in a coma that lasted for forty years . He came out of his coma in `` Return of the King '' following the events of 9 / 11 . Sway Calloway ( voiced by himself ) -- Sway is the MTV News reporter who first appears in `` The Story of Gangstalicious '' narrating the documentary `` Gangstalicious : Resurrection '' and then the breaking news . He last appears in `` The Story of Thugnificent '' narrating the documentary `` Thugnificent : Rags to Bitches . '' He also appears in shinin ' reporting Riley 's chain getting stolen . Bill Cosby ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) -- Bill Cosby is played as a barely intelligible cynic who complains endlessly about the poor manners of young people . Ed and Rummy kidnap him in `` Let 's Nab Oprah , '' but return him almost immediately as they find him too annoying . Xzibit ( voiced by himself ) -- Xzibit pimps the Freemans ' car Dorothy as a result of one of Riley 's scams , and makes a short appearance in the second season when Granddad asks him to assist with a diss rap . Ghostface Killah ( voiced by himself ) -- Ghostface Killah appears to Huey as a ghost ( despite not being actually dead ) and advises him when Tom Dubois is possessed by Stinkmeaner 's spirit . Lamilton Taeshawn ( voiced by Bobb'e J. Thompson ) -- Lamilton Taeshawn is based on Latarian Milton , the 7 year old who stole his grandmother 's car and went for a joyride , quotes such as `` I like to do bad things '' and `` my friend who smokes wit cigarettes '' are said by both Lamilton and Latarian . A friend of Riley 's but , he soon realizes that Lamilton 's intentions were evil . He ( like his real - life counterpart ) steals his grandmother 's car and goes on a joyride with Riley , and convinces him to engage in all types of misconduct ( spraying a combination of hot sauce and urine at people , dropping a life - sized dummy of a person from an overpass to cause a massive car pileup , etc . ) until his attempts to rob Mrs. Van Hausen 's house result in him killing a dog , at which point he is apprehended . Lamilton gets out of the system and , believing that Riley is the one who told on him ( it was actually his former therapist who was stalking him under the suspicion that he was still dangerous ) , hunts him down and tries to kill him . After the ensuing fight , he falls off a roof and survives , but is attacked by the therapist . The Booty Warrior -- The Booty Warrior is a homosexual prison inmate who is based on real - life convicted serial rapist Fleece Johnson in appearance , voice , and personality , though here The Booty Warrior 's mannerisms ( and obsession with anally raping men ) are more of a caricature of Johnson 's than anything else . In `` A Date With the Booty Warrior '' , it is revealed that The Booty Warrior was convicted due to raping Chris Hansen . During a program where troubled schoolchildren are sent to prison where they will learn what happens there at which Tom was chaperoning , Booty Warrior developed a lust for Tom and holds him hostage with a shank he stole from Tom ( who took it from Riley prior to the field trip ) in an attempt to rape him , and a riot ensues . The Booty Warrior stalks Tom in his attempt to anally violate him , but loses when he steps on wet soap . Winston Jerome -- Winston Jerome is a superstar playwright , screenwriter , actor and cult leader . He appears in the episode `` Pause '' where it is revealed that Winston founded his theatrical cult for the purpose of having sex with men . Robert auditioned to be the leading man in one of his plays . His character , and more specifically , his success as an actor and scriptwriter , is a spoof of Tyler Perry . Joe Petto ( voiced by Fred Willard ) -- Riley 's school teacher who in a state of confusion called him `` nigga '' causing an uproar . Petto is confused because he had assumed that saying `` nigga '' was different from `` nigger '' . Petto fervently states that Riley said the word first , and says it so frequently he does not even notice . Petto is based on the real - life teacher Paul Dawson who called his student Keysean Chavers `` nigga '' during a confrontation in class . Petto 's confusion on the words are exclusively based on Dawson . George W. Bush -- 43rd President of the United States . Barack H. Obama -- 44th President of the United States . Ronald Reagan -- 40th President of the United States Wedgie Rudlin ( voiced by Donald Faison ) -- Wedgie Rudlin is President of entertainment for BET , and a simpering yes - man to his superiors . An obvious parody of actual BET President of entertainment ( and executive producer for the Boondocks ) Reginald Hudlin . Kardashia Kardashian ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) -- Kardashia is a parody of the Kardashian sisters of Khloe , Kim , and Kourtney . Like them , she is a Caucasian reality TV star with butt implants , which explode during one date with Robert . She dies alone and the pilot for her reality show was never pitched . Siri ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) -- An app that Granddad becomes attached to and the main antagonist of `` I Dream of Siri '' . But , when he said that he loves her , Siri becomes obsessed . Going haywire , she hacks Robert 's new Android and at the wedding , she sends fake pictures of Robert being a terrorist to al - Qaeda . A drone comes to the Freeman house and destroys Siri . Granddad 's complaint made it to Apple . He is also removed from the president 's kill list and also received a free iPad , as shown in the epilogue notice . Recurring characters ( edit ) The White Shadow ( voiced by John C. McGinley ) -- The White Shadow is a white , secret agent with white hair and shades whose responsibility is spying on Huey for his radical actions . An enigmatic individual claiming to be sent by the apparent `` powers that be '' to spy on Huey from monitoring his communications to personal conversations . It is not proven as to whether or not he is a real agent or simply a figment of Huey 's imagination due to his ever - increasing paranoia ; given the fact that he appears and disappears so easily and no one else has yet to see him . Though he seems as a sinister individual , he usually appears to provide insight or warn Huey . Huey is the one who dubs him `` The White Shadow . '' Gangstalicious ( voiced by Mos Def ) -- Gangstalicious is one of Riley 's favorite rappers . Gangstalicious features in `` The Story of Gangstalicious '' , `` The Story of Gangstalicious Part 2 '' , and `` Thank You for Not Snitching '' and makes a cameo appearance in `` It 's a Black President , Huey Freeman . '' He is responsible for the hit single `` Thuggin ' Luv '' heard in the show ( which is heard in many episodes ) , as well as `` Homies Over Hoes '' . Inspired as a child by Ice Cube , he acted `` like a killer '' so people would like him . This behavior carried over into his adult life , and he 's been living a lie ever since . He is a closet homosexual and goes to great lengths to keep this secret from the public . He was formerly involved in a secret homosexual affair with a gangster named Lincoln who attempts to kill Gangstalicious for betraying their love while on tour , and at some point assaulted a record label executive and rapped about it on TRL only to be arrested later . He was also involved in a relationship with a hip - hop video vixen named Jessica Ethelberg , who later wrote a book revealing he was gay ( despite the fact that there were already countless obvious clues to the fact beforehand ) . His real name is Frederick . Macktastic ( voiced by Snoop Dogg ) -- Macktastic is a rapper and member of Thugnificent 's Lethal Interjection crew . Despite his stereotypical gangsta attitude , he is shown to be quite articulate in his speech at times ( slightly similar to his voice actor ) , and is a man of few words . His appearance resembles that of Taboo of The Black Eyed Peas . After the fall - out of Lethal Interjection , Thugnificent mentions that Mack went back to pimpin ' . Flonominal ( voiced by Busta Rhymes ) -- Derrick Cornish is a rapper under the name Flonominal and member of Thugnificent 's Lethal Interjection crew . His vocabulary seems to be quite limited , and uses hip - hop slang frequently at the end of , and even in between his sentences , and if he can not think of anything else to say , he will say things such as `` Word ! '' and `` Nah mean ? '' ( phrases commonly used by the rapper Ghostface Killah of the Wu - Tang Clan , who plays a role in `` Stinkmeaner Strikes Back '' ) . Although he puts on a hard - man , gangsta facade and is as loud as Thugnificent at times , he is shown to be soft and sensitive , as seen as when his mother called him and scolded him about the controversy caused the Lethal Interjection label and the constant attacks on the elderly by Thugnificent 's rivalry with Robert Freeman ( Granddad ) , and when Butch Magnus Milosevic hit him on the leg with a baseball bat , after demanding Riley 's chain back . He resigns from the Lethal Interjection in `` Bitches to Rags '' when Thugnificent is unable to pay for the house and when Thugnificent gets him fired from a job as an office worker . A Pimp Named Slickback ( voiced by Katt Williams ) -- A Pimp Named Slickback is a pimp who gets easily irritated when someone calls him `` Slickback '' for short , demanding to be addressed by his complete self - professed name : `` It 's like ' A Tribe Called Quest ' -- you say the whole thing . '' He first appeared in `` Guess Hoe 's Coming to Dinner '' when Granddad began dating his prostitute , Cristal . He made a cameo appearance in `` Return of the King '' but had no speaking lines . He appears in the season 2 episode `` Tom , Sarah and Usher '' , in the episode where Tom believes Sarah is having an affair with singer Usher , attempting to teach Tom to gain the respect of his wife through violence and intimidation . The character is modeled after Katt Williams ' character of `` Money Mike '' in Friday After Next . He also drives a purple BMW which matches his purple suit . He also appears in `` The Story of Gangstalicious Part 2 '' where he is brought in by Granddad to talk to Riley about sex and dissuade him from homosexuality . Colonel H. Stinkmeaner ( voiced by Cedric Yarbrough ) is a blind old black man whose appearance resembles Dr. Badvibes from C.O.P.S. . As Huey states , Stinkmeaner has acted like an ornery old man for his entire life and saw his Cancer - induced blindess at age 15 as good thing since he hated everything and everyone he saw . Though expected to die within three years , the doctors believed that Stinkmeaner 's `` Love of Hatred '' kept him alive as he dedicated the rest of his life to making everyone 's lives a living hell . After beating Robert in a fight in the mall parking lot , Huey mistakes Stinkmeaner for a blind swordsman ( specifically Zatoichi ) and has his Granddad train to fight Stinkmeaner . But by the time Huey realizes Stinkmeaner is a regular old man , having had the match legally sanctioned prior at the last second to ensure no prosecution , the fight ended with Robert unintentionally killing Stinkmeaner . Ending up in Hell soon after , Stinkmeaner trains in martial arts before the events of `` Stinkmeaner Strikes Back '' where the Devil sends him back to Earth to spread ignorance and chaos among black people . Once back on Earth , Stinkmeaner possess Tom Dubois to take revenge upon Robert before being exorcised when tricked by Huey into finding common ground with Uncle Ruckus . In the season 3 episode `` Stinkmeaner III : The Hateocracy , '' serving as its narrator , Stinkmeaner is revealed to have belonged to a crew of violent , elderly hoodlums known as the `` Hateocracy . '' Once notified of Stinkmeaner 's death , the surviving members of the Hateocracy , a trio of skilled martial artists named Lord Rufus Crabmiser , Lady Esmerelda Gripenasty , and Mister George Pistofferson , reunite to attack the Freeman family as it gave them an excuse to ruin someone 's life . Luckily , as Crabmiser murdered Bushido Brown during the attack , the Hateocracy are arrested by the police shortly . In the season 4 episode `` Stinkmeaner : Begun the Clone War Has '' , it is revealed that Stinkmeaner enlisted in a cloning project prior to his death and left instructions for his clone , who is genetically enhanced , to continue antagonizing Robert . Eventually , after Robert newly descended to his level , the Stinkmeaner clone renounces the vendetta but still harasses the Freeman family . Reverend Rollo Goodlove ( voiced by CeeLo Green ) -- Reverend Rollo Goodlove is an African - American left - wing activist whose activism seems more to get him media exposure than to show his opinion on the issue . He originally appeared in the Boondocks episode `` The S - Word '' , as a supporter of the Freemans after Mr. Petto used a racial `` slur '' on Riley . He then turned it into a political debate between himself and Ann Coulter ( which was carefully orchestrated ) giving him more media exposure . His protest was overshadowed ( forcefully with rifles ) by elderly women protested for the right to own guns . Granddad was certain he will receive lots of money for the incident . He also helped Huey in a hunger strike in an attempt to pull BET off the air , but Rollo was offered a TV sitcom to be aired on BET , which led to him no longer aiding Huey 's strike . His character is loosely based on Rev. Al Sharpton and Jesse Jackson . Cynthia `` Cindy / C Murder / Fearsome '' McPhearson ( voiced by Tara Strong ) -- Cynthia is a girl who originally appeared as a recurring character in the comic strip as a girl in Huey 's class who is oblivious to racial issues . She enjoys rap music , especially Snoop Dogg . In the TV series , she appears as an extremely - talented junior basketball player for her team , is well - versed ( yet overblown ) in AAVE , and matches Riley in cockiness . Riley soon resorts to insulting her mother and the problems related to her in Cindy 's life to put her off her game , which leads to her crying and running off the court . She appears in the episode `` Ballin ' '' and `` The Story of Gangstalicious Part 2 '' , in Season 2 and in Season 3 in the episode `` The Red Ball '' as part of Huey 's kickball team , although she does n't speak . She has a bigger role in the Season 3 episode `` The Fundraiser '' as one of Riley 's partners in his chocolate enterprise . Bushido Brown ( voiced by Cedric Yarbrough in the first appearance , Michael Jai White in the second appearance ) -- Bushiso Brown is a kung - fu bodyguard hired by Oprah . For a while on the show he is the best martial artist whose skills greatly surpass Huey Freeman . He appeared in the season one episode `` Let 's Nab Oprah '' and the season two episode `` Attack of the Killer Kung - Fu Wolf Bitch '' . He is killed in the season three episode `` Stinkmeaner 3 : The Hateocracy '' after being decapitated in a fight with three elderly martial artists the `` Hateocracy '' ( who were associated with Colonel H. Stinkmeaner ) when they were out to kill Robert using a flying guillotine at the time when he was protecting them . Before his demise , he is revealed to be an arrogant jerk who overcharges his clients for his services . After Bushido Brown 's death , the Hateocracy members are arrested by the police for the murder of Bushido Brown . Bushido Brown 's character is heavily influenced by the character Black Belt Jones from Black Belt Jones and William from Enter the Dragon ( both played by martial artist Jim Kelly ) , as well as Michael Jai White 's own character parody `` Black Dynamite '' from the film Black Dynamite . Mrs. Van Heusen ( voiced by Marion Ross ) -- Mrs. Van Heusen is a right - wing elderly woman who is head of the local neighborhood watch , and Second Amendment Sisters . When Ed the 3rd and Gin Rummy are engaging in their local crime spree , she tries militarizing the neighborhood watch after the Freemans . During the Fried Chicken Flu , she organizes another militia to try and take the Freeman 's supplies . Deborah LeVil ( voiced by Debra Wilson ) -- Deborah LeVil who is the fictional head of BET ( Black EVIL Television ) . Deborah LeVil is a psychotically evil woman dedicated to the network 's goal : the destruction of black people . She has been shown to murder her employees when they do not meet her insidious standards . As she states , `` It 's not enough that the shows are bad . They have to be EVIL as well ! '' She is mostly portrayed as a female version of Dr. Evil from the Austin Powers film series . Cristal ( voiced by Tiffany Thomas ) -- Cristal is a provocative looking young woman . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Boondocks : Exclusive Character Profile -- Uncle Ruckus '' . IGN . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Boondocks : Beware Colonel Stinkmeaner '' . IGN . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 26 . ( hide ) The Boondocks Comic strip TV series Characters Huey Freeman Riley Freeman Robert Freeman Uncle Ruckus Dubois family Albums Hip - Hop Docktrine : The Official Boondocks Mixtape The Saga Continues The Final Chapter Seasons `` A Huey Freeman Christmas '' `` Return of the King '' `` The Hunger Strike '' `` The Uncle Ruckus Reality Show '' `` Pause '' `` The Fried Chicken Flu '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Boondocks_characters&oldid=803995552 '' Categories : The Boondocks characters Lists of fictional characters Fictional characters from Baltimore Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 00 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20The%20Boondocks%20characters	56,689
what kind of ape is king louie in jungle book	King Louie is a fictional character introduced in Walt Disney 's 1967 animated musical film , The Jungle Book . Unlike the majority of the adapted characters in the film , Louie was not featured in Rudyard Kipling 's original works . King Louie was portrayed as an orangutan who was the leader of the other jungle primates , and who attempted to gain knowledge of fire from Mowgli , in order to become more human .	orangutan	King Louie	king louie	King Louie is a fictional character introduced in Walt Disney 's 1967 animated musical film , The Jungle Book . Unlike the majority of the adapted characters in the film , Louie was not featured in Rudyard Kipling 's original works . King Louie was portrayed as an orangutan who was the leader of the other jungle primates , and who attempted to gain knowledge of fire from Mowgli , in order to become more human .	King Louie was voiced by Louis Prima in the original 1967 film . Initially , the filmmakers considered Louis Armstrong for the role , but to avoid the likely controversy that would result from casting a black person to voice an ape , they instead chose Prima , a white singer . Christopher Walken voiced King Louie in the 2016 live - action / CGI The Jungle Book film . Contents 1 Conception and creation 2 Other appearances 2.1 TaleSpin 2.2 Jungle Cubs 2.3 1994 live - action film 2.4 2016 live - action film 2.5 Other Disney media 2.6 Non-Disney works 3 Reception 4 References Conception and creation ( edit ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Although the Disney adaptation is based on the Kipling stories , the character King Louie does not appear in Rudyard Kipling 's original book , as orangutans , the species as which he is portrayed , are not native to India in real life . It is also stated by Kipling in the original that the Bandar - log , or monkeys over which King Louie rules , have no effective leadership , let alone a king . In the book , Mowgli is abducted by a band of nameless and leaderless bandar - log monkeys , but the rest of the scene plays out very differently from Disney 's version . While no orangutans ever appeared in the Kipling 's original Jungle Book , he did mention an orangutan in his unrelated short story Bertran and Bimi . Bill Peet 's original story for the film did not feature King Louie , but did feature a larger monkey without a tail , who was perhaps meant to be their king . Peet left the Disney company due to a dispute he had with Walt Disney regarding the contents of his script , so his ultimate vision for the king of the Bandar - log remains unknown . Development of the story continued following Peet 's departure , with his darker story giving way to a new emphasis on lightheartedness and jazzy tunes . It was in this company milieu that King Louie eventually came into being , given life through the voice and personality of popular performer Louis Prima . Personality was also given to Louie by Milt Kahl , Frank Thomas , and John Lounsbery , three of Disney 's Nine Old Men who animated the character . Kahl animated Louie 's interaction with Mowgli , Thomas his solo song and dance portions , while Lounsbery animated his memorable scat duet with a disguised Baloo . Other appearances ( edit ) Famed Italian - American and New Orleans native Louis Prima portrayed King Louie in the film . Louis Prima considered playing King Louie as one of the highlights of his career and felt he had become `` immortal '' thanks to Walt Disney and the entire studio . TaleSpin ( edit ) In the Disney animated television series TaleSpin , Louie ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) is a fun - loving orangutan who wears a Hawaiian shirt , a straw hat , and a lei . He owns an island nightclub , restaurant and hotel called `` Louie 's Place '' , located near but outside the protection of the city of Cape Suzette . It also serves as a refueling station / pit stop area for pilots . Louie is Baloo 's best friend ( unlike in The Jungle Book , but like in the later Jungle Cubs ) but sometimes can be competitive with him when it comes to women , treasure - hunting and , on occasion , in business and monetary matters . His hold on the island is somewhat tenuous , though through his own ingenuity and the aid of his friends he has managed to avoid losing it ( in the episode `` Louie 's Last Stand '' ) . Jungle Cubs ( edit ) In the Disney animated television series Jungle Cubs , Louie ( voiced by Jason Marsden in Season 1 , and Cree Summer in Season 2 ) is a juvenile orangutan and Baloo 's best friend . He is very physically active , spending a great deal of his time in trees and eating bananas . Prince Louie ( as he is referred to in the show ) wants to become king of the jungle one day , and when any man - made objects turn up he immediately shows great interest . 1994 live - action film ( edit ) A slightly different version of the character appeared in Disney 's 1994 live - action film . Once again , he is an orangutan ( portrayed by a trained Bornean orangutan named Lowell ) , and is the ' leader ' of a group of monkeys that make their home in an abandoned human city . His name arises in this version from the vast wealth that humans left behind in the city , and in particular to his habit of wearing a crown similar in appearance to that worn by the King of France , Louis XIV . Kaa appeared to serve him , being summoned with a clap of his hands , Louie using Kaa to ward off or even kill intruders , the latter for his own amusement . At first , he acts a rival to Mowgli , but later warms up to him after seeing him defeat Kaa . Louie would later on appear during the battle between Mowgli and Captain William Boone ( Cary Elwes ) , as he is seen cheering for Mowgli . After Mowgli defeats Boone , Louie happily applauds Mowgli for a job well done before summoning Kaa , who then kills Boone in the moat . 2016 live - action film ( edit ) King Louie , in promotional material for The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Christopher Walken voiced King Louie in Disney 's 2016 live - action film . He is portrayed as a Gigantopithecus , an extinct species of great ape , because orangutans themselves are not native to India . In an interview regarding the character , Christopher Walken described King Louie as standing around 12 feet tall , and `` as charming as he is intimidating when he wants to be '' . In the film , Louie offers Mowgli protection from Shere Khan in exchange for the secret of making fire , which he and his fellow Bandar Log plan to use to take over the jungle . While accommodating and friendly at first , Louie quickly becomes spiteful and impatient , refusing to believe Mowgli 's protests that he does not know how to make fire . He is briefly distracted by the appearance of Baloo , allowing Mowgli to be rescued by Bagheera . However , they are spotted by one of Louie 's pig - tailed macaque servants , and Louie orders the trio to be captured . Emerging from the temple , Louie finds his Bandar Log too preoccupied fighting Bagheera and Baloo to capture Mowgli , so he goes after the man cub himself . Blocking Mowgli 's escape , he tries to coerce him into staying whilst antagonizing him with the revelation of Akela 's death . Mowgli refuses to believe this , infuriating Louie into chasing him through the temple . During his rampage , he destroys several of the pillars supporting the temple , causing it to collapse over him . During the credits , Louie is shown emerging from the rubble , and performs `` I Wan'na Be like You '' . Other Disney media ( edit ) Q.T. , an orangutan who looks very similar to King Louie , is one of the main characters in Dumbo 's Circus . King Louie does not appear in The Jungle Book 2 because of a legal dispute with Louis Prima 's widow Gia Maione ( though a shadow puppet of him can be seen at the very beginning of the movie , and Baloo implies that he left the jungle ) . Louie 's very identical twin brother Larry appeared in an episode of House of Mouse . Like in The Jungle Book 2 , a dispute with Gia Maione at the last minute stopped the crew from using Louie as they thought to , leading to the last - minute creation of Larry instead . Louie appears as a meetable character at Walt Disney Parks and Resorts . Non-disney works ( edit ) King Louie appears in the Fables comic series published by Vertigo Comics and he is only referred to as King . He is one of the revolutionaries who wish to overthrow the Fabletown government out of resentment at the apparent second - class status of Fables . Due to his peripheral involvement , he is given a sentence of hard labor -- - twenty years , reduced to five years conditional on good behavior . In Fables , Louie is wrongly described as a `` Kipling '' character ; on his official forums , Fables author Bill Willingham cited Louie 's appearance in Fables as `` a very good example on why it 's best to go back to the source material before one embarks on a major story , rather than rely on often faulty memory of which characters were original canon and which were n't . '' Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2008 ) The characterization of King Louie has frequently been cited as an example of racial stereotyping in Disney films . However , in his 2004 book The Gospel According to Disney , Mark Pinsky asserts that a child in the current environment ( as opposed to in the late 1960s ) would not discern any racial dimension to the portrayal . Pinsky also relates Orlando Sentinel 's film critic Jay Bogar 's assertion that `` the primates could be perceived as representing African Americans in a time of turmoil , but ( that Bogar ) saw no racism in the portrayal . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weinert - Kendt , Rob ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Cutting Through a Cultural Thicket . ' The Jungle Book ' Comes to the Stage '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pinsky , Mark I. ( 2004 ) . The Gospel According to Disney . Westminster John Knox Press . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22591 - 9 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Walken to voice King Louie in ' Jungle Book ' remake - The Times of India '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Annika Harris ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` First Look : Lupita Nyong'o , Idris Elba & Others In ' The Jungle Book ' '' . UPTOWN Magazine . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Re : Questions for Bill 2009 , at Clockwork Storybook ; posted June 18 , 2009 ; retrieved December 7 , 2012 Jump up ^ Bell , Elizabeth ; Lynda Haas ; Laura Sells ( 1995 ) . From Mouse to Mermaid . Indiana University Press . p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 20978 - 8 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Pinsky , Mark I. ( 2004 ) . The Gospel According to Disney . Westminster John Knox Press . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22591 - 9 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Schiappa , Edward ( 2008 ) . Beyond Representational Correctness . SUNY Press . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7423 - 5 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 16 . hide Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book Books The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) All the Mowgli Stories ( 1933 ) Mowgli stories `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' `` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' Other stories `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' Characters Mowgli Baloo Bagheera Akela Raksha Kaa Hathi Shere Khan Bandar - log King Louie Disney franchise Film The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Television TaleSpin ( 1990 -- 91 ) Jungle Cubs ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Soundtrack `` Colonel Hathi 's March '' `` The Bare Necessities '' `` I Wan'na Be like You '' `` Trust in Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` My Own Home '' `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' Video games The Jungle Book ( 1993 ) The Jungle Book Groove Party ( 2000 ) Other The Jungle Book : Alive with Magic Colonel Hathi 's Pizza Outpost Other adaptations Film Elephant Boy ( 1937 ) Jungle Book ( 1942 ) Adventures of Mowgli ( 1973 ) The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli & Baloo ( 1997 ) Mowgli 's First Adventure : In Search of the Elephant Eye Diamond ( 1998 ) Mowgli ( 2019 ) Television Elephant Boy ( 1973 ) Mowgli 's Brothers ( 1976 ) Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ( 1989 -- 90 ) episodes Mowgli : The New Adventures of the Jungle Book ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book ( 2010 -- ) Other The Third Jungle Book ( 1992 ) A dzsungel könyve Djungelboken Related Law of the jungle Mowgli syndrome The Graveyard Book ( 2008 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_Louie&oldid=854606841 '' Categories : The Jungle Book characters TaleSpin characters Fictional orangutans Fictional kings Fictional characters introduced in 1967 Male characters in animation Disney animated villains Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from November 2008 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles needing style editing from August 2016 All articles needing style editing All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles to be expanded from October 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 15 : 22 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Louie	13,759
how does the racial discrimination act 1975 protect all australian from prejudice			Racial Discrimination Act 1975	racial discrimination act 1975	The Racial Discrimination Act 1975 ( Cth ) , ( RDA ) is a statute passed by the Australian Parliament during the Prime Ministership of Gough Whitlam . The RDA makes racial discrimination in certain contexts unlawful in Australia , and overrides States and Territory legislation to the extent of any inconsistency .	The RDA is administered by the Australian Human Rights Commission ( AHRC ) . The President of the Commission is responsible for investigating complaints . If a complaint is validated , the Commission will attempt to conciliate the matter . If the Commission can not negotiate an agreement which is acceptable to the complainant , the complainant 's only redress is through the Federal Court or through the Federal Circuit Court . The Commission also attempts to raise awareness about the obligations that individuals and organisations have under the RDA . Contents ( hide ) 1 Constitutionality of the RDA 2 Scope of the Act 2.1 Prohibition of racial discrimination in certain contexts 2.2 Section 18C : Prohibition on offense , insult , humiliation or intimidation and Exemptions under Section 18D 2.3 Complaint process and remedies 3 Proposals for law reform 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Constitutionality of the RDA ( edit ) The source of the federal Parliament 's power to pass the RDA is the `` external affairs '' power contained in section 51 ( xxix ) of the Australian Constitution . Under that power , the federal Parliament implemented international obligations arising under the 1965 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination , which Australia ratified in September 1975 . The High Court of Australia confirmed that the external affairs power was a valid source of power for the RDA in Koowarta v. Bjelke - Petersen , and again in Mabo v Queensland ( No 1 ) . While the AHRC maintains that the RDA provides an appropriate balance between freedom of speech and freedom from racial vilification , some legal academics have suggested that section 18C of the RDA ( see below ) may be unconstitutional , on the basis that it is inconsistent with the constitutional implied freedom of political communication . Scope of the Act ( edit ) Prohibition of Racial Discrimination in certain contexts ( edit ) Racial discrimination occurs under the RDA when someone is treated less fairly than someone else in a similar situation because of their race , colour , descent or national or ethnic origin . Racial discrimination can also occur when a policy or rule appears to treat everyone in the same way but actually has an unfair effect on more people of a particular race , colour , descent or national or ethnic origin than others . It is against the law to discriminate in areas such as : Employment ( section 15 ) - e.g. when seeking employment , training , promotion , equal pay or conditions of employment ; Land , housing or accommodation ( section 12 ) - e.g. when buying a house or when renting ; Provision of goods and services ( section 13 ) - e.g. when buying something , applying for credit , using banks , seeking assistance from government departments , lawyers , doctors and hospitals , or attending restaurants , pubs , entertainment venues ; Access to places and facilities for use by the public ( section 11 ) - e.g. when trying to use parks , libraries , government offices , hotels , places of worship , entertainment centres , hire cars ; Advertising ( section 16 ) - e.g. advertising for a job stating that people from a certain ethnic group can not apply ; Joining a trade union ( section 14 ) . In Wotton v Queensland ( No 5 ) police raids and behaviour following the 2004 Palm Island community riot , sparked by the death in custody of an Aboriginal man , were found to have breached the Racial Discrimination Act with $220,000 in damages awarded in 2016 . Police actions were described in the judgement as `` unnecessary , disproportionate '' with police having `` acted in these ways because they were dealing with an Aboriginal community . '' Dozens of police officers in riot gear wearing balaclavas with no identification and carrying large guns had marched into the community conducting early - morning raids on 27 November 2004 . Residents reported officers kicking down doors , pointing guns at children 's heads , and tasering residents . with one resident and his partner awarded $235,000 compensation for assault , battery and false imprisonment in a separate case . Subsequently , this led to a record class action settlement of $30 million and a formal apology issued by the Queensland State Government in May 2018 . Section 18C : prohibition on offense , insult , humiliation or intimidation and exemptions under section 18D ( edit ) Main article : Section 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 Section 18C of the RDA makes it is unlawful for a person to do an act in public if it is reasonably likely to `` offend , insult , humiliate or intimidate '' a person of a certain race , colour or national or ethnic origin , and the act was done because of one or more of those characteristics . While some conservative politicians have claimed the bar for breaching 18C is too low , courts have consistently shown that this is not the case , and to fall within 18C the speech must have `` ... profound and serious effects , not to be likened to mere slights . '' Exemptions are provided in section 18D , including acts relating to artistic works , genuine academic or scientific purposes , fair reporting , and fair comment on matters of public interest . Cases and determinations in relation to section 18C include the following : In Bryant v Queensland Newspaper Pty Ltd ( 1997 ) HREOCA 23 , the predecessor of the AHRC , the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission ( HREOC ) dismissed a complaint by an English person against use of the words `` Pom '' and `` Pommy '' used in newspapers . Rugema v Gadsten Pty Ltd & Derkes ( 1997 ) HREOCA 34 , the HREOC awarded $55,000 in damages to an African former refugee who had suffered racial abuse in the workplace . In Combined Housing Organisation Ltd , Ipswich Regional Atsic for Legal Services , Thompson and Fisher v Hanson ( 1997 ) HREOCA 58 , the HREOC dismissed a complaint against politician Pauline Hanson over comments about Aboriginal welfare policy . In Mcglade v Lightfoot ( 1999 ) HREOCA 1 , the HREOC dismissed a complaint against Senator Ross Lightfoot over comments he had made that Aboriginal people were the most primitive people on earth and that aspects of their culture were abhorrent , on the basis that he had apologised in the Senate and retracted his comments . In Jacobs v Fardig ( 1999 ) HREOCA 9 , the HREOC found that a Councillor who had made comments about `` shooting '' Aboriginal people contravened section 18C . In Jones v Toben ( 2000 ) HREOCA 39 the HREOC found that a person had contravened section 18C when they referred to the treatment of Jews in the 1930s and 1940s as having been `` mythologised '' . Following orders made by the Federal Court of Australia to enforce the Commission 's decision , in Toben v Jones ( 2003 ) FCAFC 137 the Full Court of the Federal Court of Australia dismissed an appeal from those orders , in which the defendant challenged the constitutional validity of section 18C . In McMahon v Bowman ( 2000 ) FMCA 3 , the Federal Magistrates Court of Australia found that a person had contravened section 18C by calling his neighbour a `` black bastard '' . In Wanjurri v Southern Cross Broadcasting ( Aus ) Ltd ( 2001 ) HREOCA 2 , the HREOC found that Southern Cross Broadcasting and journalist Howard Sattler had contravened section 18C , and ordered each to pay the five complainants $10,000 in damages . In Eatock v Bolt ( 2011 ) FCA 1103 , the Federal Court of Australia held that newspaper commentator Andrew Bolt had contravened section 18C for comments made in relation to fair - skinned Aboriginal persons . In Prior v Queensland University of Technology & Others ( 2016 ) FCCA 2853 , the Federal Circuit Court of Australia summarily dismissed a claim brought by an indigenous staff member at the Queensland University Technology against certain students for comments made on Facebook after one of them had been evicted from a computer room set aside for indigenous students , on the basis that the claim had no reasonable prospects of success . Complaint process and remedies ( edit ) An aggrieved person may make a complaint of a contravention of the RDA to the Australian Human Rights Commission . If the complaint can not be resolved , then an application alleging `` unlawful discrimination '' may be made to the Federal Court of Australia or to the Federal Circuit Court . When such allegations are upheld , the court may make orders , including for compensation . Proposals for law reform ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2017 ) Section 18C of the RDA has been a topic of debate , especially in recent years . In 1995 , left - wing ABC journalist Phillip Adams argued against the provision , saying that a better response to expressions of racial hatred was `` public debate , not legal censure '' . In 2011 , the Federal Court ruled that commentator Andrew Bolt had contravened section 18C of the RDA as he could not rely on the exemptions under Section 18D . Bolt said that the verdict was `` a restriction on the freedom of all Australians to discuss multiculturalism and how people identify themselves '' . The political allegiance of the presiding judge to the Australian Labor Party has also been raised as an issue ( Justice Bromberg had once stood for Labor pre-selection ) . In 2013 , members of the Abbott Government proposed significant changes to section 18C in a draft bill put on public exhibition , which would have substantially limited the scope of the prohibition . The Attorney - General , George Brandis , defended the proposed changes , stating that people have `` a right to be bigots '' . Trade Unionist Paul Howes argued that section 18C stretches out its fingers `` into the realm of what Orwell might have called a Thought Crime '' . After public consultation and opposition by minority groups , the Government did not proceed with the proposed changes . More recently , members of the Turnbull Government have proposed less significant and narrower changes to section 18C , and the Attorney - General , George Brandis , has asked for the Joint Parliamentary Committee on Human Rights to conduct an inquiry on the appropriateness of section in its current form . In March 2016 , the Australian Law Reform Commission called for review of section 18C , stating `` In particular , there are arguments that s18C lacks sufficient precision and clarity , and unjustifiably interferes with freedom of speech by extending to speech that is reasonably likely to ' offend ' . '' The ALRC noted that it had received `` widely divergent views '' on whether s 18C should be amended but found as follows : `` In the ALRC 's view , s 18C of the RDA would benefit from more thorough review in relation to implications for freedom of speech . In particular , there are arguments that s 18C lacks sufficient precision and clarity , and unjustifiably interferes with freedom of speech by extending to speech that is reasonably likely to ' offend ' . In some respects , the provision is broader than is required under international law , broader than similar laws in other jurisdictions , and may be susceptible to constitutional challenge . '' In 2016 , Labor Senator Kimberley Kitching , said she was `` very surprised '' when Justice Bromberg decided to hear the Bolt case given , `` He was an active ALP person , he was active enough that he was in a faction , he ran for preselection ... Obviously he would have had some views about ( Andrew Bolt ) , and perhaps he was not the best person to hear ( the ) case . '' Bromberg had run unsuccessfully for Labor preselection in Melbourne in 2001 . In November , 2016 , the President of the Human Rights Commission Gillian Triggs voiced support for changes to 18C , saying that removing the words `` offend '' and `` insult '' and inserting `` vilify '' would strengthen the laws . On March 30 2017 , the Australian Senate voted down changes to 18c with 31 votes ; Labor , Greens , Lambie , Xenophon voting against and 28 votes Liberal , Derryn Hinch , One Nation , and Liberal Democrat for . See also ( edit ) Australia portal Hate speech laws in Australia List of anti-discrimination acts Racism in Australia Human rights in Australia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Racial Discrimination Act 1975 ( Cth ) . Jump up ^ Koowarta v Bjelke - Petersen ( 1982 ) HCA 27 , ( 1982 ) 153 CLR 168 , High Court ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ Mabo v Queensland ( No 1 ) ( 1988 ) HCA 69 , ( 1988 ) 166 CLR 186 , High Court ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ `` At a glance : Racial vilification under sections 18C and 18D of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 ( Cth ) '' . www.humanrights.gov.au . Australian Human Rights Commission . 2013 - 12 - 11 . Archived from the original on 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indeed , Mr Abbott , Section 18C is ' clearly a bad law ' - On Line Opinion - 6 / 5 / 2016 '' . On Line Opinion . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wotton v Queensland ( No 5 ) ( 2016 ) FCA 1457 ( 5 December 2016 ) , Federal Court . ^ Jump up to : `` Queensland police breached discrimination act on Palm Island , court finds '' . Brisbane Times . 5 December 2016 . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Petrinec , Melanie ( 7 October 2015 ) . `` Palm Island man compensated for wrongful arrest after 2004 riots '' . The Courier Mail . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Lily , Nothling ( 2 May 2018 ) . `` Palm Island riots class action payout ' slap in face ' to police , union says '' . The Courier Mail . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Racial Discrimination Act 1975 ( Cth ) s 18c . ^ Jump up to : Eatock v Bolt ( 2011 ) FCA 1103 , ( 2011 ) 197 FCR 261 , Federal Court ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ Patel , Uma ( 7 August 2016 ) . `` David Leyonhjelm , Malcolm Roberts push for Section 18C of Racial Discrimination Act to be removed '' . ABC Online . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Norman , Jane ( 30 August 2016 ) . `` Cory Bernardi leads Coalition backbench senators in push to dilute Racial Discrimination Act '' . ABC Online . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Luke ( 1 September 2016 ) . `` What is Section 18C and why do some politicians want it changed ? '' . ABC Online . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Bryant v Queensland Newspaper Pty Ltd ( 1997 ) HREOCA 23 ( 15 May 1997 ) , Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ Rugema v Gadsten Pty Ltd & Derkes ( 1997 ) HREOCA 34 ( 26 June 1997 ) , Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ Combined Housing Organisation Ltd , Ipswich Regional Atsic for Legal Services , Thompson and Fisher v Hanson ( 1997 ) HREOCA 58 ( 16 October 1997 ) , Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ Mcglade v Lightfoot ( 1999 ) HREOCA 1 ( 21 January 1999 ) , Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ Jacobs v Fardig ( 1999 ) HREOCA 9 ( 27 April 1999 ) , Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ Jones v Toben ( 2000 ) HREOCA 39 ( 5 October 2000 ) , Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ Toben v Jones ( 2003 ) FCAFC 137 ( 27 June 2003 ) , Federal Court ( Full Court ) ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ McMahon v Bowman ( 2000 ) FMCA 3 ( 13 October 2000 ) , Federal Magistrates ' Court ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ Wanjurri v Southern Cross Broadcasting ( Aus ) Ltd ( 2001 ) HREOCA 2 ( 7 May 2001 ) , Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ Prior v Queensland University of Technology & Ors ( No. 2 ) ( 2016 ) FCCA 2853 ( 4 November 2016 ) , Australia ) . ^ Jump up to : Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 ( Cth ) Jump up ^ Adams , Phillip ( 1995 ) . The Role of the Media . Jump up ^ `` Bolt breached discrimination act , judge rules '' . ABC News . 2011 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Bolt race - case judge ' had ALP links ' ; The Australian , Nov 16 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` 25 March 2014 - Racial Discrimination Act '' . www.attorneygeneral.gov.au . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wright , Jessica . `` George Brandis to repeal ' Bolt laws ' on racial discrimination '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Brandis defends ' right to be a bigot ' '' . ABC News . 2014 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Bolt : Freedom of Speech in Australia - Speech made by Paul Howes Institute of Public Affairs Australia '' . www.ipa.org.au . Archived from the original on 3 October 2011 . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Aston , Heath . `` Tony Abbott dumps controversial changes to 18C racial discrimination laws '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Parliamentary inquiry into freedom of speech '' . www.attorneygeneral.gov.au . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Manager , Web ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Laws that interfere with freedom of speech '' . www.alrc.gov.au . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Fergus ( 2016 - 11 - 08 ) . `` Gillian Triggs backs changes to section 18C as government announces inquiry into freedom of speech '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ editor , Katharine Murphy Political ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Gillian Triggs says replacing ' insult ' and ' offend ' could strengthen 18C '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Senate votes down 18C reforms '' . skynews.com.au. 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Katharine ( 30 March 2017 ) . `` Senate blocks government 's changes to section 18C of Racial Discrimination Act '' . The Guardian . External links ( edit ) Guide to the Racial Discrimination Act Guide to the Racial Hatred Act Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_Discrimination_Act_1975&oldid=841372323 '' Categories : 1975 in Australian law Anti-discrimination law in Australia Acts of the Parliament of Australia Gough Whitlam Public policy in Australia Australian law Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Australian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 12 : 55 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial%20Discrimination%20Act%201975	41,237
when was the last time there was a full moon on easter			Blue moon	blue moon	A blue moon is an additional full moon that appears in a subdivision of a year : either the third of four full moons in a season , or a second full moon in a month of the common calendar .	The phrase has nothing to do with the actual color of the moon , although a literal `` blue moon '' ( the moon appearing with a tinge of blue ) may occur in certain atmospheric conditions : e.g. , if volcanic eruptions or fires leave particles in the atmosphere of just the right size to preferentially scatter red light . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Origin of the term 3 Maine Farmers ' Almanac blue moons 3.1 Sky and Telescope calendar misinterpretation 4 Visibly blue moon 5 Blue moons between 2009 and 2021 5.1 Seasonal 5.2 Calendar 6 Popular culture 6.1 Music 6.2 Books 6.3 Films and television 6.4 Video Games 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Definition ( edit ) Main article : Intercalary month The term has traditionally referred to an `` extra '' full moon , where a year which normally has 12 full moons has 13 instead . The `` blue moon '' reference is applied to the third full moon in a season with four full moons , thus correcting the timing of the last month of a season that would have otherwise been expected too early . This happens every two to three years ( seven times in the Metonic cycle of 19 years ) . The March 1946 issue of Sky & Telescope misinterpreted the traditional definition , which led to the modern colloquial misunderstanding that a blue moon is a second full moon in a single solar calendar month with no seasonal link . Owing to the rarity of a blue moon , the term `` blue moon '' is used colloquially to mean a rare event , as in the phrase `` once in a blue moon '' . One lunation ( an average lunar cycle ) is 29.53 days . There are about 365.24 days in a tropical year . Therefore , about 12.37 lunations ( 365.24 days divided by 29.53 days ) occur in a tropical year . In the widely used Gregorian calendar , there are 12 months ( the word month is derived from moon ) in a year , and normally there is one full moon each month . Each calendar year contains roughly 11 days more than the number of days in 12 lunar cycles . The extra days accumulate , so every two or three years ( seven times in the 19 - year Metonic cycle ) , there is an extra full moon . The extra full moon necessarily falls in one of the four seasons , giving that season four full moons instead of the usual three , and , hence , a blue moon . In calculating the dates for Lent and Easter , Catholic clergy identified a Lenten moon . Historically , when the moons arrived too early , they called the early moon a `` betrayer '' ( belewe ) moon , so the Lenten moon came at its expected time . Folklore named each of the 12 full moons in a year according to its time of year . The occasional 13th full moon that came too early for its season was called a `` blue moon '' , so the rest of the moons that year retained their customary seasonal names . The Maine Farmers ' Almanac called the third full moon in a season that had four the `` blue moon '' . The frequency of a blue moon can be calculated as follows . It is the period of time it would take for an extra synodic orbit of the moon to occur in a year . Given that a year is approximately 365.2425 days and a synodic orbit is 29.5309 days , then there are about 12.368 synodic months in a year . For this to add up to another full month would take 1 / 0.368 years . Thus it would take about 2.716 years , or 2 years , 8 months and 18 days for another blue moon to occur . Using the common Sky & Telescope misunderstanding , when one calendar month has two full moons ; the second one is called a `` blue moon '' . On rare occasions in a calendar year ( as happened in 2010 in time zones east of UTC + 07 ) , both January and March each have two full moons , so that the second one in each month is called a `` blue moon '' ; in this case , the month of February , with only 28 or 29 days , has no full moon . Under this misinterpretation a blue moon can be more frequent . Origin of the term ( edit ) Blue moon of August 31 , 2012 , viewed from Slobozia , Romania . The suggestion has been made that the term `` blue moon '' for `` intercalary month '' arose by folk etymology , the `` blue '' replacing the no - longer - understood belewe , ' to betray ' . The original meaning would then have been `` betrayer moon '' , referring to a full moon that would `` normally '' ( in years without an intercalary month ) be the full moon of spring , while in an intercalary year , it was `` traitorous '' in the sense that people would have had to continue fasting for another month in accordance with the season of Lent . The earliest recorded English usage of the term blue moon is found in an anti-clerical pamphlet ( attacking the Roman clergy , and cardinal Thomas Wolsey in particular ) by two converted Greenwich friars , William Roy and Jerome Barlow , published in 1528 under the title Rede me and be nott wrothe , for I say no thynge but trothe . The relevant passage reads : O churche men are wyly foxes ( ... ) Yf they say the mone is blewe / We must beleve that it is true / Admittynge their interpretacion . It is not clear from the context that this refers to intercalation ; the context of the passage is a dialogue between two priest 's servants , spoken by the character `` Jeffrey '' ( a brefe dialoge betwene two preste 's servauntis , named Watkyn and Ieffraye ) . The intention may simply be that Jeffrey makes an absurd statement , `` the moon is blue '' , to make the point that priests require laymen to believe in statements even if they are patently false . But in the above interpretation of `` betrayer moon '' , Jeffrey may also be saying that it is up to the priests to say when Lent will be delayed , by announcing `` blue moons '' which laymen have no means to verify . Maine Farmers ' Almanac blue moons ( edit ) In the 19th and early 20th centuries , the Maine Farmers ' Almanac listed blue moon dates for farmers . These correspond to the third full moon in a quarter of the year when there were four full moons ( normally a quarter year has three full moons ) . Full moon names were given to each lunation in a season . The seasons used were those of the mean tropical year , equal in length , as opposed to the astronomical seasons which vary in length because the earth 's speed in its orbit round the sun is not uniform . To compare , in 1983 the equal seasons began at 1.48 AM on 23 March , 9.15 AM on 22 June , 4.42 PM on 21 September and 12.10 AM on 22 December , while the astronomical seasons began at 4.39 AM on 21 March , 11.09 PM on 21 June , 2.42 PM on 23 September and 10.30 AM on 22 December ( all times GMT ) . When a season has four full moons the third is called the `` blue moon '' so that the last can continue to be called with the proper name for that season . Sky and Telescope calendar misinterpretation ( edit ) The March 1946 Sky and Telescope article `` Once in a Blue Moon '' by James Hugh Pruett misinterpreted the 1937 Maine Farmers ' Almanac . `` Seven times in 19 years there were -- and still are -- 13 full moons in a year . This gives 11 months with one full moon each and one with two . This second in a month , so I interpret it , was called Blue Moon . '' Widespread adoption of the definition of a `` blue moon '' as the second full moon in a month followed its use on the popular radio program StarDate on January 31 , 1980 and in a question in the Trivial Pursuit game in 1986 . Visibly blue moon ( edit ) The most literal meaning of blue moon is when the moon ( not necessarily a full moon ) appears to a casual observer to be unusually bluish , which is a rare event . The effect can be caused by smoke or dust particles in the atmosphere , as has happened after forest fires in Sweden and Canada in 1950 and 1951 , and after the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883 , which caused the moon to appear blue for nearly two years . Other less potent volcanoes have also turned the moon blue . People saw blue moons in 1983 after the eruption of the El Chichón volcano in Mexico , and there are reports of blue moons caused by Mount St. Helens in 1980 and Mount Pinatubo in 1991 . In the Antarctic diary of Robert Falcon Scott for July 11 , 1911 his entry says , `` ... the air thick with snow , and the moon a vague blue '' . On that date the moon phase would have looked full . On September 23 , 1950 , several muskeg fires that had been smoldering for several years in Alberta , Canada , suddenly blew up into major -- and very smoky -- fires . Winds carried the smoke eastward and southward with unusual speed , and the conditions of the fire produced large quantities of oily droplets of just the right size ( about 1 micrometre in diameter ) to scatter red and yellow light . Wherever the smoke cleared enough so that the sun was visible , it was lavender or blue . Ontario , Canada , and much of the east coast of the United States were affected by the following day , and two days later , observers in Britain reported an indigo sun in smoke - dimmed skies , followed by an equally blue moon that evening . The key to a blue moon is having lots of particles slightly wider than the wavelength of red light ( 0.7 micrometer ) -- and no other sizes present . It is rare , but volcanoes sometimes produce such clouds , as do forest fires . Ash and dust clouds thrown into the atmosphere by fires and storms usually contain a mixture of particles with a wide range of sizes , with most smaller than 1 micrometer , and they tend to scatter blue light . This kind of cloud makes the moon turn red ; thus red moons are far more common than blue moons . Blue moons between 2009 and 2021 ( edit ) The following blue moons occur between 2009 and 2021 . These dates use UTC as the timezone ; exact dates vary with different timezones . Seasonal ( edit ) Using the Maine Farmers ' Almanac definition of blue moon ( meaning the third full moon in a season of four full moons , but referenced to astronomical rather than equal seasons ) , blue moons have occurred or will occur on : November 21 , 2010 August 20 , 2013 May 21 , 2016 May 18 , 2019 August 22 , 2021 Calendar ( edit ) Blue moon of August 31 , 2012 , viewed from Guayaquil , Ecuador Unlike the astronomical seasonal definition , these dates are dependent on the Gregorian calendar and time zones . Two full moons in one month ( the second of which is a `` blue moon '' ) : 2009 : December 2 and 31 ( partial lunar eclipse visible in some parts of the world ) , only in time zones west of UTC + 05 . 2010 : January 1 ( partial lunar eclipse ) and 30 , only in time zones east of UTC + 04 : 30 . 2010 : March 1 and 30 , only in time zones east of UTC + 07 . 2012 : August 2 and 31 , only in time zones west of UTC + 10 . 2012 : September 1 and 30 , only in time zones east of UTC + 10 : 30 . 2015 : July 2 and 31 . 2018 : January 2 and 31 , only in time zones west of UTC + 11 . 2018 : March 2 and 31 , only in time zones west of UTC + 12 . 2020 : October 1 and 31 , only in time zones west of UTC + 10 . The next time New Year 's Eve falls on a Blue Moon ( as occurred on December 31 , 2009 in time zones west of UTC + 05 ) is after one Metonic cycle , in 2028 in time zones west of UTC + 08 . At that time there will be a total lunar eclipse . Popular culture ( edit ) Blue moons have been referenced in popular culture . Music ( edit ) `` Blue Moon '' is a popular music standard , written by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart in 1934 , and one of the best known football chants , used since the ' 90s by Manchester City and Crewe Alexandra . `` Once in a Very Blue Moon '' is a song written by Patrick Alger , recorded by Nanci Griffith , and released on her 1984 LP of the same name . `` New Blue Moon '' , released in 1990 , was a song written and recorded by the Traveling Wilburys . There are more modern songs , like Beck 's 2014 `` Blue Moon . '' South Korean rock band CN Blue named their 2013 - 2014 concert tour `` Blue Moon World Tour . '' . `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' is a bluegrass standard , written in 1946 by Bill Monroe . Books ( edit ) In the 1998 paranormal romance fiction novel by Laurell K. Hamilton of the same name , Blue Moon refers to two full moons occurring within the same month . In the 2009 young adult fiction novel by Alyson Noël of the same name , Blue Moon refers to two full moons occurring within the same month and the same astrological sign . Note that if two full moons fall within the same astrological sign they will fall in different calendar months , and vice versa . In the novels of Simon R. Green the blue moon plays a significant magical role , and also figures in titles of three of his novels : Blue Moon Rising , Beyond the Blue Moon , and Once in a Blue Moon , all of the Hawk & Fisher fantasy series . Films and television ( edit ) The Moon Is Blue , a 1953 movie starring William Holden , was nominated for three Oscars . Blue Moon Investigations is the name of the detective agency in the TV series Moonlighting starring Cybill Shepherd and Bruce Willis . A Blue Moon appears as a significant element in the 2011 film The Smurfs , and the Wikipedia page on Blue Moon is viewed in the movie . The Smurfs TV show also featured the blue moon in an episode . The theme song for The Sopranos , `` Woke Up This Morning '' by Alabama 3 , references `` a blue moon in your eyes '' in its lyrics . `` Once in a Blue Moon '' is also the name of an episode of TV show Charmed , which involves the three witches being affected by the blue moon magically , and turning into monsters . Video games ( edit ) Blue moon is the name of a country in Nintendo 's Advance Wars series . See also ( edit ) Moon portal Black moon Blood moon Wet moon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gibbs , Philip ( May 1997 ) . `` Why is the sky blue ? '' . Physics FAQ . Retrieved 4 November 2015 ... may cause the moon to have a blue tinge since the red light has been scattered out . ^ Jump up to : Sinnott , Roger W. ; Olson , Donald W. ; Fienberg , Richard Tresch ( May 1999 ) . `` What 's a Blue Moon ? '' . Sky & Telescope . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . The trendy definition of ' blue Moon ' as the second full Moon in a month is a mistake . Jump up ^ Plait , Phil . `` Today 's Full Moon is the 13th and Last of 2012 '' . Jump up ^ Smith , Bridie ( December 28 , 2009 ) . `` Once in a Blue Moon ... '' The Age . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hiscock , Philip ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Folklore of the ' Blue Moon ' '' . International Planetarium Society . Jump up ^ `` Month Define Month at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Espanek , Fred . `` Eclipses and the moon 's orbit '' . NASA . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What Is a Blue Moon ? '' . Farmers ' Almanac . Almanac Publishing Co . August 24 , 2009 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Frequently asked questions about the date of Easter . Oikoumene.org ( 2007 - 01 - 31 ) . Retrieved on Aug ust 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Calendars and their History Archived April 1 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine ... Astro.nmsu.edu . Retrieved on August 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ printed by John Schott at Strasburg in 1528 . See also Koelbing , Arthur ( 1907 -- 21 ) . `` Barclay and Skelton : German Influence on English Literature '' . In A.W. Ward ; et al . The Cambridge History of English and American Literature . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . vol . III , ch. 4 , § 14 . ISBN 1 - 58734 - 073 - 9 . Jump up ^ ed . Arber 1871 p. 114 Jump up ^ Minnaert , M : `` De natuurkunde van ' t vrije veld '' 5th edition Thieme 1974 , part I `` Licht en kleur in het landschap '' par. 187 ; ISBN 90 - 03 - 90844 - 3 ( out of print ) ; also see ISBN 0 - 387 - 97935 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Blue Moon . science.nasa.gov ( July 7 , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Bowling , S.A. ( 1988 - 02 - 22 ) . Blue moons and lavender suns . Alaska Science Forum , Article # 861 Jump up ^ Giesen , Jurgen . `` Blue Moon '' . Physik und Astromonie . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Joffe , Justin ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` The Blue Moon 's Rich History in American Music '' . The New York Observer . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keidel , Phil ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` 20 Chants Every True Manchester City Fan Should Know '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brobyn , Emily ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` Blue Moon Significance '' . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( January 20 , 2014 ) . `` Beck Admits He 's ' Tired of Being Alone ' in New Song ' Blue Moon ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bae , Soo - min ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` CNBLUE unveils 2013 BLUE MOON World Tour '' . Korea Herald . Retrieved 22 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Laurell ( 1998 ) . Blue Moon . New York City : Ace Books . pp. Ch. 46 . ISBN 0 - 441 - 00574 - 8 . Jump up ^ Noël , Alyson ( 2009 ) . Blue Moon . New York : St. Martin 's Griffin . pp. Ch. 37 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 53276 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Moon Is Blue ( 1953 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Moonlighting Show Summary '' . TV.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( July 29 , 2011 ) . `` Smurfs in 3 - D ? Not as scary as you might think '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Smurfs Season 3 Episode 1 Once In A Blue Moon '' . TV.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed Season 7 Episode 6 : Once in a Blue Moon '' . TV.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Information about the August 2012 Blue Moon `` Folklore of the Blue Moon '' by Philip Hiscock `` What 's a Blue Moon ? '' by Donald W. Olson , Richard T. Fienberg , and Roger W. Sinnott , Sky & Telescope . Article explaining that originally a blue moon meant the 3rd full moon in a season of 4 full moons , and how the `` 2nd in a month '' error began . `` Once in a Blue Moon '' at infoplease.com `` Blue moon '' at World Wide Words Blue moon calculator by David Harper `` On Blue Moons '' by Kevin Clarke `` It 's a big night for a ' blue moon ' '' at nbcnews.com `` What does blue moon really mean ? '' blog entry on lunar calendars and computing `` Blue moon definition based on a mistake by Tony Rice ( hide ) The Moon Physical properties Internal structure Topography Atmosphere Gravity field Hill sphere Magnetic field Sodium tail Moonlight Earthshine Orbit Orbital elements Distance Perigee and apogee Nodes Nodal period Precession Syzygy New moon Full moon Eclipses Lunar eclipse Total penumbral lunar eclipse Tetrad Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Eclipse cycle Supermoon Tide Tidal force Tidal locking Tidal acceleration Tidal range Lunar mansion Surface and features Selenography Terminator Hemispheres Near side Far side Poles North pole South pole Face Maria List Mountains Peak of eternal light Valleys Volcanic features Domes Calderas Craters List Ray systems Crater of eternal darkness Shackleton crater South Pole -- Aitken basin Soil Swirls Rilles Wrinkle ridges Rocks Lunar basalt 70017 Water Space weathering Micrometeorite Sputtering Quakes Transient lunar phenomenon Science Observation Libration Lunar theory Origin Giant - impact hypothesis Theia Lunar magma ocean Geology Timescale Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar meteorites KREEP Experiments Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 Apollo 17 Exploration Missions Apollo program Probes Landing Conspiracy theories Colonization Tourism Time - telling Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Month Lunar month Nodal period Fortnight Sennight Lunar mansion Phases and names New Full Names Crescent Super and micro Blood Blue Black Dark Wet Tetrad Related topics Lunar effect Moon illusion Pareidolia Man in the Moon Moon rabbit Craters named after people Memorials on the Moon Moon in fiction Moon in mythology Hjúki and Bil `` Moon is made of green cheese '' Natural satellite Double planet Lilith ( hypothetical second moon ) Moon portal Earth sciences portal Solar System portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_moon&oldid=843666664 '' Categories : Calendars Moon myths Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Limburgs മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 17 : 00 . 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the secret life of the american teenager ben and amy break up	No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 24 `` The Big One '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata June 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 22 ) 4.68 Struggling to deal with motherhood , Amy suspects that Anne could be pregnant . Meanwhile , Ben decides he does not like Betty , with whom his father is seemingly in love , and expresses to Amy that he wants to have sex . While visiting John , Ricky finds out about Anne 's pregnancy . Elsewhere , Grace tells Adrian that she is going to have sex with Jack but Adrian objects because she believes Grace is n't physically , mentally , or spiritually ready . Going against both her father 's and Adrian 's wishes , Grace has sex with Jack and later learns that her father died in a plane crash . 25 `` What 's Done Is Done '' Gail Bradley Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata June 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 29 ) 3.30 Grace is plagued with guilt , thinking that she caused her father 's untimely death . As her friends visit her , she refuses to change her opinion . Meanwhile , Ben tries to figure out where he fits in Amy 's life when she refuses to let him babysit John . Grace 's mom finds comfort when George visits her and Leo asks Betty to marry him . 26 `` Par for the Course '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton July 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 06 ) 2.85 Jack visits Grace to tell her once again that her father 's death is not her fault . However , she refuses to see just and denies that she loves him . Ricky shows up at Amy 's unexpectedly to lend her a hand but she receives his help unwillingly . Tired from running around , Amy reaches a breaking point . Meanwhile , wanting to have sex with Amy , a frustrated Ben quits his job at the butcher shop , Adrian believes God is telling her to quit having sex , and Ricky influences Grace to pay respects at her father 's funeral . 27 `` Ciao '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton July 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 13 ) 3.13 Ashley and George lend a hand to Amy and Anne because of their hectic schedules . Meanwhile , Ben asks Leo for his job at the butcher shop back and plans to go to Italy for the summer , Grace goes back to school , gets back together with Jack and re-kindles her friendship with Adrian , Ricky becomes jealous as he asks Adrian for a commitment and makes her promise not to have sex with anyone but with him , and David proposes to Anne . 28 5 `` Born Free '' Keith Truesdell Caroline Kepnes July 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 20 ) 3.02 Amy tells her mother that she will go to Italy with Ben , while Ashley delivers the message to Amy that Anne and David are engaged . Ricky contests Amy 's going away with their son and Amy prompts Ben to rethink leaving her behind for the summer since Ricky is getting his own place . Grace tells Tom and Adrian that George told her that he lied about the vasectomy , and the secret flies around the school , only to arrive at Amy , who asks Ashley if George told the truth . Meanwhile , when Ricky asks Leo for a raise , Leo gives Ricky the apartment above the butcher shop and the raise , and David asks Anne to move into their own home . 29 6 `` The Summer of Our Discontent '' Lindsley Parsons III Jeffrey Rodgers July 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 27 ) 3.10 Amy refuses to let Ben come over to say goodbye to her and John for the summer , but instead agrees to letting Ricky take John to his new apartment for the night . Marc Molina , the school guidance counselor , resigns at the end of the school year , while Anne starts pushing the divorce after she decides to accept David 's marriage proposal . At the same time , Ashley reaches a breaking point urging George to tell Anne that the baby is his and Grace gets accepted into a medical school for the summer . Upon packing , Ben confronts Leo about Betty , but Leo reassures Ben that he trusts her because she has been honest . Meanwhile , Ricky stops over at Amy 's house to pick up John for the night and Amy informs him her mom has gone with David for the night . Ben comes over to say goodbye to Amy . Ricky walks in on Ben and Amy kissing , but Ben gets angry when he discovers Ricky spent the night and leaves . 30 7 `` Summertime '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton August 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 03 ) 3.56 As everyone returns from their summer vacations , they all look to their futures and think about what happened between each other ; Ben asks Leo if he needs to work on a relationship or if a relationship just happens , while George makes a big revelation to Anne by telling her that he lied about his vasectomy . David tells Amy that he will buy her a new car , while Ashley starts her first day of high school and meets a new gay friend , Griffin . Elsewhere , Ricky and Adrian do n't really trust each other even though they promised to commit . 31 8 `` A New Kind of Green '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton August 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 10 ) 2.76 George takes matters into his own hands , hoping to smooth out his relationship with both David and Anne . Elsewhere , Amy asks Ricky if he knows anything about Ben having sex in Bologna and Grace and Adrian pay a visit to Ashley and George 's house . Ricky learns about Adrian 's plans and becomes upset that Adrian will be moving next door to Amy . Anne tells David that she wo n't move into his house , while David urges Anne to think through her and George 's relationship , giving the car to Anne instead of Amy . At the same time , George allows Adrian 's mother and father to see the house and Ben and Ashley suspect Amy and Ricky did more together than watch John over the summer , but Amy tells Ben that Ricky only slept over . Elsewhere , Adrian is confused about her relationship with Ricky and tries to resolve matters between them . Ricky makes it clear to Adrian that they are too young to commit and Grace invites Madison over , Griffin assures George that he is watching over Ashley , and Adrian informs an angry Amy that George accepted her father 's offer on the house . 32 9 `` Hot Nuts '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton August 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 17 ) 3.30 Tom gets upset when Jack fixes a cabinet and Adrian 's father asks her to improve her relationship with Amy . Elsewhere , Jack apologizes to Tom for trying to take his fatherly place and attempts to teach Tom to throw a football , but Tom intentionally throws the ball at Jack 's groin . Ricky urges Adrian to undo the trouble she has made with Amy and threatens to never come near her again unless she does so . Ben receives a post card written in Italian and asks Leo if there is anything about sex written in the card . Leo urges Ben not to tell anyone , including himself , about Ben 's doings in Italy . Meanwhile , Amy remains angry at Adrian and refuses to accept her many half ridden apologies and Ricky asks Amy if she thinks that they could ever be in a relationship together , but Amy declares that she loves Ben and does n't trust Ricky . Ricky responds to Amy that he loves Adrian . Anne comes back from a date , who happens to be George . Together , they tell Ashley that Anne is having a boy . 33 10 `` Knocked Up , Who 's There ? '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton August 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 24 ) 3.21 Ben meets a girl named Heather , who is pregnant , and asks him to hang out with her over the weekend . Grace believes that she and Jack should talk at a Teen Abstinence Group at her church , presenting their reasons why to wait to have sex . Elsewhere , Anne is put on bed rest and George tells Amy not to go out with Ben , but Amy refuses to listen to her father , believing he is not the boss of her . Meanwhile , George gets a dog , which upsets Anne , Amy fails to go out with Ben for the night , Heather and Ben go out on a friend to friend basis , and Ben decides that he is not the right friend for her . Ricky tells Adrian that he does n't see himself marrying and raising a family with anyone , including her nor Amy , in the future . Adrian tells Ricky she wants to openly see other people . Amy tells Heather that she and her family will be there for Heather when the baby arrives if she needs them , and thanks George for being there for her throughout her own pregnancy . 34 11 `` Cramped '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton August 31 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 31 ) 3.11 George makes a room in the garage for Ashley , sparking jealousy in Amy , while Adrian finishes packing her things , preparing to move into George and Ashley 's old house . Betty tells Ben that she will be moving into his and Leo 's house and Ashley asks Ricky to go to Betty 's garage sale while George watches Anne . Ricky suggests to ask her father , but Ashley decides that she should leave a note instead . At the same time , Amy becomes furious when her and George suspect that Ricky went on a date with Ashley so he could have sex with her and Grace 's mom tells Grace and Tom that she met a man . Grace disapproves without hesitation , but Jack thinks that it would make her mom happier . Tired of being judged and under credited for taking care of both Amy and John , Ricky reaches a breaking point , and Adrian tells Ricky that they both need therapy if they are to make things better between them . 35 12 `` Be My , Be My Baby '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers September 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 07 ) 3.56 Grace remains upset with her mother dating a younger guy . Meanwhile , Adrian and Ricky both go to therapy where , Adrian reveals her first time having sex and why she wants a commitment . Elsewhere , Griffin encourages Ashley to make up with Amy , Anne goes into labor , and George delivers the baby . Ben asks Leo to get engaged with Amy , and Leo tells Betty that they will plan a wedding . The family decides upon the name Robert for Anne 's new boy , and Grace tells her mother that she is breaking up with Jack . In the meantime , Ben questions if he loves Amy , while Amy thinks she should start over . 36 13 `` You Do n't Know What You 've Got ... '' Keith Truesdell Teleplay by : Chris Olsen & Jeff Olsen Story by : Brenda Hampton January 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 04 ) 4.55 While close friends of Amy suspect Ben and Amy 's breakup , Ben 's friend from Italy , Maria , visits . While Amy and Anne take a mother / daughter vacation , Ben , Ricky , Jack , Grace , Adrian , Ashley , Griffin , Lauren , Madison , Henry , and Alice all skip school , only to be pursued by the new guidance councilor , Dr. Bink . The gang meet at the beach , where many discuss their relationships . Elsewhere , Amy and Ricky 's relationship become strained when Ricky decides he wants to see his son after Amy 's seemingly endless vacation staying with Mimzy ( Anne 's mom ) , Adrian 's mom takes a job offer in New York , only to have Adrian struggle with the decision to stay with her father and go with her mother , and upon the arrival back at school , the gang 's parents explain their mistakes so their son or daughter will not make the same ones . 37 14 `` Til It 's Gone '' Gail Bradley Teleplay by : Elaine Arata & Jeffrey Rodgers Story by : Brenda Hampton January 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 11 ) 3.11 Still staying with Mimzy , Amy and Anne go grocery shopping . While at the store , Anne 's ex-boyfriend from high school , Josh , asks Anne to kiss him and Amy meets Jimmy who is the son of Anne 's ex-boyfriend . Ashley and Griffin have a sleepover and talk about Griffin 's sexuality , while Ben regrets having Maria over before she goes home to Italy . Elsewhere , Ricky takes Mac 's ( a boy Adrian previously slept with ) girlfriend , Zoe , to his apartment and has sex with her , and Amy drives home with John after getting her license . Tom tells Jack that Grace is having sex with herself while Kathleen 's Jewish boyfriend Jeff , tells her that he loves her . Meanwhile , Adrian finds out what Ricky did the previous night . 38 15 `` Loved & Lost '' Keith Truesdell Teleplay by : Elaine Arata & Jeffrey Rodgers Story by : Brenda Hampton January 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 18 ) 2.97 After finding out Ricky has cheated , Adrian throws her phone at the butcher shop window , prompting Ricky to confront her after he 's approached by Bunny over the incident . Ricky demands that she pay the fine and Adrian fears her father will find out . She turns to Tom who breaks up with Tammy because he thinks that after loaning her money , they will marry . Meanwhile , Amy tells Ben to quit delaying to act on his intention to break up with her and Jack tells Grace that he is dating Madison . Remorseful for cheating , Ricky decides to take responsibility for the broken window . He also asks Ben if he is sure about breaking up with Amy . Maria kisses Ben , while Amy tells Ben she hopes they could still be friends . Adrian 's father discovers Adrian 's financial situation causing him to advise Adrian . He explains that Ricky 's cheating is a result of Adrian 's refusal to make peace with the mother of his son . Trying to mediate things with Amy , Ricky tells her that he is afraid that if she ever leaves , he will never see John again . Amy finally acknowledges that John , Ricky , and her are a family . The two agree that they must find some way to make their family work . 39 16 `` Just Say Me '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton & Paul Perlove January 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 25 ) 3.23 Adrian gets her chance to befriend Amy by bringing her water . While the relationship starts as an act , Adrian starts to enjoy Amy 's company , while Amy feels it is nice to have someone besides a boyfriend in her life . Meanwhile , Grace starts a trend when she decides to take care of herself and not worry about others . A `` Just Say Me '' campaign starts , and word of it spreads fast . Dr. Bink finds that Grace is the one who is responsible for the campaign , and calls her mom , only to make both of them clean up the school . With permission from Grace , Jack and Madison decide to get together . Later , Jimmy comes to invite Amy out for pizza and Amy decides to leave John with Ricky and Adrian instead of taking him with them . 40 17 `` The Second Time Around '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata February 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 01 ) 2.89 Amy goes on a date with Jimmy . Meanwhile , Ashley persuades George to visit Anne to rekindle their relationship , and Griffin sends his cousin Grant to get to know Ashley . Ben visits Grace and tells her that he wants to be friends , and as he leaves , they kiss . At the same time , Amy and Jimmy kiss . After George knocks on Anne 's apartment door , Josh answers and explains Anne is with Mimsy and might come back home . While Ricky encourages Amy not to get caught up with Ben and Grace and tells her that he likes the attitude change he sees in her , Adrian 's parents tell her they will get married , therefore causing her mom not to take the job offer in New York . When she returns home , Anne sees George outside with another woman , and tells Ashley that she does n't think it would be a good time for her to be back . 41 18 `` Let 's Try That Again '' Barry Watson Brenda Hampton February 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 08 ) 2.99 When Jimmy does n't call her , Madison and Lauren instill worries in Amy that she may have done something wrong . Adrian pushes Ricky to have their parents meet before her parents ' wedding , and Ricky reluctantly agrees while insisting that no commitment is to come of it . A distraught Amy bumps into Ricky and seeks his advice . Ricky offers to privately help Amy fix her problem . Meanwhile , Dr. Bink promotes the mother daughter dance around Grant High School , and girls around the school ask their mothers to join them at the dance . Grace is reluctant to ask Kathleen to attend since she feels her mom is marrying Jeff too soon . Later , Jack and Ben discuss things and try to decide where they stand in Grace 's life . An insecure Adrian meddles in Amy 's love affairs with Jimmy due to an increasing fear that a single Amy and Ricky might just connect . At the same time , a confused Anne attempts to sort out her relationship with George and their family , encouraging that they see a therapist . Ashley quickly walks in and out of Ricky and Amy 's much heated kissing . Later on , Ashley tells Anne that although it seems like their family is divided into two sides , she still loves her mother too . 42 19 `` The Rhythm of Life '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers February 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 15 ) 3.18 George and Ruben discover that Ricky and Amy kissed . While at the mother daughter dance , the mothers and daughters are caught up in gossip as Anne , Ashley , Grace , Amy , and Adrian discuss each other 's personal relationships . Ben reveals to Henry and Alice the underlying reason for breaking things off with Amy which was fear that having sex with her may result in a second pregnancy . He also tells Leo that he wants to get back together with Amy . Meanwhile , at the mother daughter dance , rumors fly around that George and Anne will get married again . Later , Ben goes over to Amy 's in hopes of a reconciliation only to find out about the kiss between Amy and Ricky . Adrian tries to console Ben . The two of them end up having sex , which they consider to be an act of revenge against Ricky and Amy . Ricky sends Adrian a text message saying that he loves her . 43 20 `` Mistakes Were Made '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton February 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 22 ) 3.03 Adrian confesses to Ricky what happened between her and Ben and is surprised to learn that Ricky only kissed Amy . After finding out about Ben and Adrian , Amy visits Jimmy to find out why he never called her and both apologize for their actions . Meanwhile , Madison and Lauren babysit John , Ashley 's developing feelings for Grant escalate into a kiss , and George and Anne seek counseling from Dr. Fields for their relationship . Elsewhere , Ben is deeply convinced that he wants to be with Amy and regrets having anything to do with Adrian or Grace . Because Ben had sex with Adrian , Ricky gets angry with Ben 's irresponsible action , destroying the friendship he has with Ricky , and causing Ricky to leave town in anger . 44 21 `` Choices '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata March 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 01 ) 3.14 Ricky attempts to track down his mother , and Ashley calls urging him to return home . Meanwhile , Adrian tells Cindy that she had sex with Ben ; Cindy tells Ruben , who becomes upset . Amy decides that not having Ricky in her life is a good thing for her and John . Ben 's father remains upset with Ben 's decision to have sex with Adrian and feels he should apologize to Amy , Adrian , and Ricky for his irresponsible actions . Elsewhere , George notices Anne 's new figure and wants to improve his own . No longer regretful , Adrian reassures Ben that they are both friends , while Ricky offers forgiveness to his mother as he struggles with his decision to abandon his son in order to escape his troubles . 45 22 `` Good Girls & Boys '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton March 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 08 ) 3.21 Leo offers advice as well as forgiveness to Ricky for leaving , and Ben seeks Ricky 's forgiveness . Ricky 's foster parents tell him they want to play a more prominent role in his life . Elsewhere , Jeff and Kathleen marry , but Grace is n't excited when they decide to have their honeymoon at home . After forgiving Ben , Ricky tells him that Amy will never forgive him for his indiscretion . Anne advises Amy to immediately confront her issues with Ricky and Amy realizes she would do just about anything for John . At school , Ricky confronts Adrian and ends their relationship . Later , Madison and Lauren are convinced Ricky is acting on his unresolved emotions for Amy . Meanwhile , Grace offers Ben her friendship and Ashley and Grant begin seeing each other regularly . Anne and George disagree on an appropriate time frame to remarry , and Ricky tells Amy that he is seeking the right to take John on weekends . 46 23 `` I Got You , Babe '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers March 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 15 ) 2.79 After her refusal , Ricky enlists George 's help in getting Amy to reconsider his custody proposal . Adrian and Amy team up against Ricky by devising a plan for the custody hearing by having friends speak up on Amy 's behalf for the mediation . Elsewhere , Anne , George , Margaret and Shakur have a dinner discussion about their children not being able to come to an agreement . Ricky takes the case to a mediator after using Adrian and Amy 's idea against them . When Amy decides that Ricky would be a good father to John , the mediator grants Ricky joint custody of John . Afterward , Amy and Ricky agree to work together to plan John 's first birthday . Adrian realizes she may be pregnant as a result of her vengeful sexual encounter with Ben . 47 24 `` Ben There , Done That '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata March 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 22 ) 3.17 Without Ricky or anyone else knowing , Amy throws a little party for John and herself the night before his birthday . On John 's first birthday , Anne tells Amy that she and George would not attend their grandson 's birthday party because Mimzy had a stroke . Adrian tells Grace that she wants an abortion , and Grace urges to get an early pregnancy test to make sure she is actually pregnant . Elsewhere , Anne and George visit Mimzy who informs them that she married Eugene and George tells Anne he wants to marry the next day ; Ricky and Amy decide to have a small party at Ricky 's apartment for John , leaving Ashley alone for the night with Grant and Griffin ; and Cindy and Ruben , Adrian 's parents , have a small wedding of their own . When Amy and Ricky arrive at the butcher shop , Ben tells Amy that he would always be there for her . Betty and Leo happily marry each other ; at the same time , Anne tells George she is n't ready for a wedding , and Adrian wants to tell Ben that she could be pregnant , but a decision is not made .		The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( season 2 )	the secret life of the american teenager ( season 2 )	The second season of The Secret Life of the American Teenager , an American television series created by Brenda Hampton , debuted on the ABC Family television network on Monday , June 22 , 2009 at 8 : 00PM . Season two regular cast members include Shailene Woodley , India Eisley , Daren Kagasoff , Francia Raisa , Kenny Baumann , Molly Ringwald , Mark Derwin , Megan Park , and Greg Finley II . Following the first season , Jorge Pallo and Luke Zimmerman were demoted to recurring guest stars . Jorge returned for a select number of episodes to wrap up his character 's storyline and eventually departed the series after its January return .	Following the success of its first season , ABC Family announced on January 31 , 2009 , plans to renew Secret Life , following the cancellation of its hit sci - fi TV show , Kyle XY . The official press release was released on February 9 with ABC Family ordering 24 episodes for season two . Season 2 began with 12 episodes broadcast starting June 22 , 2009 . Though marketed as the season finale , the mid season finale aired on September 7 , 2009 , with the second half of the season returning on January 4 , 2010 . The second 12 episodes finished their run on March 22 , 2010 . The season premiere of Secret Life brought in the largest audience for the show so far , with a record breaking 4.68 million viewers . It brought in the second largest audience in adults 18 - 34 with 1.40 million viewers , behind season one 's mid-season finale . 2.10 million adults 18 - 49 watched `` The Big One '' along with 1.60 million females between the ages 18 -- 34 . The season premiere remains the number one scripted original premiere of Summer 2009 in Adults 18 - 34 . Furthermore , the mid-season premiere became ABC Family 's most watched telecast of all time with viewers ages 12 -- 34 with more than three million viewers watching . The mid-season premiere also brought in the show 's second largest audience in total viewers , with more than 4.55 million people watching . This season , Amy Juergens must deal with juggling motherhood and high school , while her family and friends experience relationship challenges of their own . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main cast 2 Episodes 3 Development 3.1 Writing 3.2 New and returning characters 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Main cast ( edit ) Shailene Woodley as Amy Juergens India Eisley as Ashley Juergens Daren Kagasoff as Richard ' Ricky ' Underwood Francia Raisa as Adrian Lee Kenny Baumann as Benjamin ' Ben ' Boykewich Megan Park as Grace Bowman Greg Finley II as Jack Pappas Molly Ringwald as Anne Juergens Mark Derwin as George Juergens Episodes ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 24 `` The Big One '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata June 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 22 ) 4.68 Struggling to deal with motherhood , Amy suspects that Anne could be pregnant . Meanwhile , Ben decides he does not like Betty , with whom his father is seemingly in love , and expresses to Amy that he wants to have sex . While visiting John , Ricky finds out about Anne 's pregnancy . Elsewhere , Grace tells Adrian that she is going to have sex with Jack but Adrian objects because she believes Grace is n't physically , mentally , or spiritually ready . Going against both her father 's and Adrian 's wishes , Grace has sex with Jack and later learns that her father died in a plane crash . 25 `` What 's Done Is Done '' Gail Bradley Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata June 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 29 ) 3.30 Grace is plagued with guilt , thinking that she caused her father 's untimely death . As her friends visit her , she refuses to change her opinion . Meanwhile , Ben tries to figure out where he fits in Amy 's life when she refuses to let him babysit John . Grace 's mom finds comfort when George visits her and Leo asks Betty to marry him . 26 `` Par for the Course '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton July 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 06 ) 2.85 Jack visits Grace to tell her once again that her father 's death is not her fault . However , she refuses to see just and denies that she loves him . Ricky shows up at Amy 's unexpectedly to lend her a hand but she receives his help unwillingly . Tired from running around , Amy reaches a breaking point . Meanwhile , wanting to have sex with Amy , a frustrated Ben quits his job at the butcher shop , Adrian believes God is telling her to quit having sex , and Ricky influences Grace to pay respects at her father 's funeral . 27 `` Ciao '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton July 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 13 ) 3.13 Ashley and George lend a hand to Amy and Anne because of their hectic schedules . Meanwhile , Ben asks Leo for his job at the butcher shop back and plans to go to Italy for the summer , Grace goes back to school , gets back together with Jack and re-kindles her friendship with Adrian , Ricky becomes jealous as he asks Adrian for a commitment and makes her promise not to have sex with anyone but with him , and David proposes to Anne . 28 5 `` Born Free '' Keith Truesdell Caroline Kepnes July 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 20 ) 3.02 Amy tells her mother that she will go to Italy with Ben , while Ashley delivers the message to Amy that Anne and David are engaged . Ricky contests Amy 's going away with their son and Amy prompts Ben to rethink leaving her behind for the summer since Ricky is getting his own place . Grace tells Tom and Adrian that George told her that he lied about the vasectomy , and the secret flies around the school , only to arrive at Amy , who asks Ashley if George told the truth . Meanwhile , when Ricky asks Leo for a raise , Leo gives Ricky the apartment above the butcher shop and the raise , and David asks Anne to move into their own home . 29 6 `` The Summer of Our Discontent '' Lindsley Parsons III Jeffrey Rodgers July 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 27 ) 3.10 Amy refuses to let Ben come over to say goodbye to her and John for the summer , but instead agrees to letting Ricky take John to his new apartment for the night . Marc Molina , the school guidance counselor , resigns at the end of the school year , while Anne starts pushing the divorce after she decides to accept David 's marriage proposal . At the same time , Ashley reaches a breaking point urging George to tell Anne that the baby is his and Grace gets accepted into a medical school for the summer . Upon packing , Ben confronts Leo about Betty , but Leo reassures Ben that he trusts her because she has been honest . Meanwhile , Ricky stops over at Amy 's house to pick up John for the night and Amy informs him her mom has gone with David for the night . Ben comes over to say goodbye to Amy . Ricky walks in on Ben and Amy kissing , but Ben gets angry when he discovers Ricky spent the night and leaves . 30 7 `` Summertime '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton August 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 03 ) 3.56 As everyone returns from their summer vacations , they all look to their futures and think about what happened between each other ; Ben asks Leo if he needs to work on a relationship or if a relationship just happens , while George makes a big revelation to Anne by telling her that he lied about his vasectomy . David tells Amy that he will buy her a new car , while Ashley starts her first day of high school and meets a new gay friend , Griffin . Elsewhere , Ricky and Adrian do n't really trust each other even though they promised to commit . 31 8 `` A New Kind of Green '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton August 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 10 ) 2.76 George takes matters into his own hands , hoping to smooth out his relationship with both David and Anne . Elsewhere , Amy asks Ricky if he knows anything about Ben having sex in Bologna and Grace and Adrian pay a visit to Ashley and George 's house . Ricky learns about Adrian 's plans and becomes upset that Adrian will be moving next door to Amy . Anne tells David that she wo n't move into his house , while David urges Anne to think through her and George 's relationship , giving the car to Anne instead of Amy . At the same time , George allows Adrian 's mother and father to see the house and Ben and Ashley suspect Amy and Ricky did more together than watch John over the summer , but Amy tells Ben that Ricky only slept over . Elsewhere , Adrian is confused about her relationship with Ricky and tries to resolve matters between them . Ricky makes it clear to Adrian that they are too young to commit and Grace invites Madison over , Griffin assures George that he is watching over Ashley , and Adrian informs an angry Amy that George accepted her father 's offer on the house . 32 9 `` Hot Nuts '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton August 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 17 ) 3.30 Tom gets upset when Jack fixes a cabinet and Adrian 's father asks her to improve her relationship with Amy . Elsewhere , Jack apologizes to Tom for trying to take his fatherly place and attempts to teach Tom to throw a football , but Tom intentionally throws the ball at Jack 's groin . Ricky urges Adrian to undo the trouble she has made with Amy and threatens to never come near her again unless she does so . Ben receives a post card written in Italian and asks Leo if there is anything about sex written in the card . Leo urges Ben not to tell anyone , including himself , about Ben 's doings in Italy . Meanwhile , Amy remains angry at Adrian and refuses to accept her many half ridden apologies and Ricky asks Amy if she thinks that they could ever be in a relationship together , but Amy declares that she loves Ben and does n't trust Ricky . Ricky responds to Amy that he loves Adrian . Anne comes back from a date , who happens to be George . Together , they tell Ashley that Anne is having a boy . 33 10 `` Knocked Up , Who 's There ? '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton August 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 24 ) 3.21 Ben meets a girl named Heather , who is pregnant , and asks him to hang out with her over the weekend . Grace believes that she and Jack should talk at a Teen Abstinence Group at her church , presenting their reasons why to wait to have sex . Elsewhere , Anne is put on bed rest and George tells Amy not to go out with Ben , but Amy refuses to listen to her father , believing he is not the boss of her . Meanwhile , George gets a dog , which upsets Anne , Amy fails to go out with Ben for the night , Heather and Ben go out on a friend to friend basis , and Ben decides that he is not the right friend for her . Ricky tells Adrian that he does n't see himself marrying and raising a family with anyone , including her nor Amy , in the future . Adrian tells Ricky she wants to openly see other people . Amy tells Heather that she and her family will be there for Heather when the baby arrives if she needs them , and thanks George for being there for her throughout her own pregnancy . 34 11 `` Cramped '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton August 31 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 31 ) 3.11 George makes a room in the garage for Ashley , sparking jealousy in Amy , while Adrian finishes packing her things , preparing to move into George and Ashley 's old house . Betty tells Ben that she will be moving into his and Leo 's house and Ashley asks Ricky to go to Betty 's garage sale while George watches Anne . Ricky suggests to ask her father , but Ashley decides that she should leave a note instead . At the same time , Amy becomes furious when her and George suspect that Ricky went on a date with Ashley so he could have sex with her and Grace 's mom tells Grace and Tom that she met a man . Grace disapproves without hesitation , but Jack thinks that it would make her mom happier . Tired of being judged and under credited for taking care of both Amy and John , Ricky reaches a breaking point , and Adrian tells Ricky that they both need therapy if they are to make things better between them . 35 12 `` Be My , Be My Baby '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers September 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 07 ) 3.56 Grace remains upset with her mother dating a younger guy . Meanwhile , Adrian and Ricky both go to therapy where , Adrian reveals her first time having sex and why she wants a commitment . Elsewhere , Griffin encourages Ashley to make up with Amy , Anne goes into labor , and George delivers the baby . Ben asks Leo to get engaged with Amy , and Leo tells Betty that they will plan a wedding . The family decides upon the name Robert for Anne 's new boy , and Grace tells her mother that she is breaking up with Jack . In the meantime , Ben questions if he loves Amy , while Amy thinks she should start over . 36 13 `` You Do n't Know What You 've Got ... '' Keith Truesdell Teleplay by : Chris Olsen & Jeff Olsen Story by : Brenda Hampton January 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 04 ) 4.55 While close friends of Amy suspect Ben and Amy 's breakup , Ben 's friend from Italy , Maria , visits . While Amy and Anne take a mother / daughter vacation , Ben , Ricky , Jack , Grace , Adrian , Ashley , Griffin , Lauren , Madison , Henry , and Alice all skip school , only to be pursued by the new guidance councilor , Dr. Bink . The gang meet at the beach , where many discuss their relationships . Elsewhere , Amy and Ricky 's relationship become strained when Ricky decides he wants to see his son after Amy 's seemingly endless vacation staying with Mimzy ( Anne 's mom ) , Adrian 's mom takes a job offer in New York , only to have Adrian struggle with the decision to stay with her father and go with her mother , and upon the arrival back at school , the gang 's parents explain their mistakes so their son or daughter will not make the same ones . 37 14 `` Til It 's Gone '' Gail Bradley Teleplay by : Elaine Arata & Jeffrey Rodgers Story by : Brenda Hampton January 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 11 ) 3.11 Still staying with Mimzy , Amy and Anne go grocery shopping . While at the store , Anne 's ex-boyfriend from high school , Josh , asks Anne to kiss him and Amy meets Jimmy who is the son of Anne 's ex-boyfriend . Ashley and Griffin have a sleepover and talk about Griffin 's sexuality , while Ben regrets having Maria over before she goes home to Italy . Elsewhere , Ricky takes Mac 's ( a boy Adrian previously slept with ) girlfriend , Zoe , to his apartment and has sex with her , and Amy drives home with John after getting her license . Tom tells Jack that Grace is having sex with herself while Kathleen 's Jewish boyfriend Jeff , tells her that he loves her . Meanwhile , Adrian finds out what Ricky did the previous night . 38 15 `` Loved & Lost '' Keith Truesdell Teleplay by : Elaine Arata & Jeffrey Rodgers Story by : Brenda Hampton January 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 18 ) 2.97 After finding out Ricky has cheated , Adrian throws her phone at the butcher shop window , prompting Ricky to confront her after he 's approached by Bunny over the incident . Ricky demands that she pay the fine and Adrian fears her father will find out . She turns to Tom who breaks up with Tammy because he thinks that after loaning her money , they will marry . Meanwhile , Amy tells Ben to quit delaying to act on his intention to break up with her and Jack tells Grace that he is dating Madison . Remorseful for cheating , Ricky decides to take responsibility for the broken window . He also asks Ben if he is sure about breaking up with Amy . Maria kisses Ben , while Amy tells Ben she hopes they could still be friends . Adrian 's father discovers Adrian 's financial situation causing him to advise Adrian . He explains that Ricky 's cheating is a result of Adrian 's refusal to make peace with the mother of his son . Trying to mediate things with Amy , Ricky tells her that he is afraid that if she ever leaves , he will never see John again . Amy finally acknowledges that John , Ricky , and her are a family . The two agree that they must find some way to make their family work . 39 16 `` Just Say Me '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton & Paul Perlove January 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 25 ) 3.23 Adrian gets her chance to befriend Amy by bringing her water . While the relationship starts as an act , Adrian starts to enjoy Amy 's company , while Amy feels it is nice to have someone besides a boyfriend in her life . Meanwhile , Grace starts a trend when she decides to take care of herself and not worry about others . A `` Just Say Me '' campaign starts , and word of it spreads fast . Dr. Bink finds that Grace is the one who is responsible for the campaign , and calls her mom , only to make both of them clean up the school . With permission from Grace , Jack and Madison decide to get together . Later , Jimmy comes to invite Amy out for pizza and Amy decides to leave John with Ricky and Adrian instead of taking him with them . 40 17 `` The Second Time Around '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata February 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 01 ) 2.89 Amy goes on a date with Jimmy . Meanwhile , Ashley persuades George to visit Anne to rekindle their relationship , and Griffin sends his cousin Grant to get to know Ashley . Ben visits Grace and tells her that he wants to be friends , and as he leaves , they kiss . At the same time , Amy and Jimmy kiss . After George knocks on Anne 's apartment door , Josh answers and explains Anne is with Mimsy and might come back home . While Ricky encourages Amy not to get caught up with Ben and Grace and tells her that he likes the attitude change he sees in her , Adrian 's parents tell her they will get married , therefore causing her mom not to take the job offer in New York . When she returns home , Anne sees George outside with another woman , and tells Ashley that she does n't think it would be a good time for her to be back . 41 18 `` Let 's Try That Again '' Barry Watson Brenda Hampton February 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 08 ) 2.99 When Jimmy does n't call her , Madison and Lauren instill worries in Amy that she may have done something wrong . Adrian pushes Ricky to have their parents meet before her parents ' wedding , and Ricky reluctantly agrees while insisting that no commitment is to come of it . A distraught Amy bumps into Ricky and seeks his advice . Ricky offers to privately help Amy fix her problem . Meanwhile , Dr. Bink promotes the mother daughter dance around Grant High School , and girls around the school ask their mothers to join them at the dance . Grace is reluctant to ask Kathleen to attend since she feels her mom is marrying Jeff too soon . Later , Jack and Ben discuss things and try to decide where they stand in Grace 's life . An insecure Adrian meddles in Amy 's love affairs with Jimmy due to an increasing fear that a single Amy and Ricky might just connect . At the same time , a confused Anne attempts to sort out her relationship with George and their family , encouraging that they see a therapist . Ashley quickly walks in and out of Ricky and Amy 's much heated kissing . Later on , Ashley tells Anne that although it seems like their family is divided into two sides , she still loves her mother too . 42 19 `` The Rhythm of Life '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers February 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 15 ) 3.18 George and Ruben discover that Ricky and Amy kissed . While at the mother daughter dance , the mothers and daughters are caught up in gossip as Anne , Ashley , Grace , Amy , and Adrian discuss each other 's personal relationships . Ben reveals to Henry and Alice the underlying reason for breaking things off with Amy which was fear that having sex with her may result in a second pregnancy . He also tells Leo that he wants to get back together with Amy . Meanwhile , at the mother daughter dance , rumors fly around that George and Anne will get married again . Later , Ben goes over to Amy 's in hopes of a reconciliation only to find out about the kiss between Amy and Ricky . Adrian tries to console Ben . The two of them end up having sex , which they consider to be an act of revenge against Ricky and Amy . Ricky sends Adrian a text message saying that he loves her . 43 20 `` Mistakes Were Made '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton February 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 22 ) 3.03 Adrian confesses to Ricky what happened between her and Ben and is surprised to learn that Ricky only kissed Amy . After finding out about Ben and Adrian , Amy visits Jimmy to find out why he never called her and both apologize for their actions . Meanwhile , Madison and Lauren babysit John , Ashley 's developing feelings for Grant escalate into a kiss , and George and Anne seek counseling from Dr. Fields for their relationship . Elsewhere , Ben is deeply convinced that he wants to be with Amy and regrets having anything to do with Adrian or Grace . Because Ben had sex with Adrian , Ricky gets angry with Ben 's irresponsible action , destroying the friendship he has with Ricky , and causing Ricky to leave town in anger . 44 21 `` Choices '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata March 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 01 ) 3.14 Ricky attempts to track down his mother , and Ashley calls urging him to return home . Meanwhile , Adrian tells Cindy that she had sex with Ben ; Cindy tells Ruben , who becomes upset . Amy decides that not having Ricky in her life is a good thing for her and John . Ben 's father remains upset with Ben 's decision to have sex with Adrian and feels he should apologize to Amy , Adrian , and Ricky for his irresponsible actions . Elsewhere , George notices Anne 's new figure and wants to improve his own . No longer regretful , Adrian reassures Ben that they are both friends , while Ricky offers forgiveness to his mother as he struggles with his decision to abandon his son in order to escape his troubles . 45 22 `` Good Girls & Boys '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton March 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 08 ) 3.21 Leo offers advice as well as forgiveness to Ricky for leaving , and Ben seeks Ricky 's forgiveness . Ricky 's foster parents tell him they want to play a more prominent role in his life . Elsewhere , Jeff and Kathleen marry , but Grace is n't excited when they decide to have their honeymoon at home . After forgiving Ben , Ricky tells him that Amy will never forgive him for his indiscretion . Anne advises Amy to immediately confront her issues with Ricky and Amy realizes she would do just about anything for John . At school , Ricky confronts Adrian and ends their relationship . Later , Madison and Lauren are convinced Ricky is acting on his unresolved emotions for Amy . Meanwhile , Grace offers Ben her friendship and Ashley and Grant begin seeing each other regularly . Anne and George disagree on an appropriate time frame to remarry , and Ricky tells Amy that he is seeking the right to take John on weekends . 46 23 `` I Got You , Babe '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers March 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 15 ) 2.79 After her refusal , Ricky enlists George 's help in getting Amy to reconsider his custody proposal . Adrian and Amy team up against Ricky by devising a plan for the custody hearing by having friends speak up on Amy 's behalf for the mediation . Elsewhere , Anne , George , Margaret and Shakur have a dinner discussion about their children not being able to come to an agreement . Ricky takes the case to a mediator after using Adrian and Amy 's idea against them . When Amy decides that Ricky would be a good father to John , the mediator grants Ricky joint custody of John . Afterward , Amy and Ricky agree to work together to plan John 's first birthday . Adrian realizes she may be pregnant as a result of her vengeful sexual encounter with Ben . 47 24 `` Ben There , Done That '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata March 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 22 ) 3.17 Without Ricky or anyone else knowing , Amy throws a little party for John and herself the night before his birthday . On John 's first birthday , Anne tells Amy that she and George would not attend their grandson 's birthday party because Mimzy had a stroke . Adrian tells Grace that she wants an abortion , and Grace urges to get an early pregnancy test to make sure she is actually pregnant . Elsewhere , Anne and George visit Mimzy who informs them that she married Eugene and George tells Anne he wants to marry the next day ; Ricky and Amy decide to have a small party at Ricky 's apartment for John , leaving Ashley alone for the night with Grant and Griffin ; and Cindy and Ruben , Adrian 's parents , have a small wedding of their own . When Amy and Ricky arrive at the butcher shop , Ben tells Amy that he would always be there for her . Betty and Leo happily marry each other ; at the same time , Anne tells George she is n't ready for a wedding , and Adrian wants to tell Ben that she could be pregnant , but a decision is not made . Development ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) Though it came as a surprise , writers of The Secret Life were faced with a challenge when writing began for the second season . In January 2009 , Molly Ringwald announced that she was expecting twins of her own . She told People Magazine that Brenda Hampton was working on writing her character 's pregnancy into the storyline of the show . Kenny Baumann , the actor who plays Ben Boykewich , confirmed that someone would die in the second season of Secret Life . The character would be a `` significant male character '' and the death would be a terrible tragedy . It was later revealed that John Schneider , who portrayed the role as Grace 's father , Marshall , left the show due to multiple shows and projects he has . Marshall was written out of the series in `` The Big One '' . New and returning characters ( edit ) Actor Brando Eaton was cast as Ashley 's new gay sidekick , Griffin , who has a recurring role in the season . Actress Rumer Willis , appeared in The Secret Life as Heather , a pregnant girl in the episode `` Knocked Up Who 's There ? '' . She interacted with Ben in a way that got Amy jealous . Actor Austin Stowell was cast as Lauren 's new boyfriend , Jesse , who has a recurring role in the season . Their relationship sparks the discussion of interracial dating , as Jesse believes that Lauren is not interested in having sex with him because of his race . Reception ( edit ) On Monday , June 22 , 2009 , Secret Life opened its second season with the largest audience so far , posting a series high in Total Viewers with 4.68 million viewers , and second - best numbers ever in Adults 18 - 34 with 1.4 million viewers , behind season one 's mid-season finale , Adults 18 - 49 with 2.1 million viewers and Viewers 11 - 34 with 2.9 million viewers . In June 2009 , Secret Life ranked as cable 's No. 1 scripted telecast in Females 11 - 34 , and the No. 1 scripted series telecast in Viewers 11 - 34 and Female Teens . Additionally , Secret Life stood as ad - supported cable 's No. 1 telecast this month in Female Teens . Impressively , the season debut became cable 's No. 1 scripted series premiere of the 2008 / 2009 season to date in Women 18 - 34 , Women 18 - 49'and Viewers 11 - 34 , and the No. 1 scripted original premiere of Summer 2009 so far in Adults 18 - 34 . Secret Life 's second season debut now stands as cable 's No. 1 scripted original series / season premiere this summer in Adults ages 18 -- 34 and across core female 18 - 34 , 18 - 49 and 11 - 34 demos , ahead of such high - profile series as USA 's Royal Pains and Burn Notice and TNT 's The Closer . Some critics praised the new developments of the show , saying they could be `` interesting material to build on . '' Jean Bently of EW Popwatch says that now that the whole `` teen going through a pregnancy '' plot has played out and the `` frustrated young mother '' thing is going on , we have room to explore some other topics . She remained hopeful that the writers wo n't just turn these new problems into issues of the week , instead allowing time for the characters to grieve Marshall 's death , deal with Anne 's accidental pregnancy , and explore the more emotionally complex aspects of teenage sex . With more than 4.55 million people watching the season two mid-season premiere , the episode became ABC Family 's most - watched telecast ever in key 12 - 34 and teen demos . The episode stands as the series ' 2nd-most - watched episode in viewers and is TV 's No. 1 telecast of the season in female teens , cable 's No. 1 telecast in females 12 - 34 and cable 's No. 1 scripted telecast in viewers 12 - 34 . The season two mid-season premiere remains cable 's No. 1 scripted premiere of the 2009 / 10 season . It improved nearly one million total viewers over its season two mid-season finale , and was No. 1 in all target demos for the hour . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Family - Online TV , Videos , and Blogs . It 's a new kind of family '' . Community.abcfamily.go.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager Spoilers '' . Slotat.tripod.com. 2010 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090228162026/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3if2f60011563fe80f312a992e0e0c68c1 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2009 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ABC Family 's The Secret Life of the American Teenager picked up for second season - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. 2009 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager , Make It Or Break It return to ABC Family Monday , January 4 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager Returns At Record Levels - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Family Claims Most - Watched June in Prime in Total Viewers - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' and `` Make It or Break It '' Set Records for ABC Family - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings `` . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cable ratings : WWE RAW , NCIS , SpongeBob , Secret Life and iCarly Top Weekly Cable Charts - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Niet compatibele browser '' . Facebook . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Cable TV Show Nielsen TV Ratings Week Ending June 28 , 2009 ; BET Awards 2009 , Jon & Kate Plus 8 , Royal Pains , The Closer , Burn Notice , Princess Protection Program , NASCAR Sprint Cup Loudon , WWE Raw , Cake Boss - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen ratings for week of May 10 '' . USA Today . May 19 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.mediaweek.com/mw/content_display/news/cable-tv/e3i67480ca25dbde86a9008f61c02091263?pn=2 Jump up ^ `` Top Cable Shows For the Week Ending July 19 , 2009 ; Wizards on Deck With Hannah Montana , 2009 Home Run Derby , Burn Notice , The Closer , Royal Pains , SpongeBob Squarepants , WWE Raw , NCIS - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Top Cable Shows For the Week Ending July 26 , 2009 ; Burn Notice , The Closer , Royal Pains , SpongeBob Squarepants , WWE Raw , NCIS - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Top Cable Shows For the Week Ending August , 2009 ; Burn Notice , The Closer , Next Food Network Star , Royal Pains , SpongeBob Squarepants , WWE Raw , NCIS - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Top Basic Cable Shows For the Week Ending August 9 , 2009 ; iCarly : `` iFight Shelby Marx '' , Burn Notice , The Closer , Next Food Network Star , Royal Pains , Monk , WWE Raw , Jon & Kate Pluse 8 , Psych , In Plain Sight , Law & Order : Criminanl Intent , Wizards of Waverly Place , NCIS - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings `` . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Top Cable Shows For the Week : The Closer , WWE RAW , NASCAR SPRINT CUP , Royal Pains , MONK , TRUE BLOOD and NCIS - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Make It or Break It 's Penultimate Season 1 Episode Hits Series Highs in Adults 18 - 34 and Across Core 12 - 34 and 12 - 17 Demos - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Ratings For the Week ending August 30 , 2009 : Wizards of Waverly Place The Movie , The Closer , WWE RAW , Royal Pains , MONK , TRUE BLOOD and NCIS - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Ratings For the Week ending September 6 , 2009 : Monday Night Football , NASCAR Sprint Cup , WWE RAW , Saturday Night College Football BYU vs. Oklahoma , Leverage , Design Star , NCIS , SpongeBob - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family for the week ending September 13 ; Secret Life , Greek and 10 Things I Hate ... - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. 2009 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending January 17 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . TV Aholics . January 22 , 2010 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending January 24 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . TV Aholics . January 27 , 2010 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending January 31 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . TV Aholics . February 3 , 2010 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending February 7 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . TV Aholics . February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending February 14 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . TV Aholics . February 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending February 21 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . TV Aholics . February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Damages , WWE RAW , Operation Repo , Greek , Secret Life , Make it or Break It ratings - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. 2010 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Finals : Damages Rises , But Not By Much - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. 2010 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Finals : Secret Life Beats Gossip Girl ; Damages Down Slightly - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. 2010 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Finals : Secret Life Beats The CW Monday Among Young Women ; Damages Up Slightly - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. 2010 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending March 28 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . TV Aholics . March 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warrick , Pamela ( 2009 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Molly Ringwald Expecting Twins ! - Babies , Molly Ringwald '' . People.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Baumann 's Secret Life Spills - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com. 2009 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( 2009 - 04 - 30 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on ' House , ' ' Smallville , ' ' Heroes , ' ' Dexter , ' ' Ugly , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Gossip Girl , ' and more ! Ausiello EW.com '' . Ausiellofiles.ew.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( 2009 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on ' Dollhouse , ' ' 24 , ' ' Burn Notice , ' ' True Blood , ' ' Lost , ' ' Eureka , ' ' Bones , ' and more ! Ausiello EW.com '' . Ausiellofiles.ew.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( 2009 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Casting scoops on ' Glee , ' ' Greek , ' ' BSG , ' and more ! Ausiello EW.com '' . Ausiellofiles.ew.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family - Online TV , Videos , and Blogs . It 's a new kind of family '' . Community.abcfamily.go.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://abcfamily.go.com/shows/secret-life-american-teenager/recaps/ben-there-done/428392 Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( 2009 - 06 - 23 ) . `` ' The Secret Life of the American Teenager ' recap : A new life for a new mom EW.com '' . Popwatch.ew.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Secret Life of the American Teenager on IMDb The Secret Life of the American Teenager at TV.com Villarreal , Yvonne ( January 3 , 2009 ) . `` Secret Life of the American Teenager explores teen pregnancy '' . The Los Angeles Times . LATimes.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . MSN ( hide ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Production Episode list Character list Brenda Hampton Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_Life_of_the_American_Teenager_(season_2)&oldid=800919490 '' Categories : 2009 American television seasons 2010 American television seasons The Secret Life of the American Teenager seasons Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 14 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Secret%20Life%20of%20the%20American%20Teenager%20%28season%202%29	5,107
difference between tray dryer and vacuum tray dryer			Vacuum drying	vacuum drying	Vacuum drying is the mass transfer operation in which the moisture present in a substance usually wet solid is removed by means of creating a vacuum . In chemical process industries like food , pharmaceutical , agricultural , textile , and paper , drying is an essential unit operation to remove moisture . Vacuum drying is generally used for the drying of those substances which are hygroscopic and heat sensitive , and is based on the principle of creating a vacuum to decrease the pressure below the vapor pressure of the water . With the help of vacuum pumps , the pressure is reduced around the substance to be dried . This decreases the boiling point of water inside that product and thereby increases the rate of evaporation significantly . The result is a significantly increased drying rate of the product . The pressure maintained in vacuum drying is generally 0.0296 -- 0.059 atm and the boiling point of water is 25 - 30 ° C. The vacuum drying process is a batch operation performed at reduced pressures and lower relative humidity compared to ambient pressure , enabling faster drying .	Vacuum dryer ( edit ) Vacuum dryer is the equipment with the help of which vacuum drying is carried out . In the pharmaceutical industry vacuum dryer is known by a common name called vacuum oven . Vacuum dryers are made up of cast iron so that they can bear the high vacuum pressure without any kind of deformation . The oven is divided into hollow trays which increases the surface area for heat conduction . The oven door is locked air tight and is connected to vacuum pump to reduce the pressure . The materials to be dried are kept on the trays inside the vacuum dryer and pressure is reduced by means of vacuum pump . The dryer door is tightly shut and steam is passed through the space between trays and jacket so that the heat transfer occurs by conduction . Water vapors from the feed is sent into the condenser and after drying vacuum pump is disconnected and the dried product is collected from the trays . Applications ( edit ) Vacuum dryer can be used to dry heat sensitive hygroscopic and toxic materials . If the feed for drying is a solution , it can be dried using vacuum dryer as the solvent can be recovered by condensation . To improve quality of products , such as for fruit preservation , hybrid drying combining osmotic dehydration followed by heat pump drying and microwave - vacuum drying proved effective . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Figiel , A ; Michalska , A ( 2016 ) . `` Overall Quality of Fruits and Vegetables Products Affected by the Drying Processes with the Assistance of Vacuum - Microwaves '' . International Journal of Molecular Sciences . 18 ( 1 ) : 71 . doi : 10.3390 / ijms18010071 . PMC 5297706 . Jump up ^ Saraswathi B. `` Vacuum dryer '' . www.pharmainfo.net . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_drying&oldid=829041036 '' Categories : Drying Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本語 Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 08 : 01 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum%20drying	107,995
what episode of last chance u is the fight			Last Chance U	last chance u	Last Chance U is a documentary series produced by Netflix . The series focuses on the American football program at East Mississippi Community College . The title of the series refers to the fact that many of the players recruited to play at EMCC have been removed from Division I rosters due to academic or disciplinary issues , and playing at the junior college ( JUCO ) level is their `` last chance '' to prove themselves and return to Division I . The first season showcased the 2015 American football season and was released worldwide on July 29 , 2016 . Netflix returned for a second season following the EMCC Lions in their 2016 season , which was released on July 21 , 2017 . The third season was filmed in 2017 at a different school : Independence Community College in Kansas and will premiere on July 20 , 2018 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 2 Reception 3 EMCC featured staff 4 Players 4.1 Season 1 4.2 Season 2 5 Crew 6 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The series focuses on all aspects of the football program at East Mississippi Community College , one of the most successful JUCO programs in the country . Major themes include the academic struggles of the players , some of whom have come from severely disadvantaged backgrounds . Team academic advisor Brittany Wagner is featured prominently as she is tasked with getting all team members to graduate on time . Head coach Buddy Stephens ' struggles with controlling his temper is also a major theme , which is often juxtaposed with his devout Christian faith that he attempts to impart on the team . Season 1 ( edit ) The crew followed the EMCC Lions during their 2015 season as they attempted to capture their fourth JUCO national title . While the team appeared dominant for much of the year , their season was derailed after a brawl broke out during their game with Mississippi Delta . EMCC was disqualified from the state playoffs and a potential berth to the national championship game . Date Opponent Rank Site Result August 27 Southwest Mississippi No. 1 Sullivan -- Windham Field Scooba , MS W 69 -- 20 September 3 at No. 4 Copiah -- Lincoln No. 1 Stone Stadium Wesson , MS L 24 -- 31 September 10 Coahoma No. 7 Sullivan -- Windham Field Scooba , MS W 69 -- 0 September 17 at Northeast Mississippi No. 7 Tiger Stadium Booneville , MS W 56 -- 7 September 26 Itawamba No. 6 Sullivan -- Windham Field Scooba , MS W 48 -- 24 October 1 at Jones County No. 7 Bobcat Stadium / Sim Cooley Field Ellisville , MS W 49 -- 7 October 8 at Holmes No. 6 Ras Branch Field Goodman , MS W 44 -- 28 October 15 No. 4 Northwest Mississippi No. 8 Sullivan -- Windham Field Scooba , MS W 49 -- 16 October 22 at Mississippi Delta No. 3 Jim Randall Field Moorhead , MS W 48 -- 0 * Non-conference game . Homecoming . Rankings from NJCAA released prior to game . Source : . Season 2 ( edit ) Netflix returned to Scooba to follow their 2016 season . Once again holding national championship aspirations , the team faced a major hurdle in that only 32 of their players were eligible for their opening game with Jones County Junior College due to suspensions related to the previous season 's brawl . EMCC lost that game , 27 -- 25 , their first season - opening loss since 2010 . The Lions would go on to win the rest of their games , but were left out of the national championship game when they finished the season ranked No. 3 in the polls . Date Opponent Rank Site Result September 1 at Jones County No. 1 Bobcat Stadium / Sim Cooley Field Ellisville , MS L 25 -- 27 September 8 at No. 17 Mississippi Gulf Coast No. 12 A.L. May Memorial Stadium Perkinston , MS W 45 -- 7 September 15 Northeast Mississippi No. 14 Sullivan -- Windham Field Scooba , MS W 54 -- 10 September 22 at No. 15 Itawamba No. 11 Eaton Field Fulton , MS W 44 -- 42 September 29 Mississippi Delta No. 9 Sullivan -- Windham Field Scooba , MS W 73 -- 7 October 6 at No. 16 Holmes No. 5 Ras Branch Field Goodman , MS W 63 -- 49 October 15 No. 1 Northwest Mississippi No. 4 Sullivan -- Windham Field Scooba , MS W 51 -- 32 October 20 at Coahoma No. 3 James E. Miller Stadium Clarksdale , MS W 42 -- 0 October 27 Hinds No. 3 Sullivan -- Windham Field Scooba , MS W 42 -- 0 November 5 Mississippi Gulf Coast No. 3 Sullivan -- Windham Field Scooba , MS ( MACJC Semifinal ) W 27 -- 24 November 12 No. 4 Northwest Mississippi No. 3 Sullivan -- Windham Field Scooba , MS ( MACJC Championship ) W 38 -- 30 December 4 vs. No. 13 Kilgore No. 3 A.L. May Memorial Stadium Perkinston , MS ( Mississippi Bowl ) W 27 -- 17 * Non-conference game . Homecoming . Rankings from NJCAA released prior to game . Source : . Season 3 ( edit ) Despite being invited back to EMCC for a third season , producers decided to move the show to Independence Community College of Kansas . The new location is different in that ICC has historically had much lower expectations than EMCC ; in 2016 , it ended the season 5 -- 4 , its first winning season in ten years . The ICC Pirates had a very successful recruiting campaign for the 2017 season , landing many acclaimed players who began at NCAA Division I schools . Reception ( edit ) The series was given a positive review by SB Nation 's Jason Kirk who summed it up as a `` carefully crafted drama with personalities to care about . '' EMCC featured staff ( edit ) Buddy Stephens ( head coach ) Brittany Wagner ( academic advisor ) Marcus Wood ( offensive coordinator ) Davern Williams ( defensive line coach ) Ed Holly ( defensive coordinator , season 2 ) Clint Trickett ( quarterbacks coach ) Cade Wilkerson ( running backs coach ) Players ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Player Position Transfer In Transfer Out Notes John Franklin III QB Florida State Auburn Franklin was officially added to the Auburn football roster in 2016 and played sparingly in his first season on The Plains , recording one passing touchdown and two rushing touchdowns while backing up starter Sean White . In August 2017 , he transferred to Florida Atlantic University as a wide receiver . After going undrafted in the 2018 NFL Draft , Franklin signed with the Chicago Bears as a defensive back . Wyatt Roberts QB -- Mississippi State On the show , Roberts mentions that if big offers do n't come in , he 's going to be content to move on to Mississippi State , where he would attend as a student and not walk - on to the football team . True to his word , Roberts did not walk - on to Mississippi State . However , after a quarterback transferred out of the team , Head Coach Dan Mullen approached Wyatt , who then walked - on to the team . Dacorius ( D.J. ) Law RB -- UAB Law was officially admitted to UAB after final clearance was provided on August 30 , 2016 . Struggling with academics and an injured knee , he did not play for UAB and left the team in May 2017 . Allenzae Staggers WR -- Southern Miss Staggers joined the Southern Miss football team after the culmination of his Junior year at EMCC . In his first season with the Golden Eagles , he led the team in receiving yards with 1165 , and added 7 touchdowns , and was placed on the Biletnikoff Watch List He also had a team record 292 receiving yards in a single game . Ronald Ollie DT -- Nicholls State He played one year at Nicholls State and had 41 tackles , two sacks , and a touchdown . He then left , saying he wants to play at a higher level , but returned in early 2018 . Marcel Andry DT -- Nicholls State Andry played 10 games in his first season with the Colonels and had 17 tackles . Gary McCrae LB -- Louisville James Davis OL -- UAB Isaiah Wright RB -- West Georgia Signed by Auburn in 2016 , but never attended . Committed to West Georgia in 2017 and attended spring training but never played for them , and in August 2017 it was announced that he was leaving the team . On 13 September 2017 , Wright was charged with criminal homicide connected to a fatal stabbing in Tennessee in July . Season 2 ( edit ) Player Position Transfer In Transfer Out Notes DeAndre Johnson QB Florida State Florida Atlantic Isaiah Wright RB -- West Georgia Wright participated in spring football at WGU but left the school before the season began . He was arrested for criminal homicide in September 2017 . On November 8 , 2017 the charges were dismissed against his brother Camion , also featured on Last Chance U . Chauncey Rivers DL Georgia Mississippi State Dakota Allen LB Texas Tech Texas Tech Had a breakout junior season in 2017 , with 92 tackles , 12 tackles for loss , and six forced turnovers . Selected All - Big 12 . Kamonte `` Kamm '' Carter DL Penn State Pittsburgh Played sparingly at Pitt and in January 2018 , announced he was transferring . Tim Bonner DL Louisville Florida Atlantic Crew ( edit ) Benjamin Cotner -- executive producer Edgar Doumerc -- sound department Joe Labracio -- executive producer Adam Leibowitz -- producer Lisa Nishimura -- executive producer Dawn Ostroff -- executive producer Adam Ridley -- producer , director , editor Jihan Robinson -- executive producer James D. Stern -- executive producer Lucas Smith -- executive producer Greg Whiteley -- director , executive producer Sam Young -- sound department Yuri Tománek -- original music Joseph Minadeo -- original music References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` See Trailer for Gut - Wrenching College Football Doc Last Chance U '' . Rolling Stone . July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Last Chance U Season 2 gets greenlight from Netflix '' . CommingSoon.Net . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` ' Last Chance U ' Renewed by Netflix for Season 3 '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` See What 's Next on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Donoho , Robby ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` EMCC Football Disqualified from MACJC Playoffs , ICC Earns Playoff Berth '' . WCBI.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 EMCC Football Schedule '' . EMCC Athletics . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Walters , Scott ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` Short - handed No. 1 EMCC falls to Jones County JC '' . The Commercial Dispatch . Columbus , MS . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ochs , Patrick ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` EMCC claims bittersweet Mississippi Bowl '' . The Clarion - Ledger. Jackson , MS . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 EMCC Football Schedule '' . EMCC Athletics . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The coach at ' Last Chance U ' does n't want the show to leave Scooba '' . Ftw.usatoday.com. 21 July 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Traynor , Mikey . `` Netflix Smash Hit ' Last Chance U ' Set For Big Changes In Season 3 '' . Balls.ie . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Desk , TV News . `` Netflix 's Critically Acclaimed Series LAST CHANCE U to Return for Season 3 '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 10 things about ICC before ' Last Chance U ' Season 3 '' . Sportingnews.com. 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Jason ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Review of Netflix 's JUCO Football Doc Last Chance U , Your Preseason Binge - Watch '' . SB Nation . Jump up ^ Olson , Max ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Q&A : East Mississippi CC Assistant Clint Trickett Talks Last Chance U '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Chance U . ' star John Franklin transferring to Florida Atlantic '' . Chron.com . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , Ryan ( May 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Last Chance U ' quarterback John Franklin III signs contract with Chicago Bears '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Flaherty , Kevin ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Last Chance U : Where are they now ? '' . 247Sports.com . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Green , Tom ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` What Is Auburn 's Plan for Quarterbacks John Franklin III and Jeremy Johnson ? '' . Alabama Media Group . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Chance U ' star D.J. Law no longer with UAB football '' . Al.com . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Allenzae Staggers '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Allenzae Staggers Bio '' . southernmiss.com/ . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Allenzae Staggers Added to Biletnikoff Watch List '' . southernmiss.com/ . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rice vs. Southern Mississippi - Game Recap - October 1 , 2016 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Last Chance U '' star Ronald Ollie is without a team for the 2017 season `` . 247sports.com . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Chance U ' star Ronald Ollie returning to Nicholls State '' . 247sports.com . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Website of Nicholls Athletics '' . Geauxcolonels.com . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Last Chance U Quarterback Added to Mississippi State Roster '' . Alabama Media Group . August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AuburnSports.com - Auburn offers EMCC athlete '' . Auburn.rivals.com. 21 April 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Wright of ' Last Chance U ' no longer enrolled at West Georgia '' . Southcarolina.247sports.com . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Traynor , Mikey . `` The Main Characters From Last Chance U -- Where Are They Now ? '' . Balls.ie . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Chance U ' star , former East Mississippi back Isaiah Wright charged in fatal stabbing '' . Clarionledger.com . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Rob . `` Isaiah Wright of ' Last Chance U ' No Longer Enrolled at Division II West Georgia '' . Bleacherreport.com . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gifted athletic East Tenn. brothers charged in fatal Alcoa stabbing '' . Knoxnews.com . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Homicide case dismissed against ' Last Chance U ' player ; charges proceed for brother '' . 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Tech football rankings : No. 1 Dakota Allen '' . vivathematadors.com . Jump up ^ `` Former Penn State DT Kamonte Carter transferring from Pittsburgh '' . www.landof10.com . 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what architectural feature is essential to the classical greek temple			Ancient Greek temple	ancient greek temple	Greek temples ( Ancient Greek : Ναός , Naós `` dwelling '' , semantically distinct from Latin templum ( `` temple '' ) were structures built to house deity statues within Greek sanctuaries in ancient Greek religion . The temple interiors did not serve as meeting places , since the sacrifices and rituals dedicated to the respective deity took place outside them . Temples were frequently used to store votive offerings . They are the most important and most widespread building type in Greek architecture . In the Hellenistic kingdoms of Southwest Asia and of North Africa , buildings erected to fulfill the functions of a temple often continued to follow the local traditions . Even where a Greek influence is visible , such structures are not normally considered as Greek temples . This applies , for example , to the Graeco - Parthian and Bactrian temples , or to the Ptolemaic examples , which follow Egyptian tradition . Most Greek temples were oriented astronomically .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Development 2.1 Origins 2.2 Wooden architecture : Early Archaic 2.3 Introduction of stone architecture : Archaic and Classical 2.4 Decline of Greek temple building : Hellenistic period 2.5 End of Greek temple construction : Roman Greece 2.6 Abandonment and conversion of temples : Late Antiquity 3 Structure 3.1 Floor plan 3.1. 1 Naos 3.1. 2 Pronaos and opisthodomos 3.1. 3 Peristasis 3.1. 4 Plan types 3.1. 5 Column number terminology 3.2 Elevation 3.2. 1 Foundations and crepidoma 3.2. 2 Columns 3.2. 3 Entablature 3.2. 4 Cornice and geison 3.3 Aspect 4 Design and measurements 4.1 Proportions 4.2 Naos - peristasis relationship 4.3 Column number formula 4.4 Column spacing 5 Optical refinements 6 Decoration 6.1 Coloring 6.2 Architectural sculpture 6.2. 1 Metopes 6.2. 2 Friezes 6.2. 3 Pediments 6.2. 4 Roofs 6.2. 5 Columns 7 Function and design 7.1 Cult statue and cella 7.1. 1 Refinements 7.1. 2 Restricted access 7.2 Opisthodomos 7.3 Peristasis 8 Sponsors , construction and costs 8.1 Public and private sponsors 8.2 Organization 8.3 Costs 9 Temples of the different architectural orders 9.1 Doric temples 9.1. 1 Beginnings 9.1. 2 First monumental temples 9.1. 3 Stone - built temples 9.1. 3.1 The Heraion at Olympia ( c. 600 BC ) 9.1. 3.2 Temple of Artemis , Kerkyra ( early 6th century BC ) 9.1. 3.3 Archaic Olympieion , Athens 9.1. 4 Classical period : canonisation 9.1. 4.1 Temple of Zeus , Olympia ( 460 BC ) 9.1. 4.2 Other canonical Classical temples 9.1. 4.3 The Parthenon ( 450 BC ) 9.1. 5 Late Classical and Hellenistic : changing proportions 9.1. 6 Doric temples in Magna Graecia 9.2 Ionic temples 9.2. 1 Origins 9.2. 2 Monumental Ionic temples 9.2. 2.1 The Heraion of Samos 9.2. 2.2 Cycladic Ionic 9.2. 2.3 The Artemision of Ephesos 9.2. 2.4 Temple of Apollo at Didyma 9.2. 2.5 Temple of Athena Polias , Priene 9.2. 2.6 The Artemision of Magnesia 9.2. 2.7 Attic Ionic 9.2. 2.8 Epidauros 9.2. 2.9 Magna Graecia 9.2. 2.10 Hellenistic India 9.3 Corinthian temples 9.3. 1 Beginnings 9.3. 2 Examples 9.3. 2.1 Hellenistic Temple of Olympian Zeus , Athens 9.3. 2.2 Olba 9.3. 2.3 Temple of Hekate at Lagina 9.3. 3 Distinctive uses of Corinthian temples , influence 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Overview ( edit ) Between the 9th century BC and the 6th century BC , the ancient Greek temples developed from the small mudbrick structures into double porched monumental buildings with colonnade on all sides , often reaching more than 20 metres in height ( not including the roof ) . Stylistically , they were governed by the regionally specific architectural orders . Whereas the distinction was originally between the Doric and Ionic orders , a third alternative arose in late 3rd century BC with the Corinthian order . A multitude of different ground plans were developed , each of which could be combined with the superstructure in the different orders . From the 3rd century BC onwards , the construction of large temples became less common ; after a short 2nd century BC flourish , it ceased nearly entirely in the 1st century BC . Thereafter , only smaller structures were newly begun , while older temples continued to be renovated or brought to completion if in an unfinished state . Greek temples were designed and constructed according to set proportions , mostly determined by the lower diameter of the columns or by the dimensions of the foundation levels . The nearly mathematical strictness of the basic designs thus reached was lightened by optical refinements . In spite of the still widespread idealised image , Greek temples were painted , so that bright reds and blues contrasted with the white of the building stones or of stucco . The more elaborate temples were equipped with very rich figural decoration in the form of reliefs and pedimental sculpture . The construction of temples was usually organised and financed by cities or by the administrations of sanctuaries . Private individuals , especially Hellenistic rulers , could also sponsor such buildings . In the late Hellenistic period , their decreasing financial wealth , along with the progressive incorporation of the Greek world within the Roman State , whose officials and rulers took over as sponsors , led to the end of Greek temple construction . New temples now belonged to the tradition of Roman architecture , which , in spite of the Greek influence on it , aimed for different goals and followed different aesthetic principles . Development ( edit ) Model of a typical Doric temple , the Temple of Aphaia on Aegina ( Glyptothek , Munich ) . Temple of Isthmia , Greece . Constructed between 690 - 650 BC . Origins ( edit ) The Mycenaean Megaron ( 15th to the 13th century BCE ) was the precursor for later Archaic and Classical Greek temples , but during the Greek dark age the buildings became smaller and less monumental . The basic principles for the development of Greek temple architecture have their roots between the 10th century BC and the 7th century BC . In its simplest form as a naos , the temple was a simple rectangular shrine with protruding side walls ( antae ) , forming a small porch . Until the 8th century BC , there were also apsidal structures with more or less semi-circular back walls , but the rectangular type prevailed . By adding columns to this small basic structure , the Greeks triggered the development and variety of their temple architecture . The Temple of Isthmia , built in 690 - 650 BC was perhaps the first true Archaic Temple with its monumental size , sturdy colonnade of columns and tile roof set the Isthmian temple apart from contemporary buildings Wooden architecture : early Archaic ( edit ) The first temples were mostly mud , brick , and marble structures on stone foundations . The columns and superstructure ( entablature ) were wooden , door openings and antae were protected with wooden planks . The mud brick walls were often reinforced by wooden posts , in a type of half - timbered technique . The elements of this simple and clearly structured wooden architecture produced all the important design principles that were to determine the development of Greek temples for centuries . Near the end of the 7th century BC , the dimensions of these simple structures were increased considerably . Temple C at Thermos is the first of the hekatompedoi , temples with a length of 100 feet ( 30 m ) . Since it was not technically possible to roof broad spaces at that time , these temples remained very narrow , at 6 to 10 metres in width . To stress the importance of the cult statue and the building holding it , the naos was equipped with a canopy , supported by columns . The resulting set of porticos surrounding the temple on all sides ( the peristasis ) was exclusively used for temples in Greek architecture . The combination of the temple with porticos ( ptera ) on all sides posed a new aesthetic challenge for the architects and patrons : the structures had to be built to be viewed from all directions . This led to the development of the peripteros , with a frontal pronaos ( porch ) , mirrored by a similar arrangement at the back of the building , the opisthodomos , which became necessary for entirely aesthetic reasons . The Temple of Apollo at Corinth , one of the earliest stone - built Doric temples . Note the monolithic columns . Introduction of stone architecture : Archaic and Classical ( edit ) After the reintroduction of stone architecture , the essential elements and forms of each temple , such as the number of columns and of column rows , underwent constant change throughout Greek antiquity . In the 6th century BC , Ionian Samos developed the double - colonnaded dipteros as an alternative to the single peripteros . This idea was later copied in Didyma , Ephesos and Athens . Between the 6th and the late 4th century BC , innumerable temples were built ; nearly every polis , every colony contained one or several . There were also temples at extra-urban sites and at major sanctuaries like Olympia and Delphi . The observable change of form indicates the search for a harmonious form of all architectural elements : the development led from simpler early forms which often appear coarse and bulky up to the aesthetic perfection and refinement of the later structures ; from simple experimentation to the strict mathematical complexity of ground plans and superstructures . The temple of Zeus in Cyrene . Decline of Greek temple building : Hellenistic period ( edit ) Temple of Concord in Agrigento Temple of Hera in Segesta From the early Hellenistic period onwards , the Greek peripteral temple lost much of its importance . With very few exceptions , Classical temple construction ceased both in Hellenistic Greece and in the Greek colonies of Magna Graecia . Only the west of Asia Minor maintained a low level of temple construction during the 3rd century BC . The construction of large projects , such as the temple of Apollo at Didyma near Miletus and the Artemision at Sardis did not make much progress . The 2nd century BC saw a revival of temple architecture , including peripteral temples . This is partially due to the influence of the architect Hermogenes of Priene , who redefined the principles of Ionic temple construction both practically and through theoretical work . At the same time , the rulers of the various Hellenistic kingdoms provided copious financial resources . Their self - aggrandisation , rivalry , desires to stabilise their spheres of influence , as well as the increasing conflict with Rome ( partially played out in the field of culture ) , combined to release much energy into the revival of complex Greek temple architecture . During this phase , Greek temples became widespread in southern Asia Minor , Egypt and Northern Africa . But in spite of such examples and of the positive conditions produced by the economic upturn and the high degree of technical innovation in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC , Hellenistic religious architecture is mostly represented by a multitude of small temples in antis and prostyle temples , as well as tiny shrines ( naiskoi ) . The latter had been erected in important places , on market squares , near springs and by roads , since the Archaic period , but reached their main flourish now . This limitation to smaller structures led to the development of a special form , the pseudoperipteros , which uses engaged columns along the cella walls to produce the illusion of a peripteral temple . An early case of this is temple L at Epidauros , followed by many prominent Roman examples , such as the Maison Carrée at Nîmes . End of Greek temple construction : Roman Greece ( edit ) In the early 1st century BC , the Mithridatic Wars led to changes of architectural practice . The role of sponsor was increasingly taken by Roman magistrates of the Eastern provinces , who rarely demonstrated their generosity by building temples . Nevertheless , some temples were erected at this time , e.g. the Temple of Aphrodite at Aphrodisias . The introduction of the principate lead to few new buildings , mostly temples for the imperial cult or to Roman deities , e.g. the temple of Jupiter at Baalbek . Although new temples to Greek deities still continued to be constructed , e.g. the Tychaion at Selge they tend to follow the canonical forms of the developing Roman imperial style of architecture or to maintain local non-Greek idiosyncrasies , like the temples in Petra or Palmyra . The increasing romanisation of the east entailed the end of Greek temple architecture , although work continued on the completion of unfinished large structures like the temple of Apollo at Didyma or the Olympieion at Athens into the later 2nd century AD . Syracuse ( Sicily ) : The 5th - century BC Doric temple of Athena , transformed into a Christian church during the Middle Ages . Abandonment and conversion of temples : late antiquity ( edit ) The edicts of Theodosius I and his successors on the throne of the Roman Empire , banning pagan cults , led to the gradual closure of Greek temples , or their conversion into Christian churches . Thus ends the history of the Greek temple , although many of them remained in use for a long time afterwards . For example , the Athenian Parthenon , first reconsecrated as a church was turned into a mosque after the Ottoman conquest and remained structurally unharmed until the 17th century AD . Only the unfortunate impact of a Venetian cannonball into the building , then used to store gunpowder , led to the destruction of much of this important temple , more than 2,000 years after it was built . Structure ( edit ) Canonical Greek temples maintained the same basic structure throughout many centuries . The Greeks used a limited number of spatial components , influencing the plan , and of architectural members , determining the elevation . Floor plan ( edit ) Naos ( edit ) The central cult structure of the temple is the naos or Cella , which usually contained a cult statue of the deity . In Archaic temples , a separate room , the so - called adyton was sometimes included after the cella for this purpose . In Sicily , this habit continued into the Classical period . Pronaos and opisthodomos ( edit ) In front of the cella , there is a porch , the pronaos , created by the protruding side walls of the cella ( the antae ) , and two columns placed between them . A door allows the cella to be accessed from the pronaos . A similar room at the back of the cella is called the opisthodomos . There is no door connecting the opisthodomos with the cella ; its existence is necessitated entirely by aesthetic considerations : to maintain the consistency of the peripteral temple and to ensure its viewability from all sides , the execution of the front has to be repeated at the rear . A restricted space , the adyton , may be included at the far end of the cella , backing up on the opisthodomos . Peristasis ( edit ) The complex formed by the naos , pronaos , opisthodomos and possibly the adyton is enclosed on all four sides by the peristasis , usually a single row , rarely a double one , of columns . This produces a surrounding portico , the pteron , which offered shelter to visitors of the sanctuary and room for cult processions . Elements of the floor plan Pronaos Cella or naos Adyton ( exceptional ) Opisthodomos ( sometimes omitted ) Opisthodomos + Adyton + Naos + Pronaos Plan types ( edit ) The Athenian Treasury in Delphi with two antae framing two columns . These components allowed the realisation of a variety of different plan types in Greek temple architecture . The simplest example of a Greek temple is the templum in antis , a small rectangular structure sheltering the cult statue . In front of the cella , a small porch or pronaos was formed by the protruding cella walls , the antae . The pronaos was linked to the cella by a door . To support the superstructure , two columns were placed between the antae ( distyle in antis ) . When equipped with an opisthodomos with a similar distyle in antis design , this is called a double anta temple . A variant of that type has the opisthodomos at the back of the cella indicated merely by half - columns and shortened antae , so that it can be described as a pseudo-opisthodomos . Different temple plans If the porch of a temple in antis has a row of usually four or six columns in front of its whole breadth , the temple is described as a prostylos or prostyle temple . The whole pronaos may be omitted in this case or just leave the antae without columns . An amphiprostylos or amphiprostyle repeats the same column setting at the back . In contrast , the term peripteros or peripteral designates a temple surrounded by ptera ( colonnades ) on all four sides , each usually formed by a single row of columns . This produces an unobstructed surrounding portico , the peristasis , on all four sides of the temple . A Hellenistic and Roman form of this shape is the pseudoperipteros , where the side columns of the peristasis are indicated only by engaged columns or pilasters directly attached to the external cella walls . A dipteros or dipteral is equipped with a double colonnade on all four sides , sometimes with further rows of columns at the front and back . A pseudodipteros has engaged columns in the inner row of columns at the sides . Circular temples form a special type . If they are surrounded by a colonnade , they are known as peripteral tholoi . Although of sacred character , their function as a temple can often not be asserted . A comparable structure is the monopteros , or cyclostyle which , however , lacks a cella . To clarify ground plan types , the defining terms can be combined , producing terms such as : peripteral double anta temple , prostyle in antis , peripteral amphiprostyle , etc . Column number terminology ( edit ) An additional definition , already used by Vitruvius ( IV , 3 , 3 ) is determined by the number of columns at the front . Modern scholarship uses the following terms : technical term number of columns at front distyle 2 columns tetrastyle 4 columns , term used by Vitruvius hexastyle 6 columns , term used by Vitruvius octastyle 8 columns decastyle 10 columns The term dodekastylos is only used for the 12 - column hall at the Didymaion . No temples with facades of that width are known . Very few temples had an uneven number of columns at the front . Examples are Temple of Hera I at Paestum , Temple of Apollo A at Metapontum , both of which have a width of nine columns ( enneastyle ) , and the Archaic temple at Thermos with a width of five columns ( pentastyle ) . Elevation ( edit ) Elevation of the Temple of Concordia at Agrigentum . The elevation of Greek temples is always subdivided in three zones : the crepidoma , the columns and the entablature . Foundations and crepidoma ( edit ) Stereobate , euthynteria and crepidoma form the substructure of the temple . The underground foundation of a Greek temple is known as the stereobate . It consists of several layers of squared stone blocks . The uppermost layer , the euthynteria , partially protrudes above the ground level . Its surface is carefully smoothed and levelled . It supports a further foundation of three steps , the crepidoma . The uppermost level of the crepidoma provides the surface on which the columns and walls are placed ; it is called stylobate . Illustration of Doric ( first three ) , Ionic ( next three ) and Corinthian ( final two ) columns . Columns ( edit ) Placed on the stylobate are the vertical column shafts , tapering towards the top . They are normally made of several separately cut column drums . Depending on the architectural order , a different number of flutings are cut into the column shaft : Doric columns have 18 to 20 flutings , Ionic and Corinthian ones normally have 24 . Early Ionic columns had up to 48 flutings . While Doric columns stand directly on the stylobate , Ionic and Corinthian ones possess a base , sometimes additionally placed atop a plinth . In Doric columns , the top is formed by a concavely curved neck , the hypotrachelion , and the capital , in Ionic columns , the capital sits directly on the shaft . In the Doric order , the capital consists of a circular torus bulge , originally very flat , the so - called echinus , and a square slab , the abacus . In the course of their development , the echinus expands more and more , culminating in a linear diagonal , at 45 ° to the vertical . The echinus of Ionic columns is decorated with an egg - and - dart band followed by a sculpted pillow forming two volutes , supporting a thin abacus . The eponymous Corinthian capital of the Corinthian order is crowned by rings of stylised acanthus leaves , forming tendrils and volutes that reach to the corners of the abacus . Entablature on the west side of the Parthenon . Entablature ( edit ) The capitals support the entablature . In the Doric order , the entablature always consists of two parts , the architrave and the Doric frieze ( or triglyph frieze ) . The Ionic order of Athens and the Cyclades also used a frieze above an architrave , whereas the frieze remained unknown in the Ionic architecture of Asia Minor until the 4th century BC . There , the architrave was directly followed by the dentil . The frieze was originally placed in front of the roof beams , which were externally visible only in the earlier temples of Asia Minor . The Doric frieze was structured by triglyphs . These were placed above the axis of each column , and above the centre of each intercolumniation . The spaces between the triglyphs contained metopes , sometimes painted or decorated with relief sculpture . In the Ionic or Corinthian orders , the frieze possesses no triglyphs and is simply left flat , sometimes decorated with paintings or reliefs . With the introduction of stone architecture , the protection of the porticos and the support of the roof construction was moved upwards to the level of the geison , depriving the frieze of its structural function and turning it into an entirely decorative feature . Frequently , the cella is also decorated with architrave and frieze , especially at the front of the pronaos . Geison block from the temple at Lykosoura . Cornice and geison ( edit ) Above the frieze , or an intermediate member , e.g. the dentil of the Ionic or Corinthian orders , the cornice protrudes notably . It consists of the geison ( on the sloped sides or pediments of the narrow walls a sloped geison ) , and the sima . On the long side , the sima , often elaborately decorated , was equipped with water spouts , often in the shape of lions ' heads . The pedimental triangle or tympanon on the narrow sides of the temple was created by the Doric introduction of the gabled roof , earlier temples often had hipped roofs . The tympanon was usually richly decorated with sculptures of mythical scenes or battles . The corners and ridges of the roof were decorated with acroteria , originally geometric , later floral or figural decorations . Aspect ( edit ) As far as topographically possible , the temples were freestanding and designed to be viewed from all sides . They were not normally designed with consideration for their surroundings , but formed autonomous structures . This is a major difference from Roman temples which were often designed as part of a planned urban area or square and had a strong emphasis on being viewed frontally . Design and measurements ( edit ) Proportions ( edit ) The foundations of Greek temples could reach dimensions of up to 115 by 55 m , i.e. the size of an average soccer field . Columns could reach a height of 20 m . To design such large architectural bodies harmoniously , a number of basic aesthetic principles were developed and tested already on the smaller temples . The main measurement was the foot , varying between 29 and 34 cm from region to region . This initial measurement was the basis for all the units that determined the shape of the temple . Important factors include the lower diameter of the columns and the width of their plinths . The distance between the column axes ( intercolumniation or bay ) could also be used as a basic unit . These measurements were in set proportions to other elements of design , such as column height and column distance . In conjunction with the number of columns per side , they also determined the dimensions of stylobate and peristasis , as well as of the naos proper . The rules regarding vertical proportions , especially in the Doric order , also allow for a deduction of the basic design options for the entablature from the same principles . Alternatives to this very rational system were sought in the temples of the late 7th and early 6th centuries BC , when it was attempted to develop the basic measurements from the planned dimensions of cella or stylobate , i.e. to reverse the system described above and deduce the smaller units from the bigger ones . Thus , for example , the cella length was sometimes set at 100 feet ( 30 m ) ( 100 is a sacred number , also known from the hecatomb , a sacrifice of 100 animals ) , and all further measurements had to be in relation to this number , leading to aesthetically quite unsatisfactory solutions . Naos - peristasis relationship ( edit ) Another determining design feature was the relationship linking naos and peristasis . In the original temples , this would have been subject entirely to practical necessities , and always based on axial links between cella walls and columns , but the introduction of stone architecture broke that connection . Nevertheless , it did survive throughout Ionic architecture . In Doric temples , however , the wooden roof construction , originally placed behind the frieze , now started at a higher level , behind the geison . This ended the structural link between frieze and roof ; the structural elements of the latter could now be placed independent of axial relationships . As a result , the cella walls lost their fixed connection with the columns for a long time and could be freely placed within the peristasis . Only after a long phase of developments did the architects choose the alignment of the outer wall face with the adjacent column axis as the obligatory principle for Doric temples . Doric temples in Greater Greece rarely follow this system . Column number formula ( edit ) The basic proportions of the building were determined by the numeric relationship of columns on the front and back to those on the sides . The classic solution chosen by Greek architects is the formula `` frontal columns : side columns = n : ( 2n + 1 ) '' , which can also be used for the number of intercolumniations . As a result , numerous temples of the Classical period in Greece ( circa 500 to 336 BC ) had 6 x 13 columns or 5 x 11 intercolumnitions . The same proportions , in a more abstract form , determine most of the Parthenon , not only in its 8 x 17 column peristasis , but also , reduced to 4 : 9 , in all other basic measurements , including the intercolumniations , the stylobate , the width - height proportion of the entire building , and the geison ( here reversed to 9 : 4 ) . Proportion of column diameter to intercolumnium . Column spacing ( edit ) Since the turn of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC , the proportion of column width to the space between columns , the intercolumnium , played an increasingly important role in architectural theory , reflected , for example , in the works of Vitruvius . According to this proportion , Vitruvius ( 3 , 3 , 1 ff ) distinguished between five different design concepts and temple types : Pyknostyle , tight - columned : intercolumnium = 1 1⁄2 lower column diameters Systyle , close - columned : intercolumnium = 2 lower column diameters Eustyle , well - columned : intercolumnium = 2 1⁄4 lower column diameters Diastyle , board - columned : interkolumnium = 3 lower column diameters Araeostyle , light - columned : intercolumnium = 3 1⁄2 lower column diameters The determination and discussion of these basic principles went back to Hermogenes , whom Vitruvius credits with the invention of the eustylos . The Temple of Dionysos at Teos , normally ascribed to Hermogenes , does indeed have intercolumnia measuring 2 &frac16 ; of the lower column diameters . Optical refinements ( edit ) Exaggerated sketch of the curvature of a Doric temple . To loosen up the mathematical strictness and to counteract distortions of human visual perception , a slight curvature of the whole building , hardly visible with the naked eye , was introduced . The ancient architects had realised that long horizontal lines tend to make the optical impression of sagging towards their centre . To prevent this effect , the horizontal lines of stylobate and / or entablature were raised by a few centimetres towards the middle of a building . This avoidance of mathematically straight lines also included the columns , which did not taper in a linear fashion , but were refined by a pronounced `` swelling '' ( entasis ) of the shaft . Additionally , columns were placed with a slight inclination towards the centre of the building . Curvature and entasis occur from the mid 6th century BC onwards . The most consistent use of these principles is seen in the Classical Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis . Its curvature affects all horizontal elements up to the sima , even the cella walls reflect it throughout their height . The inclination of its columns ( which also have a clear entasis ) , is continued by architrave and triglyph frieze , the external walls of the cella also reflect it . Not one block of the building , not a single architrave or frieze element could be hewn as a simple rectilinear block . All architectural elements display slight variations from the right angle , individually calculated for each block . As a side effect , each preserved building block from the Parthenon , its columns , cella walls or entablature , can be assigned its exact position today . In spite of the immense extra effort entailed in this perfection , the Parthenon , including its sculptural decoration , was completed in the record time of sixteen years ( 447 to 431 BC ) . Original Doric polychromy . Decoration ( edit ) Coloring ( edit ) Only three basic colors were used : white , blue and red , occasionally also black . The crepidoma , columns and architrave were mostly white . Only details , like the horizontally cut grooves at the bottom of Doric capitals ( anuli ) , or decorative elements of Doric architraves ( e.g. taenia and guttae ) might be painted in different colours . The frieze was clearly structured by use of colours . In a Doric triglyph frieze , blue triglyphs alternated with red metopes , the latter often serving as a background for individually painted sculptures . Reliefs , ornaments and pedimental sculptures were executed with a wider variety of colours and nuances . Recessed or otherwise shaded elements , like mutules or triglyph slits could be painted black . Paint was mostly applied to parts that were not load - bearing , whereas structural parts like columns or the horizontal elements of architrave and geison were left unpainted ( if made of high quality limestone or marble ) or covered with a white stucco . Architectural sculpture ( edit ) A centaur struggling with a Lapith - Metope from the Parthenon . Greek temples were often enhanced with figural decorations . especially the frieze areas offered space for reliefs and relief slabs ; the pedimental triangles often contained scenes of free - standing sculpture . In Archaic times , even the architrave could be relief - decorated on Ionic temples , as demonstrated by the earlier temple of Apollo at Didyma . Here , the architrave corners bore gorgons , surrounded by lions and perhaps other animals . On the other hand , the Ionic temples of Asia Minor did not possess a separate frieze to allow space for relief decoration . The most common area for relief decoration remained the frieze , either as a typical Doric triglyph frieze , with sculpted metopes , or as a continuous frieze on Cycladic and later on Eastern Ionic temples . Metopes ( edit ) The metopes , separate individual tableaux that could usually not contain more than three figures each , usually depicted individual scenes belonging to a broader context . It is rare for scenes to be distributed over several metopes ; instead , a general narrative context , usually a battle , is created by the combination of multiple isolated scenes . Other thematical contexts could be depicted in this fashion . For example , the metopes at the front and back of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia depicted the Twelve Labours of Heracles . Individual mythological scenes , like the abduction of Europa or a cattle raid by the Dioscuri could be thus depicted , as could scenes from the voyage of the Argonauts or the Trojan War . The battles against the centaurs and Amazons , as well as the gigantomachy , all three depicted on the Parthenon , were recurring themes on many temples . Part of the Parthenon Frieze , in situ on the west side of the naos . Friezes ( edit ) Battle scenes of all kinds were also a common theme of Ionic friezes , e.g. the Gigantomachy on the temple of Hekate at Lagina , or the Amazonomachy on the temple of Artemis at Magnesia on the Maeander , both from the late 2nd century BC . Complex compositions visualised the back and forth of fighting for the viewer . Such scenes were contrasted by more quiet or peaceful ones : The Assembly of the gods and a procession dominate the 160 m long frieze that is placed on top of the naos walls of the Parthenon . Reconstruction of the west pediment on the Parthenon , Athens , Acropolis Museum . Pediments ( edit ) Special attention was paid to the decoration of the pedimental triangles , not least because of their size and frontal position . Originally , the pediments were filled with massive reliefs , e.g. shortly after 600 BC on the temple of Artemis at Kerkyra , where the west pediment is taken up by the gorgon Medusa and her children at the centre , flanked by panthers . Smaller scenes are displayed in the low corners of the pediments , e.g. Zeus with a thunderbolt , fighting a Giant . The pedimental sculpture of the first peripteral temple on the Athenian Acropolis , from circa 570 BC , is nearly free - standing sculpture , but remains dominated by a central scene of fighting lions . Statue of Apollo from the west pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia . Again , the corners contain separate scenes , including Heracles fighting Triton . After the mid-6th century BC , the compositional scheme changes : animal scenes are now placed in the corners , soon they disappear entirely . The central composition is now taken over by mythological fights or by rows of human figures . The high regard in which the Greeks held pedimental sculptures in demonstrated by the discovery of the sculptures from the Late Archaic temple of Apollo at Delphi , which had received a veritable burial after the temple 's destruction in 373 BC . The themes of the individual pedimental scenes are increasingly dominated by myths connected with the locality . Thus , the east pediment at Olympia depicts the preparations for a chariot race between Pelops and Oinomaos , the mythical king of nearby Pisa . It is the foundation myth of the sanctuary itself , displayed here in its most prominent position . A similarly direct association is provided by the birth of Athena on the east pediment of the Parthenon , or the struggle for Attica between her and Poseidon on its west pediment . The pediment of the later temple of the Kabeiroi at Samothrace , late 3rd century BC , depicted a probably purely local legend , of no major interest to Greece as a whole . Mounted nereid ; corner acroterion from the temple of Asklepios at Epidauros . Roofs ( edit ) Further information : List of Greco - Roman roofs The roofs were crowned by acroteria , originally in the form of elaborately painted clay disks , from the 6th century BC onwards as fully sculpted figures placed on the corners and ridges of the pediments . They could depict bowls and tripods , griffins , spinxes , and especially mythical figures and deities . For example , depictions of the running Nike crowned the Alcmaeonid temple of Apollo at Delphi , and mounted amazons formed the corner akroteria of the temple of Asklepios in Epidauros . Pausanias ( 5 , 10 , 8 ) describes bronze tripods forming the corner akroteria and statues of Nike by Paeonios forming the ridge ones on the Temple of Zeus at Olympia . Columns ( edit ) For the sake of completeness , a further potential bearer of sculptural decoration should be mentioned here : the columnae celetae of the Ionic temples at Ephesos and Didyma . Here , already on the Archaic temples , the lower parts of the column shafts were decorated by protruding relief decorations , originally depicting rows of figures , replaced on their late Classical and Hellenistic successors with mythological scenes and battles . Function and design ( edit ) Cult statue and cella ( edit ) The functions of the temple mainly concentrated on the cella , the `` dwelling '' of the cult statue . The elaboration of the temple 's external aspects served to stress the dignity of the cella . In contrast , the cella itself was often finished with some moderation . The only source of light for cella and cult statue was the cella 's frontal door . Thus , the interior only received a limited amount of light . Exceptions are found in the temples of Apollo at Bassae and of Athena at Tegea , where the southern cella wall had a door , potentially allowing more light into the interior . A special situation applies to the temples of the Cyclades , where the roof was usually of marble tiles . Marble roofs also covered the temple of Zeus at Olympia and the Parthenon at Athens . As marble is not entirely opaque , those cellas may have been permeated with a distinctive diffused light . For cultic reasons , but also to use the light of the rising sun , virtually all Greek temples were oriented to the east . Some exceptions existed , e.g. the west - facing temples of Artemis at Ephesos and at Magnesia on the Maeander , or the north - south oriented temples of Arcadia . Such exceptions are probably connected with cult practice . Study of the soils around temple sites , is evidence that temple sites were chosen with regard to particular deities : for example , amid arable soils for the agricultural deities Dionysos and Demeter , and near rocky soils for the hunter gatherer deities Apollo and Artemis . Temple of Aphaia ( Aegina ) : The interior of the cella was embellished with two tiers of Doric columns . Refinements ( edit ) The cult statue was often oriented towards an altar , placed axially in front of the temple . To preserve this connection , the single row of columns often found along the central axis of the cella in early temples was replaced by two separate rows towards the sides . The central one of the three aisles thereby created was often emphasised as the main one . The dignity of the central aisle of the cella could be underlined by the use of special elements of design . For example , the oldest known Corinthian capitals are from the naoi of Doric temples . The impressiveness of the internal aisle could be emphasised further by having a third row of columns along the back , as is the case at the Parthenon and at the temple of Zeus in Nemea . The Parthenon cella , also had another impressive feature , namely two tiers of columns atop each other , as did the temple of Aphaia on Aegina . The temple of Athena at Tegea shows another variation , where the two column rows are indicated by half - columns protruding from the side walls and crowned with Corinthian capitals . An early form of this solution can be seen at Bassae , where the central column of the back portico remains free - standing , while the columns along the sides are in fact semi-columns connected with the walls by curved protrusions . Plan and interior reconstruction of the Temple of Apollo Epikourios at Bassae . Note the side entrance to the cella and the single Corinthian column . Restricted access ( edit ) The cella of a Greek temple was entered only rarely and by very few visitors . Generally , entry to the room , except during important festivals or other special occasions , was limited to the priests . Sometimes , the divine character of the cult image was stressed even more by removing it further into a separate space within the cella , the adyton . Especially in Magna Graecia , this tradition continued for a long time . Over the decades and centuries , numerous votive offerings could be placed in the cella , giving it a museum - like character ( Pausanias 5 , 17 ) . Opisthodomos ( edit ) The back room of the temple , the opisthodomos , usually served as a storage space for cult equipment . It could also hold the temple treasury . For some time , the opisthodomus of the Athenian Parthenon contained the treasury of the Delian League , thus directly protected by the deity . Pronaos and opisthodomos were often closed off from the peristasis by wooden barriers or fences . Peristasis ( edit ) Like the cella , the peristasis could serve the display and storage of votives , often placed between the columns . In some cases , votive offerings could also be directly affixed to the columns , as is visible e.g. on the Temple of Hera at Olympia . The peristasis could also be used for cult processions , or simply as shelter from the elements , a function emphasised by Vitruvius ( III 3 , 8f ) . Sponsors , construction and costs ( edit ) Public and private sponsors ( edit ) In the late 6th century BC , the Alcmaeonidae family strongly supported the rebuilding of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi , so as to improve their standing in Athens and Greece . The sponsors of Greek temples usually belonged to one of two groups : on the one hand public sponsors , including the bodies and institutions that administrated important sanctuaries ; on the other hand influential and affluent private sponsors , especially Hellenistic kings . The financial needs were covered by income from taxes or special levies , or by the sale of raw materials like silver . The collection of donations also occurred , especially for supra - regional sanctuaries like Delphi or Olympia . Hellenistic monarchs could appear as private donors in cities outside their immediate sphere of influence and sponsor public buildings , as exemplified by Antiochos IV , who ordered the rebuilding of the Olympieion at Athens . In such cases , the money came from the private treasury of the donor . Organization ( edit ) Building contracts were advertised after a popular or elected assembly had passed the relevant motion . An appointed committee would choose the winner among the submitted plans . Afterwards , another committee would supervise the building process . Its responsibilities included the advertising and awarding of individual contracts , the practical supervision of the construction , the inspection and acceptance of completed parts , and the paying of wages . The original advert contained all the information necessary to enable a contractor to make a realistic offer for completing the task . Contracts were normally awarded to the competitor offering the most complete service for the cheapest price . In the case of public buildings , the materials were normally provided by the public sponsor , exceptions were clarified in the contract . Contractors were usually only responsible for specific parts of the overall construction , as most businesses were small . Originally , payment was by person and day , but from the 5th century BC onwards , payment by piece or construction stage became common . Costs ( edit ) The costs could be immense . For example , surviving receipts show that in the rebuilding of the Artemision of Ephesos , a single column cost 40,000 drachmas . Considering that a worker was paid about two drachmas , that equals nearly 2 million Euro ( on a modern west European wage scale ) . Since the overall number of columns required for the design was 120 , even this aspect of the building would have caused costs equivalent to those of major projects today ( circa 360 million Euro ) . Temples of the different architectural orders ( edit ) One of the criteria by which Greek temples are classified is the Classical order chosen as their basic aesthetic principle . This choice , which was rarely entirely free , but normally determined by tradition and local habit , would lead to widely differing rules of design . According to the three major orders , a basic distinction can be made between the Doric , the Ionic and the Corinthian Temple . Doric temples ( edit ) The Temple of Hephaistos in Athens , the best - preserved Doric temple in Greece . The modern image of Greek temple architecture is strongly influenced by the numerous reasonably well - preserved temples of the Doric order . Especially the ruins of Southern Italy and Sicily were accessible to western travellers quite early in the development of Classical studies , e.g. the temples at Paestum , Akragas or Segesta , but the Hephaisteion and the Parthenon of Athens also influenced scholarship and Neoclassical architecture from an early point onwards . Beginnings ( edit ) The beginnings of Greek temple construction in the Doric order can be traced to early in the 7th century BC . With the transition to stone architecture around 600 BC , the order was fully developed ; from then on , only details were changed , developed and refined , mostly in the context of solving the challenges posed by the design and construction of monumental temples . First monumental temples ( edit ) Apart from early forms , occasionally still with apsidal backs and hipped roofs , the first 100 - foot ( 30 m ) peripteral temples occur quite soon , before 600 BC . An example is Temple C at Thermos , circa 625 BC , a 100 - foot - long ( 30 m ) hekatompedos , surrounded by a peristasis of 5 x 15 columns , its cella divided in two aisles by a central row of columns . Its entirely Doric entablature is indicated by painted clay plaques , probably early example of metopes , and clay triglyphs . It appears to be the case that all temples erected within the spheres of influence of Corinth and Argos in the 7th century BC were Doric peripteroi . The earliest stone columns did not display the simple squatness of the high and late Archaic specimens , but rather mirror the slenderness of their wooden predecessors . Already around 600 BC , the demand of viewability from all sides was applied to the Doric temple , leading to the mirroring of the frontal pronaos by an opisthodomos at the back . This early demand continued to affect Doric temples especially in the Greek motherland . Neither the Ionic temples , nor the Doric specimens in Magna Graecia followed this principle . The increasing monumentalisation of stone buildings , and the transfer of the wooden roof construction to the level of the geison removed the fixed relationship between the naos and the peristasis . This relationship between the axes of walls and columns , almost a matter of course in smaller structures , remained undefined and without fixed rules for nearly a century : the position of the naos `` floated '' within the peristasis . Doric capital in the Heraion of Olympia . Stone - built temples ( edit ) The Heraion at Olympia ( C 600 BC ) ( edit ) The Heraion of Olympia ( circa 600 BC ) exemplifies the transition from wood to stone construction . This building , initially constructed entirely of wood and mudbrick , had its wooden columns gradually replaced with stone ones over time . Like a museum of Doric columns and Doric capitals , it contains examples of all chronological phases , up to the Roman period . One of the columns in the opisthodomos remained wooden at least until the 2nd century AD , when Pausanias described it . This 6 by 16 columns temple already called for a solution to the Doric corner conflict . It was achieved through a reduction of the corner intercolumniations the so - called corner contraction . The Heraion is most advanced in regards to the relationship between naos and peristasis , as it uses the solution that became canonical decades later , a linear axis running along the external faces of the outer naos walls and through the central axis of the associated columns . Its differentiation between wider intercolumnia on the narrow sides and narrower ones on the long sides was also an influential feature , as was the positioning of the columns within the cella , corresponding with those on the outside , a feature not repeated until the construction of the temple at Bassae 150 years later . Temple of Artemis , Kerkyra ( early 6th century BC ) ( edit ) The oldest Doric temple entirely built of stone is represented by the early 6th century BC Artemis Temple in Kerkyra ( modern Corfu ) . All parts of this building are bulky and heavy , its columns reach a height of barely five times their bottom diameter and were very closely spaced with an intercolumniation of a single column width . The individual members of its Doric orders all differ considerably from the later canon , although all essential Doric features are present . Its ground plan of 8 by 17 columns , probably pseudoperipteral , is unusual . Archaic Olympieion , Athens ( edit ) Among the Doric temples , the Peisistratid Olympieion at Athens has a special position . Although this building was never completed , its architect apparently attempted to adapt the Ionic dipteros . Column drums built into the later foundations indicate that it was originally planned as a Doric temple . Nonetheless , its ground plan follows the Ionic examples of Samos so closely that it would be hard to reconcile such a solution with a Doric triglyph frieze . After the expulsion of Hippias in 510 BC , work on this structure was stopped : Democratic Athens had no desire to continue a monument of tyrannical self - aggrandisation . Classical period : canonisation ( edit ) Apart from this exception and some examples in the more experimental poleis of Greater Greece , the Classical Doric temple type remained the peripteros . Its perfection was a priority of artistic endeavour throughout the Classical period . Ruin of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia . Temple of Zeus , Olympia ( 460 BC ) ( edit ) The canonical solution was found fairly soon by the architect Libon of Elis , who erected the Temple of Zeus at Olympia around 460 BC . With its 6 x 13 columns or 5 x 12 intercolumniations , this temple was designed entirely rationally . Its column bays ( axis to axis ) measured 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) , a triglyph + metope 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) , a mutulus plus the adjacent space ( via ) 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) , the tile width of the marble roof was 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) . Its columns are powerful , with only a slight entasis ; the echinus of the capitals is already nearly linear at 45 ° . All of the superstructure is affected by curvature . The cella measures exactly 3 x 9 column distances ( axis to axis ) , its external wall faces are aligned with the axes of the adjacent columns . Other canonical Classical temples ( edit ) 6 x 13 columns , the Classical proportion , is taken up by numerous temples , e.g. the Temple of Apollo on Delos ( circa 470 BC ) , the Temple of Hephaistos at Athens and the temple of Poseidon on Cape Sounion . A slight variation , with 6 x 12 columns or 5 x 11 intercolumniations occurs as frequently . The Parthenon ( 450 BC ) ( edit ) Plan of the Parthenon , note triple colonnade in the cella and pillared room at back . The Parthenon maintains the same proportion at a larger scale of 8 x 17 columns , but follows the same principles . In spite of the eight columns on its front , the temple is a pure peripteros , its external cella walls align with the axes of the 2nd and 7th columns . In other regards , the Parthenon is distinguished as an exceptional example among the mass of Greek peripteroi by many distinctive aesthetic solutions in detail . For example , the antae of pronaos The Parthenon . and opisthodomos are shortened so as to form simple pillars . Instead of longer antae , there are prostyle colonnades inside the peristasis on the front and back , reflecting Ionic habits . The execution of the naos , with a western room containing four columns , is also exceptional . The Parthenon 's Archaic predecessor already contained such a room . All measurements in the Parthenon are determined by the proportion 4 : 9 . It determines column width to column distance , width to length of the stylobate , and of the naos without antae . The temple 's width to height up to the geison is determined by the reverse proportion 9 : 4 , the same proportion squared , 81 : 16 , determines temple length to height . All of this mathematical rigour is relaxed and loosened by the optical refinements mentioned above , which affect the whole building , from layer to layer , and element to element . 92 sculpted metopes decorate its triglyph frieze : centauromachy , amazonomachy and gigantomachy are its themes . The external walls of the naos are crowned with a figural frieze surrounding the entire cella and depicting the Panathenaic procession as well as the Assembly of the Gods . Large format figures decorate the pediments on the narrow sides . This conjunction of strict principles and elaborate refinements makes the Parthenon the paradigmatic Classical temple . The Temple of Hephaistos at Athens , erected shortly after the Parthenon , uses the same aesthetic and proportional principles , without adhering as closely to the 4 : 9 proportion . The temple of Zeus at Nemea . Late Classical and Hellenistic : changing proportions ( edit ) In the 4th century BC , a few Doric temples were erected with 6 x 15 or 6 x 14 columns , probably referring to local Archaic predecessors , e.g. the Temple of Zeus in Nemea and that of Athena in Tegea . Generally , Doric temples followed a tendency to become lighter in their superstructures . Columns became narrower , intercolumniations wider . This shows a growing adjustment to the proportion and weight of Ionic temples , mirrored by a progressive tendency among Ionic temples to become somewhat heavier . In the light of this mutual influence it is not surprising that in the late 4th century BC temple of Zeus at Nemea , the front is emphasised by a pronaos two intercolumniations deep , while the opisthodomos is suppressed . Frontality is a key feature of Ionic temples . The emphasis on the pronaos already occurred in the slightly older temple of Athena at Tegea , but there it was repeated in the opisthodomos . Both temples continued the tendency towards more richly equipped interiors , in both cases with engaged or full columns of the Corinthian order . The increasing reduction of the number of columns along the long sides , clearly visible on Ionic temples , is mirrored in Doric constructions . A small temple at Kournó has a peristasis of merely 6 x 7 columns , a stylobate of only 8 x 10 m and corners executed as pilasters towards the front . The peristasis of monumental Doric temples is merely hinted at here ; the function as a simple canopy for the shrine of the cult statue is clear . Doric temples in Magna Graecia ( edit ) Temple of Apollo at Paestum . Sicily and Southern Italy hardly participated in these developments . Here , most temple construction took place during the 6th and 5th centuries BC . Later , the Western Greeks showed a pronounced tendency to develop unusual architectural solutions , more or less unthinkable in the mother poleis of their colonies . For example , there are two examples of temples with uneven column numbers at the front , Temple of Hera I at Paestum and Temple of Apollo A at Metapontum . Both temples had fronts of nine columns . Temple G , Selinus , with well - defined adyton . The technical possibilities of the western Greeks , which had progressed beyond those in the motherland , permitted many deviations . For example , innovations regarding the construction of the entablature developed in the west allowed the spanning of much wider spaces than before , leading to some very deep peristaseis and broad naoi . The peristasis often had a depth of two column distances , e.g. at Temple of Hera I , Paestum , and temples C , F and G at Selinus , classifying them as pseudodipteroi . The opisthodomos only played a subsidiary role , but did occur sometimes , e.g. at the temple of Poseidon in Paestum . Much more frequently , the temples included a separate room at the back end of the cella , entrance to which was usually forbidden , the adyton . In some cases , the adyton was a free - standing structure within the cella , e.g. temple G in Selinus . If possible , columns inside the cella were avoided , allowing for open roof constructions of up to 13 m width . Model of the Olympieion at Akragas . The largest such structure was the Olympieion of Akragas , an 8 x 17 columns peripteros , but in many regards an absolutely `` un-Greek '' structure , equipped with details such as engaged , figural pillars ( Telamons ) , and a peristasis partially closed off by walls . With external dimensions of 56 x 113 m , it was the largest Doric building ever to be completed . If the colonies showed remarkable independence and will to experiment in basic terms , they did so even more in terms of detail . For example , the lower surfaces of Doric geisa could be decorated with coffers instead of mutuli . Although a strong tendency to emphasize the front , e.g. through the addition of ramps or stairs with up to eight steps ( at Temple C in Selinus ) , or a pronaos depth of 3.5 column distances ( temple of Apollo at Syracuse ) had been become a key principle of design , this was relativised by the broadening of column distances on the long sides , e.g. Temple of Hera I at Paestum . Only in the colonies could the Doric corner conflict be ignored . If South Italian architects tried to solve it , they used a variety of solutions : broadening of the corner metopes or triglyphs , variation of column distance or metopes . In some cases , different solutions were used on the broad and narrow sides of the same building . Typical proportions of the Ionic order . Ionic temples ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) For the early period , before the 6th century BC , the term Ionic temple can , at best , designate a temple in the Ionian areas of settlement . No fragments of architecture belonging to the Ionic order have been found from this time . Nonetheless , some early temples in the area already indicate the rational system that was to characterise the Ionic system later on , e.g. the Heraion II of Samos . Thus , even at an early point , the axes of the cella walls aligned with the column axes , whereas in Doric architecture , the external wall faces do so . The early temples also show no concern for the typical Doric feature of viewability from all sides , they regularly lack an opisthodomos ; the peripteros only became widespread in the area in the 4th century BC . In contrast , from an early point , Ionic temples stress the front by using double porticos . Elongated peristaseis became a determining element . At the same time , the Ionic temples were characterised by their tendency to use varied and richly decorated surfaces , as well as the widespread use of light - shade contrasts . Monumental Ionic temples ( edit ) The Heraion of Samos ( edit ) As soon as the Ionic order becomes recognisable in temple architecture , it is increased to monumental sizes . The temple in the Heraion of Samos , erected by Rhoikos around 560 BC , is the first known dipteros , with outside dimensions of 52 x 105 m . A double portico of 8 x 21 columns enclosed the naos , the back even had ten columns . The front used differing column distances , with a wider central opening . In proportion to the bottom diameter , the columns reached three times the height of a Doric counterpart . 40 flutings enriched the complex surface structure of the column shafts . Samian column bases were decorated with a sequence of horizontal flutings , but in spite of this playfulness they weighed 1,500 kg a piece . The capitals of this structure were probably still entirely of wood , as was the entablature . Ionic volute capitals survive from the outer peristasis of the later rebuilding by Polycrates . The columns of the inner peristasis had leaf decoration and no volutes . Cycladic Ionic ( edit ) In the Cyclades , there were early temples entirely built of marble . Volute capitals have not been found associated with these , but their marble entablatures belonged to the Ionic order . The Artemision of Ephesos ( edit ) Plan of the Artemision at Ephesos . Roughly beginning with the erection of the older Artemision of Ephesos around 550 BC the quantity of archaeological remains of Ionic temples increases . The Artemision was planned as a dipteros , its architect Theodoros had been one of the builders of the Samian Heraion . With a substructure of 55 x 115 m , the Artemision outscaled all precedents . Its cella was executed as unroofed internal peristyle courtyard , the so - called sekos . The building was entirely of marble . The temple was considered as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world , which may be justified , considering the efforts involved in its construction . Columna caelata from the Artemision . The columns stood on ephesian bases , 36 of them were decorated with life - sized friezes of human figures at the bottom of the shaft , the so - called columnae caelatae . The columns had between 40 and 48 flutings , some of them cut to alternate between a wider and a narrower fluting . The oldest marble architraves of Greek architecture , found at the Artemision , also spanned the widest distances ever achieved in pure stone . The middle architrave block was 8.74 m long and weighed 24 metric tons ; it had to be lifted to its final position , 20 m above ground , with a system of pulleys . Like its precedents , the temple used differentiated column widths in the front , and had a higher number of columns at the back . According to ancient sources , Kroisos was one of the sponsors . An inscription referring to his sponsorship was indeed found on one of the columns . The temple was burnt down by Herostratos in 356 BC and reerected soon thereafter . For the replacement , a crepidoma of ten or more steps was erected . Older Ionic temples normally lacked a specific visible substructure . This emphasised basis had to be balanced out be a heightened entablature , producing not only a visual contrast to , but also a major weight upon the slender columns . Temple of Apollo at Didyma ( edit ) Remains of the temple of Apollo at Didyma . The temple of Apollo at Didyma near Miletus , begun around 540 BC , was another dipteros with open internal courtyard . The interior was structured with powerful pilasters , their rhythm reflecting that of the external peristasis . The columns , with 36 flutings , were executed as columnae caelatae with figural decoration , like those at Ephesos . Construction ceased around 500 BC , but was restarted in 331 BC and finally completed in the 2nd century BC . The enormous costs involved may have been one of the reasons for the long period of construction . The building was the first Ionic temple to follow the Attic tradition of uniform column distances , the frontal diffentiation was not practised any more . Temple of Athena Polias , Priene ( edit ) Ruins of the temple of Athena at Priene Ionic peripteroi were usually somewhat smaller and shorter in their dimensions than Doric ones . E.g. , the temple of Zeus at Labraunda had only 6 × 8 columns , the temple of Aphrodite in Samothrace only 6 × 9 . The temple of Athena Polias at Priene , already considered in antiquity as the classical example of an Ionic temple , has partially survived . It was the first monumental peripteros of Ionia , erected between 350 and 330 BC by Pytheos . It is based on a 6 - by - 6 - foot ( 1.8 m × 1.8 m ) grid ( the exact dimensions of its plinths ) . The temple had 6 × 11 columns , i.e. a proportion of 5 : 10 or 1 : 2 intercolumnia . Walls and columns were aligned axially , according to Ionic tradition . The peristasis was of equal depth on all sides , eliminating the usual emphasis on the front , an opisthodomos , integrated into the back of the cella , is the first proper example in Ionic architecture . The evident rational - mathematical aspect to the design suits Ionic Greek culture , with its strong tradition of natural philosophy . Pytheos was to be of major influence far beyond his lifetime . Hermogenes , who probably came from Priene , was a deserving successor and achieved the final flourish of Ionic architecture around 200 BC . The Artemision of Magnesia ( edit ) Capital from the Artemision of Magnesia on the Maeander ( Berlin , Pergamonmuseum ) . One of the projects led by Hermogenes was the Artemision of Magnesia on the Maeander , one of the first pseudodipteroi . other early pseudodipteroi include the temple of Aphrodite at Messa on Lesbos , belonging to the age of Hermogenes or earlier , the temple of Apollo Sminthaios on Chryse and the temple of Apollo at Alabanda . The arrangement of the pseudodipteros , omitting the interior row of columns while maintaining a peristasis with the width of two column distances , produces a massively broadened portico , comparable to the contemporaneous hall architecture . The grid of the temple of Magnesia was based on a 12 - by - 12 - foot ( 3.7 m × 3.7 m ) square . The peristasis was surrounded by 8 × 15 columns or 7 × 14 intercolumnia , i.e. a 1 : 2 proportion . The naos consisted of a pronaos of four column depths , a four columns cella , and a 2 column opisthodomos . Above the architrave of the peristasis , there was a figural frieze of 137 m length , depicting the amazonomachy . Above it lay the dentil , the Ionic geison and the sima . The Erechtheion at Athens . Attic Ionic ( edit ) Although Athens and Attica were also ethnically Ionian , the Ionic order was of minor importance in this area . The Temple of Nike Aptera on the Acropolis , a small amphiprostyle temple completed around 420 BC , with Ionic columns on plinthless Attic bases , a triple - layered architrave and a figural frieze , but without the typical Ionic dentil , is notable . The east and north halls of the Erechtheion , completed in 406 BC , follow the same succession of elements . Epidauros ( edit ) An innovative Ionic temple was that of Asklepios in Epidaurus , one of the first of the pseudoperipteros type . This small ionic prostyle temple had engaged columns along the sides and back , the peristasis was thus reduced to a mere hint of a full portico facade . Magna Graecia ( edit ) There is very little evidence of Ionic temples in Magna Graecia . One of the few exceptions is the early Classical Temple D , an 8 x 20 columns peripteros , at Metapontum . Its architect combined the dentil , typical of Asia Minor , with an Attic frieze , thus proving that the colonies were quite capable of partaking in the developments of the motherland . A small Ionic Hellenistic prostyle temple was found on the Poggetto San Nicola at Agrigento . Hellenistic india ( edit ) The Hellenistic temple with Ionic columns at Jandial , Taxila , Pakistan . Main article : Jandial A Ionic temple with a design very similar with that of a Greek Temple is known from Jandial in the northwestern Indian subcontinent , today Pakistan . The Temple is considered as a semi-Classical temple . Its design is essentially that of a Greek Temple , with a naos , pronaos and an opisthodomos at the back . Two Ionic columns at the front are framed by two anta walls as in a Greek distyle in antis layout . It seems that the temple had an outside wall with windows or doorways , in a layout similar to that of a Greek encircling row of columns ( peripteral design ) . It has been called `` the most Hellenic structure yet found on Indian soil '' . Corinthian temples ( edit ) The Olympieion at Athens . Beginnings ( edit ) The youngest of the three Classical Greek orders , the Corinthian order came to be used for the external design of Greek temples quite late . After it had proved its adequacy , e.g. on a mausoleum of at modern - day Belevi ( near Ephesos ) , it appears to have found increasing popularity in the 2nd half of the 3rd century BC . Early examples probably include the Serapeum of Alexandria and a temple at Hermopolis Magna , both erected by Ptolemaios III . A small temple of Athena Limnastis at Messene , definitely Corinthian , is only attested through drawings by early travellers and very scarce fragments . It probably dates to the late 3rd century BC . Examples ( edit ) Hellenistic temple of olympian Zeus , Athens ( edit ) The first dateable and well - preserved presence of the Corinthian temple is the Hellenistic rebuilding of the Olympieion of Athens , planned and started between 175 and 146 BC . This mighty dipteros with its 110 × 44 m substructure and 8 × 20 columns was to be one of the largest Corinthian temples ever . Donated by Antiochus IV Epiphanes , it combined all elements of the Asian / Ionic order with the Corinthian capital . Its Asian elements and its conception as a dipteros made the temple an exception in Athens . Olba ( edit ) Around the middle of the 2nd century BC , a 6 × 12 columns Corinthian peripteros was built in Olba - Diokaisarea in Rugged Cilicia . Its columns , mostly still upright , stand on Attic bases without plinths , exceptional for the period . The 24 flutings of the columns are only indicated by facets in the lower third . Each of the Corinthian capitals is made of three separate parts , an exceptional form . The entablature of the temple was probably in the Doric order , as is suggested by fragments of mutuli scattered among the ruins . All of these details suggest an Alexandrian workshop , since Alexandria showed the greatest tendency to combine Doric entablatures with Corinthian capitals and to do without the plinth under Attic bases . Temple of Hekate at Lagina ( edit ) A further plan option is shown by the temple of Hekate at Lagina , a small pseudoperipteros of 8 × 11 columns . Its architectural members are entirely in keeping with the Asian / Ionic canon . Its distinctive feature , a rich figural frieze , makes this building , erected around 100 BC , an architectural gem . Further late Greek temples in the Corinthian order are known e.g. at Mylasa and , on the middle gymnasium terrace at Pergamon . Distinctive uses of Corinthian temples , influence ( edit ) The Maison Carrée at Nîmes ( France ) , from 16 BC , a typical Roman temple , is a Corinthian hexaystyle pseudoperipteros . Pandyan Kingdom coin depicting a temple between hill symbols and elephant , Pandyas , Sri Lanka , 1st century CE . The few Greek temples in the Corinthian order are almost always exceptional in form or ground plan and are initially usually an expression of royal patronage . The Corinthian order permitted a considerable increase of the material and technical effort invested in a building , which made its use attractive for the purposes of royals self - aggrandisement . The demise of the Hellenistic monarchies and the increasing power of Rome and her allies placed mercantile elites and sanctuary administrations in the positions of building sponsors . The construction of Corinthian temples became a typical expression of self - confidence and independence . As an element of Roman architecture , the Corinthian temple came to be widely distributed in all of the Graeco - Roman world , especially in Asia Minor , until the late Imperial period . See also ( edit ) Ancient Greek architecture Classical order Entablature Glossary of architecture Greek technology Greek theatre Greek culture Ancient Greek religion Art in ancient Greece List of Ancient Greek temples List of Greek mythological figures List of Greco - Roman roofs List of ancient architectural records Roman temple Greek Revival architecture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Penrose , F.C. , ( communicated by Joseph Norman Lockyer ) , The Orientation of Greek Temples , Nature , v. 48 , n. 1228 , May 11 , 1893 , pp. 42 - 43 Jump up ^ https://myportal.bsd405.org/personal/beckere/art910/Shared%20Documents/Art%20History.pptx . Jump up ^ http://muellercain.weebly.com/uploads/1/6/2/0/16208714/minoan_and_mycenaean_civilization_comparison_lesson.pdf . Jump up ^ http://lucian.uchicago.edu/blogs/isthmia/publications/archaic-temple/ Jump up ^ Heinrich Drerup : Griechische Baukunst in geometrischer Zeit . Göttingen 1969 . Jump up ^ Heinrich Drerup : Zur Entstehung der griechischen Ringhalle . In : Nikolaus Himmelmann - Wildschütz & Hagen Biesantz ( eds . ) : Festschrift für Friedrich Matz . Mainz 1962 , p. 32 - 38 . Jump up ^ Ralf Schenk : Der korinthische Tempel bis zum Ende des Prinzipats des Augustus . Internationale Archäologie Vol. 45 , 1997 , p. 41 - 47 . Jump up ^ Klaus Bringmann & Barbara Schmidt - Dounas : Schenkungen hellenistischer Herrscher an griechische Städte und Heiligtümer . Historische und archäologische Auswertung . Ed. by Hans von Steuben & Klaus Bringman . Akademie Verlag Berlin , Berlin 2000 . Jump up ^ Astrid Schürman : Griechische Mechanik und antike Gesellschaft . Stuttgart 1991 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Hans Lauter : Die Architektur des Hellenismus . Wiss . Buchges. , Darmstadt 1986 , p. 180 - 194 ; Gottfried Gruben : : Die Tempel der Griechen . Hirmer , München 2001 ( 5th edn . ) , p. 33 - 44 . Jump up ^ Friedemann Quaß : Die Honoratiorenschicht in den Städten des griechischen Ostens . Untersuchungen zur politischen und sozialen Entwicklung in hellenistischer und römischer Zeit . Stuttgart 1993 . Jump up ^ Klaus Tuchelt : Frühe Denkmäler Roms in Kleinasien. 23 . Beiheft Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Istanbul. 1979 , p. 119 - 122 . Jump up ^ Charlotte Roueché & Kenan T. Erim ( Hrsg . ) : Aphrodisias Papers : Recent Work on Architecture and Sculpture . In : Journal or Roman Archaeology . Supplementary series Vol. 1 . 1990 , p. 37 ff . Jump up ^ Heidi Hänlein - Schäfer : Veneratio Augusti . Eine Studie zu den Tempeln des ersten römischen Kaisers . Rome 1985 . Jump up ^ Margarete van Ess & Thomas Weber ( Hrsg . ) : Baalbek . Im Bann römischer Monumentalarchitektur. 1999 ; Klaus Stefan Freyberger : Im Licht des Sonnengottes . Deutung und Funktion des sogenannten Bacchus - Tempels im Heiligtum des Jupiter Heliopolitanus in Baalbek . In : Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Damaskus . Vol. 12 . 2000 , p. 95 - 133 . Jump up ^ Alois Machatschek - Mario Schwarz : Bauforschungen in Selge . Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Philosophisch -- Historische Klasse Denkschriften. 152 . Band . Ergänzungsbände zu den Tituli Asiae Minoris . Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften , Wien 1981 , p. 96 Taf. 4 Fig. 70 ; J. Nollé & F. Schindler : Die Inschriften von Selge. 1991 , p. 89 No. 17 . Jump up ^ John B. Ward - Perkins : Roman Imperial Architecture. 1983 . Jump up ^ Klaus Stefan Freyberger & Martha Sharp Joukowsky : Blattranken , Greifen und Elefanten . Sakrale Architektur in Petra . In : Thomas Weber & Robert Wenning ( eds . ) : Petra : antike Felsstadt zwischen arabischer Tradition und griechischer Norm . Sonderheft Antike Welt . Zabern , Mainz 1997 , p. 71 ff . Jump up ^ Pierre Collart : Le sanctuaire de Baalshamin à Palmyre. 1969 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Fentress ( Ed . ) : Romanization and the City . Creation , Transformation , and Failures . In : Proceedings of a conference held at the American Academy in Rome to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the excavations at Cosa , 14 -- 16 May 1998 . Journal of Roman Archaeology . Supplementary series Vol. 38 . Portsmouth 2000 . Jump up ^ Regarding Roman period and financing , using the province of Asia as an example , see Stefan Cramme : Die Bedeutung des Euergetismus für die Finanzierung städtischer Aufgaben in der Provinz Asia . Köln 2001 . ( Online Archived April 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ) . Jump up ^ The same basic proportion occurs , less purely , in the Temple of Hephaestus of Athens . Wolfgang Müller - Wiener : Griechisches Bauwesen in der Antike . C.H. Beck , München 1988 , p. 27 - 32 . Jump up ^ Wolfram Hoepfner in : Wolfram Hoepfner & Ernst - Ludwig Schwandner ( eds . ) : Hermogenes und die hochhellenistische Architektur . Internationales Kolloquium in Berlin vom 28 . bis 29 . Juli 1988 im Rahmen des XIII . Internationalen Kongresses für Klassische Archäologie . Mainz 1990 . p. 12 ; Meral Ortac : Die hellenistischen und römischen Propyla in Kleinasien. 2001 , p. 115 ( Online Archived April 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ) . Jump up ^ Lothar Haselberg : Old Issues , New Research , Latest Discoveries : Curvature and Other Classical Refinements . In : Lothar Haselberger ( ed . ) : Appearance and Essence . Refinements of Classical Architecture : Curvature . University of Pennsylvania Press , Philadelphia 1999 , p. 1 - 68 . Jump up ^ Charles Picard -- Pierre de La Coste - Messelière : Fouilles de Delphes . Bd. IV 3 , 1931 , S. 15 ff . Jump up ^ About architectural sculpture : M. Oppermann : Vom Medusabild zur Athenageburt . Bildprogramme griechischer Tempelgiebel archaischer und klassischer Zeit. 1990 ; Heiner Knell : Mythos und Polis . Bildprogramme griechischer Bauskulptur . The column was constructed of drums , the round core , and finished with flutes , making the outer area look rippled . Slight swelling of the column is known as entasis. 1990 . Jump up ^ Retallack , G.J. , 2008 , Rocks , views , soils and plants at the temples of ancient Greece . Antiquity 82 , 640 - 657 Jump up ^ K. Bringmann & H. von Steuben , Schenkungen hellenistischer Herrscher an griechische Städte und Heiligtümer. 1995 ; Hildegard Schaaf : Untersuchungen zu Gebäudestiftungen hellenistischer Zeit. 1992 . Jump up ^ Hans Lauter : Die Architektur des Hellenismus . Wiss . Buchges. , Darmstadt 1986 , p. 12 - 27 ; Wolfgang Müller - Wiener : Griechisches Bauwesen in der Antike . C.H. Beck , München 1988 , p. 15 - 25 , 33 - 39 . Jump up ^ Albert Rehm : Die Inschriften . In : Theodor Wiegand : Didyma. 2 . Teil ( ed. by Richard Harder ) . Berlin 1958 . p. 13 -- 103 . The calculation is based on a low skilled craftsman 's daily pay of circa 150 Euro in modern Germany . Jump up ^ Dieter Mertens : Der Tempel von Segesta und die dorische Tempelbaukunst des griechischen Westens in klassischer Zeit. 1984 . Jump up ^ Georg Kawerau & Georgios Soteriades : Der Apollotempel zu Thermos . In : Antike Denkmäler . Bd. 2 , 1902 / 08 . ( Online ) . Jump up ^ H. Koch : Zu den Metopen von Thermos . In : Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Athen . Bd. 39 , 1914 , S. 237 ff . ^ Jump up to : Dieter Mertens : Der alte Heratempel in Paestum und die archaische Baukunst in Unteritalien. 1993 . Jump up ^ Alfred Mallwitz : Das Heraion von Olympia und seine Vorgänger . In : Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts . Bd. 81 , 1966 , p. 310 - 376 . Jump up ^ Frederick A. Cooper : The Temple of Apollo Bassitas . Vol. 1 - 4 . 1992 - 1996 . Jump up ^ Gerhard Rodenwaldt : Korkyra . Bd. 1 - Der Artemistempel. 1940 . Jump up ^ Renate Tölle - Kastenbein : Das Olympieion in Athen . Böhlau , Köln 1994 . Jump up ^ Gottfried Gruben : Die Tempel der Griechen . Hirmer , München 2001 ( 5 . edn . ) , p. 212 - 216 . Jump up ^ Michael B. Cosmopoulos ( ed . ) : The Parthenon and its sculptures . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge 2004 . Jump up ^ Homer A. Thompson & Richard E. Wycherley : The Agora of Athens . The History , Shape and Uses of an ancient City Center . The Athenian Agora . Vol 14 , 1972 , p. 140 ff . Jump up ^ Frederick A. Cooper et al. : The Temple of Zeus at Nemea . Perspectives and Prospects . Catalogue Benaki Museum Athens 1983 . Athens 1983 Jump up ^ C. Dugas ; J. Berchamans & M. Clemmensen : Le sanctuaire d'Aléa Athéna à Tégée au IVe siècle. 1924 . Jump up ^ Frederick A. Cooper e.a. : The Temple of Zeus at Nemea . Perspectives and Prospects . Ausstellungskatalog Benaki Museum Athen 1983 . Athen 1983 . Jump up ^ Hans Lauter : Die Architektur des Hellenismus . Wiss . Buchges. , Darmstadt 1986 , S. 187 . 195 Abb. 65 . 66a . Jump up ^ Dieter Mertens : Städte und Bauten der Westgriechen . Von der Kolonisationszeit bis zur Krise um 400 vor Christus . Hirmer Verlag , München 2006 . Jump up ^ Dieter Mertens : Städte und Bauten der Westgriechen . Von der Kolonisationszeit bis zur Krise um 400 vor Christus . Hirmer Verlag , München 2006 , p. 157 - 158 . Jump up ^ Luca Giuliani : Die archaischen Metopen von Selinunt . Zabern , Mainz 1979 ; Dieter Mertens : Selinus I. Die Stadt und ihre Mauern . Zabern , Mainz 2003 ; Dieter Mertens : Städte und Bauten der Westgriechen . Von der Kolonisationszeit bis zur Krise um 400 vor Christus . Hirmer Verlag , München 2006 , p. 117 - 124 , 227 - 228 , 231 - 235 . Jump up ^ Dieter Mertens : Städte und Bauten der Westgriechen . Von der Kolonisationszeit bis zur Krise um 400 vor Christus . Hirmer Verlag , München 2006 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ see Dieter Mertens : Städte und Bauten der Westgriechen . Von der Kolonisationszeit bis zur Krise um 400 vor Christus . Hirmer Verlag , München 2006 , p. 104 - 110 . Jump up ^ Hermann J. Kienast : Die rechteckigen Peristasenstützen am samischen Hekatompedos . In : Ernst - Ludwig Schwandner ( ed . ) : Säule und Gebälk . Zu Struktur und Wandlungsprozeß griechisch - römischer Architektur . Bauforschungskolloquium in Berlin vom 16. - 18 . Juni 1994 . Diskussionen zur Archäologischen Bauforschung . Bd. 6 , 1996 , p. 16 - 24 . Jump up ^ Christof Hendrich : Die Säulenordnung des ersten Dipteros von Samos . Habelt , Bonn 2007 . Jump up ^ Gottfried Gruben : Naxos und Delos . Studien zur archaischen Architektur der Kykladen : In : Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts . Vol. 112 , 1997 , p. 261 -- 416 . Jump up ^ Anton Bammer : Das Heiligtum der Artemis von Ephesos. 1984 ; Anton Bammer - Ulrike Muss : Das Artemision von Ephesos . Sonderheft Antike Welt . Vol. 20 , 1996 . Jump up ^ Ulrike Muss : Die Bauplastik des archaischen Artemisions von Ephesos . Sonderschriften des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes . Vol. 25 . Wien 1994 . Jump up ^ Peter Schneider : Neue Funde vom archaischen Apollontempel in Didyma . In : Ernst - Ludwig Schwandner ( Hrsg . ) : Säule und Gebälk . Zu Struktur und Wandlungsprozeß griechisch - römischer Architektur . Bauforschungskolloquium in Berlin vom 16. - 18 . Juni 1994 . Diskussionen zur Archäologischen Bauforschung . Vol. 6 , 1996 , p. 78 - 83 . Jump up ^ Pontus Hellström - Thomas Thieme : The temple of Zeus . In : Labraunda - Swedish excavations and researches . Vol 1 , 3 . Lund 1982 . Jump up ^ Ibrahim Hakan Mert : Untersuchungen zur hellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Bauornamentik von Stratonikeia . Köln 1999 , p 261 - 301 ( Online Archived April 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ) . Jump up ^ Frank Rumscheid : Untersuchungen zur kleinasiatischen Bauornamentik des Hellenismus. 1994 , p 42 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Carl Humann : Magnesia am Mäander. 1904 , p 55 ; also see in : Wolfram Hoepfner & Ernst - Ludwig Schwandner ( Eds . ) : Hermogenes und die hochhellenistische Architektur . Internationales Kolloquium in Berlin vom 28 . bis 29 . Juli 1988 im Rahmen des XIII . Internationalen Kongresses für Klassische Archäologie . Mainz 1990 ; more generally : W. Hoepfner in : Wolfram Hoepfner & Ernst - Ludwig Schwandner ( Eds . ) : Hermogenes und die hochhellenistische Architektur . Internationales Kolloquium in Berlin vom 28 . bis 29 . Juli 1988 im Rahmen des XIII . Internationalen Kongresses für Klassische Archäologie . Mainz 1990 , p. 2 ff. 30 ff . Jump up ^ Hakan Mert : Untersuchungen zur hellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Bauornamentik von Stratonikeia . Köln 1999 , p. 26 ( Online Archived April 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ) . Jump up ^ Ibrahim Hakan Mert : Untersuchungen zur hellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Bauornamentik von Stratonikeia . Köln 1999 , p. 26 ( Online Archived April 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ) . Jump up ^ Frank Rumscheid : Untersuchungen zur kleinasiatischen Bauornamentik . Bd . I. Zabern , Mainz 1994 , p. 141 - 143 . Jump up ^ Temple L in Epidauros ; see Hans Lauter : Die Architektur des Hellenismus . Wiss . Buchges. , Darmstadt 1986 , p. 189 - 190 . Jump up ^ See Dieter Mertens : Der ionische Tempel von Metapont . In : Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts . Römische Abteilung . Bd. 86 , 1979 , p. 103 ff . Jump up ^ `` The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India '' Getzel M. Cohen , Univ of California Press , 2013 , p. 327 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Rowland , p. 492 Jump up ^ `` The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans '' , John M. Rosenfield , University of California Press , 1 janv. 1967 p. 129 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Ralf Schenk : Der korinthische Tempel bis zum Ende des Prinzipats des Augustus . Internationale Archäologie 45 , 1997 , p. 16 - 21 . Jump up ^ See Renate Tölle - Kastenbein : Das Olympieion in Athen . Böhlau , Köln 1994 . Jump up ^ Theodora S. MacKay : Olba in Rough Cilicia. 1968 ; Detlev Wannagat : Neue Forschungen in Diokaisareia / Uzuncaburç , Bericht über die Arbeiten 2001 - 2004 . In : Archäologischer Anzeiger. 2005 , p. 117 - 166 . Jump up ^ See Hildegard Schaaf : Untersuchungen zu Gebäudestiftungen hellenistischer Zeit. 1992 ; Ralf Schenk : Der korinthische Tempel bis zum Ende des Prinzipats des Augustus . Internationale Archäologie 45 , 1997 , p. 26 - 27 ; Detlev Wannagat : Zur Säulenordnung des Zeustempels von Olba - Diokaisareia . In : Olba II . First International Symposium on Cilician Archaeology , Mersin 1. - 4.6 . 1998 , Mersin 1999 , p. 355 - 368 . Jump up ^ See Ulrich Junghölter : Zur Komposition der Laginafriese und zur Deutung des Nordfrieses. 1989 ; Frank Rumscheid : Untersuchungen zur kleinasiatischen Bauornamentik . Bd . I , 1994 , p. 132 ff. ; Ralf Schenk : Der korinthische Tempel bis zum Ende des Prinzipats des Augustus . Internationale Archäologie 45 , 1997 , p. 28 ff . Jump up ^ Walter Voigtländer in : Adolf Hoffmann ; Ernst - Ludwig Schwandner ; Wolfram Höpfner & Gunnar Brands ( eds . ) : Bautechnik der Antike . Kolloquium Berlin 1990 . Diskussionen zur Archäologischen Bauforschung . Bd. 5 . 1991 , p. 247 - 248 ; Ralf Schenk : Der korinthische Tempel bis zum Ende des Prinzipats des Augustus . Internationale Archäologie 45 , 1997 , p. 37 - 39 ( late 2nd century BC ) . Jump up ^ P. Schazmann : Das Gymnasium . In : Altertümer von Pergamon . Bd . VI. 1923 , p. 40 ff. ; Ralf Schenk : Der korinthische Tempel bis zum Ende des Prinzipats des Augustus . Internationale Archäologie 45 , 1997 , p. 39 - 41 . Jump up ^ See Ralf Schenk : Der korinthische Tempel bis zum Ende des Prinzipats des Augustus . Internationale Archäologie 45 , 1997 , p. 41 - 47 . Bibliography ( edit ) Gottfried Gruben : Die Tempel der Griechen . Hirmer , München 2001 ( 5 . edn . ) , ISBN 3 - 7774 - 8460 - 1 Manfred Bietak ( ed . ) : Archaische Griechische Tempel und Altägypten . Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften , Wien 2001 , ISBN 3 - 7001 - 2937 - 8 Ralf Schenk : Der korinthische Tempel bis zum Ende des Prinzipats des Augustus . Internationale Archäologie Vol. 45 , 1997 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 89646 - 317 - 3 Dieter Mertens : Der alte Heratempel in Paestum und die archaische Baukunst in Unteritalien. 1993 . Wolfgang Müller - Wiener : Griechisches Bauwesen in der Antike . C.H. Beck , München 1988 , ISBN 3 - 406 - 32993 - 4 Heiner Knell : Architektur der Griechen : Grundzüge . Wiss . Buchges. , Darmstadt 1988 , ISBN 3 - 534 - 80028 - 1 Hans Lauter : Die Architektur des Hellenismus . Wiss . Buchges. , Darmstadt 1986 , ISBN 3 - 534 - 09401 - 8 Werner Fuchs : Die Skulptur der Griechen . Hirmer , München 1983 ( 3 . edn . ) , ISBN 3 - 7774 - 3460 - 4 External links ( edit ) Media related to Ancient Greek temples at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Schematic plans of ancient Greek temples at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of Temple at Wiktionary University of Chicago : Gallery with images of Greek Temples Ancient Greece Outline Timeline History Geography Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Aeolis Alexandria Antioch Cappadocia Crete Cyprus Doris Ephesus Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Miletus Peloponnesus Pergamon Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies City states Politics Military City states Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Syracuse Thebes Politics Boeotarch Boule Koinon Proxeny Strategos Tagus Tyrant Amphictyonic League Athenian Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphē paranómōn Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Apella Ephor Gerousia Harmost Macedon Synedrion Koinon Military Wars Athenian military Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Toxotai Xiphos Xyston People List of ancient Greeks Rulers Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Lydia Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Agesilaus II Agis II Alcibiades Alexander the Great Aratus Archimedes Aspasia Demosthenes Epaminondas Euclid Hipparchus Hippocrates Leonidas Lycurgus Lysander Milo of Croton Miltiades Pausanias Pericles Philip of Macedon Philopoemen Praxiteles Ptolemy Pyrrhus Solon Themistocles Groups Philosophers Playwrights Poets Tyrants By culture Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians Society Culture Society Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Festivals Funeral and burial practices Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine Arts Sciences Architecture ( Greek Revival architecture ) Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music ( Musical system ) Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre Religion Funeral and burial practices Mythology mythological figures Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Sacred places Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Structures Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Temples Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera ( Olympia ) Parthenon Samothrace Zeus ( Olympia ) Language Proto - 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Objects Bident Cap of invisibility Animals - Daemons / Spirits Ascalaphus Ceuthonymus Eurynomos Hade 's cattle Mythological wars Amazonomachy Attic War Centauromachy Gigantomachy Theomachy Titanomachy Trojan War Mythological and Religious objects Adamant Aegis Ambrosia Apple of Discord Ara Argo Baetylus Caduceus Cornucopia Dragon 's teeth Galatea Golden apple Golden Fleece Gorgoneion Greek terracotta figurines Harpe Ichor Lotus tree Minoan sealstone Moly Necklace of Harmonia Omphalos Orichalcum Palladium Panacea Pandora 's box Petasos ( Winged helmet ) Philosopher 's stone Ring of Gyges Rod of Asclepius Sacrificial tripod Sceptre Shield of Achilles Shirt of Nessus Sword of Damocles Talaria Thunderbolt Thymiaterion Thyrsus Trident Trojan Horse Winnowing Oar Wheel of Fortune Xoanon Symbols Labrys Ouroboros Owl of Athena Mythological powers Anthropomorphism Divination Eternal youth Evocation Fortune - telling Immortality Language of the birds Nympholepsy Magic Shamanism Shapeshifting Weather modification Modern offshoot religions Discordianism Gaianism Hellenismos Decline of Greco - Roman polytheism Modern popular culture Greek mythology in popular culture Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&oldid=796009299 '' Categories : Greek temples Ancient Greek buildings and structures Ancient Greek architecture Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2012 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Македонски Polski Português Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2017 , at 22 : 12 . 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list of presidents with no prior political experience	President Previous 1 Previous 2 Previous 3 Previous 4 State Occupation George Washington out of office Constitutional Convention out of office military Virginia planter , land surveyor John Adams Vice-President foreign service Continental Congress State legislator Massachusetts lawyer Thomas Jefferson Vice-President Secretary of State foreign service Congressman Virginia planter , lawyer James Madison Secretary of State U.S. Representative Constitutional Convention State legislator Virginia planter 5 James Monroe Secretary of State foreign service State governor U.S. Senator Virginia lawyer 6 John Quincy Adams Secretary of State foreign service U.S. Senator State legislator Massachusetts lawyer 7 Andrew Jackson out of office U.S. Senator military U.S. Senator Tennessee lawyer 8 Martin Van Buren Vice-President Secretary of State State governor U.S. Senator New York lawyer , political organizer 9 William Henry Harrison Local government foreign service U.S. Senator State legislator Ohio military 10 John Tyler Vice-President State legislator U.S. Senator State governor Virginia lawyer 11 James K. Polk out of office State governor Speaker of the House State legislator Tennessee lawyer 12 Zachary Taylor military -- -- -- -- -- -- Louisiana military 13 Millard Fillmore Vice-President State office out of office U.S. Representative New York lawyer 14 Franklin Pierce out of office military U.S. Senator U.S. Representative New Hampshire lawyer 15 James Buchanan foreign service out of office Secretary of State U.S. Senator Pennsylvania lawyer 16 Abraham Lincoln out of office U.S. Representative State legislator Military Illinois lawyer 17 Andrew Johnson Vice-President military governor U.S. Senator State governor Tennessee tailor 18 Ulysses S. Grant military -- -- -- -- -- -- Illinois military 19 Rutherford B. Hayes State governor out of office State governor U.S. Representative Ohio lawyer 20 James A. Garfield U.S. Representative military State legislator -- -- Ohio lawyer 21 Chester A. Arthur Vice-President out of office Federal office out of office New York lawyer 22 Grover Cleveland State governor Local office -- -- -- -- New York lawyer 23 Benjamin Harrison out of office U.S. Senator out of office military Indiana lawyer 24 Grover Cleveland out of office President of the U.S. State governor Local office New York lawyer 25 William McKinley State governor U.S. Representative military -- -- Ohio lawyer 26 Theodore Roosevelt Vice-President State governor military Federal office New York military historian 27 William Howard Taft Secretary of War Territorial governor judicial Federal office Ohio lawyer 28 Woodrow Wilson State governor -- -- -- -- -- -- New Jersey academic 29 Warren G. Harding U.S. Senator out of office State legislator -- -- Ohio journalist 30 Calvin Coolidge Vice President State Governor State office State legislator Massachusetts lawyer 31 Herbert Hoover Secretary of Commerce out of office -- -- -- -- California mining engineer 32 Franklin D. Roosevelt State governor out of office Federal office State legislator New York lawyer 33 Harry S. Truman Vice President U.S. Senator County commissioner ( County court ) military Missouri businessperson 34 Dwight D. Eisenhower military -- -- -- -- -- -- Kansas military , University President 35 John F. Kennedy U.S. Senator U.S. Representative military -- -- Massachusetts politician 36 Lyndon B. Johnson Vice-President U.S. Senator U.S. Representative Federal office Texas teacher 37 Richard Nixon out of office Vice-President U.S. Senator U.S. Representative California lawyer 38 Gerald Ford Vice-President U.S. Representative military -- -- Michigan lawyer 39 Jimmy Carter out of office State governor State legislator military Georgia farmer 40 Ronald Reagan out of office State governor -- -- Military California actor 41 George H.W. Bush Vice-President out of office Federal office foreign service Texas businessperson 42 Bill Clinton State governor State Attorney General -- -- -- -- Arkansas lawyer , teacher 43 George W. Bush State governor out of office military -- -- Texas businessperson 44 Barack Obama U.S. Senator State Legislator -- -- -- -- Illinois lawyer , teacher , community organizer 45 Donald Trump -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- New York businessperson , television producer		List of Presidents of the United States by previous experience	list of presidents of the united states by previous experience	Although many paths may lead to the Presidency of the United States , the most common job experience , occupation or profession of U.S. presidents has been lawyer . This sortable table enumerates all holders of that office , along with major elective or appointive offices or periods of military service prior to election to the Presidency . The column immediately to the right of the Presidents ' names shows the position or office held just before the Presidency . The next column to the right lists the next previous position held , and so on . Note that the total number of previous positions held by an individual may exceed four ; the number of columns was limited to what would fit within the page width . The last two columns on the right list the home state ( at the time of election to the Presidency ) and primary occupation of each future President , prior to beginning a political career .	Contents ( hide ) 1 By the numbers 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References By the numbers ( edit ) Of the 45 different people who have served as President : 26 Presidents had previously been lawyers 22 Presidents had previous military experience ; 9 were Generals in the US Army . 18 Presidents previously served as U.S. Representatives ; 6 of 18 held this office prior to the four ' previous positions ' shown in this table . Only two - James A. Garfield and Abraham Lincoln - were Representatives immediately before election as President . Only John Quincy Adams served as a U.S. Representative after being President . Additionally , after being president , John Tyler served in the Provisional Confederate Congress and was later elected to the Confederate House of Representatives , but he died before taking his seat . Tyler had served as a U.S. Representative prior to becoming president . 17 Presidents previously served as Governors ; 16 were State Governors ; 9 were Governors immediately before election as President . Only one , William Howard Taft , served as a Territorial Governor . 16 Presidents previously served as U.S. Senators ; only 3 immediately before election as President . Only one president , Andrew Johnson , ever served as a U.S. Senator after his presidency . 14 Presidents previously served as Vice-President . All except Nixon were VP immediately before election as President ; 9 of the 14 succeeded to the Presidency because of the death or resignation of the elected President ; 5 of those 9 were not re-elected . 8 Presidents were out of office ( for at least one year ) immediately before election as President . 8 Presidents previously served as Cabinet Secretaries ; 6 as Secretary of State ; 5 of the 8 served immediately before election as President . 7 Presidents had previous experience in foreign service . 7 Presidents came from the state of New York ( 8 if Grover Cleveland is counted twice ) , 7 each from Ohio and Virginia ; 4 from Massachusetts ; 3 each from the states of Tennessee , California , Texas and Illinois . Presidents have come from 9 other states , 18 different states in all . 5 Presidents were close family relations of previous presidents : John Quincy Adams ( son of John Adams ) , Benjamin Harrison ( grandson of William Henry Harrison ) , Zachary Taylor ( second cousin of James Madison ) , Franklin Roosevelt ( nephew - in - law and distant cousin of Theodore Roosevelt ) , and George W. Bush ( son of George H.W. Bush ) . 5 Presidents had never been elected to public office before becoming President : Zachary Taylor , Ulysses S. Grant , Herbert Hoover , Dwight D. Eisenhower , and Donald Trump . Hoover had formerly served as Secretary of Commerce , an appointed office . Taylor , Grant and Eisenhower had never held political office prior to their presidencies , but they had served as leading American generals in the Mexican - American War , American Civil War and World War II , respectively . 1 President had never served in elected public office , the military , or government before becoming president : Donald Trump . Trump was a real estate developer , businessman , and television personality who served as chairman of the Trump Organization . 1 President served as Speaker of the House of Representatives , James K. Polk . 1 President served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , William Howard Taft . He did this after his presidency . 1 President served as President of the United States for two non-consecutive terms , Grover Cleveland President Previous 1 Previous 2 Previous 3 Previous 4 State Occupation George Washington out of office Constitutional Convention out of office military Virginia planter , land surveyor John Adams Vice-President foreign service Continental Congress State legislator Massachusetts lawyer Thomas Jefferson Vice-President Secretary of State foreign service Congressman Virginia planter , lawyer James Madison Secretary of State U.S. Representative Constitutional Convention State legislator Virginia planter 5 James Monroe Secretary of State foreign service State governor U.S. Senator Virginia lawyer 6 John Quincy Adams Secretary of State foreign service U.S. Senator State legislator Massachusetts lawyer 7 Andrew Jackson out of office U.S. Senator military U.S. Senator Tennessee lawyer 8 Martin Van Buren Vice-President Secretary of State State governor U.S. Senator New York lawyer , political organizer 9 William Henry Harrison Local government foreign service U.S. Senator State legislator Ohio military 10 John Tyler Vice-President State legislator U.S. Senator State governor Virginia lawyer 11 James K. Polk out of office State governor Speaker of the House State legislator Tennessee lawyer 12 Zachary Taylor military -- -- -- -- -- -- Louisiana military 13 Millard Fillmore Vice-President State office out of office U.S. Representative New York lawyer 14 Franklin Pierce out of office military U.S. Senator U.S. Representative New Hampshire lawyer 15 James Buchanan foreign service out of office Secretary of State U.S. Senator Pennsylvania lawyer 16 Abraham Lincoln out of office U.S. Representative State legislator Military Illinois lawyer 17 Andrew Johnson Vice-President military governor U.S. Senator State governor Tennessee tailor 18 Ulysses S. Grant military -- -- -- -- -- -- Illinois military 19 Rutherford B. Hayes State governor out of office State governor U.S. Representative Ohio lawyer 20 James A. Garfield U.S. Representative military State legislator -- -- Ohio lawyer 21 Chester A. Arthur Vice-President out of office Federal office out of office New York lawyer 22 Grover Cleveland State governor Local office -- -- -- -- New York lawyer 23 Benjamin Harrison out of office U.S. Senator out of office military Indiana lawyer 24 Grover Cleveland out of office President of the U.S. State governor Local office New York lawyer 25 William McKinley State governor U.S. Representative military -- -- Ohio lawyer 26 Theodore Roosevelt Vice-President State governor military Federal office New York military historian 27 William Howard Taft Secretary of War Territorial governor judicial Federal office Ohio lawyer 28 Woodrow Wilson State governor -- -- -- -- -- -- New Jersey academic 29 Warren G. Harding U.S. Senator out of office State legislator -- -- Ohio journalist 30 Calvin Coolidge Vice President State Governor State office State legislator Massachusetts lawyer 31 Herbert Hoover Secretary of Commerce out of office -- -- -- -- California mining engineer 32 Franklin D. Roosevelt State governor out of office Federal office State legislator New York lawyer 33 Harry S. Truman Vice President U.S. Senator County commissioner ( County court ) military Missouri businessperson 34 Dwight D. Eisenhower military -- -- -- -- -- -- Kansas military , University President 35 John F. Kennedy U.S. Senator U.S. Representative military -- -- Massachusetts politician 36 Lyndon B. Johnson Vice-President U.S. Senator U.S. Representative Federal office Texas teacher 37 Richard Nixon out of office Vice-President U.S. Senator U.S. Representative California lawyer 38 Gerald Ford Vice-President U.S. Representative military -- -- Michigan lawyer 39 Jimmy Carter out of office State governor State legislator military Georgia farmer 40 Ronald Reagan out of office State governor -- -- Military California actor 41 George H.W. Bush Vice-President out of office Federal office foreign service Texas businessperson 42 Bill Clinton State governor State Attorney General -- -- -- -- Arkansas lawyer , teacher 43 George W. Bush State governor out of office military -- -- Texas businessperson 44 Barack Obama U.S. Senator State Legislator -- -- -- -- Illinois lawyer , teacher , community organizer 45 Donald Trump -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- New York businessperson , television producer See also ( edit ) President of the United States List of Presidents of the United States by other offices held List of current United States governors by previous experience Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grover Cleveland was elected to two nonconsecutive terms , and as such is considered the 22nd and 24th President of the United States ; only 44 people have served . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ International Law , US Power : The United States ' Quest for Legal Security , p 10 , Shirley V. Scott - 2012 Jump up ^ George Washington was commanding general of the Continental Army , the pre-independence equivalent of the US Army . The 9 US Army Generals were Jackson , W.H. Harrison , Taylor , Pierce , Grant , Hayes , Garfield , B. Harrison and Eisenhower . Others with military experience were Monroe , McKinley , T. Roosevelt , Truman , Kennedy , L.B. Johnson , Nixon , Carter , Ford , Reagan , G.H.W. Bush , G.W. Bush . Jump up ^ Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America , 1861 -- 1865 Volume 1 . U.S. Government Printing Office . 1904 . pp. 303 , 658 . Jump up ^ Martin van Buren 's brief foreign service is not counted since , although he was appointed Ambassador to the United Kingdom , the appointment was rejected by the U.S. Senate Jump up ^ Cleveland served nonconsecutive presidential terms . Jump up ^ `` State '' refers to the state generally considered `` home '' , not necessarily the state where the president was born Jump up ^ This designation is used whenever the subject was out of public office for more than one year Jump up ^ Washington was first chosen by the Virginia State Legislature to be a delegate to the Constitutional Convention . Then he was elected by the delegates to be president of the convention . Jump up ^ Commander - in - chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War Jump up ^ This is a general designation for any appointive position representing the United States to a foreign government Jump up ^ This is a general designation for any elected state legislator Jump up ^ Van Buren served just over two months of his term as Governor of New York before President Jackson appointed him Secretary of State Jump up ^ Tyler succeeded President Harrison , who died in office . He was not elected . Jump up ^ Fillmore succeeded President Taylor , who died in office . He was not elected . Jump up ^ Lincoln was born in Kentucky , but moved to Indiana , then Illinois at an early age Jump up ^ Johnson succeeded President Lincoln , who was assassinated . He was not elected . Jump up ^ President Lincoln appointed Johnson military governor of Tennessee during the Civil War Jump up ^ Grant was born and raised in Ohio . He rose to prominence as a Civil War general from Illinois and Illinois was his residence for his political career . `` The Congressional Globe '' . Library of Congress . 1868 . p. 1063 . Jump up ^ McFeely , William S. ( 1981 ) . Grant : A Biography . Norton . pp. 232 -- 233 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01372 - 3 . Jump up ^ Arthur succeeded President Garfield , who was assassinated . He was not elected . Jump up ^ This is a general designation for appointive domestic Federal offices below cabinet level ^ Jump up to : This is a general designation for local elective offices Jump up ^ Roosevelt succeeded President McKinley , who was assassinated . He was elected once ( 1904 ) , chose not to run again in 1908 , and ran unsuccessfully in 1912 . ^ Jump up to : Assistant Secretary of the Navy Jump up ^ President McKinley appointed Taft Governor - General of the Philippines Jump up ^ United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit Jump up ^ Solicitor General of the United States Jump up ^ Coolidge succeeded President Harding , who died in office . He was elected to a second term . Jump up ^ Born and raised in Vermont and spent time in Vermont politics . Permanently moved to Massachusetts to attend college . Jump up ^ During and following World War I , Hoover was involved with several humanitarian organizations . Jump up ^ Truman succeeded President Roosevelt , who died in office . He was elected to a second term . Jump up ^ Johnson succeeded President Kennedy , who was assassinated . He was elected to a second term . Jump up ^ head of the National Youth Administration in Texas Jump up ^ Ford succeeded President Nixon , who resigned . He was not elected . Previously , Ford was appointed Vice-President after Spiro Agnew resigned . Currently only President not to have been elected to the Executive Branch . Jump up ^ Ford was born in Nebraska , but moved to Michigan at an early age Jump up ^ Reagan was born , raised and educated in Illinois ; he moved permanently to California after graduation from college . Jump up ^ Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Jump up ^ Bush was born in Massachusetts , and raised in Connecticut , but moved to Texas after graduation from college . Jump up ^ P.O. Box 400406 . `` George W. Bush : Life Before the Presidency -- Miller Center '' . Millercenter.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ York , Byron . `` Byron York on George W. Bush & National Guard on National Review Online '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Obama was born in Hawaii and mostly raised there . 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who wrote mississippi you're on my mind	Winchester released several albums during the 1970s . Because of his status as a draft resister , he was unable to tour in the United States , and he became recognized primarily as a songwriter . His best - known songs include `` Yankee Lady '' , `` The Brand New Tennessee Waltz '' , `` Mississippi , You 're on My Mind '' , `` A Showman 's Life '' , and `` Biloxi '' . These and others have been recorded by numerous artists .	Winchester	Jesse Winchester	jesse winchester	James Ridout `` Jesse '' Winchester Jr . ( May 17 , 1944 -- April 11 , 2014 ) was an American - Canadian musician and songwriter . He was born and raised in the southern United States . Opposed to the Vietnam War , he moved to Canada in 1967 to avoid military service and began his career as a solo artist . His highest - charting recordings were of his own songs , `` Yankee Lady '' in 1970 and `` Say What '' in 1981 . He became a Canadian citizen in 1973 , gained amnesty in the U.S. in 1977 and resettled there in 2002 .	Winchester was best known as a songwriter . His works were recorded by many notable artists , including Patti Page , Elvis Costello , Jimmy Buffett , Joan Baez , Anne Murray , Reba McEntire , the Everly Brothers , Lyle Lovett , and Emmylou Harris . A number of these recordings achieved positions on various charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Career 1.3 Later career 2 Discography 2.1 Albums 2.2 Singles 2.3 Appearances 3 References 4 External links Biography ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) Winchester was born at Barksdale Army Air Field , near Bossier City , Louisiana , and raised in northern Mississippi . Winchester was one of three children born to James Ridout Winchester Sr. ( 1917 - 1962 ) and Frances Ellyn Manire Winchester ( 1920 - 2010 ) . Through his father 's side , he is part of the Lee family of Virginia ( Henry Lee II and Richard Henry Lee were two of his 4th - great - grandfathers ) . In 1952 , after a heart attack left his father unable to farm , his family moved to Memphis , Tennessee , where he graduated from Christian Brothers High School in 1962 as a merit finalist , a National Honor Society member and the salutatorian of his class . He graduated from Williams College , in Williamstown , Massachusetts , in 1966 . Upon receiving his draft notice the following year , Winchester moved to Montreal , Quebec , Canada , to avoid military service . `` I was so offended by someone 's coming up to me and presuming to tell me who I should kill and what my life was worth , '' he told Rolling Stone magazine in 1977 . Winchester began playing guitar in bands while still in high school . He played in Germany during college study abroad and after graduation . Upon arriving in Quebec in 1967 , he joined a local band , Les Astronautes . He also began writing songs , which he performed as a solo artist at the Montreal Folk Workshop and at coffeehouses throughout eastern Canada , adding impetus to a revival in folk music that was taking place across Canada . Under the auspices of the Band 's Robbie Robertson , another Canadian , Winchester began his recording career in 1970 with a self - titled album released on the Ampex label . Career ( edit ) Winchester released several albums during the 1970s . Because of his status as a draft resister , he was unable to tour in the United States , and he became recognized primarily as a songwriter . His best - known songs include `` Yankee Lady '' , `` The Brand New Tennessee Waltz '' , `` Mississippi , You 're on My Mind '' , `` A Showman 's Life '' , and `` Biloxi '' . These and others have been recorded by numerous artists . Winchester at the 2011 Blue Highways festival in Utrecht , the Netherlands In 1974 , Winchester often performed at the Hotel Le Chatelet in Morin Heights , Quebec , run by several expatriate Tennesseans who had come to Canada in 1972 . David `` Butch '' McDade and Jeff `` Stick '' Davis moved to Quebec to become part of Jesse Winchester and the Rhythm Aces . Winchester was the first to record the songs `` Third Rate Romance '' and `` The End Is Not in Sight '' , both written by Russell Smith . Smith traveled to Montreal to assist in the recording of the album Learn to Love It at Studio Six . Smith , Davis and McDade later were original members of the Amazing Rhythm Aces . Upon his election in 1976 , President Jimmy Carter declared he would grant amnesty to draft evaders , except those who had deserted or had become citizens of another country . Winchester had by then become a Canadian citizen , but Barry Bozeman , his manager at the time , convinced Carter on Winchester 's behalf to broaden the amnesty . Winchester 's first appearance in the U.S. was a sold - out performance in Burlington , Vermont , on April 21 , 1977 . `` I 'm Gonna Miss You , Girl '' , written by Winchester , was recorded by American country music artist Michael Martin Murphey and released in October 1987 as the lead single from the album River of Time . The song peaked at number 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and at number 4 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart . The version recorded by Murphy omits the somewhat sadder second part of the song . Winchester 's version is on his album Love Filling Station . Later career ( edit ) Winchester was nominated for the Best Country Male Vocalist award at the Juno Awards of 1990 . In 2002 , he moved back to the United States , settling in Virginia . That year , his song `` Step by Step '' , from the album Let the Rough Side Drag , was used as background music for the montage that ended the first season of the television program The Wire . He received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers in 2007 . Winchester continued to record and perform throughout the United States and Canada , releasing his tenth studio album , Love Filling Station , in 2009 . In 2011 , Winchester was diagnosed with cancer of the esophagus and underwent treatment for the next couple of months . He was later given a clean bill of health from his doctor and resumed touring . Quiet About It , a tribute record to Winchester , was released in 2012 , featuring James Taylor , Lyle Lovett , Lucinda Williams , Rosanne Cash and Jimmy Buffett , who spearheaded the project , among others . In April 2014 , it was revealed that Winchester was `` gravely ill '' and receiving hospice care at his home , in Charlottesville , Virginia . He died there on the morning of April 11 , 2014 , aged 69 , from bladder cancer . Winchester 's final CD , A Reasonable Amount of Trouble , was released in September 2014 , with liner notes by his friend Jimmy Buffett . Rolling Stone called it `` a gentle collection of playful songs about love , memory and gratitude that amounts to one of the most moving , triumphant albums of Winchester 's 45 year career . '' Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Year Album Chart Positions CAN US 1970 Jesse Winchester 26 -- 1972 Third Down , 110 to Go 34 193 Learn to Love It -- -- 1976 Let the Rough Side Drag -- 210 1977 Nothing but a Breeze -- 115 Live at the Bijou Cafe -- -- 1978 A Touch on the Rainy Side -- 156 1981 Talk Memphis -- 188 Humour Me -- -- 1989 The Best of Jesse Winchester -- -- 1999 Anthology -- -- 1999 Gentleman of Leisure -- -- Live from Mountain Stage -- -- 2005 Live -- -- 2009 Love Filling Station -- -- 2014 A Reasonable Amount of Trouble -- -- Singles ( edit ) Year Single Chart Positions Album CAN CAN AC CAN Country US 1970 `` Yankee Lady '' 20 8 -- -- Jesse Winchester 1973 `` Is n't That So '' 34 21 -- -- Third Down , 110 to Go 1976 `` Let the Rough Side Drag '' -- -- 42 -- Let the Rough Side Drag 1977 `` Nothing but a Breeze '' 72 -- -- 86 Nothing but a Breeze 1978 `` Sassy '' -- 45 -- -- A Touch on the Rainy Side 1979 `` A Touch on the Rainy Side '' -- 42 -- -- 1981 `` Say What '' 23 13 -- 32 Talk Memphis 1989 `` Want to Mean Something to You '' -- -- 50 -- Humour Me `` Well - a-Wiggy '' -- -- 68 -- Appearances ( edit ) Year Album Song 2003 Beautiful : A Tribute to Gordon Lightfoot `` Sundown '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jesse Winchester : Still Doing the Rhumba '' . TheSpec.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Jesse Winchester profile '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` CANOE -- JAM ! Music -- Pop Encyclopedia -- Winchester , Jesse '' . Jam.canoe.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Jesse Winchester profile '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jesse Winchester dies of cancer '' . Toronto Star , 14 April 2014 , E2 . Jump up ^ Notice of death of Jesse Winchester , rollingstone.com ; accessed November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Profile , discogs.com ; accessed November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Green , Susan ( 19 April 2014 ) . `` Winchester 's imprint ' in the hills of old Vermont ' '' . Burlington Free Press . USA Today Network . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Saying goodbye to The Wire over and over again Archived 2015 - 12 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. , gawker.com ; accessed November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jesse Winchester '' . Appleseedmusic.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Jesse Winchester - Love Filling Station ( CD , Album ) '' . Discogs.com. 2009 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jesse Winchester 's Studio '' . Jessewinchester.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Deming , Mark . `` Quiet About It : A Tribute To Jesse Winchester Review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Songwriter / performer Jesse Winchester is gravely ill '' . Usatoday.com. 2014 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Tearson , Michael ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Jesse Winchester Passes '' . Sing Out ! . Jump up ^ Mehr , Bob ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Memphis - bred songwriter Jesse Winchester dies '' . The Commercial Appeal . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Browne , David ( April 11 ) `` Jesse Winchester Dead at 69 , Singer - Songwriter Became Anti-War Icon '' Rolling Stone ( New York ) , April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Notice of death of Jesse Winchester , rollingstone.com ; accessed November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jesse Winchester 's chilling dissertation on dying '' , rollingstone.com ; accessed November 19 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jesse Winchester . Official website Jesse Winchester on IMDb Jesse Winchester at Appleseed Recordings radio interview at WRN HOTSEAT - Southern gent ? Folk legend moves to town Fame & Fortune : Jesse Winchester VIAF : 38626388 LCCN : n95083300 ISNI : 0000 0000 7840 492X GND : 13808582X BNF : cb14239610t ( data ) BIBSYS : 2013400 MusicBrainz : 455911db - b472 - 4702 - bf0d - ae4f87c922bd Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Winchester&oldid=806853733 '' Categories : 1944 births 2014 deaths Canadian country singers Canadian male singers Canadian folk singers Canadian country singer - songwriters Deaths from bladder cancer Williams College alumni Singers from Louisiana Singers from Mississippi People from Bossier City , Louisiana Attic Records ( Canada ) artists Deaths from cancer in Virginia American expatriate musicians in Canada 20th - century Canadian singers 20th - century American musicians Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Scots Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 15 : 31 . 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ain't nobody by felix jaehn and jasmine thompson			Ai n't Nobody	ain't nobody	`` Ai n't Nobody '' is a song recorded by the American funk band Rufus and American singer Chaka Khan . It was released on November 4 , 1983 , as a bonus track for their live album Stompin ' at the Savoy ( 1983 ) . `` Ai n't Nobody '' quickly gathered popularity , and reached number one on the American R&B chart and number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It has become one of Khan 's signature songs .	Rufus keyboardist David `` Hawk '' Wolinski wrote the song around a repeating synthesizer loop backed by a Linn LM - 1 drum computer . However , drummer John J.R. Robinson played real drums for the recording session . The band did a democratic vote and they decided to include the song in their album repertoire . Once the song was recorded , Warner executives wanted to issue another song as the album 's first single . Wolinski threatened to give the song to Michael Jackson and producer Quincy Jones for Thriller if the song was not the lead - off single . The label relented and `` Ai n't Nobody '' was issued and hit number one on the R&B chart for the week ending October 15 , 1983 . The song was also included in the soundtrack of the movie Breakin ' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Cover versions , samples , and remixes 3.1 Jaki Graham version 3.2 LL Cool J version 3.2. 1 Charts 3.3 Felix Jaehn version 3.3. 1 Track listing 3.3. 2 Charts 3.3. 3 Certifications 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Composition ( edit ) The song is performed in the key of E ♭ minor with a tempo of 104 beats per minute in common time . Khan 's vocals span from G ♭ to E ♭ in the song . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 -- 84 ) Peak position Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 36 UK Singles Chart ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 22 US Hot Black Singles ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Position US Hot Black Singles ( Billboard ) 6 Cover versions , samples , and remixes ( edit ) George Michael covered the song in his 1991 `` Cover To Cover '' tour . Diana King recorded a cover single in 1995 , reaching No. 95 on the Billboard Hot 100 , No. 4 on Billboard 's Dance chart and No. 13 on the UK Singles Chart . 1991 : Yo - Yo ( sampled in `` Ai n't Nobody Better '' ) 1994 : Jaki Graham 1994 : Amii Stewart 1994 : Klymaxx 1994 : K.W.S. with Gwen Dickey 1995 : Diana King 1995 : Regina Carter 1996 : LL Cool J 1996 : Mariah Carey 1997 : The Course 1999 : Peabo Bryson 2000 : Hermes House Band 2001 : Jeff Lorber 2003 : Kelly Price ( Bringing Down the House OST ) 2003 : Liberty X ( sampled in `` Being Nobody '' ) 2004 : DJ Kayslay featuring Fat Joe and Joe Budden ( sampled in `` Not Your Average Joe '' ) 2004 : Marcia Hines 2005 : Natasha Bedingfield featuring Daniel Bedingfield 2007 : KT Tunstall 2010 : Alphabeat 2011 : Knorkator 2011 : Mary J. Blige 2011 : Brandon T. Jackson featuring Jessica Lucas ( Big Mommas : Like Father , Like Son OST ) 2012 : Scooter ( as Mashup ) on `` It 's A Biz ( Ai n't Nobody ) '' 2013 : Jasmine Thompson ( No. 32 in UK ) 2013 : Jon Gomm 2013 : Youngblood Brass Band 2014 : Jesse Jagz featuring Tesh Carter ( sampled in `` Jargo ( Ai n't Nobody ) '' 2015 : Felix Jaehn featuring Jasmine Thompson Jaki Graham version ( edit ) `` Ai n't Nobody '' Single by Jaki Graham Released Genre Dance Length 3 : 26 Label Pulse - 8 Records Songwriter ( s ) Hawk Wolinski Music video `` Ai n't Nobody '' on YouTube In 1994 , singer Jaki Graham recorded the song and released it as a single . It reached number 44 in the UK , number 11 in Iceland , 17 in Australia and number one on US Billboard Dance chart . LL Cool J version ( edit ) `` Ai n't Nobody '' Single by LL Cool J from the album Beavis and Butt - Head Do America : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack B - side `` Come to Butt - head '' Released November 26 , 1996 Format CD single Length 4 : 37 Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) James Todd Smith Hawk Wolinski Producer ( s ) Armando Colon Rashad Smith LL Cool J LL Cool J singles chronology `` Loungin '' ( 1996 ) `` Ai n't Nobody '' ( 1996 ) `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' ( 1997 ) `` Loungin '' ( 1996 ) `` Ai n't Nobody '' ( 1996 ) `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' ( 1997 ) Beavis and Butthead Do America Soundtrack track listing `` Love Rollercoaster '' ( 2 ) `` Ai n't Nobody '' ( 3 ) `` Ratfinks , Suicide Tanks and Cannibal Girls '' ( 4 ) A commercially successful cover of `` Ai n't Nobody '' was a version by rapper LL Cool J , who recorded an interpolation of the song for the soundtrack to the 1996 film Beavis and Butt - Head Do America . Charts ( edit ) Released as the soundtrack 's second single , this version reached No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart . In the US , the song peaked at No. 46 on the Billboard Hot 100 , No. 4 on the Hot Rap Singles Chart and No. 27 on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart . The song was also a hit in the UK for Gwen Dickey and KWS ( reaching No. 21 ) and The Course ( No. 8 ) . Felix Jaehn version ( edit ) `` Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' Single by Felix Jaehn featuring Jasmine Thompson from the album I Released 3 April 2015 Format CD digital download Length 4 : 01 Label Polydor Island Songwriter ( s ) Hawk Wolinski Producer ( s ) Felix Jaehn Felix Jaehn singles chronology `` Dance with Me '' ( 2015 ) `` Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' ( 2015 ) `` Eagle Eyes '' ( 2015 ) `` Dance with Me '' ( 2015 ) `` Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' ( 2015 ) `` Eagle Eyes '' ( 2015 ) Jasmine Thompson singles chronology `` Sun Goes Down '' ( 2014 ) Sun Goes Down 2014 `` Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' ( 2015 ) Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) 2015 `` Unfinished Sympathy '' ( 2015 ) Unfinished Sympathy 2015 Music video `` Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' . In 2015 , German music producer and DJ Felix Jaehn released a remix titled `` Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' featuring vocals by British singer Jasmine Thompson . It is the lead single for his eponymous 2016 debut EP Felix Jaehn . The remix was based on a solo release of the song by Thompson in 2013 , when Thompson was 13 , which had peaked at number 32 on the UK Singles Chart . However , the Felix Jaehn remix became a far bigger international chart success , peaking at number one or two in a number of European countries ( including number two in the United Kingdom ) as well as the top 10 in other European countries and Australia . Track listing ( edit ) `` Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' ( Felix Jaehn featuring Jasmine Thompson ) -- 3 : 01 `` I Do '' ( Felix Jaehn featuring Poppy Haddigan ) -- 3 : 02 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( for Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 7 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 95 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 10 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 22 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 21 Norway ( VG - lista ) 13 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Africa ( EMA ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 50 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) 11 Year - end charts Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 86 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 13 Italy ( FIMI ) 49 Poland ( ZPAV ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 62 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) Gold 20,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 120,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 51,200 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) 5 × Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) 3 × Platinum 60,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 4 × Platinum 160,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1983 ( U.S. ) List of number - one dance singles of 1994 ( U.S. ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of 1997 List of UK top 10 singles in 2015 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 505 . Jump up ^ The Billboard Book of # 1 R&B Hits by Adam White and Fred Bronson Jump up ^ `` Breakin ' - The Website ( aka : Breakdance The Movie ) '' . Fast-rewind.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Wolinski , David . `` Chaka Khan `` Ai n't Nobody '' Sheet Music in Eb Minor ( transposable ) - Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Ai n't Nobody - Chaka Khan and Rufus - Spot On Track '' . www.spotontrack.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Dutch Charts - dutchcharts.nl '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ain % 27t + nobody full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 : The Top 100 R&B Singles '' . RateYourMusic . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` George Michael - 11 # ♫ Ai n't Nobody ♫ ( Rock in Rio 27 - 01 - 91 ) '' . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Youngblood Brass Band - Ai n't Nobody '' . SoundCloud . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 08.09. 1994 - 14.09. 1994 '' ( PDF ) . Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco : 1974 - 2003 . Record Research . p. 112 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 603 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` April 24th 2015 : English Raop On Top '' . German Chartblog. April 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vokuhilas in Barcelona '' . Süddeutsche Zeitung . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . 28 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 2 December 2014 . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Felix Jaehn Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201532 into search . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201531 into search . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Felix Jaehn -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Felix Jaehn . Jump up ^ `` Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson : Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 35 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201532 into search . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201529 into search . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2015 - 08 - 18 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Felix Jaehn Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Felix Jaehn Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Airplay Year End 2015 '' . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche ' Top of the Music ' 2015 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay -- podsumowanie 2015 roku '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 -- 2015 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 10 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Felix Jaehn ft . Jasmine Thompson -- Ai n't Nobdy ( Loves Me Better ) ( Single ) '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Enter Felix Jaehn ft . Jasmine Thompson in the field Interpret . Enter Ai n't Nobdy ( Loves Me Better ) ( Single ) in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Music Brasil '' . Universal Music . Instagram . August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' ( in Danish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Denmark . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Chiffres Felix Jaehn Ai n't Nobody , Book Of Love -- Les Chiffres de ventes -- Pure Charts '' ( Felix Jaehn sales figures Ai n't Nobody , Book Of Love -- Sales figures ) . Pure Charts ( in French ) . France : Charts in France . July 27 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson ; ' Ain _́ t Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 5 × Dutch Platinum Award '' . Felix Jaehn . Instagram.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Felix Jaehn -- Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) ( Singiel ) '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish single certifications -- Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' . Sverigetopplistan.se ( in Swedish ) . Sweden : Swedish Recording Industry Association . December 18 , 2015 . Look for the single release on the singles chart . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FELIX JAEHN Auszeichnung für Felix Jaehn : Für den Riesen - Erfolg von `` Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me better ) '' gab es jetzt Platin '' ( FELIX JAEHN Awards for Felix Jaehn : Outstanding sales success for `` Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me better ) '' going Platinum ) . Universal Music Germany ( in German ) . Germany : Universal Music GmbH . October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Felix Jaehn feat . Jasmine Thompson -- Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Enter Ai n't Nobody ( Loves Me Better ) in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Chaka Khan Albums with Rufus Rufus ( 1973 ) Rags to Rufus ( 1974 ) Rufusized ( 1974 ) Rufus featuring Chaka Khan ( 1975 ) Ask Rufus ( 1977 ) Street Player ( 1978 ) Numbers ( 1979 ) Masterjam ( 1979 ) Party ' Til You 're Broke ( 1981 ) Camouflage ( 1981 ) The Very Best of Rufus featuring Chaka Khan ( 1982 ) Seal in Red ( 1983 ) Stompin ' at the Savoy -- Live ( 1983 ) Studio albums Chaka ( 1978 ) Naughty ( 1980 ) What Cha ' Gonna Do for Me ( 1981 ) Echoes of an Era ( 1982 ) Chaka Khan ( 1982 ) I Feel for You ( 1984 ) Destiny ( 1986 ) CK ( 1988 ) The Woman I Am ( 1992 ) Come 2 My House ( 1998 ) ClassiKhan ( 2004 ) Funk This ( 2007 ) Compilations Life Is a Dance : The Remix Project ( 1989 ) Epiphany : The Best of Chaka Khan , Vol. 1 ( 1996 ) I 'm Every Woman : The Best of Chaka Khan ( 1999 ) Dance Classics of Chaka Khan ( 1999 ) The Platinum Collection ( 2006 ) Notable singles and songs `` Tell Me Something Good '' `` You Got the Love '' `` Once You Get Started '' `` Sweet Thing '' `` Jive Talkin ' '' `` At Midnight ( My Love Will Lift You Up ) '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` Stuff Like That '' `` Do You Love What You Feel '' `` What Cha ' Gonna Do for Me '' `` We Can Work It Out '' `` Fate '' `` And the Melody Still Lingers On ( Night in Tunisia ) '' `` Got to Be There '' `` Ai n't Nobody '' `` I Feel for You '' `` This Is My Night '' `` Through the Fire '' `` Eye to Eye '' `` Higher Love '' `` I 'll Be Good to You `` Love You All My Lifetime '' `` My Funny Valentine '' `` Missing You '' `` Never Miss the Water '' `` Do n't Talk 2 Strangers '' `` All Good ? '' `` Angel '' `` Disrespectful '' Related articles Discography Rufus ( band ) Here Come the Girls Liberty X Michelle Heaton Tony Lundon Kevin Simm Jessica Taylor Kelli Young Studio albums Thinking It Over ( 2002 ) Being Somebody ( 2003 ) X ( 2005 ) Singles `` Thinking It Over '' `` Doin ' It '' `` Just a Little '' `` Got to Have Your Love '' `` Holding On for You '' `` Being Nobody '' `` Jumpin '' `` Everybody Cries '' `` Song 4 Lovers '' `` A Night to Remember '' `` X '' DVDs Just a Little ... Liberty X Other Discography List of songs recorded by Liberty X LL Cool J Discography Studio albums Radio Bigger and Deffer Walking with a Panther Mama Said Knock You Out 14 Shots to the Dome Mr. Smith Phenomenon G.O.A.T. 10 The DEFinition Todd Smith Exit 13 Authentic Compilations All World : Greatest Hits All World 2 Singles `` I Need a Beat '' `` I Ca n't Live Without My Radio '' `` I Can Give You More '' `` Rock the Bells '' `` You 'll Rock '' `` I 'm Bad '' `` I Need Love '' `` Go Cut Creator Go '' `` Going Back to Cali '' `` I 'm That Type of Guy '' `` Big Ole Butt '' `` One Shot at Love '' `` Jingling Baby '' `` To da Break of Dawn '' `` The Boomin ' System '' `` Around the Way Girl '' `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' `` 6 Minutes of Pleasure '' `` Who 's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf ? '' `` Strictly Business '' `` How I 'm Comin ' '' `` Back Seat ( Of My Jeep ) '' `` Pink Cookies In a Plastic Bag Getting Crushed By Buildings '' `` Stand By Your Man '' `` Hey Lover '' `` Doin ' It '' `` Loungin '' `` I Shot Ya '' `` Ai n't Nobody '' `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' `` Phenomenon '' `` 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 '' `` Father '' `` Candy '' `` Zoom '' `` Say What '' `` Deepest Bluest '' `` Hot Hot Hot '' `` Shut ' Em Down `` Imagine That '' `` You and Me '' `` Put Your Hands Up '' `` Blink Blink '' `` Luv U Better '' `` Paradise '' `` All I Have '' `` Amazin ' `` Headsprung '' `` Hush '' `` It 's LL and Santana '' `` Control Myself '' `` Freeze '' `` Cry '' `` Baby '' Featured singles `` Rampage '' `` This Is for the Lover in You '' `` Incredible '' `` Fatty Girl '' `` All I Have '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Other songs `` Accidental Racist '' Marcia Hines Discography Studio albums Marcia Shines Shining Ladies and Gentlemen Ooh Child Take It from the Boys Jokers and Queens Love Sides Right Here and Now Time of Our Lives Hinesight Discothèque Life Marcia Sings Tapestry Amazing Live albums Marcia Hines Live Across Australia Compilation albums Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Volume 2 Queen of Pop Diva Marcia : Greatest Hits 1975 -- 1983 The Essential Marcia Hines Notable singles `` Fire and Rain '' `` From the Inside '' / `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' `` ( Until ) Your Love Broke Through '' `` What I Did for Love '' `` You '' `` Music Is My Life '' `` Something 's Missing ( In My Life ) '' `` Your Love Still Brings Me to My Knees '' `` What a Bitch Is Love '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` The Lord 's Prayer '' `` Rain ( Let the Children Play ) '' `` What a Feeling '' `` Ai n't Nobody '' `` Stomp ! '' Related articles Deni Hines Diana King Studio album Tougher Than Love ( 1995 ) Think Like a Girl ( 1997 ) Respect ( 2002 ) Singles `` Stir It Up '' `` Shy Guy '' `` Ai n't Nobody '' `` I Say a Little Prayer '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_Nobody&oldid=825485295 '' Categories : 1983 songs 1983 singles 1996 singles 1997 singles 2003 singles 2015 singles Chaka Khan songs Liberty X songs LL Cool J songs Jasmine Thompson songs Delilah ( musician ) songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles UK Dance Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Poland Songs written by Hawk Wolinski Song recordings produced by Russ Titelman Warner Bros. 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what does the 3 pedals on a piano do			Piano pedals	piano pedals	Piano pedals are foot - operated levers at the base of a piano that change the instrument 's sound in various ways . Modern pianos usually have three pedals , from left to right , the soft pedal ( or una corda ) , the sostenuto pedal , and the sustaining pedal ( or damper pedal ) . Some pianos omit the sostenuto pedal , or have a middle pedal with a different purpose such as a muting function also known as silent piano .	The development of the piano 's pedals is an evolution that began from the very earliest days of the piano , and continued through the late 19th century . Throughout the years , the piano had as few as one modifying stop , and as many as six or more , before finally arriving at its current configuration of three . Contents ( hide ) 1 Individual pedals 1.1 Damper pedal 1.2 Soft pedal 1.2. 1 Half - blow pedal 1.3 Sostenuto pedal 1.4 Other pedals 1.4. 1 Novelty pedals 1.4. 2 Janissary or Janizary pedals 2 Development 2.1 Hand stops 2.2 Knee levers 2.3 Pedals 3 Beethoven and pedals 4 Pedal piano 5 Location 6 Recent development in pedal configuration 7 References Individual pedals ( edit ) Damper pedal ( edit ) Main article : Sustain pedal The damper pedal , sustain pedal , or sustaining pedal is to the right of the other pedals , and is used more often than the other pedals . It raises all the dampers off the strings so that they keep vibrating after the player releases the key . In effect , the damper pedal makes every string on the piano a sympathetic string , creating a rich tonal quality . This effect may be behind the saying that the damper pedal is `` ... the soul of the piano . '' The damper pedal has the secondary function of allowing the player to connect into a legato texture notes that otherwise could not thus be played . Soft pedal ( edit ) Main article : Soft pedal The soft pedal , or una corda pedal , was invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori . It was the first mechanism invented to modify the piano 's sound . This function is typically operated by the left pedal on modern pianos . Neither of its common names -- soft pedal or una corda pedal -- completely describe the pedal 's function . The una corda primarily modifies the timbre , not just the volume of the piano . Soon after its invention , virtually all makers integrated the una corda as a standard fixture . On Cristofori 's pianos , the una corda mechanism was operated by a hand stop , not a pedal . The stop was a knob on the side of the keyboard . When the una corda was activated , the entire action shifted to the right so that the hammers hit one string ( una corda ) instead of two strings ( due corde ) . Dominic Gill says that when the hammers strike only one string , the piano `` ... produces a softer , more ethereal tone . '' By the late 18th century , piano builders had begun triple stringing the notes on the piano . This change , affecting the una corda 's function , is described by Joseph Banowetz : On the pianos of the late eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries , the pianist could shift from the normal three - string ( tre corde ) position to one in which either two strings ( due corde ) or only one ( una corda ) would be struck , depending on how far the player depressed the pedal . This subtle but important choice does not exist on modern pianos , but was readily available on the earlier instruments . The sound of the una corda on early pianos created a larger difference in color and timbre than it does on the modern piano . On the modern piano , the una corda pedal makes the hammers of the treble section hit two strings instead of three . In the case of the bass strings , the hammer normally strikes either one or two strings per note . The lowest bass notes on the piano are a single thicker string . For these notes , the action shifts the hammer so that it strikes the string on a different , lesser - used part of the hammer nose . Edwin Good states , On the modern piano , the timbre is subtly different , but many people can not hear it . In that respect , at least , the modern piano does not give the player the flexibility of changing tone quality that early ones did . Beethoven took advantage of the ability of his piano to create a wide range of tone color in two of his piano works . In his Piano Concerto No. 4 , Beethoven specifies the use of una corda , due corde , and tre corde . He calls for una corda , then `` poco a poco due ed allora tutte le corde '' , gradually two and then all strings , in Sonata Op. 106 . Half - blow pedal ( edit ) On the modern upright piano , the left pedal is not truly an una corda , because it does not shift the action sideways . The strings run at such an oblique angle to the hammers that if the action moved sideways , the hammer might strike one string of the wrong note . A more accurate term for the left pedal on an upright piano is the half - blow pedal . When the pedal is activated , the hammers move closer to the strings , so that there is less distance for the hammer to swing . Sostenuto pedal ( edit ) The last pedal added to the modern grand was the middle pedal , the sostenuto , which was inspired by the French . Using this pedal , a pianist can sustain selected notes , while other notes remain unaffected . The sostenuto was first shown at the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 in Paris , by Boisselot & Fils , a Marseille company . French piano builders Alexandre François Debain and Claude Montal built sostenuto mechanisms in 1860 and 1862 , respectively . These innovative efforts did not immediately catch on with other piano builders . In 1874 , Albert Steinway perfected and patented the sostenuto pedal . He began to advertise it publicly in 1876 , and soon the Steinway company was including it on all of their grands and their high - end uprights . Other American piano builders quickly adopted the sostenuto pedal into their piano design . The adoption by European manufacturers went far more slowly and was essentially completed only in recent times . The term `` sostenuto '' is perhaps not the best descriptive term for what this pedal actually does . Sostenuto in Italian means sustained . This definition alone would make it sound as if the sostenuto pedal accomplishes the same thing as the damper , or `` sustaining '' pedal . The sostenuto pedal was originally called the `` tone - sustaining '' pedal . That name would be more accurately descriptive of what the pedal accomplishes , i.e. , sustainment of a single tone / group of tones . The pedal holds up only dampers that were already raised at the moment that it was depressed . So if a player : ( i ) holds down a note or chord , and ( ii ) while so doing depresses this pedal , and then ( iii ) lifts the fingers from that note or chord while keeping the pedal depressed , then that note or chord is not damped until the foot is lifted -- despite subsequently played notes being damped normally on their release . Uses for the sostenuto pedal include playing transcriptions of organ music ( where the selective sustaining of notes can substitute for the organ 's held notes in its pedals ) , or in much contemporary music , especially spectral music . Usually , the sostenuto pedal is played with the right foot . It is common to find uprights and even grand pianos that lack a middle pedal . Even if a piano has a middle pedal , one can not assume it is a true sostenuto , for there are many other functions a middle pedal can have other than that of sostenuto . Often an upright 's middle pedal is another half - blow pedal , like the one on the left , except that the middle pedal slides into a groove to stay engaged . Sometimes , the middle pedal may only operate the bass dampers . The middle pedal may sometimes lower a muffler rail of felt between the hammers and the strings to mute and significantly soften the sound , so that one can practice quietly ( also known as a `` Practice Rail '' ) . True sostenuto is rare on uprights , except for more expensive models such as those from Steinway and Bechstein . They are more common on digital pianos as the effect is straightforward to mimic in software . Other pedals ( edit ) Among other pedals sometimes found on early pianos are the lute stop , moderator or celeste , bassoon , buff , cembalo , and swell . The lute pedal created a pizzicato - type sound . The moderator , or celeste mechanism used a layer of soft cloth or leather between hammers and strings to provide a sweet , muted quality . According to Good , `` ( The piece of leather or cloth was ) graduated in thickness across its short dimension . The farther down one pushed the pedal , the farther the rail lowered and the thicker the material through which the hammer struck the strings . With the thicker material , the sound was softer and more muffled . Such a stop was sometimes called a pianissimo stop . '' The moderator stop was popular on Viennese pianos , and a similar mechanism is still sometimes fitted on upright pianos today in the form of the practice rail ( see Sostenuto pedal , above ) . Joseph Banowetz states that for the bassoon pedal , paper or silk was placed over the bass strings to create `` ... a buzzing noise that listeners of the day felt resembled the sound of the bassoon . '' The buff stop and cembalo stops seem similar to each other in method of manipulation and sound produced . The buff ( `` leather '' ) stop used `` ... a narrow strip of soft leather ... pressed against the strings to give a dry , soft tone of little sustaining power . '' The cembalo stop pressed leather weights on the strings and modified the sound to make it resemble that of the harpsichord . Johannes Pohlmann used a swell pedal on his pianos to raise and lower the lid of the piano to control the overall volume . Instead of raising and lowering the lid , the swell was sometimes operated by opening and closing slots in the sides of the piano case . Often called `` the father of the pianoforte '' , Muzio Clementi was a composer and musician who founded a piano - building company , and was active in the designing of the pianos that his company built . The Clementi piano firm was later renamed Collard and Collard in 1830 , two years before Clementi 's death . Clementi added a feature called a harmonic swell . `` ( This pedal ) introduced a kind of reverberation effect to give the instrument a fuller , richer sound . The effect uses the sympathetic vibrations set up in the untuned non-speaking length of the strings . Here the soundboard is bigger than usual to accommodate a second bridge ( the ' bridge of reverberation ' ) . '' The Dolce Campana pedal pianoforte c. 1850 , built by Boardman and Gray , New York , demonstrated yet another creative way of modifying the piano 's sound . A pedal controlled a series of hammers or weights attached to the soundboard that would fall onto an equal number of screws , and created the sound of bells or the harp . The Fazioli concert grand piano model F308 includes a fourth pedal to the left of the traditional 3 pedals . This pedal acts similarly to the `` half - blow '' pedal on an upright piano , in that it collectively moves the hammers somewhat closer to the strings to reduce the volume without changing the tone quality , as the una - corda does . The F308 is the first modern concert grand to offer such a feature . Novelty pedals ( edit ) In the early years of piano development , many novelty pedals and stops were experimented with before finally settling on the three that are now used on the modern piano . Some of these pedals were meant to modify levels of volume , color , or timbre , while others were used for special effects , meant to imitate other instruments . Banowetz speaks of these novelty pedals : `` At their worst , these modifications threatened to make the piano into a vulgar musical toy . '' Janissary or janizary pedals ( edit ) During the late 18th century , Europeans developed a love for Turkish band music , and the Turkish music style was an outgrowth of this . According to Good , this possibly began `` ... when King Augustus the Strong of Poland received the gift of a Turkish military band at some time after 1710 . '' `` Janissary '' or `` janizary '' '' refers to the Turkish military band that used instruments including drums , cymbals , and bells , among other loud , cacophonous instruments . Owing to the desire of composers and players to imitate the sounds of the Turkish military marching bands , piano builders began including pedals on their pianos by which snare and bass drums , bells , cymbals , or the triangle could be played by the touch of a pedal while simultaneously playing the keyboard . Up to six pedals controled all these sound effects . Alfred Dolge states , `` The Janizary pedal , one of the best known of the early pedal devices , added all kinds of rattling noises to the normal piano performance . It could cause a drumstick to strike the underside of the soundboard , ring bells , shake a rattle , and even create the effect of a cymbal crash by hitting several bass strings with a strip of brass foil . '' Mozart 's Rondo alla Turca , from Sonata K. 331 , written in 1778 , was sometimes played using these Janissary effects . Development ( edit ) Hand stops ( edit ) The sustaining , or damper stop , was first controlled by the hand , and was included on some of the earliest pianos ever built . Stops operated by hand were inconvenient for the player , who would have to continue playing with one hand while operating the stop with the other . If this was not possible , an assistant would be used to change the stop , just as organists do even today . Johannes Zumpe 's square piano , made in London in 1767 , had two hand stops in the case , which acted as sustaining stops for the bass strings and the treble strings . Knee levers ( edit ) The knee lever to replace the hand stop for the damper control was developed in Germany sometime around 1765 . According to David Crombie , `` virtually all the fortepianos of the last three decades of the eighteenth century were equipped with a knee lever to raise and lower the dampers ... '' Sometime around 1777 , Mozart had an opportunity to play a piano built by Johann Andreas Stein , who had been an apprentice of Gottfried Silbermann . This piano had knee levers , and Mozart speaks highly of their functionality in a letter : `` The machine which you move with the knee is also made better by ( Stein ) than by others . I scarcely touch it , when off it goes ; and as soon as I take my knee the least bit away , you ca n't hear the slightest after - sound . '' The only piano Mozart ever owned was one by Anton Walter , c. 1782 - 1785 . It had two knee levers ; the one on the left raised all the dampers , while the one on the right raised only the treble dampers . A moderator stop to produce a softer sound ( see Other pedals , above ) was centrally above the keyboard . Pedals ( edit ) Although there is some controversy among authorities as to which piano builder was actually the first to employ pedals rather than knee levers , one could say that pedals are a characteristic first developed by manufacturers in England . James Parakilas states that the damper stop was introduced by Gottfried Silbermann , who was the first German piano builder . Parakilas , however , does not specify whether Silbermann 's damper stop was in the form of a hand lever , knee lever , or pedal . However , many successful English piano builders had apprenticed with Silbermann in Germany , and then left for London as a result of the disturbances of the Seven Years ' War in Saxony . Among those who re-located to England were Johannes Zumpe , Americus Backers , and Adam Beyer . Americus Backers , Adam Beyer , and John Broadwood , all piano builders in England , are credited as being among the first to incorporate the new feature . Americus Backers ' 1772 grand , his only surviving instrument , has what are believed to be original pedals , and is most likely the first piano to use pedals rather than knee levers . A square piano built by Adam Beyer of London in 1777 has a damper pedal , as do pianos built by John Broadwood , ca . 1783 . After their invention , pedals did not immediately become the accepted form for piano stops . German and Viennese builders continued to use the knee levers for quite some time after the English were using pedals . Pedals and knee levers were even used together on the same instrument on a Nannette Streicher grand built in Vienna in 1814 . This piano had two knee levers that were Janissary stops for bell and drum , and four pedals for una corda , bassoon , dampers , and moderator . Beethoven and pedals ( edit ) Throughout his lifetime , Ludwig van Beethoven owned several different pianos by different makers , all with different pedal configurations . His pianos are fine examples of some experimental and innovative pedal designs of the time . In 1803 , the French piano company Erard gave him a grand , `` ( thought to be ) the most advanced French grand piano of the time ... It had ... four pedals , including an una - corda , as well as a damper lift , a lute stop , and a moderator for softening the tone '' . Beethoven 's Broadwood grand , presented as a gift to him from the Broadwood company in 1817 , had an una corda pedal and a split damper pedal -- one half was the damper for the treble strings , the other was for the bass strings . In an effort to give Beethoven an instrument loud enough for him to hear when his hearing was failing , Conrad Graf designed an instrument in 1824 especially for Beethoven with quadruple stringing instead of triple . Graf only made three instruments of this nature . David Crombie describes this instrument : `` by adding an extra string , Graf attempted to obtain a tone that was richer and more powerful , though it did n't make the instrument any louder than his Broadwood '' . This extra string would have provided a bigger contrast when applying keyboard - shifting stops , because this keyboard shift pedal moved the action from four to two strings . Crombie states , `` these provide a much wider control over the character of the sound than is possible on Graf 's usual instruments '' . This piano had five pedals : a keyboard shift ( quad to due corde ) , bassoon , moderator 1 , moderator 2 , and dampers . A different four - string system , aliquot stringing , was invented by Julius Blüthner in 1873 , and is still a feature of Blüthner pianos . The Blüthner aliquot system uses an additional ( hence fourth ) string in each note of the top three piano octaves . This string is slightly higher than the other three strings so that it is not struck by the hammer . Whenever the hammer strikes the three conventional strings , the aliquot string vibrates sympathetically . As a composer and pianist , Beethoven experimented extensively with pedal . His first marking to indicate use of a pedal in a score was in his first two piano concertos , in 1795 . Earlier than this , Beethoven had called for the use of the knee lever in a sketch from 1790 -- 92 ; `` with the knee '' is marked for a series of chords . According to Joseph Banowetz , `` This is the earliest - known indication for a damper control in a score '' . Haydn did not specify its use in a score until 1794 . All in all , there are nearly 800 indications for pedal in authentic sources of Beethoven 's compositions , making him by far the first composer to be highly prolific in pedal usage . Pedal piano ( edit ) An upright pedal piano Along with the development of the pedals on the piano came the phenomenon of the pedal piano , a piano with a pedalboard . Some of the early pedal pianos date back to 1815 . The pedal piano developed partially for organists to be able to practice pedal keyboard parts away from the pipe organ . In some instances , the pedal piano was actually a special type of piano with a built - in pedal board and a higher keyboard and bench , like an organ . Other times , an independent pedal board and set of strings could be connected to a regular grand piano . Mozart had a pedalboard made for his piano . His father , Leopold , speaks of this pedalboard in a letter : `` ( the pedal ) stands under the instrument and is about two feet longer and extremely heavy '' . Alfred Dolge writes of the pedal mechanisms that his uncle , Louis Schone , constructed for both Robert Schumann and Felix Mendelssohn in 1843 . Schumann preferred the pedal board to be connected to the upright piano , while Mendelssohn had a pedal mechanism connected to his grand piano . Dolge describes Mendelssohn 's pedal mechanism : `` The keyboard for pedaling was placed under the keyboard for manual playing , had 29 notes and was connected with an action placed at the back of the piano where a special soundboard , covered with 29 strings , was built into the case '' . In addition to using his pedal piano for organ practice , Schumann composed several pieces specifically for the pedal piano . Among these compositions are Six Studies Op. 56 , Four Sketches Op. 58 , and Six Fugues on Bach Op. 60 . Other composers who used pedal pianos were Mozart , Liszt , Alkan and Gounod . The piano , and specifically the pedal mechanism and stops underwent much experimentation during the formative years of the instrument , before finally arriving at the current pedal configuration . Banowetz states , `` These and a good number of other novelty pedal mechanisms eventually faded from existence as the piano grew to maturity in the latter part of the nineteenth century , finally leaving as survivors of this tortuous evolution only today 's basic three pedals '' . Location ( edit ) The location of pedals on the piano was another aspect of pedal development that fluctuated greatly during the evolution of the instrument . Piano builders were quite creative with their pedal placement on pianos , which sometimes gave the instruments a comical look , compared to what is usually seen today . The oldest surviving English grand , built by Backers in 1772 , and many Broadwood grands had two pedals , una corda and damper , which were attached to the legs on the left and right of the keyboard . James Parakilas describes this pedal location as giving the piano a `` pigeon - toed look '' , for they turned in slightly . A table piano built by Jean - Henri Pape in the mid-19th century had pedals on the two front legs of the piano , but unlike those on the Backers and Broadwood , these pedals faced straight in towards each other rather than out . A particularly unusual design is demonstrated in the `` Dog Kennel '' piano . It was built by Sebastien Mercer in 1831 , and was nicknamed the `` Dog Kennel '' piano because of its shape . Under the upright piano where the modern pedals would be located is a semi-circular hollow space where the feet of the player could rest . The una corda and damper pedals are at the left and right of this space , and face straight in , like the table piano pedals . Eventually during the 19th century , pedals were attached to a frame located centrally underneath the piano , to strengthen and stabilize the mechanism . According to Parakilas , this framework on the grand piano `` often took the symbolic shape and name of a lyre '' , and it still carries the name `` pedal lyre '' today . Recent development in pedal configuration ( edit ) See also : Innovations in the piano Although the piano and its pedal configuration has been in its current form since the late 19th century , there is a possibility that sometime in the future the pedal configuration may change again . In 1987 , the Fazioli piano company in Sacile , Italy , designed the longest piano made until this time ( 10 feet 2 inches ( 3.10 m ) ) . This piano has four pedals : damper , sostenuto , una corda , and half - blow . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Siepmann , J. ( 1996 ) . The Piano : The Complete Illustrated Guide to the World 's Most Popular Musical Instrument , Hal Leonard & Carlton Books , 17 . ^ Jump up to : Banowetz , J. ( 1985 ) . The Pianist 's Guide to Pedaling , Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 5 . ^ Jump up to : Parakilas , J. , et al. ( 1999 ) . Piano Roles : Three Hundred Years of Life with the Piano , New Haven and London : Yale University Press , 48 . ^ Jump up to : Gill , D. , ed. ( 1981 ) . The Book of the Piano , Ithaca : Cornell University Press , 27 . Jump up ^ Williams , J. ( 2002 ) . The Piano : An Inspirational Guide to the Piano and Its Place in History , New York : Billboard Books , 45 . ^ Jump up to : Good , E. ( 1982 ) . Giraffes , Black Dragons , and Other Pianos : A Technological History From Cristofori to the Modern Concert Grand , Stanford : Stanford University Press , 22 . Jump up ^ Good 1982 : 22 . ^ Jump up to : Crombie 1995 : 94 . Jump up ^ Williams 2002 : 26 . ^ Jump up to : Banowetz 1985 : 4 . Jump up ^ For a reference describing the lack of sostenuto pedals on European pianos as of 1982 , see Good 1982 : 22 . The websites of Bechstein , Bösendorfer , Petrof , and Fazioli as of 2015 all describe their top - of - the - line instruments as including the sostenuto , and for Grotrian it is an available option . Jump up ^ Good 1982 : 74 . ^ Jump up to : Good 1982 : 110 . ^ Jump up to : Banowetz 1985 : 5 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Banowetz 1985 : 6 Jump up ^ Crombie 1995 : 18 - 19 ) . Jump up ^ Crombie 1995 : 31 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 1981 : 248 . Jump up ^ Good 1982 : 111 - 112 ^ Jump up to : Dolge , Alfred . ( 1911 ) . Pianos and Their Makers : A Comprehensive History of Development of the Piano , New York : Dover Publications , 35 . Jump up ^ Crombie 1995 : 26 . ^ Jump up to : Good 1982 : 48 Jump up ^ Crombie , D. ( 1995 ) . Piano : A Photographic History of the World 's Most Celebrated Instrument , San Francisco : Miller Freeman Books , 19 . Jump up ^ Bie , O. ( 1899 ) . A History of the Pianoforte and Pianoforte Players , London : J.M. Dent & Sons , Ltd , 136 . ^ Jump up to : Williams 2002 : 35 . Jump up ^ Good 1982 : 62 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael . ( 1980 ) . The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music , 3rd ed. , New York : Oxford University Press , 598 . Jump up ^ Good 1982 : 40 - 42 . ^ Jump up to : Williams 2002 : 21 . Jump up ^ Good 1982 : 79 ) . Jump up ^ Williams 2002 : 36 . Jump up ^ Crombie 1995 : 37 - 38 . ^ Jump up to : Crombie 1995 : 36 . Jump up ^ Banowetz 1985 : 144 . Jump up ^ Banowetz 1985 : 143 - 144 . ^ Jump up to : Dolge 1911 : 191 . Jump up ^ Williams 2002 : 40 . Jump up ^ Banowetz 1985 : 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ Crombie 1995 : 42 . ( hide ) Musical keyboards and instruments Instruments Accordion Piano accordion Bowed clavier Carillon Celesta Clavichord Digital piano Electric piano Electronic keyboard Harmonichord Harpsichord Keytar Melodica Organ Hammond organ Pipe organ Pedal keyboard Orphica Piano Spinet Synthesizer Virginal Layouts Enharmonic keyboard Generalized keyboard Isomorphic keyboard Jankó keyboard Short octave Keys Frequencies Pedal keyboard Split sharp Pedals Expression Soft Sostenuto Sustain Pedal keyboard Construction Acoustics Innovations Wiring Aliquot Cross Maintenance Action Piano Technicians Guild Tuning Wrench Amplifiers , speakers Keyboard amplifier Leslie speaker Miscellaneous Prepared piano Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piano_pedals&oldid=833190145 '' Categories : Piano Pedals Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español עברית Nederlands Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 04 : 25 . 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what is difference between nace and non nace material			NACE International	nace international	NACE International is a not - for - profit professional organization for the corrosion control industry whose mission is to `` ( equip ) society to protect people , assets and the environment from the adverse effects of corrosion . ''	NACE was established in 1943 as the National Association of Corrosion Engineers . It is headquartered in Houston , Texas and offices in San Diego , California , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , Shanghai , China , São Paulo , Brazil , and Khobar , Saudi Arabia . NACE publishes the magazine Materials Performance and the journal CORROSION . NACE also publishes standard practice , test method , and material requirements standards for use by industry and other corrosion societies . Standing committees periodically review and update the standards every five years . The association hosts an annual conference and several regional meetings and conferences around the world . NACE International 's membership includes engineers , inspectors , technicians , scientists , business owners , executives , researchers , educators , students and others . The association is organized into four Areas in North America and four Global Areas . NACE International has 142 sections , including 33 student sections worldwide sponsor local programs to promote the exchange of corrosion information and education . Among NACE members , the main focus of activities includes cathodic protection , coatings for industry , inspection , corrosion testing , and material selection for specific chemical resistance . Contents 1 Training and Certification 2 Awards 3 Standards 4 External links 5 References Training and certification ( edit ) NACE provides certifications and training packages for members in the industry , which can be obtained through course work and exams , work experience , or education through an accredited university . NACE has training facilities in Houston and Dubai and offers courses via licensed partners globally . It also offers online training courses . Certifications are issued through the NACE International Institute . The organization 's certification programs include Cathodic Protection ( CP ) , Coating Inspector ( CIP ) , General Coatings , General Corrosion , Pipeline Industry , and a Specialty program that covers certifications for carbon steel , chemical treatments and many other areas . For each certification , candidates must complete one or more training courses , meet minimum experience requirements , or both . Then , candidates must pass a written or computer - based exam , and some certifications require a practical exam as well . Awards ( edit ) The Willis Rodney Whitney Award is given annually for significant contributions to corrosion science , such as the development or improvement of a theory that provides a more fundamental understanding of corrosion phenomena and / or the prevention of corrosion . Other current awards include R.A. Brannon Award - The signature honor recognizing service that helps promote NACE objectives . A.B. Campbell Award - Outstanding paper published in Materials Performance or CORROSION by an author age 35 or younger . CORROSION Best Paper Award - Outstanding paper published in a journal . T.J. Hull Award - Contributions in publications . Frank Newman Speller Award - Contributions in corrosion engineering . H.H. Uhlig Award - Contributions in corrosion education . Distinguished Organization Award - Contribution to corrosion science and / or engineering awarded to an organization . Distinguished Service Award - Outstanding service to NACE . Technical Achievement Award - Technical contributions in corrosion engineering . Fellow Honor - Distinguished contributions in corrosion prevention . Standards ( edit ) NACE publishes a variety of corrosion testing standards for many different applications , including TM - 01 - 69 for immersion corrosion and TM - 02 - 84 for hydrogen embrittlement . A complete list is available by pdf on the NACE website . The NACE Materials Requirements include the widely used MR0175 , which is focused on corrosion resistant materials for oil and gas applications , and MR0103 for Sulfide Stress Cracking in Corrosive Environments . External links ( edit ) NACE International Website ( 1 ) Rodney Whitney Award webpage . NACE Corrosion Tests Summary References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of NACE International '' . NACE International . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` About NACE International '' . NACE International . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` MATCOR 's Jeffrey L. Didas Elected NACE International President '' . NACE International . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications ( NACE Website ) '' . NACE International - The Corrosion Society . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NACE expands educational offerings '' . World Pipeline . WorldCat Identities BNF : cb157209061 ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 2111 6545 LCCN : n95091782 NLA : 36590302 VIAF : 126449998 This organization - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NACE_International&oldid=856651785 '' Categories : Corrosion prevention Engineering societies based in the United States Organizations established in 1943 Non-profit organizations based in Houston Organization stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 18 : 50 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACE%20International	107,997
who sang the story of my life first	The song became a 1957 hit for US country singer Marty Robbins , which peaked at number one on the US country chart for four weeks and reaching number fifteen on the Billboard Top 100 and number two on Australian Singles Chart .	Marty Robbins	The Story of My Life ( Marty Robbins song )	the story of my life ( marty robbins song )	`` The Story of My Life '' is a popular song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David , and published in 1957 .	Recordings ( edit ) The song became a 1957 hit for US country singer Marty Robbins , which peaked at number one on the US country chart for four weeks and reaching number fifteen on the Billboard Top 100 and number two on Australian Singles Chart . In the United Kingdom , a cover version recorded by Michael Holliday reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in February 1958 , before being replaced by Perry Como 's `` Magic Moments '' , also written by Bacharach and David . Gentleman Jim Reeves performed the song in 1957 during one of his hour radio shows broadcasting live on WSM ( AM ) from The National Insurance Building in Nashville Tennessee . Performing with the Anita Kerr singers he managed to forget the lyrics mid-song . Humorously requesting his music from announcer David Cobb , he recovered for the last refrain . These recordings were released in 2008 on `` I 'm a Hit Again '' . `` The Story of My Life '' was also recorded in 1958 by Alma Cogan , Guy Mitchell and Dave King . Billy J. Kramer also recorded a version of `` The story of my life '' on his 2013 CD `` I won the fight '' . Gary Miller also had a hit with it and it was also recorded by Terry Wogan . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 24 - The Music Men . ( Part 2 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 293 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits : Eighth Edition . Record Research . p. 532 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 81 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rice , Jo ( 1982 ) . The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits ( 1st ed . ) . Enfield , Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives Ltd . pp. 35 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 250 - 7 . Preceded by `` My Special Angel '' by Bobby Helms C&W Best Sellers in Stores number one single by Marty Robbins January 6 , 1958 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` Great Balls of Fire '' by Jerry Lee Lewis Preceded by `` Jailhouse Rock '' by Elvis Presley UK Singles Chart Number 1 single Michael Holliday 4 February 1958 for 2 weeks Succeeded by `` Magic Moments '' by Perry Como Marty Robbins Albums Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs Today The Performer Notable singles `` I 'll Go On Alone '' `` I Could n't Keep from Crying '' `` That 's All Right '' `` Maybellene '' `` Singing the Blues '' `` Knee Deep in the Blues '' `` A White Sport Coat '' `` The Story of My Life '' `` Just Married '' `` The Hanging Tree '' `` El Paso '' `` Big Iron '' `` Do n't Worry '' `` Devil Woman '' `` Ruby Ann '' `` Begging to You '' `` Ribbon of Darkness '' `` Tonight Carmen '' `` I Walk Alone '' `` It 's a Sin '' `` My Woman , My Woman , My Wife '' `` Laura ( What 's He Got That I Ai n't Got ) '' `` El Paso City '' `` Among My Souvenirs '' `` I Do n't Know Why ( I Just Do ) '' `` Return to Me '' `` Some Memories Just Wo n't Die '' `` Tie Your Dream to Mine '' Related articles Discography Columbia Records MCA Records Jeanne Pruett Book : Marty Robbins This 1950s single - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Story_of_My_Life_(Marty_Robbins_song)&oldid=801520092 '' Categories : 1957 singles 1958 singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Marty Robbins songs Songs with lyrics by Hal David Songs with music by Burt Bacharach UK Singles Chart number - one singles 1957 songs 1950s single stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 04 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Story%20of%20My%20Life%20%28Marty%20Robbins%20song%29	104,432
what does a muscle do when it contracts	Muscle contractions can be described based on two variables : length and tension . A muscle contraction is described as isometric if the muscle tension changes but the muscle length remains the same . In contrast , a muscle contraction is isotonic if muscle length changes but the muscle tension remains the same . If the muscle length shortens , the contraction is concentric ; if the muscle length lengthens , the contraction is eccentric . In natural movements that underlie locomotor activity , muscle contractions are multifaceted as they are able to produce changes in length and tension in a time - varying manner . Therefore , neither length nor tension is likely to remain the same in muscles that contract during locomotor activity .		Muscle contraction	muscle contraction	Muscle contraction is the activation of tension - generating sites within muscle fibers . In physiology , muscle contraction does not necessarily mean muscle shortening because muscle tension can be produced without changes in muscle length such as holding a heavy book or a dumbbell at the same position . The termination of muscle contraction is followed by muscle relaxation , which is a return of the muscle fibers to their low tension - generating state .	Muscle contractions can be described based on two variables : length and tension . A muscle contraction is described as isometric if the muscle tension changes but the muscle length remains the same . In contrast , a muscle contraction is isotonic if muscle length changes but the muscle tension remains the same . If the muscle length shortens , the contraction is concentric ; if the muscle length lengthens , the contraction is eccentric . In natural movements that underlie locomotor activity , muscle contractions are multifaceted as they are able to produce changes in length and tension in a time - varying manner . Therefore , neither length nor tension is likely to remain the same in muscles that contract during locomotor activity . In vertebrates , skeletal muscle contractions are neurogenic as they require synaptic input from motor neurons to produce muscle contractions . A single motor neuron is able to innervate multiple muscle fibers , thereby causing the fibers to contract at the same time . Once innervated , the protein filaments within each skeletal muscle fiber slide past each other to produce a contraction , which is explained by the sliding filament theory . The contraction produced can be described as a twitch , summation , or tetanus , depending on the frequency of action potentials . In skeletal muscles , muscle tension is at its greatest when the muscle is stretched to an intermediate length as described by the length - tension relationship . Unlike skeletal muscle , the contractions of smooth and cardiac muscles are myogenic ( meaning that they are initiated by the smooth or heart muscle cells themselves instead of being stimulated by an outside event such as nerve stimulation ) , although they can be modulated by stimuli from the autonomic nervous system . The mechanisms of contraction in these muscle tissues are similar to those in skeletal muscle tissues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 1.1 Isometric contraction 1.2 Isotonic contraction 1.2. 1 Concentric contraction 1.2. 2 Eccentric contraction 1.2. 2.1 Eccentric contractions in movement 2 Vertebrate animals 2.1 Skeletal muscle 2.1. 1 Neuromuscular junction 2.1. 2 Excitation - contraction coupling 2.1. 3 Sliding filament theory 2.1. 3.1 Crossbridge cycling 2.1. 4 Gradation of skeletal muscle contractions 2.1. 5 Length - tension relationship 2.1. 6 Force - velocity relationships 2.2 Smooth muscle 2.2. 1 Mechanisms of smooth muscle contraction 2.2. 2 Neuromodulation 2.3 Cardiac muscle 2.3. 1 Excitation - contraction coupling 3 Invertebrate animals 3.1 Circular and longitudinal muscles 3.2 Obliquely striated muscles 3.3 Asynchronous muscles 4 History 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Types ( edit ) Types of muscle contractions Muscle contractions can be described based on two variables : force and length . Force itself can be differentiated as either tension or load . Muscle tension is the force exerted by the muscle on an object whereas a load is the force exerted by an object on the muscle . When muscle tension changes without any corresponding changes in muscle length , the muscle contraction is described as isometric . If the muscle length changes while muscle tension remains the same , then the muscle contraction is isotonic . In an isotonic contraction , the muscle length can either shorten to produce a concentric contraction or lengthen to produce an eccentric contraction . Furthermore , if the muscle length shortens , the contraction is concentric . But if the muscle length lengthens , then the contraction is eccentric . In natural movements that underlie locomotor activity , muscle contractions are multifaceted as they are able to produce changes in length and tension in a time - varying manner . Therefore , neither length nor tension is likely to remain constant when the muscle is active during locomotor activity . Isometric contraction ( edit ) Main article : Isometric exercise An isometric contraction of a muscle generates tension without changing length . An example can be found when the muscles of the hand and forearm grip an object ; the joints of the hand do not move , but muscles generate sufficient force to prevent the object from being dropped . Isotonic contraction ( edit ) In isotonic contraction , the tension in the muscle remains constant despite a change in muscle length . This occurs when a muscle 's force of contraction matches the total load on the muscle . Concentric contraction ( edit ) In concentric contraction , muscle tension is sufficient to overcome the load , and the muscle shortens as it contracts . This occurs when the force generated by the muscle exceeds the load opposing its contraction . During a concentric contraction , a muscle is stimulated to contract according to the sliding filament theory . This occurs throughout the length of the muscle , generating a force at the origin and insertion , causing the muscle to shorten and changing the angle of the joint . In relation to the elbow , a concentric contraction of the biceps would cause the arm to bend at the elbow as the hand moved from the leg to the shoulder ( a biceps curl ) . A concentric contraction of the triceps would change the angle of the joint in the opposite direction , straightening the arm and moving the hand towards the leg . Eccentric contraction ( edit ) See also : Eccentric training In eccentric contraction , the tension generated is insufficient to overcome the external load on the muscle and the muscle fibers lengthen as they contract . Rather than working to pull a joint in the direction of the muscle contraction , the muscle acts to decelerate the joint at the end of a movement or otherwise control the repositioning of a load . This can occur involuntarily ( e.g. , when attempting to move a weight too heavy for the muscle to lift ) or voluntarily ( e.g. , when the muscle is ' smoothing out ' a movement ) . Over the short - term , strength training involving both eccentric and concentric contractions appear to increase muscular strength more than training with concentric contractions alone . However , exercise - induced muscle damage is also greater during lengthening contractions . During an eccentric contraction of the biceps muscle , the elbow starts the movement while bent and then straightens as the hand moves away from the shoulder . During an eccentric contraction of the triceps muscle , the elbow starts the movement straight and then bends as the hand moves towards the shoulder . Desmin , titin , and other z - line proteins are involved in eccentric contractions , but their mechanism is poorly understood in comparison to crossbridge cycling in concentric contractions . Though the muscle is doing a negative amount of mechanical work , ( work is being done on the muscle ) , chemical energy ( in fat , glucose or ATP ) is nevertheless consumed , although less than would be consumed during a concentric contraction of the same force . For example , one expends more energy going up a flight of stairs than going down the same flight . Muscles undergoing heavy eccentric loading suffer greater damage when overloaded ( such as during muscle building or strength training exercise ) as compared to concentric loading . When eccentric contractions are used in weight training , they are normally called negatives . During a concentric contraction , muscle fibers slide across each other , pulling the Z - lines together . During an eccentric contraction , the filaments slide past each other the opposite way , though the actual movement of the myosin heads during an eccentric contraction is not known . Exercise featuring a heavy eccentric load can actually support a greater weight ( muscles are approximately 40 % stronger during eccentric contractions than during concentric contractions ) and also results in greater muscular damage and delayed onset muscle soreness one to two days after training . Exercise that incorporates both eccentric and concentric muscular contractions ( i.e. , involving a strong contraction and a controlled lowering of the weight ) can produce greater gains in strength than concentric contractions alone . While unaccustomed heavy eccentric contractions can easily lead to overtraining , moderate training may confer protection against injury . Eccentric contractions in movement ( edit ) Eccentric contractions normally occur as a braking force in opposition to a concentric contraction to protect joints from damage . During virtually any routine movement , eccentric contractions assist in keeping motions smooth , but can also slow rapid movements such as a punch or throw . Part of training for rapid movements such as pitching during baseball involves reducing eccentric braking allowing a greater power to be developed throughout the movement . Eccentric contractions are being researched for their ability to speed rehabilitation of weak or injured tendons . Achilles tendinitis and patellar tendonitis ( also known as jumper 's knee or patellar tendonosis ) have been shown to benefit from high - load eccentric contractions . Vertebrate animals ( edit ) Main article : Muscle tissue In vertebrate animals , there are three types of muscle tissues : 1 ) skeletal , 2 ) smooth , and 3 ) cardiac In vertebrate animals , there are three types of muscle tissues : skeletal , smooth , and cardiac . Skeletal muscle constitutes the majority of muscle mass in the body and is responsible for locomotor activity . Smooth muscle forms blood vessels , gastrointestinal tract , and other areas in the body that produce sustained contractions . Cardiac muscle make up the heart , which pumps blood . Skeletal and cardiac muscles are called striated muscle because of their striped appearance under a microscope , which is due to the highly organized alternating pattern of A bands and I bands . Skeletal muscle ( edit ) Main article : Skeletal muscle Organization of skeletal muscle Excluding reflexes , all skeletal muscles contractions occur as a result of conscious effort originating in the brain . The brain sends electrochemical signals through the nervous system to the motor neuron that innervates several muscle fibers . In the case of some reflexes , the signal to contract can originate in the spinal cord through a feedback loop with the grey matter . Other actions such as locomotion , breathing , and chewing have a reflex aspect to them : the contractions can be initiated both consciously or unconsciously . Neuromuscular junction ( edit ) Structure of neuromuscular junction . A neuromuscular junction is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber . It is the site in which a motor neuron transmits a signal to a muscle fiber to initiate muscle contraction . The sequence of events that results in the depolarization of the muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential is initiated in the cell body of a motor neuron , which is then propagated by saltatory conduction along its axon toward the neuromuscular junction . Once it reaches the terminal bouton , the action potential causes a Ca 2 + ion influx into the terminal by way of the voltage - gated calcium channels . The Ca 2 + influx causes synaptic vesicles containing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to fuse with the plasma membrane , releasing acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft between the motor neuron terminal and the neuromuscular junction of the skeletal muscle fiber . Acetylcholine diffuses across the synapse and binds to and activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the neuromuscular junction . Activation of the nicotinic receptor opens its intrinsic sodium / potassium channel , causing sodium to rush in and potassium to trickle out . As a result , the sarcolemma reverses polarity and its voltage quickly jumps from the resting membrane potential of - 90mV to as high as + 75mV as sodium enters . The membrane potential then becomes hyperpolarized when potassium exits and is then adjusted back to the resting membrane potential . This rapid fluctuation is called the end - plate potential The voltage - gated ion channels of the sarcolemma next to the end plate open in response to the end plate potential . These voltage - gated channels are sodium and potassium specific and only allow one through . This wave of ion movements creates the action potential that spreads from the motor end plate in all directions . If action potentials stop arriving , then acetylcholine ceases to be released from the terminal bouton . The remaining acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is either degraded by active acetylcholine esterase or reabsorbed by the synaptic knob and none is left to replace the degraded acetylcholine . Excitation - contraction coupling ( edit ) Excitation -- contraction coupling is the process by which a muscular action potential in the muscle fiber causes the myofibrils to contract . In skeletal muscle , excitation -- contraction coupling relies on a direct coupling between key proteins , the sarcoplasmic reticulum ( SR ) calcium release channel ( identified as the ryanodine receptor , RyR ) and voltage - gated L - type calcium channels ( identified as dihydropyridine receptors , DHPRs ) . DHPRs are located on the sarcolemma ( which includes the surface sarcolemma and the transverse tubules ) , while the RyRs reside across the SR membrane . The close apposition of a transverse tubule and two SR regions containing RyRs is described as a triad and is predominantly where excitation -- contraction coupling takes place . Excitation -- contraction coupling occurs when depolarization of skeletal muscle cell results in a muscle action potential , which spreads across the cell surface and into the muscle fiber 's network of T - tubules , thereby depolarizing the inner portion of the muscle fiber . Depolarization of the inner portions activates dihydropyridine receptors in the terminal cisternae , which are in close proximity to ryanodine receptors in the adjacent sarcoplasmic reticulum . The activated dihydropyridine receptors physically interact with ryanodine receptors to activate them via foot processes ( involving conformational changes that allosterically activates the ryanodine receptors ) . As the ryanodine receptors open , Ca 2 + is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the local junctional space , which then diffuses into the bulk cytoplasm to cause a calcium spark . Note that the sarcoplasmic reticulum has a large calcium buffering capacity partially due to a calcium - binding protein called calsequestrin . The near synchronous activation of thousands of calcium sparks by the action potential causes a cell - wide increase in calcium giving rise to the upstroke of the calcium transient . The Ca 2 + released into the cytosol binds to Troponin C by the actin filaments , to allow crossbridge cycling , producing force and , in some situations , motion . The sarco / endoplasmic reticulum calcium - ATPase ( SERCA ) actively pumps Ca 2 + back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum . As Ca 2 + declines back to resting levels , the force declines and relaxation occurs . Sliding filament theory ( edit ) Main article : Sliding filament theory Sliding filament theory : A sarcomere in relaxed ( above ) and contracted ( below ) positions The sliding filament theory describes a process used by muscles to contract . It is a cycle of repetitive events that cause a thin filament to slide over a thick filament and generate tension in the muscle . It was independently developed by Andrew Huxley and Rolf Niedergerke and by Hugh Huxley and Jean Hanson in 1954 . Physiologically , this contraction is not uniform across the sarcomere ; the central position of the thick filaments becomes unstable and can shift during contraction . However the actions of elastic proteins such as titin are hypothesised to maintain uniform tension across the sarcomere and pull the thick filament into a central position . Crossbridge cycling ( edit ) Crossbridge cycling Crossbridge cycling is a sequence of molecular events that underlies the sliding filament theory . A crossbridge is a myosin projection , consisting of two myosin heads , that extends from the thick filaments . Each myosin head has two binding sites : one for ATP and another for actin . The binding of ATP to a myosin head detaches myosin from actin , thereby allowing myosin to bind to another actin molecule . Once attached , the ATP is hydrolyzed by myosin , which uses the released energy to move into the `` cocked position '' whereby it binds weakly to a part of the actin binding site . The remainder of the actin binding site is blocked by tropomyosin . With the ATP hydrolyzed , the cocked myosin head now contains ADP + P. Two Ca 2 + ions bind to troponin C on the actin filaments . The troponin - Ca 2 + complex causes tropomyosin to slide over and unblock the remainder of the actin binding site . Unblocking the rest of the actin binding sites allows the two myosin heads to close and myosin to bind strongly to actin . The myosin head then releases the inorganic phosphate and initiates a power stroke , which generates a force of 2 pN . The power stroke moves the actin filament inwards , thereby shortening the sarcomere . Myosin then releases ADP but still remains tightly bound to actin . At the end of the power stroke , ADP is released from the myosin head , leaving myosin attached to actin in a rigor state until another ATP binds to myosin . A lack of ATP would result in the rigor state characteristic of rigor mortis . Once another ATP binds to myosin , the myosin head will again detach from actin and another crossbridges cycle occurs . Crossbridge cycling is able to continue as long as there are sufficient amounts of ATP and Ca 2 + in the cytoplasm . Termination of crossbridge cycling can occur when Ca 2 + is actively pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum . When Ca 2 + is no longer present on the thin filament , the tropomyosin changes conformation back to its previous state so as to block the binding sites again . The myosin ceases binding to the thin filament , and the muscle relaxes . The Ca 2 + ions leave the troponin molecule in order to maintain the Ca 2 + ion concentration in the sarcoplasm . The active pumping of Ca 2 + ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum creates a deficiency in the fluid around the myofibrils . This causes the removal of Ca 2 + ions from the troponin . Thus , the tropomyosin - troponin complex again covers the binding sites on the actin filaments and contraction ceases . Gradation of skeletal muscle contractions ( edit ) Twitch Summation and tetanus Three types of skeletal muscle contractions The strength of skeletal muscle contractions can be broadly separated into twitch , summation , and tetanus . A twitch is a single contraction and relaxation cycle produced by an action potential within the muscle fiber itself . The time between a stimulus to the motor nerve and the subsequent contraction of the innervated muscle is called the latent period , which usually takes about 10 ms and is caused by the time taken for nerve action potential to propagate , the time for chemical transmission at the neuromuscular junction , then the subsequent steps in excitation - contraction coupling . If another muscle action potential were to be produced before the complete relaxation of a muscle twitch , then the next twitch will simply sum onto the previous twitch , thereby producing a summation . Summation can be achieved in two ways : frequency summation and multiple fiber summation . In frequency summation , the force exerted by the skeletal muscle is controlled by varying the frequency at which action potentials are sent to muscle fibers . Action potentials do not arrive at muscles synchronously , and , during a contraction , some fraction of the fibers in the muscle will be firing at any given time . In a typical circumstance , when a human is exerting a muscle as hard as he / she is consciously able , roughly one - third of the fibers in that muscle will be firing at once , though this ratio can be affected by various physiological and psychological factors ( including Golgi tendon organs and Renshaw cells ) . This ' low ' level of contraction is a protective mechanism to prevent avulsion of the tendon -- the force generated by a 95 % contraction of all fibers is sufficient to damage the body . In multiple fiber summation , if the central nervous system sends a weak signal to contract a muscle , the smaller motor units , being more excitable than the larger ones , are stimulated first . As the strength of the signal increases , more motor units are excited in addition to larger ones , with the largest motor units having as much as 50 times the contractile strength as the smaller ones . As more and larger motor units are activated , the force of muscle contraction becomes progressively stronger . A concept known as the size principle , allows for a gradation of muscle force during weak contraction to occur in small steps , which then become progressively larger when greater amounts of force are required . Finally , if the frequency of muscle action potentials increases such that the muscle contraction reaches its peak force and plateaus at this level , then the contraction is a tetanus . Length - tension relationship ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Hill 's muscle model . Muscle length versus isometric force Length - tension relationship relates the strength of an isometric contraction to the length of the muscle at which the contraction occurs . Muscles operate with greatest active tension when close to an ideal length ( often their resting length ) . When stretched or shortened beyond this ( whether due to the action of the muscle itself or by an outside force ) , the maximum active tension generated decreases . This decrease is minimal for small deviations , but the tension drops off rapidly as the length deviates further from the ideal . Due to the presence of elastic proteins within a muscle cell ( such as titin ) and extracellular matrix , as the muscle is stretched beyond a given length , there is an entirely passive tension , which opposes lengthening . Combined together , there is a strong resistance to lengthening an active muscle far beyond the peak of active tension . Force - velocity relationships ( edit ) Force -- velocity relationship : right of the vertical axis concentric contractions ( the muscle is shortening ) , left of the axis eccentric contractions ( the muscle is lengthened under load ) ; power developed by the muscle in red . Force -- velocity relationship relates the speed at which a muscle changes its length ( usually regulated by external forces , such as load or other muscles ) to the amount of force that it generates . Force declines in a hyperbolic fashion relative to the isometric force as the shortening velocity increases , eventually reaching zero at some maximum velocity . The reverse holds true for when the muscle is stretched -- force increases above isometric maximum , until finally reaching an absolute maximum . This has strong implications for the rate at which muscles can perform mechanical work ( power ) . Since power is equal to force times velocity , the muscle generates no power at either isometric force ( due to zero velocity ) or maximal velocity ( due to zero force ) . Instead , the optimal shortening velocity for power generation is approximately one - third of maximum shortening velocity . These two fundamental properties of muscle have numerous biomechanical consequences , including limiting running speed , strength , and jumping distance and height . Smooth muscle ( edit ) Main article : Smooth muscle tissue Swellings called varicosities belonging to an autonomic neuron innervate the smooth muscle cells . Smooth muscles can be divided into two subgroups : single - unit ( unitary ) and multi-unit . Single - unit smooth muscle cells can be found in the gut and blood vessels . Because these cells are linked together by gap junctions , they are able to contract as a syncytium . Single - unit smooth muscle cells contract myogenically , which can be modulated by the autonomic nervous system . Unlike single - unit smooth muscle cells , multi-unit smooth muscle cells are found in the muscle of the eye and in the base of hair follicles . Multi-unit smooth muscle cells contract by being separately stimulated by nerves of the autonomic nervous system . As such , they allow for fine control and gradual responses , much like motor unit recruitment in skeletal muscle . Mechanisms of smooth muscle contraction ( edit ) Smooth muscle contractions Sliding filaments in contracted and uncontracted states The contractile activity of smooth muscle cells is influenced by multiple inputs such as spontaneous electrical activity , neural and hormonal inputs , local changes in chemical composition , and stretch . This is in contrast to the contractile activity of skeletal muscle cells , which relies on a single neural input . Some types of smooth muscle cells are able to generate their own action potentials spontaneously , which usually occur following a pacemaker potential or a slow wave potential . These action potentials are generated by the influx of extracellular Ca 2 + , and not Na + . Like skeletal muscles , cytosolic Ca 2 + ions are also required for crossbridge cycling in smooth muscle cells . The two sources for cytosolic Ca 2 + in smooth muscle cells are the extracellular Ca 2 + entering through calcium channels and the Ca 2 + ions that are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum . The elevation of cytosolic Ca 2 + results in more Ca 2 + binding to calmodulin , which then binds and activates myosin light - chain kinase . The calcium - calmodulin - myosin light - chain kinase complex phosphorylates myosin on the 20 kilodalton ( kDa ) myosin light chains on amino acid residue - serine 19 , initiating contraction and activating the myosin ATPase . Unlike skeletal muscle cells , smooth muscle cells lack troponin , even though they contain the thin filament protein tropomyosin and other notable proteins -- caldesmon and calponin . Thus , smooth muscle contractions are initiated by the Ca 2 + - activated phosphorylation of myosin rather than Ca 2 + binding to the troponin complex that regulates myosin binding sites on actin like in skeletal and cardiac muscles . Termination of crossbridge cycling ( and leaving the muscle in latch - state ) occurs when myosin light chain phosphatase removes the phosphate groups from the myosin heads . Phosphorylation of the 20 kDa myosin light chains correlates well with the shortening velocity of smooth muscle . During this period , there is a rapid burst of energy utilization as measured by oxygen consumption . Within a few minutes of initiation , the calcium level markedly decreases , the 20 kDa myosin light chains ' phosphorylation decreases , and energy utilization decreases ; however , force in tonic smooth muscle is maintained . During contraction of muscle , rapidly cycling crossbridges form between activated actin and phosphorylated myosin , generating force . It is hypothesized that the maintenance of force results from dephosphorylated `` latch - bridges '' that slowly cycle and maintain force . A number of kinases such as rho kinase , ZIP kinase , and protein kinase C are believed to participate in the sustained phase of contraction , and Ca 2 + flux may be significant . Neuromodulation ( edit ) Although smooth muscle contractions are myogenic , the rate and strength of their contractions can be modulated by the autonomic nervous system . Postganglionic nerve fibers of parasympathetic nervous system release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine , which binds to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors ( mAChRs ) on smooth muscle cells . These receptors are metabotropic , or G - protein coupled receptors that initiate a second messenger cascade . Conversely , postganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic nervous system release the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine , which bind to adrenergic receptors that are also metabotropic . The exact effects on the smooth muscle depend on the specific characteristics of the receptor activated -- both parasympathetic input and sympathetic input can be either excitatory ( contractile ) or inhibitory ( relaxing ) . Cardiac muscle ( edit ) Main article : Cardiac muscle Cardiac muscle There are two types of cardiac muscle cells : autorhythmic and contractile . Autorhythmic muscle cells do not contract , but instead set the pace of contraction for other cardiac muscle cells , which can be modulated by the autonomic nervous system . In contrast , contractile muscle cells constitute the majority of the heart muscle and are able to contract . Excitation - contraction coupling ( edit ) Unlike skeletal muscle , excitation -- contraction coupling in cardiac muscle is thought to depend primarily on a mechanism called calcium - induced calcium release . Though the proteins involved are similar , the DHPR and RyR ( type 2 ) are not physically coupled . Instead , RyRs are activated by a calcium trigger , which is brought about by the activation of DHPRs . Further , cardiac muscle tend to exhibit diad ( or dyad ) structures , rather than triads . Excitation - contraction coupling in cardiac muscle cells occurs when an action potential is initiated by pacemaker cells in the Sinoatrial node or Atrioventricular node and conducted to all cells in the heart via gap junctions . The action potential travels along the surface membrane into T - tubules ( the latter are not seen in all cardiac cell types ) and the depolarisation causes extracellular Ca 2 + to enter the cell via L - type calcium channels and possibly sodium - calcium exchanger during the early part of the plateau phase . This Ca 2 + influx causes a small local increase in intracellular Ca 2 + . The increase in Ca 2 + is detected by ryanodine receptors in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum which releases Ca 2 + in a positive feedback physiological response . This positive feedback is known as calcium - induced calcium release and gives rise to calcium sparks ( Ca 2 + sparks ) . The spatial and temporal summation of ~ 30,000 Ca 2 + sparks gives a cell - wide increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration . The cytoplasmic calcium binds to Troponin C , moving the tropomyosin complex off the actin binding site allowing the myosin head to bind to the actin filament . From this point on , the contractile mechanism is essentially the same as for skeletal muscle ( above ) . Briefly , using ATP hydrolysis , the myosin head pulls the actin filament toward the centre of the sarcomere . Intracellular calcium is taken up by the sarco / endoplasmic reticulum ATPase pump back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum ready for the next cycle to begin . Calcium is also ejected from the cell mainly by the sodium - calcium exchanger and , to a lesser extent , a plasma membrane calcium ATPase and / or taken up by the mitochondria . An enzyme , phospholamban , serves as a brake for the ATPase . At low heart rates , phospholamban is active and slows down the activity of the ATPase so that Ca 2 + does not have to leave the cell entirely . At high heart rates , phospholamban is phosphorylated and deactivated thus removing most Ca 2 + from the cell back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum . This allows the heart muscles to relax to allow for ventricular filling . Intracellular calcium concentration drops and troponin complex returns over the active site of the actin filament , ending contraction . Invertebrate animals ( edit ) Circular and longitudinal muscles ( edit ) A simplified image showing earthworm movement via peristalsis In annelids such as earthworms and leeches , circular and longitudinal muscles cells form the body wall of these animals and are responsible for their movement . In an earthworm that is moving through a soil , for example , contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles occur reciprocally while the coelomic fluid serves as a hydroskeleton by maintaining turgidity of the earthworm . When the circular muscles in the anterior segments contract , the anterior portion of animal 's body begins to constrict radially , which pushes the incompressible coelomic fluid forward and increasing the length of the animal . As a result , the front end of the animal moves forward . As the front end of the earthworm becomes anchored and the circular muscles in the anterior segments become relaxed , a wave of longitudinal muscle contractions passes backwards , which pulls the rest of animal 's trailing body forward . These alternating waves of circular and longitudinal contractions is called peristalsis , which underlies the creeping movement of earthworms . Obliquely striated muscles ( edit ) Invertebrates such as annelids , mollusks , and nematodes , possess obliquely striated muscles , which contain bands of thick and thin filaments that are arranged helically rather than transversely , like in vertebrate skeletal or cardiac muscles . In bivalves , the obliquely striated muscles can maintain tension over long periods without using too much energy . Bivalves use these muscles to keep their shells closed . Asynchronous muscles ( edit ) Main article : Asynchronous muscles Further information : Insect wing § Muscles Advanced insects such as wasps , flies , bees , and beetles possess asynchronous muscles that constitute the flight muscles in these animals . These flight muscles are often called fibrillar muscles because they contain myofibrils that are thick and conspicuous . A remarkable feature of these muscles is that they do not require stimulation for each muscle contraction . Hence , they are called asynchronous muscles because the number of contractions in these muscles do not correspond ( or synchronize ) with the number of action potentials . For example , a wing muscle of a tethered fly may receive action potentials at a frequency of 3 Hz but it is able to beat at a frequency of 120 Hz . The high frequency beating is made possible because the muscles are connected to a resonant system , which is driven to a natural frequency of vibration . History ( edit ) Electrodes touch a frog , and the legs twitch into the upward position In 1780 , Luigi Galvani discovered that the muscles of dead frogs ' legs twitched when struck by an electrical spark . This was one of the first forays into the study of bioelectricity , a field that still studies the electrical patterns and signals in tissues such as nerves and muscles . In 1952 , the term excitation -- contraction coupling was coined to describe the physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a mechanical response . This process is fundamental to muscle physiology , whereby the electrical stimulus is usually an action potential and the mechanical response is contraction . Excitation -- contraction coupling can be dysregulated in many diseases. Though excitation -- contraction coupling has been known for over half a century , it is still an active area of biomedical research . The general scheme is that an action potential arrives to depolarize the cell membrane . By mechanisms specific to the muscle type , this depolarization results in an increase in cytosolic calcium that is called a calcium transient . This increase in calcium activates calcium - sensitive contractile proteins that then use ATP to cause cell shortening . The mechanism for muscle contraction evaded scientists for years and requires continued research and updating . The sliding filament theory was independently developed by Andrew F. Huxley and Rolf Niedergerke and by Hugh Huxley and Jean Hanson . Their findings were published as two consecutive papers published in the 22 May 1954 issue of Nature under the common theme `` Structural Changes in Muscle During Contraction '' . See also ( edit ) Anatomical terms of motion calcium - induced calcium release Cardiac action potential Cramp Dystonia Exercise physiology Fasciculation Hill 's muscle model Hypnic jerk In vitro muscle testing Lombard 's paradox Myoclonus Rigor mortis Spasm Uterine contraction References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Widmaier , Eric P. ; Raff , Hersel ; Strang , Kevin T. ( 2010 ) . `` Muscle '' . Vander 's Human Physiology : The Mechanisms of Body Function ( 12th ed . ) . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . pp. 250 -- 291 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 98122 - 7 . 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Anatomy & Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function . 7th ed . New York : McGraw - Hill Education , 2015 . Print . Jump up ^ Sandow A ( 1952 ) . `` Excitation - Contraction Coupling in Muscular Response '' . Yale J Biol Med. 25 ( 3 ) : 176 -- 201 . PMC 2599245 . PMID 13015950 . Jump up ^ Saladin , Kenneth ( 2012 ) . Anatomy and Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function . New York : McGraw Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 337825 - 1 . Jump up ^ Huxley AF , Niedergerke R ( 1954 ) . `` Structural Changes in Muscle During Contraction : Interference Microscopy of Living Muscle Fibres '' . Nature . 173 ( 4412 ) : 971 -- 973 . Bibcode : 1954Natur. 173 ... 971H . PMID 13165697 . doi : 10.1038 / 173971a0 . Jump up ^ Huxley H , Hanson J ( 1954 ) . `` Changes in the cross-striations of muscle during contraction and stretch and their structural interpretation '' . Nature . 173 ( 4412 ) : 973 -- 976 . Bibcode : 1954Natur. 173 ... 973H . PMID 13165698 . doi : 10.1038 / 173973a0 . Jump up ^ Horowits R , Podolsky RJ ( November 1987 ) . `` The positional stability of thick filaments in activated skeletal muscle depends on sarcomere length : evidence for the role of titin filaments . '' . J Cell Biol. 105 ( 5 ) : 2217 -- 23 . PMC 2114850 . PMID 3680378 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 105.5. 2217 . ^ Jump up to : Enoka , Roger M. ; Pearson , Keir G. ( 2013 ) . `` The motor unit and muscle action '' . In Eric R. Kandel ; James H. Schwartz ; Thomas M. Jessell ; Steven A. Siegelbaum ; A.J. Hudspeth . Principles of Neural Science ( 5th ed . ) . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill Medical . pp. 768 -- 789 . ISBN 0 - 071 - 39011 - 1 . Jump up ^ Feher , Joseph ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 3.4 : Skeletal muscle mechanics '' . Quantitative Human Physiology : An Introduction . Academic Press Series in Biomedical Engineering ( 1st ed . ) . New York , NY : Academic Press . pp. 239 -- 248 . ISBN 0 - 123 - 82163 - 0 . Jump up ^ Khurana , Indu ( 2006 ) . `` Characteristics of muscle excitability and contractility '' . Textbook Of Medical Physiology ( 1st ed . ) . Elsevier . pp. 101 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Shwedyk , E. ; Balasubramanian , R. ; Scott , R.N. ( 1977 ) . `` A nonstationary model for the Electromyogram '' . IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering . 24 ( 5 ) : 417 -- 424 . doi : 10.1109 / TBME. 1977.326175 . Jump up ^ Gordon AM , Huxley AF , Julian FJ ( 1966 ) . `` The variation in isometric tension with sarcomere length in vertebrate muscle fibres '' . J. Physiol. 184 ( 1 ) : 170 -- 92 . PMC 1357553 . PMID 5921536 . doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 1966. sp007909 . ^ Jump up to : Fabiato , A. ( 1983 ) . `` Calcium - induced calcium release from the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum '' . American Journal of Physiology. 245 ( 1 ) : C1 -- 14 . PMID 6346892 . Jump up ^ Cheng H , Lederer WJ , Cannell MB ( October 1993 ) . `` Calcium sparks : elementary events underlying excitation - contraction coupling in heart muscle '' . Science . 262 ( 5134 ) : 740 -- 4 . Bibcode : 1993Sci ... 262 ... 740C . PMID 8235594 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 8235594 . Jump up ^ Cannell MB , Cheng H , Lederer WJ ( November 1994 ) . `` Spatial non-uniformities in Ca 2 + i during excitation - contraction coupling in cardiac myocytes `` . Biophys . J. 67 ( 5 ) : 1942 -- 56 . Bibcode : 1994BpJ ... 67.1942 C. PMC 1225569 . PMID 7858131 . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 3495 ( 94 ) 80677 - 0 . Jump up ^ Crespo LM , Grantham CJ , Cannell MB ( June 1990 ) . `` Kinetics , stoichiometry and role of the Na - Ca exchange mechanism in isolated cardiac myocytes '' . Nature . 345 ( 6276 ) : 618 -- 21 . Bibcode : 1990Natur. 345 ... 618C . PMID 2348872 . doi : 10.1038 / 345618a0 . ^ Jump up to : Hillis , David M. ; Sadava , David E. ; Price , Mary V. ( 2014 ) . `` Muscle and movement '' . Principles of Life ( 2nd ed . ) . Sunderland , MA : Sinauer Associates . pp. 681 -- 698 . ISBN 1 - 464 - 10947 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Gardner , C.R. ( 1976 ) . `` The neuronal control of locomotion in the earthworm '' . Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society . 51 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 52 . PMID 766843 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , R. McNeill ( 2003 ) . `` Muscle , the motor '' . Principles of Animal Locomotion ( 2nd ed . ) . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . pp. 15 -- 37 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12634 - 8 . Jump up ^ Josephson , R.K. ; Malamud , J.G. ; Stokes , D.R. ( 2000 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Asynchronous muscle : a primer '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 203 ( 18 ) : 2713 -- 2722 . ISSN 0022 - 0949 . PMID 10952872 . Jump up ^ David Ames Wells , The science of common things : a familiar explanation of the first , 323 pages ( page 290 ) Jump up ^ Whittaker , E.T. ( 1951 ) , A history of the theories of aether and electricity . Vol 1 , Nelson , London Jump up ^ Sandow A ( 1952 ) . `` Excitation - Contraction Coupling in Muscular Response '' . Yale J Biol Med. 25 ( 3 ) : 176 -- 201 . PMC 2599245 . PMID 13015950 . Jump up ^ Huxley , H.E. ( April 2000 ) . `` Past , Present and Future Experiments on Muscle '' . Philosophical Transactions : Biological Sciences . 355 ( 1396 ) : 539 -- 543 . JSTOR . 3066716 ... doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2000.0595 . Jump up ^ Huxley AF , Niedergerke R ( 1954 ) . `` Structural Changes in Muscle During Contraction : Interference Microscopy of Living Muscle Fibres '' . Nature . 173 ( 4412 ) : 971 -- 973 . Bibcode : 1954Natur. 173 ... 971H . PMID 13165697 . doi : 10.1038 / 173971a0 . Jump up ^ Huxley H , Hanson J ( 1954 ) . `` Changes in the cross-striations of muscle during contraction and stretch and their structural interpretation '' . Nature . 173 ( 4412 ) : 973 -- 976 . Bibcode : 1954Natur. 173 ... 973H . PMID 13165698 . doi : 10.1038 / 173973a0 . Further reading ( edit ) Saladin , Kenneth S. , Stephen J. Sullivan , and Christina A. Gan. ( 2015 ) . Anatomy & Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function . 7th ed . New York : McGraw - Hill Education . Krans , J.L. ( 2010 ) The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction . Nature Education 3 ( 9 ) : 66 External links ( edit ) Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction Animation : Myofilament Contraction ( show ) Muscular system Tissue Muscle tissue Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Fascia Superficial Deep Visceral Fascial compartment Tendon / Aponeurosis Shape Fusiform Pennate muscle Unipennate Bipennate Other Anatomical terms of muscle Origin Insertion List of muscles of the human body Composite muscle ( show ) Physiology of muscles Exertion Exercise Movement Eye movement Gait Locomotion Other Hand strength Muscle tone Muscle contraction Isometric Isotonic Uterine contraction End - plate potential Myogenesis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muscle_contraction&oldid=797507894 '' Categories : Exercise physiology Muscular system Skeletal muscle Musculoskeletal system Neurology Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia العربية Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 13 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle%20contraction	3,465
what type of bus does pci express use	PCI Express ( Peripheral Component Interconnect Express ) , officially abbreviated as PCIe or PCI - e , is a high - speed serial computer expansion bus standard , designed to replace the older PCI , PCI - X , and AGP bus standards . PCIe has numerous improvements over the older standards , including higher maximum system bus throughput , lower I / O pin count and smaller physical footprint , better performance scaling for bus devices , a more detailed error detection and reporting mechanism ( Advanced Error Reporting , AER ) , and native hot - plug functionality . More recent revisions of the PCIe standard provide hardware support for I / O virtualization .	serial computer expansion bus standard	PCI Express	pci express	PCI Express ( Peripheral Component Interconnect Express ) , officially abbreviated as PCIe or PCI - e , is a high - speed serial computer expansion bus standard , designed to replace the older PCI , PCI - X , and AGP bus standards . PCIe has numerous improvements over the older standards , including higher maximum system bus throughput , lower I / O pin count and smaller physical footprint , better performance scaling for bus devices , a more detailed error detection and reporting mechanism ( Advanced Error Reporting , AER ) , and native hot - plug functionality . More recent revisions of the PCIe standard provide hardware support for I / O virtualization .	The PCI Express electrical interface is also used in a variety of other standards , most notably the laptop expansion card interface ExpressCard and computer storage interfaces SATA Express and M. 2 . Format specifications are maintained and developed by the PCI - SIG ( PCI Special Interest Group ) , a group of more than 900 companies that also maintain the conventional PCI specifications . PCIe 3.0 is the latest standard for expansion cards that are in production and available on mainstream personal computers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Architecture 1.1 Interconnect 1.2 Lane 1.3 Serial bus 2 Form factors 2.1 PCI Express ( standard ) 2.1. 1 Pinout 2.1. 2 Power 2.2 PCI Express Mini Card 2.2. 1 Physical dimensions 2.2. 2 Electrical interface 2.2. 3 Mini-SATA ( mSATA ) variant 2.2. 4 Mini PCIe v2 2.3 PCI Express External Cabling 2.4 Derivative forms 3 History and revisions 3.1 PCI Express 1.0 a 3.2 PCI Express 1.1 3.3 PCI Express 2.0 3.4 PCI Express 2.1 3.5 PCI Express 3.0 3.6 PCI Express 3.1 3.7 PCI Express 4.0 3.8 PCI Express 5.0 3.9 Extensions and future directions 4 Hardware protocol summary 4.1 Physical layer 4.1. 1 Data transmission 4.2 Data link layer 4.3 Transaction layer 5 Applications 5.1 External GPUs 5.2 Storage devices 5.3 Cluster interconnect 6 Competing protocols 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Architecture ( edit ) An example of the PCI Express topology ; white `` junction boxes '' represent PCI Express device downstream ports , while the gray ones represent upstream ports . A PCI Express × 1 card containing a PCI Express switch ( covered by a small heat sink ) , which creates multiple endpoints out of one endpoint and allows it to be shared by multiple devices Conceptually , the PCI Express bus is a high - speed serial replacement of the older PCI / PCI - X bus . One of the key differences between the PCI Express bus and the older PCI is the bus topology ; PCI uses a shared parallel bus architecture , in which the PCI host and all devices share a common set of address , data and control lines . In contrast , PCI Express is based on point - to - point topology , with separate serial links connecting every device to the root complex ( host ) . Due to its shared bus topology , access to the older PCI bus is arbitrated ( in the case of multiple masters ) , and limited to one master at a time , in a single direction . Furthermore , the older PCI clocking scheme limits the bus clock to the slowest peripheral on the bus ( regardless of the devices involved in the bus transaction ) . In contrast , a PCI Express bus link supports full - duplex communication between any two endpoints , with no inherent limitation on concurrent access across multiple endpoints . In terms of bus protocol , PCI Express communication is encapsulated in packets . The work of packetizing and de-packetizing data and status - message traffic is handled by the transaction layer of the PCI Express port ( described later ) . Radical differences in electrical signaling and bus protocol require the use of a different mechanical form factor and expansion connectors ( and thus , new motherboards and new adapter boards ) ; PCI slots and PCI Express slots are not interchangeable . At the software level , PCI Express preserves backward compatibility with PCI ; legacy PCI system software can detect and configure newer PCI Express devices without explicit support for the PCI Express standard , though new PCI Express features are inaccessible . The PCI Express link between two devices can consist of anywhere from one to 32 lanes . In a multi-lane link , the packet data is striped across lanes , and peak data throughput scales with the overall link width . The lane count is automatically negotiated during device initialization , and can be restricted by either endpoint . For example , a single - lane PCI Express ( × 1 ) card can be inserted into a multi-lane slot ( × 4 , × 8 , etc . ) , and the initialization cycle auto - negotiates the highest mutually supported lane count . The link can dynamically down - configure itself to use fewer lanes , providing a failure tolerance in case bad or unreliable lanes are present . The PCI Express standard defines slots and connectors for multiple widths : × 1 , × 4 , × 8 , × 12 , × 16 and × 32 . This allows the PCI Express bus to serve both cost - sensitive applications where high throughput is not needed , as well as performance - critical applications such as 3D graphics , networking ( 10 Gigabit Ethernet or multiport Gigabit Ethernet ) , and enterprise storage ( SAS or Fibre Channel ) . As a point of reference , a PCI - X ( 133 MHz 64 - bit ) device and a PCI Express 1.0 device using four lanes ( × 4 ) have roughly the same peak single - direction transfer rate of 1064 MB / s . The PCI Express bus has the potential to perform better than the PCI - X bus in cases where multiple devices are transferring data simultaneously , or if communication with the PCI Express peripheral is bidirectional . Interconnect ( edit ) A PCI Express link between two devices consists of one or more lanes , which are dual simplex channels using two differential signaling pairs . PCI Express devices communicate via a logical connection called an interconnect or link . A link is a point - to - point communication channel between two PCI Express ports allowing both of them to send and receive ordinary PCI requests ( configuration , I / O or memory read / write ) and interrupts ( INTx , MSI or MSI - X ) . At the physical level , a link is composed of one or more lanes . Low - speed peripherals ( such as an 802.11 Wi - Fi card ) use a single - lane ( × 1 ) link , while a graphics adapter typically uses a much wider and faster 16 - lane link . Lane ( edit ) A lane is composed of two differential signaling pairs , with one pair for receiving data and the other for transmitting . Thus , each lane is composed of four wires or signal traces . Conceptually , each lane is used as a full - duplex byte stream , transporting data packets in eight - bit `` byte '' format simultaneously in both directions between endpoints of a link . Physical PCI Express links may contain from one to 32 lanes , more precisely 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 12 , 16 or 32 lanes . Lane counts are written with an `` × '' prefix ( for example , `` × 8 '' represents an eight - lane card or slot ) , with × 16 being the largest size in common use . For mechanical card sizes , see below . Serial bus ( edit ) The bonded serial bus architecture was chosen over the traditional parallel bus due to inherent limitations of the latter , including half - duplex operation , excess signal count , and inherently lower bandwidth due to timing skew . Timing skew results from separate electrical signals within a parallel interface traveling through conductors of different lengths , on potentially different printed circuit board ( PCB ) layers , and at possibly different signal velocities . Despite being transmitted simultaneously as a single word , signals on a parallel interface have different travel duration and arrive at their destinations at different times . When the interface clock period is shorter than the largest time difference between signal arrivals , recovery of the transmitted word is no longer possible . Since timing skew over a parallel bus can amount to a few nanoseconds , the resulting bandwidth limitation is in the range of hundreds of megahertz . A serial interface does not exhibit timing skew because there is only one differential signal in each direction within each lane , and there is no external clock signal since clocking information is embedded within the serial signal itself . As such , typical bandwidth limitations on serial signals are in the multi-gigahertz range . PCI Express is one example of the general trend toward replacing parallel buses with serial interconnects ; other examples include Serial ATA ( SATA ) , USB , Serial Attached SCSI ( SAS ) , FireWire ( IEEE 1394 ) , and RapidIO . In digital video , examples in common use are DVI , HDMI and DisplayPort . Multichannel serial design increases flexibility with its ability to allocate fewer lanes for slower devices . Form factors ( edit ) PCI Express ( standard ) ( edit ) Various slots on a computer motherboard , from top to bottom : PCI Express × 4 PCI Express × 16 PCI Express × 1 PCI Express × 16 Legacy PCI ( 32 - bit , 5 V ) A PCI Express card fits into a slot of its physical size or larger ( with × 16 as the largest used ) , but may not fit into a smaller PCI Express slot ; for example , a × 16 card may not fit into a × 4 or × 8 slot . Some slots use open - ended sockets to permit physically longer cards and negotiate the best available electrical and logical connection . The number of lanes actually connected to a slot may also be fewer than the number supported by the physical slot size . An example is a × 16 slot that runs at × 4 , which will accept any × 1 , × 2 , × 4 , × 8 or × 16 card , but provides only four lanes . Its specification may read as `` × 16 ( × 4 mode ) '' , while `` × size @ × speed '' notation ( `` × 16 @ × 4 '' ) is also common . The advantage is that such slots can accommodate a larger range of PCI Express cards without requiring motherboard hardware to support the full transfer rate . Standard mechanical sizes are × 1 , × 4 , × 8 , and × 16 . Cards with a differing number of lanes need to use the next larger mechanical size ( ie . a × 2 card uses the × 4 size , or a × 12 card uses the × 16 size ) . The cards themselves are designed and manufactured in various sizes . For example , solid - state drives ( SSDs ) that come in the form of PCI Express cards often use HHHL ( half height , half length ) and FHHL ( full height , half length ) to describe the physical dimensions of the card . Pinout ( edit ) The following table identifies the conductors on each side of the edge connector on a PCI Express card . The solder side of the printed circuit board ( PCB ) is the A side , and the component side is the B side . PRSNT1 # and PRSNT2 # pins must be slightly shorter than the rest , to ensure that a hot - plugged card is fully inserted . The WAKE # pin uses full voltage to wake the computer , but must be pulled high from the standby power to indicate that the card is wake capable . PCI Express connector pinout ( × 1 , × 4 , × 8 and × 16 variants ) Pin Side B Side A Description Pin Side B Side A Description + 12 V PRSNT1 # Must connect to farthest PRSNT2 # pin 50 HSOp ( 8 ) Reserved Lane 8 transmit data , + and − + 12 V + 12 V Main power pins 51 HSOn ( 8 ) Ground + 12 V + 12 V 52 Ground HSIp ( 8 ) Lane 8 receive data , + and − Ground Ground 53 Ground HSIn ( 8 ) 5 SMCLK TCK SMBus and JTAG port pins 54 HSOp ( 9 ) Ground Lane 9 transmit data , + and − 6 SMDAT TDI 55 HSOn ( 9 ) Ground 7 Ground TDO 56 Ground HSIp ( 9 ) Lane 9 receive data , + and − 8 + 3.3 V TMS 57 Ground HSIn ( 9 ) 9 TRST # + 3.3 V 58 HSOp ( 10 ) Ground Lane 10 transmit data , + and − 10 + 3.3 V aux + 3.3 V Standby power 59 HSOn ( 10 ) Ground 11 WAKE # PERST # Link reactivation ; fundamental reset 60 Ground HSIp ( 10 ) Lane 10 receive data , + and − Key notch 61 Ground HSIn ( 10 ) 12 CLKREQ # Ground Request running clock 62 HSOp ( 11 ) Ground Lane 11 transmit data , + and − 13 Ground REFCLK+ Reference clock differential pair 63 HSOn ( 11 ) Ground 14 HSOp ( 0 ) REFCLK − Lane 0 transmit data , + and − 64 Ground HSIp ( 11 ) Lane 11 receive data , + and − 15 HSOn ( 0 ) Ground 65 Ground HSIn ( 11 ) 16 Ground HSIp ( 0 ) Lane 0 receive data , + and − 66 HSOp ( 12 ) Ground Lane 12 transmit data , + and − 17 PRSNT2 # HSIn ( 0 ) 67 HSOn ( 12 ) Ground 18 Ground Ground 68 Ground HSIp ( 12 ) Lane 12 receive data , + and − PCI Express × 1 cards end at pin 18 69 Ground HSIn ( 12 ) 19 HSOp ( 1 ) Reserved Lane 1 transmit data , + and − 70 HSOp ( 13 ) Ground Lane 13 transmit data , + and − 20 HSOn ( 1 ) Ground 71 HSOn ( 13 ) Ground 21 Ground HSIp ( 1 ) Lane 1 receive data , + and − 72 Ground HSIp ( 13 ) Lane 13 receive data , + and − 22 Ground HSIn ( 1 ) 73 Ground HSIn ( 13 ) 23 HSOp ( 2 ) Ground Lane 2 transmit data , + and − 74 HSOp ( 14 ) Ground Lane 14 transmit data , + and − 24 HSOn ( 2 ) Ground 75 HSOn ( 14 ) Ground 25 Ground HSIp ( 2 ) Lane 2 receive data , + and − 76 Ground HSIp ( 14 ) Lane 14 receive data , + and − 26 Ground HSIn ( 2 ) 77 Ground HSIn ( 14 ) 27 HSOp ( 3 ) Ground Lane 3 transmit data , + and − 78 HSOp ( 15 ) Ground Lane 15 transmit data , + and − 28 HSOn ( 3 ) Ground 79 HSOn ( 15 ) Ground 29 Ground HSIp ( 3 ) Lane 3 receive data , + and − 80 Ground HSIp ( 15 ) Lane 15 receive data , + and − 30 Reserved HSIn ( 3 ) 81 PRSNT2 # HSIn ( 15 ) 31 PRSNT2 # Ground 82 Reserved Ground 32 Ground Reserved PCI Express × 4 cards end at pin 32 33 HSOp ( 4 ) Reserved Lane 4 transmit data , + and − 34 HSOn ( 4 ) Ground 35 Ground HSIp ( 4 ) Lane 4 receive data , + and − 36 Ground HSIn ( 4 ) 37 HSOp ( 5 ) Ground Lane 5 transmit data , + and − 38 HSOn ( 5 ) Ground 39 Ground HSIp ( 5 ) Lane 5 receive data , + and − 40 Ground HSIn ( 5 ) 41 HSOp ( 6 ) Ground Lane 6 transmit data , + and − 42 HSOn ( 6 ) Ground 43 Ground HSIp ( 6 ) Lane 6 receive data , + and − Legend 44 Ground HSIn ( 6 ) Ground pin Zero volt reference 45 HSOp ( 7 ) Ground Lane 7 transmit data , + and − Power pin Supplies power to the PCIe card 46 HSOn ( 7 ) Ground Card - to - host pin Signal from the card to the motherboard 47 Ground HSIp ( 7 ) Lane 7 receive data , + and − Host - to - card pin Signal from the motherboard to the card 48 PRSNT2 # HSIn ( 7 ) Open drain May be pulled low or sensed by multiple cards 49 Ground Ground Sense pin Tied together on card PCI Express × 8 cards end at pin 49 Reserved Not presently used , do not connect Power ( edit ) 8 - pin ( left ) and 6 - pin ( right ) power connectors used on PCI Express cards All PCI express cards may consume up to 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 A at 7000330000000000000 ♠ + 3.3 V ( 7000990000000000000 ♠ 9.9 W ) . The amount of + 12 V and total power they may consume depends on the type of card : × 1 cards are limited to 0.5 A at + 12V ( 6 W ) and 10 W combined . × 4 and wider cards are limited to 2.1 A at + 12V ( 25 W ) and 25 W combined . A full - sized × 1 card may draw up to the 25 W limits after initialization and software configuration as a `` high power device '' . A full - sized × 16 graphics card may draw up to 5.5 A at + 12V ( 66 W ) and 75 W combined after initialization and software configuration as a `` high power device '' . Optional connectors add 75 W ( 6 - pin ) or 150 W ( 8 - pin ) of + 12 V power for up to 300 W total ( 2 × 75 W + 1 × 150 W ) . Some cards are using two 8 - pin connectors , but this has not been standardized yet , therefore such cards must not carry the official PCI Express logo . This configuration allows 375 W total ( 1 × 75 W + 2 × 150 W ) and will likely be standardized by PCI - SIG with the PCI Express 4.0 standard . The 8 - pin PCI Express connector could be confused with the EPS12V connector , which is mainly used for powering SMP and multi-core systems . 6 - pin power connector ( 75 W ) 8 - pin power connector ( 150 W ) 6 pin power connector pin map 8 pin power connector pin map Pin Description Pin Description + 12 V + 12 V Not connected ( usually + 12 V as well ) + 12 V + 12 V + 12 V Sense1 ( 8 - pin connected ) Ground 5 Ground 5 Sense 6 Sense0 ( 6 - pin or 8 - pin connected ) 6 Ground 7 Ground 8 Ground Jump up ^ When a 6 - pin connector is plugged into an 8 - pin receptacle the card is notified by a missing Sense1 that it may only use up to 75 W . PCI Express Mini card ( edit ) A WLAN PCI Express Mini Card and its connector MiniPCI and MiniPCI Express cards in comparison PCI Express Mini Card ( also known as Mini PCI Express , Mini PCIe , Mini PCI - E , mPCIe , and PEM ) , based on PCI Express , is a replacement for the Mini PCI form factor . It is developed by the PCI - SIG . The host device supports both PCI Express and USB 2.0 connectivity , and each card may use either standard . Most laptop computers built after 2005 use PCI Express for expansion cards ; however , as of 2015 , many vendors are moving toward using the newer M. 2 form factor for this purpose . Due to different dimensions , PCI Express Mini Cards are not physically compatible with standard full - size PCI Express slots ; however , passive adapters exist that allow them to be used in full - size slots . Physical dimensions ( edit ) Dimensions of PCI Express Mini Cards are 30 × 50.95 mm ( width × length ) for a Full Mini Card . There is a 52 - pin edge connector , consisting of two staggered rows on a 0.8 mm pitch . Each row has eight contacts , a gap equivalent to four contacts , then a further 18 contacts . Boards have a thickness of 1.0 mm , excluding the components . A `` Half Mini Card '' ( sometimes abbreviated as HMC ) is also specified , having approximately half the physical length of 26.8 mm . Electrical interface ( edit ) PCI Express Mini Card edge connectors provide multiple connections and buses : PCI Express × 1 ( with SMBus ) USB 2.0 Wires to diagnostics LEDs for wireless network ( i.e. , Wi - Fi ) status on computer 's chassis SIM card for GSM and WCDMA applications ( UIM signals on spec . ) . Future extension for another PCIe lane 1.5 V and 3.3 V power Mini-sata ( mSATA ) variant ( edit ) Despite sharing the Mini PCI Express form factor , an mSATA slot is not necessarily electrically compatible with Mini PCI Express . For this reason , only certain notebooks are compatible with mSATA drives . Most compatible systems are based on Intel 's Sandy Bridge processor architecture , using the Huron River platform . Notebooks like Lenovo 's ThinkPad T , W and X series , released in March -- April 2011 , have support for an mSATA SSD card in their WWAN card slot . The ThinkPad Edge E220s / E420s , and the Lenovo IdeaPad Y460 / Y560 also support mSATA . Some notebooks ( notably the Asus Eee PC , the Apple MacBook Air , and the Dell mini9 and mini10 ) use a variant of the PCI Express Mini Card as an SSD . This variant uses the reserved and several non-reserved pins to implement SATA and IDE interface passthrough , keeping only USB , ground lines , and sometimes the core PCIe × 1 bus intact . This makes the `` miniPCIe '' flash and solid - state drives sold for netbooks largely incompatible with true PCI Express Mini implementations . Also , the typical Asus miniPCIe SSD is 71 mm long , causing the Dell 51 mm model to often be ( incorrectly ) referred to as half length . A true 51 mm Mini PCIe SSD was announced in 2009 , with two stacked PCB layers that allow for higher storage capacity . The announced design preserves the PCIe interface , making it compatible with the standard mini PCIe slot . No working product has yet been developed . Intel has numerous desktop boards with the PCIe × 1 Mini-Card slot which typically do not support mSATA SSD . A list of desktop boards that natively support mSATA in the PCIe × 1 Mini-Card slot ( typically multiplexed with a SATA port ) is provided on the Intel Support site . Mini PCIe v2. ( edit ) Main article : M. 2 The new version of Mini PCI express , M. 2 replaces the mSATA standard . Computer bus interfaces provided through the M. 2 connector are PCI Express 3.0 ( up to four lanes ) , Serial ATA 3.0 , and USB 3.0 ( a single logical port for each of the latter two ) . It is up to the manufacturer of the M. 2 host or device to select which interfaces are to be supported , depending on the desired level of host support and device type . PCI Express external cabling ( edit ) PCI Express External Cabling ( also known as External PCI Express , Cabled PCI Express , or ePCIe ) specifications were released by the PCI - SIG in February 2007 . Standard cables and connectors have been defined for × 1 , × 4 , × 8 , and × 16 link widths , with a transfer rate of 250 MB / s per lane . The PCI - SIG also expects the norm will evolve to reach 500 MB / s , as in PCI Express 2.0 . The maximum cable length is 3 meters , according to a test done by Linus Tech Tips in 2017 . An example of the uses of Cabled PCI Express is a metal enclosure , containing a number of PCI slots and PCI - to - ePCIe adapter circuitry . This device would not be possible had it not been for the ePCIe spec . Derivative forms ( edit ) Several other types of expansion card are derived from PCIe ; these include : Low - height card ExpressCard : Successor to the PC Card form factor ( with × 1 PCIe and USB 2.0 ; hot - pluggable ) PCI Express ExpressModule : A hot - pluggable modular form factor defined for servers and workstations XQD card : A PCI Express - based flash card standard by the CompactFlash Association XMC : Similar to the CMC / PMC form factor ( VITA 42.3 ) AdvancedTCA : A complement to CompactPCI for larger applications ; supports serial based backplane topologies AMC : A complement to the AdvancedTCA specification ; supports processor and I / O modules on ATCA boards ( × 1 , × 2 , × 4 or × 8 PCIe ) . FeaturePak : A tiny expansion card format ( 43 × 65 mm ) for embedded and small - form - factor applications which implements two × 1 PCIe links on a high - density connector along with USB , I2C , and up to 100 points of I / O Universal IO : A variant from Super Micro Computer Inc designed for use in low - profile rack - mounted chassis . It has the connector bracket reversed so it can not fit in a normal PCI Express socket , but it is pin - compatible and may be inserted if the bracket is removed . Thunderbolt : A variant from Intel that combines DisplayPort and PCIe protocols in a form factor compatible with Mini DisplayPort . Thunderbolt 3.0 also combines USB 3.1 and uses the USB Type - C form factor as opposed to Mini DisplayPort . Serial Digital Video Out : Some 9xx series Intel chipsets allow for adding another output for the integrated video into a PCIe slot ( mostly dedicated and 16 lanes ) . M. 2 ( formerly known as NGFF ) M - PCIe brings PCIe 3.0 to mobile devices ( such as tablets and smartphones ) , over the M - PHY physical layer . U. 2 ( formerly known as SFF - 8639 ) History and revisions ( edit ) While in early development , PCIe was initially referred to as HSI ( for High Speed Interconnect ) , and underwent a name change to 3GIO ( for 3rd Generation I / O ) before finally settling on its PCI - SIG name PCI Express . A technical working group named the Arapaho Work Group ( AWG ) drew up the standard . For initial drafts , the AWG consisted only of Intel engineers ; subsequently the AWG expanded to include industry partners . PCI Express is a technology under constant development and improvement . As of 2013 , PCI Express version 4 has been drafted with final specifications expected in 2017 . At the 2016 PCI SIG 's annual developer 's conference and at the Intel Developer Forum , Synopsys showed a system running on PCIe 4.0 , while Mellanox provided an appropriate network card . PCI Express link performance PCI Express version Line code Transfer rate Throughput × 1 × 2 × 4 × 8 × 16 1.0 8b / 10b 2.5 GT / s 250 MB / s 500 MB / s 1 GB / s 2 GB / s 4 GB / s 2.0 8b / 10b 5 GT / s 500 MB / s 1 GB / s 2 GB / s 4 GB / s 8 GB / s 3.0 128b / 130b 8 GT / s 984.6 MB / s 1.97 GB / s 3.94 GB / s 7.9 GB / s 15.8 GB / s 4.0 128b / 130b 16 GT / s 1969 MB / s 3.94 GB / s 7.9 GB / s 15.8 GB / s 31.5 GB / s 5.0 ( expected in 2019 ) 128b / 130b 32 or 25 GT / s 3938 or 3077 MB / s 7.9 or 6.15 GB / s 15.8 or 12.3 GB / s 31.5 or 24.6 GB / s 63.0 or 49.2 GB / s ^ Jump up to : In each direction ( each lane is a dual simplex channel ) . Jump up ^ Both rates are being considered for technical feasibility . PCI Express 1.0 a ( edit ) In 2003 , PCI - SIG introduced PCIe 1.0 a , with a per - lane data rate of 250 MB / s and a transfer rate of 2.5 gigatransfers per second ( GT / s ) . Transfer rate is expressed in transfers per second instead of bits per second because the number of transfers includes the overhead bits , which do not provide additional throughput ; PCIe 1. x uses an 8b / 10b encoding scheme , resulting in a 20 % ( = 2 / 10 ) overhead on the raw channel bandwidth . PCI Express 11 ( edit ) In 2005 , PCI - SIG introduced PCIe 1.1 . This updated specification includes clarifications and several improvements , but is fully compatible with PCI Express 1.0 a . No changes were made to the data rate . PCI Express 2.0 ( edit ) A PCI Express 2.0 expansion card that provides USB 3.0 connectivity . PCI - SIG announced the availability of the PCI Express Base 2.0 specification on 15 January 2007 . The PCIe 2.0 standard doubles the transfer rate compared with PCIe 1.0 to 5 GT / s and the per - lane throughput rises from 250 MB / s to 500 MB / s . Consequently , a 32 - lane PCIe connector ( × 32 ) can support an aggregate throughput of up to 16 GB / s . PCIe 2.0 motherboard slots are fully backward compatible with PCIe v1. x cards . PCIe 2.0 cards are also generally backward compatible with PCIe 1. x motherboards , using the available bandwidth of PCI Express 1.1 . Overall , graphic cards or motherboards designed for v2. 0 will work with the other being v1. 1 or v1. 0a . The PCI - SIG also said that PCIe 2.0 features improvements to the point - to - point data transfer protocol and its software architecture . Intel 's first PCIe 2.0 capable chipset was the X38 and boards began to ship from various vendors ( Abit , Asus , Gigabyte ) as of October 21 , 2007 . AMD started supporting PCIe 2.0 with its AMD 700 chipset series and nVidia started with the MCP72 . All of Intel 's prior chipsets , including the Intel P35 chipset , supported PCIe 1.1 or 1.0 a . Like 1. x , PCIe 2.0 uses an 8b / 10b encoding scheme , therefore delivering , per - lane , an effective 4 Gbit / s max transfer rate from its 5 GT / s raw data rate . PCI Express 21 ( edit ) PCI Express 2.1 ( with its specification dated March 4 , 2009 ) supports a large proportion of the management , support , and troubleshooting systems planned for full implementation in PCI Express 3.0 . However , the speed is the same as PCI Express 2.0 . Unfortunately , the increase in power from the slot breaks backward compatibility between PCI Express 2.1 cards and some older motherboards with 1.0 / 1.0 a , but most motherboards with PCI Express 1.1 connectors are provided with a BIOS update by their manufacturers through utilities to support backward compatibility of cards with PCIe 2.1 . PCI Express 3.0 ( edit ) PCI Express 3.0 Base specification revision 3.0 was made available in November 2010 , after multiple delays . In August 2007 , PCI - SIG announced that PCI Express 3.0 would carry a bit rate of 8 gigatransfers per second ( GT / s ) , and that it would be backward compatible with existing PCI Express implementations . At that time , it was also announced that the final specification for PCI Express 3.0 would be delayed until Q2 2010 . New features for the PCI Express 3.0 specification include a number of optimizations for enhanced signaling and data integrity , including transmitter and receiver equalization , PLL improvements , clock data recovery , and channel enhancements for currently supported topologies . Following a six - month technical analysis of the feasibility of scaling the PCI Express interconnect bandwidth , PCI - SIG 's analysis found that 8 gigatransfers per second can be manufactured in mainstream silicon process technology , and can be deployed with existing low - cost materials and infrastructure , while maintaining full compatibility ( with negligible impact ) to the PCI Express protocol stack . PCI Express 3.0 upgrades the encoding scheme to 128b / 130b from the previous 8b / 10b encoding , reducing the bandwidth overhead from 20 % of PCI Express 2.0 to approximately 1.54 % ( = 2 / 130 ) . This is achieved by a technique called `` scrambling '' that applies a known binary polynomial to a data stream in a feedback topology . Because the scrambling polynomial is known , the data can be recovered by running it through a feedback topology using the inverse polynomial . PCI Express 3.0 's 8 GT / s bit rate effectively delivers 985 MB / s per lane , practically doubling the lane bandwidth relative to PCI Express 2.0 . On November 18 , 2010 , the PCI Special Interest Group officially published the finalized PCI Express 3.0 specification to its members to build devices based on this new version of PCI Express . PCI Express 3.1 ( edit ) In September 2013 , PCI Express 3.1 specification was announced to be released in late 2013 or early 2014 , consolidating various improvements to the published PCI Express 3.0 specification in three areas : power management , performance and functionality . It was released in November 2014 . PCI Express 4.0 ( edit ) On November 29 , 2011 , PCI - SIG preliminarily announced PCI Express 4.0 , providing a 16 GT / s bit rate that doubles the bandwidth provided by PCI Express 3.0 , while maintaining backward and forward compatibility in both software support and used mechanical interface . PCI Express 4.0 specs will also bring OCuLink - 2 , an alternative to Thunderbolt connector . OCuLink version 2 will have up to 16 GT / s ( 8 GB / s total for × 4 lanes ) , while the maximum bandwidth of a Thunderbolt 3 connector is 5 GB / s . Additionally , active and idle power optimizations are to be investigated . Final specifications are expected to be released in 2017 . In August 2016 , Synopsys presented a test machine running PCIe 4.0 at the Intel Developer Forum . Their IP has been licensed to several firms planning to present their chips and products at the end of 2016 . PCI Express 4.0 was officially announced on June 8 , 2017 by PCI - SIG . The spec includes improvements in flexibility , scalability , and lower - power . PCI Express 5.0 ( edit ) In June 2017 , PCI - SIG preliminarily announced the PCI Express 5.0 specification . Bandwidth is expected to increase to 32 GT / s , yielding 128 GB / s in full duplex networking configurations . It is expected to be standardized in 2019 . Extensions and future directions ( edit ) Some vendors offer PCIe over fiber products , but these generally find use only in specific cases where transparent PCIe bridging is preferable to using a more mainstream standard ( such as InfiniBand or Ethernet ) that may require additional software to support it ; current implementations focus on distance rather than raw bandwidth and typically do not implement a full × 16 link . Thunderbolt was co-developed by Intel and Apple as a general - purpose high speed interface combining a × 4 PCIe link with DisplayPort and was originally intended to be an all - fiber interface , but due to early difficulties in creating a consumer - friendly fiber interconnect , most early implementations are hybrid copper - fiber systems . A notable exception , the Sony VAIO Z VPC - Z2 , uses a nonstandard USB port with an optical component to connect to an outboard PCIe display adapter . Apple has been the primary driver of Thunderbolt adoption through 2011 , though several other vendors have announced new products and systems featuring Thunderbolt . Mobile PCIe specification ( abbreviated to M - PCIe ) allows PCI Express architecture to operate over the MIPI Alliance 's M - PHY physical layer technology . Building on top of already existing widespread adoption of M - PHY and its low - power design , Mobile PCIe allows PCI Express to be used in tablets and smartphones . OCuLink ( standing for `` optical - copper link '' , since Cu is the chemical symbol for Copper ) is an extension for the `` cable version of PCI Express '' , acting as a competitor to version 3 of the Thunderbolt interface . Version 1.0 of OCuLink , to be released in 2015 , supports up to PCIe 3.0 x4 lanes ( 8 GT / s , 3.9 GB / s ) over copper cabling ; a fiber optic version may appear in the future . Hardware protocol summary ( edit ) The PCIe link is built around dedicated unidirectional couples of serial ( 1 - bit ) , point - to - point connections known as lanes . This is in sharp contrast to the earlier PCI connection , which is a bus - based system where all the devices share the same bidirectional , 32 - bit or 64 - bit parallel bus . PCI Express is a layered protocol , consisting of a transaction layer , a data link layer , and a physical layer . The Data Link Layer is subdivided to include a media access control ( MAC ) sublayer . The Physical Layer is subdivided into logical and electrical sublayers . The Physical logical - sublayer contains a physical coding sublayer ( PCS ) . The terms are borrowed from the IEEE 802 networking protocol model . Physical layer ( edit ) Card pins and lengths Lanes Pins Length Total Variable Total Variable × 1 2 × 18 = 36 2 × 7 = 14 25 mm 7.65 mm × 4 2 × 32 = 64 2 × 21 = 42 39 mm 21.65 mm × 8 2 × 49 = 98 2 × 38 = 76 56 mm 38.65 mm × 16 2 × 82 = 164 2 × 71 = 142 89 mm 71.65 mm An open - end PCI Express × 1 connector , allowing longer cards capable of using more lanes to be plugged while operating at × 1 speeds The PCIe Physical Layer ( PHY , PCIEPHY , PCI Express PHY , or PCIe PHY ) specification is divided into two sub-layers , corresponding to electrical and logical specifications . The logical sublayer is sometimes further divided into a MAC sublayer and a PCS , although this division is not formally part of the PCIe specification . A specification published by Intel , the PHY Interface for PCI Express ( PIPE ) , defines the MAC / PCS functional partitioning and the interface between these two sub-layers . The PIPE specification also identifies the physical media attachment ( PMA ) layer , which includes the serializer / deserializer ( SerDes ) and other analog circuitry ; however , since SerDes implementations vary greatly among ASIC vendors , PIPE does not specify an interface between the PCS and PMA . At the electrical level , each lane consists of two unidirectional LVDS pairs operating at 2.5 , 5 , 8 or 16 Gbit / s , depending on the negotiated capabilities . Transmit and receive are separate differential pairs , for a total of four data wires per lane . A connection between any two PCIe devices is known as a link , and is built up from a collection of one or more lanes . All devices must minimally support single - lane ( × 1 ) link . Devices may optionally support wider links composed of 2 , 4 , 8 , 12 , 16 , or 32 lanes . This allows for very good compatibility in two ways : A PCIe card physically fits ( and works correctly ) in any slot that is at least as large as it is ( e.g. , an × 1 sized card will work in any sized slot ) ; A slot of a large physical size ( e.g. , × 16 ) can be wired electrically with fewer lanes ( e.g. , × 1 , × 4 , × 8 , or × 12 ) as long as it provides the ground connections required by the larger physical slot size . In both cases , PCIe negotiates the highest mutually supported number of lanes . Many graphics cards , motherboards and BIOS versions are verified to support × 1 , × 4 , × 8 and × 16 connectivity on the same connection . Even though the two would be signal - compatible , it is not usually possible to place a physically larger PCIe card ( e.g. , a × 16 sized card ) into a smaller slot -- though if the PCIe slots are altered or a riser is used most motherboards will allow this . The width of a PCIe connector is 8.8 mm , while the height is 11.25 mm , and the length is variable . The fixed section of the connector is 11.65 mm in length and contains two rows of 11 ( 22 pins total ) , while the length of the other section is variable depending on the number of lanes . The pins are spaced at 1 mm intervals , and the thickness of the card going into the connector is 1.8 mm . Data transmission ( edit ) PCIe sends all control messages , including interrupts , over the same links used for data . The serial protocol can never be blocked , so latency is still comparable to conventional PCI , which has dedicated interrupt lines . Data transmitted on multiple - lane links is interleaved , meaning that each successive byte is sent down successive lanes . The PCIe specification refers to this interleaving as data striping . While requiring significant hardware complexity to synchronize ( or deskew ) the incoming striped data , striping can significantly reduce the latency of the n byte on a link . While the lanes are not tightly synchronized , there is a limit to the lane to lane skew of 20 / 8 / 6 ns for 2.5 / 5 / 8 GT / s so the hardware buffers can re-align the striped data . Due to padding requirements , striping may not necessarily reduce the latency of small data packets on a link . As with other high data rate serial transmission protocols , the clock is embedded in the signal . At the physical level , PCI Express 2.0 utilizes the 8b / 10b encoding scheme to ensure that strings of consecutive identical digits ( zeros or ones ) are limited in length . This coding was used to prevent the receiver from losing track of where the bit edges are . In this coding scheme every eight ( uncoded ) payload bits of data are replaced with 10 ( encoded ) bits of transmit data , causing a 20 % overhead in the electrical bandwidth . To improve the available bandwidth , PCI Express version 3.0 instead uses 128b / 130b encoding with scrambling . 128b / 130b encoding relies on the scrambling to limit the run length of identical - digit strings in data streams and ensure the receiver stays synchronised to the transmitter . It also reduces electromagnetic interference ( EMI ) by preventing repeating data patterns in the transmitted data stream . Data link layer ( edit ) The data link layer performs three vital services for the PCIe express link : sequence the transaction layer packets ( TLPs ) that are generated by the transaction layer , ensure reliable delivery of TLPs between two endpoints via an acknowledgement protocol ( ACK and NAK signaling ) that explicitly requires replay of unacknowledged / bad TLPs , initialize and manage flow control credits On the transmit side , the data link layer generates an incrementing sequence number for each outgoing TLP . It serves as a unique identification tag for each transmitted TLP , and is inserted into the header of the outgoing TLP . A 32 - bit cyclic redundancy check code ( known in this context as Link CRC or LCRC ) is also appended to the end of each outgoing TLP . On the receive side , the received TLP 's LCRC and sequence number are both validated in the link layer . If either the LCRC check fails ( indicating a data error ) , or the sequence - number is out of range ( non-consecutive from the last valid received TLP ) , then the bad TLP , as well as any TLPs received after the bad TLP , are considered invalid and discarded . The receiver sends a negative acknowledgement message ( NAK ) with the sequence - number of the invalid TLP , requesting re-transmission of all TLPs forward of that sequence - number . If the received TLP passes the LCRC check and has the correct sequence number , it is treated as valid . The link receiver increments the sequence - number ( which tracks the last received good TLP ) , and forwards the valid TLP to the receiver 's transaction layer . An ACK message is sent to remote transmitter , indicating the TLP was successfully received ( and by extension , all TLPs with past sequence - numbers . ) If the transmitter receives a NAK message , or no acknowledgement ( NAK or ACK ) is received until a timeout period expires , the transmitter must retransmit all TLPs that lack a positive acknowledgement ( ACK ) . Barring a persistent malfunction of the device or transmission medium , the link - layer presents a reliable connection to the transaction layer , since the transmission protocol ensures delivery of TLPs over an unreliable medium . In addition to sending and receiving TLPs generated by the transaction layer , the data - link layer also generates and consumes DLLPs , data link layer packets . ACK and NAK signals are communicated via DLLPs , as are some power management messages and flow control credit information ( on behalf of the transaction layer ) . In practice , the number of in - flight , unacknowledged TLPs on the link is limited by two factors : the size of the transmitter 's replay buffer ( which must store a copy of all transmitted TLPs until the remote receiver ACKs them ) , and the flow control credits issued by the receiver to a transmitter . PCI Express requires all receivers to issue a minimum number of credits , to guarantee a link allows sending PCIConfig TLPs and message TLPs . Transaction layer ( edit ) PCI Express implements split transactions ( transactions with request and response separated by time ) , allowing the link to carry other traffic while the target device gathers data for the response . PCI Express uses credit - based flow control . In this scheme , a device advertises an initial amount of credit for each received buffer in its transaction layer . The device at the opposite end of the link , when sending transactions to this device , counts the number of credits each TLP consumes from its account . The sending device may only transmit a TLP when doing so does not make its consumed credit count exceed its credit limit . When the receiving device finishes processing the TLP from its buffer , it signals a return of credits to the sending device , which increases the credit limit by the restored amount . The credit counters are modular counters , and the comparison of consumed credits to credit limit requires modular arithmetic . The advantage of this scheme ( compared to other methods such as wait states or handshake - based transfer protocols ) is that the latency of credit return does not affect performance , provided that the credit limit is not encountered . This assumption is generally met if each device is designed with adequate buffer sizes . PCIe 1. x is often quoted to support a data rate of 250 MB / s in each direction , per lane . This figure is a calculation from the physical signaling rate ( 2.5 gigabaud ) divided by the encoding overhead ( 10 bits per byte . ) This means a sixteen lane ( × 16 ) PCIe card would then be theoretically capable of 16 × 250 MB / s = 4 GB / s in each direction . While this is correct in terms of data bytes , more meaningful calculations are based on the usable data payload rate , which depends on the profile of the traffic , which is a function of the high - level ( software ) application and intermediate protocol levels . Like other high data rate serial interconnect systems , PCIe has a protocol and processing overhead due to the additional transfer robustness ( CRC and acknowledgements ) . Long continuous unidirectional transfers ( such as those typical in high - performance storage controllers ) can approach > 95 % of PCIe 's raw ( lane ) data rate . These transfers also benefit the most from increased number of lanes ( × 2 , × 4 , etc . ) But in more typical applications ( such as a USB or Ethernet controller ) , the traffic profile is characterized as short data packets with frequent enforced acknowledgements . This type of traffic reduces the efficiency of the link , due to overhead from packet parsing and forced interrupts ( either in the device 's host interface or the PC 's CPU ) . Being a protocol for devices connected to the same printed circuit board , it does not require the same tolerance for transmission errors as a protocol for communication over longer distances , and thus , this loss of efficiency is not particular to PCIe . Applications ( edit ) Asus Nvidia GeForce GTX 650 Ti , a PCI Express 3.0 × 16 graphics card Intel 82574L Gigabit Ethernet NIC , a PCI Express × 1 card A Marvell - based SATA 3.0 controller , as a PCI Express × 1 card PCI Express operates in consumer , server , and industrial applications , as a motherboard - level interconnect ( to link motherboard - mounted peripherals ) , a passive backplane interconnect and as an expansion card interface for add - in boards . In virtually all modern ( as of 2012 ) PCs , from consumer laptops and desktops to enterprise data servers , the PCIe bus serves as the primary motherboard - level interconnect , connecting the host system - processor with both integrated - peripherals ( surface - mounted ICs ) and add - on peripherals ( expansion cards ) . In most of these systems , the PCIe bus co-exists with one or more legacy PCI buses , for backward compatibility with the large body of legacy PCI peripherals . As of 2013 PCI Express has replaced AGP as the default interface for graphics cards on new systems . Almost all models of graphics cards released since 2010 by AMD ( ATI ) and Nvidia use PCI Express . Nvidia uses the high - bandwidth data transfer of PCIe for its Scalable Link Interface ( SLI ) technology , which allows multiple graphics cards of the same chipset and model number to run in tandem , allowing increased performance . AMD has also developed a multi-GPU system based on PCIe called CrossFire . AMD and Nvidia have released motherboard chipsets that support as many as four PCIe × 16 slots , allowing tri-GPU and quad - GPU card configurations . External GPUs ( edit ) Theoretically , external PCIe could give a notebook the graphics power of a desktop , by connecting a notebook with any PCIe desktop video card ( enclosed in its own external housing , with strong power supply and cooling ) ; possible with an ExpressCard interface or a Thunderbolt interface . The ExpressCard interface provides bit rates of 5 Gbit / s ( 0.5 GB / s throughput ) , whereas the Thunderbolt interface provides bit rates of up to 40 Gbit / s ( 5 GB / s throughput ) . In 2010 external card hubs were introduced that can connect to a laptop or desktop through a PCI ExpressCard slot . These hubs can accept full - sized graphics cards . Examples include MSI GUS , Village Instrument 's ViDock , the Asus XG Station , Bplus PE4H V3. 2 adapter , as well as more improvised DIY devices . However such solutions are limited by the size ( often only x1 ) and version of the available PCIe slot on a laptop . In 2008 , AMD announced the ATI XGP technology , based on a proprietary cabling system that is compatible with PCIe × 8 signal transmissions . This connector is available on the Fujitsu Amilo and the Acer Ferrari One notebooks . Fujitsu launched their AMILO GraphicBooster enclosure for XGP soon thereafter . Around 2010 Acer launched the Dynavivid graphics dock for XGP . Intel Thunderbolt interface has given opportunity to new and faster products to connect with a PCIe card externally . Magma has released the ExpressBox 3T , which can hold up to three PCIe cards ( two at × 8 and one at × 4 ) . MSI also released the Thunderbolt GUS II , a PCIe chassis dedicated for video cards . Other products such as the Sonnet 's Echo Express and mLogic 's mLink are Thunderbolt PCIe chassis in a smaller form factor . However , all these products require a computer with a Thunderbolt port ( i.e. , Thunderbolt devices ) , such as Apple 's MacBook Pro models released in late 2013 . For the professional market , Nvidia has developed the Quadro Plex external PCIe family of GPUs that can be used for advanced graphic applications . These video cards require a PCI Express × 8 or × 16 slot for the host - side card which connects to the Plex via a VHDCI carrying 8 PCIe lanes . Storage devices ( edit ) An OCZ RevoDrive SSD , a full - height × 4 PCI Express card See also : SATA Express and NVM Express PCI Express protocol can be used as data interface to flash memory devices , such as memory cards and solid - state drives ( SSDs ) . XQD card is a memory card format utilizing PCI Express , developed by the CompactFlash Association , with transfer rates of up to 500 MB / s . Many high - performance , enterprise - class SSDs are designed as PCI Express RAID controller cards with flash memory chips placed directly on the circuit board , utilizing proprietary interfaces and custom drivers to communicate with the operating system ; this allows much higher transfer rates ( over 1 GB / s ) and IOPS ( over one million I / O operations per second ) when compared to Serial ATA or SAS drives . For example , in 2011 OCZ and Marvell co-developed a native PCI Express solid - state drive controller for a PCI Express 3.0 × 16 slot with maximum capacity of 12 TB and a performance of to 7.2 GB / s sequential transfers and up to 2.52 million IOPS in random transfers . SATA Express is an interface for connecting SSDs , by providing multiple PCI Express lanes as a pure PCI Express connection to the attached storage device . M. 2 is a specification for internally mounted computer expansion cards and associated connectors , which also uses multiple PCI Express lanes . PCI Express storage devices can implement both AHCI logical interface for backward compatibility , and NVM Express logical interface for much faster I / O operations provided by utilizing internal parallelism offered by such devices . Enterprise - class SSDs can also implement SCSI over PCI Express . Cluster interconnect ( edit ) Certain data - center applications ( such as large computer clusters ) require the use of fiber - optic interconnects due to the distance limitations inherent in copper cabling . Typically , a network - oriented standard such as Ethernet or Fibre Channel suffices for these applications , but in some cases the overhead introduced by routable protocols is undesirable and a lower - level interconnect , such as InfiniBand , RapidIO , or NUMAlink is needed . Local - bus standards such as PCIe and HyperTransport can in principle be used for this purpose , but as of 2015 solutions are only available from niche vendors such as Dolphin ICS . Competing protocols ( edit ) Other communications standards based on high bandwidth serial architectures include InfiniBand , RapidIO , HyperTransport , Intel QuickPath Interconnect , and the Mobile Industry Processor Interface ( MIPI ) . The differences are based on the trade - offs between flexibility and extensibility vs latency and overhead . For example , adding complex header information to a transmitted packet allows for complex routing ( PCI Express is capable of this through an optional End - to - End TLP Prefix feature ) . The additional overhead reduces the effective bandwidth of the interface and complicates bus discovery and initialization software . Also making the system hot - pluggable requires that software track network topology changes . InfiniBand is such a technology . Another example is making the packets shorter to decrease latency ( as is required if a bus must operate as a memory interface ) . Smaller packets mean packet headers consume a higher percentage of the packet , thus decreasing the effective bandwidth . Examples of bus protocols designed for this purpose are RapidIO and HyperTransport . PCI Express falls somewhere in the middle , targeted by design as a system interconnect ( local bus ) rather than a device interconnect or routed network protocol . Additionally , its design goal of software transparency constrains the protocol and raises its latency somewhat . Delays in PCIe 4.0 implementations led to the Gen - Z consortium , the CCIX effort and an open Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface ( CAPI ) all being announced by the end of 2016 . See also ( edit ) Electronics portal Active State Power Management ( ASPM ) Conventional PCI PCI configuration space PCI - X PCI / 104 - Express PCIe / 104 Root complex Serial Digital Video Out ( SDVO ) List of device bit rates § Main buses Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The card 's Serial ATA power connector is present because the USB 3.0 ports require more power than the PCI Express bus can supply . More often , a 4 - pin Molex power connector is used . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1231473/?reload=true Jump up ^ Zhang , Yanmin ; Nguyen , T Long ( June 2007 ) . `` Enable PCI Express Advanced Error Reporting in the Kernel '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Linux Symposium . Fedora project . Jump up ^ `` PCI Express 2.0 ( Training ) '' . Mind Share . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` PCI Express Base specification '' . PCI SIG . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Ravi Budruk ( 2007 - 08 - 21 ) . `` PCI Express Basics '' ( PDF ) . PCI - SIG . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` How PCI Express Works '' . How Stuff Works . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` PCI Express Architecture Frequently Asked Questions '' . PCI - SIG . Retrieved 23 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PCI Express Bus '' . Interface bus . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` PCI Express -- An Overview of the PCI Express Standard '' . Developer Zone . National Instruments . 2009 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` New PCIe Form Factor Enables Greater PCIe SSD Adoption '' . NVM Express . 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Memblaze PBlaze4 AIC NVMe SSD Review '' . StorageReview. 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What is the A side , B side configuration of PCI cards '' . Frequently Asked Questions . Adex Electronics . 1998 . Retrieved Oct 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : PCI Express Card Electromechanical Specification Revision 2.0 Jump up ^ PCI Express Card Electromechanical Specification Revision 1.1 Jump up ^ Schoenborn , Zale ( 2004 ) , Board Design Guidelines for PCI Express Architecture ( PDF ) , PCI - SIG , pp. 19 -- 21 Jump up ^ PCI Express x16 Graphics 150W - ATX Specification Revision 1.0 Jump up ^ PCI Express 225 W / 300 W High Power Card Electromechanical Specification Revision 1.0 Jump up ^ PCI Express Card Electromechanical Specification Revision 3.0 Jump up ^ Yun Ling ( 2008 - 05 - 16 ) . `` PCIe Electromechanical Updates '' . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` MP1 : Mini PCI Express / PCI Express Adapter '' . hwtools.net. 2014 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` mSATA FAQ : A Basic Primer '' . Notebook review . Jump up ^ `` Eee PC Research '' . ivc ( wiki ) . Retrieved 26 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Desktop Board Solid - state drive ( SSD ) compatibility '' . Intel . Jump up ^ `` PCI Express External Cabling 1.0 Specification '' . Retrieved 9 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` PCI Express External Cabling Specification Completed by PCI - SIG '' . PCI SIG. 2007 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Supermicro Universal I / O ( UIO ) Solutions '' . Supermicro.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Get ready for M - PCIe testing '' , PC board design , EDN ^ Jump up to : `` PCI SIG discusses M ‐ PCIe oculink & 4th gen PCIe '' , The Register , UK , September 13 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` PCI Express 4.0 Frequently Asked Questions '' . pcisig.com . PCI - SIG . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` PCIe 4.0 Heads to Fab , 5.0 to Lab '' . EE Times . 2016 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/IDF-PCIe-4-0-laeuft-PCIe-5-0-in-Arbeit-3297114.html ^ Jump up to : `` PCI Express 3.0 Frequently Asked Questions '' . pcisig.com . PCI - SIG . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` PCIe 5.0 Revision 0.3 specification now available to members '' . Business Wire . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` What does GT / s mean , anyway ? '' . TM World . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Deliverable 12.2 '' . SE : Eiscat . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ PCI SIG Jump up ^ `` PCI Express Base 2.0 specification announced '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . PCI - SIG. 15 January 2007 . Retrieved 9 February 2007 . -- note that in this press release the term aggregate bandwidth refers to the sum of incoming and outgoing bandwidth ; using this terminology the aggregate bandwidth of full duplex 100BASE - TX is 200 Mbit / s . Jump up ^ Smith , Tony ( 11 October 2006 ) . `` PCI Express 2.0 final draft spec published '' . The Register . Retrieved 9 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Key , Gary ; Fink , Wesley ( 21 May 2007 ) . `` Intel P35 : Intel 's Mainstream Chipset Grows Up '' . AnandTech . Retrieved 21 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Huynh , Anh ( 8 February 2007 ) . `` NVIDIA `` MCP72 '' Details Unveiled `` . AnandTech . Retrieved 9 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Intel P35 Express Chipset Product Brief '' ( PDF ) . Intel . Retrieved 5 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Hachman , Mark ( 2009 - 08 - 05 ) . `` PCI Express 3.0 Spec Pushed Out to 2010 '' . PC Mag . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` PCI Express 3.0 Bandwidth : 8.0 Gigatransfers / s '' . ExtremeTech. 9 August 2007 . Retrieved 5 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` PCI Special Interest Group Publishes PCI Express 3.0 Standard '' . X bit labs . 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PCIe 3.1 and 4.0 Specifications Revealed '' . eteknix.com . Jump up ^ `` Trick or Treat ... PCI Express 3.1 Released ! '' . synopsys.com . Jump up ^ `` PCI Express 4.0 evolution to 16 GT / s , twice the throughput of PCI Express 3.0 technology '' ( press release ) . PCI - SIG. 2011 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ https://pcisig.com/faq?field_category_value%5B%5D=pci_express_4.0#4415 Jump up ^ OCuLink 2nd gen Jump up ^ `` PCIe 4.0 with 16GT / s data - rates and new connector to be finalized by 2017 '' . kitguru.net . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PCIe 16G May Take Until 2017 '' . eetimes.com . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Born , Eric ( 8 June 2017 ) . `` PCIe 4.0 specification finally out with 16 GT / s on tap '' . Tech Report . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PLX demo shows PCIe over fiber as data center clustering interconnect '' . Cabling install . Penn Well . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Introduced second generation PCI Express Gen 2 over fiber optic systems '' . Adnaco. 2011 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PCIe Active Optical Cable System '' . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Acer , Asus to Bring Intel 's Thunderbolt Speed Technology to Windows PCs '' . PC World . 2011 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kevin Parrish ( 2013 - 06 - 28 ) . `` PCIe for Mobile Launched ; PCIe 3.1 , 4.0 Specs Revealed '' . Tom 's Hardware . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Anton Shilov . PCI SIG to finalize OCuLink external PCI Express this fall . KitGuru . June 26th , 2015 Jump up ^ `` PCI Express 1 × , 4 × , 8 × , 16 × bus pinout and wiring @ '' . RU : Pinouts . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` PHY Interface for the PCI Express Architecture '' ( PDF ) ( version 2.00 ed . ) . Intel . Retrieved 21 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mechanical Drawing for PCI Express Connector '' . Interface bus . Archived from the original on 8 December 2007 . Retrieved 7 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FCi schematic for PCIe connectors '' ( PDF ) . FCI connect . Retrieved 7 December 2007 . Jump up ^ PCI EXPRESS BASE SPECIFICATION , REV . 3.0 Table 4 - 24 Jump up ^ `` Computer Peripherals And Interfaces '' . Technical Publications Pune . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Steve ( May 22 , 2010 ) , `` MSI to showcase ' GUS ' external graphics solution for laptops at Computex '' , TweakTown Jump up ^ Hellstrom , Jerry ( August 9 , 2011 ) , `` ExpressCard trying to pull a ( not so ) fast one ? '' , PC Perspective ( editorial ) Jump up ^ `` PE4H V3. 2 ( PCIe x16 Adapter ) '' . Hwtools.net . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Kevin ( September 8 , 2010 ) , `` How to Upgrade Your Notebook Graphics Card Using DIY ViDOCK '' , Notebook review Jump up ^ `` XGP '' . ATI . AMD . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Fujitsu - Siemens Amilo GraphicBooster External Laptop GPU Released , 2008 - 12 - 03 , retrieved 2015 - 08 - 09 Jump up ^ DynaVivid Graphics Dock from Acer arrives in France , what about the US ? , 2010 - 08 - 11 , retrieved 2015 - 08 - 09 Jump up ^ Lal Shimpi , Anand ( September 7 , 2011 ) , `` The Thunderbolt Devices Trickle In : Magma 's ExpressBox 3T '' , AnandTech Jump up ^ `` MSI GUS II external GPU enclosure with Thunderbolt '' ( hands - on ) . The Verge . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` PCI express graphics , Thunderbolt '' , Tom 's hardware Jump up ^ `` M logics M link Thunderbold chassis no shipping '' , Engadget , Dec 13 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Quadro Plex VCS -- Advanced visualization and remote graphics '' . nVidia . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` CompactFlash Association readies next - gen XQD format , promises write speeds of 125 MB / s and up '' . Engadget. 2011 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Zsolt Kerekes ( December 2011 ) . `` What 's so very different about the design of Fusion - io 's ioDrives / PCIe SSDs ? '' . storagesearch.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fusion - io ioDrive Duo Enterprise PCIe Review '' . storagereview.com. 2012 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` OCZ Demos 4 TiB , 16 TiB Solid - State Drives for Enterprise '' . X-bit labs . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Enabling Higher Speed Storage Applications with SATA Express '' . SATA - IO . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` SATA M. 2 Card '' . SATA - IO . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` SCSI Express '' . SCSI Trade Association . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Meduri , Vijay ( 2011 - 01 - 24 ) . `` A Case for PCI Express as a High - Performance Cluster Interconnect '' . HPCwire . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ https://pcisig.com/sites/default/files/specification_documents/ECN_TLP_Prefix_2008-12-15.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.ccixconsortium.com/ Jump up ^ Evan Koblentz ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` New PCI Express 4.0 delay may empower next - gen alternatives '' . Tech Republic . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Budruk , Ravi ; Anderson , Don ; Shanley , Tom ( 2003 ) , Winkles , Joseph ' Joe ' , ed. , PCI Express System Architecture , Mind share PC system architecture , Addison - Wesley , ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 15630 - 3 1120 pp . Solari , Edward ; Congdon , Brad ( 2003 ) , Complete PCI Express Reference : Design Implications for Hardware and Software Developers , Intel , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9717861 - 9 - 6 , 1056 pp . Wilen , Adam ; Schade , Justin P ; Thornburg , Ron ( Apr 2003 ) , Introduction to PCI Express : A Hardware and Software Developer 's Guide , Intel , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9702846 - 9 - 3 , 325 pp . External links ( edit ) PCI - SIG , the industry organization that maintains and develops the various PCI standards PCI - Express Specification , PCI - SIG `` PCI Express Base Specification Revision 1.0 '' . PCI - SIG. 29 April 2002 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . `` PCI Express Architecture '' , Developer Network , Intel Introduction to PCI Protocol , Electro Friends An introduction to how PCIe works at the TLP level , Xilly Bus PCI Express Basics , 2007 , by Ravi Budruk , MindShare , Inc . PCI Express Atomic Operations ( also known as `` AtomicOps '' ) PCI Express 2.0 Electrical Specification , 2006 , by Jeff Morriss and Gerry Talbot Technical and de facto standards for wired computer buses General System bus Front - side bus Back - side bus Daisy chain Control bus Address bus Bus contention Network on a chip Plug and play List of bus bandwidths Standards SS - 50 bus S - 100 bus Multibus Unibus VAXBI MBus STD Bus SMBus Q - Bus Europe Card Bus ISA STEbus Zorro II Zorro III CAMAC FASTBUS LPC HP Precision Bus EISA VME VXI VXS NuBus TURBOchannel MCA SBus VLB PCI PXI HP GSC bus InfiniBand UPA PCI Extended ( PCI - X ) AGP PCI Express ( PCIe ) Direct Media Interface ( DMI ) RapidIO Intel QuickPath Interconnect NVLink HyperTransport Infinity Fabric Intel UltraPath Interconnect Storage ST - 506 ESDI IPI SMD Parallel ATA ( PATA ) SSA DSSI HIPPI Serial ATA ( SATA ) SCSI Parallel SAS Fibre Channel SATAe PCI Express ( via AHCI or NVMe logical device interface ) Peripheral Apple Desktop Bus DCB HP - IL HIL MIDI RS - 232 RS - 422 RS - 423 RS - 485 DMX512 - A IEEE - 488 ( GPIB ) IEEE - 1284 ( parallel port ) UNI / O ACCESS. bus 1 - Wire D2B I2C SPI Parallel SCSI Profibus IEEE 1394 ( FireWire ) USB Camera Link External PCIe Thunderbolt Audio ADAT Lightpipe AES3 Intel HD Audio I2S MADI McASP S / PDIF TOSLINK Portable PC Card ExpressCard Embedded Multidrop bus CoreConnect AMBA Wishbone SLIMbus Interfaces are listed by their speed in the ( roughly ) ascending order , so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest . Basic computer components Input devices Keyboard Image scanner Microphone Pointing device Graphics tablet Joystick Light pen Mouse Optical Pointing stick Touchpad Touchscreen Trackball Webcam Softcam Refreshable braille display Output devices Monitor Refreshable braille display Printer Speakers Plotter Removable data storage Optical discs CD DVD Blu - ray Disc Disk pack Floppy disk Memory card USB flash drive Computer case Central processing unit ( CPU ) HDD / SSD / SSHD Motherboard Network interface controller Power supply Random - access memory ( RAM ) Sound card Video card Fax modem Expansion card Ports Ethernet FireWire ( IEEE 1394 ) Parallel port Serial port PS / 2 port USB Thunderbolt HDMI / DVI / VGA eSATA Audio jack Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PCI_Express&oldid=801100023 '' Categories : Computer - related introductions in 2004 Peripheral Component Interconnect Serial buses Standards organizations Motherboard expansion slot Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 17 : 25 . 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where did oh captain my captain come from	`` O Captain ! My Captain ! '' is an extended metaphor poem written in 1865 by Walt Whitman , about the death of American president Abraham Lincoln . The poem was first published in the pamphlet Sequel to Drum - Taps which assembled 18 poems regarding the American Civil War , including another Lincoln elegy , `` When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom 'd '' . It was included in Whitman 's comprehensive collection Leaves of Grass beginning with its fourth edition published in 1867 . The poem emphasizes or shows grief and sorrow .	written in 1865 by Walt Whitman , about the death of American president Abraham Lincoln	O Captain ! My Captain !	o captain! my captain!	`` O Captain ! My Captain ! '' is an extended metaphor poem written in 1865 by Walt Whitman , about the death of American president Abraham Lincoln . The poem was first published in the pamphlet Sequel to Drum - Taps which assembled 18 poems regarding the American Civil War , including another Lincoln elegy , `` When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom 'd '' . It was included in Whitman 's comprehensive collection Leaves of Grass beginning with its fourth edition published in 1867 . The poem emphasizes or shows grief and sorrow .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Analysis 3 Modern versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Text ( edit ) An 1887 handwritten draft of Whitman 's 1865 poem `` O Captain ! My Captain ! O Captain ! my Captain ! our fearful trip is done ; The ship has weather 'd every rack , the prize we sought is won ; The port is near , the bells I hear , the people all exulting , While follow eyes the steady keel , the vessel grim and daring : But O heart ! heart ! heart ! O the bleeding drops of red , Where on the deck my Captain lies , Fallen cold and dead . O Captain ! My Captain ! rise up and hear the bells ; Rise up -- for you the flag is flung -- for you the bugle trills ; For you bouquets and ribbon 'd wreaths -- for you the shores a-crowding ; For you they call , the swaying mass , their eager faces turning ; Here captain ! dear father ! This arm beneath your head ; It is some dream that on the deck , You 've fallen cold and dead . My Captain does not answer , his lips are pale and still ; My father does not feel my arm , he has no pulse nor will ; The ship is anchor 'd safe and sound , its voyage closed and done ; From fearful trip , the victor ship , comes in with object won ; Exult , O shores , and ring , O bells ! But I , with mournful tread , Walk the deck my captain lies , Fallen cold and dead . Analysis ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Walt Whitman composed the poem `` O Captain ! My Captain ! '' after Abraham Lincoln 's assassination in 1865 . The poem is classified as an elegy or mourning poem , and was written to honor Abraham Lincoln , the 16th president of the United States . Walt Whitman was born in 1819 and died in 1892 , and the American Civil War was the central event of his life . Whitman was a staunch Unionist during the Civil War . He was initially indifferent to Lincoln , but as the war pressed on , Whitman came to love the president , though the two men never met . The fallen captain in the poem refers to Abraham Lincoln , captain of the ship that is the United States of America . The first line establishes the poem 's mood , one of relief that the Civil War has ended , `` our fearful trip is done . '' The next line references the ship , America , and how it has `` weathered every rack '' , meaning America has braved the tough storm of the Civil War , and `` the prize we sought '' , the preservation of the Union , `` is won '' . The following line expresses a mood of jubilation of the Union winning the war as it says `` the people all exulting ; '' however , the next line swiftly shifts the mood when it talks of the grimness of the ship , and the darker side of the war . Many lost their lives in the American Civil War , and although the prize that was sought was won , the hearts still ache amidst the exultation of the people . The repetition of heart in line five calls attention to the poet 's vast grief and heartache because the Captain has bled and lies still , cold , and dead ( lines six through eight ) . This is no doubt referencing the assassination of Abraham Lincoln and Whitman 's sorrow for the death of his idol . In the second stanza the speaker again calls out to the captain to `` rise up and hear the bells , '' to join in the celebration of the end of the war . The next three lines tell the captain to `` rise up '' and join in on the revelries because it is for him . He is the reason for their merriment : `` for you the flag is flung -- for you the bugle trills ; for you bouquets and ribbon 'd wreaths -- for you the shores a-crowding ; for you they call , the swaying mass , their eager faces turning '' . Everyone is celebrating what Lincoln accomplished ; the abolition of slavery and the unification of the people after a fearful war . Again the poet calls to the Captain as if he had never fallen . The poet does not wish to acknowledge the death of his beloved Captain , and he even asks if it is some dream ( line 15 ) that the Captain has fallen `` cold and dead '' . The third stanza begins in a somber mood as the poet has finally accepted that the Captain is dead and gone . Here there is vivid and darker imagery such as `` his lips are pale and still '' and the reader can picture the dead Captain lying there still and motionless with `` no pulse nor will '' . In line 17 , the poet calls out `` My Captain , '' and in line 18 , the poet refers to the Captain as `` My father '' . This is referring to Lincoln as the father of the United States . Lines 19 and 20 are concluding statements that summarize the entire poem . The United States is `` anchor 'd safe and sound '' . It is safe now from war with `` its voyage closed and done , from fearful trip , the victor ship , comes in with object won '' . In line 21 , the examples of apostrophe , ordering `` shores to exult , '' and `` bells to ring '' are again referring to how the nation is celebrating while `` I with mournful tread , Walk the deck my Captain lies , Fallen cold and dead '' . Throughout the paper there is a distinct rhyme scheme , which is unusual for Whitman . The rhyme scheme in `` O Captain ! My Captain ! '' is AABCDEFE , GGHIJEKE , and LLMNOEPE for each stanza respectively . Two examples of alliteration are in line 10 `` flag is flung '' , as well as in line 19 `` safe and sound '' . Repetition occurs many times in this poem , for example `` O Captain ! My Captain '' , and `` fallen cold and dead '' . `` O Captain ! My Captain ! '' became one of Whitman 's most famous poems , one that he would read at the end of his famous lecture about the Lincoln assassination . Whitman became so identified with the poem that late in life he remarked , `` Damn My Captain ... I 'm almost sorry I ever wrote the poem . '' Modern versions ( edit ) Walter Huston recited the poem , with special musical underscoring by Victor Young , on a 1947 Decca Records album titled Our Common Heritage . The recording was rebroadcast as part of a 1954 Memorial Day edition of the WNBC poetry radio program Anthology . A musical version of the poem appears on Carolyn Hester 's 1965 live album At Town Hall . In 1996 , Israeli songwriter Naomi Shemer translated the poem to Hebrew and wrote music for it . This was done in addition to several prior translations in order to mark the anniversary of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin 's assassination which took place one year earlier , in 1995 . The song is since commonly performed or played in Yitzhak Rabin memorial day services all around Israel . `` Passage '' , a Z . Randall Stroope composition for SATB choir , has a similar message to `` O Captain ! My Captain ! '' and actually quotes one section : `` Captain my captain , rise up and hear the bells . Rise up , for you the flag is flung ! For you bouquets and ribbon 'd wreaths '' . After actor Robin Williams ' death in August 2014 , fans of his work used social media to pay tribute to him with photo and video reenactments of the Dead Poets Society `` O Captain ! My Captain ! '' scene . See also ( edit ) Abraham Lincoln cultural depictions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peck , Garrett ( 2015 ) . Walt Whitman in Washington , D.C. : The Civil War and America 's Great Poet . Charleston , SC : The History Press . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 1626199736 . Jump up ^ Peck 2015 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Planer , Lindsay . Carolyn Hester At Town Hall at AllMusic . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Szathmary , Zoe ( 12 August 2014 ) . `` ' # O Captain , My Captain ' : Robin Williams ' fans take over social media with tributes and memorials dedicated to the legendary comic '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( 14 August 2014 ) . `` Robin Williams death : Jimmy Fallon fights tears , pays tribute with ' Oh Captain , My Captain ' '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : O Captain ! My Captain ! O Captain ! My Captain ! public domain audiobook at LibriVox ( hide ) Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass ( 1855 -- 1892 ) `` Crossing Brooklyn Ferry '' ( 1855 ) `` Hush 'd Be the Camps To - Day '' ( 1865 ) `` I Sing the Body Electric '' ( 1865 ) `` A Noiseless Patient Spider '' ( 1891 ) `` O Captain ! My Captain ! '' ( 1865 ) `` One Hour to Madness and Joy '' ( 1860 ) `` One 's Self I Sing '' ( 1867 ) `` Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking '' ( 1859 ) `` Patrolling Barnegat '' ( 1856 ) `` Pioneers ! O Pioneers ! '' ( 1865 ) `` Prayer of Columbus '' ( 1900 ) `` Song of Myself '' ( 1855 ) `` Song of the Open Road '' ( 1856 ) `` This Dust Was Once the Man '' ( 1871 ) `` When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom 'd '' ( 1865 ) Sections Calamus Sea - Drift Drum - Taps Other works Franklin Evans ( 1842 ) Life and Adventures of Jack Engle ( 1852 ) Democratic Vistas ( 1871 ) Adaptations Elegiac Ode ( 1884 ) Sea Drift ( 1906 ) A Sea Symphony ( 1909 ) Ode to Death ( 1919 ) Morning Heroes ( 1930 ) Sea Drift ( 1933 ) Dona nobis pacem ( 1936 ) Secular Cantata No. 2 : A Free Song ( 1942 ) When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom 'd ( 1946 ) The Wound - Dresser ( 1989 ) Lilacs ( 1996 ) Symphony No. 2 ( 1999 ) Dooryard Bloom ( 2004 ) Life and honoraria Walt Whitman Award Walt Whitman Birthplace State Historic Site Walt Whitman House The Long Islander Walt Whitman Bridge Walt Whitman High School ( Maryland ) Walt Whitman High School ( New York ) Walt Whitman Shops Abraham Lincoln 16th President of the United States ( 1861 -- 1865 ) U.S. Representative from Illinois ( 1847 -- 1849 ) Presidency First inauguration Perpetual Union Lincoln Bible Second inauguration Civil War Confiscation Acts President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers War based income tax Seaports blockade RMS Trent Affair Habeas Corpus suspended Emancipation Proclamation West Virginia statehood Overland Campaign strategy Hampton Roads Conference Tour of Richmond Ten percent plan Reconstruction 13th Amendment abolishing slavery Dakota War of 1862 Department of the Northwest Homestead Act of 1862 National Banking Acts Thanksgiving Day Birchard Letter Bixby letter National Academy of Sciences Department of Agriculture Pardons State of the Union Address , 1863 1864 Cabinet Judicial appointments Assassination Funeral and burial Lincoln Catafalque Speeches Lyceum address ( 1838 ) Peoria speech ( 1854 ) `` Lost Speech '' ( 1856 ) House Divided speech ( 1858 ) Lincoln - Douglas debates ( 1858 ) Cooper Union Address ( 1860 ) Farewell Address ( 1861 ) First inaugural address ( 1861 ) Gettysburg Address ( 1863 event ) Second inaugural address ( 1865 ) Life and views Early life and career Black Hawk War Matson Trial Spot Resolutions Boat lifting patent Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co . Baltimore Plot Lincoln 's beard Medical and mental health Poetry Religious views Sexuality Slavery Fanny McCullough letter Homes and places Lincoln Birthplace Knob Creek Farm Lincoln Boyhood Memorial Lincoln State Park Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial Lincoln 's New Salem Lincoln Home Lincoln Pioneer Village Little Pigeon Creek Community Cottage at the Soldier 's Home Lincoln Bedroom Lincoln Sitting Room Ford 's Theatre Petersen House Lincoln Tomb Elections Republican National Convention , 1856 1860 1864 National Union Party United States presidential election , 1860 1864 1860 campaign song Legacy Presidential Library and Museum Papers Lincoln / Net Bibliography Artifacts and relics Lincoln Memorial sculpture reflecting pool Mount Rushmore Lincoln 's Birthday Lincoln , Nebraska statue Abraham Lincoln ( Healy painting ) Abraham Lincoln sculpture , Washington D.C. Abraham Lincoln : The Man statue Lincoln Park Abraham Lincoln : The Head of State statue Lincoln Trail State Memorial Lincoln the Lawyer statue Kentucky statue The Peacemakers painting Lincoln Highway Other memorials Photographs Cultural depictions films postage stamps Lincoln penny Illinois Centennial half dollar currency five - dollar bill art Lincoln Prize Abraham Lincoln Association White House ghost Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln Lincoln -- Kennedy coincidences Aircraft Carrier USS Abraham Lincoln Family Family tree Mary Todd Lincoln ( wife ) Robert Todd Lincoln ( son ) Edward Baker Lincoln ( son ) William Wallace Lincoln ( son ) Thomas `` Tad '' Lincoln ( son ) Mary Todd `` Mamie '' Lincoln ( granddaughter ) Abraham Lincoln II ( grandson ) Jessie Lincoln ( granddaughter ) Thomas Lincoln ( father ) Nancy Hanks Lincoln ( mother ) Sarah Bush Lincoln ( stepmother ) Sarah Lincoln Grigsby ( sister ) Abraham Lincoln ( paternal grandfather ) Mordecai Lincoln ( paternal uncle ) Mary Lincoln Crume ( paternal aunt ) John Hanks ( maternal cousin ) Joseph Hanks ( great - grandfather ) Samuel Lincoln ( 17th - century ancestor ) Mary Lincoln Beckwith ( great - granddaughter ) Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith ( great - grandson ) Timothy Lincoln Beckwith ( great - great - grandson ) Old Bob ( horse ) ← James Buchanan Andrew Johnson → Book Outline Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O_Captain!_My_Captain!&oldid=840471452 '' Categories : 1865 poems Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Poetry by Walt Whitman Abraham Lincoln in art Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano עברית ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Svenska Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 02 : 53 . 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where does kum and go get their gas			Kum & Go	kum & go	Kum & Go is a convenience store chain primarily located in the Midwestern United States . The company , based in West Des Moines , Iowa , operates over 400 stores in 11 states -- primarily in its home state of Iowa . Other states include : Missouri , Arkansas , Oklahoma , Nebraska , South Dakota , Minnesota , Montana , Colorado , and Wyoming . Kum & Go was ranked as the 23rd - largest convenience store chain in the United States by Convenience Store News in 2010 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Company expansion 3 Cultural references 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) The chain was founded by William A. Krause and Tony S. Gentle , who founded the Hampton Oil Company in Hampton , Iowa , in 1959 . Hampton Oil eventually became the Krause Gentle Corporation , which is Kum & Go 's parent company . In 1963 , Krause Gentle introduced the company 's first convenience stores , selling both fuel and merchandise items , in which they changed their gas station into a `` station store '' . The Kum & Go name was adopted in 1975 to unify the company 's array of stores under a single brand . It was a play on the phrase `` come and go '' using the initials of founders Krause and Gentle . Sales of Kum & Go - branded merchandise increased after Johnny Knoxville was seen wearing a Kum & Go T - shirt during a scene in the 2006 movie Jackass Number Two . Part of the Kum & Go franchise success was due in part to a unique marketing campaign in which they featured the Kum & Go `` Gold cup '' . The cup was introduced in late 2008 for the holiday season . It featured an 8oz coffee mug for $50.00 and benefitted customers by offering unlimited coffee and soda fountain refills for 2009 at any Kum & Go location . Company expansion ( edit ) A Kum & Go market at a Cenex Gas Station in Miles City , Montana In 1988 , Krause Gentle moved the company 's corporate headquarters to its current location in West Des Moines , Iowa . William Krause 's son Kyle is the current CEO of Krause Gentle . Kum & Go went through a period of rapid expansion in the late 1990s and early 2000s . In addition to building new stores , Krause Gentle acquired unwanted stores from chains such as 7 - Eleven , QuikTrip , and Git ' n ' Go and converted them to Kum & Go stores . In 2007 and 2008 Kum & Go auctioned off more than 40 of its smaller stores in order to focus on building larger stores ranging in size from 3,600 to 5,000 square feet ( 460 m ) . It was announced in June , 2011 , that Kum & Go had reached agreement to sell twenty - two stores , again mostly in smaller rural communities , to rival Casey 's General Stores . According to Kum & Go CEO Kyle J. Krause the sale will allow reinvestment in the chains remaining stores and help drive their long - term growth . In 2009 , Kum & Go ranked 238th on Forbes magazine 's list of the largest private companies in the United States , ranking second to Hy - Vee among companies based in Iowa . In addition to Kum & Go , the Krause Gentle Corporation operates the Des Moines Menace soccer team , Solar Transport ( a refined fuel transporter ) , and Teamwork Acres ( a collection of farms in Clarke , Madison , and Warren counties in Iowa ) . The Krause family was also involved with the Swing of the Quad Cities baseball team until selling the franchise in late 2007 . Controversy Kum n Go was sued in 2004 by an Omaha man claiming racial discrimination after being denied access to the public restroom . The lawsuit alleged a pattern of racist behavior by employees ranging from low level store employees to corporate officers . The lawsuit claimed stores in `` racially diverse '' communities denied access to public spaces , a right guaranteed to citizens pursuant to Nebraska code . While the lawsuit was not without merit , it was dismissed due to a clerical error . ( 1 ) Cultural references ( edit ) Kum and Go was mentioned in the Desaparecidos song Greater Omaha and in the They Might Be Giants Venue Song Sokol Auditorium . Johnny Knoxville is seen wearing a shirt with the Kum & Go logo in the movie Jackass : Number Two and A Thousand Years of Good Prayers . Kum and Go was shown in the South Park episode `` A Nightmare on Facetime '' . References ( edit ) Kum & Go sign , Montana ^ Jump up to : `` # 208 Kum & Go '' . Forbes . 2011 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` About Kum & Go '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Longo , Don ( 2010 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Top 100 Convenience Stores '' . Convenience Store News . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Kum & Go History '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Kum & Go - Trademark by Kum & Go , L.C. '' Trademarkia . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Elbert , David ( 2006 - 12 - 19 ) . `` How convenient ! Film comes out , T - shirt sales go up '' . The Des Moines Register . p. 1D . Jump up ^ `` Kum & Go To Sell 21 Locations '' . Convenience Store News . 2008 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Casey 's to purchase 22 Kum & Go stores in Iowa '' . The Daily Iowegan. 2011 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Largest Private Companies '' . Forbes . 2009 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Official website Krause Gentle Corporation profile Convenience stores Major convenience stores in Africa Eastern Africa National Oil Northern Africa Mini-Brahim On the Run Southern Africa Sasol SPAR SPAR Express Major convenience stores in Asia East 759 Store 7 - Eleven Circle K CU Daily Yamazaki FamilyMart GS25 Hi - Life Lawson Ministop OK Mart PARKnSHOP Poplar SPAR Storyway VanGO emart 24 Southeast 108 Shop 7 - Eleven All Day Alfamart B 's mart Bright Choices Co. op Food Cheers Circle K FairPrice Xpress Fresh Mart Jiffy Lawson Lawson 108 FamilyMart Indomaret Mini Big C Ministop Mesra Shell Select Shop&Go Star Mart Tesco Lotus Express Tops Daily VanGO South SPAR West Circle K SPAR Former ampm Buy the Way BP Connect Circle K Sunkus Daily Stop On the Run Major convenience stores in Europe Northern 7 - Eleven Bargain Booze Best - One BP Connect Budgens Centra The Co-operative Food Costcutter David Sands Deli de Luca Happy Shopper Jones Convenience Stores Kwik Save Londis ( Ireland ) Londis ( United Kingdom ) Mace Narvesen Nisa On the Run One Stop Pressbyrån R - Kioski McColl 's Sainsbury 's Local Scotmid SPAR Tesco Express Waitrose WHSmith Southern Couche - Tard Mac 's On the Run Opencor Provi - Soir SPAR Eastern Billa CBA Eurocash Freshmarket Groszek Małpka Express Piotr i Paweł Polomarket SPAR Społem Żabka Western Albert Heijn Carrefour City Delhaize Franprix Marché Plus Monoprix On the Run Petit Casino SPAR Former Jacksons Stores Local Plus Mills Morrisons M Local Somerfield Ugo Major convenience stores in North America Canada 7 - Eleven Circle K CST Couche - Tard Irving Mac 's Needs On the Run Pioneer Provi - Soir Quickie Honduras Circle K Mexico 7 - Eleven Circle K OXXO Super City Tiendas United States 7 - Eleven A-Plus ABC Alimentation Couche - Tard Circle K CST Holiday Allsup 's ampm Andeavor Giant SuperAmerica USA Gasoline Buc - ee 's Byrne Dairy Casey 's Cenex Chevron Convenient Cumberland Farms Dairy Barn Dari Mart Exxon Gate Petroleum GetGo Global GPM Investments Village Pantry Go - Mart High 's Dairy Store Jr . Food Mart Jr . Food Stores Kroger Convenience Stores Kwik Shop Loaf ' N Jug Quik Stop Smith 's Express Tom Thumb Turkey Hill Minit Markets Kum & Go Kwik Fill / Red Apple / Country Fair Kwik Trip / Kwik Star Lawson Love 's MAPCO Express Mobil Mart Murphy USA On the Go On the Run PDQ Food Stores Pilot Flying J Plaid Pantry Quality Dairy Company Quick Chek QuikTrip RaceTrac / RaceWay Road Ranger Roady 's Truck Stops Royal Farms Rutter 's Sheetz Speedway Stewart 's Shops Stripes Convenience Stores Stuckey 's Tedeschi Thorntons Inc . Tom 's Town Pump TravelCenters of America Minit Mart United Dairy Farmers Wawa Weigel 's Former Becker 's BP Connect Getty Town & Country Uni-Mart UtoteM White Hen Wilco Major convenience stores in Oceania Australia 7 - Eleven BP Connect NewsLink NightOwl Convenience Stores SPAR Express New Zealand BP Connect Night ' n Day Woolworths @ Gull List of convenience stores Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kum_%26_Go&oldid=827164739 '' Categories : Convenience stores of the United States Companies based in Iowa West Des Moines , Iowa American companies established in 1959 Retail companies established in 1959 1959 establishments in Iowa Economy of the Midwestern United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 03 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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task analysis is a detailed study of a job to identify the specific skills and abilities required			Job analysis	job analysis	Job analysis ( also known as work analysis ) is a family of procedures to identify the content of a job in terms of activities involved and attributes or job requirements needed to perform the activities . Job analysis provides information to organizations which helps to determine which employees are best fit for specific jobs . Through job analysis , the analyst needs to understand what the important tasks of the job are , how they are carried out , and the necessary human qualities needed to complete the job successfully .	The process of job analysis involves the analyst describing the duties of the incumbent , then the nature and conditions of work , and finally some basic qualifications . After this , the job analyst has completed a form called a job psychograph , which displays the mental requirements of the job . The measure of a sound job analysis is a valid task list . This list contains the functional or duty areas of a position , the related tasks , and the basic training recommendations . Subject matter experts ( incumbents ) and supervisors for the position being analyzed need to validate this final list in order to validate the job analysis . Job analysis is crucial for first , helping individuals develop their careers , and also for helping organizations develop their employees in order to maximize talent . The outcomes of job analysis are key influences in designing learning , developing performance interventions , and improving processes . The application of job analysis techniques makes the implicit assumption that information about a job as it presently exists may be used to develop programs to recruit , select , train , and appraise people for the job as it will exist in the future . Job analysts are typically industrial - organizational ( I-O ) psychologists or human resource officers who have been trained by , and are acting under the supervision of an I-O psychologist . One of the first I-O psychologists to introduce job analysis was Morris Viteles . In 1922 , he used job analysis in order to select employees for a trolley car company . Viteles ' techniques could then be applied to any other area of employment using the same process . Job analysis was also conceptualized by two of the founders of I-O psychology , Frederick Winslow Taylor and Lillian Moller Gilbreth in the early 20th century. ( 1 ) Since then , experts have presented many different systems to accomplish job analysis that have become increasingly detailed over the decades . However , evidence shows that the root purpose of job analysis , understanding the behavioral requirements of work , has not changed in over 85 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose 2 Procedures 2.1 Task - oriented 2.2 Worker - oriented 3 Example 4 Knowledge , skills , abilities and other characteristics ( KSAOs ) 5 Six steps 6 Uses of information 7 Job Analysis at the Speed of Reality ( JASR ) 8 Systems 9 In modern United States 10 See also 11 References 12 Other sources 13 External links Purpose ( edit ) One of the main purposes of conducting job analysis is to prepare job descriptions and job specifications which in turn helps hire the right quality of workforce into an organization . The general purpose of job analysis is to document the requirements of a job and the work performed . Job and task analysis is performed as a basis for later improvements , including : definition of a job domain ; description of a job ; development of performance appraisals , personnel selection , selection systems , promotion criteria , training needs assessment , legal defense of selection processes , and compensation plans . The human performance improvement industry uses job analysis to make sure training and development activities are focused and effective . In the fields of human resources ( HR ) and industrial psychology , job analysis is often used to gather information for use in personnel selection , training , classification , and / or compensation . Industrial psychologists use job analysis to determine the physical requirements of a job to determine whether an individual who has suffered some diminished capacity is capable of performing the job with , or without , some accommodation . Edwin Flieshman , Ph. D. is credited with determining the underlying factors of human physical fitness . Professionals developing certification exams use job analysis ( often called something slightly different , such as `` task analysis '' or `` work analysis '' ) to determine the elements of the domain which must be sampled in order to create a content valid exam . When a job analysis is conducted for the purpose of valuing the job ( i.e. , determining the appropriate compensation for incumbents ) this is called `` job evaluation . '' Job analysis aims to answer questions such as : Why does the job exist ? What physical and mental activities does the worker undertake ? When is the job to be performed ? Where is the job to be performed ? Under What conditions it is to be performed ? Procedures ( edit ) As stated before , the purpose of job analysis is to combine the task demands of a job with our knowledge of human attributes and produce a theory of behavior for the job in question . There are two ways to approach building that theory , meaning there are two different approaches to job analysis . Task - oriented ( edit ) Task - oriented procedures focus on the actual activities involved in performing work . This procedure takes into consideration work duties , responsibilities , and functions . The job analyst then develops task statements which clearly state the tasks that are performed with great detail . After creating task statements , job analysts rate the tasks on scales indicating importance , difficulty , frequency , and consequences of error . Based on these ratings , a greater sense of understanding of a job can be attained . Task analysis , such as cognitively oriented task analysis ( COTA ) , are techniques used to describe job expertise . For example , the job analysts may tour the job site and observe workers performing their jobs . During the tour the analyst may collect materials that directly or indirectly indicate required skills ( duty statements , instructions , safety manuals , quality charts , etc . ) . Functional job analysis ( FJA ) is a classic example of a task - oriented technique . Developed by Fine and Cronshaw in 1944 , work elements are scored in terms of relatedness to data ( 0 -- 6 ) , people ( 0 -- 8 ) , and things ( 0 -- 6 ) , with lower scores representing greater complexity . Incumbents , considered subject matter experts ( SMEs ) , are relied upon , usually in a panel , to report elements of their work to the job analyst . Using incumbent reports , the analyst uses Fine 's terminology to compile statements reflecting the work being performed in terms of data , people , and things . The Dictionary of Occupational Titles uses elements of the FJA in defining jobs . Worker - oriented ( edit ) Worker - oriented procedures aim to examine the human attributes needed to perform the job successfully . These human attributes have been commonly classified into four categories : knowledge , skills , abilities , and other characteristics ( KSAO ) . Knowledge is the information people need in order to perform the job . Skills are the proficiencies needed to perform each task . Abilities are the attributes that are relatively stable over time . Other characteristics are all other attributes , usually personality factors . The KSAOs required for a job are inferred from the most frequently - occurring , important tasks . In a worker - oriented job analysis , the skills are inferred from tasks and the skills are rated directly in terms of importance of frequency . This often results in data that immediately imply the important KSAOs . However , it can be hard for SMEs to rate skills directly . The Fleishman Job Analysis System ( F - JAS ) developed by Edwin A. Fleishman represents a worker - oriented approach . Fleishman factor - analyzed large data sets to discover a common , minimum set of KSAOs across different jobs . His system of 73 specific scales measure three broad areas : Cognitive ( Verbal Abilities ; Idea Generation & Reasoning Abilities ; Quantitative Abilities ; Memory ; Perceptual Abilities ; Spatial Abilities ; and Attentiveness ) , Psychomotor ( Fine Manipulative Abilities ; Control Movement Abilities ; and Reaction Time and Speed Abilities ) , and Physical ( Physical Strength Abilities ; Endurance ; Flexibility , Balance , and Coordination ; Visual Abilities ; and Auditory and Speech Abilities ) . JobScan is a measurement instrument which defines the personality dynamics within a specific type of job . By collecting PDP ProScan Survey results of actual performers and results of job dynamics analysis surveys completed by knowledgeable people related to a specific job , JobScan provides a suggested ideal job model for that position . Although it does not evaluate the intellect or experience necessary to accomplish a task , it does deal with the personality of the type of work itself . Example ( edit ) For the job of a snow - cat operator at a ski slope , a work or task - oriented job analysis might include this statement : Operates Bombardier Sno - cat , usually at night , to smooth out snow rutted by skiers and snowboard riders and new snow that has fallen . On the other hand , a worker - oriented job analysis might include this statement : Evaluates terrain , snow depth , and snow condition and chooses the correct setting for the depth of the snow cat , as well as the number of passes necessary on a given ski slope . Job analysis methods have evolved using both task - oriented and worker - oriented approaches . Since the end result of both approaches is a statement of KSAOs , neither can be considered the `` correct '' way to conduct job analysis . Because worker - oriented job analyses tend to provide more generalized human behavior and behavior patterns and are less tied to the technological parts of a job , they produce data more useful for developing training programs and giving feed back to employees in the form of performance appraisal information . Also , the volatility that exists in the typical workplace of today can make specific task statements less valuable in isolation . For these reasons , employers are significantly more likely to use worker - oriented approaches to job analysis today than they were in the past . Knowledge , skills , Abilities and other characteristics ( KSAOs ) ( edit ) Regardless of which approach to job analysis is taken , the next step in the process is to identify the attributes -- the KSAOs that an incumbent needs for either performing the tasks at hand or executing the human behaviors described in the job analysis . Knowledge : `` A collection of discrete but related facts and information about a particular domain ... acquired through formal education or training , or accumulated through specific experiences . '' Skill : `` A practiced act '' . Ability : `` The stable capacity to engage in a specific behavior '' Other characteristics : `` Personality variables , interests , training , and experiences '' Finally , once the appropriate KSAOs are identified , tests and other assessment techniques can be chosen to measure those KSAOs . Over the years , experts have presented several different systems and methods to accomplish job analysis . Many forms of systems are no longer in use , but those systems that still exist have become increasingly detailed over the decades with a greater concentration on tasks and less concentration on human attributes . That trend , however , has reversed in recent years for the better . Newer methods and systems have brought I-O psychology back to an examination of the behavioral aspects of work . There are several ways to conduct a job analysis , including : interviews with incumbents and supervisors , work methods of analysis can be laborious and time consuming , and there is always a tendency on the part of management to over analyze some jobs and under analyze some others . These traditional job analysis methods include : one - on - one interviewing ; behavioral event interviews ; phone interviews ; surveys ; work assessments ; Developing a Curriculum ( DACUM ) ; job analysis worksheets ; observations and procedural review . Job analysis at the speed of reality . Amherst , Mass. : HRD Press . All of these methods can be used to gather information for job analysis . The DACUM process developed in the late 1960s has been viewed as the fastest method used , but it can still can take two or three days to obtain a validated task list . Observation : This was the first method of job analysis used by I-O psychologists . The process involves simply watching incumbents perform their jobs and taking notes . Sometimes they ask questions while watching , and commonly they even perform job tasks themselves . Near the end of World War II , Morris Viteles studied the job of navigator on a submarine . He attempted to steer the submarine toward Bermuda . After multiple misses by over 100 miles in one direction or another , one officer suggested that Viteles raise the periscope , look for clouds , and steer toward them since clouds tend to form above or near land masses . The vessel reached Bermuda shortly after that suggestion . The more jobs one seriously observes , the better one 's understanding becomes of both the jobs in question and work in general . Interviews : It is essential to supplement observation by talking with incumbents . These interviews are most effective when structured with a specific set of questions based on observations , other analyses of the types of jobs in question , or prior discussions with human resources representatives , trainers , or managers knowledgeable about jobs . Critical incidents and work diaries : The critical incident technique asks subject matter experts to identify critical aspects of behavior or performance in a particular job that led to success or failure . For example , the supervisor of an electric utility repairman might report that in a very time - pressing project , the repairman failed to check a blueprint and as a result cut a line , causing a massive power loss . In fact , this is what happened in Los Angeles in September 2005 when half the city lost power over a period of 12 hours . The second method , a work diary , asks workers and / or supervisors to keep a log of activities over a prescribed period of time . They may be asked to simply write down what they were doing at 15 minutes after the hour for each hour of the work day . Or , they may list everything they have done up to a break . Questionnaires and surveys : Expert incumbents or supervisors often respond to questionnaires or surveys as a part of job analysis . These questionnaires include task statements in the form of worker behaviors . Subject matter experts are asked to rate each statement form their experience on a number of different dimensions like importance to overall job success , frequency performance and whether the task must be performed on the first day of work or can be learned gradually on the job . Questionnaires also ask incumbents to rate the importance of KSAOs for performing tasks , and may ask the subject matter experts to rate work context . Unlike the results of observations and interviews , the questionnaire responses can be statistically analyzed to provide a more objective record of the components of the job . To a greater and greater extent , these questionnaires and surveys are being administered online to incumbents . Position Analysis Questionnaire : The Position Analysis Questionnaire ( PAQ ) is a well - known job analysis instrument . Although it is labeled a questionnaire , the PAQ is actually designed to be completed by a trained job analyst who interviews the SMEs ( e.g. , job incumbents and their supervisors ). ( 2 ) The PAQ was designed to measure job component validity of attributes presented in aptitude tests . Job component validity is the relationship between test scores and skills required for good job performance . There are 195 behavior - related statements in the PAQ divided into six major sections : information input , mental process , work output , relationships with others , job context , and other job characteristics . Checklists : Checklists are also used as a job analysis method , specifically with areas like the Air Force . In the checklist method , the incumbent checks the tasks he or she performs from a list of task statements that describe the job . The checklist is preceded by some sort of job analysis and is usually followed by the development of work activity compilations or job descriptions . The scope of task statements listed depends upon the judgment of the checklist constructor . Six steps ( edit ) Decide how to use the information since this will determine the data to collect and how to collect it . Some data collection techniques such as interviewing the employee and asking what the job entails are good for writing job descriptions and selecting employees for the job . Other techniques like the position analysis questionnaire do not provide qualitative information for job descriptions . Rather , they provide numerical ratings for each job and can be used to compare jobs for compensation purposes . Review appropriate background information like organization charts , process charts , and job descriptions . Organization charts show the organization - wide work division , how the job in question relates to other jobs , and where the job fits in the overall organization . The chart should show the title of each position and , through connecting lines , show reports to whom and with whom the job incumbent communicates . A process chart provides a more detailed picture of the work flow . In its simplest , most organic form , a process chart shows the flow of inputs to and outputs from the job being analyzed . Finally , the existing job description ( if there is one ) usually provides a starting point for building the revised job description . Select representative positions . This is because there may be too many similar jobs to analyze . For example , it is usually unnecessary to analyze jobs of 200 assembly workers when a sample of 10 jobs will be sufficient . Actually analyze the job by collecting data on job activities , necessary employee behaviors and actions , working conditions , and human traits and abilities required to perform the job . For this step , one or more than one methods of job analysis may be needed Verify the job analysis information with the worker performing the job and with his or her immediate supervisor . This will help confirm that the information is factually correct and complete . This review can also help gain the employee 's acceptance of the job analysis data and conclusions by giving that person a chance to review and modify descriptions of the job activities . Develop a job description and job specification . These are two tangible products of the job analysis process . The job description is a written statement that describes the activities and responsibilities of the job as well as its important features such as working conditions and safety hazards . The job specification summarizes the personal qualities , traits , skills , and background required for completing a certain job . These two may be completely separate or in the same document . Uses of information ( edit ) Recruitment and selection : Job analysis provides information about what the job entails and what human characteristics are required in order to perform these activities . This information , in the form of job descriptions and specifications , helps management officials decide what sort of people they need to recruit and hire and select . Compensation : Job analysis information is crucial for estimating the value of each job and its appropriate compensation . Compensation ( salary and bonus ) usually depends on the job 's required skill and education level , safety hazards , degree of responsibility , etc. -- all factors which can be assessed through job analysis . Also , many employers group jobs into classes . Job analysis provides the information to determine the relative worth of each job and its appropriate class . Performance appraisal : A performance appraisal compares each employee 's actual performance with his or her performance standards . Managers use job analysis to determine the job 's specific activities and performance standards . Training : The job description should show the activities and skills , and therefore training , that the job requires Discovering unassigned duties : Job Analysis can also help reveal unassigned duties . For example , a company 's production manager says an employee is responsible for ten duties , such as production scheduling and raw material purchasing . Missing , however , is any reference to managing raw material inventories . On further study , it is revealed that none of the other manufacturing employees are responsible for inventory management , either . From review of other jobs like these , it is clear that someone should be managing raw material inventories . Therefore , an essential unassigned duty has been revealed . EEO compliance : Job analysis plays a large role in EEO compliance . United States Federal Agencies ' Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection stipulate that job analysis is a necessary step in validating all major personnel activities . For example , employers must be able to show that their selection criteria and job performance are actually related . Doing this requires knowing what the job entails , which in turn requires job analysis . Additional purposes : In addition to the 6 purposes above , Ash and Levine listed determining KSAOs needed for promotion , determining workplace hazards to make jobs safer , job classification , job description , designing the content of jobs , and strategic human resource planning . Job analysis at the speed of reality ( JASR ) ( edit ) The Job Analysis at the Speed of Reality ( JASR ) method for job analysis is a reliable , proven method to quickly create validated task lists . The end product , which can be used for many purposes , is the basis for many potential training opportunities . This method is a tested process that helps analysts complete a job analysis of a typical job with a group of subject matter experts and managers in two to three hours then deliver a validated task list . Job incumbents should know their jobs better than anyone else . They can provide accurate , timely content information about the job . JASR participants want to spend a minimum amount of time providing job data during a session and business leadership wants to minimize disruption to business operations . Since JASR participants do not spend as much time thinking about training as training professionals do , they do not require much orientation to the process . JASR uses the quickest methods and best possible technology to complete the job analysis . Systems ( edit ) For many years , the U.S. Department of Labor published the Dictionary of Occupational Titles ( DOT ) , which was a comprehensive description of over 20,000 jobs . However , the Department replaced the DOT with O * NET online database , which includes all occupations from the DOT plus an additional 3,500 . This makes O * NET very useful for job analysis . The O * NET ( an online resource which has replaced the Dictionary of Occupational Titles ) lists job requirements for a variety of jobs and is often considered basic , generic , or initial job analysis data . Everyone can use this database at no cost and is continually updated by observing workers from each occupation . O * NET also has a Career Exploration Tool which is an assessment to help workers and students who are searching for new careers . Data available from O * NET includes physical requirements , educational level , and some mental requirements . Task - based statements describing the work performed are derived from the functional job analysis technique . O * NET also provides links to salary data at the US national , state and city level for each job . O * NET was designed with several features in mind , including : The inclusion of multiple descriptors and content domains to capture the range of ways that work can be described The development of cross-job descriptors in order to enable comparisons between various jobs The use of a taxonomic approach to occupational classification to enable full coverage within a content domain Using these principles , a content model was developed that identified six content domains and specific categories within each domain . These six domains and categories within them include : Worker characteristics : enduring individual attributes that influence the capacities workers can develop - abilities , occupational values and interests , and work styles Worker requirements : general attributes developed through education and experience , thus are more amenable to change than worker characteristics - knowledge skills and education Occupational requirements : descriptors of the work itself rather than the worker - Generalized work activities , work context , and organizational context Experience requirements : types and quantities of experience required for specific occupations - worker experience in other jobs , related training , on - the - job training , and certification requirements Individual occupation characteristics : reflects labor demand , supply , and other labor market information Occupation - specific requirements : information unique to a particular job - occupation - specific skills and knowledge , tasks and duties , and equipment used In modern United States ( edit ) Over the past years , the concept of job analysis has been changing dramatically . One observer put it : `` The modern world is on the verge of another huge leap in creativity and productivity , but the job is not going to be part of tomorrow 's economic reality . There still is and will always be an enormous amount of work to do , but it is not going to be contained in the familiar envelopes we call jobs . In fact , many organizations are today well along the path toward being `` de-jobbed . '' . '' Jobs and job descriptions , until recently , tended to follow their prescriptions and to be fairly detailed and specific . By the mid-1900s writers were reacting to what they viewed as `` dehumanizing '' aspects of pigeonholing workings into highly repetitive and specialized jobs ; many proposed solutions like job enlargement , job rotation , and job enrichment . Job enlargement means assigning workers additional same - level tasks , thus increasing the number of activities they perform . Job rotation means systematically moving workers from one job to another . Psychologist Frederick Herzberg argued that the best way to motivate workers is to build opportunities for challenge and achievement into their jobs through job enrichment . Job enrichment means re-designing jobs in a way that increases the opportunities for the worker to experience feelings of responsibility , achievement , growth and recognition . Whether enriched , specialized or enlarged , workers still generally have specific jobs to do , and these jobs have required job descriptions . In many firms today , however , jobs are becoming more amorphous and difficult to define . In other words , the trend is toward dejobbing . Dejobbing , broadening the responsibilities of the company 's jobs , and encouraging employees to not limit themselves to what 's on their job descriptions , is a result of the changes taking place in business today . Organizations need to grapple with trends like rapid product and technological changes , and a shift to a service economy . This has increased the need for firms to be responsive , flexible , and generally more competitive . In turn , the organizational methods managers use to accomplish this have helped weaken the meaning of a job as a well - defined and clearly delineated set of responsibilities . Here are some methods that have contributed to this weakening of JOB 's meaning : Flatter organizations : Instead of traditional pyramid - shaped organizations with seven or more management layers , flat organizations with only three or four levels are becoming more prevalent Work teams : Managers increasingly organize tasks around teams and processes rather than around specialized functions . In an organization like this , employees ' jobs change daily and there is an intentional effort to avoid having employees view their jobs as a specific set of responsibilities . An example of this in action in information technology is the Scrum methodology in software development , which specifically states that within the Scrum process , the only recognised title for team members is `` team member '' - although in practice many IT organizations ignore this aspect of Scrum as it is perceived as `` too radical '' for them to cope with . The Boundaryless Organization : In a boundaryless organization , the widespread use of teams and similar structural mechanisms reduces and makes more permeable the boundaries that typically separate departments and hierarchical levels . These organizations foster responsiveness by encouraging employees to rid themselves of the ' it 's not my job ' attitudes that typically create walls between one employee 's area and another 's . Instead , the focus is on defining the project or task at hand in terms of the overall best interests of the organization , therefore further reducing the idea of a job as a clearly defined set of duties . Most firms today continue to use job analysis and rely on jobs as traditionally defined . More firms are moving toward new organizational configurations built around jobs that are broad and could change daily . Also , modern job analysis and job design techniques could help companies implement high - performance strategies . See also ( edit ) Industrial & organizational psychology Staffing models Task analysis Work sampling References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sackett , Paul R. ; Laczo , Roxanne M. ( 2003 ) . `` Handbook of Psychology '' . ISBN 0471264385 . doi : 10.1002 / 0471264385. wei1202 . chapter = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Wilson , M. ( 2007 ) . A history of job analysis . In L. Koppes , Historical perspectives in industrial and organizational psychology . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ^ Jump up to : Hartley , D.E. ( 1999 ) . Job analysis at the speed of reality . Amherst , Mass. : HRD Press . Jump up ^ Franklin , M. ( 2005 ) . Guide to Job Analysis . American Society for Training and Development . Jump up ^ Schneider , B. and Konz , A.M. ( 1989 ) , Strategic job analysis . Hum . Resour . Manage. , 28 : 51 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Viteles , M.S. ( 1922 ) . Job specifications and diagnostic tests of job competency designed for the auditing division of a street railway company . Psychological Clinic . 14 , 83 - 105 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , M. ( 2007 ) . A history of job analysis . In L. Koppes , Historical perspectives in industrial and organizational psychology . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , M. `` What is Job Analysis ? '' ( PDF ) . Institute of Work Psychology . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cascio , W.F. , & Aguinis , H. ( 2005 ) . Applied Psychology in Human Resource Management Jump up ^ Fleishman , E.A. ( 1964 ) . The Structure and Measurement of Physical Fitness ^ Jump up to : Brannick , M.T. , Levine , E.L. , & Morgeson , F.P. ( 2007 ) . Job and work analysis : methods , research and applications for human resource management ( 2nd ed . ) . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage . ^ Jump up to : Muchinsky , Paul M. ( 2012 ) . Psychology Applied to Work . Summerfield , NC : Hypergraphic Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 578 - 07692 - 8 . Jump up ^ Schmitt , N. ; Fine , S.A. ( 1983 ) . `` Inter-Rater Reliability of Judgements of Functional Levels and Skill Requirements of Jobs Based on Written Task Statements '' . Journal of Occupational Psychology . 56 ( 2 ) : 121 -- 127 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 2044 - 8325.1983. tb00119. x . Jump up ^ `` People Fitting Positions '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , N.G. , Mumford , M.D. , Borman , W.C. , Jeanneret , P.R. , & Fleishman , E.A. ( Eds . ) ( 1999 ) . An occupational information system for the 21st century . Washington , D.C : American Psychological Association . Jump up ^ Hartley , D.E. ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Morsh , J.E. ( 1964 ) , Job Analysis in the United States Air Force . Personnel Psychology , 17 : 7 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Premeaux , Shane R. , Noe , Robert M. , & Wayne , Mondy R. ( 2002 ) . Human Resource Management ( 8th ed ) . Upper Saddle River , N.J. : Prentice Hall . Jump up ^ Ash , R.A. , & Levine , E.L. ( 1980 ) . A framework for evaluating job analysis methods . Personnel Psychology , 57 , 53 - 59 Jump up ^ Hartley , D.E. ( 1999 ) . Job analysis at the speed of reality . Amherst , Mass. : HRD Press . The JASR method of job analysis is based on four principles . Jump up ^ Bohlander , G. , & Snell , S. ( 2009 ) . Managing human resources . Independence : Cengage Learning . Jump up ^ `` O * Net '' Jump up ^ Rogelberg , S.G. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of industrial and organizational psychology . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage . Fleishman , E.A. ( 1964 ) . The Structure and Measurement of Physical Fitness . Princeton , NJ : Prentice - Hall . Other sources ( edit ) Fine , Sidney A. & Cronshaw , Steven F. ( 1999 ) . Functional job analysis : A foundation for human resources management . Erlbaum : Mahwah , NJ . External links ( edit ) O * Net ( hide ) Aspects of jobs Topics Analysis Attitude Control Description Description management Embeddedness Enlargement Enrichment Fair Fraud Hunting Interview Lock Performance Rotation Satisfaction Security Shadow Sharing Strain Wrapping See also Corporation Employment Factory Job Office Organization Whistleblower Templates Aspects of corporations Aspects of occupations Aspects of organizations Aspects of workplaces Employment Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Job_analysis&oldid=808010119 '' Categories : Human resource management Industrial and organizational psychology Hidden categories : CS1 errors : chapter ignored Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français हिन्दी Italiano Nederlands Polski سنڌي Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 10 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who was eliminated from super dancer chapter 2 last week			Super dancer	super dancer	Super Dancer is an Indian Hindi kids dance reality television series , which airs on Sony Entertainment Television and Sony Entertainment Television Asia. The winner of season 1 of this series is Ditya Bhande. The series is produced by Ranjeet Thakur and Hemant Ruprell for their production house Frames Productions . The show was won By Ditya Bhande and choreographer Ruel Dausan.me anshu Singh be super dancer chapter 3 me Ana chata hu my number 7970080239 please muja moka do me Bhopal me rata hu please .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 2 Season 1 2.1 Participants 2.2 Power Card Entry 3 Season 2 3.1 Participants 3.2 Power Card Entry 3.3 Robo Girl Trend 3.4 5 - Year Old Dancers 3.5 Season 4 References Concept ( edit ) The show Super Dancer - Dance Ka Kal aims to find a kid prodigy who has the potential to be the future of dance . The kids are aged between 4 and 13 years of age . They are not only required to have 3Ds of dancing - Desire , Discipline and Determination - but also should be a keen learner , adaptable to all dance styles and circumstances and should be a passionate dancer with a unique personality . This show is an ideal opportunity for every kid to hone their talent and dancing skills . After the initial auditions and mega auditions , 12 Super Dancers are selected to be competing for the title of Dance Ka Kal ( future of dance ) . They are each paired with one choreographer ( Super Guru ) who has a unique style similar to theirs . These Super Gurus train them , choreograph acts for them and also perform with them . The Super Dancers perform on Saturdays and along with their choreographers on Sunday . The performances are voted by the audience every week on the website or the SonyLiv App . On the basis of the number of votes , one kid is being eliminated every week . Season 1 ( edit ) Participants ( edit ) Contestant From Choreographer Notes Ditya Sagar Bhande Mumbai Ruel Dausan WINNER Dipali Borkar Pune Sonali Kar Finalist Masoom Narzary Guwahati Palden Lama Mawroh Finalist Yogesh Sharma Mathura Vaibhav Ghughe Finalist Laxman Kumbhar Raipur Paul Marshal Finalist Eliminated on 23 October 2016 Power Card entry on 30 October 2016 Siddhanth Damedhar Aurangabad Shyam Yadav Eliminated on 23 October 2016 Power Card entry on 30 October 2016 Eliminated on 26 November 2016 Ashis Das Guwahati Lipsa Acharya Eliminated on 19 November 2016 Ananya Choksi Raipur Amrita Maitra Eliminated on 12 November 2016 Varsha Mishra Agra Nishant Bhat Eliminated on 16 October 2016 Harsh Prajapati Jaipur Anuja Eliminated on 16 October 2016 Mahi Soni Chattarpur Sneha Kapoor Eliminated on 9 October 2016 Lakshay Sinha Malda Biki Das Eliminated Power Card Entry ( edit ) Five contestants - Laxman Kumbhar , Siddhanth Damedhar ( both of whom were eliminated from the show earlier ) , Lakshay Sinha ( who could n't perform earlier in the competition due to his injury ) , Tiyash Saha & Harsh Dhara ( both standby contestants ) were called back on 30 October 2016 to gain a Power Card Entry into the competition . The judges chose Laxman Kumbhar & Siddhanth Damedhar and they Re-entered the competition . Winner Ditya Sagar Bhande from Mumbai won the first season of Super dancer . Her choreographer was Ruel Dausan . Season 2 ( edit ) Participants ( edit ) Contestant From Choreographer Notes Bishal Sharma Jorhat , Assam Vaibhav Ghuge Ritik Diwaker Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh Pratik Ramesh Utekar Akash Thapa Dehradun , Uttarakhand Vivek Chachere Shagun Singh Bhilai , Chhattisgarh Aishwarya Radhakrishnan Vaishnavi Prajapati Panipat , Haryana Manan Sachdeva Power card entry on 26th November 2017 Akash Mitra Patna , Bihar Rishikaysh Jogadaand Power card entrant ( Eliminated on 25 February 2018 ) Muskan Sharma Indore , Madhya Pradesh Paul Marshal Eliminated on 11th February 2018 Mishti Sinha Ahmednagar , Maharashtra Omkar Shinde Palden Lama Mawroh Eliminated on 12 November 2017 Power card entry on 26th November 2017 Eliminated on 26th January 2018 Arushi Saxena Ludhiana , Punjab Nishant Bhat Eliminated on 14 January 2018 Vivek Jogdande Aurangabad , Maharashtra Ruel Dausan Varindani Eliminated on 19th November 2017 Jyoti Ranjan Sahu Bhubaneswar , Odisha Anuradha Iyengar Eliminated on 19 November 2017 Abir Rahman Kolkata , West Bengal Sonali Kar Eliminated on 12 November 2017 Kunal Jyoti Rabha Guwahati , Assam Palden Lama Mawroh Eliminated on 29 October 2017 Chandresh Delwar Indore , Madhya Pradesh Khushboo Gupta Eliminated on 29 October 2017 Power Card Entry ( edit ) Three contestants , Vaishnavi Prajapati from Panipat with her Super Guru Manan , Akash Mitra from Patna with his Super Guru Rishikesh Jogdand and Mishti Sinha from Ahmednagar with her Super Guru Palden Lama Mowroh took a return on Power Card Entry . With top 9 , voting started . For almost 6 weeks at a stretch , there was not a single elimination on the show . Firstly , Arushi Saxena ( known as all rounder of the show ) had to leave the show by normal elimination and provided the show Super 8 . Mishti Sinha had to bid goodbye to the show due to an injury in her leg . Doctors suggested her to have respite and show got Super 7 . Robo girl trend ( edit ) Muskan Sharma termed as `` robotic girl '' of the show had set a trend of perfect indomitable robotics . She pursued such a different and tough dance form making many persons her fan . She performed robotics with contemporary and salsa which gave her a distinct look . Appreciated , she was said as trendsetter by shilpa shetty as the incredible girl invigorated and emboldened many other girls to chase robotics . Her Super Guru Paul always tried to present a message in her dance in which they were invincible . But voted less till super 7 , she was eliminated . 5 - year old Dancers ( edit ) Akash mitra is an amazing child on the show . He is always indifferent to all the situations and is termed as `` God Ka Favourite Bachcha '' . With his Super Guru Rishikesh , this 5 year old showcase his talent in many styles . He is majorly seen in feud with his friend Vaishnavi . Vaishnavi is a 5 year old talented girl on the show who gets tickled easily . Judges were shocked when they come to know about her handicapped but willing mentor . She and her Super Guru Manan does simple but effective acts on the stage without getting encumbered . Season ( edit ) Tellyserialwiki , Super Dancer Season 2 : Winner Name 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sony 's four new shows from different genres '' . Indian Television . 14 May 2016 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Dancer Official Site '' . superdancer.sonyliv.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 23 . Super Dancer Season 1 Season 2 Judges Shilpa Shetty Geeta Kapoor Anurag Basu Presenters Paritosh Tripathi Rithvik Dhanjani Jay Bhanushali Finalists Contestants Ditya Bhande ( Winner ) Masoom Narzary Dipali Borkar Yogesh Sharma Laxman Kumbhar Choreographers Ruel Dausan Varindani ( Winner ) Palden Lama Mawroh Sonali Kar Vaibhav Ghuge Paul Marshal Cardoz Current broadcasts on Sony Entertainment Television India Mystery CID Crime Patrol Dial 100 Crime Patrol Satark Reality and comedy The Drama Company Super Dancer Drama Ek Deewaana Tha Haasil Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai History and mythology Mere Sai Porus Prithvi Vallabh - Itihaas Bhi , Rahasya Bhi Vighnaharta Ganesha List of former shows Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Dancer&oldid=828205239 '' Categories : 2010s Indian television series 2016 Indian television series debuts Hindi - language television programs Indian dance television shows Indian reality television series Television shows set in Mumbai Sony Entertainment Television series Hidden categories : Use Indian English from May 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 04 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Dancer	675
tell about me that u known meaning in telugu			Dictionary	dictionary	A dictionary , sometimes known as a wordbook , is a collection of words in one or more specific languages , often arranged alphabetically ( or by radical and stroke for ideographic languages ) , which may include information on definitions , usage , etymologies , pronunciations , translation , etc. or a book of words in one language with their equivalents in another , sometimes known as a lexicon . It is a lexicographical product which shows inter-relationships among the data .	A broad distinction is made between general and specialized dictionaries . Specialized dictionaries include words in specialist fields , rather than a complete range of words in the language . Lexical items that describe concepts in specific fields are usually called terms instead of words , although there is no consensus whether lexicology and terminology are two different fields of study . In theory , general dictionaries are supposed to be semasiological , mapping word to definition , while specialized dictionaries are supposed to be onomasiological , first identifying concepts and then establishing the terms used to designate them . In practice , the two approaches are used for both types . There are other types of dictionaries that do not fit neatly into the above distinction , for instance bilingual ( translation ) dictionaries , dictionaries of synonyms ( thesauri ) , and rhyming dictionaries . The word dictionary ( unqualified ) is usually understood to refer to a general purpose monolingual dictionary . There is also a contrast between prescriptive or descriptive dictionaries ; the former reflect what is seen as correct use of the language while the latter reflect recorded actual use . Stylistic indications ( e.g. `` informal '' or `` vulgar '' ) in many modern dictionaries are also considered by some to be less than objectively descriptive . Although the first recorded dictionaries date back to Sumerian times ( these were bilingual dictionaries ) , the systematic study of dictionaries as objects of scientific interest themselves is a 20th - century enterprise , called lexicography , and largely initiated by Ladislav Zgusta . The birth of the new discipline was not without controversy , the practical dictionary - makers being sometimes accused by others of `` astonishing '' lack of method and critical - self reflection . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 English dictionaries in Britain 1.2 American English dictionaries 2 Types 2.1 Specialized dictionaries 2.2 Defining dictionaries 2.3 Prescriptive vs. descriptive 2.4 Historical dictionaries 2.5 Dictionaries for natural language processing 2.6 Other types 3 Pronunciation 4 Examples 4.1 Major English dictionaries 4.2 Dictionaries of other languages 5 Online dictionaries 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The oldest known dictionaries were Akkadian Empire cuneiform tablets with bilingual Sumerian -- Akkadian wordlists , discovered in Ebla ( modern Syria ) and dated roughly 2300 BCE . The early 2nd millennium BCE Urra = hubullu glossary is the canonical Babylonian version of such bilingual Sumerian wordlists . A Chinese dictionary , the c. 3rd century BCE Erya , was the earliest surviving monolingual dictionary ; although some sources cite the c. 800 BCE Shizhoupian as a `` dictionary '' , modern scholarship considers it a calligraphic compendium of Chinese characters from Zhou dynasty bronzes . Philitas of Cos ( fl . 4th century BCE ) wrote a pioneering vocabulary Disorderly Words ( Ἄτακτοι γλῶσσαι , Átaktoi glôssai ) which explained the meanings of rare Homeric and other literary words , words from local dialects , and technical terms . Apollonius the Sophist ( fl . 1st century CE ) wrote the oldest surviving Homeric lexicon . The first Sanskrit dictionary , the Amarakośa , was written by Amara Sinha c. 4th century CE . Written in verse , it listed around 10,000 words . According to the Nihon Shoki , the first Japanese dictionary was the long - lost 682 CE Niina glossary of Chinese characters . The oldest existing Japanese dictionary , the c. 835 CE Tenrei Banshō Meigi , was also a glossary of written Chinese . In Frahang - i Pahlavig , Aramaic heterograms are listed together with their translation in Middle Persian language and phonetic transcription in Pazand alphabet . A 9th - century CE Irish dictionary , Sanas Cormaic , contained etymologies and explanations of over 1,400 Irish words . In India around 1320 , Amir Khusro compiled the Khaliq - e-bari which mainly dealt with Hindustani and Persian words . The French - language Petit Larousse is an example of an illustrated dictionary . Arabic dictionaries were compiled between the 8th and 14th centuries CE , organizing words in rhyme order ( by the last syllable ) , by alphabetical order of the radicals , or according to the alphabetical order of the first letter ( the system used in modern European language dictionaries ) . The modern system was mainly used in specialist dictionaries , such as those of terms from the Qur'an and hadith , while most general use dictionaries , such as the Lisan al - ` Arab ( 13th century , still the best - known large - scale dictionary of Arabic ) and al - Qamus al - Muhit ( 14th century ) listed words in the alphabetical order of the radicals . The Qamus al - Muhit is the first handy dictionary in Arabic , which includes only words and their definitions , eliminating the supporting examples used in such dictionaries as the Lisan and the Oxford English Dictionary . 1612 Vocabolario dell'Accademia della Crusca In medieval Europe , glossaries with equivalents for Latin words in vernacular or simpler Latin were in use ( e.g. the Leiden Glossary ) . The Catholicon ( 1287 ) by Johannes Balbus , a large grammatical work with an alphabetical lexicon , was widely adopted . It served as the basis for several bilingual dictionaries and was one of the earliest books ( in 1460 ) to be printed . In 1502 Ambrogio Calepino 's Dictionarium was published , originally a monolingual Latin dictionary , which over the course of the 16th century was enlarged to become a multilingual glossary . In 1532 Robert Estienne published the Thesaurus linguae latinae and in 1572 his son Henri Estienne published the Thesaurus linguae graecae , which served up to the 19th century as the basis of Greek lexicography . The first monolingual dictionary written in Europe was the Spanish , written by Sebastián Covarrubias ' Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española , published in 1611 in Madrid , Spain . In 1612 the first edition of the Vocabolario dell'Accademia della Crusca , for Italian , was published . It served as the model for similar works in French and English . In 1690 in Rotterdam was published , posthumously , the Dictionnaire Universel by Antoine Furetière for French . In 1694 appeared the first edition of the Dictionnaire de l'Académie française . Between 1712 and 1721 was published the Vocabulario portughez e latino written by Raphael Bluteau . The Real Academia Española published the first edition of the Diccionario de la lengua española in 1780 , but their Diccionario de Autoridades , which included quotes taken from literary works , was published in 1726 . The Totius Latinitatis lexicon by Egidio Forcellini was firstly published in 1777 ; it has formed the basis of all similar works that have since been published . The first edition of A Greek - English Lexicon by Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott appeared in 1843 ; this work remained the basic dictionary of Greek until the end of the 20th century . And in 1858 was published the first volume of the Deutsches Wörterbuch by the Brothers Grimm ; the work was completed in 1961 . Between 1861 and 1874 was published the Dizionario della lingua italiana by Niccolò Tommaseo . Between 1862 and 1874 was published the six volumes of A magyar nyelv szótára ( Dictionary of Hungarian Language ) by Gergely Czuczor and János Fogarasi . Émile Littré published the Dictionnaire de la langue française between 1863 and 1872 . In the same year 1863 appeared the first volume of the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal which was completed in 1998 . Also in 1863 Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl published the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language . The Duden dictionary dates back to 1880 , and is currently the prescriptive source for the spelling of German . The decision to start work on the Svenska Akademiens ordbok was taken in 1787 . English dictionaries in britain ( edit ) The earliest dictionaries in the English language were glossaries of French , Spanish or Latin words along with their definitions in English . The word `` dictionary '' was invented by an Englishman called John of Garland in 1220 -- he had written a book Dictionarius to help with Latin `` diction '' . An early non-alphabetical list of 8000 English words was the Elementarie , created by Richard Mulcaster in 1582 . The first purely English alphabetical dictionary was A Table Alphabeticall , written by English schoolteacher Robert Cawdrey in 1604 . The only surviving copy is found at the Bodleian Library in Oxford . This dictionary , and the many imitators which followed it , was seen as unreliable and nowhere near definitive . Philip Stanhope , 4th Earl of Chesterfield was still lamenting in 1754 , 150 years after Cawdrey 's publication , that it is `` a sort of disgrace to our nation , that hitherto we have had no ... standard of our language ; our dictionaries at present being more properly what our neighbors the Dutch and the Germans call theirs , word - books , than dictionaries in the superior sense of that title . '' In 1616 , John Bullokar described the history of the dictionary with his `` English Expositor '' . Glossographia by Thomas Blount , published in 1656 , contains more than 10,000 words along with their etymologies or histories . Edward Phillips wrote another dictionary in 1658 , entitled `` The New World of English Words : Or a General Dictionary '' which boldly plagiarized Blount 's work , and the two denounced each other . This created more interest in the dictionaries . John Wilkins ' 1668 essay on philosophical language contains a list of 11,500 words with careful distinctions , compiled by William Lloyd . Elisha Coles published his `` English Dictionary '' in 1676 . It was not until Samuel Johnson 's A Dictionary of the English Language ( 1755 ) that a more reliable English dictionary was produced . Many people today mistakenly believe that Johnson wrote the first English dictionary : a testimony to this legacy . By this stage , dictionaries had evolved to contain textual references for most words , and were arranged alphabetically , rather than by topic ( a previously popular form of arrangement , which meant all animals would be grouped together , etc . ) . Johnson 's masterwork could be judged as the first to bring all these elements together , creating the first `` modern '' dictionary . Johnson 's dictionary remained the English - language standard for over 150 years , until the Oxford University Press began writing and releasing the Oxford English Dictionary in short fascicles from 1884 onwards . It took nearly 50 years to complete this huge work , and they finally released the complete OED in twelve volumes in 1928 . It remains the most comprehensive and trusted English language dictionary to this day , with revisions and updates added by a dedicated team every three months . One of the main contributors to this modern dictionary was an ex-army surgeon , William Chester Minor , a convicted murderer who was confined to an asylum for the criminally insane . American English dictionaries ( edit ) In 1806 , American Noah Webster published his first dictionary , A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language . In 1807 Webster began compiling an expanded and fully comprehensive dictionary , An American Dictionary of the English Language ; it took twenty - seven years to complete . To evaluate the etymology of words , Webster learned twenty - six languages , including Old English ( Anglo - Saxon ) , German , Greek , Latin , Italian , Spanish , French , Hebrew , Arabic , and Sanskrit . Webster completed his dictionary during his year abroad in 1825 in Paris , France , and at the University of Cambridge . His book contained seventy thousand words , of which twelve thousand had never appeared in a published dictionary before . As a spelling reformer , Webster believed that English spelling rules were unnecessarily complex , so his dictionary introduced American English spellings , replacing `` colour '' with `` color '' , substituting `` wagon '' for `` waggon '' , and printing `` center '' instead of `` centre '' . He also added American words , like `` skunk '' and `` squash '' , that did not appear in British dictionaries . At the age of seventy , Webster published his dictionary in 1828 ; it sold 2500 copies . In 1840 , the second edition was published in two volumes . Types ( edit ) In a general dictionary , each word may have multiple meanings . Some dictionaries include each separate meaning in the order of most common usage while others list definitions in historical order , with the oldest usage first . In many languages , words can appear in many different forms , but only the undeclined or unconjugated form appears as the headword in most dictionaries . Dictionaries are most commonly found in the form of a book , but some newer dictionaries , like StarDict and the New Oxford American Dictionary are dictionary software running on PDAs or computers . There are also many online dictionaries accessible via the Internet . Specialized dictionaries ( edit ) Main article : Specialized dictionary According to the Manual of Specialized Lexicographies , a specialized dictionary , also referred to as a technical dictionary , is a dictionary that focuses upon a specific subject field . Following the description in The Bilingual LSP Dictionary , lexicographers categorize specialized dictionaries into three types : A multi-field dictionary broadly covers several subject fields ( e.g. a business dictionary ) , a single - field dictionary narrowly covers one particular subject field ( e.g. law ) , and a sub-field dictionary covers a more specialized field ( e.g. constitutional law ) . For example , the 23 - language Inter-Active Terminology for Europe is a multi-field dictionary , the American National Biography is a single - field , and the African American National Biography Project is a sub-field dictionary . In terms of the coverage distinction between `` minimizing dictionaries '' and `` maximizing dictionaries '' , multi-field dictionaries tend to minimize coverage across subject fields ( for instance , Oxford Dictionary of World Religions and Yadgar Dictionary of Computer and Internet Terms ) whereas single - field and sub-field dictionaries tend to maximize coverage within a limited subject field ( The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology ) . Another variant is the glossary , an alphabetical list of defined terms in a specialized field , such as medicine ( medical dictionary ) . Defining dictionaries ( edit ) The simplest dictionary , a defining dictionary , provides a core glossary of the simplest meanings of the simplest concepts . From these , other concepts can be explained and defined , in particular for those who are first learning a language . In English , the commercial defining dictionaries typically include only one or two meanings of under 2000 words . With these , the rest of English , and even the 4000 most common English idioms and metaphors , can be defined . Prescriptive vs. descriptive ( edit ) Lexicographers apply two basic philosophies to the defining of words : prescriptive or descriptive . Noah Webster , intent on forging a distinct identity for the American language , altered spellings and accentuated differences in meaning and pronunciation of some words . This is why American English now uses the spelling color while the rest of the English - speaking world prefers colour . ( Similarly , British English subsequently underwent a few spelling changes that did not affect American English ; see further at American and British English spelling differences . ) Large 20th - century dictionaries such as the Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) and Webster 's Third are descriptive , and attempt to describe the actual use of words . Most dictionaries of English now apply the descriptive method to a word 's definition , and then , outside of the definition itself , and information alerting readers to attitudes which may influence their choices on words often considered vulgar , offensive , erroneous , or easily confused . Merriam - Webster is subtle , only adding italicized notations such as , sometimes offensive or stand ( nonstandard ) . American Heritage goes further , discussing issues separately in numerous `` usage notes . '' Encarta provides similar notes , but is more prescriptive , offering warnings and admonitions against the use of certain words considered by many to be offensive or illiterate , such as , `` an offensive term for ... '' or `` a taboo term meaning ... '' . Because of the widespread use of dictionaries in schools , and their acceptance by many as language authorities , their treatment of the language does affect usage to some degree , with even the most descriptive dictionaries providing conservative continuity . In the long run , however , the meanings of words in English are primarily determined by usage , and the language is being changed and created every day . As Jorge Luis Borges says in the prologue to `` El otro , el mismo '' : `` It is often forgotten that ( dictionaries ) are artificial repositories , put together well after the languages they define . The roots of language are irrational and of a magical nature . '' Sometimes the same dictionary can be descriptive in some domains and prescriptive in others . For example , according to Ghil'ad Zuckermann , the Oxford English - Hebrew Dictionary is `` at war with itself '' : whereas its coverage ( lexical items ) and glosses ( definitions ) are descriptive and colloquial , its vocalization is prescriptive . This internal conflict results in absurd sentences such as hi taharóg otí kshetiré me asíti lamkhonít ( she 'll tear me apart when she sees what I 've done to the car ) . Whereas hi taharóg otí , literally ' she will kill me ' , is colloquial , me ( a variant of ma ' what ' ) is archaic , resulting in a combination that is unutterable in real life . Historical dictionaries ( edit ) A historical dictionary is a specific kind of descriptive dictionary which describes the development of words and senses over time , usually using citations to original source material to support its conclusions . Dictionaries for natural language processing ( edit ) In contrast to traditional dictionaries , which are designed to be used by human beings , dictionaries for natural language processing ( NLP ) are built to be used by computer programs . The final user is a human being but the direct user is a program . Such a dictionary does not need to be able to be printed on paper . The structure of the content is not linear , ordered entry by entry but has the form of a complex network ( see Diathesis alternation ) . Because most of these dictionaries are used to control machine translations or cross-lingual information retrieval ( CLIR ) the content is usually multilingual and usually of huge size . In order to allow formalized exchange and merging of dictionaries , an ISO standard called Lexical Markup Framework ( LMF ) has been defined and used among the industrial and academic community . Further information : Machine - readable dictionary Other types ( edit ) Bilingual dictionary Collegiate dictionary ( American ) Learner 's dictionary ( mostly British ) Electronic dictionary Encyclopedic dictionary Monolingual learner 's dictionary Advanced learner 's dictionary By sound Rhyming dictionary Reverse dictionary ( Conceptual dictionary ) Visual dictionary Satirical dictionary Phonetic dictionary Pronunciation ( edit ) Main articles : International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects and Pronunciation respelling for English In many languages , such as the English language , the pronunciation of some words is not apparent from their spelling . In these languages , dictionaries usually provide the pronunciation . For example , the definition for the word dictionary might be followed by the International Phonetic Alphabet spelling / ˈdɪkʃənɛri / . American English dictionaries often use their own pronunciation respelling systems with diacritics , for example dictionary is respelled as `` dĭk ′ shə - nĕr ′ ē '' in the American Heritage Dictionary . The IPA is more commonly used within the British Commonwealth countries . Yet others use their own pronunciation respelling systems without diacritics : for example , dictionary may be respelled as DIK - shə - nerr - ee . Some online or electronic dictionaries provide audio recordings of words being spoken . Examples ( edit ) Major English dictionaries ( edit ) A Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson ( prescriptive ) The American College Dictionary by Clarence L. Barnhart The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ' ' Dictiobary ' ' Black 's Law Dictionary , a law dictionary Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable Canadian Oxford Dictionary Century Dictionary Chambers Dictionary Collins English Dictionary Concise Oxford English Dictionary Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English / Longman Macmillan Dictionary Macquarie Dictionary , a dictionary of Australian English Merriam - Webster , a dictionary of American English New Oxford Dictionary of English Oxford Dictionary of English Oxford English Dictionary ( descriptive ) Random House Dictionary of the English Language Further information : Comparison of English dictionaries Dictionaries of other languages ( edit ) Histories and descriptions of the dictionaries of other languages include : Arabic dictionaries Chinese dictionaries Dehkhoda Dictionary ( Persian Language ) Dutch dictionaries French dictionaries German dictionaries Japanese dictionaries Scottish Gaelic dictionaries Scottish Language Dictionaries Sindhi Language Dictionaries Yoruba Language Dictionaries Online dictionaries ( edit ) The age of the Internet brought online dictionaries to the desktop and , more recently , to the smart phone . David Skinner in 2013 noted that `` Among the top ten lookups on Merriam - Webster Online at this moment are ' holistic , pragmatic , caveat , esoteric ' and ' bourgeois . ' Teaching users about words they do n't already know has been , historically , an aim of lexicography , and modern dictionaries do this well . '' There exist a number of websites which operate as online dictionaries , usually with a specialized focus . Some of them have exclusively user driven content , often consisting of neologisms . Some of the more notable examples include : Double - Tongued Dictionary ( user generated content ) Free On - line Dictionary of Computing LEO ( website ) Logos Dictionary Pseudodictionary ( exclusively user - defined neologisms , with humorous intent ) dict.cc Dictionary.com Urban Dictionary ( much of the content ephemeral slang terminology , some with sources ) Wiktionary ( multilingual dictionary , a Wikimedia Foundation project ) WordNet WWWJDIC ( online Japanese dictionary ) Further information : List of online dictionaries See also ( edit ) Books portal Comparison of English dictionaries Centre for Lexicography COBUILD , a large corpus of English text Corpus linguistics DICT , the dictionary server protocol Dictionary Society of North America Encyclopedia Fictitious entry Foreign language writing aid Lexicographic error Lexicography Lexigraf Lists of dictionaries Thesaurus Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Webster 's New World College Dictionary , Fourth Edition , 2002 Jump up ^ Nielsen , Sandro ( 2008 ) . `` The Effect of Lexicographical Information Costs on Dictionary Naming and Use '' . Lexikos. 18 : 170 -- 189 . ISSN 1684 - 4904 . Jump up ^ A Practical Guide to Lexicography , Sterkenburg 2003 , pp. 155 -- 157 ^ Jump up to : A Practical Guide to Lexicography , Sterkenburg 2003 , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ A Practical Guide to Lexicography , Sterkenburg 2003 , p. 7 Jump up ^ R.R.K. Hartmann ( 2003 ) . Lexicography : Dictionaries , compilers , critics , and users . Routledge . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 25366 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Dictionary -- MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Peter Bing ( 2003 ) . `` The unruly tongue : Philitas of Cos as scholar and poet '' . Classical Philology. 98 ( 4 ) : 330 -- 348 . doi : 10.1086 / 422370 . Jump up ^ Rashid , Omar . `` Chasing Khusro '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 5 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ḳāmūs '' , J. Eckmann , Encyclopaedia of Islam , 2nd ed. , Brill Jump up ^ Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española , edición integral e ilustrada de Ignacio Arellano y Rafael Zafra , Madrid , Iberoamericana - Vervuert , 2006 , pg . XLIX . Jump up ^ `` OSA -- Om svar anhålles '' . g3.spraakdata.gu.se . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Forsyth . The etymologicon . / / Icon Books Ltd . London N79DP , 2011 . p. 128 Jump up ^ `` 1582 - Mulcaster 's Elementarie '' . www.bl.uk . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ A Brief History of English Lexicography Archived 2008 - 03 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , Peter Erdmann and See - Young Cho , Technische Universität Berlin , 1999 . Jump up ^ Jack Lynch , `` How Johnson 's Dictionary Became the First Dictionary '' ( delivered 25 August 2005 at the Johnson and the English Language conference , Birmingham ) Retrieved July 12 , 2008 , Jump up ^ John P. Considine ( 27 March 2008 ) . Dictionaries in Early Modern Europe : Lexicography and the Making of Heritage . Cambridge University Press . p. 298 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88674 - 1 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lynch , `` How Johnson 's Dictionary Became the First Dictionary '' `` . andromeda.rutgers.edu . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon Winchester , The Surgeon of Crowthorne . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Times , The Sindh ( 24 February 2015 ) . `` The first English to Einglish and Sindhi Dictionary of Computer and Internet Terms published - The Sindh Times '' . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Phil Benson ( 2002 ) . Ethnocentrism and the English Dictionary . Taylor & Francis . pp. 8 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Ingrid Tieken - Boon van Ostade ; Wim van der Wurff ( 2009 ) . Current Issues in Late Modern English . Peter Lang . pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Ned Halley , The Wordsworth Dictionary of Modern English Grammar ( 2005 ) , p. 84 Jump up ^ Zuckermann , Ghil'ad ( 1999 ) . Review of the Oxford English - Hebrew Dictionary , International Journal of Lexicography 12.4 , pp. 325 - 346 . Jump up ^ `` dictionary '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( 5th ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2014 . Jump up ^ David Skinner , The Role of a Dictionary in `` Opinionator : Exclusive Online Commentary from the Times '' , The New York Times , May 17 , 2013 . References ( edit ) Bergenholtz , Henning ; Tarp , Sven , eds. ( 1995 ) . Manual of Specialised Lexicography : The Preparation of Specialised Dictionaries . Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing . ISBN 90 - 272 - 1612 - 6 . Erdmann , Peter ; Cho , See - Young . `` A Brief History of English Lexicography '' . Technische Universität Berlin . Archived from the original on 9 March 2008 . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . Landau , Sidney I. ( 2001 ) ( 1984 ) . Dictionaries : The Art and Craft of Lexicography ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78040 - 3 . Nielsen , Sandro ( 1994 ) . The Bilingual LSP Dictionary : Principles and Practice for Legal Language . Tübingeb : Gunter Narr . ISBN 3 - 8233 - 4533 - 8 . Nielsen , Sandro ( 2008 ) . `` The Effect of Lexicographical Information Costs on Dictionary Making and Use '' . Lexikos. 18 : 170 -- 189 . ISSN 1684 - 4904 . Atkins , B.T.S. & Rundell , Michael ( 2008 ) The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography , Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 927771 - 1 Winchester , Simon ( 1998 ) . The Professor and the Madman : A Tale of Murder , Insanity , and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary . New York : HarperPerennial . ISBN 0 - 06 - 099486 - X. ( published in the UK as The Surgeon of Crowthorne ) . P.G.J. van Sterkenburg , ed. ( 2003 ) . A practical guide to lexicography . John Benjamins Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58811 - 381 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Guy Jean Forgue , `` The Norm in American English , '' Revue Française d'Etudes Americaines , Nov 1983 , Vol. 8 Issue 18 , pp 451 -- 461 . An international appreciation of the importance of Webster 's dictionaries in setting the norms of the English language . External links ( edit ) Look up dictionary or wordbook in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Dictionary at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Glossary of dictionary terms by the Oxford University Press Texts on Wikisource : `` Dictionary '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . `` Dictionary '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Dictionary '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Wikisource : Language ( directory of language - related works on Wikisource -- includes dictionaries ) Lexicography Types of reference works Dictionary Glossary Lexicon Phrase book Thesaurus Types of dictionaries Advanced learner 's Anagram Bilingual Biographical Conceptual Defining Electronic Encyclopedic Etymological Explanatory Historical Idiom Language for specific purposes dictionary Machine - readable Medical Monolingual learner 's Multi-field Picture Reverse Rhyming Rime Single - field Specialized Spelling Sub-field Visual Other List of lexicographers List of online dictionaries Dictionaries of English Old and Middle English An Anglo - Saxon Dictionary Dictionary of Old English Middle English Dictionary Historic Catholicon Anglicum ( 1483 ) The English Schoole - Master ( 1596 ) The New World of English Words ( 1658 ) A New English Dictionary ( 1702 ) An Universal Etymological English Dictionary ( 1721 ) A Dictionary of the English Language ( 1755 ) Webster 's Dictionary ( 1828 ) Worcester 's Dictionary Richardson 's New Dictionary Imperial Dictionary ( 1847 -- 50 ) Century Dictionary ( 1889 -- 91 ) American English American Heritage Dictionary of American English Dictionary of American Regional English Encarta New Oxford American Oxford American Random House Webster 's Webster 's New World Webster 's Third New International Dictionary World Book Dictionary British English Chambers Collins Oxford English Concise Oxford English Compact Oxford English Shorter Oxford English Historical Thesaurus Oxford Dictionary of English Penguin Canadian English Canadian Oxford Dictionary of Canadianisms Gage Canadian ( Full list ) Australian English Australian National Australian Oxford Macquarie Online Wiktionary Collaborative International Dictionary of English Urban Dictionary Wordnik Learners / ESL Cambridge Advanced Learner 's Collins COBUILD Advanced Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners Merriam - Webster 's Advanced Learner 's Oxford Advanced Learner 's GND : 4066724 - 8 NDL : 00574879 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dictionary&oldid=843242039 '' Categories : Dictionaries Lexicography Reference works Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2016 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier 's Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Articles prone to spam from June 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Ladino ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 117 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 21 : 14 . 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where is the main campus of university of colorado			University of Colorado	university of colorado	Coordinates : 39 ° 44 ′ 43 '' N 104 ° 59 ′ 00 '' W / 39.745196 ° N 104.983340 ° W / 39.745196 ; - 104.983340	University of Colorado Established 1876 Endowment US $ 1.063 billion ( systemwide ) President Bruce D. Benson Location Denver , Colorado , United States Boulder Denver Colorado Springs Locations of University of Colorado campuses in Boulder , Colorado Springs , and Denver . The University of Colorado system is a system of public universities in Colorado consisting of four campuses : University of Colorado Boulder , University of Colorado Colorado Springs , University of Colorado Denver in downtown Denver and at the Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora . It is governed by the elected , nine - member Board of Regents of the University of Colorado . Campuses ( edit ) The University of Colorado Boulder ( CU Boulder ) is the flagship university of the University of Colorado System in Boulder , Colorado . Founded in 1876 , the university has more than 32,000 undergraduate and graduate students . It offers more than 2,500 courses in more than 150 areas of study through its nine colleges and schools . The University of Colorado Colorado Springs ( UCCS ) is the fastest growing of the three campuses with an undergraduate and graduate student population of about 12,000 students . It offers 45 bachelor 's , 22 master 's , and five doctoral degree programs through its six colleges . The University of Colorado Denver ( CU Denver ) is the largest research university in Colorado , attracting more than $420 million in research annually , and granting more master 's degrees than any other institution in Colorado . The campus provides an urban learning center with liberal arts and sciences and professional programs in eight schools and colleges . CU Denver is located in downtown Denver and enrolls more than 14,000 students . The CU Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora is home to six professional schools in the health sciences and extensive research and clinical care facilities , including the University of Colorado Hospital , Children 's Hospital Colorado and the Anschutz Health and Wellness Center . CU Anschutz Medical Campus has more than 3,900 students . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McConnellogue , Ken ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` University of Colorado surpasses $1.068 billion Creating Futures campaign milestone '' . CU.edu . University of Colorado . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Colorado portal University portal CU.edu : official University of Colorado System website CU Boulder CU Colorado Springs CU Denver CU Anschutz Medical Campus University of Colorado Campuses Boulder Colorado Springs Heller Center Denver Auraria Campus Anschutz Medical Campus University of Colorado Hospital University of Colorado South Denver Academics Boulder School of Law CU Online Denver Business School Denver School of Public Affairs Research Center for Integrated Plasma Studies Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics National Snow and Ice Data Center Governance Board of Regents President : Bruce D. 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what is green revolution which crops benefited the most due to green revolution			Green Revolution	green revolution	The Green Revolution refers to a set of research and the development of technology transfer initiatives occurring between the 1930s and the late 1960s ( with prequels in the work of the agrarian geneticist Nazareno Strampelli in the 1920s and 1930s ) , that increased agricultural production worldwide , particularly in the developing world , beginning most markedly in the late 1960s . The initiatives resulted in the adoption of new technologies , including :	... new , high - yielding varieties ( HYVs ) of cereals , especially dwarf wheats and rices , in association with chemical fertilizers and agro-chemicals , and with controlled water - supply ( usually involving irrigation ) and new methods of cultivation , including mechanization . All of these together were seen as a ' package of practices ' to supersede ' traditional ' technology and to be adopted as a whole . The initiatives , led by Norman Borlaug , the `` Father of the Green Revolution '' , who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 , credited with saving over a billion people from starvation , involved the development of high - yielding varieties of cereal grains , expansion of irrigation infrastructure , modernization of management techniques , distribution of hybridized seeds , synthetic fertilizers , and pesticides to farmers . The term `` Green Revolution '' was first used in a March 8 , 1968 speech by the administrator of the U.S. Agency for International Development ( USAID ) , William S. Gaud , who noted the spread of the new technologies : `` These and other developments in the field of agriculture contain the makings of a new revolution . It is not a violent Red Revolution like that of the Soviets , nor is it a White Revolution like that of the Shah of Iran . I call it the Green Revolution . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 In Mexico 1.2 In rice : IR8 and the Philippines 1.3 Start in India 1.4 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research -- CGIAR 1.5 Brazil 's agricultural revolution 1.6 Problems in Africa 2 Agricultural production and food security 2.1 Technologies 2.2 Production increases 2.3 Effects on food security 3 Criticism 3.1 3rd World Economic Sovereignty 3.2 Food security 3.2. 1 Malthusian criticism 3.2. 2 Famine 3.2. 3 Quality of diet 3.2. 4 Political impact 3.3 Socioeconomic impacts 3.4 Environmental impact 3.4. 1 Biodiversity 3.4. 2 Greenhouse gas emissions 3.4. 3 Dependence on non-renewable resources 3.5 Health impact 3.5. 1 Pesticides and cancer 3.5. 2 Punjab case 4 Norman Borlaug 's response to criticism 5 The New Green Revolution 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) In Mexico ( edit ) See also : Agriculture in Mexico It has been argued that `` during the twentieth century two ' revolutions ' transformed rural Mexico : the Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 1920 ) and the Green Revolution ( 1950 -- 1970 ) '' . With the support of the Mexican government , the U.S. government , the United Nations , the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) , and the Rockefeller Foundation , Mexico made a concerted effort to transform agricultural productivity , particularly with irrigated rather than dry - land cultivation in its northwest , to solve its problem of lack of food self - sufficiency . In the center and south of Mexico , where large - scale production faced challenges , agricultural production languished . Increased production meant food self - sufficiency in Mexico to feed its growing and urbanizing population , with the number of calories consumed per Mexican increasing . Technology was seen as a valuable way to feed the poor , and would relieve some pressure of the land redistribution process . Mexico was not merely the recipient of Green Revolution knowledge and technology , but was an active participant with financial support from the government for agriculture as well as Mexican agronomists . Although the Mexican Revolution had broken the back of the hacienda system and land reform in Mexico had by 1940 distributed a large expanse of land in central and southern Mexico , agricultural productivity had fallen . During the administration of Manuel Avila Camacho ( 1940 -- 46 ) , the government put resources into developing new breeds of plants and partnered with the Rockefeller Foundation . In 1943 , the Mexican government founded the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center ( CIMMYT ) , which became a base for international agricultural research . Agriculture in Mexico had been a sociopolitical issue , a key factor in some regions ' participation in the Mexican Revolution . It was also a technical issue , which the development of a cohort trained agronomists , who were to advise peasants how to increase productivity . In the post-World War II era , the government sought development in agriculture that bettered technological aspects of agriculture in regions that were not dominated by small - scale peasant cultivators . This drive for transforming agriculture would have the benefit of keeping Mexico self - sufficient in food and in the political sphere with the Cold War , potentially stem unrest and the appeal of Communism . Technical aid can be seen as also serving political ends in the international sphere . In Mexico , it also served political ends , separating peasant agriculture based on the ejido and considered one of the victories of the Mexican Revolution , from agribusiness that requires large - scale land ownership , irrigation , specialized seeds , fertilizers , and pesticides , machinery , and a low - wage paid labor force . The government created the Mexican Agricultural Program ( MAP ) to be the lead organization in raising productivity . One of their successes was wheat production , with varieties the agency 's scientists helped create dominating wheat production as early as 1951 ( 70 % ) , 1965 ( 80 % ) , and 1968 ( 90 % ) . Mexico became the showcase for extending the Green Revolution to other areas of Latin America and beyond , into Africa and Asia . New breeds of maize , beans , along with wheat produced bumper crops with proper inputs ( such as fertilizer and pesticides ) and careful cultivation . Many Mexican farmers who had been dubious about the scientists or hostile to them ( often a mutual relationship of discord ) came to see the scientific approach to agriculture worth adopting . In rice : IR8 and the Philippines ( edit ) In 1960 , the Government of the Republic of the Philippines with the Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation established IRRI ( International Rice Research Institute ) . A rice crossing between Dee - Geo - woo - gen and Peta was done at IRRI in 1962 . In 1966 , one of the breeding lines became a new cultivar , IR8 . IR8 required the use of fertilizers and pesticides , but produced substantially higher yields than the traditional cultivars . Annual rice production in the Philippines increased from 3.7 to 7.7 million tons in two decades . The switch to IR8 rice made the Philippines a rice exporter for the first time in the 20th century . Start in India ( edit ) See also : Green Revolution in India In 1961 , India was on the brink of mass famine . Norman Borlaug was invited to India by the adviser to the Indian minister of agriculture C. Subramaniam . Despite bureaucratic hurdles imposed by India 's grain monopolies , the Ford Foundation and Indian government collaborated to import wheat seed from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center ( CIMMYT ) . Punjab was selected by the Indian government to be the first site to try the new crops because of its reliable water supply and a history of agricultural success . India began its own Green Revolution program of plant breeding , irrigation development , and financing of agrochemicals . India soon adopted IR8 -- a semi-dwarf rice variety developed by the International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) that could produce more grains of rice per plant when grown with certain fertilizers and irrigation . In 1968 , Indian agronomist S.K. De Datta published his findings that IR8 rice yielded about 5 tons per hectare with no fertilizer , and almost 10 tons per hectare under optimal conditions . This was 10 times the yield of traditional rice . IR8 was a success throughout Asia , and dubbed the `` Miracle Rice '' . IR8 was also developed into Semi-dwarf IR36 . Wheat yields in least developed countries since 1961 , in kilograms per hectare . In the 1960s , rice yields in India were about two tons per hectare ; by the mid-1990s , they had risen to six tons per hectare . In the 1970s , rice cost about $550 a ton ; in 2001 , it cost under $200 a ton . India became one of the world 's most successful rice producers , and is now a major rice exporter , shipping nearly 4.5 million tons in 2006 . Consultative Group on International agricultural Research -- CGIAR ( edit ) In 1970 , foundation officials proposed a worldwide network of agricultural research centers under a permanent secretariat . This was further supported and developed by the World Bank ; on 19 May 1971 , the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research ( CGIAR ) was established . co-sponsored by the FAO , IFAD and UNDP . CGIAR has added many research centers throughout the world . CGIAR has responded , at least in part , to criticisms of Green Revolution methodologies . This began in the 1980s , and mainly was a result of pressure from donor organizations . Methods like Agroecosystem Analysis and Farming System Research have been adopted to gain a more holistic view of agriculture . Brazil 's agricultural Revolution ( edit ) Brazil 's vast inland cerrado region was regarded as unfit for farming before the 1960s because the soil was too acidic and poor in nutrients , according to Norman Borlaug . However , from the 1960s , vast quantities of lime ( pulverised chalk or limestone ) were poured on the soil to reduce acidity . The effort went on for decades ; by the late 1990s , between 14 million and 16 million tonnes of lime were being spread on Brazilian fields each year . The quantity rose to 25 million tonnes in 2003 and 2004 , equalling around five tonnes of lime per hectare . As a result , Brazil has become the world 's second biggest soybean exporter . Soybeans are also widely used in animal feed , and the large volume of soy produced in Brazil has contributed to Brazil 's rise to become the biggest exporter of beef and poultry in the world . Several parallels can also be found in Argentina 's boom in soybean production as well . Problems in Africa ( edit ) There have been numerous attempts to introduce the successful concepts from the Mexican and Indian projects into Africa . These programs have generally been less successful . Reasons cited include widespread corruption , insecurity , a lack of infrastructure , and a general lack of will on the part of the governments . Yet environmental factors , such as the availability of water for irrigation , the high diversity in slope and soil types in one given area are also reasons why the Green Revolution is not so successful in Africa . A recent program in western Africa is attempting to introduce a new high - yielding ' family ' of rice varieties known as `` New Rice for Africa '' ( NERICA ) . NERICA varieties yield about 30 % more rice under normal conditions , and can double yields with small amounts of fertilizer and very basic irrigation . However , the program has been beset by problems getting the rice into the hands of farmers , and to date the only success has been in Guinea , where it currently accounts for 16 % of rice cultivation . After a famine in 2001 and years of chronic hunger and poverty , in 2005 the small African country of Malawi launched the `` Agricultural Input Subsidy Program '' by which vouchers are given to smallholder farmers to buy subsidized nitrogen fertilizer and maize seeds . Within its first year , the program was reported to have had extreme success , producing the largest maize harvest of the country 's history , enough to feed the country with tons of maize left over . The program has advanced yearly ever since . Various sources claim that the program has been an unusual success , hailing it as a `` miracle '' . Agricultural production and food security ( edit ) Technologies ( edit ) New varieties of wheat and other grains were instrumental to the green revolution . The Green Revolution spread technologies that already existed , but had not been widely implemented outside industrialized nations . These technologies included modern irrigation projects , pesticides , synthetic nitrogen fertilizer and improved crop varieties developed through the conventional , science - based methods available at the time . The novel technological development of the Green Revolution was the production of novel wheat cultivars . Agronomists bred cultivars of maize , wheat , and rice that are generally referred to as HYVs or `` high - yielding varieties '' . HYVs have higher nitrogen - absorbing potential than other varieties . Since cereals that absorbed extra nitrogen would typically lodge , or fall over before harvest , semi-dwarfing genes were bred into their genomes . A Japanese dwarf wheat cultivar Norin 10 developed by a Japanese agronomist Gonjiro Inazuka , which was sent to Orville Vogel at Washington State University by Cecil Salmon , was instrumental in developing Green Revolution wheat cultivars . IR8 , the first widely implemented HYV rice to be developed by IRRI , was created through a cross between an Indonesian variety named `` Peta '' and a Chinese variety named `` Dee - geo - woo - gen '' . With advances in molecular genetics , the mutant genes responsible for Arabidopsis thaliana genes ( GA 20 - oxidase , ga1 , ga1 - 3 ) , wheat reduced - height genes ( Rht ) and a rice semidwarf gene ( sd1 ) were cloned . These were identified as gibberellin biosynthesis genes or cellular signaling component genes . Stem growth in the mutant background is significantly reduced leading to the dwarf phenotype . Photosynthetic investment in the stem is reduced dramatically as the shorter plants are inherently more stable mechanically . Assimilates become redirected to grain production , amplifying in particular the effect of chemical fertilizers on commercial yield . HYVs significantly outperform traditional varieties in the presence of adequate irrigation , pesticides , and fertilizers . In the absence of these inputs , traditional varieties may outperform HYVs . Therefore , several authors have challenged the apparent superiority of HYVs not only compared to the traditional varieties alone , but by contrasting the monocultural system associated with HYVs with the polycultural system associated with traditional ones . Production increases ( edit ) Cereal production more than doubled in developing nations between the years 1961 -- 1985 . Yields of rice , maize , and wheat increased steadily during that period . The production increases can be attributed roughly equally to irrigation , fertilizer , and seed development , at least in the case of Asian rice . While agricultural output increased as a result of the Green Revolution , the energy input to produce a crop has increased faster , so that the ratio of crops produced to energy input has decreased over time . Green Revolution techniques also heavily rely on chemical fertilizers , pesticides and herbicides and rely on machines , which as of 2014 rely on or are derived from crude oil , making agriculture increasingly reliant on crude oil extraction . Proponents of the Peak Oil theory fear that a future decline in oil and gas production would lead to a decline in food production or even a Malthusian catastrophe . World population 1950 -- 2010 Effects on food security ( edit ) Main article : Food security The effects of the Green Revolution on global food security are difficult to assess because of the complexities involved in food systems . The world population has grown by about five billion since the beginning of the Green Revolution and many believe that , without the Revolution , there would have been greater famine and malnutrition . India saw annual wheat production rise from 10 million tons in the 1960s to 73 million in 2006 . The average person in the developing world consumes roughly 25 % more calories per day now than before the Green Revolution . Between 1950 and 1984 , as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the globe , world grain production increased by about 160 % . The production increases fostered by the Green Revolution are often credited with having helped to avoid widespread famine , and for feeding billions of people . There are also claims that the Green Revolution has decreased food security for a large number of people . One claim involves the shift of subsistence - oriented cropland to cropland oriented towards production of grain for export or animal feed . For example , the Green Revolution replaced much of the land used for pulses that fed Indian peasants for wheat , which did not make up a large portion of the peasant diet . Criticism ( edit ) 3rd world economic sovereignty ( edit ) A main criticism of the effects of the Green Revolution is the rising costs for many small farmers using HYV seeds , with their associated demands of increased irrigation systems and pesticides . A case study is found in India , where farmers are planting cotton seeds capable of producing Bt toxin . A criticism regarding the Green Revolution are the effects regarding the widespread commercialization and market share of organisations , particularly of the phasing out of seed saving practices in favor of purchasing of seeds , and concerns regarding the financial affordability of the adoption of patented crops amongst farmers , particularly of those in the developing world . This can allow larger farms , even foreign owned farming operations , to buy up local smallhold farms . Vandana Shiva notes that this is the `` second Green Revolution '' . The first Green Revolution , she notes , was mostly publicly - funded ( by the Indian Government ) . This new Green Revolution , she says , is driven by private ( and foreign ) interest -- notably MNCs like Monsanto . Ultimately , this is leading to foreign ownership over most of India 's farmland . Food security ( edit ) Malthusian criticism ( edit ) Some criticisms generally involve some variation of the Malthusian principle of population . Such concerns often revolve around the idea that the Green Revolution is unsustainable , and argue that humanity is now in a state of overpopulation or overshoot with regards to the sustainable carrying capacity and ecological demands on the Earth . Although 36 million people die each year as a direct or indirect result of hunger and poor nutrition , Malthus 's more extreme predictions have frequently failed to materialize . In 1798 Thomas Malthus made his prediction of impending famine . The world 's population had doubled by 1923 and doubled again by 1973 without fulfilling Malthus 's prediction . Malthusian Paul R. Ehrlich , in his 1968 book The Population Bomb , said that `` India could n't possibly feed two hundred million more people by 1980 '' and `` Hundreds of millions of people will starve to death in spite of any crash programs . '' Ehrlich 's warnings failed to materialize when India became self - sustaining in cereal production in 1974 ( six years later ) as a result of the introduction of Norman Borlaug 's dwarf wheat varieties . However , Borlaug was well aware of the implications of population growth . In his Nobel lecture he repeatedly presented improvements in food production within a sober understanding of the context of population . `` The green revolution has won a temporary success in man 's war against hunger and deprivation ; it has given man a breathing space . If fully implemented , the revolution can provide sufficient food for sustenance during the next three decades . But the frightening power of human reproduction must also be curbed ; otherwise the success of the green revolution will be ephemeral only . Most people still fail to comprehend the magnitude and menace of the `` Population Monster '' ... Since man is potentially a rational being , however , I am confident that within the next two decades he will recognize the self - destructive course he steers along the road of irresponsible population growth ... '' M. King Hubbert 's prediction of world petroleum production rates . Modern agriculture is largely reliant on petroleum energy . Famine ( edit ) To some modern Western sociologists and writers , increasing food production is not synonymous with increasing food security , and is only part of a larger equation . For example , Harvard professor Amartya Sen claimed large historic famines were not caused by decreases in food supply , but by socioeconomic dynamics and a failure of public action . However , economist Peter Bowbrick disputes Sen 's theory , arguing that Sen relies on inconsistent arguments and contradicts available information , including sources that Sen himself cited . Bowbrick further argues that Sen 's views coincide with that of the Bengal government at the time of the Bengal famine of 1943 , and the policies Sen advocates failed to relieve the famine . Quality of diet ( edit ) Some have challenged the value of the increased food production of Green Revolution agriculture . Miguel A. Altieri , ( a pioneer of agroecology and peasant - advocate ) , writes that the comparison between traditional systems of agriculture and Green Revolution agriculture has been unfair , because Green Revolution agriculture produces monocultures of cereal grains , while traditional agriculture usually incorporates polycultures . These monoculture crops are often used for export , feed for animals , or conversion into biofuel . According to Emile Frison of Bioversity International , the Green Revolution has also led to a change in dietary habits , as fewer people are affected by hunger and die from starvation , but many are affected by malnutrition such as iron or vitamin - A deficiencies . Frison further asserts that almost 60 % of yearly deaths of children under age five in developing countries are related to malnutrition . The strategies developed by the Green Revolution focused on fend off starvation and was very successful in raising overall yields of cereal grains , but apparently did not give sufficient relevance to nutritional quality . High yield - cereal crops have generally had low quality proteins , with essential amino acid deficiencies , are high in carbohydrates , and lack balanced essential fatty acids , vitamins , minerals and other quality factors . High - yield rice ( HYR ) , introduced since 1964 to poverty - ridden Asian countries , such as the Philippines , was found to have inferior flavor and be more glutinous and less savory than their native varieties . This caused its price to be lower than the average market value . In the Philippines the introduction of heavy pesticides to rice production , in the early part of the Green Revolution , poisoned and killed off fish and weedy green vegetables that traditionally coexisted in rice paddies . These were nutritious food sources for many poor Filipino farmers prior to the introduction of pesticides , further impacting the diets of locals . Political impact ( edit ) A major critic of the Green Revolution , U.S. investigative journalist Mark Dowie , writes : The primary objective of the program was geopolitical : to provide food for the populace in undeveloped countries and so bring social stability and weaken the fomenting of communist insurgency . Citing internal Foundation documents , Dowie states that the Ford Foundation had a greater concern than Rockefeller in this area . There is significant evidence that the Green Revolution weakened socialist movements in many nations . In countries such as India , Mexico , and the Philippines , technological solutions were sought as an alternative to expanding agrarian reform initiatives , the latter of which were often linked to socialist politics . Socioeconomic impacts ( edit ) The transition from traditional agriculture , in which inputs were generated on - farm , to Green Revolution agriculture , which required the purchase of inputs , led to the widespread establishment of rural credit institutions . Smaller farmers often went into debt , which in many cases results in a loss of their farmland . The increased level of mechanization on larger farms made possible by the Green Revolution removed a large source of employment from the rural economy . Because wealthier farmers had better access to credit and land , the Green Revolution increased class disparities , with the rich -- poor gap widening as a result . Because some regions were able to adopt Green Revolution agriculture more readily than others ( for political or geographical reasons ) , interregional economic disparities increased as well . Many small farmers are hurt by the dropping prices resulting from increased production overall . However , large - scale farming companies only account for less than 10 % of the total farming capacity . This is a criticism held by many small producers in the food sovereignty movement . The new economic difficulties of small holder farmers and landless farm workers led to increased rural - urban migration . The increase in food production led to a cheaper food for urban dwellers , and the increase in urban population increased the potential for industrialization . Environmental impact ( edit ) Increased use of irrigation played a major role in the green revolution . Biodiversity ( edit ) The spread of Green Revolution agriculture affected both agricultural biodiversity ( or agrodiversity ) and wild biodiversity . There is little disagreement that the Green Revolution acted to reduce agricultural biodiversity , as it relied on just a few high - yield varieties of each crop . This has led to concerns about the susceptibility of a food supply to pathogens that can not be controlled by agrochemicals , as well as the permanent loss of many valuable genetic traits bred into traditional varieties over thousands of years . To address these concerns , massive seed banks such as Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research 's ( CGIAR ) International Plant Genetic Resources Institute ( now Bioversity International ) have been established ( see Svalbard Global Seed Vault ) . There are varying opinions about the effect of the Green Revolution on wild biodiversity . One hypothesis speculates that by increasing production per unit of land area , agriculture will not need to expand into new , uncultivated areas to feed a growing human population . However , land degradation and soil nutrients depletion have forced farmers to clear up formerly forested areas in order to keep up with production . A counter-hypothesis speculates that biodiversity was sacrificed because traditional systems of agriculture that were displaced sometimes incorporated practices to preserve wild biodiversity , and because the Green Revolution expanded agricultural development into new areas where it was once unprofitable or too arid . For example , the development of wheat varieties tolerant to acid soil conditions with high aluminium content , permitted the introduction of agriculture in sensitive Brazilian ecosystems such as Cerrado semi-humid tropical savanna and Amazon rainforest in the geoeconomic macroregions of Centro - Sul and Amazônia . Before the Green Revolution , other Brazilian ecosystems were also significantly damaged by human activity , such as the once 1st or 2nd main contributor to Brazilian megadiversity Atlantic Rainforest ( above 85 % of deforestation in the 1980s , about 95 % after the 2010s ) and the important xeric shrublands called Caatinga mainly in Northeastern Brazil ( about 40 % in the 1980s , about 50 % after the 2010s -- deforestation of the Caatinga biome is generally associated with greater risks of desertification ) . This also caused many animal species to suffer due to their damaged habitats . Nevertheless , the world community has clearly acknowledged the negative aspects of agricultural expansion as the 1992 Rio Treaty , signed by 189 nations , has generated numerous national Biodiversity Action Plans which assign significant biodiversity loss to agriculture 's expansion into new domains . The Green Revolution has been criticized for an agricultural model which relied on a few staple and market profitable crops , and pursuing a model which limited the biodiversity of Mexico . One of the critics against these techniques and the Green Revolution as a whole was Carl O. Sauer , a geography professor at the University of California , Berkeley . According to Sauer these techniques of plant breeding would result in negative effects on the country 's resources , and the culture : `` A good aggressive bunch of American agronomists and plant breeders could ruin the native resources for good and all by pushing their American commercial stocks ... And Mexican agriculture can not be pointed toward standardization on a few commercial types without upsetting native economy and culture hopelessly ... Unless the Americans understand that , they 'd better keep out of this country entirely . That must be approached from an appreciation of native economies as being basically sound '' . Greenhouse gas emissions ( edit ) According to a study published in 2013 in PNAS , in the absence of the crop germplasm improvement associated with the Green Revolution , greenhouse gas emissions would have been 5.2 - 7.4 Gt higher than observed in 1965 -- 2004 . High yield agriculture has dramatic effects on the amount of carbon cycling in the atmosphere . The way in which farms are grown , in tandem with the seasonal carbon cycling of various crops , could alter the impact carbon in the atmosphere has on global warming . Wheat , rice , and soybean crops account for a significant amount of the increase in carbon in the atmosphere over the last 50 years . Dependence on non-renewable resources ( edit ) Most high intensity agricultural production is highly reliant on non-renewable resources . Agricultural machinery and transport , as well as the production of pesticides and nitrates all depend on fossil fuels . Moreover , the essential mineral nutrient phosphorus is often a limiting factor in crop cultivation , while phosphorus mines are rapidly being depleted worldwide . The failure to depart from these non-sustainable agricultural production methods could potentially lead to a large scale collapse of the current system of intensive food production within this century . Health impact ( edit ) Main article : Health effects of pesticides The consumption of the pesticides used to kill pests by humans in some cases may be increasing the likelihood of cancer in some of the rural villages using them . Poor farming practices including non-compliance to usage of masks and over-usage of the chemicals compound this situation . In 1989 , WHO and UNEP estimated that there were around 1 million human pesticide poisonings annually . Some 20,000 ( mostly in developing countries ) ended in death , as a result of poor labeling , loose safety standards etc . Pesticides and cancer ( edit ) Contradictory epidemiologic studies in humans have linked phenoxy acid herbicides or contaminants in them with soft tissue sarcoma ( STS ) and malignant lymphoma , organochlorine insecticides with STS , non-Hodgkin's lymphoma ( NHL ) , leukemia , and , less consistently , with cancers of the lung and breast , organophosphorous compounds with NHL and leukemia , and triazine herbicides with ovarian cancer . Punjab case ( edit ) See also : Green Revolution in India The Indian state of Punjab pioneered green revolution among the other states transforming India into a food - surplus country . The state is witnessing serious consequences of intensive farming using chemicals and pesticides . A comprehensive study conducted by Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research ( PGIMER ) has underlined the direct relationship between indiscriminate use of these chemicals and increased incidence of cancer in this region . An increase in the number of cancer cases has been reported in several villages including Jhariwala , Koharwala , Puckka , Bhimawali , and Khara . Environmental activist Vandana Shiva has written extensively about the social , political and economic impacts of the Green Revolution in Punjab . She claims that the Green Revolution 's reliance on heavy use of chemical inputs and monocultures has resulted in water scarcity , vulnerability to pests , and incidents of violent conflict and social marginalization . In 2009 , under a Greenpeace Research Laboratories investigation , Dr Reyes Tirado , from the University of Exeter , UK conducted the study in 50 villages in Muktsar , Bathinda and Ludhiana districts revealed chemical , radiation and biological toxicity rampant in Punjab . Twenty percent of the sampled wells showed nitrate levels above the safety limit of 50 mg / l , established by WHO , the study connected it with high use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers . Norman Borlaug 's response to criticism ( edit ) Borlaug dismissed certain claims of critics , but also cautioned , `` There are no miracles in agricultural production . Nor is there such a thing as a miracle variety of wheat , rice , or maize which can serve as an elixir to cure all ills of a stagnant , traditional agriculture . '' Of environmental lobbyists , he said : `` some of the environmental lobbyists of the Western nations are the salt of the earth , but many of them are elitists . They 've never experienced the physical sensation of hunger . They do their lobbying from comfortable office suites in Washington or Brussels ... If they lived just one month amid the misery of the developing world , as I have for fifty years , they 'd be crying out for tractors and fertilizer and irrigation canals and be outraged that fashionable elitists back home were trying to deny them these things '' . The new Green Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Second Green Revolution Although the Green Revolution has been able to improve agricultural output in some regions in the world , there was and is still room for improvement . As a result , many organizations continue to invent new ways to improve the techniques already used in the Green Revolution . Frequently quoted inventions are the System of Rice Intensification , marker - assisted selection , agroecology , and applying existing technologies to agricultural problems of the developing world . See also ( edit ) Agricultural robot Agroecology Arab Agricultural Revolution British Agricultural Revolution Environmental issues with agriculture Food security Food sovereignty Genetic pollution Green Revolution in India Industrial agriculture Neolithic Revolution Plant breeding Virgin Lands Campaign Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hazell , Peter B.R. ( 2009 ) . The Asian Green Revolution . IFPRI Discussion Paper . Intl Food Policy Res Inst . GGKEY : HS2UT4LADZD . Jump up ^ Farmer , B.H. ( 1986 ) . `` Perspectives on the ' Green Revolution'in South Asia '' . Modern Asian Studies . 20 ( 01 ) : 175 -- 199 . doi : 10.1017 / s0026749x00013627 . Jump up ^ Gaud , William S. ( 8 March 1968 ) . `` The Green Revolution : Accomplishments and Apprehensions '' . AgBioWorld . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Marie - Monique Robin , The World According to Monsanto : Pollution , Corruption , and the Control of the World 's Food Supply ( The New Press , 2010 ) p308 Jump up ^ Joseph Cotter , Troubled Harvest : Agronomy and Revolution in Mexico , 1880 -- 2002 , Westport , CT : Praeger . Contributions in Latin American Studies , no . 22 , 2003 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ David Barkin , `` Food Production , Consumption , and Policy '' , Encyclopedia of Mexico vol. 1 , p. 494 . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn 1997 . Jump up ^ James W. Wessman , `` Agribusiness and Agroindustry '' , Encyclopedia of Mexico vol. 1 , p. 29 . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers 1997 Jump up ^ Barkin , `` Food Production '' , p. 494 . Jump up ^ Jennifer , Clapp . Food . p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Cotter , p. 11 Jump up ^ Cotter , p. 10 Jump up ^ Cotter , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Cotter , p. 235 Jump up ^ IRRI Early research and training results Archived 17 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ( pdf ) pp. 106 -- 109 . Jump up ^ `` Rice paddies '' . FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Friday , 14 Jun. 1968 ( 14 June 1968 ) . `` Rice of the Gods '' . TIME . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India Girds for Famine Linked With Flowering of Bamboo '' . News.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Newsroom : News Releases '' . CGIAR . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Rowlatt , Justin ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) . `` IR8 : The miracle rice which saved millions of lives '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ De Datta SK , Tauro AC , Balaoing SN ( 1 November 1968 ) . `` Effect of plant type and nitrogen level on growth characteristics and grain yield of indica rice in the tropics '' . Agron. J. 60 ( 6 ) : 643 -- 7 . doi : 10.2134 / agronj1968. 00021962006000060017x . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Barta , Patrick ( 28 July 2007 ) . `` Feeding Billions , A Grain at a Time '' . The Wall Street Journal . pp. A1 . ^ Jump up to : Oasa 1987 Jump up ^ The Economist . Brazilian agriculture : The miracle of the cerrado . August 26 , 2010 . http://www.economist.com/node/16886442 Jump up ^ Al Jazeera English ( 2013 - 03 - 13 ) , People & Power - Argentina : The Bad Seeds , retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 Jump up ^ Groniger , Wout ( 2009 ) . Debating Development -- A historical analysis of the Sasakawa Global 2000 project in Ghana and indigenous knowledge as an alternative approach to agricultural development ( Master thesis ) . Universiteit Utrecht . Archived from the original on 3 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Emile Frison ( May 2008 ) . `` Biodiversity : Indispensable resources '' . D + C. 49 ( 5 ) : 190 -- 3 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2008 . If there is to be a Green Revolution for Africa , it will be necessary to breed improved varieties and , indeed , livestock . That task will depend on access to the genetic resources inherent in agricultural biodiversity . However , biodiversity is also important for tackling malnutrition as well as food security . Jump up ^ Dugger , Celia W. ( 10 October 2007 ) . `` In Africa , Prosperity From Seeds Falls Short '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Chibwana , Christopher ; Fisher , Monica . `` The Impacts of Agricultural Input Subsidies in Malawi '' . International Food Policy Research Institute . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Malawi Miracle article on the BBC website . According to the UN website on Malawi the program was highly effective . This website highlights the women farmers program . The claims of success are substantiated by Malawi government claims at Malawi National Statistics Organization site Archived 13 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... The international WaterAid organisation seems to contradict these facts with its report on plans from 2005 -- 2010 . Similarly , the Major League Gaming reported that Malawi had noted problems including lack of transparency and administrative difficulties . This follows with a recent ( 2010 ) Malawi newspaper tells of UN report Archived 8 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine . with Malawi one of the lowest on the UN list of developing states , confirmed by this UN World Food Program report . Another report from the Institute for Security Studies Archived 13 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . from 2005 , showed corruption still prevailing in Malawi at that time . Jump up ^ Hicks , Norman ( 2011 ) . The Challenge of Economic Development : A Survey of Issues and Constraints Facing Developing Countries . Bloomington , IN : AuthorHouse . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4567 - 6633 - 7 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Xu YL , Li L , Wu K , Peeters AJ , Gage DA , Zeevaart JA ( July 1995 ) . `` The GA5 locus of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a multifunctional gibberellin 20 - oxidase : molecular cloning and functional expression '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 ( 14 ) : 6640 -- 4 . Bibcode : 1995PNAS ... 92.6640 X . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 92.14. 6640 . PMC 41574 . PMID 7604047 . Jump up ^ Silverstone AL , Chang C , Krol E , Sun TP ( July 1997 ) . `` Developmental regulation of the gibberellin biosynthetic gene GA1 in Arabidopsis thaliana '' . Plant J. 12 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 19 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 313X. 1997.12010009. x . PMID 9263448 . Jump up ^ Silverstone AL , Ciampaglio CN , Sun T ( February 1998 ) . `` The Arabidopsis RGA gene encodes a transcriptional regulator repressing the gibberellin signal transduction pathway '' . Plant Cell. 10 ( 2 ) : 155 -- 69 . doi : 10.1105 / tpc. 10.2. 155 . PMC 143987 . PMID 9490740 . Jump up ^ Appleford NE ; Wilkinson MD ; Ma Q ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Decreased shoot stature and grain alpha - amylase activity following ectopic expression of a gibberellin 2 - oxidase gene in transgenic wheat '' . J. Exp . Bot. 58 ( 12 ) : 3213 -- 26 . doi : 10.1093 / jxb / erm166 . PMID 17916639 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Monna L ; Kitazawa N ; Yoshino R ; et al. ( February 2002 ) . `` Positional cloning of rice semidwarfing gene , sd - 1 : rice `` green revolution gene '' encodes a mutant enzyme involved in gibberellin synthesis `` . DNA Res. 9 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 7 . doi : 10.1093 / dnares / 9.1. 11 . PMID 11939564 . Jump up ^ Igbozurike , U.M. ( 1978 ) . `` Polyculture and Monoculture : Contrast and Analysis '' . GeoJournal. 2 ( 5 ) : 443 -- 49 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00156222 . ^ Jump up to : Conway 1998 , Ch. 4 Jump up ^ Church , Norman ( 1 April 2005 ) . `` Why Our Food is So Dependent on Oil '' . PowerSwitch . Archived from the original on 1 April 2005 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fuel costs , drought influence price increase '' . Timesdaily.com . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rising food prices curb aid to global poor '' . Csmonitor.com. 24 July 2007 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ url = http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ Jump up ^ `` The end of India 's green revolution ? '' . BBC News . 29 May 2006 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Kindall , Henery W ; Pimentel , David ( May 1994 ) . `` Constraints on the Expansion of the Global Food Supply '' . Ambio. 23 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ `` Save and Grow farming model launched by FAO '' . Food and Agriculture Organization . Jump up ^ Spitz 1987 Jump up ^ Robin , Marie - Monique . `` The World According to Monsanto '' . IMDB . Jump up ^ Hope Shand . `` The Big Six : A Profile of Corporate Power in Seeds , Agrochemicals & Biotech '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Shiva , Vandana . Seeds of Suicide . Navdanya . Jump up ^ Shiva , V. `` Seeds of Suicide '' . Counter Currents . Jump up ^ `` Food , Land , Population and the U.S. Economy '' . Dieoff.com . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Mortality statistics w / references in Wikipedia article on hunger . ^ Jump up to : `` Green Revolutionary '' . Technology Review . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World oil supplies are set to run out faster than expected , warn scientists '' . The Independent . June 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Drezé and Sen 1991 ^ Jump up to : Bowbrick , Peter ( May 1986 ) . `` A Refutation of Professor Sen 's Theory of Famine '' . Food Policy . 11 ( 2 ) : 105 -- 124 . doi : 10.1016 / 0306 - 9192 ( 86 ) 90059 - X . ^ Jump up to : Sands DC , Morris CE , Dratz EA , Pilgeram A ( 2009 ) . `` Elevating optimal human nutrition to a central goal of plant breeding and production of plant - based foods '' . Plant Sci ( Review ) . 177 ( 5 ) : 377 -- 89 . doi : 10.1016 / j. plantsci. 2009.07. 011 . PMC 2866137 . PMID 20467463 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Graham P. ( 2002 ) . `` The Green Revolution '' . The Companion to Development Studies . London : Arnold . pp. 155 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas ( 2007 ) . Victoria M. Lopez ; et al. , eds . The Great Riice Robbery : A Handbook on the Impact of IRRI in Asia ( PDF ) . Penang , Malaysia : Pesticide Action Network Asia and the Pacific . ISBN 978 - 983 - 9381 - 35 - 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Conservation Refugees -- When Protecting Nature Means Kicking People Out ; Dowie , Mark ; quote : `` ... Later that spring , at a Vancouver , British Columbia , meeting of the International Forum on Indigenous Mapping , all two hundred delegates signed a declaration stating that the ' activities of conservation organizations now represent the single biggest threat to the integrity of indigenous lands ' ... '' ; November / December 2005 ; Orion Magazine on line ; retrieved March 2014 . Jump up ^ American Foundations : An Investigative History ; Dowie , Mark ; 13 April 2001 ; MIT Press ; Massachusetts ; ( retrieved from Goodreads online ) ; ISBN 0262041898 ; accessed March 2014 . Jump up ^ Primary objective was geopolitical -- see Dowie , Mark ( 2001 ) . American Foundations : An Investigative History . Cambridge MA : MIT Press . pp. 109 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Ross 1998 , Ch. 5 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Ponting , Clive ( 2007 ) . A New Green History of the World : The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations . New York : Penguin Books . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303898 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Paul ( June 2003 ) . `` An Historical Perspective from the Green Revolution to the Gene Revolution '' . Nutrition Reviews . 61 ( 6 ) : S124 -- 34 . doi : 10.1301 / nr. 2003. jun. S124 - S134 . PMID 12908744 . Jump up ^ Shiva , Vandana ( March -- April 1991 ) . `` The Green Revolution in the Punjab '' . The Ecologist. 21 ( 2 ) : 57 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Bruce H. ( 1988 ) . Foundations of international agricultural research : Science and politics in Mexican Agriculture . Boulder : Westview Press . p. 51 . Jump up ^ `` Green Revolution research saved an estimated 18 to 27 million hectares from being brought into agricultural production '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 110 : 8363 -- 8368 . 2013 - 05 - 13 . Bibcode : 2013PNAS ... 110.8363 S . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1208065110 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` ' Green Revolution ' Brings Greater CO2 Swings '' . www.climatecentral.org . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Norman J. Church ( 2005 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Why Our Food is So Dependent on Oil '' . Resilience . Powerswitch ( UK ) . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 August 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Loyn , David ( 26 April 2008 ) . `` Punjab suffers from adverse effect of Green revolution '' . BBC News . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Pimentel , D. ( 1996 ) . `` Green revolution agriculture and chemical hazards '' . The Science of the Total Environment. 188 ( Suppl ) : S86 -- S98 . doi : 10.1016 / 0048 - 9697 ( 96 ) 05280 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dich J , Zahm SH , Hanberg A , Adami HO ( May 1997 ) . `` Pesticides and cancer '' . Cancer Causes Control . 8 ( 3 ) : 420 -- 43 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1018413522959 . PMID 9498903 . Jump up ^ Zahm , SH ; Ward , MH ( 21 January 2011 ) . `` Pesticides and childhood cancer '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 106 ( Suppl 3 ) : 893 -- 908 . doi : 10.2307 / 3434207 . PMC 1533072 . PMID 9646054 . Jump up ^ The Government of Punjab ( 2004 ) . Human Development Report 2004 , Punjab ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Section : `` The Green Revolution '' , pp. 17 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Sandeep Yadav Faridkot ( November 2006 ) . `` Green revolution 's cancer train '' . Hardnews . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Green revolution in Punjab , by Vandana Shiva '' . Livingheritage.org. 15 October 1988 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Garg , Balwant ( 15 June 2010 ) . `` Uranium , metals make Punjab toxic hotspot '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Iowans Who Fed The World - Norman Borlaug : Geneticist '' . AgBioWorld. 26 October 2002 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Tierney , John ( 19 May 2008 ) . `` Greens and Hunger '' . TierneyLab -- Putting Ideas in Science to the Test . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Norman Uphoff for SciDevNet 16 October 2013 New approaches are needed for another Green Revolution Jump up ^ Tom Chivers for The Daily Telegraph . Last updated : 31 January 2012 The new green revolution that will feed the world , Jump up ^ Olivier De Schutter , Gaëtan Vanloqueren . The New Green Revolution : How Twenty - First - Century Science Can Feed the World Solutions 2 ( 4 ) : 33 -- 44 . Aug 2011 Jump up ^ FAO Towards a New Green Revolution , in Report from the World Food Summit : Food for All . Rome 13 -- 17 November 1996 References ( edit ) Cleaver , Harry ( May 1972 ) . `` The Contradictions of the Green Revolution '' . American Economic Review . 62 ( 2 ) : 177 -- 86 . Conway , Gordon ( 1998 ) . The doubly green revolution : food for all in the twenty - first century . Ithaca , N.Y : Comstock Pub . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8610 - 6 . Dowie , Mark ( 2001 ) . American foundations : an investigative history . Cambridge , Mass. : MIT . ISBN 0 - 262 - 04189 - 8 . Farrell , John Joseph ; Altieri , Miguel A. ( 1995 ) . Agroecology : the science of sustainable agriculture ( 2nd ed . ) . Boulder , CO : Westview . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 1718 - 5 . Frison , Emile ( 2008 ) . `` Green Revolution in Africa will depend on biodiversity '' . Development and Cooperation. 49 ( 5 ) : 190 -- 3 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2008 . Jain , H.K. ( 2010 ) . The Green Revolution : History , Impact and Future ( 1st ed . ) . Houston , TX : Studium Press . ISBN 1 - 933699 - 63 - 9 . Oasa , Edmund K ( 1987 ) . `` The Political Economy of International Agricultural Research in Glass '' . In Glaeser , Bernhard . The Green Revolution revisited : critique and alternatives . Allen & Unwin . pp. 13 -- 55 . ISBN 0 - 04 - 630014 - 7 . Ross , Eric ( 1998 ) . The Malthus Factor : Poverty , Politics and Population in Capitalist Development . London : Zed Books . ISBN 1 - 85649 - 564 - 7 . Ruttan , Vernon ( 1977 ) . `` The Green Revolution : Seven Generalizations '' . International Development Review . 19 : 16 -- 23 . Sen , Amartya Kumar ; Drèze , Jean ( 1989 ) . Hunger and public action . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 828365 - 2 . Shiva , Vandana ( 1989 ) . The violence of the green revolution : Ecological degradation and political conflict in Punjab . Dehra Dun : Research Foundation for Science and Ecology . ISBN 81 - 85019 - 19 - 3 . Smil , Vaclav ( 2004 ) . Enriching the Earth : Fritz Haber , Carl Bosch , and the Transformation of World Food Production . MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 69313 - 5 . Spitz , Pierre ( 1987 ) . `` The Green Revolution Re-Examined in India in Glass '' . In Glaeser , Bernhard . The Green Revolution revisited : critique and alternatives . Allen & Unwin . pp. 57 -- 75 . ISBN 0 - 04 - 630014 - 7 . Wright , Angus ( 1984 ) . `` Innocence Abroad : American Agricultural Research in Mexico '' . In Bruce Colman ; Jackson , Wes ; Berry , Wendell . Meeting the expectations of the land : essays in sustainable agriculture and stewardship . San Francisco : North Point Press . pp. 124 -- 38 . ISBN 0 - 86547 - 171 - 1 . Wright , Angus Lindsay ( 2005 ) . The death of Ramón González : the modern agricultural dilemma . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 71268 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Cotter , Joseph . Troubled Harvest : Agronomy and Revolution in Mexico , 1880 -- 2002 . Westport , CT : Prager , 2003 . Jain , H.K. ( 2010 ) . Green revolution : history , impact and future . Houston : Studium Press . ISBN 9781441674487 . A brief history , for general readers . Harwood , Andrew ( 14 June 2013 ) . `` Development policy and history : lessons from the Green Revolution '' . External links ( edit ) Norman Borlaug talk transcript , 1996 The Green Revolution in the Punjab , by Vandana Shiva `` Accelerating the Green Revolution in Africa '' . Rockefeller Foundation . Archived from the original on 2 October 2010 . Moseley , W.G. ( 14 May 2008 ) . `` In search of a better revolution '' . Minneapolis StarTribune . Archived from the original on 17 October 2012 . Rowlatt , Justin ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` IR8 : The Miracle Rice Which Saved Millions of Lives '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . About the 50th anniversary of the rice strain . 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why did the british government send the cabinet mission to india	The United Kingdom Cabinet Mission of 1946 came to India aimed to discuss the transfer of power from the British government to the Indian leadership , with the aim of preserving India 's unity and granting it independence . Formulated at the initiative of Clement Attlee , the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , the mission had Lord Pethick - Lawrence , the Secretary of State for India , Sir Stafford Cripps , President of the Board of Trade , and A.V. Alexander , the First Lord of the Admiralty . Lord Wavell , the Viceroy of India , did not participate in every step but was present .	to discuss the transfer of power from the British government to the Indian leadership , with the aim of preserving India 's unity and granting it independence	1946 Cabinet Mission to India	1946 cabinet mission to india		The United Kingdom Cabinet Mission of 1946 came to India aimed to discuss the transfer of power from the British government to the Indian leadership , with the aim of preserving India 's unity and granting it independence . Formulated at the initiative of Clement Attlee , the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , the mission had Lord Pethick - Lawrence , the Secretary of State for India , Sir Stafford Cripps , President of the Board of Trade , and A.V. Alexander , the First Lord of the Admiralty . Lord Wavell , the Viceroy of India , did not participate in every step but was present . Contents 1 Purposes and proposals 1.1 Plan of 16 May 1.2 Plan of 16 June 1.2. 1 Reactions 2 Coalition and breakdown 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 Further reading Purposes and proposals ( edit ) The British wanted to keep India and its Army united so as to keep it in their system of ' imperial defence ' even after granting it independence . To preserve India 's unity the British formulated the Cabinet Mission Plan . The Cabinet Mission 's role was to hold preparatory discussions with the elected representatives of British India and the Indian states so as to secure agreement to the method of framing the constitution , to set up a constitution body and to set up an Executive Council with the support of the main Indian parties . The Mission held talks with the representatives of the Indian National Congress and the All - India Muslim League , the two largest political parties in the Constituent Assembly of India . The two parties planned to determine a power - sharing arrangement between Hindus and Muslims to prevent a communal dispute . The Congress , under Gandhi and Nehru , wanted to obtain a strong central government , with more powers than state governments . The All India Muslim League , under Jinnah , initially wanted to keep India united but with political safeguards provided to Muslims like parity in the legislatures because of the wide belief of Muslims that the British Raj was simply going to be turned into a Hindu Raj once the British departed , and since the Muslim League regarded itself as the sole spokesman party of Indian Muslims , it was incumbent upon it to take the matter up with the Crown . However , in the 1940 Lahore session of the Muslim League , Jinnah endorsed partition via the two nation theory of a West and East Pakistan , painting recent developments ( 1937 provincial election , refusal of Congress to recognise the League as the sole mouthpiece of Muslims in India , etc . ) as a sign of assured enmity from Hindus , culminating in the Lahore Resolution , also known as the Pakistan Resolution . After initial dialogue , the Mission proposed its plan over the composition of the new government on 16 May 1946 . In its proposals , the creation of a separate Muslim Pakistan was rejected . Plan of 16 May ( edit ) A united Dominion of India would be given independence . The Muslim - majority provinces would be grouped , with Sind , Punjab , Baluchistan and North - West Frontier Province forming one group , and Bengal and Assam would form another . The Hindu - majority provinces in central and southern India would form another group . The central government , stationed in Delhi , would be empowered to handle nationwide affairs , such as defence , currency , and diplomacy , and the rest of powers and responsibility would belong to the provinces , coordinated by groups . An interim Government at the Centre representing all communities would be installed on the basis of parity between the representatives of the Hindus and the Muslims Plan of 16 June ( edit ) The plan of 16 May 1946 had a united India , in line with Congress and Muslim League aspirations , but that was where the consensus between the two parties ended since Congress abhorred the idea of having the groupings of Muslim - majority provinces and that of Hindu - majority provinces with the intention of balancing one another at the central legislature . The Muslim League could not accept any changes to this plan since they wanted to keep the safeguards of British Indian laws to prevent absolute rule of Hindus over Muslims . Reaching an impasse , the British proposed a second plan on 16 June 1946 to arrange for India to be divided into Hindu - majority India and a Muslim - majority India that would later be renamed Pakistan since Congress had vehemently rejected ' parity ' at the centre . A list of princely states of India , which would be permitted to accede to the dominion or attain independence , was also drawn up . The Cabinet Mission arrived in karachi on 23 March 1946 and in Delhi on 24 March 1946 and left on June 29 . The announcement of the Plan on 16 May 1946 had been preceded by the Simla Conference in the first week of May . Reactions ( edit ) The approval of the plans determined the composition of the new government . The Congress Working Committee officially did not accept either plan . The resolution of the committee dated 24 May 1946 concluded that The Working Committee consider that the connected problems involved in the establishment of a Provisional Government and a Constituent Assembly should be viewed together ... In absence of a full picture , the Committee are unable to give a final opinion at this stage . And the resolution of 25 June 1946 , in response to the June plan concluded In the formation of a Provisional or other governance , Congressmen can never give up the national character of Congress , or accept an artificial and unjust parity , or agree to a veto of a communal group . The Committee are unable to accept the proposals for formation of an Interim Government as contained in the statement of June 16 . The Committee have , however , decided that the Congress should join the proposed Constituent Assembly with a view to framing the Constitution of a free , united and democratic India . Coalition and breakdown ( edit ) The Viceroy began organising the transfer of power to a Congress - League coalition . But in a `` provocative speech '' on 10 July 1946 Nehru was quoted in the press as saying `` We are not bound by a single thing except that we have decided to go into the Constituent Assembly '' . By this Nehru effectively `` torpedoed '' any hope for a united India . Having been `` duped in such a way '' , Jinnah withdrew the Muslim League 's acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan on 17 July . Thus Congress leaders entered the Viceroy 's Executive Council or the Interim Government of India . Nehru became the head , vice-president in title , but possessing the executive authority . Patel became the home member , responsible for internal security and government agencies . Congress - led governments were formed in most provinces , including the NWFP , in Punjab ( a coalition with the Shiromani Akali Dal and the Unionist Muslim League ) . The League led governments in Bengal and Sind . The Constituent Assembly was instructed to begin work to write a new constitution for India . Jinnah and the League condemned the new government , and vowed to agitate for Pakistan by any means possible . Disorder arose in Punjab and Bengal , including the cities of Delhi , Bombay and Calcutta . On the League - organized Direct Action Day , over 5,000 people were killed across India , and Hindu , Sikh and Muslim mobs began clashing routinely . Wavell stalled the Central government 's efforts to stop the disorder , and the provinces were instructed to leave this to the governors , who did not undertake any major action . To end the disorder and rising bloodshed , Wavell encouraged Nehru to ask the League to enter the government . While Patel and most Congress leaders were opposed to conceding to a party that was organising disorder , Nehru conceded in hope of preserving communal peace . League leaders entered the council under the leadership of Liaquat Ali Khan , the future first Prime Minister of Pakistan who became the finance minister , but the council did not function in harmony , as separate meetings were not held by League ministers , and both parties vetoed the major initiatives proposed by the other , highlighting their ideological differences and political antagonism . At the arrival of the new ( and proclaimed as the last ) viceroy , Lord Mountbatten of Burma in early 1947 , Congress leaders expressed the view that the coalition was unworkable . That led to the eventual proposal , and acceptance of the partition of India . The rejection of cabinet mission plan led to a resurgence of confrontational politics beginning with the Muslim League 's Direct action day and the subsequent killings in Noakhali and Bihar . The portioning of responsibility of the League , the Congress and the British Colonial Administration for the breakdown continues to be a topic of fierce disagreement . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jeffery J. Roberts ( 2003 ) . The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 85 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97878 - 5 . Virtually every Briton wanted to keep India united . Many expressed moral or sentimental obligations to leave India intact , either for the inhabitants ' sake or simply as a lasting testament to the Empire . The Cabinet Defense Committee and the Chiefs of Staff , however , stressed the maintenance of a united India as vital to the defense ( and economy ) of the region . A unified India , an orderly transfer of power , and a bilateral alliance would , they argued , leave Britain 's strategic position undamaged . India 's military assets , including its seemingly limitless manpower , naval and air bases , and expanding production capabilities , would remain accessible to London . India would thus remain of crucial importance as a base , training ground , and staging area for operations from Egypt to the Far East . Jump up ^ Darwin , John ( 2011 - 03 - 03 ) . `` Britain , the Commonwealth and the End of Empire '' . BBC . Retrieved Apr 10 , 2017 . But the British still hoped that a self - governing India would remain part of their system of ' imperial defence ' . For this reason , Britain was desperate to keep India ( and its army ) united . Jump up ^ Michael Mann ( 24 October 2014 ) . South Asia 's Modern History : Thematic Perspectives . Taylor & Francis . pp. 118 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 62445 - 5 . The Mission 's aim was to ensure the unity of British India . Jump up ^ Barbara D. Metcalf ; Thomas R. Metcalf ( 2002 ) . A Concise History of India . Cambridge University Press . pp. 212 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 63974 - 3 . By this scheme , the British hoped they could at once preserve the united India desired by the Congress , and by themselves , and at the same time , through the groups , secure the essence of Jinnah 's demand for a ' Pakistan ' . Jump up ^ Seervai , H.M. : Partition of India : Legend and Reality , 2005 . Intro : xxvi . ISBN 0 - 19 - 597719 - X Jump up ^ `` Cabinet Mission Plan 1946 '' . GKToday. 30 October 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cabinet Mission Plan : May and June Congress Resolutions '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Barbara D. Metcalf ; Thomas R. Metcalf ( 2002 ) . A Concise History of India . Cambridge University Press . pp. 213 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 63974 - 3 . Jump up ^ Michael Mann ( 24 October 2014 ) . South Asia 's Modern History : Thematic Perspectives . Taylor & Francis . pp. 80 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 62445 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ayesha Jalal ( 1994 ) . The Sole Spokesman : Jinnah , the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan . Cambridge University Press . p. 218 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45850 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ayesha Jalal ( 1994 ) . The Sole Spokesman : Jinnah , the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan . Cambridge University Press . p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45850 - 4 . Bibliography ( edit ) Kanji Dwarkadas , Ten years to freedom Rajmohan Gandhi , Patel : A Life Nicholas Mansergh , The Transfer of Power 1942 - 7 ( 12 volumes ) V.P. Menon , Transfer of no Power Robin James Moore , Escape from Empire H.M. Seervai , Partition of India : Legend and Reality ( ed. 2005 ) Jaswant Singh , Jinnah : India - Partition - Independence Stanley Wolpert , Jinnah Philip Zeigler , Mountbatten Further reading ( edit ) India 's Constitutional Question -- The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946 Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indian Legion Cripps Mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N. Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit ‎ Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Annexation of French colonies in India Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference Pakistan Movement History of Pakistan ( timeline : 1947 -- present ) History East India Company Indian Rebellion of 1857 Aligarh Movement Urdu movement Partition of Bengal Lucknow Pact Khilafat Movement Shuddhi Movement Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Allahabad Address Now or Never pamphlet World War II Two nation theory Round Table Conferences Lahore Resolution Direct Action Day Muslim nationalism in South Asia Cabinet Mission Indian Independence Act Partition of India Radcliffe Line Durand Line Pakistan Osmanistan Enlightened Moderation Objectives Resolution Independence Republic Day Kashmir conflict National symbols Constitution of Pakistan British heritage Organisations Muslim League Punjab Branch Bengal Branch Unionist Student Federations Khaksars Renaissance Society Philosophical Congress Dawn Daily War Leaders Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Aga Khan III Nawab Salimullah Syed Ameer Ali Muhammad Ali Jouhar Maulana Shaukat Ali Allama Muhammad Iqbal Muhammad Ali Jinnah Fatima Jinnah Liaquat Ali Khan Mian Muhammad Shafi Nawab Waqar - ul - Mulk Kamboh Mohsin - ul - Mulk Bahadur Yar Jung Baba - e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan Abdur Rab Nishtar Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman Choudhary Rahmat Ali A.K. Fazlul Huq G.M. Syed Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan Ghulam Bhik Nairang Hasrat Mohani Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy Jogendra Nath Mandal K.H. Khurshid Khawaja Nazimuddin Raja Sahib of Mahmudabad Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Qazi Muhammad Essa Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani Sikandar Hayat Khan Maulana Zafar Ali Khan more Activists Hameed Nizami Abdullah Haroon Yusuf Haroon Altaf Husain ( journalist ) Adamjee Haji Dawood Mufti Muhammad Shafi Maulana Ahmed Ali Lahori Malik Barkat Ali Yusuf Khattak Mian Iftikharuddin Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot Shaukat Hayat Khan Muhammad Asad Ziauddin Ahmad A.B.A. Haleem Maulana Ghulam Rasool Mehr Hakeem Mohammad Saeed Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas Sardar Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan Fida Mohammad Khan Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir Professor M.M. Sharif J.A. Rahim of PPP Z.A. Suleri G. Allana Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi Jalal Baba of NWFP more Literature Idea of Pakistan Jinnah : India , Partition , Independence Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan A Short History of Pakistan Pakistan : A Personal History The Myth of Independence Pakistan : A Hard Country Now or Never ; Are We to Live or Perish Forever ? Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857 Architecture Minar - e-Pakistan Bab - e-Pakistan The Monument Mazar - e-Quaid Ziarat Residency Iqbal 's Tomb Wazir Mansion National Library Deena Public Hall Bab - e-Khyber Jinnah Terminal In Memory Youm - e-Pakistan ( 23 March ) Youm - e-Dastur ( 10 April ) Youm - e-Takbir ( 28 May ) Youm - e-Azadi ( 14 August ) Youm - e-Difah ( 6 September ) Youm - e-Tasees ( 24 October ) Youm - e-Iqbal ( 9 November ) Youm - e-Viladat ( 25 December ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India&oldid=856009708 '' Categories : Indian independence movement Pakistan Movement Partition of India 1946 in India 1946 in Pakistan 1946 in British India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking in - text citations from January 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with multiple maintenance issues EngvarB from March 2017 Use dmy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी മലയാളം Русский தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 08 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946%20Cabinet%20Mission%20to%20India	27,411
what is season 3 of total drama called	The Total Drama series is the original series of the greater Total Drama franchise , which consists of five seasons that have aired during a timeframe of seven years : the first season , Total Drama Island , the second season , Total Drama Action , the third season , Total Drama World Tour , the fourth season , Total Drama : Revenge of the Island , and the fifth season , titled as both Total Drama All - Stars and Total Drama : Pahkitew Island . The latest installment premiered on July 7 , 2014 , in the United States and September 4 , 2014 , in Canada . A spin - off series based on the main series , The Ridonculous Race , was produced shortly after the fifth season was aired . A sixth season is currently in production .	Total Drama World Tour	Total Drama	total drama	Total Drama is a Canadian animated comedy television series which is a homage and parody to the conventions commonly found in reality television . The show , and its sequel seasons , are collectively referred to as the Total Drama series . It premiered on the Canadian cable television specialty channel Teletoon on July 8 , 2007 , and on the American cable television channel Cartoon Network on June 5 , 2008 . All of the contestants have distinct personalities that serve as a main plot point with the characters consisting of the eponymous fictional reality series and the contestants therein . The style of this series is similar to that of Survivor , Fear Factor , and The Amazing Race .	The Total Drama series is the original series of the greater Total Drama franchise , which consists of five seasons that have aired during a timeframe of seven years : the first season , Total Drama Island , the second season , Total Drama Action , the third season , Total Drama World Tour , the fourth season , Total Drama : Revenge of the Island , and the fifth season , titled as both Total Drama All - Stars and Total Drama : Pahkitew Island . The latest installment premiered on July 7 , 2014 , in the United States and September 4 , 2014 , in Canada . A spin - off series based on the main series , The Ridonculous Race , was produced shortly after the fifth season was aired . A sixth season is currently in production . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Location 2 Production 3 Episodes 3.1 Seasons 3.2 Future plans 4 Broadcast 4.1 Alternate airings 5 Characters 5.1 Voice actors 5.2 Role outside series 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical reaction 6.3 Awards 7 Media 7.1 DVD releases 7.2 Online promotion 7.3 Spin - off series 8 See also 8.1 Related shows 9 References 10 External links Format ( edit ) The name of each season consists of the title Total Drama with a different word or phrase later added . That changing word or phrase defines the theme for that season . This series is a competition to win a cash prize of C $100,000 in the first season and C $1,000,000 in every other season . This series takes elements of other widely known series such as Survivor , Fear Factor , and The Amazing Race . Like these other series , Total Drama is rated TV - PG because it features mild profanity , censored language , brief censored nudity , and some suggestive dialogue . When more suggestive dialogue is present , the episode is rated TV - PG - D . The first three seasons are rated TV - PG - D while the latter two are rated TV - PG . Unlike many other animated shows , this series has a different logo for every season ( while each season might have multiple alternate logos ) , so there is no official logo for this series . Location ( edit ) Most seasons in this series takes place in a different location . The first season , Total Drama Island , is set in Camp Wawanakwa , a fictional island located in an unspecified area in Muskoka , Ontario . The second season , Total Drama Action , is set in an abandoned movie studio lot in Toronto , Ontario . In the third season , Total Drama World Tour , the contestants are taken all around the world in the `` Total Drama Jumbo Jet '' , which seems to be structurally unstable . Some of the countries that are visited in the third season include Canada , France , Germany , Japan , the United Kingdom , and the United States . The fourth season , Total Drama : Revenge of the Island , is set back at Camp Wawanakwa , but this time the island is radioactive . The first part of the fifth season , Total Drama All - Stars , also takes place on the island , due to the success of the first and fourth seasons . The second part , Total Drama : Pahkitew Island however , takes place on another island called Pahkitew Island after the destruction of Camp Wawanakwa . Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2014 ) Total Drama was developed and produced by Fresh TV and was distributed by Cake Entertainment . The series is funded in part by the Canada Media Fund ( formerly the Canadian Television Fund ) , and the Canadian Film or Video Production Tax Credit . The first season was funded by Xenpohile Media , Bell Broadcast and New Media Fund . The series , primarily targeted at eight - to sixteen - year - olds , was animated at Elliott Animation and directed by Todd Kauffman and Mark Thornton of Neptoon Studios . The creators , Tom McGillis and Jennifer Pertsch , studied what teenagers liked and disliked about reality television shows in the writing process . McGillis says they used a `` countrywide online research project '' to determine this demographic 's likes . Fresh TV Inc. partners McGillis , Pertsch , Elliott and Irving produced the series . The budget for the first season was $ 8 million . It was animated in Flash , at Elliott Animation 's studio in Toronto . Every cast and crew member on Total Drama had to sign a confidentiality agreement not to disclose who the winner was . All the characters were designed by Kauffman . An early name for the series was Camp TV when the series first started production in 2006 . Camp TV Productions is still labeled in the end credits of every episode , along with the season number in Roman numerals . Series production went on a brief hiatus in 2016 while no new episodes aired that year or the next . In 2017 , production resumed for a new season but no official announcement has been made on its renewal by the networks . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Total Drama episodes This is a list of all the seasons that have aired with the original Canadian air dates shown below along with basic elements for each season . The 100th episode of the whole series aired in Canada on February 27 , 2014 , with the producers very happy of this milestone . That means that it took Teletoon 6 years and 7 months for them to air the first 100 episodes . Season Episodes Originally aired Winner First aired Last aired Winner Runner - up Island 28 July 8 , 2007 November 29 , 2008 Owen Gwen Action 27 January 11 , 2009 June 10 , 2010 Duncan Beth World Tour 26 June 10 , 2010 April 24 , 2011 Alejandro Heather Revenge of the Island 13 January 5 , 2012 April 12 , 2012 Cameron Lightning All - Stars / Pahkitew Island 26 13 January 9 , 2014 March 27 , 2014 Mike Zoey 13 September 4 , 2014 November 20 , 2014 Sky Shawn Source for table : ^ Jump up to : Canada decided the winner of each season through a popular vote , where the series was originally produced . The runner - up is the official winner in some countries , hence the televised footage of the runner - up winning in their respective season . The entire fifth season has already finished airing in the United States and Canada with Mike and Sky as the most recent winners . For the most recent seasons , the United States and other countries usually air the seasons first and before Canada gets to air it ( usually the following year ) . Seasons ( edit ) There are currently five seasons in the Total Drama series that have aired worldwide , with a new season currently in production , which all are listed below . The air dates listed in the table are from the original Canadian airings . Season Title Episodes Director Characters Season premiere `` Total Drama Island '' 28 Todd Kauffman / Mark Thornton 22 July 8 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 08 ) Total Drama Island is the first season of the series . It first premiered on Canada on July 8 , 2007 and June 5 , 2008 on the United States . This season takes place at Camp Wawanakwa , a fictional island located somewhere in Muskoka , Ontario where the season is based on a summer camp theme ( although a contestant is eliminated at the end of every episode ) . Like the whole series , this season is a competition to see which of the twenty - two contestants will survive and last the longest . This is because the contestants are brutally tortured along the way through the intense challenges they are given . Challenges are sometimes based on other reality shows like Fear Factor and Survivor . All of this is so that the winner of the season ( the one to last the longest on the island and not get eliminated ) , will win a small fortune of C $ 100,000 and cheesy fame . Eliminated contestants are sent packing toward the Dock of Shame and must ride the Boat of Losers off the island . `` Total Drama Action '' 27 Todd Kauffman / Mark Thornton 15 January 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 11 ) Total Drama Action is the second season of the series . It premiered on Canada on January 11 , 2009 and June 10 in the U.S. It is a sequel to the first season of the series , Total Drama Island . In this season , fourteen characters from previous returned : Beth , Bridgette , DJ , Duncan , Geoff , Gwen , Harold , Heather , Izzy , Justin , Leshawna , Lindsay , Owen , and Trent . Courtney returns later on in the season due to a lawsuit . In this season , the contestants are taken to a brand new location : an old film lot in the center of Toronto , Ontario . The challenges are now based on movie genres , and the grand prize is now C $1,000,000 . Cody , Eva , Ezekiel , Noah , Katie , Sadie , and Tyler do not return to compete , but still appeared for the aftermath special , an extra show which was hosted by Bridgette and Geoff , the first two eliminated contestants . All losers must take the Walk of Shame on the red carpet and ride the Lame - o - sine . `` Total Drama World Tour '' 26 Keith Oliver / Chad Hicks 18 June 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 10 ) Total Drama World Tour is the third season of the series . It premiered in 2010 internationally and continued onto 2011 in Canada . In this season , seventeen contestants are taken on a trip around the world as they compete in cultural themed challenges based on the countries or regions that they visit . An added twist in this season is that the contestants are required to break spontaneously into song , or else be immediately eliminated by Chris ( although this rule was not strongly enforced , and no one was eliminated for not singing anyway ) . Fifteen of the original characters from previous returned : Bridgette , Cody , Courtney , DJ , Duncan , Ezekiel , Gwen , Harold , Heather , Izzy , Leshawna , Lindsay , Noah , Owen , and Tyler . Two new characters , Alejandro and Sierra , also joined the cast at the beginning of this season . Additionally , a third new character , Blaineley , was brought on to compete past the halfway point of the season . Beth , Eva , Geoff , Justin , Katie , Sadie , and Trent did not return to compete , but have instead appeared for the aftermath specials . The prize for this season is also C $1,000,000 . People are eliminated by jumping off the Drop of Shame . `` Total Drama : Revenge of the Island '' 13 Keith Oliver / Chad Hicks 13 January 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 05 ) Total Drama : Revenge of the Island is the fourth season of the series . The series ' extension was commissioned by Teletoon from the producers , Fresh TV Inc . It premiered in Canada on January 5 , 2012 and in the United States on June 5 , 2012 . This season returns to Camp Wawanakwa ( the original setting of the first season ) , but no contestants from previous seasons return . Instead , a new set of thirteen contestants compete , which are Anne Maria , B , Brick , Cameron , Dakota , Dawn , Jo , Lightning , Mike , Sam , Scott , Staci , and Zoey . However , some characters from the original cast still have cameo appearances throughout the season . Also , due to the island being abandoned for the past two seasons , Chris had lent the island to a biohazardous waste dump company , causing the island to turn radioactive . This means that causes of radiation and toxic waste is the main theme for this season . This season only contains 13 episodes ( half the length of a regular season ) , and the cash prize is once again C $1,000,000 . People are eliminated off the island by the Hurl of Shame . 5 `` Total Drama All - Stars and Pahkitew Island '' 26 Keith Oliver / Chad Hicks 28 January 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 09 ) Total Drama All - Stars and Total Drama : Pahkitew Island both make up the fifth and latest season of the Total Drama series which were ordered by Cartoon Network in October 2012 as 26 episodes . Both parts of Season 5 feature different islands and casts , but share similar elements and are both under the same production code . Total Drama All - Stars is the first part of the fifth and latest season of the series . While the season premiered on January 9 , 2014 in Canada and on September 10 , 2013 in the United States . This segment is 13 episodes long , just like the previous season . Total Drama All - Stars features the fourteen most popular contestants from the previous two seasons , which are : Alejandro , Cameron , Courtney , Duncan , Gwen , Heather , Jo , Lightning , Lindsay , Mike , Sam , Scott , Sierra , and Zoey . They all compete in several `` Heroes vs. Villains '' themed challenges , which means that the protagonists ( heroes ) team up and compete against the antagonists ( villains ) . People will now be eliminated by taking the Flush of Shame and the winner once again takes home C $1,000,000 . Total Drama : Pahkitew Island is the second part of the fifth and latest season and was announced on June 11 , 2013 . It also consists of 13 episodes and takes place at a new location , this time on an island called Pahkitew Island located somewhere in Western Canada . A new set of fourteen contestants compete in this season , which are : Amy , Beardo , Dave , Ella , Jasmine , Leonard , Max , Rodney , Samey , Scarlett , Shawn , Sky , Sugar , and Topher . The last part of this season first aired in the United States on July 7 , 2014 and later in Canada on September 4 , 2014 . Eliminations now take place via the Cannon of Shame and features another one million dollar grand prize . Pahkitew Island features various similar elements to Camp Wawanakwa but the island is much bigger and mostly artificial . 6 `` TBA '' TBA TBA TBD TBA 2018 ( TBA 2018 ) Nothing is known about this new season other that it started production sometime in early 2017 . Christian Potenza will reprise his role as the host , Chris McLean , while some characters of the original cast from the first season will return . Source for season list : Jump up ^ Main characters only ; not including the host and other supporting characters . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` cast '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Future plans ( edit ) On May 3 , 2017 , Fresh TV producer Christine Thompson and voice actor Christian Potenza revealed in a YouTube video that an `` all new Total Drama '' is currently in production , which will feature the return of characters from Total Drama Island . Even more seasons are likely to come as co-creator Tom McGillis has stated that his personal goal is for Total Drama to go up to ten seasons . Alex Ganetakos , the executive story editor and the senior writer for the series , also says that the production team plans to make more seasons in the future . Broadcast ( edit ) Total Drama first premiered in Canada on July 8 , 2007 on Teletoon , while the United States aired the show one year later on Cartoon Network on June 5 , 2008 , followed by several other countries thereafter . Since then , Total Drama has become an international franchise and one of the biggest successes for Fresh TV . As of September 2011 , the entire series has been shown in over 100 countries around the world , with the first season airing in 188 countries worldwide . International broadcast Country Channel Broadcast Notability Australia ABC1 , ABC3 , Cartoon Network 2009 -- 14 First worldwide airing for third season ; English speaking Canada Teletoon , Télétoon , Cartoon Network 2007 -- Original channel United Kingdom Jetix , Disney XD , Kix , ITV 2009 -- 11 , 2015 -- present English airing in Europe United States Cartoon Network 2008 -- Secondary main channel ; first worldwide airing for fifth season The series aired on Teletoon in Canada , ABC1 , ABC3 , and Cartoon Network in Australia , Kix Jetix and Disney XD in the United Kingdom and Ireland , and Cartoon Network in the United States . The fourth season first aired on Télétoon+ and Canal+ Family in France , while the fifth season finished airing first on K2 in Italy . Australia was also the first country to finish airing the third season . Alternate airings ( edit ) For every season , the show 's producers create two alternate endings for the final episode , such that the winner seen in one country 's broadcasts is the runner - up in other countries ( and vice versa ) where the show airs . Recently however , the winners have been the same for all the new countries the series is being introduced in ( like Hungary , South Africa , Slovenia , etc . ) . The characters , Gwen , Beth , Heather , Lightning , Zoey , and Shawn are depicted as the season winners in these versions . Winners in bold are the original winners ( the winners that aired in the country and language the series was produced ) . List of winners by country ( show ) Winners Table Country Seasons TDI TDA TDWT TDRI TDAS TDPI Canada ( English ) Owen Duncan Alejandro Cameron Mike Sky Canada ( French ) Owen Duncan Alejandro Cameron Mike Shawn Australia Owen Beth Heather Cameron Zoey Shawn Brazil Owen Beth Heather Cameron Zoey Sky Bulgaria Owen Beth Alejandro Cameron Zoey Sky Croatia Owen Beth Alejandro Cameron Zoey Sky Denmark Owen Duncan Alejandro Cameron Zoey Shawn Finland Gwen Beth Alejandro Cameron Zoey Sky France Owen Beth Heather Cameron Zoey Shawn Hungary Owen Beth Alejandro Cameron Mike Shawn Ireland Owen Duncan Heather Cameron Zoey Sky Israel Owen Beth Heather Cameron Zoey Shawn Italy Owen Beth Heather Cameron Zoey Shawn Latin America Owen Duncan Heather Cameron Zoey Sky Netherlands Owen Beth Alejandro Cameron Mike Sky New Zealand Owen Beth Heather Cameron Mike Sky Norway Gwen Duncan Heather Cameron Zoey Shawn Philippines Owen Duncan Heather Lightning Mike Shawn Poland Gwen Beth Alejandro Cameron Mike Sky Portugal Owen Beth Heather Cameron Mike Shawn Romania Gwen Beth Alejandro Cameron Mike Shawn Russia Owen Beth Alejandro Cameron Zoey Sky Serbia Owen Beth Heather Cameron Zoey Sky South Africa Gwen Duncan Heather Cameron Mike Shawn Spain ( Catalonia ) Owen Beth Heather Cameron Mike Sky Sweden Owen Beth Alejandro Cameron Zoey Sky Taiwan Owen Duncan Alejandro Cameron Zoey Sky United Kingdom Owen Beth Heather Cameron Zoey Sky United States Owen Duncan Heather Lightning Mike Shawn After a season is done , the winner usually gets to keeps the money and is able to spend it at the end , except for Total Drama Island where the money is eaten by a shark , and in Total Drama World Tour where the money is thrown into a volcano . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Total Drama characters Total Drama has had a total of 52 characters in the series who were introduced as contestants throughout the series ' five seasons . The first three seasons consists of an original set of cast , with a total of 25 characters ( 22 are introduced in the first episode of the series , while the other three are introduced later on ) , while the fourth season consists of only a new cast with 13 characters . However , the fifth season brings back both casts to compete together and against each other , while also introducing a third set of cast with 14 new characters . The sixth season will feature some of the characters of the original cast to compete along with other characters yet to be announced . Characters of the Total Drama series Introduced in Total Drama Island First generation : 25 contestants total ( 3 not shown ) Introduced in Total Drama : Revenge of the Island Second generation : 13 contestants total Introduced in Total Drama : Pahkitew Island Third generation : 14 contestants total The names of all the contestants who have competed in the first five seasons are : Alejandro , Amy , Anne Maria , B , Beardo , Beth , Blaineley , Brick , Bridgette , Cameron , Cody , Courtney , Dakota , Dave , Dawn , DJ , Duncan , Ella , Eva , Ezekiel , Geoff , Gwen , Harold , Heather , Izzy , Jasmine , Jo , Justin , Katie , Leonard , Leshawna , Lightning , Lindsay , Max , Mike , Noah , Owen , Rodney , Sadie , Sam , Samey , Scarlett , Scott , Sierra , Staci , Shawn , Sky , Sugar , Topher , Trent , Tyler , and Zoey . Most characters have appeared in two or more seasons , but only twelve characters have been depicted as winners ( only six characters are winners in their respective countries ) . Shawn is the most recent winner as of July 2014 , while previous winners who competed again after their win are no longer capable of winning due to their unfortunate events . 22 characters competed in Season 1 , 15 competed in Season 2 , 18 competed in Season 3 , 13 competed in Season 4 , and 14 characters competed in each half of Season 5 ( 28 total ) . Voice actors ( edit ) There are several voice actors who have recorded the voices for all the characters in the Total Drama series . Both Christian Potenza and Clé Bennett voice the two main characters in the series , who appear in almost every episode . Christian Potenza plays the role of egotistical and unapathetic host Chris McLean , saying that the best part of the job was that his character could not be voted off the show . Clé Bennett plays the role of the co-host of the series Chef . Other notable voice actors include Brian Froud , who voices contestants Harold and Sam , and is the only other voice actor who has a main role in every season . Emilie - Claire Barlow plays the contestant Courtney on Total Drama Island and stated that Courtney was her favorite character that she had ever played . A list of all the voice actors for the original cast : Rochelle Wilson / Emilie - Claire Barlow as Courtney , Clé Bennett as DJ , Julia Chantrey as Eva , Carla Collins as Blaineley , Katie Crown as Izzy , Novie Edwards as Leshawna , Megan Fahlenbock as Gwen , Kristin Fairlie as Bridgette , Brian Froud as Harold , Sarah Gadon as Beth , Marco Grazzini as Alejandro ( for Total Drama World Tour ) , Carter Hayden as Noah , Alex House as Alejandro ( for Total Drama All - Stars ) , Lauren Lipson as Sadie , Scott McCord as both Owen and Trent , Stephanie Anne Mills as both Katie and Lindsay , Drew Nelson as Duncan , Annick Obonsawin as Sierra , Peter Oldring as Ezekiel , Tyler and Cody , Dan Petronijevic as Geoff , Adam Reid as Justin , and Rachel Wilson as Heather . For the second - generation cast , the voice actors are : Carleigh Beverly as Dakota , Jon Cor as Brick , Cory Doran as Mike , Kevin Duhaney as Cameron , Laurie Elliot as Jo , Brian Froud as Sam , Athena Karkanis as Anne Maria , Barbara Mamabolo as Zoey , Caitlynne Medrek as Dawn , Ashley Peters as Staci , Tyrone Savage as Lightning , and James Wallis as Scott . For the third - generation cast , the voice actors are : Clé Bennett as Beardo and Leonard , Zachary Bennett as Shawn , Katie Bergin as Jasmine , Daniel DeSanto as Dave , Bruce Dow as Max , Kristi Friday as Scarlett , Christopher Jacot as Topher , Bryn McAuley as Amy and Samey , Sunday Muse as Ella , Sarah Podemski as Sky , Ian Ronningen as Rodney , and Rochelle Wilson as Sugar . Most voice actors have only voiced one character , while some actors have voiced two characters . Peter Oldring and Clé Bennett are the only two voice actors who have voiced more than two characters , Oldring voicing three and Bennett voicing four ( five if counting DJ 's mother ) . Brian Froud , Rochelle Wilson and Bennett are the only voice actors to voice contestants from more than one generation . Claire - Barlow revealed that Courtney was originally voiced by an unnamed voice actress , later revealed to be Rochelle Wilson as the first voice of Courtney in the first two episodes of Total Drama Island before the role was later given to her . Alejandro is the only character to have three voice actors ; he was voiced by Marco Grazinni in Total Drama World Tour , Keith Oliver while he was in the robot suit and Alex House in Total Drama All - Stars . Josh is the only minor character to have a voice actor of his own , Dwayne Hill , as these roles are usually given to one of the main cast members . Role outside series ( edit ) Total Drama characters are seen in an entire different series called Skatoony where the characters are interviewed to play in quiz trivia games against real people and other Canadian series characters . Geoff , Leonard , Noah , and Owen also appear in Total Drama Presents : The Ridonculous Race as contestants . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2014 ) Ratings ( edit ) As of 2011 , the first season has been shown in over 188 countries while the entire franchise has been seen in at least 100 . The series has received incredible ratings , ranking # 1 for the under - 14 age group base throughout the series airing period on Cartoon Network . The series also has very involved fans who keep talking about the series throughout various online communities , while also inspiring them to create their own fanart and fanfictions . Cake Entertainment , the main distributor of the series , calls the show `` phenomenally popular '' , while the creator of the series said that `` For tweens around the world , Total Drama is more than just a parody of a reality show . It 's THEIR reality show '' . Critical reaction ( edit ) The first season , Total Drama Island received general acclaim from critics and fans . Users from TV.com gave the show an 8.6 `` Great '' , while users from IMDB gave it a 7.5 out of 10 . Common Sense Media gave the show 4 out of 5 stars , calling it a `` ( c ) lever cartoon reality show spoof '' . The second season , Total Drama Action , received less acclaim due to being seen as less on par with Total Drama Island ; a primary criticism was the selection of contestants from Island who had already made it far in that season , thus neglecting most of the contestants who were eliminated earlier . Action currently holds a 7.9 on Metacritic based on 14 reviews . The third season , Total Drama World Tour , has also received critical acclaim from critics and won multiple awards including `` Best Animated Series '' , `` Best Voice Actress '' ( for Annick Obonsawin ) , and was also nominated for several other awards ; however , the criticisms included the overuse of the love triangle between Courtney , Duncan , and Gwen , as well as the destruction of the character Ezekiel . Total Drama : Revenge of the Island received mixed to positive reviews , airing in over 100 countries and holding a 6.7 on Metacritic based on 15 reviews , thus indicating `` Generally favorable reviews . '' Total Drama All - Stars has received mixed to negative reviews , with the primary criticisms being the neglecting of original favorites in favor of the Revenge of the Island cast , and many wasted plot lines such as building up a reconciliation between Courtney and Gwen , only to have it be ruined again . All - Stars currently holds a 5.4 rating on Metacritic based on 9 reviews . Total Drama Pahkitew Island , however , received significantly more positive reviews . Awards ( edit ) Total Drama Island was a nominee in The Gemini Awards , in 2008 . In 2010 , the overall show won Best Tween Series and the Viewer 's Choice Award for Kid Screen 's 1st Annual Award presentation in New York . Total Drama Action was nominated for The Gemini Awards , in 2010 . Total Drama World Tour won `` Best Foreign Series '' and `` Best Music Score on a TV series '' in the ToonZone Awards . The song Oh My Izzy from Total Drama World Tour was nominated for `` Best Song in a TV series '' in the ToonZone Awards . Carter Hayden , the voice actor for Noah , was nominated for `` Best Voice Actor in a TV Series '' and Annick Obonsawin , the voice actress for Sierra , won `` Best Voice Actress in a TV Series , '' in the ToonZone Awards . Total Drama World Tour won `` Best Animated Series , '' `` Best Voice Talent , '' and `` Best Tweens / Teens Program '' in the Tweens / Teens , Creative Talent , and Viewers Choice categories for the 2011 KidScreen Awards . Media ( edit ) DVD releases ( edit ) Season DVD release dates Region 1 Region 4 August 18 , 2009 May 5 , 2010 September 29 , 2010 N / A November 2 , 2011 July 4 , 2012 N / A April 3 , 2013 August 7 , 2013 N / A October 8 , 2014 5 N / A March 4 , 2015 July 7 , 2015 Up until November 1 , 2011 , only Total Drama Island had been released on DVD . Cartoon Network released their Total Drama Island DVD in the U.S. on August 18 , 2009 ( Region 1 ) , while Madman Entertainment ( Region 4 ) also released Total Drama Island on DVD in Australia , but this time in two parts ( Collection 1 on May 5 , 2010 and Collection 2 on September 29 , 2010 ) . However , almost two years after Total Drama Action was first aired , Madman released their Collection 1 DVD of the second season on November 2 , 2011 ( with Collection 2 being released on July 4 , 2012 ) , making Australia the only country that has released the entirety of Total Drama Action for private home viewing . Australia also released Total Drama World Tour on DVD with Collection 1 being released on April 3 , 2013 and Collection 2 being released on August 7 , 2013 . On October 8 , 2014 Total Drama : Revenge of the Island was released into one part due to it being a shorter season . The first part of the fifth season , Total Drama All - Stars was released on March 4 , 2015 with the second part , Total Drama : Pahkitew Island being released on July 7 , 2015 . Online promotion ( edit ) Teletoon hosted a Total Drama - based website called `` Total Drama Online '' from 2009 to 2013 where players could play games and earn badges to win prizes . Even though most features ( like user accounts , original avatar designer and badge counter ) from this website are exclusive to only Canadian viewers , all of the games and basic elements were available to the rest of the world . Cartoon Network also had their own Total Drama website from 2009 to 2015 which was very similar to the Canadian one , but was only exclusive to viewers in the United States . Various alternate websites based on the series also exist throughout most of the other countries the show airs in , which are all in their respective languages . Spin - off series ( edit ) Main article : Total Drama Presents : The Ridonculous Race A new spin - off series called Total Drama Presents : The Ridonculous Race was created by Fresh TV which takes place in the same universe as the current show . The new series is loosely based off after the format of The Amazing Race where the cast are split into multiple teams of two ( referred to as duos ) which race around the world throughout the series . There is a new host this series called Don , who replaced the original host Chris . Even though some of the characters from the main series make appearances , the spin - off series is primarily dominated by a new cast . The spin - off series is a `` buddy comedy '' and includes 18 pairs of teams ( 36 characters ) . It first premiered on September 7 , 2015 on Cartoon Network and later premiered on January 4 , 2016 on the Canadian version of Cartoon Network . See also ( edit ) Animation portal Television portal Canada portal Related shows ( edit ) These are other Canadian animated TV series that are also produced by Fresh TV : 6teen Grojband Stoked The Ridonculous Race References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Total Drama Action Season 1 : Amazon Video '' . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elliott Animation -- Productions -- Total Drama Island '' . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Total Drama Island : GOPHERS vs. BASS '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Drama Presents The Ridonculous Race -- Fresh TV '' . Fresh TV . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thorny ( June 3 , 2008 ) . `` Howdy Neighbour ! ... ( or is it neighbor ? ) '' . Total Drama Action . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Drama Celebrates Its 100th Episode '' . Us1.campaign-archive2.com . February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teletoon Canada Inc . Inspector Gadget Reboot Tops Off Teletoon Canada 's Latest Original Production Slate '' . Newswire.ca . June 11 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : SwitchBoardNetwork ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) , Total Drama Announcement , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network Announces It 's New & Returning Shows For 2013 -- 2014 Season -- What 's In Store For DC Nation ? -- - Action Figures Toys News '' . Toynewsi.com . January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stinson , Scott ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Stinson : CanCon on the Croisette at Mipcom '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto ON . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : admin ( June 29 , 2007 ) , `` Title Drama Island '' , Cold Hard Flash , retrieved December 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ Playback Staff ( May 15 , 2006 ) , `` Total Drama Island ribs reality TV '' , Playback , retrieved December 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ Raju Mudhar ( January 11 , 2009 ) , `` Canadian cartoon show sucking ' em all back in '' , The Toronto Star , retrieved December 25 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Playback Staff ( May 15 , 2006 ) , Total Drama Island : And So It Begins , retrieved December 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ Annalisa D'Aprile , `` L'Isola di cartone che prende in giro i reality '' , Kata Web ( in Italian ) , retrieved December 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ Teletoon ( Jun 24 , 2007 ) , `` From the creators of the award winning series 6teen , the number one show on Teletoon , comes a truly unique reality show for kids '' , Channel Canada , retrieved December 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ Total Drama Island : Final 4 Jump up ^ admin ( March 27 , 2006 ) , `` Neptoon 's Promo Washes Ashore '' , Cold Hard Flash , retrieved December 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Teletoon Canada Inc . New Animated , Live - Action Series and ' Ca n't Miss Thursdays ' Highlight Teletoon 's Exciting Winter - Spring 2012 Lineup '' . Newswire.ca . November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Total Drama : Revenge of the Island ( OAD : 04 / 12 / 2012 ) -- Zap2it '' . Affiliate.zap2it.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Corus Media '' . Teletoonmedia.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twitter / tommcgillis : @ JuLiO_CeSaRrrr not til September '' . Twitter.com . June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` WorldScreen.com -- Archives '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ TV.com ( July 8 , 2007 ) . `` Total Drama Island -- Episode Guide '' . TV.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh TV : News '' . Fresh TV , Inc . September 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cartoon Network 2011 Upfront Overview '' . The Futon Critic . March 23 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ( Scroll down to the bottom of the page ) Jump up ^ `` Read Question # 5 '' . Fresh TV . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ OTV Systems . `` Total Drama Revenge of the Island '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Read Question # 4 '' . Fresh TV . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` MIPCOM News with Tom McGillis ! '' . Fresh TV . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.streetinsider.com/Press+Releases/Cartoon+Network+Gets+In+Front+of+the+Upfront/8034926.html Jump up ^ `` Fresh TV reveals number of episodes for Season 5 '' . Freshtvinc.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Episode 1 Script on YouTube Jump up ^ `` CN Total Drama Cast '' . www.cartoonnetwork.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABC3 -- Studio 3 ABC3 '' . Abc.net.au . March 26 , 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Corus Media '' . Teletoonmedia.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Total Drama Seasons -- TDI , TDA , TDWT , TDRI , TDAS , TDPI -- Cartoon Network '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / tommcgillis : @ JuLiO_CeSaRrrr you got it ! '' . Twitter.com . June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Ganetakos Twitter '' . August 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Total Drama Free Online Games '' . Cartoon Network . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.kixtv.co.uk/Total-Drama-Island Jump up ^ `` Défis extrêmes : Superstars , Série d'animation - Programme TV '' ( in French ) . Programme-tv.premiere.fr . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nothing found for Programmi A Tutto Reality Lisola Di Pahkitew '' . K2tv.it . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday Christian Potenza ! -- Fresh TV '' . Fresh TV . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Krissie Rutherford ( November 3 , 2006 ) , `` Newest role is ' every guy 's dream ' -- Gemini - nominated Oakville actor has written his own dream role '' , Oakville Beaver access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Asma Khaliq ( March 1 , 2007 ) , `` Up close with a familiar voice : From Sailor Mars to Timmy 's ads , Emilie - Claire Barlow is someone you 've definitely heard '' , The Toronto Star , retrieved December 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday Emilie - Claire Barlow ! -- Fresh TV '' . Fresh TV . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` TD : RotI Cast List '' . Fresh TV . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday Megan Fahlenbock ! -- Fresh TV '' . Fresh TV . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday Sarah Gadon ! -- Fresh TV '' . Fresh TV . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Total Drama 's Stephanie Anne Mills -- Fresh TV '' . Fresh TV . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday Drew Nelson ! -- Fresh TV '' . Fresh TV . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday Rachel Wilson ! -- Fresh TV '' . Fresh TV . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Total Drama Pahkitew Island Cast List -- Fresh TV '' . Fresh TV . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bryn McAuley -- Canada LinkedIn '' . Ca.linkedin.com . January 1 , 2010 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Muse '' . VO Atlanta 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Ronningen Resume Page '' . Ianronningen.workbooklive.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Total Drama All - Stars Speculation -- Fresh TV '' . Freshtvinc.com . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Read the last sentence . ( TD airs in 100 countries and is `` phenomenally popular '' ) Jump up ^ Liu , Ed ( 2015 - 08 - 25 ) . `` '' Total Drama - The Ridonculous Race '' Premieres September 7 , 2015 , on Cartoon Network - ToonZone News `` . Toonzone.net . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Total Drama Island Show Reviews on TV '' . TV.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Total Drama Island ( 2007 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Total Drama Island -- Television Review '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Total Drama Island - Season 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ ZombieWhosoever ( 2013 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Total Drama Island - Season 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Total Drama Island - Season 5 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Diane Wild ( August 26 , 2008 ) . `` The 23rd Annual Gemini Awards Nominees Announced TV , eh ? '' . Tv-eh.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fortune , Carley ( August 31 , 2010 ) . `` Gemini Award nominations announced : Flashpoint , chef Lynn Crawford , Top Model host Jay Manuel among nominees '' . Toronto Life . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toonzone Awards 2011 - Results ! Toonzone Forums '' . Toonzone.net . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` KidScreen Awards 2011 -- Winners Announced LIMA Licensing '' . Licensing.org. 2011 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Drama Island : Collection 1 '' . Madman.com.au . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Drama Island : Collection 2 '' . Madman.com.au . September 29 , 2010 . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Drama Action : Collection 1 '' . DVD Warehouse . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Drama Action : Collection 1 '' . Madman.com.au . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Drama Season 2 and 3 '' . Madman.com.au . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Drama World Tour Collection 1 '' . Madman.com.au . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Drama World Tour Collection 2 '' . Madman.com.au . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madman B2B '' Catalogue '' Total Drama : Revenge of the Island `` . Madman Entertainment . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Madman B2B '' Catalogue '' Total Drama All - Stars `` . Madman Entertainment . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madman B2B '' Catalogue '' Total Drama Pahkitew Island `` . Madman Entertainment . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ACCUEIL teletoon.com '' . Totaldramaonline.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Total Drama All - Stars Free Videos and Online Games '' . Cartoon Network . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ META tags by www.cartoonnetwork.com.au ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Total Drama Island Free Videos and Online Games Cartoon Network Australia '' . Cartoonnetwork.com.au . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release -- Corus Announces a Robust Slate of New and Returning Original Productions for YTV and Teletoon with 18 Commissioned Shows '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Ganetakos on Twitter : `` @ AcunaAndrew the Ridonculous Race does have its own host -- all I can say for now is that his name is Don , and I hope you like him ! : ) '' `` . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh TV - The Ridonculous Team Contest '' . Freshtvinc.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Canadian Official Total Drama Site Teletoon American Official Total Drama Site Cartoon Network Total Drama Producers Blog Blogspot Season 1 Page Cake Entertainment Season 2 Page Cake Entertainment Season 3 Page Cake Entertainment Season 4 Page Cake Entertainment Season 5 Page ( Part 1 ) Cake Entertainment Season 5 Page ( Part 2 ) Cake Entertainment Total Drama Characters Episodes Seasons Total Drama Island episodes Total Drama Action episodes Total Drama World Tour episodes Total Drama : Revenge of the Island episodes Total Drama All - Stars and Total Drama : Pahkitew Island episodes Spin - off Total Drama Presents : The Ridonculous Race List of Teletoon original series List of programs broadcast by Teletoon Teletoon Télétoon Teletoon at Night Télétoon la nuit Teletoon Retro Télétoon Rétro Corus Entertainment Caillou The Adventures of Paddington Bear Animal Crackers Captain Star Donkey Kong Country Ned 's Newt Pippi Longstocking Red Beard Splat ! 1998 Blake and Mortimer Nanook 's Great Hunt 1999 Bad Dog Cybersix Fly Tales Redwall Toad Patrol Angela Anaconda New Tales from the Cryptkeeper Mega Babies Rescue Heroes 2000 Blaster 's Universe Flight Squad The Baskervilles Journey to the West -- Legends of the Monkey King Maggie and the Ferocious Beast The Kids from Room 402 A Miss Mallard Mystery Eckhart What About Mimi ? For Better or For Worse John Callahan 's Quads ! Marvin the Tap - Dancing Horse Untalkative Bunny Braceface Undergrads What 's with Andy ? The Upstairs Downstairs Bears Pecola 2002 RoboRoach Edward Pig City Daft Planet Fred the Caveman Kaput and Zösky Simon in the Land of Chalk Drawings Totally Spies ! Olliver 's Adventures Doodlez Clone High 2003 Yakkity Yak Ratz Kid Paddle My Dad the Rock Star A Treasure in My Garden Silverwing Potatoes and Dragons Creepschool Atomic Betty The Tofus Delta State Miss Spider 's Sunny Patch Friends Zeroman 6teen 2005 Bromwell High Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs The Zimmer Twins Sons of Butcher Carl2 Station X Delilah and Julius The Wrong Coast Gerald McBoing - Boing Planet Sketch Skyland Class of the Titans 2006 Spider Riders Di - Gata Defenders Johnny Test 2007 Bakugan Battle Brawlers Chaotic Chop Socky Chooks Wayside George of the Jungle Iggy Arbuckle Total Drama Futz ! Ricky Sprocket : Showbiz Boy 2008 Fred 's Head Punch ! World of Quest Life 's a Zoo Best Ed 2009 Jimmy Two - Shoes Stoked Majority Rules ! Hot Wheels Battle Force 5 Spliced The Future Is Wild The Amazing Spiez ! MetaJets The Dating Guy Skatoony 2011 My Babysitter 's a Vampire My Life Me Splatalot ! Detentionaire Crash Canyon 2012 Mudpit Fugget About It Matt Hatter Chronicles 2013 Rocket Monkeys Just Kidding Camp Lakebottom Grojband 2014 Packages from Planet X The Day My Butt Went Psycho ! Dr. Dimensionpants Chop Chop Ninja 2015 Endangered Species Pirate Express Night Sweats Inspector Gadget 2 Nuts and a Richard ! 2016 Total Drama Presents : The Ridonculous Race Knuckleheads Looped Freaktown Cracked Atomic Puppet Mike Ward Show Supernoobs Counterfeit Cat 2017 Winston Steinburger and Sir Dudley Ding Dong The Bagel and Becky Show ToonMarty Teletoon at Night / Télétoon la nuit series Teletoon - produced only Télétoon - produced only Moved to Cartoon Network / Adult Swim Moved to Treehouse TV Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Total_Drama&oldid=804895594 '' Categories : 2000s Canadian animated television series 2000s Canadian comedy television series 2010s Canadian animated television series 2010s Canadian comedy television series 2007 Canadian television series debuts Canadian children 's animated television series Canadian children 's comedy television series Canadian comedy - drama television series Canadian drama television series English - language television programs Flash cartoons Flash television shows Television series by Fresh TV Total Drama Reality television series parodies Reality television series franchises Teletoon original series Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2010 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from April 2015 Articles to be expanded from March 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Episode list using the default LineColor Articles to be expanded from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Napulitano Polski Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 19 : 46 . 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where was the eastern front in ww1 located	The Eastern Front or Eastern Theater of World War I ( Russian : Восточный фронт , Vostochnıy front , sometimes called the `` Second Fatherland War '' or `` Second Patriotic War '' ( Russian : Вторая Отечественная война , Vtoraya Otechestvennaya voyna ) in Russian sources ) was a theatre of operations that encompassed at its greatest extent the entire frontier between the Russian Empire and Romania on one side and the Austro - Hungarian Empire , Bulgaria , the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire on the other . It stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south , included most of Eastern Europe and stretched deep into Central Europe as well . The term contrasts with `` Western Front '' , which was being fought in Belgium and France .	at its greatest extent the entire frontier between the Russian Empire and Romania on one side and the Austro - Hungarian Empire , Bulgaria , the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire on the other	Eastern Front ( World War I )	eastern front ( world war i )	Central Powers victory	Collapse of the Russian Empire leading to the Russian Revolution Treaty of Brest - Litovsk ( Ukraine ) , Treaty of Brest - Litovsk ( Russia ) , Treaty of Bucharest All treaties terminated after Central Powers ' defeat in the West Belligerents German Empire Austria - Hungary Bulgaria ( 1915 -- 17 ) Ottoman Empire ( 1916 -- 17 ) Russian Empire ( 1914 -- 17 ) Russian Republic ( 1917 ) Romania ( 1916 -- 17 ) Belgium ( 1915 -- 17 ) British Empire ( 1916 -- 17 ) Serbia Greece Soviet Russia ( 1918 ) Commanders and leaders Paul von Hindenburg Erich Ludendorff Leopold of Bavaria Max Hoffmann Conrad von Hötzendorf Arthur Arz von Straußenburg Nikola Zhekov Tsar Nicholas II Grand Duke Nicholas Aleksei Brusilov Lavr Kornilov Nikolay Dukhonin Ferdinand I Nikolai Krylenko Casualties and losses 1,468,811 - 2,094,953 : 1,151,153 wounded 143,818 captured 4,377,000 : 726,000 killed 2,172,000 wounded 1,479,000 missing or captured 45,000 : 10,000 captured 30,250 Total : 5,900,000 - 6,500,000 casualties 9,347,000 : 2,254,369 killed 3,749,000 wounded 3,343,900 captured 535,700 : 335,706 dead 120,000 wounded 80,000 captured Total : ~ 9,900,000 casualties Civilian Deaths : 2,000,000 + Russia : 410,000 died due to military action 730,000 died of war - related causes Kingdom of Romania : 130,000 died due to military action 200,000 died of war - related causes Austria - Hungary : 120,000 civilians died due to military action 467,000 civilians died of war - related causes Eastern Front 1914 East Prussia Galicia Przemyśl Osowiec Vistula River Łódź Krzywopłoty Limanowa Łowczówek 1915 Rafajlowa Bolimów 2nd Masurian Lakes Gorlice -- Tarnów Konary Rokitna Great Retreat Jastków Novogeorgievsk Sventiany 1916 Lake Naroch Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Christmas 1917 Kerensky Offensive Zborov Riga Albion 1918 Faustschlag Bakhmach Naval warfare Baltic Sea Black Sea Theatres of World War I European Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Balkans Middle Eastern Caucasus Persia Gallipoli Mesopotamia Sinai and Palestine Arab Revolt South Arabia African South - West Africa Togoland Cameroon East Africa North Africa Asian and Pacific theatre Naval theaters U-boat Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean The Eastern Front or Eastern Theater of World War I ( Russian : Восточный фронт , Vostochnıy front , sometimes called the `` Second Fatherland War '' or `` Second Patriotic War '' ( Russian : Вторая Отечественная война , Vtoraya Otechestvennaya voyna ) in Russian sources ) was a theatre of operations that encompassed at its greatest extent the entire frontier between the Russian Empire and Romania on one side and the Austro - Hungarian Empire , Bulgaria , the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire on the other . It stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south , included most of Eastern Europe and stretched deep into Central Europe as well . The term contrasts with `` Western Front '' , which was being fought in Belgium and France . During 1910 , Russian General Yuri Danilov developed `` Plan 19 '' under which four armies would invade East Prussia . This plan was criticised as Austria - Hungary could be a greater threat than the German Empire . So instead of four armies invading East Prussia , the Russians planned to send two armies to East Prussia , and two Armies to defend against Austro - Hungarian forces invading from Galicia . In the opening months of the war , the Imperial Russian Army attempted an invasion of eastern Prussia in the northwestern theater , only to be beaten back by the Germans after some initial success . At the same time , in the south , they successfully invaded Galicia , defeating the Austro - Hungarian forces there . In Russian Poland , the Germans failed to take Warsaw . But by 1915 , the German and Austro - Hungarian armies were on the advance , dealing the Russians heavy casualties in Galicia and in Poland , forcing it to retreat . Grand Duke Nicholas was sacked from his position as the commander - in - chief and replaced by the Tsar himself . Several offensives against the Germans in 1916 failed , including Lake Naroch Offensive and the Baranovichi Offensive . However , General Aleksei Brusilov oversaw a highly successful operation against Austria - Hungary that became known as the Brusilov Offensive , which saw the Russian Army make large gains . The Kingdom of Romania entered the war in August 1916 . The Entente promised the region of Transylvania ( which was part of Austria - Hungary ) in return for Romanian support . The Romanian Army invaded Transylvania and had initial successes , but was forced to stop and was pushed back by the Germans and Austro - Hungarians when Bulgaria attacked them in the south . Meanwhile , a revolution occurred in Russia in February 1917 ( one of the several causes being the hardships of the war ) . Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate and a Russian Provisional Government was founded , with Georgy Lvov as its first leader , who was eventually replaced by Alexander Kerensky . The newly formed Russian Republic continued to fight the war alongside Romania and the rest of the Entente until it was overthrown by the Bolsheviks in October 1917 . Kerensky oversaw the July Offensive , which was largely a failure and caused a collapse in the Russian Army . The new government established by the Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk with the Central Powers , taking it out of the war and making large territorial concessions . Romania was also forced to surrender and signed a similar treaty , though both of the treaties were nullified with the surrender of the Central Powers in November 1918 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Propaganda 3 Initial situation in belligerent countries 3.1 Germany 3.2 Romania 3.3 Russia 3.3. 1 Russian propaganda 3.4 Austria - Hungary 4 Russia prior to 1914 4.1 First combat ( August 1914 ) 5 1915 5.1 Russo - Turkish offensive , winter 1915 -- 16 6 1916 6.1 Brusilov Offensive 6.2 Romania enters the war 6.3 Aftermath of 1916 7 1917 7.1 Russia -- the February Revolution 7.2 Romania -- the Summer Campaign and aftermath 7.3 Russia -- the October Revolution 8 1918 8.1 Formation of the Red Army 8.2 Treaty of Brest - Litovsk ( March 1918 ) 9 Role of women on the Eastern Front 10 Prisoners of War in Russia 11 Disease on the Eastern Front 12 Casualties 13 Territorial changes 13.1 Austria 13.2 Czechoslovakia 13.3 Hungary 13.4 Italy 13.5 Poland 13.6 Romania 13.7 Yugoslavia 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links Geography ( edit ) The front in the east was much longer than that in the west . The theater of war was roughly delimited by the Baltic Sea in the west and Minsk in the east , and Saint Petersburg in the north and the Black Sea in the south , a distance of more than 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) . This had a drastic effect on the nature of the warfare . While World War I on the Western Front developed into trench warfare , the battle lines on the Eastern Front were much more fluid and trenches never truly developed . This was because the greater length of the front ensured that the density of soldiers in the line was lower so the line was easier to break . Once broken , the sparse communication networks made it difficult for the defender to rush reinforcements to the rupture in the line , mounting rapid counteroffensives to seal off any breakthrough . Propaganda ( edit ) Propaganda was a key component of the culture of World War I. It was most commonly deployed through the state - controlled media to glorify the homeland and demonize the enemy . Propaganda often took the form of images which portrayed stereotypes from folklore about the enemy or from glorified moments from the nation 's history . On the Eastern Front , propaganda took many forms such as opera , film , spy fiction , theater , spectacle , war novels and graphic art . Across the Eastern Front the amount of propaganda used in each country varied from state to state . Propaganda took many forms within each country and was distributed by many different groups . Most commonly the state produced propaganda , but other groups , such as anti-war organizations , also generated propaganda . Initial situation in belligerent countries ( edit ) Germany ( edit ) Prior to the outbreak of war , German strategy was based almost entirely on the Schlieffen Plan . With the Franco - Russian Agreement in place , Germany knew that war with either of these combatants would result in war with the other , which meant that there would be war in both the west and the east . Therefore , the German General Staff , Alfred von Schlieffen , planned a quick , all - out ground war on the Western Front to take France and , upon victory , Germany would turn its attention to Russia in the east . Von Schlieffen believed Russia would not be ready or willing to move against and attack Germany due to the huge losses of military equipment that Russia suffered in the Russo - Japanese war , her low population density and lack of railroads . Conversely , the German Navy believed it could be victorious over Britain with Russian neutrality , something which von Moltke knew would not be possible . Romania ( edit ) In the immediate years preceding the First World War , the kingdom of Romania was involved in the Second Balkan War on the side of Serbia , Montenegro , Greece and the Ottoman Empire against Bulgaria . The Treaty of Bucharest , signed on August 10 , 1913 , ended the Balkan conflict and added 6,960 square kilometers to Romania 's territory . Although militarized , Romania decided upon a policy of neutrality at the start of the First World War , mainly due to having territorial interests in both Austria - Hungary ( Transylvania and Bukovina ) and in Russia ( Bessarabia ) . Strong cultural influences also affected Romanian leanings , however . King Carol I , as a Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen , favoured his Germanic roots , while the Romanian people , influenced by their Orthodox church and Latin - based language , were inclined to join France . Perhaps King Carol 's attempts at joining the war on the side of the Central powers would have been fruitful had he not died in 1914 , but Romanian disenchantment with Austria - Hungary had already influenced public and political opinion . French endorsement of Romanian action against Bulgaria , and support of the terms of the Treaty of Bucharest was particularly effective at inclining Romania towards the Entente . Furthermore , Russian courting of Romanian sympathies , exemplified by the visit of the Tsar to Constanta on June 14 , 1914 , signaled in a new era of positive relations between the two countries . Nevertheless , King Ferdinand I of Romania maintained a policy of neutrality , intending to gain the most for Romania by negotiating between competing powers . According to historian John Keegan , the enticements offered by the Allies were never concrete , for in secret , Russia and France agreed not to honor any conventions when the end of the war came . Russia ( edit ) The immediate reason for Russia 's involvement in the First World War was a direct result of the decisions made by the statesmen and generals during July 1914 . The July crisis was the culmination of a series of diplomatic conflicts that took place in the decades prior to 1914 , and this is fundamental to an understanding of Russia 's position immediately prior to the War . According to D.C. Lieven , Russia was formidable and was able to back up her diplomatic policies with force . In 1870 -- 1914 , the four leading powers in Europe were Russia , Prussia , Austria and France , each of whom exercised a similar proportion of power at the time . One of the most significant factors in bringing Russia to the brink of war was the downfall of her economy . The 20 percent jump in defense expenditure during 1866 -- 77 and in 1871 - 5 forced them to change their position within Europe and shift the balance of power out of her favour . At the time , Russian infrastructure was backward and the Russian government had to invest far more than its European rivals in structural changes . In addition there were overwhelming burdens of defense , which would ultimately result in an economic downfall for the Russians . This was a major strain on the Russian population , but also served as a direct threat to military expenditure . Thus the only way the Russians could sustain the strains of European war would be to place more emphasis on foreign investment from the French who essentially came to Russia 's aid for industrial change . The Franco - Russian Alliance allowed for the Russian defense to grow and aid the European balance of power during the growth of the German Empire 's might . In 1914 , Germany was the most powerful state in all of Europe . Nevertheless , one of the key factors was that of the Russian foreign policy between 1890 and 1914 . Russian propaganda ( edit ) World War I caricature from Russia depicting Wilhelm II , Franz Joseph I and Mehmed V. Top : `` If only we could get to the top -- it would be ours ! '' Bottom : `` Let me help you with that ! '' In order for the Russians to legitimise their war efforts the government constructed an image of the enemy through state instituted propaganda . Their main aim was to help overcome the legend of the `` invincible '' German war machine , in order to boost the morale of civilians and soldiers . Russian propaganda often took the form of showing the Germans as a civilised nation , with barbaric `` inhuman '' traits . Russian propaganda also exploited the image of the Russian POWs who were in the German camps , again in order to boost the morale of their troops , serving as encouragement to defeat the enemy and to get their fellow soldiers out of the `` inhuman '' German POW camps . An element of the Russian propaganda was the Investigate Commission formed in April 1915 . It was led by Aleksei Krivtsov and the study was tasked with the job of studying the legal violations committed by of the Central Powers and then getting this information to the Russian public . This commission published photographs of letters that were allegedly found on fallen German soldiers . These letters document the German correspondents saying to `` take no prisoners . '' A museum was also set up in Petrograd , which displayed pictures that showed how `` inhumanly '' the Germans were treating prisoners of war . Austria - Hungary ( edit ) Illustration from the French magazine Le Petit Journal on the Bosnian Crisis : Bulgaria declares its independence and its prince Ferdinand is named Tsar , Austria - Hungary , in the person of Emperor Francis Joseph , annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina , while the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II looks on helplessly . Austria - Hungary 's participation in the outbreak of World War I has been neglected by historians , as emphasis has traditionally been placed on Germany 's role as the prime instigator . However , the `` spark '' that ignited the First World War is attributed to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip , which took place on June 28 , 1914 . Approximately a month later , on July 28 , 1914 , Austria - Hungary declared war on Serbia . This act led to a series of events that would quickly expand into the First World War ; thus , the Habsburg government in Vienna initiated the pivotal decision that would begin the conflict . The causes of the Great War have generally been defined in diplomatic terms , but certain deep - seated issues in Austria - Hungary undoubtedly contributed to the beginnings of the First World War . The Austro - Hungarian situation in the Balkans pre-1914 is a primary factor in its involvement in the war . The movement towards South Slav unity was a major problem for the Habsburg Empire , which was facing increasing nationalist pressure from its multinational populace . As Europe 's third largest state , the Austro - Hungarian monarchy was hardly homogeneous ; comprising over fifty million people and eleven nationalities , the Empire was a conglomeration of a number of diverse cultures , languages , and peoples . Specifically , the South Slavic people of Austria - Hungary desired to amalgamate with Serbia in an effort to officially solidify their shared cultural heritage . Over seven million South Slavs lived inside the Empire , while three million lived outside it . With the growing emergence of nationalism in the twentieth century , unity of all South Slavs looked promising . This tension is exemplified by Conrad von Hötzendorf 's letter to Franz Ferdinand : The unification of the South Slav race is one of the powerful national movements which can neither be ignored nor kept down . The question can only be , whether unification will take place within the boundaries of the Monarchy -- that is at the expense of Serbia 's independence -- or under Serbia 's leadership at the expense of the Monarchy . The cost to the Monarchy would be the loss of its South Slav provinces and thus of almost its entire coastline . The loss of territory and prestige would relegate the Monarchy to the status of a small power . The annexation of Bosnia - Herzegovina in 1908 by Austrian foreign minister Baron von Aehrenthal in an effort to assert domination over the Balkans inflamed Slavic nationalism and angered Serbia . Bosnia - Herzegovina became a `` rallying cry '' for South Slavs , with hostilities between Austria - Hungary and Serbia steadily increasing . The situation was ripe for conflict , and when the Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip assassinated Austrian imperial heir , Franz Ferdinand , these longstanding hostilities culminated into an all - out war . The Allied Powers wholeheartedly supported the Slavs ' nationalistic fight . George Macaulay Trevelyan , a British historian , saw Serbia 's war against Austria - Hungary as a `` war of liberation '' that would `` free South Slavs from tyranny . '' In his own words : `` If ever there was a battle for freedom , there is such a battle now going on in Southeastern Europe against Austrian and Magyar . If this war ends in the overthrow of the Magyar tyranny , an immense step forward will have been taken toward racial liberty and European peace . '' Russia prior to 1914 ( edit ) Prior to 1914 , the Russian 's lack of success in war and diplomacy in the six decades before 1914 sapped the country 's moral strength . The triumphs of Britain and Germany in the martial , diplomatic and economic spheres put these countries in the front rank of the world 's leading nations . This was a source of national pride , self - confidence and unity . It helped reconcile the worker to the state and the Bavarian or Scotsman to rule from Berlin or London . In the years prior to 1914 , Austro - Russian co-operation was both crucial for European peace and difficult to maintain . Old suspicions exacerbated by the Bosnian crisis stood in the way of agreement between the two empires , as did ethnic sensitivities . Russia 's historical role as liberator of the Balkans was difficult to square with Austria 's determination to control adjacent territories . In 1913 -- 1914 Saint Petersburg was too concerned with its own weakness and what it saw as threats to vital Russian interests , to spare much thought for Vienna 's feelings . The Russians were , with some justice , indignant that the concessions they had made after the First Balkan War in the interest of European peace had not been reciprocated by the Central Powers . This was doubly dangerous given the growing evidence flowing into Petersburg about Germany 's aggressive intentions . Both Bazarov and the agents of the Russian secret political police in Germany reported the concern aroused in public opinion by the press war against Russia , which raged in the spring of 1914 . The Russian military was the largest in the world consisting of 1.4 million men prior to the war . They could also mobilize up to 5 million men , but only had 4.6 million rifles to give them . It also had poor leadership . First combat ( August 1914 ) ( edit ) Hindenburg at Tannenberg , by Hugo Vogel An engagement in Hungary The war in the east began with the Russian invasion of East Prussia on 17 August 1914 and the Austro - Hungarian province of Galicia . The first effort quickly turned to a defeat following the Battle of Tannenberg in August 1914 . A second Russian incursion into Galicia was completely successful , with the Russians controlling almost all of that region by the end of 1914 , routing four Austrian armies in the process . Under the command of Nikolai Ivanov and Aleksei Brusilov , the Russians won the Battle of Galicia in September and began the Siege of Przemyśl , the next fortress on the road towards Kraków . This early Russian success in 1914 on the Austro - Russian border was a reason for concern to the Central Powers and caused considerable German forces to be transferred to the East to take pressure off the Austrians , leading to the creation of the new German Ninth Army . At the end of 1914 , the main focus of the fighting shifted to central part of Russian Poland , west of the river Vistula . The October Battle of the Vistula River and the November Battle of Łódź brought little advancement for the Germans , but at least kept the Russians at a safe distance . The Russian and Austro - Hungarian armies continued to clash in and near the Carpathian Mountains throughout the winter of 1914 -- 1915 . Przemysl fortress managed to hold out deep behind enemy lines throughout this period , with the Russians bypassing it in order to attack the Austro - Hungarian troops further to the west . They made some progress , crossing the Carpathians in February and March 1915 , but then the German relief helped the Austrians stop further Russian advances . In the meantime , Przemysl was almost entirely destroyed and the Siege of Przemysl ended in a defeat for the Austrians . 1915 ( edit ) In 1915 the German command decided to make its main effort on the Eastern Front , and accordingly transferred considerable forces there . To eliminate the Russian threat the Central Powers began the campaign season of 1915 with the successful Gorlice - Tarnow Offensive in Galicia in May 1915 . Russian troops going to the front : Support for the imperial guard being hurried into the fighting line After the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes , the German and Austro - Hungarian troops in the Eastern Front functioned under a unified command . The offensive soon turned into a general advance and a corresponding strategic retreat by the Russian Army . The cause of the reverses suffered by the Russian Army was not so much errors in the tactical sphere , as the deficiency in technical equipment , particularly in artillery and ammunition as well as the corruption and incompetence of the Russian officers . Only by 1916 did the buildup of Russian war industries increase production of war material and improve the supply situation . Chernivtsi , western Ukraine , during Habsburg rule , c. 1915 By mid-1915 , the Russians had been expelled from Russian Poland and hence pushed hundreds of kilometers away from the borders of the Central Powers , removing the threat of Russian invasion of Germany or Austria - Hungary . At the end of 1915 German - Austrian advance was stopped on the line Riga -- Jakobstadt -- Dünaburg -- Baranovichi -- Pinsk -- Dubno -- Ternopil . The general outline of this front line did not change until the Russian collapse in 1917 . Russo - Turkish Offensive , winter 1915 -- 16 ( edit ) After the Battle of Sarikamish , the Russo - Turkish front quickly turned in favor of Russian forces . The Turks were concerned with reorganizing their army and committing the Armenian Genocide . Meanwhile , Russia was preoccupied with other armies on the Eastern Front . However , the appointment of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich as Viceroy and Commander in the Caucasus in September 1915 revived the situation of the Russo - Turkish front . When the Allies withdrew from Gallipoli in December , the Caucasus Army 's Chief of Staff General Nikolai Yudenich believed Turkish forces would take action against his army . This concern was legitimate : Bulgaria 's entry into the war as Germany 's ally in October caused serious alarm , as a land route from Germany to Turkey was now open and would allow for an unrestricted flow of German weapons to the Turks . A `` window of opportunity '' appeared that would allow the Russians to destroy the Turkish Third Army , as the British required assistance in Mesopotamia ( now modern day Iraq ) . Britain 's efforts to besiege Baghdad had been halted at Ctesiphon , and they were forced to retreat . This led to an increasing number of attacks by Turkish forces . The British requested the Russians to attack in an attempt to distract the Turks , and Yudenich agreed . The resulting offensive began on January 10 , 1916 . This offensive was unanticipated by the Turks , as it was in the middle of winter . The Turkish situation was exacerbated by the Third Army 's commander Kamil Pasha and Chief of Staff Major Guse absence . Coupled with an imbalance of forces -- the Russians had 325 000 troops , while the Turks only 78 000 -- the situation appeared grim for the Central Powers . After three months of fighting , the Russians captured the city of Trabzon on April 18 , 1916 . 1916 ( edit ) World War I poster from Russia : World fire , Second Patriotic War Allied operations in 1916 were dictated by an urgent need to force Germany to transfer forces from its Western to Eastern fronts , to relieve the pressure on the French at the Battle of Verdun . This was to be accomplished by a series of Russian offensives which would force the Germans to deploy additional forces to counter them . The first such operation was the Lake Naroch Offensive in March -- April 1916 , which ended in failure . Brusilov Offensive ( edit ) The Italian operations during 1916 had one extraordinarily positive result : Austrian divisions were pulled away from the Russian southern front . This allowed the Russian forces to organize a counter-offensive . The Brusilov Offensive was a large tactical assault carried out by Russian forces against Austro - Hungarian forces in Galicia . General Aleksei Brusilov believed victory against the Central Powers was possible if close attention was paid to preparation . Brusilov suggested that the Russians should attack on a wide front , and to position their trenches a mere seventy - five yard away from Austrian trenches . Brusilov 's plan worked impeccably . The Russians outnumbered the Austrians 200,000 to 150,000 , and held a considerable advantage in guns , with 904 large guns to 600 . Most importantly innovative new tactics similar to those independently invented by Erwin Rommel were used to perform quick and effective close - range surprise attacks that allowed a steady advance . The Russian Eighth Army overwhelmed the Austrian Fourth and pushed on to Lutsk , advancing forty miles beyond the starting position . Over a million Austrians were lost , with over 500,000 men killed or taken prisoner by mid-June . Although the Brusilov Offensive was initially successful , it slowed down considerably . An inadequate number of troops and poorly maintained supply lines hindered Brusilov 's ability to follow up on the initial victories in June . The Brusilov Offensive is considered to be the greatest Russian victory of the First World War . Although it cost the Russians half a million casualties , the offensive successfully diverted substantial forces of the Central Powers from the Western front , and persuaded Romania to join the war , diverting even more Central Powers forces to the East . Romania enters the War ( edit ) See also : Romanian Campaign ( World War I ) Romania may be the turning point of the campaign . If the Germans fail there it will be the greatest disaster inflicted upon them . Afterwards it will only be a question of time . But should Germany succeed , I hesitate to think what the effect will be on the fortunes of our campaign. ... and yet no one seems to have thought it his particular duty to prepare a plan . -- Lloyd George , War Memoirs British poster , welcoming Romania 's decision to join the Entente Up until 1916 , the Romanians followed the tides of war with interest , while attempting to situate themselves in the most advantageous position . French and Russian diplomats had begun courting the Romanians early on , but persuasion tactics gradually intensified . For King Ferdinand to commit his force of half a million men , he expected the Allies to offer a substantial incentive . Playing on Romanian anti-Hungarian sentiment the Allies promised the Austria - Hungarian territory of Ardeal ( Transylvania ) to Romania . Transylvanian demographics strongly favoured the Romanians . Romania succumbed to Allied enticement on August 18 , 1916 . Nine days later , on August 27 , Romanian troops marched into Transylvania . Romania 's entry into the war provoked major strategic changes for the Germans . In September 1916 , German troops were mobilized to the Eastern Front . Additionally , the German Chief of the General Staff , General Erich Von Falkenhayn was forced to resign from office in order to command the combined Central Powers forces against Romania , along with General August von Mackensen . Kaiser Wilhelm II immediately replaced Falkenhayn with Paul von Hindenburg . Von Hindenburg 's deputy , the more adept Erich Ludendorff , was given effective control of the army and ordered to advance on Romania . On September 3 , the first troops of the Central Powers marched into Romanian territory . Simultaneously , the Bulgarian Air Force commenced an incessant bombing of Bucharest . In an attempt to relieve some pressure , French and British forces launched a new offensive known as the Battle of the Somme , while the Brusilov Offensive continued in the East . It is certain that so relatively small a state as Rumania had never before been given a role so important , and , indeed , so decisive for the history of the world at so favorable a moment . Never before had two Great Powers like Germany and Austria found themselves so much at the mercy of the military resources of a country which had scarcely one twentieth of the population of the two great states . Judging by the military situation , it was to be expected that Rumania had only to advance where she wished to decide the world war in favor of those Powers which had been hurling themselves at us in vain for years . Thus everything seemed to depend on whether Rumania was ready to make any sort of use of her momentary advantage . -- Paul von Hindenburg , Out of My Life The entrance of Romania into the war was disconcerting for von Hindenburg . On September 15 , Paul von Hindenburg issued the following order , stating that : `` The main task of the Armies is now to hold fast all positions on the Western , Eastern , Italian and Macedonian Fronts , and to employ all other available forces against Rumania . '' Fortunately for the Central Powers , the quantity and quality of the Romanian Army was overestimated . Although numbering half a million men , the Romanian Army suffered from poor training and a lack of appropriate equipment . The initial success of the Romanian Army in Austria - Hungarian territory was quickly undermined by the Central Powers . German and Austro - Hungarian troops advanced from the north , while Bulgarian - Turkish - German forces marched into Romania from the south . Although thought to be a tactical blunder by contemporaries , the Romanians opted to mount operations in both directions . By the middle of November the German force passed through the Carpathians , suffering significant casualties due to determined Romanian resistance . By December 5 , Bulgarian troops had crossed the Danube and were approaching the capital , Bucharest . At the same time as the Austro - Hungarian troops moved east , and as the Bulgarians marched north , the Turks had sent in two army divisions by sea to the Dobruja from the east . Eventually , the Romanian forces were pushed back behind the Siret in northern Moldavia . Aftermath of 1916 ( edit ) By January 1917 , the ranks of the Romanian army had been significantly thinned . Roughly 150,000 Romanian soldiers had been taken prisoner , 200,000 men were dead or wounded , and lost two thirds of their country , including the capital . Importantly , the Ploiești oilfields , the only significant source of oil in Europe west of the Black Sea , had been destroyed before they were abandoned to the Central Powers . 1917 ( edit ) Russia -- the February revolution ( edit ) The Russian February Revolution aimed to topple the Russian monarchy and resulted in the creation of the Provisional Government . The revolution was a turning point in Russian history , and its significance and influence can still be felt in many countries today . Although many Russians wanted a revolution , no one had expected it to happen when it did -- let alone how it did . On International Women 's Day , Thursday , February 23 , 1917 / March 8 , 1917 , as many as 90,000 female workers in the city of Petrograd left their factory jobs and marched through the streets , shouting `` Bread '' , `` Down with the autocracy ! '' and `` Stop the War ! '' These women were tired , hungry , and angry , after working long hours in miserable conditions to feed their families because their menfolk were fighting at the front . They were not alone in demanding change ; more than 150,000 men and women took to the streets to protest the next day . By Saturday , February 25 , the city of Petrograd was essentially shut down . No one was allowed to work or wanted to work . Even though there were a few incidents of police and soldiers firing into the crowds , those groups soon mutinied and joined the protesters . Tsar Nicholas II , who was not in Petrograd during the revolution , heard reports of the protests but chose not to take them seriously . By March 1 , it was obvious to everyone except the czar himself , that his rule was over . On March 2 it was made official . Romania -- the summer campaign and aftermath ( edit ) In early July 1917 , on the Romanian front , a relatively small area , there was one of the largest concentrations of combat forces and means known during the conflagration : nine armies , 80 infantry divisions with 974 battalions , 19 cavalry divisions with 550 squadrons and 923 artillery batteries , whose effectives numbered some 800,000 men , with about one million in their immediate reserve . The three great battles , decisive for the Romanian nation 's destiny , delivered at Mărăști , Mărășești and Oituz represented a turning point in the world war on the Eastern front . These battles , named by the localities and zones where they took place , were fought approximately on the front alignment stabilized in early 1917 , which the conflicting sides had thoroughly consolidated for half a year . Between late July and early September , the Romanian Army fought the battles of Mărăști , Mărășești and Oituz , managing to stop the German - Austro - Hungarian advance , inflicting heavy losses in the process and winning the most important Allied victories on the Eastern Front in 1917 . As a result of these operations , the remaining Romanian territories remained unoccupied , tying down nearly 1,000,000 Central Powers troops and prompting The Times to describe the Romanian front as `` The only point of light in the East '' . On May 7 , 1918 , in light of the existing politico - military situation , Romania was forced to conclude the Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers , imposing harsh conditions on the country but recognizing its union with Bessarabia . Alexandru Marghiloman became the new German - sponsored Prime Minister . King Ferdinand , however , refused to sign the treaty . The Germans were able to repair the oil fields around Ploiești and by the end of the war had pumped a million tons of oil . They also requisitioned two million tons of grain from Romanian farmers . These materials were vital in keeping Germany in the war to the end of 1918 . Russia -- the October revolution ( edit ) Main article : October Revolution By September 1917 , just months after the February Revolution , Lenin believed the Russian people were ready for another revolution , this time on Marxist principles . On October 10 , at a secret meeting of the Bolshevik party leaders , Lenin used all his power to convince the others that it was time for armed insurrection . After 24 hours of debate , a vote was taken the following morning : the result was ten to two in favour of a revolution . Troops who were loyal to the Bolsheviks took control of the telegraph stations , power stations , strategic bridges , post offices , train stations , and state banks , without gunfire or any resistance . Petrograd was officially in the hands of the Bolsheviks , who greatly increased their organization in factory groups and in many barracks throughout Petrograd . They concentrated on devising a plan for overturning the Provisional Government , with a coup d'état . On October 24 , Lenin emerged from hiding in a suburb , entered the city , set up his headquarters at the Smolny Institute and worked to complete his three - phase plan . With the main bridges and the main railways secured , only the Winter Palace , and with it the Provisional Government , remained to be taken . On the evening of November 7 , the troops that were loyal to the Bolsheviks infiltrated the Winter Palace . After an almost bloodless coup , the Bolsheviks were the new leaders of Russia . Lenin announced that the new regime would end the war , abolish all private land ownership , and create a system for workers ' control over the factories . 1918 ( edit ) Main article : Operation Faustschlag See also : Russian Civil War and Ukrainian -- Soviet War On 7 November 1917 , the Communist Bolsheviks took power under their leader Vladimir Lenin . Lenin 's new Bolshevik government tried to end the war , with a ceasefire being declared on December 15 , 1917 along lines agreed in November . At the same time Bolsheviks launched a full - scale military offensive against its opponents : Ukraine and separatist governments in the Don region . During the peace negotiations between Soviets and Central Powers , the Germans demanded enormous concessions , eventually resulting in the failure of the long - drawn - out peace negotiations on February 17 , 1918 . At the same time the Central Powers concluded a military treaty with Ukraine which was losing ground in the fight with invading Bolshevik forces . The Russian Civil War , which started just after November 1917 , would tear apart Russia for three years . As a result of the events during 1917 , many groups opposed to Lenin 's Bolsheviks had formed . With the fall of Nicholas II , many parts of the Russian Empire took the opportunity to declare their independence , one of which was Finland , which did so in December 1917 ; however , Finland too collapsed into a civil war . Finland declared itself independent Dec. 6th 1917 , and this was accepted by Lenin a month later . The Finnish Parliament elected a German prince as King of Finland . However , the Socialists ( The Reds ) and the Whites in Finland fell into war with each other in January 1918 . The Reds wanted Finland to be a Soviet republic , and was aided by Russian forces still in Finland . The Whites of Finland were led by General Carl Gustaf Mannerheim , a Finnish baron who had been in the Tsars service since he was 15 years old . The Whites were also offered help by a German Expeditionary Corps led by the German General Goltz . Mannerheim never approved this . The German corps landed in Finland in April 1918 . Formation of the Red Army ( edit ) After the disintegration of the Russian imperial army and navy in 1917 , the Council of People 's Commissars headed by Leon Trotsky set about creating a new army . By a decree on January 28 , 1918 the council created the Workers ' and Peoples ' Red Army ; it began recruitment on a voluntary basis , but on April 22 , the Soviet government made serving in the army compulsory for anyone who did not employ hired labor . While the majority of the army was made up of workers and peasants , many of the Red Army 's officers had served a similar function in the imperial army before its collapse . Treaty of Brest - Litovsk ( March 1918 ) ( edit ) Territory lost by Russia under the 1918 Treaty of Brest - Litovsk With the German Army just 85 miles ( 137 km ) from the Russian capital Petrograd ( St. Petersburg ) on March 3 , 1918 , the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk was signed and the Eastern Front ceased to be a war zone . While the treaty was practically obsolete before the end of the year , it did provide some relief to the Bolsheviks , who were embroiled in a civil war , and affirmed the independence of Ukraine . However , Estonia and Latvia were intended to become a United Baltic Duchy to be ruled by German princes and German nobility as fiefdoms under the German Kaiser . Finland 's sovereignty had already been declared in December 1917 , and accepted by most nations , including France and the Soviet Union , but not by the United Kingdom and the United States . The Germans were able to transfer substantial forces to the west in order to mount an offensive in France in the spring of 1918 . This offensive on the Western Front failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough , and the arrival of more and more American units in Europe was sufficient to offset the German advantage . Even after the Russian collapse , about a million German soldiers remained tied up in the east until the end of the war , attempting to run a short - lived addition to the German Empire in Europe . In the end , Germany and Austria lost all their captured lands , and more , under various treaties ( such as the Treaty of Versailles ) signed after the armistice in 1918 . Role of women on the Eastern Front ( edit ) 2nd Lt. Ecaterina Teodoroiu , killed in action at Mărășești in 1917 , is regarded as a national heroine in Romania . The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In comparison to the attention directed to the role played by women on the Western Front during the First World War , the role of women in the east has garnered limited scholarly focus . It is estimated that 20 percent of the Russian industrial working class was conscripted into the army ; therefore , women 's share of industrial jobs increased dramatically . There were percentage increases in every industry , but the most noticeable increase happened in industrial labour , which increased from 31.4 percent in 1913 to 45 percent in 1918 . Women also fought on the Eastern Front . In the later stages of Russia 's participation in the war , Russia began forming all - woman combat units , the Women 's Battalions , in part to fight plummeting morale among male soldiers by demonstrating Russian women 's willingness to fight . In Romania , Ecaterina Teodoroiu actively fought in the Romanian Army and is remembered today as a national hero . British nursing efforts were not limited to the Western Front . Nicknamed the `` Gray partridges '' in reference to their dark gray overcoats , Scottish volunteer nurses arrived in Romania in 1916 under the leadership of Elsie Inglis . In addition to nursing injured personnel , Scottish nurses manned transport vehicles and acted as regimental cooks . The `` Gray Partridges '' were well respected by Romanian , Serbian and Russian troops and as a result , the Romanian press went as far as to characterize them as `` healthy , masculine , and tanned women . '' As a testament to her abilities , Elsie Inglis and her volunteers were entrusted to turn an abandoned building in the city of Galati into an operational hospital , which they did in a little more than a day . Yvonne Fitzroy 's published journal , `` With the Scottish Nurses in Roumania , '' provides an excellent first hand account Scottish nursing activities in the Eastern Front . Prisoners of War in Russia ( edit ) During World War I , approximately 200,000 German soldiers and 2.5 million soldiers from the Austro - Hungarian army entered Russian captivity . During the 1914 Russian campaign the Russians began taking thousands of Austrian prisoners . As a result , the Russian authorities made emergency facilities in Kiev , Penza , Kazan , and later Turkestan to hold the Austrian prisoners of war . As the war continued Russia began to detain soldiers from Germany as well as a growing number from the Austro - Hungarian army . The Tsarist state saw the large population of POWs as a workforce that could benefit the war economy in Russia . Many POWs were employed as farm laborers and miners in Donbas and Krivoi Rog . However , the majority of POWs were employed as laborers constructing canals and building railroads . The living and working environments for these POWs was bleak . There was a shortage of food , clean drinking water and proper medical care . During the summer months malaria was a major problem , and the malnutrition among the POWs led to many cases of scurvy . While working on the Murmansk rail building project over 25,000 POWs died . Information about the bleak conditions of the labor camps reached the German and Austro - Hungarian governments . They began to complain about the treatment of POWs . The Tsarist authorities initially refused to acknowledge the German and Habsburg governments . They rejected their claims because Russian POWs were working on railway construction in Serbia . However , they slowly agreed to stop using prison labor . Life in the camps was extremely rough for the men who resided in them . The Tsarist government could not provide adequate supplies for the men living in their POW camps . The Russian government 's inability to supply the POWs in their camps with supplies was due to inadequate resources and bureaucratic rivalries . However , the conditions in the POW camps varied ; some were more bearable than others . Disease on the Eastern Front ( edit ) Disease played a critical role in the loss of life on the Eastern Front . In the East , disease accounted for approximately four times the number of deaths caused by direct combat , in contrast to the three to one ratio in the West . Malaria , cholera , and dysentery contributed to the epidemiological crisis on the Eastern Front ; however , typhoid spotted fever , transmitted by pathogenic lice and previously unknown to German medical officers before the outbreak of the war , was the most deadly . There was a direct correlation between the environmental conditions of the East and the prevalence of disease . With cities excessively crowded by refugees fleeing their native countries , unsanitary medical conditions created a suitable environment for diseases to spread . Primitive hygienic conditions , along with general lack of knowledge about proper medical care was evident in the German occupied Ober Ost . Ultimately , a large scale sanitation program was put into effect . This program , named Santitätswesen ( Medical Affairs ) , was responsible for ensuring proper hygienic procedures were being carried out in Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland . Quarantine centers were built , and diseased neighbourhoods were isolated from the rest of the population . Delousing stations were prevalent in the countryside and in cities to prevent the spread of typhoid spotted fever , with mass numbers of natives being forced to take part in this process at military bathhouses . A `` sanitary police '' was also introduced to confirm the cleanliness of homes , and any home deemed unfit would be boarded up with a warning sign . Dogs and cats were also killed for fear of possible infection . To avoid the spread of disease , prostitution became regulated . Prostitutes were required to register for a permit , and authorities demanded mandatory medical examinations for all prostitutes , estimating that seventy percent of prostitutes carried a venereal disease . Military brothels were introduced to combat disease ; the city of Kowno emphasized proper educational use of contraceptives such as condoms , encouraged proper cleansing of the genital area after intercourse , and gave instructions on treatment in the case of infection . Casualties ( edit ) Further information on Russian losses : World War I casualties § endnote Russia The Russian casualties in the First World War are difficult to estimate , due to the poor quality of available statistics . Cornish gives a total of 2,006,000 military dead ( 700,000 killed in action , 970,000 died of wounds , 155,000 died of disease and 181,000 died while POWs ) . This measure of Russian losses is similar to that of the British Empire , 5 % of the male population in the 15 to 49 age group . He says civilian casualties were five to six hundred thousand in the first two years , and were then not kept , so a total of over 1,500,000 is not unlikely . He has over five million men passing into captivity , the majority during 1915 . When Russia withdrew from the war , 2,500,000 Russian POWs were in German and Austrian hands . This by far exceeded the total number of prisoners of war ( 1,880,000 ) lost by the armies of Britain , France and Germany combined . Only the Austro - Hungarian Army , with 2,200,000 POWs , came even close . Territorial changes ( edit ) See also : Austria - Hungary § Territorial legacy Austria ( edit ) The empire of Austria lost approximately 60 % of its territory as a result of the war , and evolved into a smaller state with a small homogeneous population of 6.5 million people . With the loss Vienna was now an imperial capital without an empire to support it . The states that were formed around Austria feared the return of the Austro - Hungarian Empire and put measures into place to prevent it from re-forming . Czechoslovakia ( edit ) Czechoslovakia was created through the merging of the Czech provinces of Bohemia and Moravia , previously under Austrian rule , united with Slovakia and Ruthenia , which were part of Hungary . Although these groups had many differences between them , they believed that together they would create a stronger state . The new country was a multi-ethnic state . The population consisted of Czechs ( 51 % ) , Slovaks ( 16 % ) , Germans ( 22 % ) , Hungarians ( 5 % ) and Rusyns ( 4 % ) . Many of the Germans , Hungarians , Ruthenians and Poles and some Slovaks , felt oppressed because the political elite did not generally allow political autonomy for minority ethnic groups . The state proclaimed the official ideology that there are no Czechs and Slovaks , but only one nation of Czechoslovaks ( see Czechoslovakism ) , to the disagreement of Slovaks and other ethnic groups . Once a unified Czechoslovakia was restored after World War II the conflict between the Czechs and the Slovaks surfaced again . Hungary ( edit ) After the war Hungary was severely disrupted by the loss of 72 % of its territory , 64 % of its population and most of its natural resources . The loss of territory was similar to that of Austria after the breaking up the Austria - Hungary territory . They lost the territories of Transylvania , Slovakia , Croatia , Slavonia , Syrmia , and Banat . Italy ( edit ) Italy incorporated the regions of Trieste and Tyrol from Austria . Poland ( edit ) The creation of a free and Independent Poland was one of Wilson 's fourteen points . At the end of the 18th century the state of Poland was broken apart by Prussia , Russia , and Austria . During the Paris Peace Conference , 1919 , the Commission on Polish Affairs was created which recommended there be a passageway across West Prussia and Posen , in order to give Poland access to the Baltic through the port of Danzig at the mouth of the Vistula River . The creation of the state of Poland would cut off 1.5 million Germans in East Prussia from the rest of Germany . Poland also received Upper Silesia . British Foreign Secretary Lord Curzon proposed Poland 's eastern border with Russia . Neither the Soviet Russians nor the Polish were happy with the demarcation of the border . Romania ( edit ) The state of Romania was enlarged greatly after the war . As a result of the Paris peace conference Romania kept the Dobrudja and Transylvania . Between the states of Yugoslavia , Czechoslovakia , and Romania an alliance named the Little Entente was formed . They worked together on matters of foreign policy in order to prevent a Habsburg restoration . Yugoslavia ( edit ) Initially Yugoslavia began as the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes . The name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929 . The State secured its territory at the Paris peace talks after the end of the war . The state suffered from many internal problems because of the many diverse cultures and languages within the state . Yugoslavia was divided on national , linguistic , economic , and religious lines . See also ( edit ) World War I portal Belgian Expeditionary Corps in Russia , a Belgian armoured car unit that fought within the Russian military . Diplomatic history of World War I Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ McRandle & Quirk 2006 , p. 697 . Jump up ^ Россия в мировой войне 1914 -- 1918 ( в цифрах ) . -- Template : М. : ЦСУ , 1925 . -- Табл. 33 . -- С. 41 . Jump up ^ `` Sanitatsbericht fiber das Deutsche Heer ... im Weltkriege 1914 -- 1918 '' , Bd . Ill , Berlin , 1934 , S. 151 . 149,418 casualties in 1914 , 663,739 in 1915 , 383,505 in 1916 , 238,581 in 1917 , 33,568 in 1918 . Note : the document notes that records for some armies are incomplete . Jump up ^ Churchill , W.S. ( 1923 -- 1931 ) . The World Crisis ( Odhams 1938 ed . ) . London : Thornton Butterworth . Page 558 . Total German casualties for `` Russia and all other fronts '' ( aside from the West ) are given as 1,693,000 including 517,000 dead . Jump up ^ Bodart , Gaston : `` Erforschung der Menschenverluste Österreich - Ungarns im Weltkriege 1914 -- 1918 , '' Austrian State Archive , War Archive Vienna , Manuscripts , History of the First World War , in general , A 91 . Reports that 60 % of Austro - Hungarian killed / wounded were incurred on the Eastern Front ( including 312,531 out of 521,146 fatalities ) . While the casualty records are incomplete ( Bodart on the same page estimates the missing war losses and gets a total figure of 1,213,368 deaths rather than 521,146 ) , the proportions are accurate . 60 % of casualties equates to 726,000 dead and 2,172,000 wounded . Jump up ^ Volgyes , Ivan . ( 1973 ) . `` Hungarian Prisoners of War in Russia 1916 - 1919 . '' Cahiers Du Monde Russe Et Soviétique , 14 ( 1 / 2 ) . Page 54 . Gives the figure of 1,479,289 prisoners captured in the East , from the Austro - Hungarian Ministry of Defence archives . Jump up ^ Erickson , Edward J. Ordered to die : a history of the Ottoman army in the first World War , pg. 147 . Total casualties of 20,000 are given for the VI Army Corps in Romania . Jump up ^ Atlı , Altay ( 25 September 2008 ) . `` Campaigns , Galicia '' . turkesywar.com . Archived from the original on 20 July 2011 . Total casualties of 25,000 are given for the XV Army Corps in Galicia . Jump up ^ Yanikdag , Yucel ( 2013 ) . Healing the Nation : Prisoners of War , Medicine and Nationalism in Turkey , 1914 -- 1939 . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 6578 - 5 . Jump up ^ Министерство на войната ( 1939 ) , pp. 677 ( in Bulgarian ) Jump up ^ Симеонов , Радослав , Величка Михайлова и Донка Василева . Добричката епопея . Историко - библиографски справочник , Добрич 2006 , с. 181 ( in Bulgarian Jump up ^ Кривошеев Г. Ф . Россия и СССР в войнах XX века . М. , 2001 -- Потери русской армии , табл. 52 , Krivosheeva , G.F. ( 2001 ) . Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka : poteri vooruzhennykh sil : statisticheskoe issledovanie / pod obshchei redaktsiei . Moscow : OLMA - Press See Tables 52 & 56 ) . This total of 9,347,269 refers to Russian casualties on all fronts including the Balkans Campaign and the Caucasus Campaign ; though the overwhelming majority of these would be suffered on the Eastern Front . Jump up ^ Scheidl , Franz J. : Die Kriegsgefangenschaft von den ältesten Zeiten bis zur Gegenwart , Berlin 1943 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Cox , Michael ; Ellis , John ( 2001 ) . The World War I Databook : The Essential Facts and Figures for all the Combatants . London : Aurum Press . Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Page 18 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1. ( Civilians killed on Eastern Front ) Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Page 51 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Page 49 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Jump up ^ Moore , Colleen M. ( 2009 ) . `` Demonstrations and Lamentations : Urban and Rural Responses to War in Russia in 1914 '' . The Historian. 71 ( 3 ) : 555 -- 575 ( p. 563 ) . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.2009. 00245. x . Jump up ^ World War I -- 1914 Opening Campaigns Kennedy Hickman . Jump up ^ The Great Retreat , Eastern Front 1915 Military History Online . Michael Kihntopf . Jump up ^ Brusilov Offensive Begins , June 4 history.com . ^ Jump up to : Tunstall , Graydon A. ( 2008 ) . `` Austria - Hungary and the Brusilov Offensive of 1916 '' . The Historian. 70 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 53 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.2008. 00202. x . Jump up ^ Golovin , Nicholas ( 1935 ) . `` Brusilov 's Offensive : The Galician Battle of 1916 '' . The Slavonic and East European Review . 13 ( 39 ) : 571 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Roshwald , Aviel ; Stites , Richard , eds. ( 1999 ) . European Culture in the Great War : The Arts , Entertainment and Propaganda 1914 -- 1918 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 6,349 -- 358 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01324 - 6 . Jump up ^ Miller , William ( 1922 ) . The Balkans : Roumania , Bulgaria , Serbia and Montenegro . London : T. Fisher Unwin Ltd. p. 474 . Jump up ^ Hitchins , Keith ( 1994 ) . Rumania : 1866 -- 1947 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. 153 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Keegan , John ( 1998 ) . the First World War . New York : Random House Inc. p. 306 . Jump up ^ Lieven 1983 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Lieven 1983 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Lieven 1983 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Lieven 1983 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Oxana Nagornaja , Jeffrey Mankoff ; Jeffrey Mankoff ( 2009 ) . `` United by Barbed Wire : Russian POWs in Germany , National Stereotypes , and International Relations '' . Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History . 10 ( 3 ) : 475 -- 498 . doi : 10.1353 / kri. 0.0111 . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Williamson , Samuel R. ( 1991 ) . Austria - Hungary and the Origins of the First World War . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Mason , John W. ( 1985 ) . The Dissolution of the Austro - Hungarian Empire 1867 -- 1918 . London : Longman Group Limited . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Mamatey , Albert ( 1915 ) . `` The Situation in Austria - Hungary '' . The Journal of Race Development . 6 ( 2 ) : 204 . Jump up ^ Mason , John W. ( 1985 ) . The Dissolution of the Austro - Hungarian Empire 1867 -- 1918 . London : Longman Group Limited . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Mason , John W. ( 1985 ) . The Dissolution of the Austro - Hungarian Empire 1867 -- 1918 . London : Longman Group Limited . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Samuel R. ( 1991 ) . Austria - Hungary and the Origins of the First World War . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Trevelyan , George Macaulay ( June 1915 ) . `` Austria - Hungary and Serbia '' . The North American Review . 201 ( 715 ) : 860 . Jump up ^ Trevelyan , George Macaulay ( June 1915 ) . `` Austria - Hungary and Serbia '' . The North American Review . 201 ( 715 ) : 868 . Jump up ^ Lieven 1983 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Lieven 1983 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Lieven 1983 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Lieven 1983 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Martin ( 1994 ) . The First World War : A Complete History . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 1540 - X . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Tannenberg ( World War I ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Samuel Lyman Atwood ( 2001 ) . World War I. New York : American Heritage . pp. 113 -- 114 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05686 - 6 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Dupuy & Onacewicz 1967 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Dupuy & Onacewicz 1967 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Dupuy & Onacewicz 1967 , pp. 15 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Jukes , Geoffrey ( 2002 ) . Essential Histories : The First World War , The Eastern Front 1914 -- 1918 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Jukes , Geoffrey ( 2002 ) . Essential Histories : The First World War , The Eastern Front 1914 -- 1918 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . p. 39 . Jump up ^ Keegan , John ( 1998 ) . The First World War . New York : Random House Inc . pp. 303 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , John ( 1998 ) . The First World War . New York : Random House Inc. p. 304 . Jump up ^ Vinogradov , V.N. ( 1992 ) . `` Romania in the First World War : The Years of Neutrality , 1914 -- 16 '' . The International History Review . 14 ( 3 ) : 452 -- 461 ( p. 453 ) . doi : 10.1080 / 07075332.1992. 9640620 . Jump up ^ George , David Lloyd ( 1938 ) . War Memoirs . London : Odhams . p. 1 : 549 . Jump up ^ Mosier , John ( 2002 ) . The Myth of the Great War . New York : Perennial . p. 254 . Jump up ^ Mosier , John ( 2002 ) . The Myth of the Great War . New York : Perennial . p. 256 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Martin ( 1994 ) . The First World War : A Complete History . New York : Henry Holt and Company . p. 282 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Martin ( 1994 ) . The First World War : A Complete History . New York : Henry Holt and Company . p. 283 . Jump up ^ Paul von Hindenburg , Out of My Life , Vol . I , trans . F.A. Holt ( New York : Harper & Brothers , 1927 ) , 243 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Martin ( 1994 ) . The First World War : A Complete History . New York : Henry Holt and Company . p. 287 . Jump up ^ Mosier , John ( 2002 ) . The Myth of the Great War . New York : Perennial . p. 259 . Jump up ^ Keegan , John ( 1998 ) . The First World War . New York : Random House Inc. p. 306 . Jump up ^ Mosier , John ( 2002 ) . The Myth of the Great War . New York : Perennial . p. 260 . Jump up ^ McCauley 1975 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ McCauley 1975 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ McCauley 1975 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ McCauley 1975 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ McCauley 1975 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ România în anii primului război mondial , vol. 2 , p. 834 Jump up ^ John Keegan , World War I , pg. 308 Jump up ^ McCauley 1975 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ McCauley 1975 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : McCauley 1975 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Kowalski 1997 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Red-Army Jump up ^ Goldman , W.Z. ( 2002 ) . Women at the Gates : Gender and Industry in Stalin 's Russia . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Coroban , Costel ( 2012 ) . Potarnichile gri . Spitalele Femeilor Scotiene in Romania ( 1916 -- 1917 ) . Târgovişte : Cetatea de Scaun . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Coroban , Costel ( 2012 ) . Potarnichile gri . Spitalele Femeilor Scotiene in Romania ( 1916 -- 1917 ) . Târgovişte : Cetatea de Scaun . pp. 65 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Fitzroy , Y. ( 1918 ) . With the Scottish Nurses in Roumania . London : John Murray . ^ Jump up to : Gatrell , Peter ( 2005 ) . `` Prisoners of War on the Eastern Front during World War I '' . Kritika. 6 ( 3 ) : 557 -- 566 . doi : 10.1353 / kri. 2005.0036 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Liulevicius 2000 , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Liulevicius 2000 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Cornish , Nik ( 2006 ) . The Russian Army and the First World War . Stroud : Tempus . ISBN 1 - 86227 - 288 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` WWI Casualties and Deaths '' . PBS . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Spencer . C ( 1998 ) . The Great War 1914 -- 18 . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . pp. 220 -- 223 . Jump up ^ `` The War of the World '' , Niall Ferguson Allen Lane 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Playing the blame game '' . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 30 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Prague Post , 6 July 2005 Jump up ^ Of the 3,343,900 Russian troops captured , 1,269,000 were captured by the Austro - Hungarians , with around 2 million captured by the Germans . References ( edit ) Trevelyan , George Macaulay ( June 1915 ) . `` Austria - Hungary and Serbia '' . The North American Review 201 ( 715 ) : 860 -- 868 . Mamatey , Albert ( Oct. 1915 ) . `` The Situation in Austria - Hungary '' . The Journal of Race Development 6 ( 2 ) : 203 -- 217 . Williamson Jr. , Samuel R. ( 1991 ) . Austria - Hungary and the Origins of the First World War . New York : St. Martin 's Press . Mason , John W. ( 1985 ) . The Dissolution of the Austro - Hungarian Empire 1867 -- 1918 . London : Longman Group Limited . Miller , William ( 1922 ) . The Balkans : Roumania , Bulgaria , Serbia and Montenegro . London : T. Fisher Unwin Ltd . Hitchins , Keith ( 1994 ) . Rumania : 1866 -- 1947 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Stone , David ( 2015 ) . The Russian Army in the Great War : The Eastern Front , 1914 -- 1917 . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 2095 - 1 . Mosier , John ( 2002 ) . The Myth of the Great War . New York : Perennial . Goldman , Wendy Z. ( 2002 ) . Women at the Gates : Gender and Industry in Stalin 's Russia . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Coroban , Costel ( 2012 ) . Potarnichile gri . Spitalele Femeilor Scotiene in Romania ( 1916 -- 1917 ) . Targoviste : Cetatea de Scaun . Dupuy , Trevor Nevitt ; Onacewicz , Wlodzimiez ( 1967 ) . Triumphs and Tragedies in the East , 1915 -- 1917 . The Military History of World War I. 4 . New York : Franklin Watts . p. 31 . LCCN 67010130 . A. Zaitsov ( 1933 ) . `` armed forces '' . In Malevskiī - Malevīch , Petr Nīkolaevīch . Russia U.S.S.R. : a complete handbook . New York : William Farquhar Payson . JSTOR 2601821 . Jukes , Geoffrey ( 2002 ) . Essential Histories : The First World War , The Eastern Front 1914 -- 1918 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . Lieven , Dominic ( 1983 ) . Russia and the Origins of the First World War . New York : St Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 69611 - 5 . Liulevicius , Vejas Gabriel ( 2000 ) . War Land on the Eastern Front : Culture , National Identity , and German Occupation in World War I. Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 66157 - 9 . Stone , Norman ( 2004 ) ( 1975 ) . The Eastern Front 1914 -- 1917 . Penguin Global . ISBN 0 - 14 - 026725 - 5 . Kowalski , Ronald ( 1997 ) . The Russian Revolution 1917 -- 1921 . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 12437 - 9 . Dyboski , Roman ( 1922 ) . Siedem lat w Rosji i na Syberji , 1915 -- 1921 ( Seven Years in Russia and Siberia ) ( in Polish ) ( Cherry Hill Books 1970 translation ed . ) . Warsaw : Gebethner i Wolff . OCLC 500586245 . Snow , Edgar ( 1933 ) . Far Eastern Front . New York : Harrison Smith & Robert Haas . OCLC 1318490 . McRandle , James ; Quirk , James ( July 2006 ) . `` The Blood Test Revisited : A New Look at German Casualty Counts in World War I '' . The Journal of Military History . Society for Military History . 70 ( 3 ) : 667 -- 701 . McCauley , Martin ( 1975 ) . The Russian Revolution and The Soviet State 1917 -- 1921 . London : Macmillan . Roshwald , Aviel ; Stites , Richard , eds. ( 1999 ) . European Culture in the Great War : The Arts , Entertainment and Propaganda 1914 -- 1918 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 6,349 -- 358 . Oxana Nagornaja , Jeffrey Mankoff ( 2009 ) . `` United by Barbed Wire : Russian POWs in Germany , National Stereotypes , and International Relations '' . Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 10 ( 3 ) : 475 -- 498 . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Vinogradov , V.N ( 1992 ) . `` Romania in the First World War : The Years of Neutrality , 1914 -- 16 . '' The International History Review 14 ( 3 ) : 452 -- 461 . Gatrell , Peter ( 2005 ) . `` Prisoners of War on the Eastern Front during World War I '' . Kritika 6 ( 3 ) : 557 -- 566 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Tucker , Spencer C. ( 1998 ) . The Great War 1914 -- 18 . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . pp. 220 -- 223 . Clodfelter , M. ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 -- 2015 ( 4th ed . ) . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 7470 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eastern Front theatre of World War I . Dowling , Timothy C. : Eastern Front , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Sanborn , Joshua A. : Russian Empire , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Steinberg , John W. : Warfare 1914 - 1918 ( Russian Empire ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Szlanta , Piotr , Richter , Klaus : Warfare 1914 - 1918 ( East Central Europe ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Zhvanko , Liubov : Ukraine , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Sergeev , Evgenii Iur'evich : Pre-war Military Planning ( Russian Empire ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Nachtigal , Reinhard , Radauer , Lena : Prisoners of War ( Russian Empire ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Szlanta , Piotr , Richter , Klaus : Prisoners of War ( East Central Europe ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Shcherbinin , Pavel Petrovich : Women 's Mobilization for War ( Russian Empire ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . `` WWI Eastern Front Foto '' -- via Flickr . `` WWI Eastern Front Part II '' -- via Flickr . With the Russian army , 1914 -- 1917 by Alfred Knox War And Revolution In Russia 1914 -- 1917 by General Basil Gourko . WWI German Military Cemeteries in Belarus modern photos by Andrey Dybowski ( rus ) . Der Vormarsch der Flieger Abteilung 27 in der Ukraine ( The advance of Flight Squadron 27 in the Ukraine ) . This portfolio , comprising 263 photographs mounted on 48 pages , is a photo - documentary of the German occupation and military advances through the southern Ukraine in the spring and summer of 1918 . World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Battle of Goychay Battle of Aghsu Battle of Kyurdamir Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)&oldid=843615573 '' Categories : Eastern Front ( World War I ) Campaigns and theatres of World War I European theatre of World War I Austria - Hungary in World War I Belgium in World War I Bulgaria in World War I German Empire in World War I Ottoman Empire in World War I Russian Empire in World War I Romania in World War I Invasions of Russia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing unspecified expert attention Articles needing expert attention from May 2018 All articles needing expert attention Articles containing Russian - 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what did great britain tax the colonies for			Taxation of colonies Act 1778	taxation of colonies act 1778	The Taxation of Colonies Act 1778 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain which declared that Parliament would not impose any duty , tax , or assessment for the raising of revenue in any of the colonies of British America or the British West Indies . The Act , passed during the American Revolutionary War , was an attempt by Parliament to end the war by conceding one of the early points of dispute .	Parliaments ' effort to tax the colonies without the consent of the colonists , especially as enacted in the Townshend Acts of 1767 and the Tea Act of 1773 , had been a major cause of the American Revolution . This act noted that those taxes had `` been found by experience to occasion great uneasiness and disorders '' and that his Majesty desired `` to restore the peace and welfare of all his Majesty 's Dominions '' . The Act declared that Parliament would not impose any duty , tax , or assessment for the raising of revenue in any of the colonies . Parliament would only impose such duties as expedient to regulate commerce and the net income from these duties would be given to the colonies . In making this concession , Parliament was taking the position that American colonists had advocated a decade earlier , most notably John Dickinson in his `` Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania '' . By the time the statute was enacted , it was too late to have any effect on the war : the dispute was no longer specifically about taxation , and the colonies had already declared independence . Additionally , according to legal historian John Phillip Reid , `` As a matter of constitutional law the statute was meaningless '' , because future Parliaments would not be bound by the current Parliament 's pledge not to impose taxes . The Act was eventually repealed by the Statute Law ( Repeals ) Act 1973 as obsolete . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Short title as conferred by the Short Titles Act 1896 , s . 1 ; the modern convention for the citation of short titles omits the comma after the word `` Act '' . ^ Jump up to : Reid , Authority to Tax , 51 . Jump up ^ Houston , Documents , 104 . United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1707 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles relating to the European Union 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders in Council 1994 to date for Northern Ireland 1972 -- 2009 Secondary legislation United Kingdom statutory instruments Scottish statutory instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal British law and the American Revolution Royal Proclamations , Acts of Parliament , and other legal issues relating to the American Revolution Before 1763 Navigation Acts Wool Act ( 1699 ) Hat Act ( 1732 ) Molasses Act ( 1733 ) Iron Act ( 1750 ) Grenville ministry ( 1763 -- 1765 ) Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act ( 1764 ) Currency Act ( 1764 ) Quartering Act ( 1765 ) Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Rockingham ministry ( 1765 -- 1766 ) Repeal Act ( March 1766 ) Declaratory Act ( March 1766 ) Revenue Act ( June 1766 ) Chatham and Grafton ministries ( 1766 -- 1770 ) Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) North ministry ( 1770 -- 1782 ) Repeal Act ( 1770 ) Tea Act ( 1773 ) Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Conciliatory Resolution ( February 1775 ) Restraining Acts ( March & April 1775 ) Proclamation of Rebellion ( August 1775 ) Prohibitory Act ( December 1775 ) Taxation of Colonies Act ( 1778 ) Other legal issues Rights of Englishmen Writ of assistance Admiralty courts Parson 's Cause ( 1763 ) Taxation without representation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxation_of_Colonies_Act_1778&oldid=771299452 '' Categories : Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1778 British laws relating to the American Revolution Tax legislation in the United Kingdom Repealed Great Britain Acts of Parliament Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 March 2017 , at 19 : 17 . 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what are the names of the twin towers	The original World Trade Center was a large complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan , New York City , United States . It featured the landmark Twin Towers , which opened on April 4 , 1973 and were destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks . At the time of their completion , the Twin Towers -- the original 1 World Trade Center , at 1,368 feet ( 417 m ) ; and 2 World Trade Center , at 1,362 feet ( 415.1 m ) -- were the tallest buildings in the world . Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center ( 3 WTC ) , 4 WTC , 5 WTC , 6 WTC , and 7 WTC . The complex was located in New York City 's Financial District and contained 13,400,000 square feet ( 1,240,000 m ) of office space .	1 World Trade Center\|1 World Trade Center	World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 )	world trade center ( 1973 - - 2001 )		World Trade Center The original World Trade Center in March 2001 . The tower on the left , with antenna spire , was 1 WTC . The tower on the right was 2 WTC . All seven buildings of the WTC complex are partially visible ; refer to map below . The red granite - clad building left of the Twin Towers was the original 7 World Trade Center . In the background is the East River . Location within Lower Manhattan World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) ( Manhattan ) World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) ( New York City ) World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) ( New York ) World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) ( the US ) Show map of Lower Manhattan Show map of Manhattan Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap Record height Tallest in the world from 1971 to 1973 Preceded by Empire State Building Surpassed by Willis Tower General information Status Destroyed Location Lower Manhattan , New York City Coordinates 40 ° 42 ′ 42 '' N 74 ° 00 ′ 45 '' W / 40.71167 ° N 74.01250 ° W / 40.71167 ; - 74.01250 Coordinates : 40 ° 42 ′ 42 '' N 74 ° 00 ′ 45 '' W / 40.71167 ° N 74.01250 ° W / 40.71167 ; - 74.01250 Groundbreaking August 5 , 1966 ; 52 years ago ( August 5 , 1966 ) Construction started 1 WTC : August 6 , 1968 2 WTC : January 1969 3 WTC : March 1979 4 , 5 , and 6 WTC : 1970 7 WTC : October 2 , 1984 Completed 1 WTC : December 23 , 1970 2 WTC : July 19 , 1971 3 WTC : April 1 , 1981 4 , 5 , and 6 WTC : April 4 , 1973 7 WTC : May 1987 Opening April 4 , 1973 ; 45 years ago ( April 4 , 1973 ) Destroyed September 11 , 2001 ; 16 years ago ( September 11 , 2001 ) Owner Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Other information Height Antenna spire 1 WTC : 1,728 feet ( 526.7 m ) Roof 1 WTC : 1,368 feet ( 417 m ) 2 WTC : 1,362 feet ( 415.1 m ) 3 WTC : 250 feet ( 76.2 m ) 4 and 5 WTC : 120 feet ( 36.6 m ) 6 WTC : 110 feet ( 33.5 m ) 7 WTC : 610 feet ( 185.9 m ) Top floor 1 WTC : 1,355 feet ( 413 m ) 2 WTC : 1,348 ft ( 411 m ) Technical details Floor count 1 and 2 WTC : 110 floors 3 WTC : 22 floors 4 and 5 WTC : 9 floors 6 WTC : 8 floors 7 WTC : 47 floors Floor area 1 and 2 WTC : 4,300,000 sq ft ( 400,000 m ) each 4 , 5 , and 6 WTC : 500,000 sq ft ( 50,000 m ) each 7 WTC : 1,868,000 sq ft ( 170,000 m ) Lifts / elevators 1 and 2 WTC : 99 each Design and construction Architect Minoru Yamasaki Emery Roth & Sons Developer Engineer Worthington , Skilling , Helle & Jackson , Leslie E. Robertson Associates Main contractor Tishman Realty & Construction Company References I. ^ World Trade Center at Emporis The original World Trade Center was a large complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan , New York City , United States . It featured the landmark Twin Towers , which opened on April 4 , 1973 and were destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks . At the time of their completion , the Twin Towers -- the original 1 World Trade Center , at 1,368 feet ( 417 m ) ; and 2 World Trade Center , at 1,362 feet ( 415.1 m ) -- were the tallest buildings in the world . Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center ( 3 WTC ) , 4 WTC , 5 WTC , 6 WTC , and 7 WTC . The complex was located in New York City 's Financial District and contained 13,400,000 square feet ( 1,240,000 m ) of office space . The core of the complex was built between 1975 and 1985 , with a cost of $400 million ( equivalent to $2.27 billion in 2018 ) . The World Trade Center experienced a fire on February 13 , 1975 , a bombing on February 26 , 1993 , and a bank robbery on January 14 , 1998 . In 1998 , the Port Authority decided to privatize the World Trade Center , leasing the buildings to a private company to manage , and awarded the lease to Silverstein Properties in July 2001 . On the morning of September 11 , 2001 , Al - Qaeda - affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets into the North and South Towers within minutes of each other ; two hours later , both towers collapsed . The attacks killed 2,606 people in and within the vicinity of the towers , as well as all 157 on board the two aircraft . Falling debris from the towers , combined with fires that the debris initiated in several surrounding buildings , led to the partial or complete collapse of all the buildings in the complex and caused catastrophic damage to ten other large structures in the surrounding area . The cleanup and recovery process at the World Trade Center site took eight months , during which the remains of the other buildings were demolished . The World Trade Center complex was rebuilt over more than a decade . The site is being rebuilt with six new skyscrapers , while a memorial to those killed in the attacks and a new rapid transit hub have both opened . One World Trade Center , the tallest building in the United States , is the lead building for the new complex , reaching more than 100 stories upon completion in November 2014 . Contents 1 Before the World Trade Center 2 Design and construction 2.1 Design 2.2 Construction 2.3 Criticism 3 Complex 3.1 North and South Towers 3.2 Top of the World observation deck 3.3 Windows on the World restaurant 3.4 Other buildings 4 Operating history 4.1 February 13 , 1975 , fire 4.2 February 26 , 1993 , bombing 4.3 January 14 , 1998 , robbery 4.4 Other events 4.5 Proposed lease 5 Destruction 6 New World Trade Center 7 Impact 7.1 On surrounding community 7.2 As icon of popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Before the World Trade Center The western portion of the World Trade Center site was originally under the Hudson River , with the shoreline in the vicinity of Greenwich Street . It was on this shoreline close to the intersection of Greenwich and the former Dey Street that Dutch explorer Adriaen Block 's ship , the Tyger , burned to the waterline in November 1613 , stranding Block and his crew and forcing them to overwinter on the island . They built the first European settlement in Manhattan . The remains of the ship were buried under landfill when the shoreline was extended starting in 1797 , and were discovered during excavation work in 1916 . The remains of a second ship from the eighteenth century were discovered in 2010 during excavation work at the site . The ship , believed to be a Hudson River sloop , was found just south of where the Twin Towers used to stand , about 20 feet below the surface . Later , the area became Radio Row . New York City 's Radio Row , which existed from 1921 to 1966 , was a warehouse district on the Lower West Side in the Financial District . Harry Schneck opened City Radio on Cortlandt Street in 1921 , and eventually the area held several blocks of electronics stores , with Cortlandt Street as its central axis . The used radios , war surplus electronics ( e.g. , ARC - 5 radios ) , junk , and parts often piled so high they would spill out onto the street , attracting collectors and scroungers . According to a business writer , it also was the origin of the electronic component distribution business . The idea of establishing a World Trade Center in New York City was first proposed in 1943 . The New York State Legislature passed a bill authorizing New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey to begin developing plans for the project but the plans were put on hold in 1949 . During the late 1940s and 1950s , economic growth in New York City was concentrated in Midtown Manhattan . To help stimulate urban renewal in Lower Manhattan , David Rockefeller suggested that the Port Authority build a World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan . Plans for the use of eminent domain to remove the shops in Radio Row bounded by Vesey , Church , Liberty , and West Streets began in 1961 when the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was deciding to build the world 's first world trade center . They had two choices : the east side of Lower Manhattan , near the South Street Seaport ; and the west side , near the H&M station , Hudson Terminal . Initial plans , made public in 1961 , identified a site along the East River for the World Trade Center . As a bi-state agency , the Port Authority required approval for new projects from the governors of both New York and New Jersey . New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner objected to New York getting a $335 million project . Toward the end of 1961 , negotiations with outgoing New Jersey Governor Meyner reached a stalemate . The Radio Row in 1936 , with the Cortlandt Street station in the background , as seen in a photograph by Berenice Abbott At the time , ridership on New Jersey 's Hudson and Manhattan Railroad ( H&M ) had declined substantially from a high of 113 million riders in 1927 to 26 million in 1958 after new automobile tunnels and bridges had opened across the Hudson River . In a December 1961 meeting between Port Authority director Austin J. Tobin and newly elected New Jersey Governor Richard J. Hughes , the Port Authority offered to take over the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad . The Port Authority also decided to move the World Trade Center project to the Hudson Terminal building site on the west side of Lower Manhattan , a more convenient location for New Jersey commuters arriving via PATH . With the new location and Port Authority acquisition of the H&M Railroad , New Jersey agreed to support the World Trade Center project . As part of the deal , the Port Authority renamed the H&M `` Port Authority Trans - Hudson '' , or PATH for short . In compensation for Radio Row business owners ' displacement , the PANYNJ gave each business $3,000 each , without regard to how long the business had been there or how prosperous the business was . After the area had been purchased for the World Trade Center in March 1964 , Radio Row was demolished starting in March 1965 . It was completely demolished by 1966 . Approval was also needed from New York City Mayor John Lindsay and the New York City Council . Disagreements with the city centered on tax issues . On August 3 , 1966 , an agreement was reached that the Port Authority would make annual payments to the City in lieu of taxes for the portion of the World Trade Center leased to private tenants . In subsequent years , the payments would rise as the real estate tax rate increased . Design and construction Main article : Construction of the World Trade Center Design A typical floor layout and elevator arrangement of the WTC towers . Play media ( video ) The World Trade Center in the 1970s , including scenes of its construction . On September 20 , 1962 , the Port Authority announced the selection of Minoru Yamasaki as lead architect and Emery Roth & Sons as associate architects . Yamasaki devised the plan to incorporate twin towers ; Yamasaki 's original plan called for the towers to be 80 stories tall , but to meet the Port Authority 's requirement for 10,000,000 square feet ( 930,000 m ) of office space , the buildings would each have to be 110 stories tall . Yamasaki 's design for the World Trade Center , unveiled to the public on January 18 , 1964 , called for a square plan approximately 208 feet ( 63 m ) in dimension on each side . The buildings were designed with narrow office windows 18 inches ( 46 cm ) wide , which reflected Yamasaki 's fear of heights as well as his desire to make building occupants feel secure . Yamasaki 's design included building facades sheathed in aluminum - alloy . The World Trade Center was one of the most - striking American implementations of the architectural ethic of Le Corbusier , and it was the seminal expression of Yamasaki 's gothic modernist tendencies . A major limiting factor in building height is the issue of elevators ; the taller the building , the more elevators are needed to service the building , requiring more space - consuming elevator banks . Yamasaki and the engineers decided to use a new system with two `` sky lobbies '' -- floors where people could switch from a large - capacity express elevator to a local elevator that goes to each floor in a section . This system , inspired by the local - express train operation that New York City 's subway system used , allowed the design to stack local elevators within the same elevator shaft . Located on the 44th and 78th floors of each tower , the sky lobbies enabled the elevators to be used efficiently , increasing the amount of usable space on each floor from 62 to 75 percent by reducing the number of elevator shafts . Altogether , the World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators . The structural engineering firm Worthington , Skilling , Helle & Jackson worked to implement Yamasaki 's design , developing the tube - frame structural system used in the twin towers . The Port Authority 's Engineering Department served as foundation engineers , Joseph R. Loring & Associates as electrical engineers , and Jaros , Baum & Bolles ( JB&B ) as mechanical engineers . Tishman Realty & Construction Company was the general contractor on the World Trade Center project . Guy F. Tozzoli , director of the World Trade Department at the Port Authority , and Rino M. Monti , the Port Authority 's Chief Engineer , oversaw the project . As an interstate agency , the Port Authority was not subject to local laws and regulations of the City of New York , including building codes . Nonetheless , the structural engineers of the World Trade Center ended up following draft versions of the new 1968 building codes . The tube - frame design , earlier introduced by Fazlur Khan , was a new approach that allowed more open floor plans than the traditional design that distributed columns throughout the interior to support building loads . The World Trade Center towers used high - strength , load - bearing perimeter steel columns called Vierendeel trusses that were spaced closely together to form a strong , rigid wall structure , supporting virtually all lateral loads such as wind loads , and sharing the gravity load with the core columns . The perimeter structure containing 59 columns per side was constructed with extensive use of prefabricated modular pieces , each consisting of three columns , three stories tall , connected by spandrel plates . The spandrel plates were welded to the columns to create the modular pieces off - site at the fabrication shop . Adjacent modules were bolted together with the splices occurring at mid-span of the columns and spandrels . The spandrel plates were located at each floor , transmitting shear stress between columns , allowing them to work together in resisting lateral loads . The joints between modules were staggered vertically , so that the column splices between adjacent modules were not at the same floor . The core of the towers housed the elevator and utility shafts , restrooms , three stairwells , and other support spaces . The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135 feet ( 27 by 41 m ) and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of the tower . The large , column - free space between the perimeter and core was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses . The floors supported their own weight as well as live loads , providing lateral stability to the exterior walls and distributing wind loads among the exterior walls . The floors consisted of 4 inches ( 10 cm ) thick lightweight concrete slabs laid on a fluted steel deck . A grid of lightweight bridging trusses and main trusses supported the floors . The trusses connected to the perimeter at alternate columns and were on 6 foot 8 inch ( 2.03 m ) centers . The top chords of the trusses were bolted to seats welded to the spandrels on the exterior side and a channel welded to the core columns on the interior side . The floors were connected to the perimeter spandrel plates with viscoelastic dampers that helped reduce the amount of sway felt by building occupants . Hat trusses ( or `` outrigger truss '' ) located from the 107th floor to the top of the buildings were designed to support a tall communication antenna on top of each building . Only 1 WTC ( north tower ) actually had an antenna fitted ; it was added in 1978 . The truss system consisted of six trusses along the long axis of the core and four along the short axis . This truss system allowed some load redistribution between the perimeter and core columns and supported the transmission tower . The tube frame design , using steel core and perimeter columns protected with sprayed - on fire resistant material , created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway more in response to the wind compared to traditional structures , such as the Empire State Building that have thick , heavy masonry for fireproofing of steel structural elements . During the design process , wind tunnel tests were done to establish design wind pressures that the World Trade Center towers could be subjected to and structural response to those forces . Experiments also were done to evaluate how much sway occupants could comfortably tolerate ; however , many subjects experienced dizziness and other ill effects . One of the chief engineers Leslie Robertson worked with Canadian engineer Alan G. Davenport to develop viscoelastic dampers to absorb some of the sway . These viscoelastic dampers , used throughout the structures at the joints between floor trusses and perimeter columns along with some other structural modifications , reduced the building sway to an acceptable level . Construction World Trade Center under construction in May 1971 In March 1965 , the Port Authority began acquiring property at the World Trade Center site . Demolition work began on March 21 , 1966 , to clear thirteen square blocks of low rise buildings in Radio Row for construction of the World Trade Center . Groundbreaking for the construction of the World Trade Center took place on August 5 , 1966 . The site of the World Trade Center was located on landfill with the bedrock located 65 feet ( 20 m ) below . To construct the World Trade Center , it was necessary to build a `` bathtub '' with a slurry wall around the West Street side of the site , to keep water from the Hudson River out . The slurry method selected by Port Authority 's chief engineer , John M. Kyle , Jr. , involved digging a trench , and as excavation proceeded , filling the space with a `` slurry '' mixture composed of bentonite and water , which plugged holes and kept groundwater out . When the trench was dug out , a steel cage was inserted and concrete was poured in , forcing the `` slurry '' out . It took fourteen months for the slurry wall to be completed . It was necessary before excavation of material from the interior of the site could begin . The 1,200,000 cubic yards ( 920,000 m ) of material excavated were used ( along with other fill and dredge material ) to expand the Manhattan shoreline across West Street to form Battery Park City . In January 1967 , the Port Authority awarded $74 million in contracts to various steel suppliers . Construction work began on the North Tower in August 1968 , and construction on the South Tower was under way by January 1969 . The original Hudson Tubes , which carried PATH trains into Hudson Terminal , remained in service during the construction process until 1971 , when a new station opened . The topping out ceremony of 1 WTC ( North Tower ) took place on December 23 , 1970 , while 2 WTC 's ceremony ( South Tower ) occurred later on July 19 , 1971 . The first tenants moved into the North Tower on December 15 , 1970 , while the South Tower started accepting tenants in January 1972 . When the World Trade Center twin towers were completed , the total costs to the Port Authority had reached $900 million . The ribbon cutting ceremony was on April 4 , 1973 . In addition to the twin towers , the plan for the World Trade Center complex included four other low - rise buildings , which were built in the early 1970s . The 47 - story 7 World Trade Center building was added in the 1980s , to the north of the main complex . Altogether , the main World Trade Center complex occupied a 16 - acre ( 65,000 m ) superblock . Criticism The WTC site building arrangement Plans to build the World Trade Center were controversial . The site for the World Trade Center was the location of Radio Row , home to hundreds of commercial and industrial tenants , property owners , small businesses , and approximately 100 residents , many of whom fiercely resisted forced relocation . A group of affected small businesses sought an injunction challenging the Port Authority 's power of eminent domain . The case made its way through the court system to the United States Supreme Court ; the Court refused to accept the case . Private real estate developers and members of the Real Estate Board of New York , led by Empire State Building owner Lawrence A. Wien , expressed concerns about this much `` subsidized '' office space going on the open market , competing with the private sector when there was already a glut of vacancies . The World Trade Center itself was not rented out completely until after 1979 and then only due to the fact that the complex 's subsidy by the Port Authority made rents charged for its office space relatively cheaper than that of comparable office space in other buildings . Others questioned whether the Port Authority should have taken on a project described by some as a `` mistaken social priority '' . The World Trade Center design brought criticism of its aesthetics from the American Institute of Architects and other groups . Lewis Mumford , author of The City in History and other works on urban planning , criticized the project and described it and other new skyscrapers as `` just glass - and - metal filing cabinets '' . The Twin Towers were described as looking similar to `` the boxes that the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building came in '' . The twin towers ' narrow office windows , only 18 inches ( 46 cm ) wide and framed by pillars that restricted views on each side to narrow slots , were disliked by many . Activist and sociologist Jane Jacobs also criticized plans for the WTC 's construction , arguing that the waterfront should be kept open for New Yorkers to enjoy . The trade center 's `` superblock '' , replacing a more traditional , dense neighborhood , was regarded by some critics as an inhospitable environment that disrupted the complicated traffic network typical of Manhattan . For example , in his book The Pentagon of Power , Lewis Mumford denounced the center as an `` example of the purposeless giantism and technological exhibitionism that are now eviscerating the living tissue of every great city '' . In 1982 , the immense plaza between the twin towers was renamed after the Port Authority 's late chairman , Austin J. Tobin . During the summer , the Port Authority installed a portable stage within Tobin Plaza for performers . For many years , the Austin J. Tobin Plaza was often beset by brisk winds at ground level owing to the Venturi effect between the two towers . In fact , some gusts were so high that pedestrian travel had to be aided by ropes . In 1999 , the outdoor plaza reopened after undergoing $12 million renovations , which involved replacing marble pavers with gray and pink granite stones , adding new benches , planters , new restaurants , food kiosks and outdoor dining areas . Complex On a typical weekday 50,000 people worked in the towers with another 200,000 passing through as visitors . The complex was so large that it had its own zip code : 10048 . The towers offered expansive views from the observation deck atop the South Tower and the Windows on the World restaurant on top of the North Tower . The Twin Towers became known worldwide , appearing in numerous movies and television shows as well as on postcards and other merchandise , and became seen as a New York icon , in the same league as the Empire State Building , Chrysler Building and the Statue of Liberty . The World Trade Center was compared to Rockefeller Center , which David Rockefeller 's brother Nelson had developed in midtown Manhattan . North and South towers Lobby of Tower 1 , looking south along the east side of the building , August 19 , 2000 . One World Trade Center and Two World Trade Center , commonly the Twin Towers , the idea of which was brought up by Minoru Yamasaki , were designed as framed tube structures , which provided tenants with open floor plans , uninterrupted by columns or walls . They were the main buildings of the World Trade Center . The North Tower ( One World Trade Center ) , the tallest building in the world at 1,368 feet ( 417 m ) by the time of its completion , began construction in 1966 with the South Tower ( 2 World Trade Center ) ; extensive use of prefabricated components helped to speed up the construction process , and the first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 1970 , while it was still under construction . When completed in 1973 , the South Tower , Two World Trade Center ( the South Tower ) became the second tallest building in the world at 1,362 feet ( 415 m ) ; the South Tower 's rooftop observation deck was 1,362 ft ( 415 m ) high and its indoor observation deck was 1,310 ft ( 400 m ) high . Each tower stood over 1,350 feet ( 410 m ) high , and occupied about 1 acre ( 4,000 m ) of the total 16 acres ( 65,000 m ) of the site 's land . During a press conference in 1973 , Yamasaki was asked , `` Why two 110 - story buildings ? Why not one 220 - story building ? '' His tongue - in - cheek response was : `` I did n't want to lose the human scale . '' South Tower lobby interior , overlooking the elevator core and red carpet from the balcony , October 1988 . When completed in 1972 , 1 World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world for two years , surpassing the Empire State Building after a 40 - year reign . The North Tower stood 1,368 feet ( 417 m ) tall and featured a telecommunications antenna or mast that was added at the top of the roof in 1978 and stood 362 feet ( 110 m ) tall . With the 362 - foot ( 110 m ) - tall antenna / mast , the highest point of the North Tower reached 1,730 feet ( 530 m ) . Chicago 's Sears Tower , finished in May 1973 , reached 1,450 feet ( 440 m ) at the rooftop . Throughout their existence , the WTC towers had more floors ( at 110 ) than any other building . This number was not surpassed until the advent of the Burj Khalifa , which opened in 2010 . Each tower had a total mass of around 500,000 tons . Top of the World observation deck Visitors on the viewing platform on the South Tower 's roof , looking north toward Midtown Manhattan Although most of the space in the World Trade Center complex was off - limits to the public , the South Tower featured two public viewing areas called Top of the World Trade Center Observatories : an indoor one on the 107th floor and an outdoor one on the roof . Visitors would pass through security checks added after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing , then were sent to the 107th - floor indoor observatory at a height of 1,310 feet ( 400 m ) . The exterior columns on each side of the floor were narrowed to allow 28 inches of window width between them . The Port Authority renovated the observatory in 1995 , then leased it to Ogden Entertainment to operate . Attractions added to the observation deck included a simulated helicopter ride around the city . The 107th - floor food court was designed with a subway car theme and featured Sbarro and Nathan 's Famous Hot Dogs . Weather permitting , visitors could ride two short escalators up from the 107th - floor viewing area to an outdoor platform at a height of 1,377 ft ( 420 m ) . On a clear day , visitors could see up to 50 miles ( 80 km ) . An anti-suicide fence was placed on the roof itself , with the viewing platform set back and elevated above it , requiring only an ordinary railing and leaving the view unobstructed , unlike the observation deck of the Empire State Building . Windows on the World restaurant Main article : Windows on the World Windows on the World restaurant interior , November 4 , 1999 The North Tower had a restaurant on its 106th and 107th floors called Windows on the World , which opened in April 1976 . The restaurant was developed by Joe Baum at a cost of more than $17 million . Aside from the main restaurant , two offshoots were located at the top of the North Tower : `` Hors d'Oeuvrerie '' ( offered a Danish smorgasbord during the day and sushi in the evening ) and `` Cellar in the Sky '' ( a small wine bar ) . Windows on the World also had a wine school program run by Kevin Zraly , who published a book on the course . Windows on the World was closed following the 1993 World Trade Center bombing . Upon reopening in 1996 , Hors d'Oeuvrerie and Cellar in the Sky were replaced with the `` Greatest Bar on Earth '' and `` Wild Blue '' . In 2000 , its last full year of operation , Windows on the World reported revenues of $37 million , making it the highest - grossing restaurant in the United States . The Sky Dive Restaurant , on the 44th floor of the North Tower , was also operated by Windows on the World . In its last iteration , Windows on the World received mixed reviews . Ruth Reichl , a New York Times food critic , said in December 1996 that `` nobody will ever go to Windows on the World just to eat , but even the fussiest food person can now be content dining at one of New York 's favorite tourist destinations . '' She gave the restaurant two out of four stars , signifying a `` very good '' quality rather than `` excellent '' ( three stars ) or `` extraordinary '' ( four stars ) . In his 2009 book Appetite , William Grimes wrote that `` At Windows , New York was the main course . '' In 2014 , Ryan Sutton of Eater.com compared the now - destroyed restaurant 's cuisine to that of its replacement , One World Observatory . He stated , `` Windows helped usher in a new era of captive audience dining in that the restaurant was a destination in itself , rather than a lazy byproduct of the vital institution it resided in . '' Other buildings The World Financial Center and Battery Park City , next to the World Trade Center , were built on reclaimed land . Five smaller buildings stood around the 16 acres ( 65,000 m ) block . One was the 22 - floor hotel , which opened at the southwest corner of the site in 1981 as the Vista Hotel ; in 1995 , it became the Marriott World Trade Center ( 3 WTC ) . Three low - rise buildings ( 4 WTC , 5 WTC , and 6 WTC ) in the same hollow tube design as the towers also stood around the plaza. 6 World Trade Center , at the northwest corner , housed the United States Customs Service and the U.S. Commodities Exchange . 5 World Trade Center was located at the northeast corner above the PATH station and 4 World Trade Center was at the southeast corner . In 1987 , construction was completed on a 47 - floor office building , 7 World Trade Center , located to the north of the superblock . Beneath the World Trade Center complex was an underground shopping mall , which in turn had connections to various mass transit facilities , including the New York City Subway system and the Port Authority 's PATH trains . One of the world 's largest gold depositories was stored underneath the World Trade Center , owned by a group of commercial banks . The 1993 bombing detonated close to the vault . Seven weeks after the September 11 attacks , $230 million in precious metals was removed from basement vaults of 4 WTC , which included 3,800 100 - Troy - ounce 24 carat gold bars and 30,000 1,000 - ounce silver bars . Operating History February 13 , 1975 , fire On February 13 , 1975 , a three - alarm fire broke out on the 11th floor of the North Tower . Fire spread through the tower to the 9th and 14th floors by igniting the insulation of telephone cables in a utility shaft that ran vertically between floors . Areas at the furthest extent of the fire were extinguished almost immediately and the original fire was put out in a few hours . Most of the damage was concentrated on the 11th floor , fueled by cabinets filled with paper , alcohol - based fluid for office machines , and other office equipment . Fireproofing protected the steel and there was no structural damage to the tower . In addition to damage caused by the fire on the 9th -- 14th floors , water from the extinguishing of the fires damaged a few floors below . At that time , the World Trade Center had no fire sprinkler systems . February 26 , 1993 , bombing Main article : 1993 World Trade Center bombing Underground bombing aftermath The first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center occurred on February 26 , 1993 , at 12 : 17 p.m. A Ryder truck filled with 1,500 pounds ( 680 kg ) of explosives , planted by Ramzi Yousef , detonated in the underground garage of the North Tower . The blast opened a 100 - foot ( 30 m ) hole through five sublevels with the greatest damage occurring on levels B1 and B2 and significant structural damage on level B3 . Six people were killed and 1,042 others were injured during escape attempts complicated by smoke infiltration from the base of the building up to the 93rd floor of both towers . Many people inside the North Tower were forced to walk down darkened stairwells that contained no emergency lighting , some taking two hours or more to reach safety . Yousef fled to Pakistan after the bombing but was arrested in Islamabad in February 1995 , and was extradited back to the United States to face trial . Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman was convicted in 1996 for involvement in the bombing and other plots . Yousef and Eyad Ismoil were convicted in November 1997 for their carrying out the bombing . Four others had been convicted in May 1994 for their involvement in the 1993 bombing . According to a presiding judge , the conspirators ' chief aim at the time of the attack was to destabilize the north tower and send it crashing into the south tower , toppling both landmarks . Following the bombing , floors that were blown out needed to be repaired to restore the structural support they provided to columns . The slurry wall was in peril following the bombing and loss of the floor slabs that provided lateral support against pressure from Hudson River water on the other side . The refrigeration plant on sublevel B5 , which provided air conditioning to the entire World Trade Center complex , was heavily damaged . After the bombing , the Port Authority installed photoluminescent markings in the stairwells . The fire alarm system for the entire complex needed to be replaced because critical wiring and signaling in the original system was destroyed . As a memorial to the victims of the bombing of the tower , a reflecting pool was installed with the names of those who had been killed in the blast . However , the memorial was destroyed following the September 11 attacks . Names of the victims of the 1993 bombing are included in the National September 11 Memorial & Museum . January 14 , 1998 , robbery Main article : 1998 Bank of America robbery In January 1998 , Mafia member Ralph Guarino , who had gained maintenance access to the World Trade Center , arranged a three - man crew for a heist that netted over $2 million from a Brinks delivery to the eleventh floor of the World Trade Center . Other events In 1981 , an Aerolineas Argentinas airliner was guided away by air traffic controllers following radar signals that indicated it was on a collision course with the North Tower ( 1 WTC ) . The aircraft was flying at a much lower altitude than regulations recommended , while scheduled to land at nearby Kennedy International Airport . In 1983 , on Memorial Day , high - rise firefighting and rescue advocate Dan Goodwin successfully climbed the outside of the North Tower ( 1 WTC ) . His stunt was meant to call attention to the inability to rescue people potentially trapped in the upper floors of skyscrapers . The 1995 PCA world chess championship was played on the 107th floor of the South Tower . Proposed lease In 1998 , the Port Authority approved plans to privatize the World Trade Center . In 2001 , the Port Authority sought to lease the World Trade Center to a private entity . Bids for the lease came from Vornado Realty Trust , a joint bid between Brookfield Properties Corporation and Boston Properties , and a joint bid by Silverstein Properties and The Westfield Group . By privatizing the World Trade Center , it would be added to the city 's tax rolls and provide funds for other Port Authority projects . On February 15 , 2001 , the Port Authority announced that Vornado Realty Trust had won the lease for the World Trade Center , paying $3.25 billion for the 99 - year lease . Vornado outbid Silverstein by $600 million though Silverstein upped his offer to $3.22 billion . However , Vornado insisted on last minute changes to the deal , including a shorter 39 - year lease , which the Port Authority considered nonnegotiable . Vornado later withdrew and Silverstein 's bid for the lease to the World Trade Center was accepted on April 26 , 2001 , and closed on July 24 , 2001 . Destruction Main article : Collapse of the World Trade Center The scene just after United Airlines Flight 175 hits the South Tower ; a fireball rises high . On September 11 , 2001 , Islamist terrorists hijacked American Airlines Flight 11 and crashed it into the northern façade of the North Tower at 8 : 46 : 40 a.m. , the aircraft striking between the 93rd and 99th floors . Seventeen minutes later , at 9 : 03 : 11 a.m. , a second group crashed the similarly hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern façade of the South Tower , striking it between the 77th and 85th floors . The damage caused to the North Tower by Flight 11 destroyed any means of escape from above the impact zone , trapping 1,344 people . Flight 175 had a much more off - centered impact compared to Flight 11 , and a single stairwell was left intact ; however , only a few people managed to pass through it successfully before the tower collapsed . Although the South Tower was struck lower than the North Tower , thus affecting more floors , a smaller number , fewer than 700 , were killed instantly or trapped . At 9 : 59 a.m. , the South Tower collapsed after burning for approximately 56 minutes . The fire caused steel structural elements , already weakened from the plane impact , to fail . The North Tower collapsed at 10 : 28 a.m. , after burning for approximately 102 minutes . At 5 : 20 p.m. on September 11 , 2001 , 7 World Trade Center started to collapse with the crumble of the east penthouse , and it collapsed completely at 5 : 21 p.m. owing to uncontrolled fires causing structural failure . World Trade Center site after 9 / 11 attacks , seen from above with original building locations The Marriott World Trade Center , a hotel , was destroyed during the collapse of the two towers . The three remaining buildings in the WTC plaza were extensively damaged by debris and later were demolished . The cleanup and recovery process at the World Trade Center site took eight months . The Deutsche Bank Building across Liberty Street from the World Trade Center complex was later condemned owing to the uninhabitable toxic conditions inside ; it was deconstructed , with work completed in early 2011 . The Borough of Manhattan Community College 's Fiterman Hall at 30 West Broadway was also condemned owing to extensive damage , and it was demolished and completely rebuilt . In the immediate aftermath of the attacks , media reports suggested that tens of thousands might have been killed in the attacks , as over 50,000 people could be inside the World Trade Center , although the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) estimated that approximately 17,400 occupants were in the towers at the time of the attacks . Ultimately , 2,753 death certificates ( excluding those for hijackers ) were filed relating to the 9 / 11 attacks in New York City , including one filed for Felicia Dunn - Jones , who was added to the official death toll in May 2007 ; Dunn - Jones died five months later from a lung condition linked to exposure to dust during the collapse of the World Trade Center . Three other victims were then added to the official death toll by the city medical examiner 's office : Dr. Sneha Anne Philip , who was last seen the day before the attacks ; Leon Heyward , a man who developed lymphoma and subsequently died in 2008 as a result of dust ingestion during the events following the attacks to the Twin Towers ; and Jerry Borg , who died in December 2010 of pulmonary sarcoidosis determined in June 2011 to be the result of dust from the attacks . 2,192 civilians died in and around the World Trade Center , including 658 employees of Cantor Fitzgerald L.P. ( an investment bank on the 101st -- 105th floors of One World Trade Center ) , 295 employees of Marsh & McLennan Companies ( which was located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93 -- 101 , the location of Flight 11 's impact ) , and 175 employees of Aon Corporation . In addition to the civilian deaths , 343 New York City Fire Department ( FDNY ) firefighters were killed in the attacks , as well as 71 law enforcement officers , including 37 members of the Port Authority Police Department ( PAPD ) and 23 members of the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) . Ten years after the attacks , remains of only 1,629 victims had been identified . Of all the people who were still in the towers when they collapsed , only 20 were pulled out alive . New World Trade Center Main article : World Trade Center ( 2001 -- present ) Rebuilding of the World Trade Center One WTC Construction In popular culture 2 -- 7 WTC 5 7 Other elements Liberty Park National September 11 Memorial & Museum Performing Arts Center Transportation Hub Vehicular Security Center Westfield World Trade Center St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church Over the following years , plans were created for the reconstruction of the World Trade Center . The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation ( LMDC ) , established in November 2001 to oversee the rebuilding process , organized competitions to select a site plan and memorial design . Memory Foundations , designed by Daniel Libeskind , was selected as the master plan ; however , substantial changes were made to the design . The National September 11 Memorial . The reflecting pools are on the site of the Twin Towers . The first new building at the site was 7 WTC , which opened in May 2006 . The memorial section of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum opened on September 11 , 2011 , and the museum opened in May 2014 . 1 WTC opened on November 3 , 2014 ; 4 WTC opened on November 13 , 2013 ; and 3 WTC opened on June 11 , 2018 . As of November 2013 , according to an agreement made with Silverstein Properties Inc. , the new 2 WTC will not be built to its full height until sufficient leasing is established to make the building financially viable . In Summer 2015 , Silverstein Properties revealed plans for a redesigned Tower 2 with News Corp as the core tenant ; the Bjarke Ingels - designed structure was expected to be finished by 2020 . 5 WTC will be developed by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey , but above - ground construction was suspended in November 2013 due to a lack of tenants as well as disputes between the Port Authority and the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation . Impact On surrounding community The original World Trade Center created a superblock that cut through the area 's street grid , isolating the complex from the rest of the community . The Port Authority had demolished several streets to make way for the towers within the World Trade Center . The project involved combining the twelve - block area bounded by Vesey , Church , Liberty , and West Streets on the north , east , south , and west , respectively . 7 World Trade Center , built on the superblock 's north side in the late 1980s , was built over another block of Greenwich Street . The building acted as a physical barrier separating Tribeca to the north and the Financial District to the south . The underground mall at the World Trade Center also drew shoppers away from surrounding streets . The World Trade Center , as seen from a nearby street in 2000 . The project was seen as being monolithic and overambitious , while not involving public input . By contrast , the rebuilding plans had significant public input , and the public supported rebuilding a street grid through the World Trade Center site . One of the rebuilding proposals included building an enclosed shopping street along the path of Cortlandt Street , one of the streets demolished to make room for the original World Trade Center . However , it was ultimately decided to build Cortlandt , Fulton , and Greenwich Streets , which had been destroyed during the original World Trade Center 's construction . As icon of popular culture Main article : World Trade Center in popular culture Prior to 2001 , the World Trade Center was an icon of New York City , and the Twin Towers were the centerpiece that represented the entire complex . The Twin Towers were used as `` establishing shots '' , standing for New York City as a whole . In 1999 , one writer noted : `` Nearly every guidebook in New York City lists the Twin Towers among the city 's top ten attractions . '' Consequently , several high - profile events that occurred at the World Trade Center . The most notable one occurred in 1974 , French high wire acrobatic performer Philippe Petit walked between the towers on a tightrope , as shown in the documentary film Man on Wire ( 2008 ) and depicted in the feature film The Walk ( 2015 ) . Petit walked between the towers eight times on a steel cable . In 1977 , Brooklyn toymaker George Willig scaled the exterior of the South Tower ( 2 WTC ) . He later said , `` It looked unscalable ; I thought I 'd like to try it . '' The complex was featured in numerous works of popular culture ; one estimate in 2006 noted that the World Trade Center has appeared in some form in 472 films . Several iconic meanings were attributed to the World Trade Center . The film critic David Sterritt , who lived near the complex , stated that the World Trade Center 's appearance in the 1978 film Superman `` summarized a certain kind of American grandeur ( ... ) the grandeur , I would say , of sheer American powerfulness . '' Remarking on the towers ' destruction in the 1996 film Independence Day , Sterritt said , `` The Twin Towers have been destroyed in various disaster movies that were made before 9 / 11 . That became something that you could n't do even retroactively after 9 / 11 . '' Other motifs included romance , depicted in the 1988 film Working Girl , and corporate avarice , depicted in Wall Street ( 1987 ) and The Bonfire of the Vanities ( 1987 ) . Comic books , animated cartoons , television shows , video games , and music videos also used the complex as a setting . After the September 11 attacks , some movies and TV shows deleted scenes or episodes set within the World Trade Center . For example , the Simpsons episode `` The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson '' , which first aired in 1997 , was removed from syndication after the attacks because a scene showed the World Trade Center . Songs that mentioned the World Trade Center were no longer allowed to be aired on the radio , and the release dates of some films , such as Sidewalks of New York , were delayed so producers could remove scenes that included the World Trade Center . Other episodes and films mentioned the attacks directly , or depicted the World Trade Center in alternate contexts . The production of some family - oriented films was also sped up due to a large demand for that genre following the attacks , while demand for horror and action films decreased . Within a short time , however , demand for horror and action films returned to normal . By the first anniversary of the attacks , over sixty `` memorial films '' had been created . Filmmakers were criticized for removing scenes related to the World Trade Center . Rita Kempley of the Washington Post stated that `` if we erase the towers from our art , we erase it ( sic ) from our memories . '' Author Donald Langmead compared the phenomenon to the 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty - Four , where historic mentions of events are retroactively `` rectified '' . Oliver Stone 's film World Trade Center -- the first movie that specifically examined the effects of the attacks on the World Trade Center , as opposed to the effects elsewhere -- was released in 2006 . See also List of tallest buildings in New York City Artwork damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks World Trade Center in popular culture References ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Twin Towers '' . Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . June 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Towers Engineered To Withstand Jet Collision '' . Seattle Times . February 27 , 1993 . Jump up ^ World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) at Emporis Jump up ^ Holusha , John ( January 6 , 2002 ) . `` Commercial Property ; In Office Market , a Time of Uncertainty '' . 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Icons of American Architecture : From the Alamo to the World Trade Center . Greenwood icons . Greenwood . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34207 - 3 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Lew , H.S. ; Bukowski , Richard W. ; Carino , Nicholas J. ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) ( PDF ) . Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster . National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) . National Construction Safety Team ( September 2005 ) . Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster ( NCSTAR 1 -- 6 ) ( PDF ) . Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of the World Trade Center Towers . National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) . `` World Trade Center Building Performance Study '' . Federal Emergency Management Agency . May 2002 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Trade Center ( 1970 -- 2001 ) . World Trade Center -- Silverstein Properties World Trade Center -- Port Authority of New York & New Jersey World Trade Center at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Building the Twin Towers : A Tribute -- slideshow by Life magazine New York : A Documentary film features the construction and destruction of the World Trade Center in the seventh and final episode of the series directed by Ric Burns . Historic video with scenes of World Trade Center under construction in 1970 Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) No . 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last episode of games of thrones season 6			Game of Thrones ( season 6 )	game of thrones ( season 6 )	The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 24 , 2016 , and concluded on June 26 , 2016 . It consists of ten episodes , each of approximately 50 -- 60 minutes , largely of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series . Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show - runners . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . HBO ordered the season on April 8 , 2014 , together with the fifth season , which began filming in July 2015 primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia , Iceland and Canada . Each episode cost over $10 million .	The season follows the continuing struggle between the Starks and other noble families of Westeros for the Iron Throne . The Starks defeat the Bolton forces in battle , and Jon Snow is proclaimed the King in the North . Tyrion attempts to rule Meereen while Daenerys is held captive by a Dothraki tribe . At King 's Landing , the Tyrell army attempts to liberate Margaery and Loras , but Margaery capitulates to the High Sparrow , who becomes more powerful by influencing King Tommen . At her trial , Cersei burns the Great Sept , killing her rivals , while Tommen kills himself . Cersei is crowned Queen of Westeros . Ellaria Sand and three of Oberyn Martell 's daughters kill Doran and Trystane Martell and seize control of Dorne . In Essos , Daenerys Targaryen is captured by Khal Moro who takes her before the khals ; she burns them alive and takes command of the Dothraki . Olenna and the Dornish ally with Daenerys . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke and Kit Harington . The season introduced new cast members , including Max von Sydow , Pilou Asbæk and Essie Davis . Critics praised its production values , writing , plot development , and cast . Game of Thrones received most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , with 23 nominations , and won twelve , including that for Outstanding Drama Series for the second year in a row . U.S. viewership rose compared to the previous season , and by approximately 13 % over its course , from 7.9 million to 8.9 million by the finale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Guest cast 3.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 3.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 3.2. 3 In the Riverlands 3.2. 4 On the Iron Islands 3.2. 5 In Dorne 3.2. 6 In King 's Landing 3.2. 7 In the Vale 3.2. 8 In Braavos 3.2. 9 In Meereen 3.2. 10 In Vaes Dothrak 3.2. 11 In the Reach 3.2. 12 In flashbacks 4 Production 4.1 Crew 4.2 Writing 4.3 Filming 4.4 Casting 4.4. 1 Fates of key characters 4.5 Promotion 4.6 Music 4.7 After the Thrones 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 Release 6.1 Broadcast 6.2 Home media 6.3 Copyright infringement 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) See also : Synopsis of A Song of Ice and Fire Following their escape from Winterfell , Sansa Stark journeys to the Wall , while Theon Greyjoy returns to the Iron Islands . In Winterfell , Ramsay Bolton secures his claim on the North by killing Roose and Walda Bolton and his new - born half - brother . At the Wall , Melisandre resurrects Jon Snow , who is reunited with Sansa ; they gather loyalists and a battle ensues . Aided by the Knights of the Vale , the Starks defeat the Bolton forces . Sansa feeds Ramsay to his hounds and Jon is proclaimed the King in the North . Beyond the Wall , Bran Stark trains with the Three - Eyed Raven but alerts the Night King , who launches an attack of White Walkers . Bran and Meera escape and are rescued by Benjen Stark . Bran subsequently has a vision to the Tower of Joy years prior , revealing that Jon is not Ned Stark 's bastard but rather the child of Lyanna Stark and Rhaegar Targaryen . At King 's Landing , Jaime Lannister and the Tyrell army attempt to liberate Margaery and Loras , but Margaery capitulates to the High Sparrow and Tommen forges an alliance with the Faith . During Loras and Cersei 's trial , Cersei uses wildfire to burn the Great Sept , killing the High Sparrow , Margaery , Loras , Mace , Kevan , and Lancel , while Tommen kills himself after witnessing the events . Unopposed , Cersei is crowned Queen of Westeros . Ellaria Sand and three of Oberyn Martell 's daughters kill Doran and Trystane Martell and seize control of Dorne , and Olenna meets with Ellaria , at a summit brokered by Varys , to discuss allying with the Targaryens . In Braavos , Arya continues her training with the Faceless Men , and soon regains her eyesight . When she refuses to accomplish a mission , the Waif is ordered to kill Arya , who kills the Waif instead . Arya reasserts her identity as a Stark and returns to Westeros . In the Riverlands , the Hound , revealed to have survived his injuries , pursues the Brotherhood Without Banners for massacring the people who saved him . He finds Lord Beric Dondarrion executing traitorous bannermen , and is asked to join the Brotherhood traveling north . Jaime Lannister besieges Riverrun and takes the castle , killing the Blackfish after forcing Edmure Tully to order a surrender . Walder Frey celebrates the victory before being killed by Arya . Sam Tarly , Gilly and her son travel to the Citadel at Oldtown , stopping to visit Sam 's family . In Essos , Daenerys Targaryen is captured by Khal Moro , who takes her before the khals ; she burns them alive when they refuse to serve her and takes command of the Dothraki . Tyrion Lannister brings a short - lived peace to Meereen , which is reinforced when Daenerys returns and flies her dragons into battle against the slavers . Yara and Theon arrive and pledge allegiance to Daenerys after Euron Greyjoy kills their father and usurps leadership of the Iron Islands . Jorah Mormont departs to find a cure for greyscale and Daario is left in command of Meereen , while Daenerys sails for Westeros . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 51 `` The Red Woman '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 7.94 Jon Snow 's corpse is found by Ser Davos , Edd and a few other loyalists ; Davos and the others take him inside and lock themselves behind a door with him , while Edd goes to get help . Thorne assumes command of the Watch . At Winterfell , Ramsay mourns for Myranda , while Sansa and Theon escape through the woods . Ramsay 's men catch up with them , and are about to take them captive , when Brienne and Pod arrive , kill the men , and the former is accepted into Sansa 's service . In King 's Landing , Cersei receives Jaime , who arrives with Myrcella 's body . Jaime promises Cersei they will take their revenge . Obara and Nymeria murder Trystane , on his way home from King 's Landing , while in Sunspear , Doran and Areo Hotah are killed by Ellaria and Tyene , after the former learns of Myrcella 's death . In Meereen , Tyrion and Varys find all the ships burning in the harbor . Jorah and Daario continue to track Daenerys , who is taken by the Dothraki to Khal Moro . In Braavos , Arya lives on the streets as a beggar , where she is beaten by the Waif . In her chamber , Melisandre removes her bejeweled necklace as she reveals her true appearance as an old crone . 52 `` Home '' Jeremy Podeswa Dave Hill May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 7.29 Brandon visits Winterfell in a vision of the past , and sees Eddard , Benjen , and their sister Lyanna , as well as a young Hodor . Edd arrives with Tormund and a group of Wildlings , imprisoning Thorne and the other mutineers . Tommen asks Cersei to teach him to be strong . Tyrion learns that Astapor and Yunkai have reverted to slavery , and releases Rhaegal and Viserion from their chains . In Braavos , Arya is attacked by the Waif before H'ghar appears and recruits her again . Walda , Roose 's wife , gives birth to a boy , prompting Ramsay to murder Roose , her , and the baby . Brienne reveals to Sansa that Arya is still alive . Sansa permits Theon 's return to the Iron Islands , where his uncle Euron reappears and murders King Balon . Seaworth persuades Melisandre to attempt to resurrect Jon . At first , her attempts seem to fail . However , once everyone leaves the room , he awakens . 53 `` Oathbreaker '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 7.28 On a boat on their way to Oldtown , Tarly reveals his intent to leave Gilly and her baby with the former 's family at Horn Hill while he trains to be a Maester . In a vision of the past , Brandon sees Eddard and Howland , Meera 's father , defeat a group of Kingsguard loyal to the Targaryens at the Tower of Joy in Dorne . Varys discovers that the masters of Astapor , Yunkai , and Volantis have been financing the Sons of the Harpy . In King 's Landing , Tommen converses with the High Sparrow while Jaime and Cersei interrupt a small council meeting , only to be shunned by Kevan and the Tyrells . Cersei 's bodyguard is revealed to be Gregor . Arya trains rigorously with the Waif and her sight is returned to her once she has accepted herself as `` no - one '' . In Winterfell , Lord Umber asks Ramsay for help in protecting the North from the Wildlings , bringing Rickon and Osha as a gift , along with the head of Shaggydog , Rickon 's direwolf . Jon executes Thorne , Olly and the other officers involved in his assassination . He renounces his oath and puts Tollett in charge of the Night 's Watch . 54 `` Book of the Stranger '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 7.82 Sansa 's party arrives at Castle Black as she is reunited with Jon . In Meereen , Tyrion meets with the slave masters of Slaver 's Bay to offer peace if they will end slavery within a period of seven years , an action that angers the former slaves . Baelish returns to the Vale to mobilize their soldiers against Ramsay . Naharis learns about Mormont 's greyscale as they arrive in Vaes Dothrak . In King 's Landing , Margaery is permitted to visit Loras while Cersei , Jaime , Kevan and Olenna put aside their differences and plan a defeat of the Sparrows . Theon arrives at Pyke and explains to Yara that he will support her claim at the Kingsmoot . In Winterfell , Osha attempts to assassinate Ramsay but is killed by him . Ramsay sends a letter to Jon , threatening harm to Rickon if Sansa is not returned . She convinces Jon to march south in order to take back Winterfell . Daenerys meets with the Khals in the temple of the Dosh Khaleen ; after they refuse to serve her , she burns them and Moro to death . When she emerges unhurt , the Dothraki kneel to her . 55 5 `` The Door '' Jack Bender David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 7.89 Sansa meets Baelish , who offers the support of the Vale and tells her that Brynden Tully , her great uncle , is gathering an army in Riverrun ; she initially refuses his help . Jon and Sansa leave Castle Black to gather support from the other Northern houses , with her sending Brienne to Brynden . In Braavos , Arya is given a second chance to prove her loyalty by killing an actress . Beyond the Wall , Brandon learns that the White Walkers were created by the Children of the Forest to protect themselves from the First Men . In the Iron Islands , Euron wins the Kingsmoot despite confessing to killing Balon , causing Yara and Theon to flee . In Essos , Daenerys learns about Mormont 's greyscale , ordering him to find a cure and return . In Meereen , a red priestess named Kinvara meets Tyrion and Varys and promises to support Daenerys . Brandon 's unaccompanied vision causes him to be touched by the Night King , making the cave vulnerable . The Night King , along with White Walkers and hordes of wights , attack the cave , killing the Three - Eyed Raven , several Children , Summer , and Hodor , whose younger self is shown to have been rendered mentally disabled by Brandon 's interference . 56 6 `` Blood of My Blood '' Jack Bender Bryan Cogman May 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 29 ) 6.71 Bran and Meera are saved by Benjen , who reveals that he was turned by the White Walkers , but was later unturned by the Children using Dragonglass . Samwell and Gilly reach the Tarly family estate Horn Hill . After Sam 's father , Randyll , insults her for being a Wildling , Sam decides to take her with him to the Citadel , also stealing House Tarly 's ancestral Valyrian steel sword , Heartsbane . Arya warns the actress about her mission to assassinate her , recovering the Needle . H'ghar approves of the Waif 's request to kill Arya . Jaime attempts to rescue Margaery from the Faith Militant , only to find she has repented and Tommen has forged an alliance with the Faith . He removes Jaime from the Kingsguard and orders him to help Walder Frey , who is holding Edmure Tully hostage , and to retake Riverrun from Brynden . Daenerys mounts Drogon , and declares to the Dothraki that they will sail across the Narrow Sea to conquer Westeros . 57 7 `` The Broken Man '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 7.80 Margaery convinces Olenna to return to Highgarden after the High Sparrow says that he will pursue Olenna following her attempt to engage the Faith . Jon , Sansa , and Davos recruit the Wildlings and House Mormont to their cause , but remain outnumbered by the Boltons . In desperation , Sansa writes a letter begging for aid . Jaime arrives in Riverrun with Bronn , assuming control of the siege . The former goes to parley with Brynden , ultimately being unsuccessful . Theon and Yara spend their last night in Volantis , deciding to sail to Meereen to ally with Daenerys . In Braavos , Arya prepares to return to Westeros , but is attacked by the Waif . Arya is badly wounded but escapes . Sandor is revealed to be alive , having been saved by a Septon and his followers . When men from the Brotherhood threaten and eventually slaughter the group , Sandor decides to get revenge . 58 8 `` No One '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) 7.60 Tommen abolishes trial by combat , much to the dismay of Cersei , who planned to win using Gregor . Brienne arrives in Riverrun and attempts to persuade Brynden to surrender , without success . After Jaime threatens to kill Edmure 's young son , he enters the castle and orders the Tully forces to stand down , but Brynden is killed fighting the Lannisters . Brienne and Podrick escape . Varys departs Meereen on an unknown mission . Meereen comes under naval assault by the slaving cities , but Daenerys returns . Sandor kills the outlaws who sacked his village and encounters Dondarrion and Thoros , who explain that the outlaws were renegades . They try to convince Sandor to join the Brotherhood . Arya is taken in by the actress , who heals her wounds . In the morning , the Waif arrives , kills the actress and chases Arya through the streets of Braavos . Arya leads the Waif into the catacombs and kills her . She returns the Waif 's face to the House and declares that she is Arya Stark of Winterfell and she is going home . 59 9 `` Battle of the Bastards '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 7.66 Daenerys meets with the slave masters to negotiate terms of surrender , but they refuse it . Riding Drogon , as Rhaegal and Viserion assist , Daenerys attacks and burns the slavers ' fleet . Grey Worm kills two of the masters , leaving one to tell of what he had witnessed . After the battle , Theon and Yara meet with Daenerys and Tyrion and agree to an alliance . Near Winterfell , the Stark and Bolton armies meet on the field . Ramsay feigns setting Rickon free , but kills him with a long - distance arrow before Jon can save him . In the battle , the Stark forces are pinned by Bolton soldiers , but are rescued by the Knights of the Vale . Ramsay flees inside Winterfell , but the Wildling giant Wun Wun , having taken numerous arrows to his body , manages to break down the gate before succumbing to his wounds . Jon brutally beats Ramsay and takes him prisoner . Sansa later visits Ramsay 's cell in the kennels and watches as his starving hounds devour him . 60 10 `` The Winds of Winter '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 8.89 Before her trial , Cersei destroys the Sept of Baelor by wildfire , killing the High Sparrow , Margaery , Mace and Loras Tyrell , Lancel and Kevan Lannister , along with hundreds of King 's Landing nobles and the Faith Militant , while Qyburn has Pycelle killed . Tommen commits suicide . In Dorne , Varys meets with Olenna and Ellaria , seeking to form an alliance between Daenerys and their houses against the Lannisters . Seaworth confronts Melisandre over the death of Shireen ; Jon banishes her from Winterfell . The Wildlings , the Knights of the Vale and the surviving Houses of the North pledge loyalty to Jon as the new King in the North . Sansa stops Baelish from getting intimate with her . Arya kills Walder Frey and his sons . Tarly and Gilly reach the Citadel in Oldtown . Benjen tells Brandon and Meera to pass the Wall without him . Brandon uses his powers and learns that Jon is actually the son of Lyanna , being adopted by Eddard after she died during Robert 's rebellion . Jaime returns to King 's Landing to find Qyburn crowning Cersei the new monarch of the Seven Kingdoms . Daenerys leaves Naharis and the Second Sons to rule Meereen before she sets sail to Westeros with her other companions , armies and dragons . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Natalie Dormer ( Margaery Tyrell ) Sophie Turner ( Sansa Stark ) Maisie Williams ( Arya Stark ) Iwan Rheon ( Ramsay Bolton ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Carice van Houten as Melisandre Natalie Dormer as Margaery Tyrell Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Conleth Hill as Varys Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Tom Wlaschiha as Jaqen H'ghar Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Hannah Murray as Gilly Jonathan Pryce as the High Sparrow Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Michiel Huisman as Daario Naharis Michael McElhatton as Roose Bolton Iwan Rheon as Ramsay Bolton Dean - Charles Chapman as Tommen Baratheon Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Jerome Flynn as Bronn Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 6 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear : In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Natalia Tena as Osha Art Parkinson as Rickon Stark Owen Teale as Alliser Thorne Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Brenock O'Connor as Olly Charlotte Hope as Myranda Elizabeth Webster as Walda Bolton Paul Rattray as Harald Karstark Dean Jagger as Smalljon Umber Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Sean Blowers as Wyman Manderly Tom Varey as Cley Cerwyn Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Michael Condron as Bowen Marsh Brian Fortune as Othell Yarwyck Ian Whyte as Wun Wun Murray McArthur as Dim Dalba Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Max von Sydow as the Three - eyed Raven Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Kristian Nairn as Hodor Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Kae Alexander as Leaf Vladimir `` Furdo '' Furdik as the Night King In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Clive Russell as Brynden Tully Tobias Menzies as Edmure Tully Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Tim Plester as Black Walder Rivers Daniel Tuite as Lothar Frey Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson as Lem Ricky Champ as Gatins Ian Davies as Morgan Ian McShane as Brother Ray On the Iron Islands ( edit ) Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Patrick Malahide as Balon Greyjoy Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Michael Feast as Aeron Greyjoy In Dorne ( edit ) Alexander Siddig as Doran Martell Toby Sebastian as Trystane Martell Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand DeObia Oparei as Areo Hotah In King 's Landing ( edit ) Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Julian Glover as Grand Maester Pycelle Finn Jones as Loras Tyrell Anton Lesser as Qyburn Roger Ashton - Griffiths as Mace Tyrell Eugene Simon as Lancel Lannister Ian Gelder as Kevan Lannister Hannah Waddingham as Septa Unella Nell Tiger Free as Myrcella Baratheon Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane Josephine Gillan as Marei Nathanael Saleh as Arthur Annette Hannah as Frances In the Vale ( edit ) Lino Facioli as Robin Arryn Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce In Braavos ( edit ) Faye Marsay as the Waif Richard E. Grant as Izembaro Essie Davis as Lady Crane Leigh Gill as Bobono Eline Powell as Bianca Rob Callender as Clarenzo Kevin Eldon as Camello In Meereen ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm George Georgiou as Razdal mo Eraz Eddie Jackson as Belicho Paenymion Enzo Cilenti as Yezzan zo Qaggaz Ania Bukstein as Kinvara Gerald Lepkowski as Zanrush Meena Rayann as Vala In Vaes Dothrak ( edit ) Joe Naufahu as Khal Moro Andrei Claude as Khal Rhalko Tamer Hassan as Khal Forzho Staz Nair as Qhono Chuku Modu as Aggo Deon Lee - Williams as Iggo Souad Faress as the High Priestess Hannah John - Kamen as Ornella In the Reach ( edit ) James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Samantha Spiro as Melessa Tarly Freddie Stroma as Dickon Tarly Rebecca Benson as Talla Tarly In flashbacks ( edit ) Robert Aramayo & Sebastian Croft as Eddard Stark Matteo Elezi as Benjen Stark Aisling Franciosi & Cordelia Hill as Lyanna Stark Wayne Foskett as Rickard Stark Fergus Leathem as Rodrik Cassel Annette Tierney as Old Nan Sam Coleman as Hodor Leo Woodruff as Howland Reed Luke Roberts as Arthur Dayne Eddie Eyre as Gerold Hightower David Rintoul as Aerys II Targaryen Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) The writing staff for the sixth season includes executive producers and showrunners David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , producer Bryan Cogman and Dave Hill . Author George R.R. Martin , who had written one episode for each of the first four seasons , did not write an episode for the sixth season , as he was working to finish writing the sixth A Song of Ice and Fire novel , The Winds of Winter . The directing staff for the sixth season was Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 2 ) , Daniel Sackheim ( episodes 3 and 4 ) , Jack Bender ( episodes 5 and 6 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 7 and 8 ) , and Miguel Sapochnik ( episodes 9 and 10 ) . Sackheim and Bender were first - time Game of Thrones directors , with the rest each having directed two episodes in the previous season . Writing ( edit ) With the end of the fifth season , the content of the show has reached the plot of the latest novel in Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , A Dance with Dragons . Season 6 director Jeremy Podeswa said in August 2015 : `` Right now in season six , what we 're shooting currently is n't based on anything in the book . It 's fully based on discussions the writers have had with George Martin , because the series has now surpassed the books in terms of what 's available . '' Actress Natalie Dormer , who plays Margaery Tyrell , later added that the show 's writers `` know where it 's got to go and what ( George Martin ) 's intentions for the characters are . But they are just filling in the gaps . '' The season premiere starts off right where the fifth season ended . A plot from The Winds of Winter regarding a traveling theater troupe located in Braavos that stages a play called `` The Bloody Hand '' , about the events that have taken place in King 's Landing since the beginning of the series , is included in the sixth season . Filming ( edit ) The Castle of Zafra in Guadalajara , Spain is among the filming locations . Filming for season six began in July 2015 , and ended on December 17 , 2015 . The budget for the sixth season increased compared to the previous seasons as each episode did cost over $10 million per episode , totaling over $100 million for the full season and setting a new high for the series . The season filmed in five different countries , Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia , Iceland and Canada . Like the previous seasons , a large amount of production took place in Northern Ireland , mainly in Belfast and on the Causeway Coast , including film locations in the Binevenagh , Magilligan area which was used to film scenes for the Dothraki Grasslands , and Larrybane Quarry and Ballintoy Harbour , both used for scenes in the Iron Islands . The small village of Corbet was also used , for the siege of Riverrun . As in previous seasons , some of Castle Black was set at the abandoned Magheramorne quarry . From September 3 to October 23 , 2015 the show also filmed in Spain , specifically in Girona , Navarre , Peniscola , and Almería . Some filming locations in Spain included the Castle of Zafra in Guadalajara , the Bardenas Reales Natural Park in Navarre , the Alcazaba in Almería , and the Castle of Santa Florentina in Canet de Mar . In August 2015 , HBO announced that for the first time since season 1 , the show would not be filming any scenes in Croatia . The Croatian city of Dubrovnik has stood in for King 's Landing since the beginning of season 2 ; nearby cities such as Klis , Split and Šibenik have been used to depict various other locations . Contradicting the statement by HBO , cast of the show were seen in costume in Dubrovnik in October 2015 . Only a very small portion of the season was filmed in Canada ( north of Calgary , Alberta ) : the scenes featuring Jon Snow 's wolf Ghost ( played by animal actor Quigly ) . However , some of the special effects were created at Montreal 's Rodeo FX studios which has won Emmy Awards previously for its work on the series . Casting ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk plays Euron Greyjoy . The sixth season saw the return of Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark , Kristian Nairn as Hodor , Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed , Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy , and Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane , who did not appear in the fifth season . Clive Russell , Tobias Menzies , Patrick Malahide , Richard Dormer and Paul Kaye also returned to the show as Brynden Tully , Edmure Tully , Balon Greyjoy , Beric Dondarrion and Thoros of Myr after not appearing since the third season . Jonathan Pryce as the High Sparrow was added to the series main cast after appearing in a recurring role in the previous season . Across the Narrow Sea , Melanie Liburd plays a Red priestess from Asshai who is in R'hllor 's service . At the Reach , House Tarly is introduced , with Freddie Stroma joining the cast as Samwell Tarly 's brother Dickon Tarly , a character who was mentioned in the novels but has yet to appear in them . Other members of House Tarly that were introduced were Randyll Tarly , played by James Faulkner ; Melessa Tarly , played by Samantha Spiro and Talla Tarly , who was portrayed by Rebecca Benson . Veteran actor Max von Sydow was cast to play the Three - Eyed - Raven , who is training Bran . The character was previously played by Struan Rodger in the fourth - season finale `` The Children '' . David Bradley confirmed in August 2015 , that he would be returning to the show as Walder Frey after last appearing in the third - season finale `` Mhysa '' , but he did not confirm when he would be returning . After the second official trailer was released , it was confirmed that Bradley would appear in the sixth season . Danish actor Pilou Asbæk joins the show as Theon Greyjoy 's uncle , pirate captain Euron Greyjoy . Members of the Icelandic band Of Monsters and Men made cameo appearances . Ricky Champ played Gatins , an outlaw who is a part of a band using religion to justify extorting the people of the countryside . A young Ned Stark was portrayed by Sebastian Croft in a flashback scene . The sixth season also included a traveling theater troupe located in Braavos that stages a play called `` The Bloody Hand '' , about the events that have taken place in King 's Landing since the beginning of the series . Essie Davis and Kevin Eldon joined the cast in this theater troupe , portraying actors playing Cersei Lannister and Ned Stark , respectively , while Richard E. Grant was cast as the troupe 's manager . Members of Icelandic indie band Of Monsters and Men appear as the musicians of the Braavos theatre group . Fates of key characters ( edit ) After the fifth - season finale `` Mother 's Mercy '' , the fates of several key characters , such as Sansa Stark , Theon Greyjoy , Stannis Baratheon , Myrcella Baratheon and Jon Snow were left unknown . It was later confirmed at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con that Sophie Turner and Alfie Allen would return for the sixth season , implying that their characters Sansa and Theon / Reek survived the jump from the castle walls of Winterfell . The director of `` Mother 's Mercy '' , David Nutter , said later in an interview that Stannis ' death was intended by the episode 's script . Showrunners David Benioff and D.B. Weiss also confirmed that Myrcella died after being poisoned by Ellaria Sand . Although Weiss had stated that Jon Snow is indeed dead , photos of Kit Harington , the actor playing Jon Snow , arriving in Belfast surfaced in July 2015 . Since the season 6 script read - throughs were being held in Belfast , these photos fueled speculation that his character might not be dead after all . However , Joanna Robinson of Vanity Fair pointed out that Charles Dance was seen at Belfast the previous year , and his character Tywin Lannister only appeared in the first episode of the subsequent season and only as a corpse , although Dance himself confirmed the nature of his role shortly after the announcement . Another photo , showing Harington on set in Belfast in a costume that varied from the Night 's Watch outfit , was published on September 25 , 2015 . There has been considerable fan speculation regarding how Jon might have survived , including spiritually possessing his direwolf 's body and being brought back to life by Melisandre . In February 2016 , actor Nikolaj Coster - Waldau revealed that the opening scene of the sixth season will `` kind of reveal that Jon Snow is ... dead . '' In March 2016 , Harington confirmed in an interview that he did in fact film new scenes for the sixth season as a corpse , and that he knows for how long his character is to remain that way . Promotion ( edit ) On November 23 , 2015 , a teaser poster displaying Jon Snow was released on the official Game of Thrones Twitter account . A 41 - second teaser trailer was released on December 3 , featuring Jon Snow from the fifth season episode `` Hardhome '' , as well as many of the previous seasons ' highlights , and a voice - over from Max von Sydow as the Three - Eyed Raven and Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on December 6 , 2015 , showcasing scenes involving Daenerys Targaryen , Ramsay Bolton , Cersei Lannister , and Tommen Baratheon . On December 28 , 2015 , Entertainment Weekly released its `` Exclusive First Look '' issue , featuring an image of Bran Stark , who was noticeably older from his last appearance in season four , and with shorter hair . On January 22 , 2016 , three teaser trailers were released , with each teaser depicting the banners of the houses Targaryen , Lannister and Stark , and included voice - overs by Iwan Rheon as Ramsay Bolton , Jonathan Pryce as The High Sparrow and an unknown character speaking in Dothraki . On February 11 , 2016 , HBO released 28 exclusive photos from the sixth season , picturing several of the main characters during the season and confirming the fates of Theon , Sansa and Myrcella , while Jon Snow was notably absent . HBO released a teaser trailer on February 14 , 2016 , that shows the faces of a number of living as well as deceased characters such as Ned Stark , Robb Stark , Catelyn Stark , Joffrey Baratheon , Tywin Lannister , Stannis Baratheon , Ygritte and , controversially , Jon Snow in the House of Black and White . On February 24 , 2016 , HBO released 16 character posters of both deceased and alive characters , and two official posters featuring various characters . A behind - the - scenes video of the sixth season was released on February 29 , 2016 , focusing on camera operators working on the show . The first official trailer for season 6 was released on March 8 , 2016 . Another behind - the - scenes video was released on March 22 , 2016 , focusing on the creative process of prosthetics , specifically the White Walkers . The video also contained new footage of White Walkers from the sixth season . On March 24 , Entertainment Weekly revealed a series of new issues titled `` Dame of Thrones '' , featuring six of the female lead characters from the series and focus on the sixth season . On March 26 , 2016 , new photos from season six , in addition to a new promo named `` March Madness '' with new footage , was released by HBO . After the screening of the season premiere `` The Red Woman '' , HBO released a second official trailer . As well , in July 2016 , HBO released a `` blooper reel '' online , a video of outtakes from season 6 . Music ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones : Season 6 ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack for the season was digitally released on June 24 , 2016 , and was released on CD on July 29 , 2016 . The album reached # 27 on the Billboard 200 , # 1 on Soundtrack chart , and # 79 on the Canadian Albums chart on its digital release , with the track from the season finale `` Light of the Seven '' reaching # 1 on Billboard 's Spotify Viral 50 chart . After the Thrones ( edit ) Main article : After the Thrones After the Thrones , a live aftershow in which hosts Andy Greenwald and Chris Ryan discuss episodes of the series , airs on the stand - alone streaming service HBO Now on the Monday following each episode of the show 's sixth season . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The season received highly positive reviews , with special praise directed at the episodes `` The Door '' , `` Battle of the Bastards '' and `` The Winds of Winter '' . On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 73 out of 100 based on 9 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the sixth season has a 96 percent approval rating from 29 critics with an average rating of 8.4 out of 10 . The season also received a 95 % episode average score on Rotten Tomatoes . Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 6 ( 2016 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The season finale had 8.89 million viewers on its initial airing on HBO , up ten percent from the previous season 's finale , which was the most - watched episode prior to this episode . The average gross viewing figure per episode for the show , which include streaming , DVR recordings and repeat showings , reached over 25 million this season , and it was described as the last consensus show on television . The figure went up by 25 % compared to previous year , and viewing figures of the show this season on its on demand services HBO Now and HBO Go went up by over 90 % , which were new records for HBO . Almost 40 % of viewers of the show watched this season on HBO digital platforms . The show also broke records on pay television channels in 2016 in the United Kingdom with an average audience of more than five million across all platforms , and in Australia with a cumulative average audience of 1.2 million viewers . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Red Woman '' April 24 , 2016 4.0 7.94 1.0 2.11 5.0 10.06 `` Home '' May 1 , 2016 3.7 7.29 0.9 1.92 4.6 9.20 `` Oathbreaker '' May 8 , 2016 3.7 7.28 1.0 1.96 4.7 9.24 `` Book of the Stranger '' May 15 , 2016 3.9 7.82 2.22 5.0 10.05 5 `` The Door '' May 22 , 2016 4.0 7.89 1.4 2.76 5.4 10.65 6 `` Blood of My Blood '' May 29 , 2016 3.2 6.71 2.0 3.61 5.2 10.32 7 `` The Broken Man '' June 5 , 2016 3.9 7.80 1.5 2.81 5.4 10.61 8 `` No One '' June 12 , 2016 3.9 7.60 1.5 3.0 5.4 10.60 9 `` Battle of the Bastards '' June 19 , 2016 3.8 7.66 1.7 3.42 5.5 11.08 10 `` The Winds of Winter '' June 26 , 2016 4.3 8.89 1.6 3.19 5.9 12.08 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones For the 32nd TCA Awards , the series was nominated for Program of the Year and Outstanding Achievement in Drama . For the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , the series received 23 nominations , the most of any series . It won 12 awards , including Outstanding Drama Series , David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for `` Battle of the Bastards '' , and Miguel Sapochnik for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for `` Battle of the Bastards '' . For the 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards , the series won for Best Drama Series . Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 AFI Awards AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won 32nd TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Program of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated TV Choice Awards Best International Show Game of Thrones Won Dragon Awards Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Game of Thrones Won Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Ensemble of the Year The cast of Game of Thrones Nominated Best Drama Supporting Actor Kit Harington Won Best Drama Supporting Actress Lena Headey Won Best Drama Guest Actor Ian McShane Nominated Max von Sydow Nominated Best Drama Episode `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Television Series Drama Nina Gold , Robert Sterne , Carla Stronge Nominated EWwy Award Best Supporting Actress , Drama Sophie Turner Won 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nominated Kit Harington as Jon Snow Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Nominated Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Nominated Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Jack Bender for `` The Door '' Nominated Miguel Sapochnik for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won 68th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold , Robert Sterne , and Carla Stronge Won Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Max von Sydow as Three - Eyed Raven Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series Gregory Middleton for Home Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Fantasy Series Michele Clapton , Chloe Aubry , Sheena Wichary for The Winds of Winter Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks , Nicola Mount , Laura Pollock , Gary Machin , Rosalia Culora for The Door Nominated Outstanding Make - up for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Jane Walker , Kate Thompson , Nicola Mathews , Kay Bilk , Marianna Kyriacou , Pamela Smyth for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Production Design for a Fantasy Program Deborah Riley , Paul Ghirardani , Rob Cameron for Blood of My Blood , The Broken Man , and No One Won Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series Jane Walker , Sarah Gower , Emma Sheffield , Tristan Versluis , Barrie Gower for The Door Won Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama series Tim Porter for Battle of the Bastards Won Katie Weiland for Oathbreaker Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Tim Kimmel , Tim Hands , Paul Bercovitch , Paula Fairfield , Bradley C. Katona , Michael Wabro , David Klotz , Brett Voss , Jeffrey Wilhoit , Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit for The Door Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Series Ronan Hill , Richard Dyer , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters for Battle of the Bastards Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects Steve Kullback , Joe Bauer , Adam Chazen , Derek Spears , Eric Carney , Sam Conway , Matthew Rouleau , Michelle Blok , Glenn Melenhorst for Battle of the Bastards Won Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Series Rowley Irlam Won Outstanding Interactive Program Game of Thrones Main Titles 360 Experience Nominated Hollywood Professional Alliance Outstanding Sound Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Mathew Waters , Onnalee Blank , Bradley Katona , Paul Bercovitch for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Outstanding Editing Tim Porter for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Visual Effects Joe Bauer , Eric Carney , Derek Spears , Glenn Melenhorst , Matthew Rouleau for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Australian Production Design Guild Production Design for a Television Drama Game of Thrones Won 3D Award for Visual Effects Design Iloura for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won British Society of Cinematographers Best Cinematography in a Television Drama Fabian Wagner for `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated ACO / BSC / GBCT Operators TV Drama Award Sean Savage , David Morgan & John Ferguson for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated American Society of Cinematographers Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series Fabian Wagner for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Anette Haellmigk for `` Book of the Stranger '' Nominated 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Kit Harington Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated Lena Headey Nominated Most Bingeworthy Show Game of Thrones Nominated IGN Awards Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Episode `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated IGN People 's Choice Award Best TV Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Winds of Winter '' Won Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Won MTV Fandom Awards Fan Freak Out of the Year Game of Thrones - Resurrection of Jon Snow Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Best Original Score for a Television Series Ramin Djawadi Won Film Music Composition Of The Year Ramin Djawadi for `` Light of the Seven '' Nominated World Soundtrack Awards Television Composer of the Year Ramin Djawadi Nominated 2017 43rd People 's Choice Awards Favorite Premium Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show Game of Thrones Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Emilia Clarke Nominated 44th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in a Live Action Production Nicholas Tripodi , Dean Elliott , James Hollingworth , Matt Weaver for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated 74th Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Lena Headey Nominated 21st Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Lena Headey Nominated Best Television Series -- Genre Game of Thrones Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards 2016 Episodic Drama David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Television Drama Series David Benioff , Bryan Cogman , Dave Hill , D.B. Weiss Nominated 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Drama Series Boian Anev , Kristina Baskett , Rachelle Beinart , Richard Bradshaw , Michael Byrch , Nick Chopping , Christopher Cox , Jake Cox , David Cronnelly , Matt Crook , Levan Doran , Bradley Farmer , Vladimir Furdik , Richard Hansen , Rob Hayns , Paul Howell , Rowley Irlam , Erol Ismail , Milen Kaleychev , Leigh Maddern , Jonathan McBride , Leona McCarron , Kim McGarrity , Richard Mead , Casey Michaels , Sian Milne , David Newton , Jason Otelle , Radoslav Parvanov , Ian Pead , Rashid Phoenix , Andy Pilgrim , Marc Redmond , Paul Shapcott , Jonny Stockwell , Ryan Stuart , Edward Upcott , Leo Woodruff Won Outstanding Performance by An Ensemble in a Drama Series Alfie Allen , Jacob Anderson , Dean Charles Chapman , Emilia Clarke , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Liam Cunnungham , Peter Dinklage , Nathalie Emmanuel , Kit Harington , Lena Headey , Conleth Hill , Kristofer Hivju , Michiel Huisman , Faye Marsay , Jonathan Pryce , Sophie Turner , Carcie Van Houten , Gemma Whelan , Maisie Williams , Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards 2017 Best Edited One - Hour Series For Non-Commercial Television Tim Porter for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Art Directors Guild Awards 2016 One - Hour Single Camera Period Or Fantasy Television Series Deborah Riley for `` Blood of My Blood '' , `` The Broken Man '' and `` No One '' Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards 2016 The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama David Benioff , D.B. Weiss , Bernadette Caulfield , Frank Doelger , Carolyn Strauss , Bryan Cogman , Lisa McAtackney , Chris Newman , Greg Spence Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards 2016 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Joe Bauer , Steve Kullback , Glenn Melenhorst , Matthew Rouleau , Sam Conway for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Animated Performance in an Episode or Real - Time Project James Kinnings , Michael Holzl , Matt Derksen , Joeseph Hoback for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Drogon Won Sebastian Lauer , Jonathan Symmonds , Thomas Kutschera , Anthony Sieben for `` Home '' -- Emaciated Dragon Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial or Real - Time Project Deak Ferrand , Dominic Daigle , François Croteau , Alexandru Banuta for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Meereen City Won Edmond Engelbrecht , Tomoka Matsumura , Edwin Holdsworth , Cheri Fojtik for `` The Winds of Winter '' -- Citadel Nominated Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project Patrick Tiberius Gehlen , Michelle Blok , Christopher Baird , Drew Wood - Davies for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Kevin Blom , Sasmit Ranadive , Wanghua Huang , Ben Andersen for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Thomas Hullin , Dominik Kirouac , James Dong , Xavier Fourmond for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Meereen City Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Episode Thomas Montminy - Brodeur , Patrick David , Michael Crane , Joe Salazar for `` Battle of the Bastards '' - Meereen City Nominated Dominic Hellier , Morgan Jones , Thijs Noij , Caleb Thompson for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Retaking Winterfell Won Eduardo Díaz , Aníbal Del Busto , Angel Rico , Sonsoles López - Aranguren for `` The Door '' -- Land of Always Winter Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters , Richard Dyer , Brett Voss for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won 69th Directors Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Miguel Sapochnik for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won USC Scripter Award Best Adapted Screenplay David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Awards Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Jane Walker , Kay Bilk Won Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks Won Best Special Makeup Effects -- Television Barrie Gower , Sarah Gower Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Fantasy Television Series Michele Clapton , April Ferry Won Dorian Awards TV Drama of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated 22nd National Television Awards Best Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing in Television , Short Form : FX / Foley Tim Kimmel , Brett Voss , John Matter , Jeffrey Wilhoit , Dylan Wilhoit , Paula Fairfield and Bradley Katona for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Best Sound Editing in Television , Short Form : Dialogue / ADR Tim Kimmel and Tim Hands for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Best Sound Editing in Television , Short Form : Music David Klotz for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Society of Camera Operators Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Sean Savage Nominated Zulu Awards Best Actor Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Nominated Canadian Society of Cinematographers TV Series Cinematography Gregory Middleton for `` Home '' Won Location Managers Guild Awards LMGI Award for Outstanding Locations in Period Television Matt Jones and Naomi Liston Nominated 43rd Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Television Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actor on Television Kit Harington Nominated Best Actress on Television Lena Headey Nominated 22nd Empire Awards Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Irish Film & Television Academy Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Actor in a Supporting Role -- Television Liam Cunningham Nominated Best Sound Game of Thrones Nominated Best VFX Game of Thrones Nominated Webby Award Best Overall Social Presence Game of Thrones Won Unscripted ( Branded ) `` Battle of the Bastards '' Featurette Won Hugo Award Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form David Benioff ( writer ) , D.B. Weiss ( writer ) , and Miguel Sapochnik ( director ) for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Pending David Benioff ( writer ) , D.B. Weiss ( writer ) , and Jack Bender ( director ) for `` The Door '' Pending 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Show Of The Year Game of Thrones Nominated Best Actor In A Show Emilia Clarke Nominated Tearjerker Hodor 's ( Kristian Nairn ) Death Nominated 2017 British Academy Television Awards Must - See Moment `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Glamour Awards Best UK TV Actress Sophie Turner Won Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners . While in some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Home Media ( edit ) The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on November 15 , 2016 . The set includes extra background , behind - the - scenes material and deleted scenes . Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season Set details Special features Format : AC - 3 , Blu - ray , DTS Surround Sound , Dubbed , NTSC , Subtitled , Widescreen Language : English , French , Castilian , German Subtitles : English , French , Castilian , German , Dutch , Danish , Finnish , Greek , Hebrew , Norwegian , Portuguese , Romanian , Swedish , Turkish 16 : 9 aspect ratio 5 - disc set , 10 episodes `` 18 Hours At The Paint Hall '' : Follow all three shooting units as they converge in this behind - the - scenes snapshot of a day in the life of the largest show on television . `` The Battle Of The Bastards '' : An In - Depth Look -- Behind - the - scenes piece examining the production challenges of creating this epic event , including explorations of VFX , stunts , and interviews with key cast and crew . `` Recreating The Dothraki World '' : Behind - the - scenes piece looking at the creation of Vaes Dothrak and its importance to Dany 's evolution . 13 audio commentaries by , among others , Benioff , Weiss , Dinklage , Headey , Harington , Coster - Waldau , Turner and more . Blu - ray exclusive : `` In - Episode Guide '' : In - feature resource that provides background information about on - screen characters , locations and relevant histories . `` Histories & Lore '' : Learn about the mythology of Westeros as told from the varying perspectives of the characters themselves , includes 18 history pieces . DVD release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 November 15 , 2016 November 14 , 2016 November 16 , 2016 Copyright infringement ( edit ) The sixth season of Game of Thrones was the most - pirated TV series in 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' David Benioff & D.B. Weiss On Shocking Season 6 Finale '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 Premiere Date Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 5 and Season 6 '' . IGN . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' opens slightly lower , still dominant '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' slips , ' Kardashians ' premiere steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' ( very ) steady with episode 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' rises , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Preacher ' has decent debut , ' Game of Thrones ' ties season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' hits season low on Memorial Day weekend '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' back to usual numbers , ' Preacher ' holds up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Silicon Valley ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' holds up opposite NBA Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series high with Season 6 finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy ( R ) - and Golden Globe - Winning HBO Series `` Game of Thrones '' Returns for Sixth Season April 24 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lukowski , Andrzej ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Kit Harington tells us Jon Snow will return in ' Game of Thrones ' season 6 ... '' Time Out London . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Kit Harington Remains in Season 6 Opening Credits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Game of Thrones ' Stars Talk Jon Snow Theories , Rape Controversy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Cast and Crew '' . HBO . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 Premiere : ' The Red Woman ' Reveals An Ancient Secret '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Everything We Know About the Season 6 Cast '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gajewski , Ryan ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Davos Defends Dead Jon Snow in New ' Game of Thrones ' Clip '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 , Home review : Earth - shattering stuff '' . Daily Express . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D , Léa ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 : Lord Karstark and Smalljon Umber to appear '' . Melty.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 First Look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : who is Lyanna Mormont , the 10 year - old taking the show by storm ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Snow 's Corpse and Davos 's Sword Take Center Stage in New Game of Thrones Clip '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cashin , Rory ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` '' Trying to keep that secret was like I really did murder somebody `` . Exclusive interview with Game Of Thrones actor Brian Fortune '' . Newstalk.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` We spoke to Game of Thrones giant Wun Wun about his death '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones recasts Three - Eyed Raven with Exorcist star '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Jack ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Are Meera and Jon Snow related ? Ellie Kendrick is unsure but would ' love it to be true ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones producer on the sudden return of that character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 Anatomy of a Scene : The Cave Battle ( HBO ) '' . YouTube . May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 trailer is finally here '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones new season 6 trailer released : Most epic yet '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Brynden ' The Blackfish ' Tully returning for Siege of Riverrun storyline '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 spoilers : Edmure Tully returning in Riverrun storyline '' . Daily Express . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 Kills Several Someones in ' No One ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stolworthy , Jacob ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Character last seen in season 3 to make return '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bundel , Ani ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones recasts a villain from Season 3 '' . Winteriscoming.net . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Garofalo , Alex ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 6 Spoilers : Ricky Champ Joins Cast As New Character Amid Jon Snow Buzz '' . International Business Times . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Ian McShane Has No Regrets About Spoiling Game of Thrones '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Denham , Jess ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Yara Greyjoy returns as actress Gemma Whelan spotted in Belfast '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` See Exclusive Pictures From Season 6 '' . Making Game of Thrones.com . February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dornbush , Jonathon ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones adds Lucy actor to play Euron Greyjoy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 6 Opener Brings Reunions , Rescues , ( Spoilers ) & Revenge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( September 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : DeObia Oparei thinks people should be concerned about Trystane '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vivarelli , Nick ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Rosabell Laurenti Sellers on Transition From Rome to London '' . Variety . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones 's Julian Glover on Playing Pycelle , Auditioning for Dumbledore , and What He Wo n't Do on HBO '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Finn Jones : Ser Loras being treated ' very badly ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Olenna to Confront Mace Tyrell '' . International Business Times . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 production update and Kristian Nairn on what ' Hodor ' could mean '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` What HBO 's New ' Game of Thrones ' Photos Reveal About Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Season 6 Is In for a Mountain of Trouble '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lightfoot Garrett , Tommy ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Lino Facioli ( Lord Robin Arryn Of The Vale ) Returning For Season 6 , Winter Is Coming , Highlight Hollywood News '' . Highlighthollywood.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 5 & 6 Yohn Royce Interview - Rupert Vansittart '' . YouTube . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Richard E. Grant in mystery role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Casts Babadook Star Essie Davis to Play Queen Cersei ... Kinda ( Updated ) '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Brass Eye 's Kevin Eldon joins Richard E. Grant 's ' theatre troupe ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Segal , Itay ( May 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ania Bukstein on Game of Thrones '' . Ynetnews . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 6 : Episode # 1 -- A Widow 's Future ( HBO ) '' ( YouTube ) . HBO . April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : A Guide to Recognizing the Hunky Dothraki of Season 6 '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Adds 3 Tarlys To Season 6 Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Robert Aramayo Nabs Roles In ' Game Of Thrones ' & ' Nocturnal Animals ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nattrass , JJ ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Ned Stark returns as a young boy played by Sebastian Croft - Daily Mail Online '' . Mail Online . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Game Of Thrones : the Jon Snow revelation and what it all means '' . Empire . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' the Morning After : The Fight Against Fate '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stampler , Laura ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` George R.R. Martin Wo n't Write for Game of Thrones Season 6 '' . Time . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones directors revealed for mysterious season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Noble , Matt ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' director Jeremy Podeswa dishes Jon Snow death , teases season six ( Exclusive Video ) '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Natalie Dormer Teases Her New Plot on Season 6 of Game of Thrones '' . Time . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alter , Ethan ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` Emmy - Nominated ' Game of Thrones ' Director Discusses Sansa 's Sinister Wedding , Looks Ahead to Season 6 '' . Yahoo TV . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( September 12 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Babadook actress in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sapochnik , Miguel ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` Five days left ... '' Twitter . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 costs A LOT per episode : The HBO fantasy epic 's massive budget is revealed '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones premiere screening reveals season 6 surprises '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Games of Thrones season 6 : Castle Black set hit by rockslide during filming '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Predicting Game of Thrones Season - 6 Story Lines Using Shoot Locations '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 wraps Spain filming , winter is finally coming '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones season 6 filming location suggests return of Jon Snow '' . IndiaToday.in . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmadas nuevas localizaciones de rodaje de ' Juego de Tronos ' T6 en España '' ( Confirmed new filming locations of ' Game of Thrones ' S6 in Spain ) ( in Spanish ) . canalplus.es . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 wo n't shoot in Croatia , HBO confirms , so do n't expect much from King 's Landing '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 spoilers : First look at Cersei Lannister following her infamous walk of shame '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Alberta wolf Quigly returns for Season 6 of Game of Thrones '' . Calgary Herald . Calgary , Alberta . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Season premiere of ' Game of Thrones ' was very Canadian '' . Pop Goes the News . John R Kennedy Media . April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Bran Stark actor confirms he 's in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HBO : Game of Thrones ( Season 6 ) Intro / Opening Credits '' . YouTube . June 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Adds Melanie Liburd As The Red Priestess '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Freddie Stroma cast as Samwell Tarly 's brother '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Reportedly Just Hijacked a Downton Abbey Actor '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Walder Frey is coming back to ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Of Monsters and Men for cameo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Young Ned Stark ' cast ' for flashback scene '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Richard E. Grant joins the cast ( confirmed ) '' . The Independent . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` Music on TV : Inside Of Monsters and Men 's Cameo on ' Game of Thrones ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones director confirms Stannis Baratheon 's fate '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones team on that fatal Jaime twist : Does this mean war in season 6 ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones author , producer on whether that character is really dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Finally , Photographic Evidence that Kit Harington Has Joined the Cast of Game of Thrones in Belfast '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Dance Reveals Game of Thrones Return '' . MTV UK . September 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hewett , Emliy ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Kit Harington spotted filming Game Of Thrones on set in Belfast ... suggesting Jon Snow MAY be very much alive ! '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Is This Really the Last We 'll See of Jon Snow ? '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kain , Eric ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 5 , Episode 10 Review : Mother 's Mercy '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` New Game of Thrones Information Adds Fuel to the `` Jon Snow Lives '' Conspiracy `` . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heller , Corinne ( January 31 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Stars Tease Jon Snow and Sansa Stark 's Fates , Emilia Clarke Says Season 6 `` Almost Killed Us '' `` . E ! Online . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` The First Official Look at Game of Thrones Season 6 Is All About Jon Snow '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Trailer Hints at Jon Snow 's Return '' . Variety . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( December 6 , 2015 ) . `` HBO Reveals First Footage From ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : First look at Bran Stark in season 6 return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Pledge allegiance to Game of Thrones houses in season 6 teasers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( February 14 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 Teaser : Is ( Spoiler ) a Goner ? ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones character posters tease dead Jon Snow in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Cameras of Game of Thrones '' . Making Game of Thrones . February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rubber , Latex and Gore : Go Inside GoT Prosthetics '' . Making Game of Thrones . March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` This Week 's Cover : Game of Thrones women are set to rule season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' : New Season 6 Photos Unveiled '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones teaser has new season 6 footage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 7 trailer : the first teaser is here '' . Digital Arts . IDG . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kremkau , Bryan ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Pandora Radio Previewing Ramin Djawadi 's Game of Thrones Film Score '' . Readjunk . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtracks '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Albums '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Spotify Viral 50 '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` HBO orders Game of Thrones weekly after - show from Bill Simmons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Ratings Hit Series High With Season 6 Finale '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 ratings : Show brought in 25.1 million viewers on average per episode '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Finale Ratings Record Proves It 's the Last Consensus Show on TV '' . Time . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Is Even More Insanely Popular than You Think '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones most popular Sky series ever with 5m viewers '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season six finale sets Australian audience record for Foxtel '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , April 18 -- 24 : ' Fear the Walking Dead , ' ' Better Call Saul ' outgain ' Game of Thrones ' premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , April 25 - May 1 : ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead ' on top again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , May 2 -- 8 : ' Game of Thrones ' rises week to week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , May 9 -- 15 : ' Game of Thrones ' posts biggest 3 - day gain of season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 16 -- 22 : ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead ' tie for top gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 23 -- 29 : ' Game of Thrones ' posts biggest gain of the season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 30 - June 5 : ' Game of Thrones ' keeps its lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 6 -- 12 : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Teen Mom II ' stay on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 13 -- 19 : ' Game of Thrones ' leads , ' Penny Dreadful ' finale quadruples '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 20 -- 26 : ' Game of Thrones ' finale dominates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Mr. Robot , ' ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' Lead TCA Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Rules 2016 Emmy Race With 23 Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Emmys 2016 : Game of Thrones breaks record , wins best drama series - The HBO series won Outstanding Drama Series at this year 's ceremony '' . Independent . London . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Costantino , George ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2016 : Complete Winners List '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Awards : This Is Us , Stranger Things , Atlanta Make TV 's Top 10 of 2016 '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanusi , Hassan ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones wins at 2016 TV Choice Awards as Big Bang Theory , The Walking Dead lose out '' . The Net . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winners - The Dragon Award '' . Dragon Con . September 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 : ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' leads winners , ' Game of Thrones ' & ' Veep ' also prevail '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Artios Awards Unveil 2017 Nominees ; Joel McHale to Host L.A. Ceremony '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Poppy Awards 2016 : Meet Your Winners '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Jungle Book ' Claims VFX Trophy at HPA Awards '' . Yahoo !. November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 APDG Awards Winners '' . APDG . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Past nominees '' ( PDF ) . bscine.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Past winners '' ( PDF ) . bscine.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lion ' Tops ASC Cinematographer Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winfrey , Graham ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards : HBO Leads With 22 Nominations '' . IndieWire . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fan Favorite Most Bingeworthy Show '' . A&E . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best of 2016 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Fandom Awards : Game of Thrones , Hamilton among nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Winners 2016 '' . International Film Music Critics Association . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Nominations 2016 '' . International Film Music Critics Association . February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 16th World Soundtrack Awards announces first wave of nominees '' . Film Fest Gent . August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Zootopia ' and ' Kubo ' Lead Annie Awards Nominations ; ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Civil War ' Land Nods '' . Collider.com . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annual Annie Awards Nominees '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 74th Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 2017 ) '' . GoldenGlobes.com . Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Award Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE INTERNATIONAL PRESS ACADEMY ANNOUNCES WINNERS FOR THE 21 ANNUAL SATELLITE AWARDS '' ( PDF ) . International Press Academy . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` WGA TV Nominations Include ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Stranger Things ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Awards nominations 2017 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrival , ' ' La La Land ' Top American Cinema Editors Eddie Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DeSantis , Rachel ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` People v. O.J. , Stranger Things score Producers Guild Award nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Takes Top Visual Effects Society Honors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Wins Cinema Audio Society Award for Sound Mixing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` Damien Chazelle Wins Directors Guild 's Top Film Award for ' La La Land ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrival , ' ' Fences , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Earn USC Scripter Award Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Star Trek Beyond ' Among Winners at Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ; Pedersen , Erik ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Costume Designers Guild Awards : ' La La Land , ' ' Hidden Figures ' & ' The Crown ' Among Winners -- Complete List '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dry , Jude ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Gay and Lesbian Critics Association Honor ' Moonlight ' and ' Jackie ' with Dorian Award Noms '' . IndieWire . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` National Television Awards reveals its 2017 nominees -- check out the full rundown and vote now '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards 2017 : Mary Berry triumphs and Casualty wins over Game of Thrones , plus full list of winners '' . The Daily Telegraph . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hacksaw Ridge , ' ' Rogue One , ' ' Arrival ' Lead Sound Editors ' Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Camera Operator Tops SOC Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stem På Årets Skuespiller - Afstemning afsluttet '' . TV2 . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CSC Awards 2017 '' . www.csc.ca . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Win Location Managers Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Three Empire Awards -- Nominations '' . Wemakemoviesonweekends.com . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the full list of nominees for this year 's Irish Film and Television Awards '' . entertainment.ie . March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Webby Awards : Lady Gaga , Kimmel 's Mean Tweets , and ' Mr. Robot ' Among Winners '' . Variety . April 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film & Video - Unscripted ( Branded ) '' . Webby Award . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Here are the 2017 Hugo Award nominees '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Lands 7 MTV Movie Awards Nominations '' . E !. Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones , Line of Duty and Strictly Come Dancing are up for Virgin TV 's Must - See Moment at BAFTA TV Awards '' . Digital Spy. April 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAMOUR Awards 2017 : All the talking points '' . Glamour . June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 release date : HBO confirms US start , Sky Atlantic to simulcast in UK '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Selcke , Dan ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Complete details on the Game of Thrones Season 6 DVD / Blu - ray boxset '' . Winteriscoming.net . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 6 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 6 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van der Sar , Ernesto ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Most Torrented TV - Show of 2016 '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Game of Thrones -- official US site Game of Thrones -- official UK site Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com Game of Thrones : Season 6 at Rotten Tomatoes George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 6 `` The Red Woman '' `` Home '' `` Oathbreaker '' `` Book of the Stranger '' `` The Door '' `` Blood of My Blood '' `` The Broken Man '' `` No One '' `` Battle of the Bastards '' `` The Winds of Winter '' Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Series Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I / Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) The Americans , season 3 ( 2015 ) Mr. Robot , season 1 ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series Pulitzer Prize Playhouse ( 1951 ) Westinghouse Studio One ( 1952 ) Robert Montgomery Presents ( 1953 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1954 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1955 ) Producers ' Showcase ( 1956 ) Gunsmoke ( 1958 ) Alcoa - Goodyear Theatre ( 1959 ) Playhouse 90 ( 1960 ) Hallmark Hall of Fame ( 1961 ) The Defenders ( 1962 ) The Defenders ( 1963 ) The Defenders ( 1964 ) The Fugitive , season 3 ( 1966 ) Mission : Impossible , season 1 ( 1967 ) Mission : Impossible , season 2 ( 1968 ) NET Playhouse ( 1969 ) Marcus Welby , M.D. ( 1970 ) The Bold Ones : The Senator ( 1971 ) Elizabeth R ( 1972 ) The Waltons ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1974 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1975 ) Police Story ( 1976 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1977 ) The Rockford Files , season 4 ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 ( 1979 ) Lou Grant , season 3 ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1983 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1984 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1985 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1986 ) L.A. Law ( 1987 ) thirtysomething ( 1988 ) L.A. Law ( 1989 ) L.A. Law ( 1990 ) L.A. Law ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure , season 3 ( 1992 ) Picket Fences ( 1993 ) Picket Fences ( 1994 ) NYPD Blue , season 2 ( 1995 ) ER , season 2 ( 1996 ) Law & Order , season 7 ( 1997 ) The Practice ( 1998 ) The Practice ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) The West Wing , season 3 ( 2002 ) The West Wing , season 4 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) 24 , season 5 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2010 ) Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series 24 , season 6 ( 2007 ) Heroes , season 3 , part I ( 2008 ) 24 , season 7 ( 2009 ) True Blood , season 3 ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones , season 1 ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones , season 2 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones , season 4 ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_6)&oldid=810337092 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from December 2016 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Deutsch فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 17 : 23 . 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largest to smallest contributor to the u.s. energy portfolio			Energy in the United States	energy in the united states	The United States was the 2nd largest energy consumer in 2010 ( after China ) considering total use . The U.S. ranks seventh in energy consumption per - capita after Canada and a number of small nations . Not included is the significant amount of energy used overseas in the production of retail and industrial goods consumed in the U.S.	The majority of this energy is derived from fossil fuels : in 2010 , data showed 25 % of the nation 's energy came from petroleum , 22 % from coal , and 22 % from natural gas . Nuclear power supplied 8.4 % and renewable energy supplied 8 % , which was mainly from hydroelectric dams and biomass but also included other renewable sources such as wind power , geothermal and solar energy . Energy consumption has increased at a faster rate than domestic energy production over the last fifty years in the U.S. ( when they were roughly equal ) . This difference is now largely met through imports . According to the Energy Information Administration 's statistics , the per - capita energy consumption in the US has been somewhat consistent from the 1970s to today . The average has been 334 million British thermal units ( BTUs ) per person from 1980 to 2010 . One explanation suggested for this is that the energy required to produce the increase in US consumption of manufactured equipment , cars , and other goods has been shifted to other countries producing and transporting those goods to the US with a corresponding shift of green house gases and pollution . In comparison , the world average has increased from 63.7 in 1980 to 75 million BTUs per person in 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Current consumption 2.1 Consumption by sector 2.2 Consumption by source 2.3 Regional variation 3 Renewable energy 4 Oil 4.1 Price 4.2 Consumption and production 4.3 Policy 5 Electrical energy 5.1 Consumption 5.2 Generation 5.3 Trends 5.4 Projections 5.5 Energy consumption of computers in the USA 6 Fossil - fuel equivalency 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) US energy consumption , by source , 1776 - 2012 . Vertical axis is in quadrillion BTU From its founding until the late 18th century , the United States was a largely agrarian country with abundant forests . During this period , energy consumption overwhelmingly focused on readily available firewood . Rapid industrialization of the economy , urbanization , and the growth of railroads led to increased use of coal , and by 1885 it had eclipsed wood as the nation 's primary energy source . Coal remained dominant for the next seven decades , but by 1950 , it was surpassed in turn by both petroleum and natural gas . In the early 1970s an oil embargo precipitated the energy crisis in the United States . In 2007 , coal consumption was the highest it has ever been , with coal mostly being used to generate electricity . Natural gas , which is cleaner - burning and more easily transportable , has replaced coal as the preferred source of heating in homes , businesses and industrial furnaces . Although total energy use increased by approximately a factor of 50 between 1850 and 2000 , energy use per capita increased only by a factor of four . As of 2009 , United States per capita energy use had declined to 7075 ( kilograms of oil - equivalent ) , 12 % less than 2000 , and through 2010 ( most recent available ) is at levels not seen since 1960s usage levels . At the beginning of the 20th century , petroleum was a minor resource used to manufacture lubricants and fuel for kerosene and oil lamps . One hundred years later it had become the preeminent energy source for the U.S. and the rest of the world . This rise closely paralleled the emergence of the automobile as a major force in American culture and the economy . While petroleum is also used as a source for plastics and other chemicals , and powers various industrial processes , today two - thirds of oil consumption in the U.S. is in the form of its derived transportation fuels . Oil 's unique qualities for transportation fuels in terms of energy content , cost of production , and speed of refueling all contributed to it being used over other fuels . In June 2010 , the American Energy Innovation Council , a group which includes Bill Gates , founder of Microsoft ; Jeffrey R. Immelt , chief executive of General Electric ; and John Doerr , has urged the government to more than triple spending on energy research and development , to $16 billion a year . Mr. Gates endorsed the administration 's goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent by 2050 , but said that was not possible with today 's technology or politicism . He said that the only way to find such disruptive new technology was to pour large sums of money at the problem . The group notes that the federal government spends less than $5 billion a year on energy research and development , not counting one - time stimulus projects . About $30 billion is spent annually on health research and more than $80 billion on military R. & D. They advocate a jump in spending on basic energy research . US CO2 emissions have dropped about 1 % per year through greater efficiency and a sluggish economy since 2008 . Current consumption ( edit ) Main article : Energy supply Energy in the United States Capita Prim . energy Production Import Electricity CO-emission Million TWh TWh TWh TWh Mt 294.0 27,050 19,085 8,310 3,921 5,800 2007 302.1 27,214 19,366 8,303 4,113 5,769 2008 304.5 26,560 19,841 7,379 4,156 5,596 2009 307.5 25,155 19,613 6,501 3,962 5,195 310.1 25,776 20,056 6,205 4,143 5,369 2012 312.0 25,484 20,757 5,322 4,127 5,287 2012R 314.3 24,895 21,009 4,360 4,069 5,074 2013 316.5 25,451 21,876 3,586 4,110 5,120 Change 2004 - 2010 5.5 % - 4.7 % 5.1 % - 25.3 % 5.7 % - 7.4 % Mtoe = 11.63 TWh > , Prim . energy includes energy losses that are 2 / 3 for nuclear power 2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed , numbers updated Primary energy use in the United States was 25,155 TWh or about 81,800 kWh per person in 2009 . Primary energy use was 1,100 TWh less in the US than in China in 2009 . Same year the share of energy import in the US was 26 % of the primary energy use . The energy import declined ca 22 % and the annual CO2 emissions ca 10 % in 2009 compared to 2004 . U.S. Energy Flow - 2012 . A quad is 10 BTU , or 1.055 × 10 joules . Note the breakdown of useful and waste energy in each sector ( dark vs. light grey ) due to the nature of heat engines , which can not convert all thermal energy into useful work and consequently lose a portion of their heat to the environment . U.S. Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector , 2009 . From the U.S. Energy Information Administration ( Department of Energy ) . Consumption by sector ( edit ) The U.S. Department of Energy tracks national energy consumption in four broad sectors : industrial , transportation , residential , and commercial . The industrial sector has long been the country 's largest energy user , currently representing about 33 % of the total . Next in importance is the transportation sector , followed by the residential and commercial sectors . Sector Summary Sector Name Description Major uses Industrial Facilities and equipment used for producing and processing goods . 22 % chemical production 16 % petroleum refining 14 % metal smelting / refining Transportation Vehicles which transport people / goods on ground , air , or water . 61 % gasoline fuel 21 % diesel fuel 12 % aviation Residential Living quarters for private households . 32 % space heating 13 % water heating 12 % lighting 11 % air conditioning 8 % refrigeration 5 % electronics 5 % wet - clean ( mostly clothes dryers ) Commercial Service - providing facilities and equipment ( businesses , government , other institutions ) . 25 % lighting 13 % heating 11 % cooling 6 % refrigeration 6 % water heating 6 % ventilation 6 % electronics Consumption by source ( edit ) The breakdown of energy consumption by source is given here : Fuel type 2006 US consumption in PWh 2006 World consumption in PWh Oil 11.71 50.33 Gas 6.50 31.65 Coal 6.60 37.38 Hydroelectric 0.84 8.71 Nuclear 2.41 8.14 Geothermal , wind , solar , wood , waste 0.95 1.38 Total 29.26 138.41 U.S , Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector in 2008 is tabled as following : Consumption Summary ' Supply Sources Percent of Source Demand Sectors Percent of Sector Petroleum 37.1 % 71 % Transportation 23 % Industrial 5 % Residential and Commercial 1 % Electric Power Transportation 27.8 % 95 % Petroleum 2 % Natural Gas 3 % Renewable Energy Natural Gas 23.8 % 3 % Transportation 34 % Industrial 34 % Residential and Commercial 29 % Electric Power Industrial 20.6 % 42 % Petroleum 40 % Natural Gas 9 % Coal 10 % Renewable Energy Coal 22.5 % 8 % Industrial < 1 % Residential and Commercial 91 % Electric Power Residential and Commercial 10.8 % 16 % Petroleum 76 % Natural Gas 1 % Coal 1 % Renewable Energy Renewable Energy 7.3 % 11 % Transportation 28 % Industrial 10 % Residential and Commercial 51 % Electric Power Electric Power 40.1 % 1 % Petroleum 17 % Natural Gas 51 % Coal 9 % Renewable Energy 21 % Nuclear Electric Power Nuclear Electric Power 8.5 % 100 % Electric Power Note : Sum of components may not equal 100 percent due to independent rounding . Total Primary Consumption Historical Evolution in U.S until 2011 . Total Consumption until 2011 in Mtoe : 1990 1991 1995 1998 1999 2000 1,914 1,929.6 1,967.5 2,000.9 2,041.3 2,067.3 2,118.4 2,140.7 2,167.2 2,215.9 2,279.6 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2010 - 2011 CAGR 2001 - 11 2,235.8 2,270.6 2,265.2 2,311 2,324.6 2,304.5 2,340.4 2,301.4 2,201.4 2,249 2,225 - 1.1 % - 0.04 % CAGR = Compound Annual Growth Rate Note : Total energy includes coal , gas , oil , electricity , heat and biomass . Regional variation ( edit ) Residential Energy Consumption per capita by State . Average annual residential electricity usage by city , 2000 - 2005 . Measured in Kilowatt hours per customer . Household energy use varies significantly across the United States . An average home in the Pacific region ( consisting of California , Oregon , and Washington ) consumes 35 % less energy than a home in the South Central region . Some of the regional differences can be explained by climate . The heavily populated coastal areas of the Pacific states experience generally mild winters and summers , reducing the need for both home heating and air conditioning . The warm , humid climates of the South Central and South Atlantic regions lead to higher electricity usage , while the cold winters experienced in the Northeast and North Central regions result in much higher consumption of natural gas and heating oil . The state with the lowest per capita energy use is New York , at 205 million Btu / yr , and the highest is Wyoming , at slightly over 1 billion Btu / yr . Other regional differences stem from energy efficiency measures taken at the local and state levels . California has some of the strictest environmental laws and building codes in the country , leading its per - household energy consumption to be lower than all other states except Hawaii . The land - use decisions of cities and towns also explain some of the regional differences in energy use . Townhouses are more energy efficient than single - family homes because less heat , for example , is wasted per person . Similarly , areas with more homes in a compact neighborhood encourage walking , biking and transit , thereby reducing transportation energy use . A 2011 U.S.E.P.A. study found that multi-family homes in urban neighborhoods , with well - insulated buildings and fuel - efficient cars , can save more than 2 / 3 of the energy used by conventionally built single - family houses in suburban areas ( with standard cars ) . Renewable energy ( edit ) Main article : Renewable energy in the United States Sources of total United States renewable energy , 2012 ( US EIA ) The Shepherds Flat Wind Farm is an 845 megawatt ( MW ) wind farm in the U.S. state of Oregon . Renewable energy in the United States accounted for 13.2 percent of the domestically produced electricity in 2014 , and 11.2 percent of total energy generation . As of 2014 , more than 143,000 people work in the solar industry and 43 states deploy net metering , where energy utilities buy back excess power generated by solar arrays . Renewable energy reached a major milestone in the first quarter of 2011 , when it contributed 11.7 percent of total U.S. energy production ( 2.245 quadrillion BTUs of energy ) , surpassing energy production from nuclear power ( 2.125 quadrillion BTUs ) . 2011 was the first year since 1997 that renewables exceeded nuclear in US total energy production . Hydroelectric power is currently the largest producer of renewable power in the U.S. It produced around 6.2 % of the nation 's total electricity in 2010 which was 60.2 % of the total renewable power in the U.S. The United States is the fourth largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world after China , Canada and Brazil . The Grand Coulee Dam is the 5th largest hydroelectric power station in the world . U.S. wind power installed capacity now exceeds 65,000 MW and supplies 4 % of the nation 's electricity . Texas is firmly established as the leader in wind power development , followed by Iowa and California . The U.S. has some of the largest solar farms in the world . Solar Star is a 579 megawatt ( MW ) farm near Rosamond , California . The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm is a 550 MW solar power plant in Riverside County , California and the Topaz Solar Farm , a 550 MW photovoltaic power plant , is in San Luis Obispo County , California . The solar thermal SEGS group of plants in the Mojave Desert has a total generating capacity of 354 MW . The Geysers in Northern California is the largest complex of geothermal energy production in the world . The development of renewable energy and efficient energy use marks `` a new era of energy exploration '' in the United States , according to President Barack Obama . Studies suggest that if there is enough political will it is feasible to supply the total United States with 100 % renewable energy by 2050 . Oil ( edit ) Further information : Oil megaprojects ( 2011 ) For most of the twentieth century and the early part of the twenty - first century , the majority of energy consumed has been from oil - fossil fuel provided 81 % of the world 's energy in 2009 , with oil the largest contribution . The United States became a world power in the early 20th century as they increased development of oil production and influenced world oil reserves for growth and development . As the 20th century developed , petroleum gained increasing importance by providing heating and power to the commercial and industrial sectors . Oil was also used in transportation ; first for railroads and later for motor vehicles . As automobiles became more affordable , demand for oil quickly rose . Since the rise of the automobile industry , oil price , demand , and production have all increased . From 1900 to 1980 , fuel was directly correlated with Gross National Product ( GNP ) , oil shocks have often coincided with recessions , and the government has responded to oil shocks with a variety of methods . In the 1920s , oil prices were peaking and many commentators believed that oil supplies were running out . Congress was confronted by requests to augment supplies , so a generous depletion allowance was enacted for producers in 1926 , which increased investment returns substantially . This change induced additional exploration activity , and subsequently the discovery of large new oil reservoirs . The next decade the situation was reversed , with prices low and dropping . This led to demands for more `` orderly '' competition and set minimum oil prices . Rather than repealing the previous policies enacted in the 1920s , Congress enacted a price - support system . Similar cycles have occurred in the 1950s and 1970s . Price ( edit ) With the exception of one , every US recession since World War II experienced a sharp increase in the price of oil . This correlation strongly signifies the US dependency of oil for the economy , as well as oil 's importance in US development for most of the time since the war . Many of the key cases of crude oil price increases in the post-war period were associated with political upheaval from oil rich countries . Domestic production and consumption were outpaced by US demand toward the end of the 1960s , and Middle Eastern nations gained a significant amount of political leverage in controlling prices based on their production . Price increases have been directly related to increased investment and subsequent production in oil . Following World War II , European reconstruction was the primary objective of the United States economy , and investment eventually rose after a long - term price increase at the end of the war . During the 1950s , there were strikes by oil workers , production restrictions imposed by the Texas Railroad Commission , as well as the Suez Crisis and Korean War -- all creating steep price increases , with prices only falling after production was able to meet demand . Peak Oil in the United States resulted in a definite decline of US reserves and even more strikes by oil workers . Additional singular events such as the OPEC embargo , the rupture of the Trans - Arabian Pipeline , and Iranian Nationalization of the oil industry led to further price increases that were never before seen . Each case was followed by a marked recession in the US economy . In 2008 , oil prices rose briefly , to as high as $145 / barrel , and U.S. gasoline prices jumped from $1.37 to $2.37 / gallon in 2005 , leading to a search for alternate sources , and by 2012 , less than half of US oil consumption was imported . However , as of January 2015 , the price of oil has collapsed to around $50 / barrel . Crude oil prices to gas prices Consumption and production ( edit ) In the twentieth century , oil production became of more value , as the US industrialized and developed commercial transportation , such as railroads and motor vehicles . Furthermore , oil consumption also increased due to electricity . After electricity , oil became more important in commercial , manufacturing and residential sectors such as heating and cooking . Therefore , during this period , the growth of oil consumption indicates that the United States was becoming dependent on oil and it aided the growth of the domestic oil industry . However , U.S oil domestic production could not cover the growing demand in the U.S market , which led the U.S to look for a new supply internationally . U.S. consumption of oil increased 53 % between 1915 and 1919 , followed by another increase of 27 % in 1920 . The first shock of the transportation era occurred in 1920 and lasted for about a year . The shortage of oil devastated the entire West Coast with hour - long lines for gasoline , and in many places fuel was not available for at least a week . Finally , big production from Texas , California and Oklahoma took the shortage of oil away causing oil prices to fall 40 % between 1920 and 1926 . The Great Depression in 1929 was a time with growing supply and falling demand causing the price of oil to decrease about 66 % from 1926 to 1931 . Toward the end of World War II , the automotive era settled rapidly , and the U.S. demand of oil increased 12 % between 1945 and 1947 while motor vehicle registrations increased by 22 % . Around 1948 , demand of oil exceeded supply of oil , leading the U.S. to start importing oil . Therefore , the U.S. quickly became a major importer of oil , instead of being the major exporter . In 1952 , due to a strike by US oil refinery workers , the United States and the United Kingdom cut 30 % of fuel delivery to civilian flights , while Canada postponed all private flights . Until the 1960s , the price of oil was relatively stable and the world market could cover the excess demand of oil in the U.S. However , in 1973 , the price of oil increased due to the Arab oil embargo against the U.S. , following United States support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War . During that time , Arab oil producers reduced production 4.4 mb / d for two months , 7.5 % of global output . During this time , people reduced their consumption of oil by turning down thermostats and carpooling to work , which together with the lower demand due to the 1973 - 75 recession , resulted in a reduction in oil consumption . After the Crisis of 1973 , price of oil increased again between 1979 and 1980 due to the Iranian revolution . This crisis was related to political instability in a major oil - exporting region . During this period , oil consumption decreased due to new efficiency . Cars at that time were developed so less oil was required and industrialization was also advanced to reduce the consumption of oil . This led to a decline in U.S. demand of oil and reduced the amount of international imports . The last energy crises in the U.S occurred in 1990 . This occurred because Iraq invaded Kuwait . Similar to the previous crisis , price of oil increased and oil consumption decreased but by a smaller amount and had a smaller effect . In 2010 , 70.5 % of petroleum consumption in the U.S. was for transportation . Approximately 2 / 3 of transportation consumption was gasoline . Today , U.S is still dependent on oil as oil is an important player socially , economically and politically . U.S. demand of oil is increasing exponentially causing the U.S. to continue to rely on foreign countries . Policy ( edit ) Regulation of the oil market has been a major player in oil history . Policies affect the market in a variety of ways such as ; price , production , consumption , supply and demand . The Oil market has a history of booms and troughs , which caused producers to demand government intervention . Many times this government involvement only made the situation worse , and many of the regulations were quickly ruled illegal and removed . Before World War II , many of the problems within the oil market were related to changing prices . During the 1920s , oil prices were beginning to peak leading to fears of oil depletion . In response to these fears , during Coolidge 's term , Congress enacted a depletion allowance to producers which led to a surge of investment in the oil business and the discovery of many new , large oil reservoirs . The next decade consisted of falling prices due to the new investment and overproduction . The declining prices led producers to demand some form of price support system . One example of how prices were propped up was a pro-rationing order made by the Texas Railroad Commission , which restricted oil production and increased price . This order was soon ruled illegal by federal district court in 1931 . The 1930s was the beginning of large federal intervention in the oil industry and began with the creation of the National Industrial Recovery Act , in 1933 . This act allowed for natural price competition , instead of agreements between the major producers . However , this act was ruled unconstitutional in 1934 . While the time before World War II was filled with issues regarding price , the post war era consisted of increasing oil imports partly due to the price support established during the 1920s and 1930s . The artificially high domestic prices led to a surge of imports from lower priced foreign producers . In 1955 , a clause was added to the Reciprocal Trade Act Amendments which gave the president the power to limit imports of a specific commodity , if that particular commodity was harmful to the security of the nation . This clause allowed Eisenhower to enact oil import quotas in 1959 which ultimately caused international oil prices to decline . These import quotas restricted international oil companies from the US market , and led them to form OPEC . During the 1970s , Richard Nixon put in place many phrases of price controls . After many new regulations that altered the original price control system , President Carter eventually began removing these controls in 1979 . During the Carter administration , in response to an energy crisis and hostile Iranian and Soviet Union relations , President Jimmy Carter announced the Carter Doctrine which declared that any interference with U.S. interests in the Persian Gulf would be considered an attack on U.S. vital interests . Ronald Reagan later expanded this doctrine . Since the 1990s , the oil market has been free of most regulations . Electrical energy ( edit ) Main article : Electricity sector of the United States The United States of America ( USA ) is the world 's second largest producer and consumer of electricity . It consumes about 20 % of the world 's supply of electricity . This section provides a summary of the consumption and generation of the USA Electric industry , based upon data mined from US DOE Energy Information Administration / Electric Power Annual 2015 files . Data was obtained from the most recent DOE Energy Information Agency ( EIA ) files . Consumption is detailed from the residential , commercial , industrial , and other user communities . Generation is detailed for the major fuel sources of coal , natural gas , nuclear , petroleum , hydro and the other renewables of wind , wood , other biomass , geothermal and solar . Changes to the electrical energy fuel mix and other trends are identified . Progress in wind and solar contributions to the energy mix are addressed . Expected changes in the generation environment during the next 5 years are discussed . Consumption ( edit ) 10 YR Electric Energy Consumption 2005 - 2015 Electricity consumption data in this section is based upon data mined from US DOE Energy Information Administration / Electric Power Annual 2015 files In 2015 the total US consumption of electric energy was 4,144.3 Terawatt hours ( TWh ) ( or million MWh or billion kWh ) . This was essentially flat from 2014 . This is broken down as : Residential US Customers Residential customers ( 129.81 million ) directly consumed 1,404.1 Terawatt hours or 33.88 % of the total . This was essentially the same as in 2014 . An average residential customer used 901.4 kWh / month and with the average US commercial cost of $0.1265 / kWh the average monthly electrical bill would be $114.02 . Residential costs per kWh for US and several States Commercial customers ( 17.985 million ) directly consumed 1,360.8 Terawatt hours or 32.83 % of the total . This was just a little more than in 2014 . An average commercial customer used 6305 kWh / month and with the average US commercial electric cost of $0.1074 / kWh the average monthly electrical bill would be $670.83 . Industrial customers ( 835.6 thousand ) directly consumed 986.5 Terawatt hours or 23.8 % of the total . This was a little less than in 2014 ( - 1.1 % ) . Transportation customers ( 78 ) directly consumed 7.64 Terawatt hours or 0.18 % of the total . This was a little lower than in 2014 . System loss throughout the total electrical grid infrastructure by direct use of the suppliers ( 141.2 TWh ) and for transmission and other system losses and for unaccounted for loads ( 244.1 TWh ) amounts to 385.3 TWh or 9.7 % of the total which is 0.09 % up from 2014 . Thus , one could say that the US electric distribution system is 90.7 % efficient and efficiency has decreased slightly over the last year . A profile of the electric energy consumption for 2015 is shown in the following graph . The April minimum of 300 G kWhs to the July peak of 406 G kWhs shows the range of consumption variations . 2015 US Monthly Consumption Profile The following table derived from data mined from Electric Power Annual . identifies those states which must import electrical energy from neighboring states to meet their consumption needs . Each state 's total electric generation for 2015 is compared with the states consumption and its share of the system loss and the difference between the generated electric energy and its total consumption ( including its share of the system loss ) is the amount of energy it imports . For Hawaii ( HI ) total consumption equals generated energy . For the other states , multiplying their direct consumption by 1.084811845 ( 4067481441 / 3749481038 ) , results in USA supply ( including net imports ) being equal to USA total consumption . The following chart provides the details . The graphic shows each import states situation with respect to electric energy consumption being greater than its generation . States in 2015 who had to IMPORT Electric Energy States Not Generating Enough Electric Energy ( MWh ) to Meet Their Consumption in 2015 . STATE CONSUMPTION GENERATION STATE IMPORTS Retail Sales ( MWh ) Total Usage ( MWh ) MWh 's % 2015 % 2014 Improvement CA 261,170,437 283,320,784 196,703,858 86,616,926 30.57 % 34.40 % ↑ OH 149,213,224 161,868,273 121,893,401 39,974,872 24.70 % 20.90 % ↓ VA 112,009,045 121,508,739 84,411,592 37,097,147 30.53 % 41.30 % ↑ TN 99,632,108 108,082,091 75,214,636 32,867,455 30.41 % 30.80 % ↑ MD 61,781,719 67,021,541 36,365,544 30,655,997 45.74 % 48.80 % ↑ MA 54,621,088 59,253,603 32,085,969 27,167,634 45.85 % 53.00 % ↑ NY 148,913,655 161,543,297 138,627,721 22,915,576 14.19 % 17.10 % ↑ GA 135,878,215 147,402,297 128,817,898 18,584,399 12.61 % 17.50 % ↑ FL 235,599,398 255,581,018 237,412,633 18,168,385 7.11 % 8.40 % ↑ NC 133,847,523 145,199,378 128,388,445 16,810,933 11.58 % 13.90 % ↑ MN 66,579,234 72,225,942 56,979,768 15,246,174 21.11 % 27.20 % ↑ DC 11,291,233 12,248,863 53,750 12,195,113 99.56 % 109.60 % ↑ IN 104,514,518 113,378,587 104,019,275 9,359,312 8.25 % 2.30 % ↓ ID 23,058,814 25,014,475 15,667,095 9,347,380 37.37 % 44.80 % ↑ WI 68,698,932 74,525,415 66,360,183 8,165,232 10.96 % 22.30 % ↑ NJ 75,489,623 81,892,037 74,608,860 7,283,177 8.89 % 18.00 % ↑ CO 54,116,046 58,705,728 52,393,077 6,312,651 10.75 % 9.30 % ↓ MO 81,504,081 88,416,592 83,640,067 4,776,525 5.40 % 5.40 % __ DE 11,498,205 12,473,389 7,810,006 4,663,383 37.39 % 42.20 % ↑ VT 5,521,109 5,989,364 1,982,047 4,007,317 66.91 % 12.70 % EXPORT ↓ SD 12,101,979 13,128,370 9,633,033 3,495,337 26.62 % 21.20 % ↓ RI 7,664,718 8,314,777 6,939,019 1,375,758 16.55 % 28.00 % ↑ ME 11,888,168 12,896,425 11,741,265 1,155,160 8.96 % 0.20 % ↓ AK 6,159,204 6,681,577 6,284,937 396,640 5.94 % 12.10 % ↑ NV 36,019,690 39,074,586 39,046,784 27,802 0.07 % 7.50 % ↑ SUM 1,968,771,966 2,135,747,149 1,717,080,863 418,666,286 Generation ( edit ) Data in this section is based upon data mined from US DOE Energy Information Administration / Electric Power Annual ( EPA ) 2015 10 YR Electric Energy Generation 2005 - 2015 United States 1,064.1 Gigawatt power infrastructure produced 4,077.6 Billion kWhs ( B kWhs ) in 2015 . USA imports minus exports was 66.7 B kWhs for a total of 4,144.3 B kWh of electrical energy for U.S. use . Electrical energy generated from Coal was 1,352.40 B kWhs ( 32.63 % ) ; Natural and other Gases , 1,346.60 B kWhs ( 32.49 % ) ; Nuclear , 797.18 B kWhs ( 19.24 % ) ; Hydro , 249.08 B kWhs ( 6.01 % ) ; Renewables ( other than Hydro ) , 295.16 B kWhs ( 7.12 % ) ; Imports less exports , 66.7 B kWh ( 1.3 % ) ; Petroleum , 28.25 B kWhs ( 0.68 % ) ; and Misc ( including pumped storage ) 8.94 B kWhs ( 0.1 % ) . United States ' renewable fuels ( Hydro reported separately ) are Wind , 190.72 B kWhs ( 4.60 % ) ; Wood , 41.93 B kWh ( 1.01 % ) ; other Biomass , 21.70 B kWhs ( 0.52 % ) ; Geothermal , 15.92 B kWhs ( 0.38 % ) and Solar , 24.89 B kWhs ( 0.60 % ) . The following tables summarize the electrical energy generated by fuel source for the United States . Data from Electric Power Annual 2015 was used throughout this section . Electrical Production in the United States for 2015 Power Source Generators Summer Capacity ( GW ) % of total Capacity Capacity factor Annual Energy ( billion kWh ) % of Total US Coal 968 279.72 26.29 0.552 1,352.4 32.63 Nat Gas+ 5,874 441.9 41.53 0.348 1346.6 32.49 Nuclear 99 98.7 9.28 0.922 797.2 19.24 Hydro 4,020 79.7 7.49 0.357 249.1 6.01 Other Renewables 2,674 90.5 8.47 0.357 295.15 7.12 Petroleum 3,550 36.83 3.46 0.088 28.25 0.68 Other 117 1.8 0.17 0.890 14.03 0.34 Storage 156 22.6 2.12 - 0.026 - 5.1 - 0.12 Net Imports 66.67 1.61 Total 20,068 1064.1 100 0.445 4,144.3 100 2005 - 2016 Renewable Electric Energy Profile Electric Production by Renewables in 2015 Power Source Summer Capacity ( GW ) % of Renewable Capacity % of Total Capacity Capacity Factor Annual Energy ( billion kWh ) % of Renewable Energy % of US Generation Hydro 79.66 43.64 7.49 0.36 249.08 45.77 6.11 Wind 72.57 39.76 6.82 0.30 190.72 35.04 4.68 Biomass 14.09 7.72 1.32 0.52 63.63 11.69 1.56 Solar 13.66 7.48 1.28 0.21 24.89 4.57 0.61 GeoThermal 2.54 1.39 0.24 0.73 15.92 2.93 0.39 Total 182.52 100.00 17.15 0.35 544.24 100.00 13.35 Note : Biomass includes wood and wood derived fuel , landfill gas , biogenic municipal solid waste and other waste biomass . The following provides yearly summaries of electrical energy generation by fuel source . Yearly Electric Energy ( B kWh ( or Twh ) per year ) by Fuel Source : . Year Fossil Fuel Nuclear Renewable Misc Total Coal Oil Gas sub total Hydro Geo Thermal Solar Wind Wood Bio other sub total 2016 1,240.11 23.90 1,393.30 2,657.31 805.33 265.83 17.42 36.75 226.87 40.50 22.07 609.44 7.00 + 4,079.08 + Proportion 2016 30.40 % 0.58 % 34.16 % 65.14 % 19.74 % 6.52 % 0.43 % 0.90 % 5.56 % 00.99 % 0.54 % 14.94 % 0.17 % 100.0 % 2015 1,352.40 28.25 1,346.60 2,727.25 797.18 249.08 15.92 24.89 190.72 41.93 21.70 544.24 75.61 4,144.27 Proportion 2015 32.63 % 0.68 % 32.49 % 65.81 % 19.24 % 6.01 % 0.38 % 0.60 % 4.6 % 01.01 % 0.52 % 13.13 % 1.82 % 100.0 % 2014 1,581.71 30.23 1,138.63 2,750.57 797.17 259.37 15.88 17.69 181.655 42.34 21.65 538.58 60.50 4,146.2 2013 1,581.12 27.16 1,137.69 2,745.97 789.02 268.57 15.78 9.04 167.84 40 20.83 522.07 55.64 4,112.7 2012 1,514.04 23.19 1,237.79 2,775.02 769.33 276.24 15.56 4.33 140.82 37.8 19.82 494.57 56.1 4095 2011 1,733.4 30.2 1,025.3 2,788.9 790.2 319.4 15.3 1.82 120.2 37.4 19.2 513.32 46 4138.4 1,847.3 37.1 999.0 2,883.4 807.0 260.2 15.2 1.21 94.7 37.2 18.9 427.4 33.3 4,151.0 Proportion 2010 44.5 % 0.9 % 24.1 % 69.5 % 19.4 % 6.3 % 0.37 % 0.029 % 2.3 % 0.9 % 0.5 % 10.3 % 0.8 % 100.0 % 2009 1,755.9 38.9 931.6 2,726.5 798.9 273.4 15.0 0.89 73.9 36.1 18.4 417.7 41.4 3,984.4 2008 1,985.8 46.2 894.7 2,926.7 806.2 254.8 14.8 0.86 55.4 37.3 17.7 380.9 38.3 4,152.2 2007 2,016.5 65.7 910.0 2,992.2 806.4 247.5 14.6 0.61 34.5 39.0 16.5 352.7 36.6 4,188.0 2000 1,966 111 615 2,692 754 260 14 0.49 5.6 37.6 23 318.7 38.6 3,836 Proportion 2000 51.3 % 2.9 % 16.0 % 70.2 % 19.7 % 7.2 % 0.37 % 0.013 % 0.15 % 1.0 % 0.6 % 9.3 % 0.9 % 100.0 % 1999 1,881 118 57l 2,570 728 319.5 14.8 0.50 4.5 37 22.6 392.8 55 3,723.8 2015 Electric Generation by State by Fuel Source by % of State Generation STATES in 2015 who EXPORTED Electric Energy Notes : Gas includes natural gas and other gases . Solar includes photovoltaics and thermal . Bio other includes waste , landfill gas , and other . Hydro excludes pumped storage ( not an energy source , used by all sources , other than hydro ) . Misc includes misc generation , pumped storage , and net imports . Total includes net imports . 2016 data is from Electric Power Monthly and does not include import - export data . Using the data from the US DOE Energy Information Administration / Electric Power Annual 2015 files Data was obtained from the most recent DOE Energy Information Agency ( EIA ) full year files . The following table derived from data mined from Electric Power Annual . identifies those states which generate more electrical energy than they need to meet their consumption needs . They supply those that need additional energy . Each states total electric generation for 2015 is compared with the states consumption and its share of the system loses and the difference between the generated electric energy and its total consumption ( including its share of the system loses ) is the amount of energy it exports . For Hawaii ( HI ) , total consumption equals generated energy . For the other states multiplying their direct consumption by 1.1084811845 ( 4077600939 / 3758992390 ) results in USA supply ( including net imports ) being equal to USA total consumption usage . State export is determined by subtracting the state 's total consumption from its generation . States with excess Electric Generation ( MWh ) for use by others in 2015 STATE GENERATION CONSUMPTION STATE EXPORTS Retail Sales ( Mwh ) Total Usage ( Mwh ) Mwh 's % 2015 % 2014 Change AL 152,477,427 88,845,543 96,380,697 56,096,730 36.8 % 33.3 % ↑ PA 214,572,291 146,344,028 158,755,735 55,816,556 26.0 % 26.9 % ↓ IL 193,952,040 138,619,970 150,376,585 43,575,455 22.5 % 22.9 % ↓ WV 72,295,269 32,303,026 35,042,705 37,252,564 51.5 % 55.6 % ↓ WY 48,966,519 16,924,762 18,360,182 30,606,337 62.5 % 62.0 % ↑ AZ 113,142,048 77,349,416 83,909,563 29,232,485 25.8 % 25.1 % ↑ TX 449,826,336 392,337,354 425,612,209 24,214,127 5.4 % 1.9 % ↑ ND 37,156,612 18,128,948 19,666,498 17,490,114 47.1 % 44.9 % ↑ MT 29,302,401 14,206,911 15,411,825 13,890,576 47.4 % 48.7 % ↓ MS 64,757,864 48,691,529 52,821,147 11,936,717 18.4 % 1.3 % ↑ WA 109,287,458 90,116,086 97,758,998 11,528,460 10.5 % 12.8 % ↓ OK 76,135,596 61,336,385 66,538,437 9,597,159 12.6 % 11.5 % ↑ UT 41,949,120 30,192,350 32,753,019 9,196,101 21.9 % 24.4 % ↓ LA 107,812,354 91,676,489 99,451,741 8,360,613 7.8 % 4.2 % ↑ SC 96,532,213 81,328,246 88,225,845 8,306,368 8.6 % 7.5 % ↑ NH 20,015,893 10,999,149 11,932,007 8,083,886 40.4 % 38.3 % ↑ NE 39,883,391 29,495,073 31,996,605 7,886,786 19.8 % 15.6 % ↑ NM 32,701,398 23,093,553 25,052,160 7,649,238 23.4 % 21.2 % ↑ OR 57,866,535 47,263,974 51,272,519 6,594,016 11.4 % 13.3 % ↓ IA 56,658,918 47,147,293 51,145,942 5,512,976 9.7 % 8.5 % ↑ CT 37,470,622 29,476,155 31,976,082 5,494,540 14.7 % 4.0 % ↑ AR 55,559,428 46,465,154 50,405,949 5,153,479 9.3 % 15.8 % ↓ KS 45,527,124 39,849,127 43,228,805 2,298,319 5.0 % 10.1 % ↓ MI 113,008,050 102,479,921 111,171,432 1,836,618 1.6 % 6.8 % imp ↑ KY 83,543,671 76,038,630 82,487,607 1,056,064 1.3 % 4.5 % ↓ HI 10,119,500 9,511,352 10,119,500 0 0.0 % 0.0 % __ SUM 2,360,520,078 1,790,220,424 1,941,853,794 418,666,284 Trends ( edit ) In 2015 USA 's electrical energy usage was 1.6 % more than in 2005 . It was 1 % less than the peak in 2007 . It was 0.05 % less than in 2014 . Per capita consumption has decreased about 7 % since its peak in 2007 and every year since has shown a decrease in individual consumption . Conservation efforts are helping . At least , for the next decade , coal , natural gas , and nuclear will remain the top three fuels for electric energy generation in the USA . Coal will continuously decrease its contribution with natural gas increasing its contribution . Nuclear will have some downs ( decommissionings ) and ups ( new online plants ) but probably remain about constant . Hydro will maintain . Petroleum will continue to decrease in importance . Wind and solar will continue to grow in importance ; their combined generation was 5.29 % of US electric generation for 2015 or 5.20 % of total US consumption . Projections ( edit ) Per capita energy use in the United States From the beginning of the United States until 1973 , total energy ( including electrical ) use increased by about 3 % / year , while population increased an average of 2.2 % / year . Per capita energy use from 1730 to 1870 was about 100 million Btu / person . In the 20th century this increased to 300 million ( 332 million Btu / person / year , 97 thousand kWh / person / year in 1981 ) . Due to efficiency improvements this could drop considerably . A concentrating solar array ( CSP ) with thermal storage has a practical capacity factor of 33 % , and could provide power 24 hours a day . Prior to 2012 , in six southwestern states ( Arizona , California , Colorado , Nevada , New Mexico , and Utah ) the US Bureau of Land Management ( BLM ) owned nearly 98 million acres ( an area larger than the state of Montana ) that was open to proposals for solar power installations . To streamline consideration of applications , the BLM produced a Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement ( PEIS ) . By the subsequent Record of Decision in October 2012 , the BLM withdrew 78 percent of its land from possible solar development , leaving 19 million acres still open to applications for solar installations , an area nearly as large as South Carolina . Of the area left open to solar proposals , the BLM has identified 285 thousand acres in highly favorable areas it calls Solar Energy Zones . In Spain , with natural gas backups , CSP has reached a capacity factor of 66 % , with 75 % being a theoretical maximum . Energy consumption of computers in the USA ( edit ) See also : Green computing Visible or embedded ( i.e. hidden ) computers are found everywhere : in all sectors listed in the above chapter , as well as in all subsectors listed in the column entitled Major uses in the above tables . In 1999 , a study by Mark . P. Mills of the Green Earth Society reported that computers consumed 13 % of the entire US supply . Numerous researchers questioned Mills ' methodology and it was later demonstrated that he was off by an order of magnitude ; for example , Lawrence Berkeley Labs concluded that the figure was nearer three percent of US electricity use . Although the Mills study was inaccurate , it helped drive the debate to the national level , and in 2006 the US Senate started a study of the energy consumption of Server farms . Fossil - fuel equivalency ( edit ) The total energy consumption reported above from the Annual Energy Review has been adjusted by a fossil - fuel equivalency factor in order to estimate how much oil would be required to supply all of the energy used . While there is 3,412 Btu per kWh , a factor of 10,460 Btu / kWh was used for nuclear and 9,760 Btu / kWh for renewable energy , for 2010 , to reflect how much oil would be required . This inflates the reported total energy consumption , and roughly triples the apparent share from non-fossil fuel sources . As oil is less important , this adjustment may be removed , as is largely the case in other countries . See also ( edit ) Energy portal Sustainable development portal Carter Doctrine The Climate Registry Efficient energy use Energy conservation Energy development Energy conservation in the United States Energy policy of the United States Electricity sector of the United States Energy security World energy resources World energy consumption List of countries by energy consumption and production List of countries by energy consumption per capita List of U.S. states by electricity production from renewable sources Petroleum in the United States Individual states : Energy in Vermont References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Barr , Robert . `` China surpasses US as top energy consumer '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . 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Jump up ^ American Wind Energy Association , Annual U.S. wind power rankings track industry 's rapid growth Archived 2010 - 06 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Solar Star , Largest PV Power Plant in the World , Now Operational '' . GreenTechMedia.com. 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DOE Closes on Four Major Solar Projects '' . Renewable Energy World . 30 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Steve Leone ( 7 December 2011 ) . `` Billionaire Buffett Bets on Solar Energy '' . Renewable Energy World . Jump up ^ SEGS I , II , III , IV , V , VI , VII , VIII & IX Archived 2014 - 08 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ President Obama Touts Clean Energy on Earth Day Jump up ^ M.Z. Jacobson et al. 2015 : 100 % clean and renewable wind , water , and sunlight ( WWS ) all - sector energy roadmaps for the 50 United States . Energy and Environmental Science Issue 8 , p. 2093 - 2117 . doi : 10.1039 / C5EE01283J . Jump up ^ M.Z. Jacobson et al. 2015 : Low - cost solution to the grid reliability problem with 100 % penetration of intermittent wind , water , and solar for all purposes . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Issue 112 , Number 49 , p. 15060 -- 15065 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1510028112 . Jump up ^ Global Status Report Archived April 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` What role have natural resources played in the politics and economy of the Middle East ? '' . Global Connections . Public Broadcasting System ( PBS ) . Retrieved 22 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , James . `` Historical Oil Shocks '' ( PDF ) . Econweb . University of California , San Diego . Retrieved 22 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cleveland , Cutler J. ; Costanza , Robert ; Hall , Charles A.S. ; Kaufmann , Robert . `` Energy and the U.S. Economy : A Biophysical Perspective '' ( PDF ) . oilcrisis . Science . 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Now we import less than half of it , and about 40 % of what we do import comes from Mexico and Canada . Jump up ^ Petroleum Flow 2010 Jump up ^ Carter , Jimmy ( 1980 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Third State of the Union Address '' . Jimmy Carter Presidential Library . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dumbrell , John ( 1996 ) . American Foreign Policy : Carter to Clinton . MacMillan . p. 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 16395 - 2 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` United States : Energy '' . CIA World Factbook 2009 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) retrieved 2012 - 3 - 25 Archived May 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . 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Jump up ^ Allan Chen , `` Research finds computer - related energy use to be overestimated '' ( February 2001 ) Jump up ^ Brian Hayes , `` The computer and the dynamo '' ( September 2001 ) Jump up ^ Information Technology and Resource Use , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Jump up ^ Alternatives for Estimating Energy Consumption Jump up ^ Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity Table A6 Further reading ( edit ) GA Mansoori , N Enayati , LB Agyarko ( 2016 ) , Energy : Sources , Utilization , Legislation , Sustainability , Illinois as Model State , World Sci. Pub. Co. , ISBN 978 - 981 - 4704 - 00 - 7 Tough Love for Renewable Energy ; Making Wind and Solar Power Affordable May / June 2012 Foreign Affairs YAN Kun ( 2011 ) . The tendency equation of the total annual energy consumption and its limit value in the United States ( Brief annotation of the connection equation ( R ) , p3 - p5 ) , Xi'an : Xi'an Modern Nonlinear Science Applying Institute . 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who sang the theme tune to the likely lads	The show 's catchy theme song , `` Whatever Happened to You '' , was written by Mike Hugg ( of Manfred Mann ) and La Frenais and performed by Hugg 's session band , featuring session singer Tony Rivers supplying the lead vocals . A group named Highly Likely subsequently appeared on Top of the Pops to promote the song , and participated in a short UK tour as a result , but Rivers was not involved in these appearances . The song made the lower reaches of the UK Top 40 in 1973 . Mike Hugg also wrote the theme tune to the spin - off 1976 feature film , entitled `` Remember When '' .	Tony Rivers	Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads ?	whatever happened to the likely lads?	Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads ? is a British sitcom which was broadcast between 9 January 1973 and 9 April 1974 on BBC1 . It was the colour sequel to the mid-1960s hit The Likely Lads . It was created and written , as was its predecessor , by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais . There were 26 television episodes over two series ; and a subsequent 45 - minute Christmas special was aired on 24 December 1974 .	The cast were reunited in 1975 for a BBC radio adaptation of series 1 , transmitted on Radio 4 from July to October that year . A feature film spin - off was made in 1976 . Around the time of its release , however , Rodney Bewes and James Bolam fell out over a misunderstanding involving the press , and did not speak again before Bewes ' death in November 2017 . This long - suspected situation was finally confirmed by Bewes while promoting his autobiography in 2005 . Even while Bewes was alive , Bolam was consistently reluctant to talk about the show , and vetoed any attempt to revive his character . Contents ( hide ) 1 The series 2 Changes in format and style from The Likely Lads 3 Cast 3.1 Regular cast 3.2 Recurring cast 3.3 Unseen characters 4 Episode guide 4.1 Series 1 4.2 Series 2 5 Radio series 6 Context 7 Feature film 8 Stage version 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links The series ( edit ) Set in Newcastle upon Tyne in north - east England , the show follows the friendship , resumed after five years apart , of two working - class young men , Bob Ferris ( Rodney Bewes ) and Terry Collier ( James Bolam ) . The word `` likely '' in the title referred , in the 1960s series , to those showing promise , but also to those likely to get up to well - meaning mischief . The humour was based on the tension between Terry 's firmly working - class outlook and Bob 's aspirations to join the middle class , through his new white - collar job , suburban home , and impending marriage to prissy librarian Thelma Chambers ( Brigit Forsyth ) . Since the ending of the original series in 1966 , Bob has left factory life behind and now works for his father - in - law 's building firm ( something which makes Bob even more desperate to curry favour with Thelma and her family ) . At Thelma 's urging , Bob is also joining sports clubs and attending dinner parties , which Terry views as Bob aspiring to join the middle classes . This results in Terry viewing Bob as a class traitor , and believing his own Army experience and solid working - class ethos gives him moral superiority . To a considerable degree , in fact , the comedy is built upon a basis of class warfare -- a theme which was very familiar to British television audiences in the 1970s , a period of virtually continuous industrial strife in Britain . Whereas Bob , Thelma and Terry 's sister Audrey have adapted to the various changes , Terry 's five - year absence in the Army results in him being left behind , a relic of the attitudes of the mid-1960s . Terry finds it particularly hard to adjust to the changes that have occurred during his time in the Army . As implied in the lyrics to the programme 's theme song , the 1970s series plays on both lads ' feelings of nostalgia for the lost days of their reckless youth . Both of them are depressed by the demolition of so many of the landmarks of their youth , though Bob , who works for a building firm , sometimes sees it as progress . Bob has also bought his own house on a newly - built estate , further distancing him from his and Terry 's pasts . Reflecting the distinctions now separating the two young men , the opening credits show Terry amongst the older and more industrial buildings of the city , with Bob seen outside his new home with his own car in the more attractive surroundings of a modern housing estate . The conflict between what Bob had become , and what he saw himself as , led him to be impulsively inclined to follow the lead set by the more headstrong Terry , who led them recklessly into one scrape after another . Bob usually blamed his drinking , poor diet and reckless behaviour on Terry , a view Audrey and Thelma only too willingly agreed with . This may have been true in part , but actually Bob needed little persuasion to stay out drinking with Terry or to behave accordingly . Bob does not actually move into his new house until after his wedding to Thelma due to fears of being judged by his new neighbours ( although , in the final episode of series 1 , both Bob and Thelma make it clear they have an active sex life ) , and for the first series lives with his mother . Terry lives with his parents in a 19th - century terrace , which he claims has far more character than Bob 's new house , where `` the only thing that tells you apart from your neighbours is the colour of your curtains '' . The thirteen episodes of the first series , aired in 1973 , have a loose narrative thread . The early episodes focus on Terry 's return to civilian life following his discharge from the army , whereas later episodes focus on the planning for Bob and Thelma 's wedding . The thirteen episodes of the second series , aired the following year , are mostly self - contained . However , the series opens with a focus on the growing romance between Terry and Thelma 's sister Susan , partially continued from the first series . A four - episode storyline concerning Bob and Thelma 's brief separation also begins during the middle of the series . Terry and Bob are arrested in One for the Road . The show 's catchy theme song , `` Whatever Happened to You '' , was written by Mike Hugg ( of Manfred Mann ) and La Frenais and performed by Hugg 's session band , featuring session singer Tony Rivers supplying the lead vocals . A group named Highly Likely subsequently appeared on Top of the Pops to promote the song , and participated in a short UK tour as a result , but Rivers was not involved in these appearances . The song made the lower reaches of the UK Top 40 in 1973 . Mike Hugg also wrote the theme tune to the spin - off 1976 feature film , entitled `` Remember When '' . The complete first and second series of the 1970s show ( including the Christmas special ) are available in the UK on Region 2 DVD . Changes in format and style from the Likely Lads ( edit ) Although Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads ? was a continuation of the earlier series and featured many of the same characters , the style and format had changed . Unlike the original show , Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads ? was made in colour . Also , The Likely Lads had been quite `` stagy '' ( in the theatrical sense ) in its format , being studio bound with little in the way of location filming . The 1970s series made extensive use of location filming in and around the north - east . In terms of humour , the two shows are very different . The Likely Lads had been a broad comedy , full of jokes and obvious gags , whereas Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads ? used much subtler humour , derived from the dialogue and characterisation , often interspersed with sentimentality ( as the Lads mourned their lost past ) , and even touches of pathos . The latter aspect was usually a consequence of one of the lads reflecting on the past . Nostalgia was a strong thread running through the show . The lads frequently did ask each other the question in the show 's title , Whatever happened to us ? , particularly during their more mellow moments in the pub . Cast ( edit ) Regular cast ( edit ) James Bolam as Terence Daniel `` Terry '' Collier Rodney Bewes as Robert Andrew Scarborough `` Bob '' Ferris Brigit Forsyth as Thelma Chambers , later Ferris , Bob 's fiancée in series 1 , and his wife in series 2 Sheila Fearn as Audrey Collier , married name unknown , Terry 's older sister Recurring cast ( edit ) Bill Owen as George Chambers , Thelma 's father Joan Hickson ( Series 1 ) and Noel Dyson ( Series 2 ) as Mrs Chambers , Thelma 's mother ( Series 1 ) Anita Carey as Susan Chambers , Thelma 's sister , who lives in Toronto , Canada with her accountant fiancé Peter Olive Milbourne as Edith Collier , mother of Terry , Audrey and Linda Barbara Ogilvie as Alice Ferris , Bob 's mother Ronald Lacey as Ernie , Audrey 's husband Elizabeth Lax as Wendy , Bob 's secretary Christopher Biggins as Podge Rowley , Bob and Terry 's friend Julian Holloway as Alan Boyle , Bob 's friend from Surrey Juliet Aykroyd as Anthea , Thelma 's assistant at the library Unseen characters ( edit ) Cyril Collier , Terry and Audrey 's dad Leslie Ferris , Bob 's father ( in the 1960s series , it was established that Bob 's father is deceased ) Linda Collier , Terry and Audrey 's sister Frank Clark , Bob 's original choice for best man Nigel `` Little Hutch '' Hutchinson , a sex - mad pal who always has a racing tip for Terry Cloughie , a workmate of Bob and Terry from the 1960s series . It is mentioned in passing that he now runs a newsagents . Hugh and Janey , Bob and Thelma 's new middle - class friends ( although it would appear that the Janey Freeman and partner Hugh from `` Birthday Boy '' ( series 1 ) were actually them ) Jutta Baumgarten , Terry 's estranged West German wife . She was due to appear at Bob and Thelma 's wedding played by April Walker , and remains on the credits despite not appearing in the episode . Maurice `` Memphis '' Hardaker , a member of a skiffle group called Rob Ferris and the Wildcats . He was also mentioned in the original ' 60s series as colleague Morrie Hardaker . Deirdre Birchwood , an ex-girlfriend of Bob 's with somewhat loose morals . The frequent references to her became a running gag ( with the line `` Do n't mention Deirdre Birchwood ! '' becoming a catchphrase ) . Wendy Thwaites , another ex-girlfriend of Bob 's , with whom he had his first sexual experience Episode Guide ( edit ) Series 1 ( edit ) Episode Number Episode Title Summary 1 . `` Strangers on a Train '' The lads are reunited by chance , after five years , aboard a homeward - bound train . Unfortunately for Bob , he inadvertently becomes stranded at Doncaster railway station , with fiancée Thelma waiting for him on the platform at Newcastle . 2 . `` Home Is the Hero '' Terry , newly demobbed from the Army , finds it hard to adjust to all the changes which have occurred in his home town during the five years he 's been away . 3 . `` Cold Feet '' Due to a misunderstanding , Terry causes havoc between Bob and Thelma , leading Bob to get cold feet about the wedding . 4 . `` Moving On '' A depressed Terry decides to go around the world with his old army pal , Hughie McClaren , who lives conveniently nearby in Berwick upon Tweed . 5 . `` I 'll Never Forget Whatshername '' Terry , now back home again , looks up some of his old flames . His lack of success with them makes him self - pitying and Bob smug , until it emerges that Terry may once have had a drunken fling with Thelma on a coach trip to Blackpool Illuminations . 6 . `` Birthday Boy '' Terry becomes depressed when he thinks everyone has forgotten his birthday . A surprise party organised by Bob goes wrong when someone else is accidentally invited to it instead but when he finally arrives , Terry manages inadvertently to offend most of the other guests . 7 . `` No Hiding Place '' The Lads try to avoid learning the result of an England football match before the TV highlights are shown that evening . Flint ( Brian Glover ) tries to spoil it for them , having bet them £ 10 that they wo n't get through the day without learning the result . The lads arrive at the point of viewing the TV highlights none the wiser about the score , except for Terry seeing a newspaper headline that says `` England F ... '' . When Flint tracks them down to Bob 's new house , an angry Terry pays him off with £ 10 ( borrowed from Bob ) . After all that , the match turns out to have been postponed due to a waterlogged pitch : `` England Flooded Out ... '' This episode was remade by Ant & Dec for ITV in 2002 , featuring a cameo appearance by Rodney Bewes as the old newspaper seller . 8 . `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner ? '' Concerned with Terry 's lack of social activities , Bob invites him to a dinner party at Alan and Brenda 's . The occasion turns into a disaster , with Terry inadvertently causing havoc . 9 . `` Storm in a Tea Chest '' Thelma forces Bob to throw out all his treasured childhood possessions ( kept in two battered old tea chests ) while hypocritically hanging on to all of hers . 10 . `` The Old Magic '' At an upmarket restaurant , the Lads test out whether they still have ' the old magic ' . 11 . `` Count Down '' The countdown to Bob 's wedding - day begins . Terry , who despises the over-elaborate wedding preparations , finds an unexpected ally in Thelma 's father George , a staunchly working - class builder . Stirred up by Terry 's ridicule , the three men decide to rebel ... 12 . `` Boys Night In '' The night before the wedding : Bob refuses to have an old - fashioned stag night , preferring a quiet night in with a cup of cocoa and a game of Ludo . Terry tries to get him in the party mood nonetheless ; and as a result , they end up in a police cell . 13 . `` End of an Era '' Bob and Thelma are finally married . Things will never be the same again : old ways , old days , gone forever . Or are they ? Series 2 ( edit ) Episode Number Episode Title Summary 14 . `` Absent Friends '' Terry looks after Bob 's new house while Bob and Thelma are on honeymoon , and romances Thelma 's younger sister , Susan ( Anita Carey ) . This picks up some of the threads from the episode `` The Old Magic '' . 15 . `` Heart to Heart '' Bob and Thelma return from honeymoon , while Terry and Susan realise that their feelings for each other were stronger than they previously thought . 16 . `` The Ant and the Grasshopper '' An overworked Bob grows increasingly tired of funding Terry 's lazy lifestyle . 17 . `` One for the Road '' Bob is arrested for drink - driving . Terry , in the same cell for football hooliganism , attempts to help him out . 18 . `` The Great Race '' The Lads relive their active youth with a bicycle race to Berwick - upon - Tweed , but cheat each other to a standstill . 19 . `` Some Day We 'll Laugh About This '' Bob and Thelma go away for a weekend 's skiing in Scotland . In their absence , Terry romances Bob 's bored neighbour , Sandra , whilst doing some building work at Bob 's new house . 20 . `` In Harm 's Way '' Having been informed his unemployment benefit is to be withdrawn , Terry reluctantly takes a job as a hospital porter . Bob , who injured his leg falling through a floor , is the victim of the disasters Terry causes . 21 . `` Affairs and Relations '' During a weekend fishing trip to Northumberland , Terry and Bob encounter Thelma 's father , who appears to be having an affair with his secretary , Beryl . Bob becomes despondent with having to constantly phone Thelma , who unexpectedly turns up later . A series of misunderstandings involving Beryl and the hotel barmaid ( who is attempting to seduce Terry ) results in Thelma accusing Bob of having an affair with Beryl . 22 . `` The Expert '' Thelma and Bob separate due to the events of the previous episode . Terry offers marriage guidance to Bob , despite the failure of his own marriage . 23 . `` Between Ourselves '' Terry moves in with a depressed Bob and plays housewife in Thelma 's absence , while Bob tries unsuccessfully to conceal from their friends and neighbours that Thelma has left him . After living with Bob , Terry and Thelma discover that they both find Bob impossible to live with . 24 . `` The Go - Between '' Terry continues to try and help Bob and Thelma salvage their marriage . Another series of misunderstandings result in Bob and Thelma reconciling . 25 . `` Conduct Unbecoming '' Terry appears in court charged with assault after a fight with Douggie Scaife ( Alun Armstrong ) . Terry and Scaife settle their differences , but a misunderstanding on Bob 's part results in him ending up in court for assaulting Scaife too . 26 . `` The Shape of Things to Come '' Terry 's uncle Jacob dies , and he becomes despondent when he realises few people had a good word for him . At the wake , the Lads speak with Jacob 's lifelong friend Joe , and Bob sees in Jacob and Joe a vision of how he and Terry will be in forty years time . 27 . `` Special Christmas Edition '' Terry passes his driving test and gets a job as a minicab driver . On Christmas Eve he drives Thelma and Bob to a party , which leads to more trouble . Radio series ( edit ) The 13 episodes of Series 1 were adapted for radio , with the original television cast , and broadcast on Radio 4 in 1975 , from 30 July to 22 October . This series is periodically re-broadcast in the `` classic comedy '' hour on digital radio channel BBC Radio 4 Extra . Context ( edit ) Before the Seventies series was made , the cast had already been re-united twice , in 1967 and 1968 , to record sixteen of the original television scripts for two series ( of eight episodes each ) on BBC radio , the scripts for which were adapted for radio by James Bolam . To emphasise continuity , the opening section of the title credits at the start of each episode includes a short montage of black - and - white stills photos of Bob and Terry in scenes from the 1960s series , presented as if in a photograph album . The leather - bound photo album , which Bob gives Terry before the wedding , in the episode `` End of an Era '' , is also the one seen in the opening credits . To avoid bad feeling over billing , Rodney Bewes and James Bolam were alternated in the opening credits , so that one week Bewes was billed first and the following week Bolam was . In the closing credits the billing was reversed , with whoever had been billed second in the opening credits being billed first . Bewes maintained his connections with The Likely Lads , appearing in a cameo role as the old newspaper seller in a 2002 ITV re-make of the series ' most popular episode , `` No Hiding Place '' , starring Tyneside presenters / actors / entertainers Ant and Dec , which aired under the title `` A Tribute to the Likely Lads '' . In 1995 and 1996 the series was repeated in its entirety on BBC2 . It went on to become a short - term staple of cable channels , and was again shown on satellite and cable TV in 2008 -- 9 . In April 2013 , the first series began a repeat run on BBC Four , its first showing on terrestrial television since 1996 . It has also been released on DVD . The movie spin - off usually appears at least once a year on TV , around Christmas . One of the most notable continuity points about the show is that Terry has been away in the Army for `` five years '' . However , there was a real - life gap of seven years between the end of the original series in 1966 and the sequel in 1973 . Also , there are numerous references in the Seventies show to the Lads ' shared adventures in 1967 , plus citations of that year as the time when Terry was last in town . And , from the audience 's point of view , Terry was last heard in the radio series , broadcast during 1967 and 1968 . Taken all together , it suggests Terry 's army service lasted for the five years from 1968 ( i.e. the end of the radio series ) to 1973 . Terry 's full name is Terence Daniel Collier , born 29 February 1944 . Bob 's full name is Robert Andrew Scarborough Ferris , born a week earlier . These dates can be worked out from dialogue in the episode `` Birthday Boy '' . The `` Scarborough '' in Bob 's name is because he was conceived there ( although this is contradicted in the opening flashback sequence in the 1976 feature film ) . However , Terry 's `` silver tankard '' joke in his best man 's speech at the end of Season 1 ( in the episode `` End of an Era '' ) seems to imply that he , not Bob , turned 21 first . Terry is younger than his sisters Audrey ( Sheila Fearn ) and Linda ( who is never seen ) . Their parents are Edith and Cyril Collier . Terry 's father is not seen in either series of the 1970s show ; neither is Bob 's father , Leslie , who had died 12 years previously ( as established in the Sixties episode `` Friends and Neighbours '' ) , so was n't around when Bob , an only child , was growing up . Terry 's dad is neither dead nor absent : he is continually referred to in the Seventies series , and also in the feature film , but is never actually seen ( although , in the opening flash - back in the film , a back view of him is briefly visible , which is clearly James Bolam ; and Bolam also provides the voice - over dialogue in that scene ) . Bob 's mother , Alice , occasionally appears ; Terry 's mother ( Olive Milbourne ) is frequently seen in the 1973 series . Thelma 's full maiden name is Thelma Ingrid Chambers . Thelma 's father , played by Bill Owen , is George Chambers . Her younger sister is Susan , who lives in Toronto , Canada with her accountant fiancé Peter . The lads attended Park Infants School , Park Junior School , and Park Secondary Modern . Thelma was with them for infants and juniors , but then went to the grammar school . One of Bob 's most notable school romances is the often mentioned but unseen Deirdre Birchwood , who was the basis of a running joke in Series 1 , where any mention of her ( or of any other former girlfriend of Bob 's ) was guaranteed to upset Thelma . ( A Deidre Birchwood actually appears in an episode of the Bewes vehicle , Dear Mother ... Love Albert , and is referred to in many episodes of that programme . Her name comes from a little girl Bewes knew in real life , he was re-united with her on This is Your Life . ) The lads also were in the Scouts together . Bob lost his virginity to Wendy Thwaite , according to the Series 1 episode `` I 'll Never Forget Whatshername '' , who scored 8 stars ( out of 7 ) on his scoring system . Terry 's West German wife was Jutta Baumgarten . The couple married in November 1969 but separated in June 1970 after West Germany defeated England in the World Cup . Confusingly , Terry later says they were married for two years `` on and off '' , which further clouds the continuity issue of Terry 's time away . She was due to appear in the episode `` End of an Era '' , played by April Walker , but the scenes featuring her were omitted from the broadcast version . Terry 's address is given in the dialogue as 127 Inkerman Terrace ( `` No Hiding Place '' ) ; but external shots ( in `` The Ant and the Grasshopper '' ) clearly show a different house number . Bob and Thelma live at Number 8 of an unspecified avenue on the Elm Lodge Housing Estate ( The house in the opening titles is on Agincourt at the Highfields estate in Killingworth ) . Bob 's immediate neighbours at his new house are the Lawsons and the Jeffcotes , again never actually seen in the show . A couple called the Nortons are also later referred to as living next door . It is revealed ( in the episode `` Storm in a Tea Chest '' ) that the boys used to be in a skiffle group called Rob Ferris and the Wildcats . Other group members included Maurice `` Memphis '' Hardaker , named after a real - life friend of the show 's co-creator and co-writer Ian La Frenais . The Lads ' workmate from the 1960s series , Cloughie ( played by Bartlett Mullins ) , does not appear , but it is mentioned in the first episode that he now runs a newsagent 's . Two aspects of the show are never fully explained : Terry 's supposedly injured leg , which he claims to have injured in the Army ( `` I never talk about it '' ) , and his dislike of being referred to as `` thin '' or `` slim '' , preferring to describe himself as `` wiry '' . The latter is , in fact , a continuation of a running gag in the original 1960s series , in which Terry was paranoid about being thought weedy . The pubs frequented by the lads include The Black Horse ( which is their most regular `` local '' , featuring landlord Jack and barmaid Gloria ) , The Fat Ox , The Drift Inn , and The Wheatsheaf . Others mentioned in passing include The Swan , The Ship , The Institute and The Railway . Friends of the Lads who are regularly spoken of but never seen include Frank Clark ( Bob 's original choice for best man , who had the same name as a Newcastle United F.C. player of the time ) , and Nigel `` Little Hutch '' Hutchinson ( a sex - mad pal , who frequently has a racing tip for Terry ) . A new friend of Bob 's , affable Londoner Alan Boyle ( Julian Holloway ) , appears in `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' and `` The Ant and the Grasshopper '' with his wife Brenda . The episodes `` I 'll Never Forget Whatshername '' and `` Storm in a Tea Chest '' were based in part on elements in the 1960s episode `` Where Have All The Flowers Gone ? '' The titles for the 1974 Christmas Special call the show simply The Likely Lads . The opening scenes are set in late September , on the day of Terry 's successful driving test . Exterior shots were filmed on Tyneside and around the North East , while interiors were shot at the BBC Television Centre in London . The genuine affection held by Clement and LaFrenais for the golden age of movies is reflected in the show . For instance , nearly all of the episode titles ( from `` Strangers on a Train '' to `` The Shape of Things to Come '' ) are based on the titles of well known films ; and the script frequently features jokes about popular movies ( such as Terry 's dig at Bob , on learning that he 's becoming middle - class , that his new friends include `` Bob and Carole , and Ted and Alice '' -- a reference to the 1969 film of that name ) . The BBC decided not to commission a third series of the show , partly because Dick Clement and Ian LaFrenais had written a pilot script for another 1973 series , entitled Seven of One , in which Ronnie Barker appeared in seven different situations from different writers , each of which was a try - out for a possible series . The BBC decided they liked best the one by Clement and LaFrenais , who found themselves suddenly offered a new series , starring Ronnie Barker , which became the television comedy Porridge . Writing and production for the new show , which debuted in the autumn of 1974 and ran for three series , made it difficult to schedule a further series of The Likely Lads . Instead , Clement and LaFrenais began to develop a one - off script , which became the Likely Lads feature film , which was eventually made in 1976 . Feature film ( edit ) Main article : The Likely Lads ( film ) In 1976 a feature - length movie was released , written by Clement and La Frenais , which was directed by Michael Tuchner . By this time both lads had moved house ( Bob and Thelma to their detached house , and Terry to a high - rise flat ) . Terry now has a Finnish girlfriend called Christina ( `` Chris '' ) , played by Mary Tamm . The movie opened with the Lads lamenting the demolition of their favourite pub , The Fat Ox , before they go on a caravanning holiday with Thelma and Chris . The complications resulting from the trip lead to Terry and Chris splitting up , as a result of which Terry decides to emigrate , signing on as a crewman on a cargo ship . Bob and Terry sneak one last late - night drink together aboard Terry 's ship , anchored in the docks ; but Terry has second thoughts and disembarks the next morning . Bob , however , awakes -- hung over -- aboard the ship , as it sails for Bahrain . This was an ironic reversal of the ending of the original Sixties show ( where Terry , missing Bob -- who had joined the Army -- joined up too , only to discover that Bob had been discharged with flat feet ) . Any future plans for the show were never announced , but if they existed they were scuppered by Bewes and Bolam falling out . Stage version ( edit ) In 2008 , The Gala Theatre in Durham staged the world premiere of The Likely Lads , adapted for the stage by Dick Clement and Ian LaFrenais and directed by Simon Stallworthy . The title roles of Bob and Terry were played by David Nellist and Scott Frazer respectively . In May 2011 , The Tynemouth Priory Theatre , in Tynemouth , Tyne and Wear , were granted the rights to become the first non-professional company to stage the production . It became one of the theatre 's most attended productions , selling out well in advance for all performances . Terry was played by Brendan Egan and Bob by Stu Bowman . In popular culture ( edit ) The song `` It Could Be You '' by the Britpop band Blur contains a reference to the Likely Lads at the start of the second verse : `` The likely lads are picking up the uglies . Yesterday they were just puppies . '' The title song `` What Happened to You ? '' was recorded and released as a single , sung by Highly Likely . It was also released as a single by the British punk band Snuff , entitled `` Christmas Single '' . The Libertines have a song entitled `` What Became of the Likely Lads '' . The characters of Bob and Terry appear in the Kim Newman short story anthology Back in the USSA , in the story `` Teddy Bears ' Picnic '' . Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant have said the show was an influence on The Office . See also ( edit ) List of films based on British sitcoms Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ McSmith , Andy ( 7 November 2007 ) . `` Look back in anger : Whatever happened to The Likely Lads ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . For years afterwards , it was assumed that Bolam and Bewes were friends off screen as well as on , a pretence they kept up because their public expected it . It was finally blown in 2005 , when the ageing Bewes published his memoirs , in which he revealed that they had comprehensively fallen out 30 years earlier and had not spoken since . He blamed Bolam 's fear of having his privacy invaded and of being eternally typecast . The final breach , as Bewes told it , occurred after Bolam 's wife , Sue , announced to her husband , while he was driving , that she was pregnant . He almost crashed the car . Bewes repeated this story in a newspaper interview , thinking that it was already public knowledge , then got a frosty reaction when he rang Bolam to forewarn him . `` There was this dreadful silence . He put the phone down . I called him back . He did n't answer . He has n't spoken to me since '' , Bewes claimed . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two - The Office - An interview with Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant '' . References ( edit ) A Likely Story : The Autobiography of Rodney Bewes . Century . 1 September 2005 . ISBN 0712669922 . BBC Comedy Guide , The Likely Lads BBC Comedy Guide , Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads ? The Likely Lads on Tyne External links ( edit ) Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads ? at BBC Programmes Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads ? at British Film Institute Screen Online Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads ? on IMDb British Academy Television Award for Best Scripted Comedy My Wife Next Door ( 1973 ) Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads ? ( 1974 ) Porridge ( 1975 ) Fawlty Towers ( 1976 ) Porridge ( 1977 ) Rising Damp ( 1978 ) Going Straight ( 1979 ) Fawlty Towers ( 1980 ) The Royle Family ( 2000 ) Black Books ( 2001 ) The Office ( 2002 ) The Office ( 2003 ) The Office Christmas Special ( 2004 ) Black Books ( 2005 ) The Thick of It ( 2006 ) The Royle Family - The Queen of Sheba ( 2007 ) Peep Show ( 2008 ) The IT Crowd ( 2009 ) The Thick of It ( 2010 ) Rev ( 2011 ) Mrs. Brown 's Boys ( 2012 ) Twenty Twelve ( 2013 ) Him & Her : The Wedding ( 2014 ) Detectorists ( 2015 ) Peter Kay 's Car Share ( 2016 ) People Just Do Nothing ( 2017 ) Works by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais Sitcoms The Likely Lads ( 1964 -- 66 ) Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads ? ( 1973 -- 74 ) Porridge ( 1974 -- 77 ) Thick as Thieves ( 1974 ) Going Straight ( 1978 ) Tracey Takes On ... ( 1996 -- 99 ) Parents of the Band ( 2008 -- 09 ) Other series Auf Wiedersehen , Pet ( 1983 -- 2004 ) Lovejoy ( 1986 -- 94 ) Full Stretch ( 1993 ) Archangel ( 2005 ) The Rotters ' Club ( 2005 ) Films The Jokers ( 1967 ) Otley ( 1968 ) Hannibal Brooks ( 1969 ) To Catch a Spy ( 1971 ) Villain ( 1971 ) The Likely Lads ( 1976 ) Porridge ( 1979 ) The Prisoner of Zenda ( 1979 ) Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) Bullshot ( 1983 ) Water ( 1985 ) Vice Versa ( 1988 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) Excess Baggage ( 1997 ) Still Crazy ( 1998 ) Honest ( 2000 ) Goal ! ( 2005 ) Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Across the Universe ( 2007 ) The Bank Job ( 2008 ) Killing Bono ( 2011 ) Theatre work Billy ( 1974 ) Clement alone Anyone for Denis ? ( 1982 ) La Frenais alone Percy 's Progress ( film , 1971 ) The Other ' Arf ( 1980 -- 84 ) Spender ( 1991 -- 93 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whatever_Happened_to_the_Likely_Lads%3F&oldid=826195173 '' Categories : 1970s British comedy television series 1973 British television programme debuts 1974 British television programme endings Television programs adapted into radio programs BBC television sitcoms Television shows set in Newcastle upon Tyne Television shows set in Tyne and Wear English - language television programs Television programs adapted into films Television programs adapted into plays Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Use dmy dates from September 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 19 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whatever%20Happened%20to%20the%20Likely%20Lads%253F	45,123
what is the wheel base of a honda crv	Fifth generation ( RW1 -- RW6 ) Overview Production Nov 2016 -- present Model years 2017 -- present Assembly East Liberty , Ohio , United States ( ELAP ) Greensburg , Indiana , United States ( HMIN ) El Salto , Jalisco , Mexico ( Honda Mexico ) Sayama , Saitama , Japan Ping - Tung , Taiwan Ayutthaya , Thailand ( Honda Ayutthaya Plant ) Alliston , Ontario , Canada ( HCM ) Alor Gajah , Melaka Malaysia Swindon , England ( HUKM ) Wuhan , China ( Dongfeng Honda ) Greater Noida , India ( Honda India ) Karawang , Indonesia ( Honda Prospect Motor ) Body and chassis Related Acura CDX Honda Civic ( tenth generation ) Powertrain Engine 2.4 L K24W I4 1.5 L L15B7 I4 ( turbo ) 2.0 L R20A I4 1.6 L I4 ( turbo - diesel ) Transmission Continuously Variable Transmission ( CVT ) 9 - speed ZF automatic ( diesel ) Dimensions Wheelbase 104.7 in ( 2,659 mm ) Length 180.6 in ( 4,587 mm ) Width 73.0 in ( 1,854 mm ) Height 66.1 in ( 1,679 mm ) ( FWD ) 66.5 in ( 1,689 mm ) ( AWD ) Curb weight 3307 -- 3397 lbs ( FWD ) 3421 -- 3512 lbs ( AWD )	104.7 in	Honda CR - V	honda cr - v	The Honda CR - V is a compact crossover manufactured by Honda since 1995 and introduced in the North American market in 1997 . It uses the Honda Civic platform with an SUV body design . The CR - V is Honda 's mid-range utility vehicle , slotting between the smaller HR - V and the larger Pilot . Honda states `` CR - V '' stands for `` Comfortable Runabout Vehicle '' while the term `` Compact Recreational Vehicle '' is used in a British car review article that was republished by Honda .	Honda began producing the CR - V in Sayama , Japan , and Swindon , UK , for worldwide markets , adding North American manufacturing sites in East Liberty , Ohio , in 2007 ; El Salto , Jalisco , Mexico , in late 2007 ( ended in early 2017 ) ; Alliston , Ontario , Canada , in 2012 ; and Greensburg , Indiana in February 2017 . The CR - V also is produced in Wuhan ( Hubei province ) for the Chinese market by the Dongfeng Honda Automobile Company , a joint venture with Dongfeng Motor Corporation . Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( 1995 -- 2001 ) 1.1 1999 - 2001 update 1.2 Safety 2 Second generation ( 2002 -- 2006 ) 2.1 Facelift 3 Third generation ( 2007 -- 2011 ) 3.1 Facelift 4 Fourth generation ( 2012 -- 2016 ) 4.1 Facelift 5 Fifth generation ( 2017 -- present ) 5.1 Engines 5.2 Safety 6 Sales 7 References 8 External links First generation ( 1995 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) First generation ( RD1 -- RD3 ) Overview Production 1995 -- 2001 Model years 1997 -- 2001 Assembly Swindon , United Kingdom ( HUKM ) Sayama , Japan Hsinchu , Taiwan Santa Rosa , Laguna , Philippines ( Honda Santa Rosa , Laguna Plant ) Ayutthaya , Thailand ( Honda Ayutthaya Plant ) Karawang , Indonesia ( Honda Karawang Plant ) Designer Hiroyuki Kawase ( 1993 ) Body and chassis Related Honda Civic ( sixth generation ) Honda Integra Powertrain Engine 2.0 L B20B I4 2.0 L B20Z I4 Transmission 5 - speed manual MDMA 4 - speed automatic MDLA 4 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,620 mm ( 103 in ) 2,625.1 mm ( 103.35 in ) ( post-facelift ) Length 4,510 mm ( 178 in ) Width 1,780 mm ( 70 in ) Height 1,678 mm ( 66.1 in ) 1997 -- 1998 ( 2WD version ) 1,700 mm ( 67 in ) 1997 -- 1998 ( 4WD LX ) 1,725 mm ( 67.9 in ) 1997 -- 1998 ( 2WD EX 126 BHP ) 1,745 mm ( 68.7 in ) 1999 -- 2001 ( 2WD EX 146 BHP 2.0 Engine ) 1,755 mm ( 69.1 in ) 1999 -- 2001 ( 4WD EX 146 BHP 2.0 Engine ) 1,770 mm ( 70 in ) 1999 -- 2001 ( 4WD EX-L With Navigation ) The CR - V ( Chassis Code RD1 - RD3 ) was Honda 's first in - house designed sport utility vehicle by Hiroyuki Kawase . The CR - V was introduced in Japan at Honda Verno dealerships only and was regarded as a luxury vehicle in Japan due to the exterior width dimensions exceeding Japanese Government dimension regulations . For North American market , it was displayed at the 1996 Chicago Auto Show and went on sale in February 1997 . Upon introduction , the model had only one trim level , which would later be known as the LX model trim ; it was powered by the 2.0 L straight - four B20B producing 126 hp ( 94 kW ) at 5400 rpm and 133 lb ⋅ ft ( 180 N ⋅ m ) of torque at 4800 rpm . Outer dimensions for this engine would be identical to the Integra 's 1.8 L engine , but internally the engine had a larger 84 mm ( 3.3 in ) bore to add the extra displacement needed to produce more torque . The engine utilized a one - piece cylinder sleeve construction unique from any other B - series engine . The chassis was a unibody design with a four - wheel double wishbone suspension . Inside , the rear seats were able to fold down , and a picnic table was stowed in the rear floor area . All models featured plastic cladding covering the front bumper , rear bumper , and fender wells . In most countries , CR - Vs had a chrome grille ; however , in the United States , the grille was made out of the same black plastic as the bumpers . The EX included anti-lock brakes and 15 inch alloy wheels over the LX trim . Drivetrain options were front - wheel drive or Honda 's Real Time AWD . 1999 - 2001 update ( edit ) The engine was changed to the 2.0 L B20Z engine , producing 147 hp ( 110 kW ) at 6200 rpm and 133 lb ⋅ ft ( 180 N ⋅ m ) of torque at 4500 rpm . This improved performance for the 3,200 lb ( 1,500 kg ) vehicle . Fuel economy of 23 mpg ( 10 L / 100 km ; 28 mpg ) city / 28 mpg ( 8.4 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) highway ( US ) and price were not affected by the increase in power , which was the result of a higher compression ratio ( 9.6 : 1 compared to the B20B 's 8.8 : 1 ) , a new intake manifold , and slightly higher lift on the intake valves . Safety ( edit ) The 1997 -- 2001 model tested by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) was the LX model with standard driver and passenger airbags . Even though the car 's structure received an acceptable rating , the overall car received a marginal rating as the dummy 's left leg would have been broken . In addition to this lower body injury , the dummy 's head went through the airbag which may have caused a minor concussion . The chest was well protected . Honda CR - V pre-facelift Facelift Honda CR - V Facelift Honda CR - V Sport , Australia Honda CR - V ( Japan ) Models equipped with an automatic transmission now had an overdrive cancel button that allowed the driver to lock the transmission in the first three gears to provide power for passing and climbing grades . The pattern of the cloth on the seats was also redesigned , and the head restraints earned an acceptable rating from the IIHS for whiplash protection . The 1999 European , Australian , and Asian CR - V models featured more drastic changes . Exterior alterations included a new front bumper , smoothed off rear bumper , and a smaller plastic radio antenna on the rear of the roof . `` Nighthawk Black '' was added to the list of paint choices , while `` Passion Orange '' disappeared . New dark blue pearl and red pearl shades replaced the former solid red and metallic blue hues . European models received an enlarged Honda emblem on the front grille , and a new metallic yellow paint in certain markets . In 2000 , a Special Edition model was introduced in North America . The SE featured body - colored bumpers and side moldings , a body - colored hard spare tire cover , leather upholstery , CD / cassette audio deck , rear privacy glass , a Navtech navigation system , and chrome grille accent . Until 2001 , the CR - V sold more than any other vehicle in its class . The North American models also received new exterior colors including Naples Gold Metallic and Taffeta White . Electron Blue was introduced in 2000 to replace Submarine Blue Pearl , while Satin Silver Metallic replaced Sebring Silver Metallic in 2001 . However , that year , sales of the Ford Escape and its clone , the Mazda Tribute , surpassed those of the CR - V . The Australian higher specification model was called the `` Sport '' . It was added at the time of the first facelift and included body - colored bumpers , mirrors , door handles , and hard rear spare wheel cover . It also included alloy wheels , roof rails , and a large glass sunroof . The CR - V became the country 's best - selling SUV in 2000 , outselling the Toyota Landcruiser for the first time . Second generation ( 2002 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) Second generation ( RD4 -- RD9 ) Overview Production 2001 -- 2006 Model years 2002 -- 2006 Assembly Swindon , England Ayutthaya , Thailand Sayama , Japan Ping - Tung , Taiwan Santa Rosa , Laguna , Philippines India Karawang , Indonesia Wuhan , China ( Dongfeng Honda ) Designer Mitsuhiro Honda ( 1999 ) Body and chassis Related Honda Civic ( seventh generation ) Honda Element Honda Integra DC5 Powertrain Engine 2.0 L K20A1 I4 2.0 L K20A4 I4 2.2 L N22A2 turbo diesel I4 2.4 L K24A1 I4 Transmission 5 - speed manual 4 - speed automatic 5 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,620 mm ( 103 in ) 2,625 mm ( 103.3 in ) ( post-facelift ) Length 4,535 mm ( 178.5 in ) 4,600 mm ( 180 in ) ( post-facelift ) Width 1,785 mm ( 70.3 in ) Height 1,680 mm ( 66 in ) 2002 -- 2004 1,700 mm ( 67 in ) 2002 -- 2004 2WD 1,750 mm ( 69 in ) 2002 -- 2004 4WD 1,759 mm ( 69.3 in ) 2005 -- 2006 2WD 1,780 mm ( 70 in ) 2005 -- 2006 4WD 1,800 mm ( 71 in ) 2005 -- 2006 2WD / 4WD Pre-facelift Honda CR - V Sport ( Australia ) Pre-facelift Honda CR - V ( Malaysia ) The bigger and heavier second generation CR - V ( Chassis Code RD4 - RD8 ) was a full redesign , based on the seventh generation Civic , and powered by the K24A1 engine . North American versions of the new engine produced 160 hp ( 120 kW ) and 162 lb ⋅ ft ( 220 N ⋅ m ) of torque . Per new SAE regulations , the same engine is now rated at 156 hp ( 116 kW ) and 160 lb ⋅ ft ( 220 N ⋅ m ) . The new CR - V retained the fuel economy of the previous model because of the i - VTEC system . The new chassis had increased torsional and bending rigidity , the suspension included front toe control link MacPherson struts and a rear reactive - link double wishbone ; the compact rear suspension increased cargo space to 72 cu ft ( 2,000 l ) . The second generation CR - V was Car and Driver magazine 's Best Small SUV for 2002 and 2003 . Second generation CR - Vs in countries outside of North America were again offered in both `` low specification '' and `` high specification '' variants , with the latter featuring body - colored bumpers and fittings . It also now did not require the glass hatch to be opened before the swinging door . Changes between model years 2002 , 2003 , and 2004 were minor , involving an enlargement of the center compartment bin and the addition of a front passenger door power lock in the latter two years respectively . It is reported that in late 2003 , Honda took legal action against Shuanghuan of China accusing its Laibao SRV of copying the CR - V 's exterior design . Another manufacturer from China made a copy called the Tianqi Meiya TM6480A . Facelift ( edit ) In 2005 , the CR - V received a mid-cycle refresh . New 16 inch wheels replaced the previous 15 inch versions . Changes included new taillights and headlights with clear indicators and two separate H1 bulbs for low beams and high beams , the previous setup used H4 single bulb for both low and high beams . The taillights now used clear lenses instead of amber for the turning indicators . The grille was also changed ; it had two horizontal bars instead of one . The front bumper design was slightly changed , it now has round fog lights compared to the previous rectangle fog lights and in addition to the lower grill there are two horizontal bars instead of one . The rear bumper reflectors were longer and narrower . 2005 facelift On the inside of the car , the EX trim received upgrades which included steering wheel - mounted audio controls and an outside temperature monitor . The stereo system was also XM Satellite Radio ready ( USA but not Canada ) . All CR - V models also had revised rear seat headrests , which had been redesigned to reduce rear view blockage . Mechanically , the 2005 model was also changed . A major change included a drive - by - wire throttle for all CR - Vs . The all - wheel drive system was improved ; it had been tuned to activate faster in low traction situations . US market models were equipped with a five - speed automatic , as opposed to the previous four - speed automatic . In the United States and Canada , all 2005 MY and later CR - Vs have anti-lock brakes , electronic brake force distribution , traction control and Vehicle Stability Assist , front seat - mounted side airbags , and side - curtain airbags with rollover sensors for all occupants . In Australia , the MY05 facelift went on sale in late 2004 . Base models made do with only dual airbags and ABS as standard equipment , while the Sport came equipped with side airbags for the first time . Curtain airbags were unavailable on any model , until the next generation . Following the tradition of adding a trim level above the EX during the refresh like the first generation CR - V , Honda added the SE trim level for the 2005 CR - V . The CR - V SE featured painted bumpers , body side molding , and hard , body - colored spare tire cover . For a more luxurious experience , Honda added a leather interior , leather - wrapped steering wheel , and heated side mirrors and front seats . Third generation ( 2007 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Honda CR - V ( third generation ) Third generation ( RE1 -- RE5 , RE7 ) Overview Production Sept 2006 -- 2011 Model years 2007 -- 2011 Assembly East Liberty , Ohio , United States El Salto , Mexico Ping - Tung , Taiwan Sayama , Saitama , Japan Swindon , England Vĩnh Phúc , Vietnam Wuhan , China Ayutthaya , Thailand Karawang , Indonesia Body and chassis Related Acura RDX Honda Civic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,620 mm ( 103.1 in ) Length 4,518 mm ( 177.9 in ) Width 2007 -- 09 : 1,820 mm ( 71.7 in ) 2010 -- 2011 : 1,819 mm ( 71.6 in ) Height 1,704 mm ( 67.1 in ) The third generation CR - V went on sale in the US in late September 2006 for the 2007 model year . Unlike preceding models it features a rear liftgate rather than a side - opening rear door and no longer has the spare tire mounted on the rear door . The third generation CR - V was powered by Honda 's standard K - series 2.4 L inline - four engine . In North American markets , this engine 's power is rated at 166 hp ( 124 kW ) at 5,800 rpm and 161 lb ⋅ ft ( 218 N ⋅ m ) at 4,200 rpm . A 2.2 L i - CTDI diesel engine was offered in the European and Asian markets . The European market CR - V had the R20A 2.0 L petrol engine , based on the Honda R - series i - VTEC SOHC engine found in the Honda Civic , as opposed to the previous CR - V offering the K20A . Facelift ( edit ) MY2010 facelift For the 2010 model year , the CR - V received style , powertrain , and equipment changes . Changes included a redesigned front fascia with a new horizontal - slat chrome grille and honeycomb - designed lower front grille , new front bumper , and revised taillights . The rear bumper was redesigned , as well as new five split - spoke 17 - inch alloy wheels for EX and EX-L models . The interior received minor changes , including seat fabrics , as well as wider driver and front - passenger armrests . The audio head unit controls were altered and the information display backlighting in the gauges was changed to blue , instead of the previous black . A USB audio input became standard in the EX-L trim while hands - free Bluetooth connectivity was exclusive to the EX-L trim equipped with navigation system . In 2011 , a mid-level SE trim debuted with a 6 - disc CD changer and 17 - inch 7 - spoke alloy wheels that came from the pre-facelift EX and EX-L trims . Fourth generation ( 2012 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Honda CR - V ( fourth generation ) Fourth generation ( RM1 , RM3 , RM4 ) Overview Production Nov 2011 -- 2016 Model years 2012 -- 2016 Body and chassis Related Acura RDX Honda Civic ( ninth generation ) Dimensions Wheelbase 103.1 in ( 2,619 mm ) Length 178.3 in ( 4,529 mm ) Width 71.6 in ( 1,819 mm ) Height 65.1 in ( 1,654 mm ) The CR - V Concept debuted at the Orange County International Auto Show in September 2011 , the production 2012 CR - V debuted at the 2011 Los Angeles Auto Show . The CR - V went on sale in the U.S. on December 15 , 2011 . It is powered with a 2.4 - liter i - VTEC inline - four engine puts out 185 hp and 163 pound - feet ( 220Nm ) of torque at 4,400 rpm along with an all - new Real - Time all - wheel - drive ( AWD ) with intelligent control system . All North American Honda CR - Vs come equipped with a 5 - speed automatic transmission . Facelift ( edit ) 2015 facelift The facelifted 2015 model year CR - V went on sale during October 2014 . The CR - V uses the direct injected `` Earth Dreams '' engine and continuously variable transmission ( CVT ) transmission combination first introduced on the ninth generation Accord , EPA estimated fuel economy is improved + 4 / + 3 / + 3 mpg ( city / highway / combined ) . The structure has been modified to improve crash performance , particularly in the IIHS 's small offset crash test . The suspension shock absorbers , springs , anti-roll bars and lower control arms are also revised to improve ride performance , while a reduced 15.6 : 1 steering gear ratio and larger brake booster gives it a sportier feel . Fifth generation ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) Fifth generation ( RW1 -- RW6 ) Overview Production Nov 2016 -- present Model years 2017 -- present Assembly East Liberty , Ohio , United States ( ELAP ) Greensburg , Indiana , United States ( HMIN ) El Salto , Jalisco , Mexico ( Honda Mexico ) Sayama , Saitama , Japan Ping - Tung , Taiwan Ayutthaya , Thailand ( Honda Ayutthaya Plant ) Alliston , Ontario , Canada ( HCM ) Alor Gajah , Melaka Malaysia Swindon , England ( HUKM ) Wuhan , China ( Dongfeng Honda ) Greater Noida , India ( Honda India ) Karawang , Indonesia ( Honda Prospect Motor ) Body and chassis Related Acura CDX Honda Civic ( tenth generation ) Powertrain Engine 2.4 L K24W I4 1.5 L L15B7 I4 ( turbo ) 2.0 L R20A I4 1.6 L I4 ( turbo - diesel ) Transmission Continuously Variable Transmission ( CVT ) 9 - speed ZF automatic ( diesel ) Dimensions Wheelbase 104.7 in ( 2,659 mm ) Length 180.6 in ( 4,587 mm ) Width 73.0 in ( 1,854 mm ) Height 66.1 in ( 1,679 mm ) ( FWD ) 66.5 in ( 1,689 mm ) ( AWD ) Curb weight 3307 -- 3397 lbs ( FWD ) 3421 -- 3512 lbs ( AWD ) Rear view The fifth generation CR - V was unveiled in October 2016 in Detroit . Sales began on December 21 , 2016 as a 2017 model year . In some European countries , the fourth generation model is still being sold . It utilises the same Honda compact global platform introduced on the 10th generation Civic . The base ( LX ) trim is powered by an Earth Dreams 2.4 - liter I - 4 engine with 184 hp ( 137 kW ; 187 PS ) , premium trims are equipped with a 1.5 - liter turbocharged I - 4 with 190 hp ( 142 kW ; 193 PS ) . The turbocharged engine delivers peak torque at 2,000 rpm - 5,000 rpm whereas the naturally - aspirated engine delivers its peak torque at 3,900 rpm . The `` Honda Sensing '' package , which includes features like Adaptive Cruise Control with Low - Speed Follow ( ACC ) , Collision Mitigation Braking ( CMBS ) and Lane Keeping Assist ( LKAS ) , are standard on EX and above trims ; the package was formerly reserved to the Touring trim prior to the 5th gen release . New safety features introduced include : Blind Spot Information ( BSI ) with Rear Cross Traffic Monitor ( CTM ) , replacing the LaneWatch system from the previous generation CR - V , and Auto High Beam ( HSS ) headlights . LED daytime - running lights , 18 '' Alloy Wheels , and electronic parking brake with a new auto - hold feature , are now standard on EX and up trim levels . Additional , new features include a power lift-gate , active grille shutter system to reduce aerodynamic drag , Android Auto / Apple CarPlay on an updated 7 - inch touch screen display with volume knob , 7 - inch TFT instrument display and LED headlights . Honda began producing the CR - V at Greensburg , Indiana ( HMIN ) during February 2017 . The fifth generation CR - V was also launched in Thailand on March 24 , 2017 , and in Indonesia on April 27 , 2017 at the 25th Indonesia International Motor Show . Indonesian models went on sale on June 17 , 2017 . The ASEAN models ( excluding Indonesia and Malaysia ) are available with a 1.6 - litre Honda i - DTEC turbodiesel option ( producing 160 horsepower and 350Nm of torque ) paired to a ZF 9HP transversely - mounted 9 - speed automatic transmission . The i - DTEC turbodiesel engine has been revised from having a single variable - nozzle turbocharger in the earlier version to having two turbochargers - one for low RPMs and the other for high RPMs - to minimise turbo lag . It uses an aluminum cylinder head paired to an open - deck cylinder block , with shorter and thinner piston skirts to reduce mechanical friction to levels comparable to a petrol engine . In the Philippines , the 1.6 - litre i - DTEC diesel engine manages 120 PS and 300 Nm of torque . The Honda CR - V Hybrid was unveiled at the 2017 Auto Shanghai in China during April 2017 . In Malaysia , four models are offered to the consumer which are : Honda CR - V 2.0 2WD SOHC i - VTEC Honda CR - V 1.5 TC 2WD DOHC VTEC TURBO Honda CR - V 1.5 TC 4WD DOHC VTEC TURBO Honda CR - V 1.5 TC - P 2WD DOHC VTEC TURBO Engines ( edit ) Engine Horsepower Torque 2.4 L I4 184 hp ( 137 kW ) @ 6,400 rpm 180 lb ⋅ ft ( 240 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,900 rpm 1.5 L I4 Turbo 190 hp ( 140 kW ) @ 5,600 rpm 179 lb ⋅ ft ( 243 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,200 rpm 2.0 L I4 152 hp ( 113 kW ) @ 6,500 rpm 139 lb ⋅ ft ( 188 N ⋅ m ) @ 4,300 rpm 1.6 L I4 Turbo Diesel 160 hp ( 120 kW ) @ 4,000 rpm 258 lb ⋅ ft ( 350 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,000 rpm . Safety ( edit ) NHTSA 2017 CR - V : Overall : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Passenger : Side Pole Driver : Rollover FWD : / 16.3 % Rollover AWD : / 16.2 % Sales ( edit ) US Sales of Honda CR - V Calendar year Sales 66,752 1998 100,582 1999 120,754 2000 118,260 118,313 2002 146,266 2003 143,909 149,281 2005 150,219 2006 170,028 2007 219,160 2008 197,279 2009 191,214 203,714 2011 218,373 2012 281,652 2013 303,904 2014 335,019 2015 345,647 2016 357,335 2017 377,895 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Honda CR - V Model Details '' . NADAguides . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Debuting in Japan for the 1996 model year , the five - passenger compact utility vehicle Honda CR - V was introduced to North America in early 1997 . Jump up ^ Stein , Jason ( 17 July 2005 ) . `` GM planning to beef up its lineup of small sport wagons by ' 08 '' . Autoweek . Automotive News . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . since the 1996 U.S. debut of the RAV4 . The Honda CR - V hit the market a year later . Jump up ^ `` Honda Announces a Full Model Change for the CR - V '' ( Press release ) . Honda Worldwide . 18 September 2001 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . The initials CR - V stand for `` Comfortable Runabout Vehicle '' . Jump up ^ `` Fact Book : Press Information CR - V Concept '' ( Press release ) ( in Japanese ) . Honda Japan . 18 September 2001 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . 心地よく自由に走り回れる乗り物 '' = Comfortable Runabout Vehicle Jump up ^ `` Cr - v 1995.10 '' . Fact Book : Press Information ( Press release ) ( in Japanese ) . Honda Japan . 9 October 1995 . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Comfortable Runabout Vehicle `` CR - V '' Jump up ^ Simister , John ( 15 September 2012 ) . `` It 's a better CR - V in every way ... '' The Independent . London . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . This is Honda 's fourth car to wear the CR - V initials that stand for Compact Recreational Vehicle . Republished as `` It 's a better CR - V in every way ... '' ( Press Reviews ) . Honda UK . 16 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2015 - 11 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Honda CRV Luxury '' . AutoSpeed. 2007 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lawsuits '' . Ortaffa , France : China Motor Vehicle Documentation Centre . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Honda CR - V Specs '' . JB car pages . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lienert , Anita ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) . `` 2012 Honda CR - V Concept Debuts Sep 22 , 2011 '' . Insideline.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` All - new Honda CR - V debuts at LA Auto Show '' . Jump up ^ Lienert , Paul ( 2011 - 11 - 17 ) . `` 2012 Honda CR - V Is Redesigned : 2011 Los Angeles Auto Show '' . Insideline.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release '' . www.honda.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 CR - V ( Preliminary ) Specifications & Features - Honda.com '' . News.honda.com. 2016 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Honda CR - V First Look Review '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Snavely , Brent ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Honda reveals all - new CR - V in Detroit '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Honda CR - V : Product & Performance Overview '' . Automoblog.net . February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abuelsamid , Sam ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` 2017 Honda CR - V : More Of Everything , Including A Volume Knob ! '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bold and Sophisticated Styling and Turbo Engine Power Restate the All - New 2017 Honda CR - V as the Outright Benchmark Compact SUV '' ( Press release ) . Honda News . 2016 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ America , Honda North . `` Honda to Add Production of Best - selling CR - V in Indiana '' . www.prnewswire.com ( Press release ) . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Honda CR - V Specifications '' . Honda Prospect Motor ( Indonesia ) . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The new 1.6 L i - DTEC Honda engine '' . Car-engineer.com. 2014 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ https://hondaphil.com/model/cr-v/specifications/ Jump up ^ `` 2017 HONDA CR - V SUV AWD NHTSA '' . Nhtsa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 HONDA CR - V SUV FWD NHTSA '' . Nhtsa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://www.honda.com/newsandviews/local_news_content/[5147d]_Honda_2012_Digital_FactBook.pdf Jump up ^ `` Honda Media Newsroom Release : American Honda Sets All - Time Sales Records '' ( Press release ) . Hondanews.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Media Newsroom Release : American Honda Sets New All - Time Sales Record for 2002 '' ( Press release ) . Hondanews.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Media Newsroom Release : American Honda Sets New All - Time Sales Record '' ( Press release ) . Hondanews.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Media Newsroom Release : American Honda Posts 10th Consecutive Year of Record Sales in 2006 '' ( Press release ) . Hondanews.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Media Newsroom Release : American Honda Reports 2008 Annual and December Monthly Sales '' ( Press release ) . Hondanews.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` American Honda December Sales Up 25.5 Percent '' ( Press release ) . PRnewswire.com. 4 January 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` American Honda Reports December Sales '' ( Press release ) . California : Hondanews.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Division Breaks Annual Auto Sales Record as Honda and Acura Brands Set Numerous New Sales Marks '' ( Press release ) . Honda News . 2015 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` American Honda Sets New All - Time Annual Sales Record '' ( Press release ) . Honda News . 2016 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Honda CR - V . CR - V at Honda Worldwide CR - V New Zealand Model CR - V Australia Model CR - V UK & IRELAND Model `` previous -- Honda road car timeline , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Kei car Today Today Life Life Life Today Associe Life That 's N - ONE Life Dunk Zest N - WGN Acty Street Street N - BOX Vamos Subcompact City / Jazz City Logo Brio City Brio Amaze Civic Civic Civic Civic Civic Fit / Jazz Fit / Jazz Fit / Jazz Ballade Ballade Concerto Domani Fit Aria / City City City / Grace Compact Domani Civic / Hybrid Civic / Hybrid Civic / Hybrid Civic Quint Quint Integra Integra Integra Integra Ascot Innova Integra SJ Accord Accord Accord Accord CB Accord CD Accord CF Insight Vigor Vigor Ascot Ascot Torneo Vigor Rafaga Accord Inspire Accord CB3 / CC Accord CG7 / CH5 Crider Mid-size Vigor Accord CG Accord CL Accord CU Accord CR Inspire Inspire / Saber Inspire / Saber Inspire / Accord UC FCX Clarity Clarity Full - size Inspire / Accord CP Legend Legend Legend Legend Legend Coupé Ballade Sports CR - X CR - X Civic Coupe Civic Coupe Insight CR - Z Integra Coupe Integra Coupe Integra Coupe Accord Coupe Accord Coupe Accord Coupe Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Legend Coupe Legend Coupe Roadster Beat S2000 S660 Convertible City Cabriolet CR - X del Sol Sport compact Civic Type R Civic Type R Civic Type R Civic Type R Civic Type R Integra Type R Integra Type R Sports car Accord Type R Accord Euro - R Torneo Euro - R NSX NSX NSX Type R NSX - R Mini Crossover Z HR - V Vezel / HR - V BR - V Compact Crossover Crossroad Crossroad Element CR - V CR - V CR - V Mid-size Crossover Crosstour Pilot Pilot SUV Jazz Passport Passport Pilot Horizon MDX MDX MDX Crossroad Station wagon Civic Country Civic Shuttle Civic Shuttle Orthia Airwave Fit Shuttle Fit Shuttle Accord Wagon CB9 Accord Wagon CEI Accord Wagon CF6 Accord Wagon CM Accord Tourer CW Avancier Avancier Mini MPV Capa Mobilio Spike Freed Spike Freed Spike EV Plus Mobilio Mobilio Compact MPV Stream Stream S - MX Edix / FR - V Jade Stepwgn Stepwgn Stepwgn Stepwgn Stepwgn Minivan Shuttle Odyssey RA6 Odyssey RB Odyssey RB3 Odyssey RC Odyssey LaGreat / Odyssey RL Odyssey RL3 Odyssey RL5 Elysion Elysion Pickup Tourmaster Ridgeline Ridgeline Microvan Acty Van Acty Acty Acty Van City Pro Civic Van Civic Pro Civic Pro Partner Van Partner 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 hide Honda road car timeline , North American market , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 Subcompact Insight Civic Civic Civic Civic Civic Fit Fit Fit Compact Insight Insight Accord Accord Accord Accord Civic Civic Civic Civic Mid-size Accord Accord Accord Accord Coupe Accord Accord Clarity Full - size Accord Sedan Coupe Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Sport compact CR - X CR - X del Sol CR - Z Civic Type R Sports car S2000 Crossover Mini HR - V Compact Element CR - V CR - V CR - V CR - V CR - V Mid-size Crosstour Pilot Pilot Pilot Sport Utility Vehicle Passport Passport Minivan Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Sport Utility Truck Ridgeline Ridgeline Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honda_CR-V&oldid=850306815 '' Categories : Honda vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles Compact sport utility vehicles Crossover sport utility vehicles Front - wheel - drive vehicles Cars introduced in 1995 1990s automobiles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 01 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20CR-V	10,879
do you get paid for being on the block nz	The show is hosted by former Black Cap Mark Richardson and Shelley Ferguson , while Peter Wolfkamp serves as site foreman . It follows four couples as they compete against each other to completely renovate , room by room , four neighbouring houses in Auckland , and then sell them at auction . Each couple keeps any profit made on the house , and the winner receives a bonus cash sum .		The Block NZ	the block nz	The Block NZ is a New Zealand reality show based on the popular Australian reality television series The Block . The first season premiered on Three on 4 July 2012 .	The show is hosted by former Black Cap Mark Richardson and Shelley Ferguson , while Peter Wolfkamp serves as site foreman . It follows four couples as they compete against each other to completely renovate , room by room , four neighbouring houses in Auckland , and then sell them at auction . Each couple keeps any profit made on the house , and the winner receives a bonus cash sum . The current main sponsors are hardware chain PlaceMakers , car manufacturer Honda , AMP bank , and restaurant franchise Pita Pit . Throughout seasons 1 -- 2 , car manufacturer Mazda was also a main sponsor , but for season 3 , the sponsorship was awarded to car manufacturer Honda . Other previous sponsors include Bunning 's Warehouse and BP 's Wild Bean Cafe . The series premiered in Australia on 9Go ! on 12 August 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Differences from the Australian series 3 Hosts and judges 4 Series overview 5 Profits 6 Season synopses 6.1 Season 1 6.2 Season 2 6.3 Season 3 6.4 Season 4 6.5 Season 5 6.6 Season 6 7 Notes 8 References Development ( edit ) The show was initially announced on 24 February 2012 , when a casting call went out and saw over 1,000 couples apply . The four couples selected for the first season were announced on the official Facebook page on 17 June 2012 . Differences from the Australian series ( edit ) The series differs from the original Australian version in several ways . In the New Zealand version , the final contestants have been pre-determined by the show 's producers . This contrasts to the Australian version , where the final couples are decided from a shortlist in an elimination week . In the New Zealand version , the show aired twice a week in the first season , thrice a week in the second season , and four times a week in the third season , as opposed to the Australian show 's Sunday to Thursday schedule . In all four seasons thus far , there are challenges to determine auction order rather than contestants deciding amongst themselves , or being randomly drawn out , and the final challenge winners never have prices knocked off the original reserve price . Hosts and judges ( edit ) Timeline of hosts , judges and other personnel Starring Season 5 6 Current Mark Richardson Host Shelley Ferguson Judge Host Bernadette Morrison Judge Judge Jason Bonham Judge Judge Peter Wolfkamp Site foreman Former Shannon Ryan Host Victoria Bidwell Judge Stewart Harris Judge Janice Kumar - Ward Judge Jeremy Hansen Judge Mark Gascoigne Judge Fiona McLeod Judge Paul Izzard Judge Series overview ( edit ) Season Title Location Episodes Originally aired Result Season premiere Season finale Winning team Winning profit ( NZD ) Total Profit The Block NZ Takapuna , Auckland 20 4 July 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 04 ) 6 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 06 ) Libby & Ben Crawford $157,000 $237,000 The Block NZ 2013 Belmont , Auckland 31 26 August 2013 ( 2013 - august - 26 ) 4 November 2013 ( 2013 - november - 04 ) Alice & Caleb Pearson $181,000 $261,000 The Block NZ 2014 Point Chevalier , Auckland 49 26 August 2014 ( 2014 - august - 26 ) 18 November 2014 ( 2014 - november - 18 ) Alex & Corban Walls $227,000 $307,000 Villa Wars Sandringham and Three Kings , Auckland 40 29 September 2015 ( 2015 - september - 29 ) 6 December 2015 ( 2015 - december - 06 ) Brooke Thompson & Mitch Davies $190,000 $290,000 5 Girls Vs. Boys Meadowbank , Auckland 46 29 May 2016 ( 2016 - may - 29 ) 14 August 2016 ( 2016 - august - 14 ) Sam Cable & Emmett Vallender $380,000 $480,000 6 Side X Side Northcote , North Shore , Auckland 49 25 June 2017 ( 2017 - june - 25 ) 17 September 2017 ( 2017 - september - 17 ) Andy Murdie & Nate Ross $31,000 $131,000 Profits ( edit ) Season No. of teams No. of properties sold at auction Winning Prize Average auction profit Combined auction profit 2012 $80,000 $58,000 $232,000 2013 $74,750 $299,000 2014 $111,250 $445,000 2015 $100,000 $158,250 $633,000 5 2016 $245,250 $981,000 6 2017 $16,250 $65,000 Overall combined profit $ 7006265500000000000 ♠ 2,655,000 Including Prize Money ( $540,000 ) $ 7006319500000000000 ♠ 3,195,000 ^ 1 The combined auction profit excludes the winning prize money Season synopses ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : The Block NZ ( season 1 ) The first season of The Block NZ premiered on 4 July 2012 and ended on 6 September 2012 . It was set in the Auckland suburb of Takapuna . House Auction spot Couple Reserve Auction Result Profit Total Winnings Placing spot Rachel & Tyson $789,000 $789,000 $0 $0 4th Sarah & Rich $806,000 $870,000 $64,000 $64,000 2nd Libby & Ben $804,000 $961,000 $157,000 $237,000 1st Ginny & Rhys $794,000 $805,000 $11,000 $11,000 3rd Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : The Block NZ ( season 2 ) The second season of The Block NZ premiered on 26 August 2013 and ended on 4 November 2013 . It was set in the Auckland suburb of Belmont . House Auction spot Couple Reserve Auction Result Profit Total Winnings Placing spot Alice & Caleb $945,000 $1.126 m $181,000 $260,000 1st Alisa & Koan $948,000 $1.014 m $66,000 $66,000 2nd Pete & Andy $925,000 $952,000 $27,000 $27,000 3rd Loz & Tom $922,000 $947,000 $25,000 $25,000 4th Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : The Block NZ ( season 3 ) The third season of The Block NZ premiered on 26 August 2014 and ended on 18 November 2014 . It was set in the Auckland suburb of Point Chevalier , the first time the Block was held outside of North Shore . House Auction spot Couple Reserve Auction Result Profit Total Winnings Placing spot Quinn & Ben $1.325 m $1.335 m $10,000 $10,000 4th Maree & James $1.325 m $1.472 m $147,000 $147,000 2nd Alex & Corban $1.325 m $1.552 m $227,000 $307,000 1st Jo & Damo $1.325 m $1.386 m $61,000 $61,000 3rd Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : The Block NZ ( season 4 ) The fourth season of The Block NZ premiered on 29 September 2015 . It was set boundaries of the Auckland suburbs of Sandringham and Three Kings . The title for season four was The Block NZ : Villa Wars . House Auction spot Couple Reserve Auction Result Profit Total Winnings Placing spot Jamie & Hayden $1.175 m $1.335 m $160,000 $160,000 2nd ( tie ) Sarah & Minanne $1.149 m $1.272 m $123,000 $123,000 4th Cat & Jeremy $1.160 m $1.320 m $160,000 $160,000 2nd ( tie ) Brooke & Mitch $1.160 m $1.350 m $190,000 $290,000 1st Season 5 ( edit ) Main article : The Block NZ ( season 5 ) The fifth season of The Block NZ premiered on 29 May 2016 and was filmed in the Auckland suburb of Meadowbank . The title of this series is `` Girls vs Boys '' with two of the teams being made up of females and the other two made up with males . It had netted the highest combined profits of $981,000 . House Auction spot Couple Reserve Auction Result Profit Total Winnings Placing spot Niki & Tiff $1,170,000 $1,320,000 $150,000 $150,000 4th Dyls & Dylz $1,190,000 $1,341,000 $151,000 $151,000 3rd Courtney & Emma $1,210,000 $1,510,000 $300,000 $300,000 2nd Sam & Emmett $1,230,000 $1,610,000 $380,000 $480,000 1st Season 6 ( edit ) Main article : The Block NZ ( season 6 ) On 14 August 2016 , Three announced the series will return for a sixth season . The sixth season premiered on 25 June 2017 . It was set in the Auckland suburbs of Northcote , North Shore . The title of this series is `` Side X Side '' , as each of the houses were large 4 - storey townhouses the largest houses in terms of floor areas in the history of The Block NZ . It had netted the lowest combined profits ( $65,000 ) , and it also saw the first time a house did n't meet reserve , but got the highest bid on the re-sell . House Auction spot Couple Reserve Auction Result Profit Total Winnings Placing spot Ling & Zing $1,299,000 $1,300,000 $1,000 $1,000 4th 2 & 5 Andy & Nate $1,219,000 $1,250,000 $31,000 $131,000 1st Julia & Ali $1,229,000 $1,242,000 $13,000 $13,000 3rd Stace & Yanita $1,251,000 $1,271,000 $20,000 $20,000 2nd Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ House was passed in as the reserve was not met the first time , and then went back to auction after fourth auction was complete . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Block NZ 's photo '' . Facebook.com. 20 May 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Big news - the hosts of The Block NZ have been announced ! We 've got sports star turned broadcaster Mark Richardson as the show host and the gorgeous Shannon Ryan will joining him as the challenge presenter . Bring it on ! Jump up ^ Smithies , Grant ( 25 June 2017 ) . `` The Questionnaire : The Block NZ 's Aaron Dolbel '' . i.stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Block gears up for Auckland inner - city sites '' . The New Zealand Herald . 19 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/tv-radio/77144069/the-block-2016-the-secret-location-is-out Jump up ^ Hallahan , Marnie ( 31 May 2012 ) . `` Bargains on The Block '' . North Shore Times - via Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` About The Block NZ '' . tv3.co.nz . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.morefm.co.nz/TV3s-announces-new-season-and-new-host-of-The-Block-NZ/tabid/92/articleID/26383/Default.aspx Jump up ^ Springall , Lesley . `` The Block NZ -- leveraged to perfection '' . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TV3 's The Block searching for contestants '' . newshub.co.nz. 24 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Block NZ contestants revealed '' . 3news.co.nz. 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Block NZ photo '' . Facebook.com. 17 June 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . The Block has finally come NZ and we 're thrilled to announce the teams ! Meet Sarah & Rich from Hamilton , Libby & Ben from CHCH & AKL , Ginny & Rhys from New Plymouth and Rachel & Ty from Wellington ! Who will nail it ? The Block NZ , Wednesdays and Thursdays from 4th July on TV3 . C'Mon now ! ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the new Block NZ judges '' . Stuff.co.nz. 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.tv3.co.nz/NEW-JUDGES-FOR-THE-BLOCK-NZ-VILLA-WARS/tabid/2983/articleID/117657/Default.aspx ^ Jump up to : http://www.newshub.co.nz/home/entertainment/2017/06/the-block-nz-2017-judges-revealed.html Jump up ^ http://www.tv3.co.nz/Interview-with-The-Block-NZ-Foreman/tabid/2986/articleID/77896/Default.aspx ^ Jump up to : `` Lights , camera ... DIY '' . 27 May 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Q&A with The Block NZ Judges '' . tv3.co.nz . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Block NZ contestants revealed '' . 3 News . 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Block NZ Villa Wars '' . 10 September 2015 . Retrieved 24 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CONTESTANT SEARCH : The Block NZ 2016 '' . www.tv3.co.nz . TV3 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.newshub.co.nz/entertainment/the-block-nz-girls-vs-boys-2016051506 ^ Jump up to : `` Social media lashes out at two attempts to sell winning Block house '' . NZ Herald . 2017 - 09 - 17 . ISSN 1170 - 0777 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Block NZ winners : ' I could n't have done it without him ' '' . i.stuff.co.nz . Stuff . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Block NZ 's Mark Richardson reveals what 's different about this year 's show '' . i.stuff.co.nz . Stuff . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Block NZ heads to the North Shore '' . newshub.co.nz. 11 June 2017 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . The Block NZ Series 4 ( Villa Wars ) 5 ( Girls vs Boys ) 6 ( Side X Side ) The Block Seasons 5 6 ( All Stars ) 7 ( Sky High ) 8 ( Fans v Faves ) 9 ( Glasshouse ) 10 ( Triple Threat ) 11 ( Blocktagon ) 12 13 Hosts Jamie Durie ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Scott Cam ( 2010 -- ) Shelley Craft ( 2011 -- ) International adaptations Netherlands ( 2004 -- 2007 ) United Kingdom ( 2004 ) Israel ( 2009 ) New Zealand ( 2012 -- ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Block_NZ&oldid=806500730 '' Categories : New Zealand reality television series 2010s New Zealand television series 2012 New Zealand television series debuts Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2011 Use New Zealand English from May 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 12 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Block%20NZ	108,001
how many circuit courts are there in the united states	There are thirteen U.S. courts of appeals , although there are other tribunals that have `` Court of Appeals '' in their titles , such as the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces , which hears appeals in court - martial cases , and the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims , which reviews final decisions by the Board of Veterans ' Appeals in the Department of Veterans Affairs . The eleven numbered circuits and the D.C. Circuit are geographically defined . The thirteenth court of appeals is the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit , which has nationwide jurisdiction over certain appeals based on their subject matter . All of the courts of appeals also hear appeals from some administrative agency decisions and rulemaking , with by far the largest share of these cases heard by the D.C. Circuit . The Federal Circuit hears appeals from specialized trial courts , primarily the United States Court of International Trade and the United States Court of Federal Claims , as well as appeals from the district courts in patent cases and certain other specialized matters .		United States courts of appeals	united states courts of appeals		House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The United States courts of appeals or circuit courts are the intermediate appellate courts of the United States federal court system . A court of appeals decides appeals from the district courts within its federal judicial circuit , and in some instances from other designated federal courts and administrative agencies . The United States courts of appeals are considered among the most powerful and influential courts in the United States . Because of their ability to set legal precedent in regions that cover millions of Americans , the United States courts of appeals have strong policy influence on U.S. law . Moreover , because the U.S. Supreme Court chooses to review fewer than 2 % of the more than 7,000 to 8,000 cases filed with it annually , the U.S. courts of appeals serve as the final arbiter on most federal cases . The Ninth Circuit in particular is very influential , covering 20 % of the American population . There are currently 179 judgeships on the U.S. courts of appeals authorized by Congress in 28 U.S.C. § 43 pursuant to Article III of the U.S. Constitution . These judges are nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate . They have lifetime tenure , earning ( as of 2016 ) an annual salary of $215,400 . There are thirteen U.S. courts of appeals , although there are other tribunals that have `` Court of Appeals '' in their titles , such as the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces , which hears appeals in court - martial cases , and the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims , which reviews final decisions by the Board of Veterans ' Appeals in the Department of Veterans Affairs . The eleven numbered circuits and the D.C. Circuit are geographically defined . The thirteenth court of appeals is the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit , which has nationwide jurisdiction over certain appeals based on their subject matter . All of the courts of appeals also hear appeals from some administrative agency decisions and rulemaking , with by far the largest share of these cases heard by the D.C. Circuit . The Federal Circuit hears appeals from specialized trial courts , primarily the United States Court of International Trade and the United States Court of Federal Claims , as well as appeals from the district courts in patent cases and certain other specialized matters . Decisions of the U.S. courts of appeals have been published by the private company West Publishing in the Federal Reporter series since the courts were established . Only decisions that the courts designate for publication are included . The `` unpublished '' opinions ( of all but the Fifth and Eleventh Circuits ) are published separately in West 's Federal Appendix , and they are also available in on - line databases like LexisNexis or Westlaw . More recently , court decisions have also been made available electronically on official court websites . However , there are also a few federal court decisions that are classified for national security reasons . The circuit with the smallest number of appellate judges is the First Circuit , and the one with the largest number of appellate judges is the geographically large and populous Ninth Circuit in the Far West . The number of judges that the U.S. Congress has authorized for each circuit is set forth by law in 28 U.S.C. § 44 , while the places where those judges must regularly sit to hear appeals are prescribed in 28 U.S.C. § 48 . Although the courts of appeals are frequently called `` circuit courts '' , they should not be confused with the former United States circuit courts , which were active from 1789 to 1911 , during the time when long - distance transportation was much less available , and which were primarily first - level federal trial courts that moved periodically from place to place in `` circuits '' in order to serve the dispersed population in towns and the smaller cities that existed then . The current `` courts of appeals '' system was established in the Judiciary Act of 1891 , also known as the Evarts Act . Contents ( hide ) 1 Procedure 2 Attorneys 3 Nomenclature 4 Judicial councils 5 Circuit composition 6 Circuit population 7 History 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Procedure ( edit ) Because the courts of appeals possess only appellate jurisdiction , they do not hold trials . Only courts with original jurisdiction hold trials and thus determine punishments ( in criminal cases ) and remedies ( in civil cases ) . Instead , appeals courts review decisions of trial courts for errors of law . Accordingly , an appeals court considers only the record ( that is , the papers the parties filed and the transcripts and any exhibits from any trial ) from the trial court , and the legal arguments of the parties . These arguments , which are presented in written form and can range in length from dozens to hundreds of pages , are known as briefs . Sometimes lawyers are permitted to add to their written briefs with oral arguments before the appeals judges . At such hearings , only the parties ' lawyers speak to the court . The rules that govern the procedure in the courts of appeals are the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure . In a court of appeals , an appeal is almost always heard by a `` panel '' of three judges who are randomly selected from the available judges ( including senior judges and judges temporarily assigned to the circuit ) . Some cases , however , receive an en banc hearing . Except in the Ninth Circuit Courts , the en banc court consists of all of the circuit judges who are on active status , but it does not include the senior or assigned judges ( except that under some circumstances , a senior judge may participate in an en banc hearing when he or she participated at an earlier stage of the same case ) . Many decades ago , certain classes of federal court cases held the right of an automatic appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States . That is , one of the parties in the case could appeal a decision of a court of appeals to the Supreme Court , and it had to accept the case . The right of automatic appeal for most types of decisions of a court of appeals was ended by an Act of Congress , the Judiciary Act of 1925 . This law was urged by Chief Justice William Howard Taft , and it also reorganized many other things in the federal court system . The current procedure is that a party in a case may apply to the Supreme Court to review a ruling of the circuit court . This is called petitioning for a writ of certiorari , and the Supreme Court may choose , in its sole discretion , to review any lower court ruling . In extremely rare cases , the Supreme Court may grant the writ of certiorari before the judgment is rendered by the court of appeals , thereby reviewing the lower court 's ruling directly . Certiorari before judgment was granted in the Watergate scandal - related case , United States v. Nixon , and in the 2005 decision involving the Federal Sentencing Guidelines , United States v. Booker . A court of appeals may also pose questions to the Supreme Court for a ruling in the midst of reviewing a case . This procedure was formerly used somewhat commonly , but now it is quite rare . The Second Circuit , sitting en banc , attempted to use this procedure in the case United States v. Penaranda , as a result of the Supreme Court 's decision in Blakely v. Washington , but the Supreme Court dismissed the question after resolving the same issue in another case , which had come before the Court through the standard procedure . The last instance of the Supreme Court accepting a set of questions and answering them was in a case in 1982 . A court of appeals may convene a Bankruptcy Appellate Panel to hear appeals in bankruptcy cases directly from the bankruptcy court of its circuit . As of 2008 , only the First , Sixth , Eighth , Ninth , and Tenth Circuits have established a Bankruptcy Appellate Panel . Those circuits that do not have a Bankruptcy Appellate Panel have their bankruptcy appeals heard by the District Court . Courts of appeals decisions , unlike those of the lower federal courts , establish binding precedents . Other federal courts in that circuit must , from that point forward , follow the appeals court 's guidance in similar cases , regardless of whether the trial judge thinks that the case should be decided differently . Federal and state laws can and do change from time to time , depending on the actions of Congress and the state legislatures . Therefore , the law that exists at the time of the appeal might be different from the law that existed at the time of the events that are in controversy under civil or criminal law in the case at hand . A court of appeals applies the law as it exists at the time of the appeal ; otherwise , it would be handing down decisions that would be instantly obsolete , and this would be a waste of time and resources , since such decisions could not be cited as precedent . `` ( A ) court is to apply the law in effect at the time it renders its decision , unless doing so would result in manifest injustice , or there is statutory direction or some legislative history to the contrary . '' However , the above rule can not apply in criminal cases if the effect of applying the newer law would be to create an ex post facto law to the detriment of the defendant . Attorneys ( edit ) In order to serve as counsel in a case appealed to a circuit court the attorney must be admitted to the bar of that circuit . Admission to the bar of a circuit court is granted as a matter of course to any attorney who is admitted to practice law in any state of the United States . The attorney submits an application , pays a fee , and takes the oath of admission . Local practice varies as to whether the oath is given in writing or in open court before a judge of the circuit , and most courts of appeals allow the applicant attorney to choose which method he or she prefers . Nomenclature ( edit ) When the courts of appeals were created in 1891 , one was created for each of the nine circuits then existing , and each court was named the `` United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the _____ Circuit '' . When a court of appeals was created for the District of Columbia in 1893 , it was named the `` Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia '' , and it was renamed to the `` United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia '' in 1934 . In 1948 , Congress renamed all of the courts of appeals then existing to their current formal names : the court of appeals for each numbered circuit was named the `` United States Court of Appeals for the _____ Circuit '' , and the `` United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia '' became the `` United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit '' . The Tenth Circuit was created in 1929 by subdividing the existing Eighth Circuit , and the Eleventh Circuit was created in 1981 by subdividing the existing Fifth Circuit . The Federal Circuit was created in 1982 by the merger of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and the appellate division of the United States Court of Claims . Judicial councils ( edit ) Main article : Judicial council ( United States ) Judicial councils are panels in each circuit that are charged with making `` necessary and appropriate orders for the effective and expeditious administration of justice '' within their circuits . Among their responsibilities is judicial discipline , the formulation of circuit policy , the implementation of policy directives received from the Judicial Conference of the United States , and the annual submission of a report to the Administrative Office of the United States Courts on the number and nature of orders entered during the year that relate to judicial misconduct . Judicial councils consist of the chief judge of the circuit and an equal number of circuit judges and district judges of the circuit . Circuit composition ( edit ) Map of the boundaries of the United States Courts of Appeals and United States District Courts District of Columbia Circuit ( Washington ) District of Columbia First Circuit ( Boston ) District of Maine District of Massachusetts District of New Hampshire District of Puerto Rico District of Rhode Island Second Circuit ( New York City ) District of Connecticut Eastern District of New York Northern District of New York Southern District of New York Western District of New York District of Vermont Third Circuit ( Philadelphia ) District of Delaware District of New Jersey Eastern District of Pennsylvania Middle District of Pennsylvania Western District of Pennsylvania District of the Virgin Islands Fourth Circuit ( Richmond ) District of Maryland Eastern District of North Carolina Middle District of North Carolina Western District of North Carolina District of South Carolina Eastern District of Virginia Western District of Virginia Northern District of West Virginia Southern District of West Virginia Fifth Circuit ( New Orleans ) Eastern District of Louisiana Middle District of Louisiana Western District of Louisiana Northern District of Mississippi Southern District of Mississippi Eastern District of Texas Northern District of Texas Southern District of Texas Western District of Texas Sixth Circuit ( Cincinnati ) Eastern District of Kentucky Western District of Kentucky Eastern District of Michigan Western District of Michigan Northern District of Ohio Southern District of Ohio Eastern District of Tennessee Middle District of Tennessee Western District of Tennessee Seventh Circuit ( Chicago ) Central District of Illinois Northern District of Illinois Southern District of Illinois Northern District of Indiana Southern District of Indiana Eastern District of Wisconsin Western District of Wisconsin Eighth Circuit ( St. Louis ) Eastern District of Arkansas Western District of Arkansas Northern District of Iowa Southern District of Iowa District of Minnesota Eastern District of Missouri Western District of Missouri District of Nebraska District of North Dakota District of South Dakota Ninth Circuit ( San Francisco ) District of Alaska District of Arizona Central District of California Eastern District of California Northern District of California Southern District of California District of Guam District of Hawaii District of Idaho District of Montana District of Nevada District of the Northern Mariana Islands District of Oregon Eastern District of Washington Western District of Washington Tenth Circuit ( Denver ) District of Colorado District of Kansas District of New Mexico Eastern District of Oklahoma Northern District of Oklahoma Western District of Oklahoma District of Utah District of Wyoming Eleventh Circuit ( Atlanta ) Middle District of Alabama Northern District of Alabama Southern District of Alabama Middle District of Florida Northern District of Florida Southern District of Florida Middle District of Georgia Northern District of Georgia Southern District of Georgia Federal Circuit ( Washington ) Courts Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims Court of Federal Claims Court of International Trade Administrative agencies Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals Patent Trial and Appeal Board Bureau of Justice Assistance Civilian Board of Contract Appeals International Trade Commission Merit Systems Protection Board Office of Compliance Personnel Appeals Board Trademark Trial and Appeal Board ^ Jump up to : These are article IV territorial courts and are therefore not part of the federal judiciary . Jump up ^ The Federal Circuit also has appellate jurisdiction over certain claims filed in any district court . ^ Jump up to : These are article I tribunals and are therefore not part of the federal judiciary . ^ Jump up to : These are administrative bodies within the executive branch and are therefore not part of the federal judiciary . Jump up ^ This is an administrative body within the legislative branch are therefore not part of the federal judiciary . Circuit population ( edit ) Based on 2010 United States Census figures , the population residing in each circuit is as follows . Circuit Authorized judges Population Percentage of US population Population per authorized judge D.C. Circuit 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7005601723000000000 ♠ 601,723 6997190000000000000 ♠ 0.19 % 7004547020000000000 ♠ 54,702 1st Circuit 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7007139708160000000 ♠ 13,970,816 6998446999999999999 ♠ 4.47 % 7006232846900000000 ♠ 2,328,469 2nd Circuit 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7007235779400000000 ♠ 23,577,940 6998754000000000000 ♠ 7.54 % 7006181368800000000 ♠ 1,813,688 3rd Circuit 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7007224986120000000 ♠ 22,498,612 6998719000000000000 ♠ 7.19 % 7006160704400000000 ♠ 1,607,044 4th Circuit 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7007297884170000000 ♠ 29,788,417 6998951999999999999 ♠ 9.52 % 7006198589400000000 ♠ 1,985,894 5th Circuit 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7007326462300000000 ♠ 32,646,230 6999104400000000000 ♠ 10.44 % 7006192036600000000 ♠ 1,920,366 6th Circuit 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7007321056160000000 ♠ 32,105,616 6999102600000000000 ♠ 10.26 % 7006200660100000000 ♠ 2,006,601 7th Circuit 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7007250014200000000 ♠ 25,001,420 6998799000000000000 ♠ 7.99 % 7006227285600000000 ♠ 2,272,856 8th Circuit 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7007205682370000000 ♠ 20,568,237 6998658000000000000 ♠ 6.58 % 7006186984000000000 ♠ 1,869,840 9th Circuit 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7007617429080000000 ♠ 61,742,908 6999197400000000000 ♠ 19.74 % 7006212906600000000 ♠ 2,129,066 10th Circuit 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7007170203550000000 ♠ 17,020,355 6998544000000000000 ♠ 5.44 % 7006141836300000000 ♠ 1,418,363 11th Circuit 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7007332686990000000 ♠ 33,268,699 6999106400000000000 ♠ 10.64 % 7006277239200000000 ♠ 2,772,392 Federal Circuit 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 N / A N / A N / A Total 7002179000000000000 ♠ 179 7008312790973000000 ♠ 312,790,973 7000100000000000000 ♠ 100 % 7006174743600000000 ♠ 1,747,436 History ( edit ) The Judiciary Act of 1789 established three circuits , which were groups of judicial districts in which United States circuit courts were established . Each circuit court consisted of two Supreme Court justices and the local district judge ; the three circuits existed solely for the purpose of assigning the justices to a group of circuit courts . Some districts ( generally the ones most difficult for an itinerant justice to reach ) did not have a circuit court ; in these districts the district court exercised the original jurisdiction of a circuit court . As new states were admitted to the Union , Congress often did not create circuit courts for them for a number of years . The Midnight Judges Act reorganized the districts into six circuits , and created circuit judgeships so that Supreme Court justices would no longer have to ride circuit . This Act , however , was repealed in March 1802 , and Congress provided that the former circuit courts would be revived as of July 1 of that year . But it then passed the new Judiciary Act of 1802 in April , so that the revival of the old courts never took effect . The 1802 Act restored circuit riding , but with only one justice to a circuit ; it therefore created six new circuits , but with slightly different compositions than the 1801 Act . These six circuits later were augmented by others . Until 1866 , each new circuit ( except the short - lived California Circuit ) was accompanied by a newly created Supreme Court seat . State Judicial District ( s ) created Circuit assignment ( s ) New Hampshire 1789 Eastern , 1789 -- 1801 1st , 1801 -- Massachusetts 1789 Eastern , 1789 -- 1801 1st , 1801 -- Maine 1789 Eastern , 1789 -- 1801 1st , 1801 -- 1820 1st , 1820 -- Rhode Island 1790 Eastern , 1790 -- 1801 1st , 1801 -- Connecticut 1789 Eastern , 1789 -- 1801 2nd , 1801 -- New York 1789 Eastern , 1789 -- 1801 2nd , 1801 -- New Jersey 1789 Middle , 1789 -- 1801 3rd , 1801 -- Pennsylvania 1789 Middle , 1789 -- 1801 3rd , 1801 -- Delaware 1789 Middle , 1789 -- 1801 3rd , 1801 -- 1802 4th , 1802 -- 1866 3rd , 1866 -- Maryland 1789 Middle , 1789 -- 1801 4th , 1801 -- Virginia 1789 Middle , 1789 -- 1801 4th , 1801 -- 1802 5th , 1802 -- 1842 4th , 1842 -- Kentucky 1789 6th , 1801 -- 1802 7th , 1807 -- 1837 8th , 1837 -- 1863 6th , 1863 -- North Carolina 1790 Southern , 1790 -- 1801 5th , 1801 -- 1842 6th , 1842 -- 1863 4th , 1863 -- South Carolina 1789 Southern , 1789 -- 1801 5th , 1801 -- 1802 6th , 1802 -- 1863 5th , 1863 -- 1866 4th , 1866 -- Georgia 1789 Southern , 1789 -- 1801 5th , 1801 -- 1802 6th , 1802 -- 1863 5th , 1863 -- 1981 11th , 1981 -- Vermont 1791 Eastern , 1791 -- 1801 2nd , 1801 -- Tennessee 1796 6th , 1801 -- 1802 7th , 1807 -- 1837 8th , 1837 -- 1863 6th , 1863 -- Ohio 1801 ( abolished 1802 ) 6th , 1801 -- 1802 Ohio 1803 7th , 1807 -- 1866 6th , 1866 -- Louisiana 1812 9th , 1837 -- 1842 ( Eastern District ) 5th , 1842 -- 1863 6th , 1863 -- 1866 5th , 1866 -- Indiana 1816 7th , 1837 -- Mississippi 1817 9th , 1837 -- 1863 5th , 1863 -- Illinois 1818 7th , 1837 -- 1863 8th , 1863 -- 1866 7th , 1866 -- Alabama 1819 9th , 1837 -- 1842 5th , 1842 -- 1981 11th , 1981 -- Missouri 1821 8th , 1837 -- 1863 9th , 1863 -- 1866 8th , 1866 -- Arkansas 1836 9th , 1837 -- 1851 9th , 1851 -- 1863 ( Eastern District ) 6th , 1863 -- 1866 ( Eastern District ) 8th , 1866 -- Michigan 1837 7th , 1837 -- 1863 8th , 1863 -- 1866 6th , 1866 -- Florida 1845 5th , 1863 -- 1981 11th , 1981 -- Texas 1845 6th , 1863 -- 1866 5th , 1866 -- Iowa 1846 9th , 1863 -- 1866 8th , 1866 -- Wisconsin 1848 8th , 1863 -- 1866 7th , 1866 -- California 1850 California Circuit , 1855 -- 1863 10th , 1863 -- 1866 9th , 1866 -- Minnesota 1858 9th , 1863 -- 1866 8th , 1866 -- Oregon 1859 10th , 1863 -- 1866 9th , 1866 -- Kansas 1861 9th , 1863 -- 1866 8th , 1866 -- 1929 10th , 1929 -- West Virginia 1863 4th , 1863 -- Nevada 1864 9th , 1866 -- Nebraska 1867 8th , 1867 -- Colorado 1876 8th , 1876 -- 1929 10th , 1929 -- North Dakota 1889 8th , 1889 -- South Dakota 1889 8th , 1889 -- Montana 1889 9th , 1889 -- Washington 1889 9th , 1889 -- Idaho 1890 9th , 1890 -- Wyoming 1890 8th , 1890 -- 1929 10th , 1929 -- Utah 1896 8th , 1896 -- 1929 10th , 1929 -- Oklahoma 1907 8th , 1907 -- 1929 10th , 1929 -- New Mexico 1912 8th , 1912 -- 1929 10th , 1929 -- Arizona 1912 9th , 1912 -- District of Columbia 1948 District of Columbia Circuit , 1948 -- Alaska 1959 9th , 1959 -- Hawaii 1959 9th , 1959 -- Puerto Rico 1966 1st , 1966 -- Guam Virgin Islands Philippines 1898 Panama Canal Zone See also ( edit ) List of United States courts of appeals cases State supreme court Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Federal Circuit 's jurisdiction is not based on geography ; rather , the Federal Circuit has jurisdiction over the entire United States , for certain classes of cases . Jump up ^ The Judiciary Act of 1789 divided Massachusetts into the Maine District , comprising what is now the State of Maine , and the Massachusetts District , comprising the remainder of the state . Jump up ^ The Judiciary Act of 1789 divided Virginia into the Kentucky District , comprising what is now the Commonwealth of Kentucky , and the Virginia District , comprising the remainder of the state . Jump up ^ The first District of Ohio encompassed the Northwest and Indiana Territories . Jump up ^ The pre-existing courts of the District of Columbia were elevated to United States district court and court of appeals status in 1948 . The courts of the District had been incorporated into the Federal Court System by the Judiciary Act of 1925 . Jump up ^ The pre-existing territorial district court of Puerto Rico was elevated to United States district court status . Appellate jurisdiction from the Puerto Rico courts was assigned to the 1st Circuit in 1915 . Jump up ^ There were U.S. Federal Courts in the Philippines following the Spanish -- American War of 1898 up through the granting of independence to the Philippines on July 4 , 1946 -- with the exception of the Philippine occupation by the Japanese Army in 1942 -- 45 . Jump up ^ There were formerly U.S. Federal Courts in the Panama Canal Zone , until that Zone was returned to Panama by treaty on December 31 , 1999 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 43 provides that `` There shall be in each circuit a court of appeals , which shall be a court of record , known as the United States Court of Appeals for the circuit '' . Jump up ^ U.S. Supreme Court FAQ Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Judicial Compensation U.S. Courts . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ The U.S. Courts of Appeals and the Federal Judiciary , History of the Federal Judiciary , Federal Judicial Center ( last visited March 5 , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Nixon , 418 U.S. 683 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ United States v. Booker , 543 U.S. 220 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Blakely v. Washington , 542 U.S. 296 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Bradley v. Richmond Sch . Bd. , 416 U.S. 696 , 711 - 12 ( 1974 ) ^ Jump up to : Barbour , Emily C. ( April 7 , 2011 ) , Judicial Discipline Process : An Overview ( PDF ) , Congressional Research Service Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 332 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 332 ( g ) Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 332 ( 1 ) ( a ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States courts of appeals . Info about U.S. courts History of the Federal Judiciary ( Federal Judicial Center ) Official site of the United States Courts United States Appeals Courts @ OpenJurist Federal Court Concepts , Georgia Tech Current judges of the United States courts of appeals 1st Circuit Active Howard Torruella Lynch Thompson Kayatta Barron Senior Campbell Selya Boudin Stahl Lipez 2nd Circuit Active Katzmann Jacobs Cabranes Pooler Raggi Hall Livingston Chin Lohier Carney Droney 2 seats vacant Senior Newman Kearse Winter Walker Leval Calabresi Straub Sack Parker Wesley Lynch 3rd Circuit Active D. Smith McKee Ambro Chagares Jordan Hardiman Greenaway Vanaskie Shwartz Krause Restrepo Bibas 2 seats vacant Senior Sloviter Stapleton Greenberg Scirica Cowen Nygaard Roth Rendell Barry Fuentes Fisher 4th Circuit Active Gregory Wilkinson Niemeyer Motz Traxler King Duncan Agee Keenan Wynn Diaz Floyd Thacker Harris 1 seat vacant Senior Hamilton Shedd 5th Circuit Active Stewart Jones Smith Dennis Owen Elrod Southwick Haynes Graves Higginson Costa Willett Ho Duncan Engelhardt 2 seats vacant Senior King Reavley Higginbotham Jolly Davis Duhé Barksdale Wiener Benavides Clement 6th Circuit Active Cole Batchelder Moore Clay Gibbons Sutton Cook Griffin Kethledge White Stranch Donald Thapar Bush Larsen Nalbandian Senior Keith Merritt Wellford Guy Ryan Boggs Norris Suhrheinrich Siler Daughtrey Gilman Rogers McKeague 7th Circuit Active Wood Flaum Easterbrook Kanne Rovner Sykes Hamilton Barrett Brennan Scudder St. Eve Senior Bauer Ripple Manion 8th Circuit Active L. Smith Wollman Loken Colloton Gruender Benton Shepherd Kelly Erickson Grasz Stras Senior Bowman Beam Hansen Arnold Riley Melloy 9th Circuit Active Thomas Graber McKeown Wardlaw Fletcher Gould Paez Berzon Rawlinson Bybee Callahan Bea M. Smith Ikuta N. Smith Murguia Christen Nguyen Watford Hurwitz Owens Friedland 7 seats vacant Senior Goodwin Wallace Schroeder Farris Nelson Canby O'Scannlain Leavy Trott Fernandez Kleinfeld Hawkins Tashima Fisher Silverman Tallman Clifton 10th Circuit Active Tymkovich Briscoe Lucero Hartz Holmes Matheson Bacharach Phillips McHugh Moritz Eid Carson Senior McKay Seymour Porfilio Anderson Baldock Brorby Ebel Kelly Murphy O'Brien 11th Circuit Active E. Carnes Tjoflat Marcus Wilson W. Pryor Martin Jordan Rosenbaum J. Pryor Newsom Branch 1 seat vacant Senior Fay Anderson Edmondson Cox Dubina Black Hull J. Carnes D.C. Circuit Active Garland Henderson Rogers Tatel Griffith Kavanaugh Srinivasan Millett Pillard Wilkins Katsas Senior Edwards Silberman Buckley Williams Ginsburg Sentelle Randolph Federal Circuit Active Prost Newman Lourie Dyk Moore O'Malley Reyna Wallach Taranto Chen Hughes Stoll Senior Mayer Plager Clevenger Schall Bryson Linn Current senior judges of the United States courts of appeals 1st Circuit Campbell Selya Boudin Stahl Lipez 2nd Circuit Newman Kearse Winter Walker Leval Calabresi Straub Sack Parker Wesley Lynch 3rd Circuit Sloviter Stapleton Greenberg Scirica Cowen Nygaard Roth Rendell Barry Fuentes Fisher 4th Circuit Hamilton Shedd 5th Circuit King Reavley Higginbotham Jolly Davis Duhé Jr . Barksdale Wiener Benavides Clement 6th Circuit Keith Merritt Wellford Guy Ryan Boggs Norris Suhrheinrich Siler Daughtrey Gilman Rogers McKeague 7th Circuit Bauer Ripple Manion 8th Circuit Bowman Beam Hansen Arnold Riley Melloy 9th Circuit Goodwin Wallace Schroeder Farris Nelson Canby O'Scannlain Leavy Trott Fernandez Kleinfeld Hawkins Tashima Silverman Fisher Tallman Clifton 10th Circuit McKay Seymour Porfilio Anderson Baldock Brorby Ebel Kelly Murphy O'Brien 11th Circuit Fay Anderson Edmondson Cox Dubina Black Hull J. Carnes D.C. 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what is the purpose of the hello world program	A `` Hello , World ! '' program is a computer program that outputs or displays `` Hello , World ! '' to a user . Being a very simple program in most programming languages , it is often used to illustrate the basic syntax of a programming language for a working program . It is often the very first program people write when they are new to a language .		`` Hello , world ! '' Program	` ` hello, world!'' program	A `` Hello , World ! '' program is a computer program that outputs or displays `` Hello , World ! '' to a user . Being a very simple program in most programming languages , it is often used to illustrate the basic syntax of a programming language for a working program . It is often the very first program people write when they are new to a language .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose 2 History 3 Variations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Purpose ( edit ) A `` Hello , World ! '' program is traditionally used to introduce novice programmers to a programming language . `` Hello , world ! '' is also traditionally used in a sanity test to make sure that a computer language is correctly installed , and that the operator understands how to use it . The phrase is also used by computer hackers as a proof of concept that arbitrary code can be executed through an exploit where the system designers did not intend code to be executed . History ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Hello , world '' program by Brian Kernighan ( 1978 ) While small test programs have existed since the development of programmable computers , the tradition of using the phrase `` Hello , world ! '' as a test message was influenced by an example program in the seminal book The C Programming Language . The example program from that book prints `` hello , world '' ( without capital letters or exclamation mark ) , and was inherited from a 1974 Bell Laboratories internal memorandum by Brian Kernighan , Programming in C : A Tutorial : # include main ( ) ( printf ( `` hello , world \ n '' ) ; ) The C version was preceded by Kernighan 's own 1972 A Tutorial Introduction to the Language B , where the first known version of the program is found in an example used to illustrate external variables : main ( ) ( extrn a , b , c ; putchar ( a ) ; putchar ( b ) ; putchar ( c ) ; putchar ( ' ! * n ' ) ; ) a ' hell ' ; b ' o , w ' ; c ' orld ' ; The program prints hello , world ! on the terminal , including a newline character . The phrase is divided into multiple variables because in B , a character constant is limited to four ASCII characters . The previous example in the tutorial printed hi ! on the terminal , and the phrase hello , world ! was introduced as a slightly longer greeting that required several character constants for its expression . It is also claimed that hello , world originated instead with BCPL ( 1967 ) . This claim is supported by the archived notes of the inventors of BCPL , Prof. Brian Kernighan at Princeton and Martin Richards at Cambridge . For modern languages , hello , world programs vary in sophistication . For example , the Go programming language introduced a multilingual program , Sun demonstrated a Java hello , world based on scalable vector graphics , and the XL programming language features a spinning Earth hello , world using 3D graphics . While some languages such as Perl , Python or Ruby may need only a single statement to print `` hello , world '' , a low - level assembly language may require dozens of commands . Mark Guzdial and Elliot Soloway have suggested that the `` hello , world '' test message may be outdated now that graphics and sound can be manipulated as easily as text . Variations ( edit ) A `` Hello , world ! '' program running on Sony 's PlayStation Portable as a proof of concept . There are many variations on the punctuation and casing of the phrase . Variations include the presence or absence of the comma and exclamation mark , and the capitalization of the ' H ' , both the ' H ' and the ' W ' , or neither . Some languages are forced to implement different forms , such as `` HELLO WORLD '' , on systems that support only capital letters , while many `` hello , world '' programs in esoteric languages print out a slightly modified string . For example , the first non-trivial Malbolge program printed `` HEllO WORld '' , this having been determined to be good enough . There are variations in spirit , as well . Functional programming languages , like Lisp , ML and Haskell , tend to substitute a factorial program for Hello , World , as functional programming emphasizes recursive techniques , whereas the original examples emphasize I / O , which violates the spirit of pure functional programming by producing side effects . Languages otherwise capable of Hello , World ( Assembly , C , VHDL ) may also be used in embedded systems , where text output is either difficult ( requiring additional components or communication with another computer ) or nonexistent . For devices such as microcontrollers , field - programmable gate arrays , and CPLD 's , `` Hello , World '' may thus be substituted with a blinking LED , which demonstrates timing and interaction between components . The Debian and Ubuntu Linux distributions provide the `` hello , world '' program through the apt packaging system ; this allows users to simply type `` apt - get install hello '' for the program to be installed , along with any software dependencies . While of itself useless , it serves as a sanity check and a simple example to newcomers of how to install a package . It is significantly more useful for developers , however , as it provides an example of how to create a . deb package , either traditionally or using debhelper , and the version of hello used , GNU Hello , serves as an example of how to write a GNU program . See also ( edit ) Computer Science portal Computing portal Computer programming portal `` 99 Bottles of Beer '' as used in computer science Foobar Just another Perl hacker List of basic computer science topics Java Pet Store Trabb Pardo - Knuth algorithm References ( edit ) Jump up ^ James A Langbridge . `` Professional Embedded ARM Development '' . Jump up ^ Kernighan , Brian W. ; Ritchie , Dennis M. ( 1978 ) . The C Programming Language ( 1st ed . ) . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 110163 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kernighan , Brian . `` Programming in C : A Tutorial '' . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Programming Language B '' . Jump up ^ BCPL , Jargon File Jump up ^ A Tutorial for the Go Programming Language . Archived July 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . The Go Programming Language . Retrieved July 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jolif , Christophe ( January 2003 ) . `` Bringing SVG Power to Java Applications '' . Sun Developer Network . Jump up ^ de Dinechin , Christophe ( July 24 , 2010 ) . `` Hello world ! '' . Grenouille Bouillie . Jump up ^ Teaching the Nintendo Generation to Program Jump up ^ `` Malbolge '' . Esolang . esolangs - wiki . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Silva , Mike ( 11 September 2013 ) . `` Introduction to Microcontrollers - Hello World '' . EmbeddedRelated.com . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ George , Ligo . `` Blinking LED using Atmega32 Microcontroller and Atmel Studio '' . electroSome . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ PT , Ranjeeth. `` 2 . AVR Microcontrollers in Linux HOWTO '' . The Linux Documentation Project . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Andersson , Sven - Åke ( 2 April 2012 ) . `` 3.2 The first Altera FPGA design '' . RTE . Realtime Embedded AB . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Fabio , Adam ( 6 April 2014 ) . `` CPLD Tutorial : Learn programmable logic the easy way '' . Hackaday . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hello - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation '' . gnu.org . GNU Project . Archived from the original on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hello World . The Wikibook Computer Programming has a page on the topic of : Hello world Rösler , Wolfram . `` Hello World Collection '' . helloworldcollection.de . `` Hello world / Text '' . Rosetta Code . `` Unsung Heroes of IT / Part One : Brian Kernighan '' . TheUnsungHeroesOfIT.com . `` Computer Programming / Hello world '' . ( hide ) Standard test items Pangram Reference implementation Standard test image Television ( test card ) SMPTE color bars Indian - head test pattern Test Card F Philips PM5544 Computer languages `` Hello , World ! 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who is the guy singing in bring me to life by evanescence	`` Bring Me to Life '' is a song by American rock band Evanescence recorded for their debut studio album Fallen ( 2003 ) . Wind - up released it as the lead single from the album on April 22 , 2003 . The track was written by group members Amy Lee , Ben Moody , and David Hodges and produced by Dave Fortman . It also features uncredited guest vocals from Paul McCoy of the band 12 Stones . `` Bring Me to Life '' is a nu metal , gothic metal and rap rock song . According to Lee , `` Bring Me to Life '' has several meanings and inspirations ; its subjects are an incident in a restaurant , open - mindedness , and waking up to the things which are missing in the protagonist 's life . Lee later revealed that the song was inspired by her long - time friend and husband Josh Hartzler .	Paul McCoy of the band 12 Stones	Bring Me to Life	bring me to life	`` Bring Me to Life '' is a song by American rock band Evanescence recorded for their debut studio album Fallen ( 2003 ) . Wind - up released it as the lead single from the album on April 22 , 2003 . The track was written by group members Amy Lee , Ben Moody , and David Hodges and produced by Dave Fortman . It also features uncredited guest vocals from Paul McCoy of the band 12 Stones . `` Bring Me to Life '' is a nu metal , gothic metal and rap rock song . According to Lee , `` Bring Me to Life '' has several meanings and inspirations ; its subjects are an incident in a restaurant , open - mindedness , and waking up to the things which are missing in the protagonist 's life . Lee later revealed that the song was inspired by her long - time friend and husband Josh Hartzler .	Critical response to the song was mostly positive , with critics praising the melody of the song , Lee 's vocals and their accompaniment by McCoy . Following the inclusion of `` Bring Me to Life '' on the Daredevil soundtrack the song became a commercial and critical success , topping the charts in Australia , the United Kingdom and Italy . It charted in the top ten in more than fifteen countries including the United States , Argentina , Germany and New Zealand . `` Bring Me to Life '' was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and twice platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . The lyrics of the song have been interpreted as a call for new life in Jesus Christ , which helped the song to chart on the Christian rock charts . The band won in the category for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 46th Grammy Awards where the song was also nominated for Best Rock Song . The accompanying music video was directed by Philipp Stölzl ; it shows Lee singing and climbing on a skyscraper while having nightmares in her bedroom . `` Bring Me to Life '' was part of the set list during the Fallen and The Open Door Tour . Many artists recorded cover versions of the song , including the classical singer Katherine Jenkins and American pianist , John Tesh . The song was also used on several television shows . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Recording and composition 3 Reception and accolades 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Live performances 7 2017 re-work 8 Cover versions and usage in media 8.1 Katherine Jenkins version 9 Credits and personnel 10 Track listing 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year - end charts 11.3 Decade - end charts 12 Certifications 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Background and release ( edit ) `` Since we released ( the song ) on Daredevil it went all over the world , whether they wanted it to or not , so we had fans in countries we had never been to because they had the soundtrack and they heard it on the radio . So , it started blowing up all over the world and then we had a reason to tour all over the world . And that 's how the whole international thing happened this early . Which is awesome . '' -- Amy Lee talking about the release and the worldwide success of the song . According to Amy Lee , the song has several meanings , the first being an incident at a restaurant . During an interview from a tour stop in Tulsa she told The Boston Phoenix : `` I was inspired to write it when someone said something to me -- I did n't know him , and I thought he might be clairvoyant. ( ... ) I was in a relationship and I was completely unhappy . But I was hiding it . I was being completely abused and I was trying to cover it up ; I would n't even admit it to myself . So then I had spoken maybe 10 or 15 words to this guy , who was a friend of a friend . We were waiting for everyone else to show up , and we went into a restaurant and got a table . And he looked at me and said , ' Are you happy ? ' And I felt my heart leap , and I was like , he totally knows what I 'm thinking . And I lied , I said I was fine . Anyway , he 's not really clairvoyant . But he is a sociology major . '' Lee said in a VH1 interview : `` Open - mindedness . It 's about waking up to all the things you 've been missing for so long . One day someone said something that made my heart race for a second and I realized that for months I 'd been numb , just going through the motions of life . '' During an interview with Blender , Lee claimed that she wrote `` Bring Me to Life '' about her longtime friend , Josh Hartzler , whom she married in 2007 . `` Bring Me to Life '' was released on April 22 , 2003 ; it was the first single from the band 's debut album , Fallen . Wind - up Entertainment president / CEO Ed Vetri , revealed that when the label was pushing the song to the radio , owners stated `` We do n't play pianos and chicks on rock radio . '' However , when `` Bring Me to Life '' was released on the Daredevil soundtrack , listeners demanded air play for the song . The single includes `` Farther Away '' as a B - side . The first pressing of the Australian single contained the track `` Missing '' as a B - side , but this was omitted from later pressings and later released as a bonus track on the band 's first live album , Anywhere but Home . An acoustic version was recorded and released on the `` Bring Me to Life '' DVD . Several other versions of the track have been released , such as remixes , acoustic and altered versions . Recording and composition ( edit ) Critics noted that `` Bring Me to Life '' had a sound similar to songs by American rock band Linkin Park . `` Bring Me to Life '' was written by Amy Lee , Ben Moody and David Hodges for their first studio album Fallen . Recording work for Fallen started at Ocean Studios in Burbank , California , where most of `` Bring Me to Life '' was recorded , prior to full album production . The song was mixed by Jay Baumgardner in his studio , NRG Recording Studios in North Hollywood , on an SSL 9000 J. A 22 - piece string section was recorded in Seattle by Mark Curry . `` Bring Me to Life '' was mixed at the Newman Scoring Stage and Bolero Studios , both in Los Angeles . The orchestra parts were arranged by David Hodges and David Campbell . During an interview , Lee recalled that during the recording process of the song it was said to her that the song must feature male vocals : `` It was presented to me as , ' You 're a girl singing in a rock band , there 's nothing else like that out there , nobody 's going to listen to you . You need a guy to come in and sing back - up for it to be successful . ' '' According to the sheet music published by Alfred Music Publishing on the website Musicnotes.com , `` Bring Me to Life '' is set in common time and performed in a moderate tempo of 95 beats per minute . It is written in the key of E minor and Lee 's vocal range for the song runs from the low note of A to the high note of D. In the song , 12 Stones vocalist Paul McCoy sings the lines `` Wake me up / I ca n't wake up / Save me ! '' in a rap style . The St. Petersburg Times ' Brian Orloff called the song a `` boffo hit '' in which Lee sang the lines `` ' Call my name and save me from the dark ' over surging guitars . '' Ann Powers from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel wrote : `` ' Bring Me to Life , ' with its lyrical drama and crunchy guitars , branded the band as overdone nu - metal . '' Blender writer Nick Catucci called the song a `` crossover goth - metal smash '' . Kristi Turnquist of The Oregonian called the song a power ballad . Rolling Stone 's Kirk Miller wrote that : `` ... thanks to the song 's digital beats , clean metal - guitar riffs , scattered piano lines and all - too - familiar mix of rapping and singing '' , `` it was similar to Linkin Park 's material . Nick Catucci of The Village Voice found `` ... piano tinkles , Lee 's breathless keen , dramatic pauses , guitars like clouds of locusts , ( and ) 12 Stones singer Paul McCoy 's passing - 12 - kidney - stones guest vocals . '' Vik Bansal of musicOMH compared Evanescence 's own song `` Going Under '' with `` Bring Me to Life '' , noting their similarity to Linkin Park 's material . Lee said , during an interview with MTV News : `` Basically , we go through life every day , kind of doing the same thing , going through the motions , and nothing fazes us for the most part . Then one day something happens that wakes ( you ) up and makes ( you ) realize that there 's more to life than just feeling nothing , feeling numb . It 's as if ( you 've ) never felt before and just realized there 's this whole world of emotion or meaning that ( you 've ) never seen before . It 's just like , ' Wow , I 've been asleep all this time . ' '' Reception and accolades ( edit ) AllMusic 's Johnny Loftus called the song `` flawless '' . According to Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe , the song `` ... is a mix of Lee 's ethereal soprano , piano interludes , and layers of serrated guitar crunch that conjure visions of Sarah McLachlan fronting Godsmack . '' In his review of Evanescence 's second studio album , The Open Door , Brendan Butler of Cinema Blend compared `` Sweet Sacrifice '' ( 2007 ) with `` Bring Me to Life '' calling them `` ... radio - friendly songs . '' Jason Nahrung of The Courier - Mail called the song `` ... an ear - grabber '' . Adrien Bengrad of the website PopMatters said that Lee and McCoy made `` Bring Me to Life '' sound `` ... like a love song between a Lilith Fair girl and an Ozzfest dude . '' Blair R. Fischer from MTV News called the song a `` ... ubiquitous rap - rock confection '' . Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times said that `` Bring Me to Life '' `` ... floats like a butterfly , stings like a bee and then hits like a brick . '' Richard Harrington from The Washington Post called `` Bring Me to Life '' a `` ... crunching metallic '' song which helped the band to win a Grammy Award . Joe D'Angelo called it an `` ... unrelenting paean that begins as hauntingly delicate '' and that `` Lee 's vocals soar above the whole sludgy mixture to keep it from sinking into tired mediocrity . '' Ann Powers from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel called the song a `` ... mix of voluptuous singing and metallic guitar ( the latter enhanced by guest vocalist Paul McCoy 's rap - rock declamations ) '' . Bryan Reeseman of Mix wrote that the song was a `` ... grandiose and moody single '' which features a `` ... dramatic trade - off '' between Lee and McCoy . While reviewing Evanescence 's second studio album , Don Kaye of Blabbermouth.net praised the songs on The Open Door saying that they lacked `` ... the annoying faux - rapping that was a key component of the band 's first big hit , ' Bring Me To Life ' ( here 's hoping that more rock bands feel less pressure to include some sort of hip - hop nod on their records ) . '' David Peschek of The Guardian said : `` Take away the identikit rock riffs and Bring Me to Life could be a Britney Spears song , or one of those cheesily portentous techno - pop mini-symphonies for the Gatecrasher kids . '' Nick Catucci of The Village Voice compared the song with works by American rock band Creed , and said that it sounds like `` church - burning , brain - eating European dark metal . '' John Hood of the Miami New Times called `` Bring Me to Life '' a `` ... huge , heavy , and mightily histrionic '' song while complimenting McCoy 's `` ... rap - infused gruff '' and Lee 's soaring voice . `` Bring Me to Life '' won a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 46th Grammy Awards . The song was nominated in the category for Best Rock Song at the same event but lost to `` Seven Nation Army '' by The White Stripes . `` Bring Me to Life '' won an award for Choice Music Rock Track at the Teen Choice Awards in 2004 . At the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards the band was nominated in the category for Best New Artist for `` Bring Me to Life '' . The song was nominated at the 2003 MTV Europe Music Awards for Best Song . At the 14th annual Billboard Music Awards , it won the award for Soundtrack Single of the Year . The song ranked number 69 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of the 2000s . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Bring Me to Life '' peaked within the top 10 of more than 15 countries , and within the top 20 of several other countries , making it the band 's most successful single to date . It was certified Platinum in 2003 for selling more than one million copies in the United States . It topped the Billboard Alternative Songs and Pop 100 charts and peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also peaked at number four on the Adult Pop Songs chart . The song initially peaked within the Christian rock charts as well , because its lyrics were interpreted as a call for new life in Jesus Christ by several listeners . `` Bring Me To Life '' charted at number 73 on Billboard 's Best of the 2000s Rock Songs Chart , the only song by a female - led band on that chart . The song topped the charts of Australia , Belgium , Italy and the United Kingdom . It peaked within the top 5 of Austria , Canada , France , Ireland , Germany , New Zealand , Norway , Netherlands , and Sweden . On the ARIA Singles Chart , `` Bring Me to Life '' peaked at number one where it stayed for six weeks . `` Bring Me to Life '' charted within the top 20 of every other country of its release . The song spent four weeks at number one in the United Kingdom and helped Fallen reach number one on the UK Albums Chart . The song also topped the European Hot 100 chart . On June 4 , 2011 , the song returned to the top of the UK Rock Singles Chart , eight years after its release , remaining at number one for two weeks , on June 11 , 2011 to June 25 , 2011 . It fell to number two , remaining there for three weeks , and on July 17 , 2011 , `` Bring Me to Life '' returned to number one again and remained there for three weeks . The song remained within the top 10 into October 2011 . As of June 2013 , the song has sold more than 615,500 copies in the United Kingdom . Music video ( edit ) The accompanying music video for `` Bring Me to Life '' was directed by Philipp Stölzl . After the success of the video , Lee received some film offers . Talking about the video , Stölzl said : `` On the one hand , it brings out the most catchy part of the song , the bridge , the duet with the male and female vocals . On the other hand , it reflects the ( ' Daredevil ' ) soundtrack background of the song . I did not know if I would have to use a stunt double for most of the angles , which would have restricted me a lot , but then it turned out that Amy did everything herself , hanging on Paul 's arm for hours without getting tired . In the end , she is the one who made that shot strong . '' The video begins with Amy Lee dressed in a nightgown , barefoot and asleep in a bed within a building , dreaming of falling through the air below a skyscraper . As the chorus begins , the band and Paul McCoy are performing in another room as Lee awakens and makes her way to the window . Lee climbs out of the window and climbs the building with the wind blowing her hair and dress until she reaches the window of the room where the band is performing . During the bridge , McCoy notices Lee and opens the window , which causes her to lose her balance , and she grabs the ledge . Throughout the bridge and final chorus , McCoy unsuccessfully attempts to pull Lee up , and she falls from his grasp down the building . However , she is then shown asleep in her bed again . Ann Powers from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel wrote : `` You might not immediately recognize Amy Lee 's name , but you would know her if she plummeted past you from the top floor of a tenement building '' and : `` That 's how anyone with basic cable first saw the singer for the band Evanescence , in the video for the song `` Bring Me to Life '' : falling backward in slow motion , her hair unfolding like a long black veil as she headed for hard pavement below . '' According to Joe D'Angelo of MTV News , Lee 's `` ... teetering on a ledge '' in the video shows a `` ... distressed and emotionally wrought heroine . '' Corey Moss of MTV wrote : `` ... certainly as intense as a superhero movie , the sequence also gives a nice visual to the song 's most memorable lyric , ' Save me . ' '' MTV 's Gil Kaufman wrote that `` ... singer Amy Lee dreams that she has super Spidey powers , climbs up the outside of a building , spies on her creepy neighbors , then plunges into the abyss '' and added , `` ... even if your boyfriend is a buff rap - rocker guy , he might not be able to save you from falling off a 20 - story building to your death . And do n't play on ledges in a billowy dress on windy days . '' John Hood of Miami New Times wrote that the `` gothopolis backdrop '' used in the video `` would make Tim Burton green with envy '' . The music video for `` Bring Me to Life '' was nominated at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards for Best Rock Video . Live performances ( edit ) During the live performances of `` Bring Me to Life '' , McCoy was replaced by John LeCompt . Evanescence performed `` Bring Me to Life '' as part of the set - lists of the Fallen and The Open Door tours . The band performed the song on August 13 , 2003 in Chicago during their Nintendo Fusion Tour . During the performance , former Evanescence guitarist John LeCompt replaced McCoy during the song . According to Blair R. Fischer : `` The guitarist did an adequate job imitating McCoy while he laid down the song 's fiery , Iron Maiden-esque riff . '' The band performed `` Bring Me to Life '' in Wantagh , New York on July 23 , 2004 . According to Joe D'Angelo from MTV News : `` the massive popularity of the song was a smart set - list assembly that helped the crowd respond in kind . '' A live performance from the tour filmed at Le Zénith in Paris is included on the band 's live album Anywhere but Home . The live recording contains a piano and vocal solo before the song 's intro and features John LeCompt performing guest vocals . The song was performed on November 21 , 2007 at WaMu Theater . Evanescence performed `` Bring Me to Life '' at the Webster Hall in New York City in September 2003 . During the performance , Lee wore an Alice in Wonderland dress covered with scrawled words , including the words Dirty , Useless , Psycho and Slut . She explained her reasons for wearing the dress . On her previous visit to New York City , Lee had met a DJ from the radio station K - Rock , who had made what she called horrible comments about the pleasure he had derived from the picture of her face on the cover of Fallen . She had felt too ashamed to say anything , so she decided to respond through the dress , which represented something innocent that had been tainted . The band performed `` Bring Me to Life '' during their concert at The Great Saltair on October 25 , 2006 . Lee wore red and black , with a skirt . She was called a magnet of the night by the Deseret News ' reviewer Larry D. Curtis . Other performances of the song were in Magna , Utah in October 2006 , and the Air Canada Centre in January 2007 . The band also played the song at a secret gig in New York City on November 4 , 2009 . During their concert at War Memorial Auditorium in Nashville , Tennessee on August 17 , 2011 , Evanescence performed `` Bring Me to Life '' to promote their third album , Evanescence . They also performed the song during the 2011 Rock in Rio festival on October 2 , 2011 . While reviewing a concert by the band , Caroline Sullivan wrote `` Slowly raising her arms during Bring Me to Life 's thunderous , strobe - lit fade - out , she 's missing only a chariot . '' 2017 re-work ( edit ) `` Bring Me to Life ( Synthesis ) '' Single by Evanescence from the album Synthesis Released August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) Format digital download Genre Orchestral Electronica In 2017 , a rearranged version of the song was recorded for the band 's fourth studio album Synthesis . The new version was made available for digital download and streaming on August 18 , 2017 ; it was also made available for instant download for concertgoers who purchased tickets for the band 's Synthesis Tour . The Synthesis version of `` Bring Me to Life '' is a stripped - down one , as it replaces the drums and the guitars from the original version with a strings arrangement accompanied by crashing cymbals , `` tension - building '' timpani drums and various electronic elements throughout . Several critics have described its new arrangement as `` dramatic '' , with Billboard 's Sadie Bell calling it `` just as rich '' as the original and Rolling Stone 's Brittany Spanos calling it a `` cinematic take '' . Lee has described the song as `` new '' to her again due to the fact that she incorporated musical elements and vocals which she had `` heard in ( her ) head '' since its release . Cover versions and usage in Media ( edit ) Mixtery used up - beat samplings of the song in a hit also titled `` Bring Me to Life '' featuring Nigerian Eurodance artist Eddy Wata . American pianist John Tesh released an instrumental version of the song on his albums A Deeper Faith , Vol. 2 ( 2003 ) and A Passionate Life ( 2007 ) . In 2003 , Kidz Bop Kids covered the song on their fourth studio album , Kidz Bop 4 . In 2008 , black metal band Wykked Wytch covered the song and produced an accompanying music video . Their version was digitally released in October of that year on iTunes Store . In 2010 , German band Gregorian released a cover version of the song on their album Dark Side of the Chant . `` Bring Me to Life '' was included in the games Rock Band , Rock Band Unplugged , Band Hero , DLC for SingStar , and Fight Girl Battle World . The song was used during the Calgary Flames ' run in the 2004 Stanley Cup playoffs . The song served as the official theme song of the WWE pay - per - view event No Way Out ( 2003 ) . Katherine Jenkins version ( edit ) `` Bring Me to Life '' Single by Katherine Jenkins from the album Believe Released October 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 23 ) Format Digital download Length 3 : 46 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Lee Moody Hodges Producer ( s ) David Foster Katherine Jenkins singles chronology `` I Believe '' ( 2009 ) `` Bring Me to Life '' ( 2009 ) `` Angel '' ( 2009 ) `` I Believe '' ( 2009 ) `` Bring Me to Life '' ( 2009 ) `` Angel '' ( 2009 ) Welsh classical singer Katherine Jenkins recorded a cover version of `` Bring Me to Life '' on her 2009 album Believe . Jenkins said : `` I 'd mentioned that I wanted to try Evanescence 's Bring Me to Life and David ( Foster ) said ' you ca n't sing that ' . I came out there questioning my vocal abilities . I 'm just not used to being told that . I went home that night and I just thought to myself ' you have to pull yourself together , he 's worked with so many incredible artists you have to step up the plate . ' I did talk myself round and I went in there the next day on a mission . It 's good to be pushed sometimes -- and I proved him wrong ! '' Jenkins decided to change the guitar - led and percussive original version and instead , `` make it more orchestral with the percussion coming from the strings . '' Alfred Hickling of The Guardian gave a mixed review of Jenkins ' cover , calling it `` histrionic . '' However , a writer of BBC Online chose her version of the song as a highlight on the album . On October 23 , 2009 , the song was available for digital download as the second single from Believe . On November 23 , 2011 , Jenkins sang the song live at the Leicester Square station in London . Track listing Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Bring Me to Life '' 3 : 46 2 . `` Bring Me to Life ( Almighty Club Mix ) '' 7 : 03 3 . `` Bring Me to Life ( Almighty Club Radio Mix ) '' 3 : 07 Weekly charts Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Germany ( Official German Charts ) 46 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 74 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits are adapted from Fallen liner notes . Amy Lee -- writing , keyboards , vocals Ben Moody -- writing , producing , guitars , percussion David Hodges -- writing , keyboards , string arrangements Josh Freese -- drums Dave Fortman -- producing Francesco DiCosmo -- bass guitar David Campbell -- additional string arrangements Graeme Revell -- string arrangements , orchestral conduction Track listing ( edit ) International CD single ( April 7 , 2003 ) `` Bring Me to Life '' -- 3 : 56 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( Bliss Mix ) -- 3 : 59 International CD Maxi ( April 14 , 2003 ) `` Bring Me to Life '' -- 3 : 56 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( Bliss Mix ) -- 3 : 59 `` Farther Away '' -- 3 : 58 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( music video ) -- 4 : 14 Australian CD Single `` Bring Me to Life '' -- 3 : 56 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( Bliss Mix ) -- 3 : 59 `` Farther Away '' -- 3 : 58 `` Missing '' -- 4 : 15 French CD single `` Bring Me to Life '' -- 3 : 56 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( Bliss Mix ) -- 3 : 59 Subsequent pressings single ( June 24 , 2003 ) `` Bring Me to Life '' -- 3 : 56 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( Bliss Mix ) -- 3 : 59 `` Farther Away '' -- 3 : 58 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( music video ) -- 4 : 14 International DVD ( June 2 , 2003 ) `` Bring Me to Life '' ( video ) `` Bring Me to Life '' `` Bring Me to Life '' ( live acoustic version ) `` My Immortal '' ( Live acoustic version ) `` Interview footage UK cassette single `` Bring Me to Life '' -- 3 : 56 `` Farther Away '' -- 3 : 58 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( Bliss Mix ) -- 3 : 59 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 France ( SNEP ) 5 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece ( IFPI Greece ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Charts ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 11 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 11 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Rock ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 11 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2004 -- 06 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 35 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 6 Australian Rock Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 22 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 30 Belgian Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) 11 Dutch Top 40 52 Irish Singles Chart 20 Italian Singles Chart New Zealand Singles Chart 22 Swedish Singles Chart 5 Swiss Singles Chart 13 UK Singles Chart 11 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Alternative Songs 8 US Mainstream Rock Tracks 39 US Mainstream Top 40 5 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 09 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 59 US Alternative Songs 26 US Rock Songs 73 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 Greece ( IFPI Greece ) Gold 10,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 615,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Book : Fallen List of number - one singles of 2003 ( Australia ) List of number - one hits of 2003 ( Italy ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2000s List of Billboard number - one alternative singles of the 2000s List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2003 List of UK Rock Chart number - one singles of 2003 List of UK Rock Chart number - one singles of 2011 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Orloff , Brian ( May 13 , 2004 ) . `` Weekend : ' Music is my therapy ' '' . 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Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hickling , Alfred ( March 5 , 2010 ) . `` Katherine Jenkins -- Classical review '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bring Me to Life -- EP by Katherine Jenkins '' . iTunes Store ( UK ) . June 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Katherine Jenkins busks at London Tube station '' . The Independent . November 23 , 2011 . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Katherine Jenkins Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Evanescence -- Bring Me to Life '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bring Me to Life ( Single , Import ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bring Me to Life ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Evanescence -- Bring Me to Life '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Evanescence -- Bring Me to Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Evanescence -- Bring Me to Life '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Evanescence -- Bring Me to Life '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Evanescence : Bring Me to Life '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Evanescence -- Bring Me to Life '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . 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Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Romanian Top 100 : Editia 32 , saptamina 18.08 - 24.08 , 2003 Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Evanescence -- Bring Me to Life '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Evanescence -- Bring Me to Life '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official UK Top 40 Rock Singles '' . Official UK Rock Charts . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2003 . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Evanescence Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Evanescence Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Evanescence Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' Billboard . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . 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Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The best - selling single of 2003 in Italy '' . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Hit Parade Italy . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Top 50 Singles Chart 2003 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2003 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year End Charts 2003 '' . Swiss Music Charts . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UK Year - End Chart 2003 '' ( PDF ) . The Official Charts Company . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 Singles & Tracks -- Year End Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Year End Charts '' . Billboard Magazine . December 27 , 2003 . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks Titles -- 2003 Year End Charts '' . Billboard . December 27 , 2003 . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Top 40 Tracks Titles -- 2003 Year End Charts '' . Billboard . December 27 , 2003 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2012 . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Kathy ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Delta Goodrem 's talents top the charts '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Singles Chart -- End of Decade '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 17 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Alternative Songs -- Decade Year End Charts '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2011 . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Rock Songs -- Decade Year End Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2003 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Evanescence -- Bring Me to Life '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Evanescence ; ' Bring Me to Life ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Evanescence -- Bring Me to Life '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Evanescence ; ' Bring Me to Life ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Evanescence -- Bring Me to Life '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Enter Bring Me to Life in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Evanescence -- Bring Me to Life '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Evanescence Amy Lee Tim McCord Will Hunt Troy McLawhorn Jen Majura Ben Moody David Hodges Will Boyd John LeCompt Rocky Gray Terry Balsamo Albums Studio Fallen The Open Door Evanescence Synthesis Live Anywhere but Home Others Origin Lost Whispers Singles `` Bring Me to Life '' `` Going Under '' `` My Immortal '' `` Everybody 's Fool '' `` Call Me When You 're Sober '' `` Lithium '' `` Sweet Sacrifice '' `` Good Enough '' `` What You Want '' `` My Heart Is Broken '' `` Lost in Paradise '' Promotional singles `` Weight of the World '' Other songs `` Lacrymosa '' Tours Evanescence Tour Synthesis Tour Related articles Band members Discography Songs Awards and nominations Francesco DiCosmo Josh Freese Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bring_Me_to_Life&oldid=813794502 '' Categories : 2000s ballads Evanescence songs 2003 singles 2003 songs Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Debut singles Number - one singles in Australia European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Spain UK Singles Chart number - one singles Rock ballads Songs written by Ben Moody Songs written by David Hodges Songs written by Amy Lee Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance Gothic metal songs Rap rock songs Wind - up Records singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use mdy dates from December 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Pages using deprecated image syntax Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norwegian Singlechart usages for Swedish Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Greece Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 07 : 37 . 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may you live in interesting times may you come to the attention			May you live in interesting times	may you live in interesting times	`` May you live in interesting times '' is an English expression purported to be a translation of a traditional Chinese curse . While seemingly a blessing , the expression is always used ironically , with the clear implication that ' uninteresting times ' , of peace and tranquillity , are more life - enhancing than interesting ones , which from historical perspective usually include disorder and conflict .	Despite being so common in English as to be known as the `` Chinese curse '' , the saying is apocryphal , and no actual Chinese source has ever been produced . The most likely connection to Chinese culture may be deduced from analysis of the late - 19th century speeches of Joseph Chamberlain , probably erroneously transmitted and revised through his son Austen Chamberlain . Origins ( edit ) Despite being widely attributed as a Chinese curse , there is no equivalent expression in Chinese . The nearest related Chinese expression is `` 寧為太平犬 , 莫做亂離人 '' ( nìng wéi tàipíng quǎn , mò zuò luàn lí rén ) , which is usually translated as `` Better to be a dog in a peaceful time , than to be a human in a chaotic ( warring ) period . '' The expression originates from Volume 3 of the 1627 short story collection by Feng Menglong , Stories to Awaken the World . Evidence that the phrase was in use as early as 1936 is provided in a memoir written by Hughe Knatchbull - Hugessen , the British Ambassador to China in 1936 and 1937 , and published in 1949 . He mentions that before he left England for China in 1936 , a friend told him of a Chinese curse , `` May you live in interesting times . '' Frederic René Coudert , Jr. also recounts having heard the phrase at the time : Some years ago , in 1936 , I had to write to a very dear and honoured friend of mine , who has since died , Sir Austen Chamberlain , brother of the present Prime Minister , and I concluded my letter with a rather banal remark `` that we were living in an interesting age '' . Evidently he read the whole letter , because by return mail he wrote to me and concluded as follows : `` Many years ago I learned from one of our diplomats in China that one of the principal Chinese curses heaped upon an enemy is , ' May you live in an interesting age . ' '' `` Surely '' , he said , `` no age has been more fraught with insecurity than our own present time . '' That was three years ago . The `` Chamberlain curse '' ? ( edit ) Research by philologist Garson O'Toole shows a probable origin in the mind of Austen Chamberlain 's father Joseph Chamberlain dating around the late - 19th and early 20th centuries . Specifically , O'Toole cites the following statement Joseph made during a speech in 1898 : I think that you will all agree that we are living in most interesting times . ( Hear , hear . ) I never remember myself a time in which our history was so full , in which day by day brought us new objects of interest , and , let me say also , new objects for anxiety . ( Hear , hear . ) ( emphasis added ) From this it is likely that the Chamberlain family may have inadvertently transmitted a folk etymology by expanding Joseph Chamberlain 's use of the concept to refer to some Chinese curse . The phrase is again described as a `` Chinese curse '' in an article published in Child Study : A Journal of Parent Education in 1943 . See also ( edit ) Chinese word for `` crisis '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Toole , Garson . `` May You Live in Interesting Times '' . Quote Investigator : Exploring the Origins of Quotations . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryan W. Van Norden . Introduction to Classical ChinesePhilosophy . ( Indianapolis : Hackett , 2011 ; ISBN 9781603844697 ) , p. 53 , sourcing Fred R. Shapiro , ed. , The Yale Book of Quotations ( New Haven : Yale University Press 2006 ) , p. 669 . Archived October 6 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ May you live in interesting times , The Grammarphobia Blog Jump up ^ Feng Menglong ( 1627 ) . Stories to Awaken the World ( 醒世恆言 ) ( in Chinese ) . 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Knatchbull - Hugessen , Hughe ( 1949 ) . Diplomat in Peace and War . John Murray . p. ix . Jump up ^ Coudert , Frederic R. ( 1940 ) . Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science . Columbia University Press . p. 269 . Jump up ^ O'Toole , Garson . `` May You Live in Interesting Times '' . Quote Investigator : Exploring the Origins of Quotations . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Child Study : A Journal of Parent Education . 21 . p. 52 . External links ( edit ) Stephen E. DeLong ( May 5 , 1998 ) . `` Get a ( n interesting ) life ! '' . Archived from the original on 2004 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 03 . `` Origin of Phrase : May You Live In Interesting Times '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=May_you_live_in_interesting_times&oldid=803742931 '' Categories : English words and phrases Urban legends Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles containing Chinese - language text Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 10 : 15 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%20you%20live%20in%20interesting%20times	89,845
which is the tallest flying bird in the world known to mate with single partner for life	The sarus crane ( Antigone antigone ) is a large non-migratory crane found in parts of the Indian Subcontinent , Southeast Asia and Australia . The tallest of the flying birds , standing at a height of up to 1.8 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) , they are conspicuous and iconic species of open wetlands . The sarus crane is easily distinguished from other cranes in the region by the overall grey colour and the contrasting red head and upper neck . They forage on marshes and shallow wetlands for roots , tubers , insects , crustaceans and small vertebrate prey . Like other cranes , they form long - lasting pair - bonds and maintain territories within which they perform territorial and courtship displays that include loud trumpeting , leaps and dance - like movements . In India they are considered symbols of marital fidelity , believed to mate for life and pine the loss of their mates even to the point of starving to death . The main breeding season is during the rainy season , when the pair builds an enormous nest `` island '' , a circular platform of reeds and grasses nearly two metres in diameter and high enough to stay above the shallow water surrounding it . Sarus crane numbers have declined greatly in the last century and it has been suggested that the current population is a tenth or less ( perhaps 2.5 % ) of the numbers that existed in the 1850s . The stronghold of the species is in India , where it is traditionally revered and lives in agricultural lands in close proximity to humans . Elsewhere , the species has been extirpated in many parts of its former range .	sarus crane	Sarus crane	sarus crane	Ardea antigone protonym Grus antigone Grus collaris Boddaert , 1783	The sarus crane ( Antigone antigone ) is a large non-migratory crane found in parts of the Indian Subcontinent , Southeast Asia and Australia . The tallest of the flying birds , standing at a height of up to 1.8 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) , they are conspicuous and iconic species of open wetlands . The sarus crane is easily distinguished from other cranes in the region by the overall grey colour and the contrasting red head and upper neck . They forage on marshes and shallow wetlands for roots , tubers , insects , crustaceans and small vertebrate prey . Like other cranes , they form long - lasting pair - bonds and maintain territories within which they perform territorial and courtship displays that include loud trumpeting , leaps and dance - like movements . In India they are considered symbols of marital fidelity , believed to mate for life and pine the loss of their mates even to the point of starving to death . The main breeding season is during the rainy season , when the pair builds an enormous nest `` island '' , a circular platform of reeds and grasses nearly two metres in diameter and high enough to stay above the shallow water surrounding it . Sarus crane numbers have declined greatly in the last century and it has been suggested that the current population is a tenth or less ( perhaps 2.5 % ) of the numbers that existed in the 1850s . The stronghold of the species is in India , where it is traditionally revered and lives in agricultural lands in close proximity to humans . Elsewhere , the species has been extirpated in many parts of its former range . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Distribution and habitat 3 Taxonomy and systematics 3.1 Etymology 4 Ecology and behaviour 4.1 Feeding 4.2 Courtship and breeding 4.3 Mortality factors 5 Conservation status 6 In culture 7 Notes 8 References 9 Other sources 10 External links Description ( edit ) In flight , the black primaries contrast with the otherwise grey wings ( Bharatpur , India ) . The adult sarus crane is very large with grey wings and body ; a bare red head and part of the upper neck ; a greyish crown ; and a long greenish - grey pointed bill . In flight , the long neck is held straight , unlike that of an heron , which folds it back , and the black wing tips can be seen ; the crane 's long pink legs trail behind them . This bird has a grey ear covert patch , an orange - red iris and a greenish - grey bill . Juveniles have a yellowish base to the bill and the brown - grey head is fully feathered . ( show ) Measurements G. a . antigone Culmen 172 -- 182 mm ( 6.8 -- 7.2 in ) Wing 670 -- 685 mm ( 26 -- 27 in ) 625 -- 645 mm ( 25 -- 25 in ) Tail 255 -- 263 mm ( 10 -- 10 in ) Tarsus 310 -- 355 mm ( 12 -- 14 in ) Combined Culmen 156 -- 187 mm ( 6.1 -- 7.4 in ) 155 -- 169 mm ( 6.1 -- 6.7 in ) Wing 514 -- 675 mm ( 20 -- 27 in ) 557 -- 671 mm ( 22 -- 26 in ) Tail 150 -- 200 mm ( 5.9 -- 7.9 in ) 100 -- 200 mm ( 3.9 -- 7.9 in ) Tarsus 269 -- 352 mm ( 11 -- 14 in ) 272 -- 350 mm ( 11 -- 14 in ) Weight 8.4 kg ( 19 lb ) The bare red skin of the adult 's head and neck is brighter during the breeding season . This skin is rough and covered by papillae , and a narrow area around and behind the head is covered by black bristly feathers . The sexes do not differ in plumage although males are on average larger than females ; male sarus of the Indian population can attain a maximum height of about 180 cm ( 5.9 ft ) making them the world 's tallest extant flying bird . The weight of nominate race individuals is 6.8 -- 7.8 kg ( 15 -- 17 lb ) , while five adult sharpii averaged 8.4 kg ( 19 lb ) . Across the distribution range , the weight can vary from 5 to 12 kg ( 11 to 26 lb ) , height typically from 115 to 167 cm ( 45.5 to 65.5 in ) and the wingspan from 220 to 250 cm ( 86.5 to 98.5 in ) . View of the head While the northern populations are amongst the heaviest cranes , alongside the red - crowned and wattled cranes , and the largest in their range , birds from Australia tend to be smaller . In Australia , the sarus can easily be mistaken for the more widespread brolga . The brolga has the red colouring confined to the head and not extending into the neck . Body mass in Australian sarus cranes was found to average 6.68 kg ( 14.7 lb ) in males and 5.25 kg ( 11.6 lb ) in females , with a range for both sexes of 5 to 6.9 kg ( 11 to 15 lb ) . Thus , Australian sarus average about 25 % lighter than the northern counterparts and are marginally lighter on average than brolgas . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) The species has historically been widely distributed on the lowlands of India along the Gangetic plains , extending south to the Godavari River , west to coastal Gujarat , the Tharparkar District of Pakistan , and east to West Bengal and Assam . The species no longer breeds in Punjab , though it winters regularly in the state . Sarus cranes are rare and occur in very low numbers in West Bengal and Assam , and are no longer found in the state of Bihar . In Nepal , its distribution is restricted to the western lowland plains , with most of the population occurring in Rupandehi , Kapilvastu , and Nawalparasi districts . There are two distinct populations of sarus cranes in South - east Asia : the northern population in China and Myanmar , and the southern population in Cambodia and Vietnam . The sarus used to extend to Thailand and further east into the Philippines , but may now be extinct in both these countries . In 2011 , 24 captive bred cranes raised from five original founders were reintroduced into Thailand . In Australia they are found only in the northern parts , and are partly migratory in some areas . The global range has shrunk and the largest occupied area is now in India . With marshlands largely destroyed , these cranes are increasingly dependent on wet paddy fields in India . Although now found mainly at a low elevation on the plains , there are some historical records from highland marshes further north in Harkit Sar and Kahag in Kashmir . The sarus crane breeds in some high elevation regions such as near the Pong Dam in Himachal Pradesh , where populations may be growing in response to increasing rice cultivation along the reservoir . In rice - dominated districts of Uttar Pradesh , sarus crane abundance ( estimated as occupancy ) was highest in the western districts , intermediate in the central districts , and minimal in the eastern districts . Sarus crane abundance was positively associated with percentage of wetlands on the landscape , and negatively with the percentage of area under rice cultivation . Surprisingly little is known of sarus crane ecology from Australia . Sarus crane breeding records ( confirmed sightings of nests with eggs , or of adult birds with flightless young ) are known from only three locations , all in the Gulf Plains in Queensland state . Two records are from near Normanton town : one of adults with flightless chicks seen about 30 km west of the town , and another of adults incubating eggs seen 7 - km south of the town . The third record is a one - month study that provides details of 32 nests located within 10 - km around Morr Morr cattle station in the Gilbert River floodplains . Other published records provide insufficient information to be useful , and there is a need to carefully map breeding areas of sarus cranes in Australia . They are uncommon in Kakadu National Park , where the species is often hard to find among the more numerous brolga . Flocks in the non-breeding season are commonly seen in the Atherton Tablelands in eastern Queensland . Sarus cranes preferentially use wetlands or uncultivated patches amid flooded rice paddies ( locally called khet - taavadi ) for nesting in India . Breeding pairs are territorial and prefer to forage in natural wetlands , though wet crops like rice and wheat are also frequented . In south - western Uttar Pradesh , sarus cranes were found in wetlands of all sizes with larger number in larger wetlands . Taxonomy and systematics ( edit ) All cranes have a raised and much reduced hind toe . This species was described by Linnaeus in 1758 and placed in the genus Ardea that included the larger herons . Edward Blyth published a monograph on the cranes in 1881 in which he considered the `` sarus crane '' of India to be made up of two species , Grus collaris and Grus antigone . Most modern authors recognize one species with three disjunct populations that were previously treated as subspecies , although the status of one extinct population from the Philippines is uncertain . The sarus cranes in India ( previously of the sub-species antigone ) are the largest , and in the east from Myanmar is replaced by a population that extends into Southeast Asia ( previously of the sub-species sharpii ) . The sarus cranes from the Indian subcontinent are well marked and differentiated from the south - eastern population by having a white collar below the bare head and upper neck , and white tertiary remiges . The population in Australia ( initially placed in sharpii ( sometimes spelt sharpei but amended to conform to the rules of Latin grammar ) was separated and named as the race gilliae , sometimes spelt gillae or even gilli ) , prior to a genetic analysis . Recent genetic analyses shows these three populations as representatives of a formerly continuous population that varies clinally . The Australian race was designated only in 1988 , with the species itself first noticed in Australia in 1969 and regarded as a recent immigrant . Native Australians , however , differentiated the sarus and the brolga and called the sarus `` the crane that dips its head in blood '' . Sarus of the Australian population are similar to those in south - east Asia in having no white on the neck and tertiary remiges , but are distinguished by a larger grey patch of ear coverts . This population shows the most recent divergence from the ancestral form with an estimated 3000 generations of breeding within Australia . An additional subspecies luzonica was suggested for the population once found , but now extinct , in the Philippines . No distinctive character is known of this population . Displaying ( Hodal , India ) Analysis of mitochondrial DNA , from a limited number of specimens , suggested that there was gene flow within the continental Asian populations until the 20th century reductions in range , and that Australia was colonized only in the Late Pleistocene , some 35,000 years ago . This has been corroborated by nDNA microsatellite analyses with four times the sample size . This study further suggests that the Australian population is quite inbred . As there exists the possibility of ( limited ) hybridization with the genetically distinct brolga , the Australian sarus crane can be expected to be an incipient species . The sarus crane was formerly placed in the genus Grus but a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that the genus , as then defined , was polyphyletic . In the resulting rearrangement to create monophyletic genera , four species , including the sarus crane , were placed in the resurrected genus Antigone that had originally been erected by the German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach in 1853 . Etymology ( edit ) The common name of sarus is from the Hindi name ( `` sāras '' ) for the species . The Hindi word is derived from the Sanskrit word sarasa for the `` lake bird '' , ( sometimes corrupted to sārhans ) . While Indians held the species in veneration , British soldiers in colonial India hunted the bird , calling it the serious or even cyrus . The generic and specific name of antigone -- after the daughter of Oedipus , who hanged herself -- may relate to the bare skin of the head and neck . Ecology and behaviour ( edit ) Foraging in marshland ( Bharatpur ) Unlike many other cranes that make long migrations , sarus cranes are largely non-migratory ; In South Asia , they make short - distance movements in response to rain or dry - weather conditions . The only known migratory populations are from South - east Asia and Australia . Breeding pairs maintain territories that are defended from other cranes using a large repertoire of calls and displays . In Uttar Pradesh , less than a tenth of the breeding pairs maintain territories at wetlands and most pairs are scattered among agricultural fields well away from the major wetlands . Non-breeding birds occur as flocks of various sizes that vary from 1 -- 430 birds . In semi-arid areas , breeding pairs and successfully fledged juveniles depart from territories in the dry season and join non-breeding flocks . In areas with perennial water supply , like in the western plains of Uttar Pradesh , breeding pairs maintain perennial territories . The largest known flocks are from the 29 km Keoladeo National Park -- as many as 430 birds , and from wetlands in Etawah and Mainpuri districts in Uttar Pradesh , ranging from 245 -- 412 birds . Flocks of over 100 birds are also regularly reported from Gujarat and Australia . Sarus crane populations in Keoladeo National Park have been noted to reduce from over 400 birds in summer to just 20 birds during the monsoon . In areas with perennial wetlands in the landscape such as western Uttar Pradesh , numbers of nonbreeding sarus cranes in flocks can be relatively stable throughout the year . In Etawah - Mainpuri districts , nonbreeding sarus cranes form up to 65 % of the regional population . They roost in shallow water , where they may be safe from some ground predators . Adult birds do not moult their feathers annually and instead feathers are replaced once every two or three years . Feeding ( edit ) A flock of sarus cranes in a field in Gujarat Sarus cranes forage in shallow water ( usually with less than 30 cm ( 0.98 ft ) depth of water ) or in fields , frequently probing in mud with their long bills . They are omnivorous , eating insects ( especially grasshoppers ) , aquatic plants , fish ( perhaps only in captivity ) , frogs , crustaceans and seeds . Occasionally tackling larger vertebrate prey such as water snakes ( Xenochrophis piscator ) , sarus cranes may in rare cases feed on the eggs of birds and turtles . Plant matter eaten includes tubers , corms of aquatic plants , grass shoots as well as seeds and grains from cultivated crops such as groundnuts and cereal crops such as rice . Courtship and breeding ( edit ) The long coiled trachea that produces the trumpeting calls Sarus cranes have loud trumpeting calls . These calls are , as in other cranes , produced by the elongated trachea that form coils within the sternal region . Pairs may indulge in spectacular displays of calling in unison and posturing . These include `` dancing '' movements that are performed both during and outside the breeding season and involve a short series of jumping and bowing movements made as one of the pair circles around the other . Dancing may also be a displacement activity when the nest or young are threatened . The cranes breed mainly during the monsoons in India ( from July to October although there may be a second brood ) , and there are records of breeding in all the months . They build large nests , platforms made of reeds and vegetation in wet marshes or paddy fields . The nest is constructed within shallow water by piling up rushes , straw , grasses with their roots and mud so that the platform rises above the level of the water to form a little island . The nest is unconcealed and conspicuous , being visible from afar , and defended fiercely by the pair . Egg , Muséum de Toulouse The nests can be more than two metres ( six feet ) in diameter and nearly a metre ( three feet ) high . Pairs shows high fidelity to the nest site , often refurbishing and reusing a nest for as many as five breeding seasons . The clutch is one or two eggs ( rarely three or four ) which are incubated by both sexes for about 31 days ( range 26 -- 35 days ) . Eggs are chalky white and weigh about 240 grams . When disturbed from the nest , parents may sometimes attempt to conceal the eggs by attempting to cover them with material from the edge of the nest . The eggshells are removed by the parents after the chicks hatch either by carrying away the fragments or by swallowing them . Approximately 30 % of all breeding pairs succeed in raising chicks in any year , and most of the successful pairs raise one or two chicks each , with brood sizes of three being rare . The chicks are fed by the parents for the first few days , but are able to feed independently after that and follow their parents for food . When alarmed , the parent cranes use a low korr - rr call that signals chicks to freeze and lie still . Young birds stay with their parents until the subsequent breeding season . In captivity , birds breed only after their fifth year . The sarus is widely believed to pair for life , however cases of `` divorce '' and mate replacement have been recorded . Mortality factors ( edit ) A pair with young in Velavadar Eggs are often destroyed at the nest by jungle ( Corvus macrorhynchos ) and house crows ( C. splendens ) . In Australia , suspected predators of young birds include the dingo ( Canis dingo ) and fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) while brahminy kites ( Haliastur indus ) have been known to take eggs . Removal of eggs by farmers ( to reduce crop damage ) or children ( in play ) , or by migrant labourers for food or opportunistic egg collection during trips to collect forest resources are prominent causes of egg mortality . Between 31 and 100 % of nests with eggs can fail to hatch eggs for these reasons . Chicks are also prone to predation ( estimated at about 8 % ) and collection at the nest , but more than 30 % die of unknown reasons . Breeding success ( percentage of eggs hatching and surviving to fledging stage ) has been estimated at about 20 % in Gujarat and 51 -- 58 % in south - western Uttar Pradesh . In areas where farmers are tolerant , nests in flooded rice fields and those in wetlands have similar rates of survival . Pairs that nest later in the season have a lower chance of raising chicks successfully , but this improves when territories have more wetlands . Nest success for 96 sarus nests that were protected by locals during 2009 -- 2011 via a payment - for - conservation program was 87 % . More pairs are able to raise chicks in years with higher total rainfall , and when territory quality was undisturbed due to increased farming or development . Permanent removal of pairs from the population due to developmental activities caused reduced population viability , and was a far more important factor relative to breeding success due to changes in total annual rainfall . Age and plumage changes Little is known about the diseases and parasites of the sarus crane , and their effects on wild bird populations . A study conducted at the Rome zoo noted that these birds were resistant to anthrax . Endoparasites that have been described include a trematode , Opisthorhis dendriticus from the liver of a captive crane at the London zoo and a Cyclocoelid ( Allopyge antigones ) from an Australian bird . Like most birds , they have bird lice and the species recorded include Heleonomus laveryi and Esthiopterum indicum . In captivity , sarus cranes have been known to live for as long as 42 years . Premature adult mortality is often the result of human actions . Accidental poisoning by monocrotophos , chlorpyrifos and dieldrin - treated seeds used in agricultural areas has been noted . Adults have been known to fly into power lines and die of electrocution , this is responsible for killing about 1 % of the local population each year . Conservation. status ( edit ) These cranes are usually seen in pairs or small groups ( Sultanpur National Park ) There were about an estimated 15 -- 20,000 mature sarus cranes left in the wild in 2009 . The Indian population is less than 10,000 , but of the three subspecies , is the healthiest in terms of numbers . They are considered sacred and the birds are traditionally left unharmed , and in many areas they are unafraid of humans . They used to be found on occasion in Pakistan , but have not been seen there since the late 1980s . The population in India has however declined . Estimates of the global population suggest that the population in 2000 was at best about 10 % and at the worst just 2.5 % of the numbers that existed in 1850 . Many farmers in India believe that these cranes damage standing crops , particularly rice , although studies show that direct feeding on rice grains resulted in losses amounting to less than one percent and trampling could account for grain loss of about 0.4 -- 15 kilograms ( 0.88 -- 33.07 lb ) . The attitude of farmers tends to be positive in spite of these damages , and this has helped in conserving the species within agricultural areas . The role of rice paddies may be particularly important for the birds ' conservation , since natural wetlands are increasingly threatened by human activity . The conversion of wetlands to farmland , and farmland to more urban uses are major causes for habitat loss and long - term population decline . Compensating farmers for crop losses has been suggested as a measure that may help . The Australian population is greater than 5,000 birds and may be increasing , however , the Southeast Asian population has been decimated by war and habitat change ( such as intensive agriculture , deforestation , and draining of wetlands ) and by the mid-20th century had disappeared from large parts of its range which once stretched up to southern China ; some 1500 -- 2000 birds are left in several fragmented subpopulations . Payment to locals to guard nests and help increase breeding success has been attempted in northern Cambodia . Nest success of protected nests was significantly higher than that of unprotected nests , and positive population - level impacts were apparent . However , the program also caused local jealousies leading to deliberate disturbance of nests , and did nothing to alleviate larger - scale and more permanent threats due to habitat losses leading to the conclusion that such payment - for - conservation programs are at best a short - term complement , and not a substitute , to more permanent interventions that include habitat preservation . The little - known Philippine population became extinct in the late 1960s . A family group of two adults and a juvenile The sarus crane is classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List . Threats include habitat destruction and / or degradation , hunting and collecting , as well as environmental pollution and possibly diseases or competing species . The effects of inbreeding in the Australian population may need to be studied . The species has been extirpated in Malaysia , the Philippines and Thailand . Reintroduction programs planned in Thailand have made use of birds from Cambodia . In culture ( edit ) The Floating Feather : a painting by Melchior d'Hondecoeter ( c. 1680 ) of the birds in the menagerie of William III of England at the Het Loo Palace showing a sarus crane in the background . The species is venerated in India and legend has it that the poet Valmiki cursed a hunter for killing a sarus crane and was then inspired to write the epic Ramayana . The species was a close contender to the Indian peafowl as the national bird of India . Among the Gondi people , the tribes classified as `` five - god worshippers '' consider the sarus crane as sacred . The meat of the sarus was considered taboo in ancient Hindu scriptures . It is widely believed that the sarus pairs for life and that death of one partner leads to the other pining to death . They are a symbol of marital virtue and in parts of Gujarat , it is a custom to take a newly wed couple to see a pair of sarus cranes . A plate by Johann Michael Seligmann published between 1749 and 1776 based on a work by George Edwards Although venerated and protected by Indians , these birds were hunted during the colonial period . It was noted that killing a bird would lead to its surviving partner trumpeting for many days and it was traditionally believed that the other would starve to death . Even sport hunting guides discouraged shooting these birds . According to 19th - century British zoologist Thomas C. Jerdon , young birds were good to eat , while older ones were `` worthless for the table '' . Eggs of the sarus crane are however used in folk remedies in some parts of India . Young birds were often captured and kept in menageries both in India and in Europe in former times . They were also successfully bred in captivity early in the 17th century by Emperor Jehangir who also noted that the eggs were laid with an interval of two days and that incubation period was 34 days . They were also bred in zoos in Europe and the United States in the early 1930s . ... The young birds are easily reared by hand , and become very tame and attached to the person who feeds them , following him like a dog . They are very amusing birds , going through the most grotesque dances and antics , and are well worth keeping in captivity . One which I kept , when bread and milk was given to him , would take the bread out of the milk , and wash it in his pan of water before eating it . This bird , which was taken out of the King 's palace at Lucknow , was very fierce towards strangers and dogs , especially if they were afraid of him . He was very noisy -- the only bad habit he possessed -- Irby , 1861 The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh has declared the sarus crane as its official state bird . An Indian 14 - seater propeller aircraft , the Saras , is named after this crane . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Flower ( 1938 ) notes only 26 years in captivity References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : BirdLife International ( 2012 ) . `` Antigone antigone '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2013.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Blanford , W.T ( 1896 ) . `` A note on the two sarus cranes of the Indian region '' . Ibis. 2 : 135 -- 136 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1474 - 919X. 1896. tb06980. x . ^ Jump up to : Wood , T.C. & Krajewsky , C ( 1996 ) . `` Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation among the subspecies of Sarus Crane ( Grus antigone ) '' ( PDF ) . The Auk. 113 ( 3 ) : 655 -- 663 . doi : 10.2307 / 4088986 . Jump up ^ Vyas , Rakesh ( 2002 ) . `` Status of Sarus Crane Grus antigone antigone in Rajasthan and its ecological requirements '' ( PDF ) . Zoos ' Print Journal . 17 ( 2 ) : 691 -- 695 . doi : 10.11609 / jott. zpj. 17.2. 691 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Rasmussen , PC & JC Anderton ( 2005 ) . Birds of South Asia : The Ripley Guide . 2 . Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions . pp. 138 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Ali , S & S.D. Ripley ( 1980 ) . Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan . Volume 2 ( 2nd ed . ) . New Delhi : Oxford University Press . pp. 141 -- 144 . ^ Jump up to : Johnsgard , Paul A. ( 1983 ) . Cranes of the world . Indiana University Press , Bloomington . ISBN 0 - 253 - 11255 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kenneth L. ; Barzen , Jeb A. ; Ashley , Mary V. ( 2005 ) . `` Geographical partitioning of microsatellite variation in the sarus crane '' . Animal Conservation. 8 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 8 . doi : 10.1017 / S1367943004001842 . Jump up ^ Dunning Jr. ; John B. , eds. ( 2008 ) . CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses ( 2nd ed . ) . CRC Press . p. 87 . ISBN 9781420064445 . Jump up ^ Azam , Mirza Mohammad & Chaudhry M. Shafique ( 2005 ) . `` Birdlife in Nagarparkar , district Tharparkar , Sindh '' ( PDF ) . Rec . Zool . Surv . Pakistan . 16 : 26 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Bal , R. ; Dua , A. ( 2010 ) . `` Cranes in unlisted wetlands of north - west Punjab '' . Birding Asia . 14 : 103 -- 106 . Jump up ^ Choudhury , A. ( 1998 ) . `` Mammals , birds and reptiles of Dibru - Saikhowa Sanctuary , Assam , India '' . Oryx. 32 ( 3 ) : 192 -- 200 . doi : 10.1017 / S0030605300029951 . ^ Jump up to : Sundar , KSG ; Choudhury , BC ( 2003 ) . `` The Indian Sarus Crane Grus a . antigone : a literature review '' . J. Ecol . Soc. 16 : 16 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Sundar , K.S.G. ; Kaur , J. ; Choudhury , BC ( 2000 ) . `` Distribution , demography and conservation status of the Indian Sarus Crane ( Grus a . antigone ) in India '' . J. Bombay Nat . Hist . Soc. 97 ( 3 ) : 319 -- 339 . ^ Jump up to : Archibald , G.W. ; Sundar , KSG ; Barzen , J. ( 2003 ) . `` A review of the three subspecies of Sarus Cranes Grus antigone '' . J. Ecol . Soc. 16 : 5 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Insee , Jiranan ; Kamolnorranath , Sumate ; Baicharoen , Sudarat ; Chumpadang , Sriphapai ; Sawasu , Wanchai ; Wajjwalku , Worawidh ( 2014 ) . `` PCR - based Method for Sex Identification of Eastern Sarus Crane ( Grus antigone sharpii ) : Implications for Reintroduction Programs in Thailand '' . Zoological Science . 31 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 100 . doi : 10.2108 / zsj. 31.95 . Jump up ^ Marchant , S. ; Higgins , P.J. ( 1993 ) . Handbook of Australian , New Zealand & Antarctic birds . Oxford University Press , Melbourne . Jump up ^ Vigne , GT ( 1842 ) . Travels in Kashmir , Ladak , Iskardo . Vol. 2 . Henry Colburn , London . Jump up ^ Sundar , K.S.G. ; Kittur , S. ( 2012 ) . `` Methodological , temporal and spatial factors affecting modeled occupancy of resident birds in the perennially cultivated landscape of Uttar Pradesh , India '' . Landscape Ecology. 27 : 59 -- 71 . doi : 10.1007 / s10980 - 011 - 9666 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Gill , H.B. ( 1967 ) . `` First record of the Sarus Crane in Australia '' . The Emu. 69 : 48 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Walkinshaw , L.H. ( 1973 ) . Cranes of the world . New York : Winchester Press . ^ Jump up to : Meine , Curt D. ; Archibald , George W. , eds. ( 1996 ) . The cranes : Status survey and conservation action plan . IUCN , Gland , Switzerland , and Cambridge , U.K. p. 126 . ISBN 2 - 8317 - 0326 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Beruldsen , G.R. ( 1997 ) . `` Is the Sarus Crane under threat in Australia ? '' . Sunbird : Journal of the Queensland Ornithological Society . 27 ( 3 ) : 72 -- 78 . ^ Jump up to : Grant , John ( 2005 ) . `` Recruitment rates of Sarus Crane ( Grus antigone ) in northern Queensland '' . The Emu. 105 : 311 -- 315 . ^ Jump up to : Sundar , K.S.G. ( 2009 ) . `` Are rice paddies suboptimal breeding habitat for Sarus Cranes in Uttar Pradesh , India ? '' . The Condor. 111 ( 4 ) : 611 -- 623 . doi : 10.1525 / cond. 2009.080032 . ^ Jump up to : Borad , C.K. ; Mukherjee , A. ; Parasharya , B.M. ( 2001 ) . `` Nest site selection by the Indian sarus crane in the paddy crop agrosystem '' . Biological Conservation. 98 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 96 . doi : 10.1016 / s0006 - 3207 ( 00 ) 00145 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Sundar , KSG ; Choudhury , BC ( 2006 ) . `` Conservation of the Sarus Crane Grus antigone in Uttar Pradesh , India '' . J. Bombay Nat . Hist . Soc. 103 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 182 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Sundar , K.S.G. ; Kittur , S. ( 2013 ) . `` Can wetlands maintained for human use also help conserve biodiversity ? Landscape - scale patterns of bird use of wetlands in an agriculture landscape in north India '' . Biological Conservation. 168 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 56 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2013.09. 016 . Jump up ^ Gmelin , JF ( 1788 ) . Systema Naturae. 1 ( 13th ed . ) . p. 622 . Jump up ^ Blyth , Edward ( 1881 ) . The natural history of the cranes . RH Porter . pp. 45 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Krajewski , C. ; Sipiorski , J.T. ; Anderson , F.E. ( 2010 ) . `` Mitochondrial genome sequences and the phylogeny of cranes ( Gruiformes : Gruidae ) '' . Auk. 127 ( 2 ) : 440 -- 452 . doi : 10.1525 / auk. 2009.09045 . Jump up ^ Gill , Frank ; Donsker , David , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` Rails , gallinules , trumpeters & cranes '' . World Bird List Version 7.2 . International Ornithologists ' Union . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Reichenbach , Ludwig ( 1853 ) . Reichenbach Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie . Leipzig : Friedrich Hofmeister . p. xxiii . Jump up ^ Yule , Henry ( 1903 ) . etymological , historical ; geographical ; discursive . New ; William Crooke , B.A. , eds . Hobson - Jobson : A glossary of colloquial Anglo - Indian words and phrases , and of kindred terms . J. Murray , London . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Stocqueler , JH ( 1848 ) . The Oriental Interpreter. C. Cox , London . Jump up ^ Johnsgard , Paul A. ( 1983 ) . 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( 2005 ) . `` Observations of mate change and other aspects of pair - bond in the Sarus Crane Grus antigone '' . J. Bombay Nat . Hist . Soc. 102 ( 1 ) : 109 -- 112 . ^ Jump up to : Kaur , J. ; Choudhury , B.C. ; Choudhury , B.C. ( 2008 ) . `` Conservation of the vulnerable Sarus Crane Grus antigone antigone in Kota , Rajasthan , India : a case study of community involvement '' . Oryx. 42 ( 3 ) : 452 -- 455 . doi : 10.1017 / S0030605308000215 . ^ Jump up to : Clements , T. ; Rainey , H. ; An , D. ; Rours , V. ; Tan , S. ; Thong , S. ; Sutherland , W.J. & Milner - Gulland , E.J. ( 2012 ) . `` An evaluation of the effectiveness of a direct payment for biodiversity conservation : The Bird Nest Protection Program in the Northern plains of Cambodia '' . Biological Conservation. 157 : 50 -- 59 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2012.07. 020 . ^ Jump up to : Mukherjee , A ; C.K. Borad & B.M. Parasharya ( 2002 ) . `` Breeding performance of the Indian sarus crane in the agricultural landscape of western India '' . Biological Conservation. 105 ( 2 ) : 263 -- 269 . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 3207 ( 01 ) 00186 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kaur J & Choudhury , BC ( 2005 ) . `` Predation by Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus on chick of Sarus Crane Grus antigone antigone in Kota , Rajasthan '' . J. Bombay Nat . Hist . Soc. 102 ( 1 ) : 102 . Jump up ^ Borad , CK ; Mukherjee , Aeshita ; Parasharya , BM & S.B. Patel ( 2002 ) . `` Breeding performance of Indian Sarus Crane Grus antigone antigone in the paddy crop agroecosystem '' . Biodiversity and Conservation. 11 ( 5 ) : 795 -- 805 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1015367406200 . Jump up ^ Ambrosioni P & Cremisini ZE ( 1948 ) . `` Epizoozia de carbonchi ematico negli animali del giardino zoologico di Roma '' . Clin. Vet. ( in Italian ) . 71 : 143 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Lal , Makund Behari ( 1939 ) . `` Studies in Helminthology - Trematode parasites of birds '' . Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences . Section B. 10 ( 2 ) : 111 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Johnston , SJ ( 1913 ) . `` On some Queensland trematodes , with anatomical observations and descriptions of new species and genera '' ( PDF ) . Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science . 59 : 361 -- 400 . Jump up ^ Tandan , BK . `` The genus Esthiopterum ( Phthiraptera : Ischnocera ) '' ( PDF ) . J. Ent . ( B ) . 42 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 101 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1973. tb00059. x . Jump up ^ Flower , M.S.S. ( 1938 ) . `` The duration of life in animals -- IV . Birds : special notes by orders and families '' . Proc. Zool . Soc . London : 195 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Ricklefs , R.E. ( 2000 ) . `` Intrinsic aging - related mortality in birds '' ( PDF ) . J. Avian Biol. 31 ( 2 ) : 103 -- 111 . doi : 10.1034 / j. 1600 - 048X. 2000.210201. x . Jump up ^ Pain , D.J. ; Gargi , R. ; Cunningham , A.A. ; Jones , A. ; Prakash , V. ( 2004 ) . `` Mortality of globally threatened Sarus cranes Grus antigone from monocrotophos poisoning in India '' . Science of the Total Environment. 326 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 55 -- 61 . doi : 10.1016 / j. scitotenv. 2003.12. 004 . PMID 15142765 . Jump up ^ Muralidharan , S. ( 1993 ) . `` Aldrin poisoning of Sarus cranes ( Grus antigone ) and a few granivorous birds in Keoladeo National Park , Bharatpur , India '' . Ecotoxicology. 2 ( 3 ) : 196 -- 202 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00116424 . Jump up ^ Rana , Gargi ; Prakash , Vibhu ( 2004 ) . `` Unusually high mortality of cranes in areas adjoining Keoladeo National Park , Bharatpur , Rajasthan '' . J. Bombay Nat . Hist . Soc. 101 ( 2 ) : 317 . Jump up ^ Sundar , KSG & BC Choudhury ( 2005 ) . `` Mortality of sarus cranes ( Grus antigone ) due to electricity wires in Uttar Pradesh , India '' . Environmental Conservation. 32 ( 3 ) : 260 -- 269 . doi : 10.1017 / S0376892905002341 . Jump up ^ BirdLife International ( 2001 ) . Threatened birds of Asia : the BirdLife International Red Data Book ( PDF ) . BirdLife International , Cambridge , UK . ISBN 0 - 946888 - 42 - 6 . Jump up ^ Borad , C.K. ; Mukherjee , A. ; Parasharya , B.M. ( 2001 ) . `` Damage potential of Indian sarus crane in paddy crop agroecosystem in Kheda district Gujarat , India '' . Agriculture , Ecosystems and Environment. 86 ( 2 ) : 211 -- 215 . doi : 10.1016 / S0167 - 8809 ( 00 ) 00275 - 9 . Jump up ^ Donald , C.H. ( 1922 ) . In nature 's garden . London : John Lane . pp. 199 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Tanee T ; Chaveerach A ; Anuniwat A ; Tanomtong A ; Pinthong K ; Sudmoon R & P. , Mokkamul ( 2009 ) . `` Molecular Analysis for Genetic Diversity and Distance of Introduced Grus antigone sharpii L. to Thailand '' ( PDF ) . Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences . 12 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 167 . doi : 10.3923 / pjbs. 2009.163. 167 . PMID 19579938 . Jump up ^ Leslie , J. ( 1998 ) . `` A bird bereaved : The identity and significance of Valmiki 's kraunca '' . Journal of Indian Philosophy. 26 ( 5 ) : 455 -- 487 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1004335910775 . Jump up ^ Hammer , Niels ( 2009 ) . `` Why Sārus Cranes epitomize Karuṇarasa in the Rāmāyaṇa '' . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland . ( Third Series ) . 19 ( 2 ) : 187 -- 211 . doi : 10.1017 / S1356186308009334 . Jump up ^ Russell , RV ( 1916 ) . The tribes and castes of the Central Provinces of India . Volume 3 . Macmillan and Co. , London . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Bühler , Georg ( 1898 ) . `` The sacred laws of the Aryas . Part 1 and 2 '' . The Christian Literature Company , New York : 64 . Jump up ^ Kipling , John Lockwood . Beast and Man in India . London : Macmillan and Co. p. 37 . Jump up ^ Finn , F ( 1915 ) . Indian sporting birds . Francis Edwards , London . pp. 117 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Jerdon , TC ( 1864 ) . Birds of India . 3 . George Wyman & Co , Calcutta . Jump up ^ Kaur , J & Choudhury , BC ( 2003 ) . `` Stealing of Sarus crane eggs '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 85 ( 11 ) : 1515 -- 1516 . Jump up ^ Ali , S ( 1927 ) . `` The Moghul emperors of India as naturalists and sportsmen . Part 2 '' . J. Bombay Nat . Hist . Soc. 32 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Rothschild D ( 1930 ) . `` Sarus crane breeding at Tring '' . Bull . Brit . Orn . Club . 50 : 57 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Irby , LH ( 1861 ) . `` Notes on birds observed in Oudh and Kumaon '' . Ibis. 3 ( 2 ) : 217 -- 251 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1474 - 919X. 1861. tb07456. x . Jump up ^ `` States and Union Territories Symbols '' . Government of India . Jump up ^ Norris , Guy ( 2005 ) . `` India works to overcome Saras design glitches '' . Flight International . 168 ( 5006 ) : 28 . Jump up ^ Mishra , Bibhu Ranjan ( 16 November 2009 ) . `` After IAF , Indian Posts shows interest for NAL Saras '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 13 January 2010 . Other sources ( edit ) Matthiessen , Peter & Bateman , Robert ( 2001 ) . The Birds of Heaven : Travels with Cranes . North Point Press , New York . ISBN 0 - 374 - 19944 - 2 Weitzman , Martin L. ( 1993 ) . `` What to preserve ? An application of diversity theory to crane conservation '' . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 108 ( 1 ) : 157 -- 183 . doi : 10.2307 / 2118499 . ISSN 0033 - 5533 . JSTOR 2118499 . Haigh , J.C. & Holt , P.E. ( 1976 ) . `` The use of the anaesthetic `` CT1341 '' in a Sarus crane `` . Can Vet J. 17 ( 11 ) : 291 -- 292 . PMC 1697384 . PMID 974983 . Duan , W. & Fuerst , P.A. ( 2001 ) . `` Isolation of a sex - Linked DNA sequence in cranes '' . J. Hered. 92 ( 5 ) : 392 -- 397 . doi : 10.1093 / jhered / 92.5. 392 . PMID 11773245 . Menon , G.K. ; R.V. Shah & M.B. Jani ( 1980 ) . `` Observations on integumentary modifications and feathering on head and neck of the Sarus Crane , Grus antigone antigone '' . Pavo. 18 : 10 -- 16 . Sundar , K.S.G. ( 2006 ) . `` Flock size , density and habitat selection of four large waterbirds species in an agricultural landscape in Uttar Pradesh , India : implications for management '' . Waterbirds. 29 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 374 . doi : 10.1675 / 1524 - 4695 ( 2006 ) 29 ( 365 : fsdahs ) 2.0.co ; 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grus antigone . Wikispecies has information related to : Grus antigone International Crane Foundation : Sarus Crane , Grus antigone . Retrieved 2007 - FEB - 22 . USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center : The Cranes Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan : Sarus Crane ( Grus antigone ) . Retrieved 2007 - FEB - 22 . Sarus Crane ( International Crane Foundation ) International Crane Foundation ( literature ) Sarus Crane ( Grus antigone ) from Cranes of the World ( 1983 ) by Paul Johnsgard Arkive Birds ( class : Aves ) Anatomy Bird anatomy Flight Eggs Feathers Plumage Beak Vision Dactyly Preen gland Behaviour Singing Intelligence Migration Sexual selection Lek mating Seabird breeding Incubation Brood parasites Nesting Hybrids Evolution Origin of birds Origin of flight Evolution of birds Darwin 's finches Seabirds Fossil birds Archaeopteryx Omnivoropterygiformes Confuciusornithiformes Enantiornithes Chaoyangiiformes Patagopterygiformes Ambiortiformes Songlingornithiformes Apsaraviformes Gansuiformes Ichthyornithiformes Hesperornithes Lithornithiformes Dinornithiformes Aepyornithiformes Gastornithiformes Human interaction Ringing Ornithology Bird collections Birdwatching Bird feeding Conservation Aviculture Waterfowl hunting Cockfighting Pigeon racing Falconry Pheasantry Egg collecting Ornithomancy Lists Families and orders Genera Glossary of bird terms List by population Lists by region Recently extinct birds Late Quaternary prehistoric birds Sibley -- Ahlquist taxonomy Historical & Fictional Neornithes Palaeognathae Struthioniformes ( ostriches ) Rheiformes ( rheas ) Tinamiformes ( tinamous ) Apterygiformes ( kiwis ) Casuariiformes ( emus and cassowaries ) Neognathae Galloanserae ( fowls ) Anseriformes ( waterfowls ) Anatidae Anatinae Anserinae swans true geese Aythyinae Dendrocygninae Merginae Oxyurinae Plectropterinae Stictonettinae Tadorninae Thalassorninae Anhimidae Anhima Chauna Anseranatidae Anatalavis Anseranas Galliformes ( landfowls - gamebirds ) Cracidae Cracinae Oreophasinae Penelopinae Megapodidae Aepypodius Alectura Eulipoa Leipoa Macrocephalon Megapodius Talegalla Numididae Acryllium Agelastes Guttera Numida Odontophoridae Callipepla Colinus Cyrtonyx Dactylortyx Dendrortyx Odontophorus Oreortyx Philortyx Rhynchortyx Phasianidae Meleagridinae Perdicinae Phasianinae ( pheasants and relatives ) Tetraoninae Neoaves Columbea Columbimorphae Columbiformes ( doves and pigeons ) Mesitornithiformes ( mesites ) Pteroclidiformes ( sandgrouses ) Mirandornithes Phoenicopteriformes ( flamingos ) Podicipediformes ( grebes ) Passerea Otidimorphae Cuculiformes ( cuckoos ) Musophagiformes ( turacos ) Otidiformes ( bustards ) Strisores Caprimulgiformes ( nightjars and relatives ) Steatornithiformes Podargiformes Apodiformes ( swifts and hummingbirds ) Opisthocomiformes Opisthocomiformes ( hoatzin ) Cursorimorphae Charadriiformes ( gulls and relatives ) Gruiformes ( cranes and relatives ) Phaethontimorphae Phaethontiformes ( tropicbirds ) Eurypygiformes ( kagu and sunbittern ) Aequornithes Gaviiformes ( loons or divers ) Sphenisciformes ( penguins ) Procellariiformes ( albatrosses and petrels ) Ciconiiformes ( storks ) Suliformes ( cormorants and relatives ) Pelecaniformes ( pelicans and relatives ) Australaves Cariamiformes ( seriemas and relatives ) Falconiformes ( falcons and relatives ) Psittaciformes ( parrots ) Passeriformes ( perching birds ) Afroaves Cathartiformes ( New World vultures and condors ) Accipitriformes ( eagles and hawks ) Strigiformes ( owls ) Coliiformes ( mousebirds ) Trogoniformes ( trogons and quetzals ) Leptosomatiformes ( cuckoo roller ) Bucerotiformes ( hornbills and hoopoes ) Coraciiformes ( kingfishers and rollers ) Piciformes ( woodpeckers and relatives ) Portal Outline ( hide ) Cranes ( order : Gruiformes family : Gruidae ) Subfamily Genus Species Balearicinae ( crowned cranes ) Balearica Black crowned crane ( B. pavonina ) Grey crowned crane ( B. regulorum ) Gruinae ( typical cranes ) Leucogeranus Siberian Crane ( L. leucogeranus ) Antigone Sandhill crane ( A. canadensis ) White - naped crane ( A. vipio ) Sarus crane ( A. antigone ) Brolga ( A. rubicunda ) Grus Wattled crane ( G. carunculata ) Blue crane ( G. paradisea ) Demoiselle crane ( G. virgo Red - crowned crane , G. japonensis ) Whooping crane ( G. americana ) Common crane or Eurasian crane ( G. grus ) Hooded crane ( G. monacha ) Black - necked crane ( G. nigricollis ) 15 living species in four genera Birds portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarus_crane&oldid=809152674 '' Categories : IUCN Red List vulnerable species Antigone ( genus ) Birds of Cambodia Birds of Myanmar Birds of South Asia Birds of Queensland Fauna of South Asia Vulnerable fauna of Australia Birds described in 1758 Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Good articles Articles with ' species ' microformats Use dmy dates from November 2010 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies অসমীয়া বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Кыргызча Кырык мары Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 12 : 45 . 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which three amendments were given time limits to pass			Reconstruction amendments	reconstruction amendments	The Reconstruction Amendments are the Thirteenth , Fourteenth , and Fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution , adopted between 1865 and 1870 , the five years immediately following the Civil War . The last time the Constitution had been amended was with the Twelfth Amendment more than 60 years earlier in 1804 . The Reconstruction amendments were important in implementing the Reconstruction of the American South after the war . Their proponents saw them as transforming the United States from a country that was ( in Abraham Lincoln 's words ) `` half slave and half free '' to one in which the constitutionally guaranteed `` blessings of liberty '' would be extended to the entire populace , including the former slaves and their descendants .	The Thirteenth Amendment ( proposed in 1864 and ratified in 1865 ) abolished slavery and involuntary servitude , except for those duly convicted of a crime . The Fourteenth Amendment ( proposed in 1866 and ratified in 1868 ) addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws for all persons . The Fifteenth Amendment ( proposed in 1869 and ratified in 1870 ) prohibits discrimination in voting rights of citizens on the basis of `` race , color , or previous condition of servitude '' . This amendment did not include a specific prohibition on discrimination on the basis of sex ; it took another amendment -- the Nineteenth , ratified in 1920 -- to prohibit such discrimination explicitly . Men and women of all races , regardless of prior slavery , could vote in some states of the early United States , such as New Jersey , provided that they could meet other requirements , such as property ownership . These amendments were intended to guarantee freedom to former slaves and to establish and prevent discrimination in civil rights to former slaves and all citizens of the United States . The promise of these amendments was eroded by state laws and federal court decisions over the course of the 19th century . Women were prohibited by some state constitutions and laws from voting , leading to Susan B. Anthony attempting to vote in New York in the 1872 Presidential election as an act of civil disobedience . In 1876 and later , some states passed Jim Crow laws that limited the rights of African - Americans . Important Supreme Court decisions that undermined these amendments were the Slaughter - House Cases in 1873 , which prevented rights guaranteed under the Fourteenth Amendment 's privileges or immunities clause from being extended to rights under state law ; and Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 which originated the phrase `` separate but equal '' and gave federal approval to Jim Crow laws . The full benefits of the Thirteenth , Fourteenth , and Fifteenth amendments were not realized until the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 and laws such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Contents 1 Thirteenth Amendment 2 Fourteenth Amendment 3 Fifteenth Amendment 4 Selected Supreme Court cases 4.1 Citizenship 4.2 Privileges or immunities 4.3 Incorporation 4.4 Substantive due process 4.5 Equal protection 4.6 Apportionment of Representatives 4.7 Power of enforcement 5 See also 6 References Thirteenth Amendment ( edit ) Main article : Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Text of the 13th Amendment The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude , except as punishment for a crime . It was passed by the U.S. Senate on April 8 , 1864 , and , after one unsuccessful vote and extensive legislative maneuvering by the Lincoln administration , the House followed suit on January 31 , 1865 . The measure was swiftly ratified by all but three Union states ( the exceptions were Delaware , New Jersey , and Kentucky ) , and by a sufficient number of border and `` reconstructed '' Southern states , to be ratified by December 6 , 1865 . On December 18 , 1865 , Secretary of State William H. Seward proclaimed it to have been incorporated into the federal Constitution . It became part of the Constitution 61 years after the Twelfth Amendment . This is the longest interval between constitutional amendments to date . Slavery had been tacitly enshrined in the original Constitution through provisions such as Article I , Section 2 , Clause 3 , commonly known as the Three - Fifths Compromise , which detailed how each state 's total slave population would be factored into its total population count for the purposes of apportioning seats in the United States House of Representatives and direct taxes among the states . Although many slaves had been declared free by Lincoln 's 1863 Emancipation Proclamation , their legal status after the Civil War was uncertain . Fourteenth Amendment ( edit ) Main article : Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The two pages of the Fourteenth Amendment in the National Archives The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was proposed by Congress on June 13 , 1866 . By July 9 , 1868 , it had received ratifications by the legislatures of the required number of states in order to officially become the Fourteenth Amendment . On July 20 , 1868 , Secretary of State William Seward certified that it had been ratified and added to the federal Constitution . The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws , and was proposed in response to issues related to treatment of freedmen following the war . The amendment was bitterly contested , particularly by Southern states , which were forced to ratify it in order to return their delegations to Congress . The Fourteenth Amendment , particularly its first section , is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution , forming the basis for landmark decisions such as Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , regarding abortion , and Bush v. Gore ( 2000 ) , regarding the 2000 presidential election . The second , third , and fourth sections of the amendment are seldom , if ever , litigated . The fifth section gives Congress enforcement power . The amendment 's first section includes several clauses : the Citizenship Clause , Privileges or Immunities Clause , Due Process Clause , and Equal Protection Clause . The Citizenship Clause provides a broad definition of citizenship , overruling the Supreme Court 's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) , which had held that Americans descended from Africans could not be citizens of the United States . The Privileges or Immunities Clause has been interpreted in such a way that it does very little . While `` Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment reduces congressional representation for states that deny suffrage on racial grounds , '' it was not enforced after southern states disfranchised blacks in the late 19th and early 20th centuries ( see below , at Fifteenth Amendment ) . While Northern Congressmen in 1900 raised objections to the inequities of southern states being apportioned seats based on total populations when they excluded blacks , Southern Democratic Party representatives formed such a powerful block that opponents could not gain approval for change of apportionment . The Due Process Clause prohibits state and local government officials from depriving persons of life , liberty , or property without legislative authorization . This clause has also been used by the federal judiciary to make most of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states , as well as to recognize substantive and procedural requirements that state laws must satisfy . The Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its jurisdiction . This clause was the basis for the US Supreme Court 's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 ) , that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional , and its prohibition of laws against interracial marriage , in its ruling in Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) . This amendment was the foundation of elements of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 ( this also relied on the 15th Amendment ) , legislation to end legal segregation in the states and to provide for oversight and enforcement by the federal government of citizens ' rights to vote without discrimination . It has also been referred to for many other court decisions rejecting unnecessary discrimination against people belonging to various groups . Fifteenth Amendment ( edit ) Main article : Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Text of the 15th Amendment The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen 's `` race , color , or previous condition of servitude '' . It was ratified on February 3 , 1870 , as the third and last of the Reconstruction Amendments . By 1869 , amendments had been passed to abolish slavery and provide citizenship and equal protection under the laws , but the narrow election of Ulysses S. Grant to the presidency in 1868 convinced a majority of Republicans that protecting the franchise of black voters was important for the party 's future . After rejecting more sweeping versions of a suffrage amendment , Congress proposed a compromise amendment banning franchise restrictions on the basis of race , color , or previous servitude on February 26 , 1869 . The amendment survived a difficult ratification fight and was adopted on March 30 , 1870 . After blacks gained the vote , the Ku Klux Klan directed some of their attacks to disrupt their political meetings and intimidate them at the polls , to suppress black participation . In the mid-1870s , there was a rise in new insurgent groups , such as the Red Shirts and White League , who acted on behalf of the Democratic Party to violently suppress black voting . While white Democrats regained power in southern state legislatures , through the 1880s and early 1890s , numerous blacks continued to be elected to local offices in many states , as well as to Congress as late as 1894 . From 1890 to 1910 , all the states of the former Confederacy passed new constitutions and other laws that incorporated methods to disfranchise blacks , such as poll taxes , residency rules , and literacy tests administered by white staff , sometimes with exemptions for whites via grandfather clauses . When challenges reached the Supreme Court , it interpreted the amendment narrowly , ruling based on the stated intent of the laws rather than their practical effect . The results in voter suppression were dramatic , as voter rolls fells : nearly all blacks , as well as tens of thousands of poor whites in Alabama and other states , were forced off the voter registration rolls and out of the political system , effectively excluding millions of people from representation . Democratic state legislatures passed racial segregation laws for public facilities and other types of Jim Crow restrictions . During this period of political struggle , the rate of lynchings in the South reached an all - time high . In the twentieth century , the Court interpreted the amendment more broadly , striking down grandfather clauses in Guinn v. United States ( 1915 ) . It took a quarter century to finally dismantle the white primary system in the `` Texas primary cases '' ( 1927 -- 1953 ) . With the South having become a one - party region after the disfranchisement of blacks , Democratic Party primaries were the only competitive contests in the states . But Southern states reacted rapidly to Supreme Court decisions , often devising new ways to continue to exclude blacks from voter rolls and voting ; most blacks in the South did not gain the ability to vote until after passage of the mid-1960s federal civil rights legislation and beginning of federal oversight of voter registration and district boundaries . The Twenty - fourth Amendment ( 1964 ) forbade the requirement for poll taxes in federal elections ; by this time five of the eleven southern states continued to require such taxes . Together with the US Supreme Court ruling in Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections ( 1966 ) , which forbade requiring poll taxes in state elections , blacks regained the opportunity to participate in the American political system . Selected Supreme Court cases ( edit ) Citizenship ( edit ) 1884 : Elk v. Wilkins 1898 : United States v. Wong Kim Ark 1967 : Afroyim v. Rusk 1980 : Vance v. Terrazas 1982 : Plyler v. Doe Privileges or immunities ( edit ) 1868 : Crandall v. Nevada 1873 : Slaughter - House Cases 1908 : Twining v. New Jersey 1920 : United States v. Wheeler 1948 : Oyama v. California 1999 : Saenz v. Roe Incorporation ( edit ) 1833 : Barron v. Baltimore 1873 : Slaughter - House Cases 1883 : Civil Rights Cases 1884 : Hurtado v. California 1897 : Chicago , Burlington & Quincy Railroad v. Chicago 1900 : Maxwell v. Dow 1908 : Twining v. New Jersey 1925 : Gitlow v. New York 1932 : Powell v. Alabama 1937 : Palko v. Connecticut 1947 : Adamson v. California 1952 : Rochin v. California 1961 : Mapp v. Ohio 1962 : Robinson v. California 1963 : Gideon v. Wainwright 1964 : Malloy v. Hogan 1967 : Reitman v. Mulkey 1968 : Duncan v. Louisiana 1969 : Benton v. Maryland 1970 : Goldberg v. Kelly 1972 : Furman v. Georgia 1974 : Goss v. Lopez 1975 : O'Connor v. Donaldson 1976 : Gregg v. Georgia 2010 : McDonald v. Chicago Substantive due process ( edit ) 1876 : Munn v. Illinois 1887 : Mugler v. Kansas 1897 : Allgeyer v. Louisiana 1905 : Lochner v. New York 1908 : Muller v. Oregon 1923 : Adkins v. Children 's Hospital 1923 : Meyer v. Nebraska 1925 : Pierce v. Society of Sisters 1934 : Nebbia v. New York 1937 : West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish 1965 : Griswold v. Connecticut 1973 : Roe v. Wade 1992 : Planned Parenthood v. Casey 1996 : BMW of North America , Inc. v. Gore 2003 : State Farm v. Campbell 2003 : Lawrence v. Texas Equal protection ( edit ) 1880 : Strauder v. West Virginia 1886 : Yick Wo v. Hopkins 1886 : Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad 1896 : Plessy v. Ferguson 1908 : Berea College v. Kentucky 1917 : Buchanan v. Warley 1942 : Skinner v. Oklahoma 1944 : Korematsu v. United States 1948 : Shelley v. Kraemer 1954 : Hernandez v. Texas 1954 : Brown v. Board of Education 1962 : Baker v. Carr 1967 : Loving v. Virginia 1971 : Reed v. Reed 1973 : San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez 1976 : Examining Board v. Flores de Otero 1978 : Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 1982 : Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan 1986 : Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico 1996 : United States v. Virginia 1996 : Romer v. Evans 2000 : Bush v. Gore 2015 : Obergefell v. Hodges Apportionment of Representatives ( edit ) 1974 : Richardson v. Ramirez Power of enforcement ( edit ) 1883 : Civil Rights Cases 1966 : Katzenbach v. Morgan 1997 : City of Boerne v. Flores 1999 : Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank 2000 : United States v. Morrison 2000 : Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents 2001 : Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett 2003 : Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs 2004 : Tennessee v. Lane See also ( edit ) Crittenden Compromise Corwin Amendment National Freedom Day Reconstruction Acts 40 acres and a mule Ballot access Black suffrage Voting rights in the United States Slavery Abolition Act 1833 ( United Kingdom ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Foner , Eric . `` The Reconstruction Amendments : Official Documents as Social History . '' Gilderlehrman.org . The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History , n.d. Web . 5 Dec. 2012 ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Historical Documents '' . 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Martin . `` 14th Amendment Summary - What Is the Fourteenth Amendment . '' About.com . N.p. , n.d. Web . 5 Dec. 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Documents in American History . '' 15th Amendment to the Constitution : Primary Documents of American History ( Virtual Programs & Services , Library of Congress ) . N.p. , n.d. Web . 05 Dec. 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Documents '' . 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States : Amendments 11 - 27 '' . United States National Archives . United States National Archives . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ COMMITTEE AT ODDS ON REAPPORTIONMENT , The New York Times , 20 Dec 1900 , accessed 10 Mar 2008 Jump up ^ Richard M. Valelly , The Two Reconstructions : The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement University of Chicago Press , 2009 , pp. 146 - 147 Jump up ^ Glenn Feldman , The Disenfranchisement Myth : Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama , Athens : University of Georgia Press , 2004 , pp. 135 -- 136 United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 1795 -- 1804 11 12 Reconstruction 13 14 15 Twentieth century 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Pardon Petition Postal Presentment Presidential succession Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) USS Constitution Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Amendments&oldid=845850477 '' Categories : Amendments to the United States Constitution Politics of the American Civil War Reconstruction Era United States slavery law 1865 in American law 1866 in American law 1867 in American law 1868 in American law 1869 in American law 1870 in American law 1865 in American politics 1866 in American politics 1867 in American politics 1868 in American politics 1869 in American politics 1870 in American politics 1860s in the United States Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Simple English Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 15 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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do you want total asset turnover to be high or low			Asset turnover	asset turnover	Asset turnover is a financial ratio that measures the efficiency of a company 's use of its assets in generating sales revenue or sales income to the company .	Companies with low profit margins tend to have high asset turnover , while those with high profit margins have low asset turnover . Companies in the retail industry tend to have a very high turnover ratio due mainly to cutthroat and competitive pricing . Asset Turnover = Net Sales Revenue Average Total Assets ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( Asset Turnover ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ mbox ( Net Sales Revenue ) ) ( \ mbox ( Average Total Assets ) ) ) ) `` Sales '' is the value of `` Net Sales '' or `` Sales '' from the company 's income statement `` Average Total Assets '' is the average of the values of `` Total assets '' from the company 's balance sheet in the beginning and the end of the fiscal period . It is calculated by adding up the assets at the beginning of the period and the assets at the end of the period , then dividing that number by two . This method can produce unreliable results for businesses that experience significant intra-year fluctuations . For such businesses it is advisable to use some other formula for Average Total Assets . Alternatively , `` Average Total Assets '' can be ending total assets . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bodie , Zane ; Alex Kane ; Alan J. Marcus ( 2004 ) . Essentials of Investments , 5th ed . McGraw - Hill Irwin . p. 459 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 251077 - 3 . This economics - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asset_turnover&oldid=778602305 '' Categories : Financial ratios Economics and finance stubs Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Latviešu 日本語 Polski Русский Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 May 2017 , at 03 : 58 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset%20turnover	108,002
how many players are on the nfl roster			Practice squad	practice squad	In sports , the practice squad , also called the taxi squad or practice roster , is a group of players signed by a team but not part of their main roster . Frequently used in American and Canadian football , they serve as extra players during the team 's practices , often as part of the scout team by emulating an upcoming opponent 's play style . Because the players on the practice squad are familiar with the team 's plays and formations , the practice squad serves as a way to develop inexperienced players for promotion to the main roster . In addition , it provides replacement players for the main roster when players are needed as the result of injuries or other roster moves , such as bereavement leave .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 National Football League 2.1 International players 3 References History ( edit ) During the 1940s , Cleveland Browns coach Paul Brown invented the `` taxi squad , '' a group of promising scouted players who did not make the roster but were kept on reserve . The team owner , Arthur `` Mickey '' McBride , put them on the payroll of his taxi company , although they did not drive cabs . The name stuck , and the practice of retaining a squad of ready reserves spread throughout professional football . However , the NFL did not officially recognize the existence of taxi squads until February 18 , 1965 . On that date , the NFL team owners formally adopted a 40 - man active roster supplemented by a taxi squad of unregulated size , which was officially termed the `` future list . '' Over the next few seasons , the NFL gradually limited the allowable number of inactive players to seven , and regulations were established in relation to injured reserve and waiver practices . In 1974 , the NFL eliminated the taxi squad altogether , moving the seven inactive spots into an expanded 47 - man active roster . Beginning in 1977 , a more limited inactive system was introduced ( often consisting of either two or four players , depending on the season ) , and these players were sometimes referred to as taxi squad members . The NFL has since reintroduced larger reserve squads , now known as `` practice squads . '' National football league ( edit ) As of 2017 , each NFL team may keep up to ten members on its practice squad in addition to the 53 - member main roster . A majority of those on a practice squad are rookie draft picks and undrafted free agents ( UDFAs ) who were cut in training camps . A practice squad also includes veterans , up to four as of the 2016 season . Players may be signed to a practice squad for several reasons : for lack of space on the team , due to injury , or because they require more development . A player can not participate on the practice squad for more than three seasons ; he is eligible for a third season only if the team has at least 53 players on its active / inactive list for the duration of that player 's employment , or have no prior accrued seasons in the NFL ( an accrued season is six or more games on the active roster ) ; or if he has accrued a year of NFL experience on a club 's 53 - man active roster . If the player was on the active list for fewer than 9 games during their `` only accrued season ( s ) '' , he maintains his eligibility for the practice squad . Games in which a player is listed as the third - string quarterback ( a designation that has been abolished as of 2011 ) do not count as being on the active list . Former quarterback Mike Quinn , who was listed as the third - string quarterback for several teams throughout his career , is a notable example , being practice squad eligible during his 8th NFL season . Practice squad players practice alongside regular roster players during the week , but they are not allowed to play in actual games . They can be paid considerably less than active squad players ; in 2012 , the minimum salary for a practice squad player was $5,700 per week , and the minimum rookie salary was $390,000 . Some practice squad players are paid considerably more , however . In 2006 , the New England Patriots paid third - year player Billy Yates the full $425,000 he would have earned on the active roster . Practice squad players are free agents ; they can be signed to any team 's 53 - man roster at any time during the season . In other words , NFL teams are free to `` poach '' other teams ' practice squads without compensating the teams , with one exception : a team can not sign another team 's practice squad players if they are playing against each other in the immediate future , a restriction that prevents using the tactic solely to steal game plans . This went into effect after former Pittsburgh Steelers head coach Bill Cowher accused Jacksonville Jaguars head coach Tom Coughlin of signing many of the Steelers practice squad guys just before matchups between the two teams when they were both in the AFC Central . Many NFL players spent time on practice squads before finding success in the league , including James Harrison , Jason Peters , Danny Amendola , Danny Woodhead , Arian Foster and Kyle Cook . International players ( edit ) The practice squad has also been used by the NFL and their teams as a way to bring in and train players from outside the United States or Canada , where gridiron football is not a popular sport . The NFL has operated programs in which selected international players were assigned to teams ' practice squads as an extra member who did not count towards a team 's maximum practice squad size . The first , called the International Practice Squad Program , began operation in 2004 . In 2005 , Rolando Cantu of Mexico was promoted to the Arizona Cardinals ' active roster after spending the previous season on the practice squad as a member of the program . Players from the United Kingdom , France , Germany , Finland , Sweden , Japan , and Russia also participated . In 2008 , the program sponsored sixteen players , the largest amount to date . The program was discontinued for 2009 . The rule allowing for an extra practice squad player of international origin , however , remained in the NFL 's rulebook and teams attempted to use the rule even after the demise of the program . For example , in 2013 the Detroit Lions attempted to use it to add Norwegian kicker Håvard Rugland to their practice squad , but were rejected by the NFL , which stated that the rule was meant to be used for players from NFL Europe , which folded after the 2007 season . A new program , the International Player Pathway , was created in 2017 . This new initiative started as a trial involving only NFC South teams . Each team in the division was allowed to sign one international player to its practice squad who would not count against the normal 10 - player limit , but would not be eligible to be activated during the season after being signed . The pathway was expanded to 8 teams ( NFC South and AFC North ) for the 2018 season . Additionally , several international players have tried to find their starts in the NFL through spending time on teams practice squads without having been part of these programs , such as Efe Obada , Moritz Böhringer , and Jarryd Hayne . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomas , Jeanna ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's how NFL practice squads work '' . SB Nation . New York , NY : Vox Media . Jump up ^ `` Here 's how NFL practice squads work '' . Jump up ^ Cantor 2008 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Player Limit Okayed '' . The Times - Picayune . New Orleans . February 9 , 1965 . sec. 2 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Roesler , Bob ( September 29 , 1968 ) . `` Behind the Sports Scene '' . The Times - Picayune . New Orleans . sec. 6 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Belloni , Nat ( August 22 , 1968 ) . `` Bliss Among the Tall Pines '' . New Orleans States - Item . New Orleans . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Roesler , Bob ( May 6 , 1970 ) . `` Behind the Sports Scene '' . The Times - Picayune . New Orleans . sec. 2 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ McMillen , Larry ( September 11 , 1974 ) . `` Williams Heads Cuts by Saints '' . The Times - Picayune . New Orleans . sec. 3 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Bob ( September 13 , 1977 ) . `` Four More Saints to Go Today '' . The States - Item . New Orleans . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Janofsky , Michael ( November 8 , 1982 ) . `` Rozelle : Super Bowl Rooms to be Released '' . The Times - Picayune / The States - Item . New Orleans . sec. 3 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Aaron ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` NFL changes rules for practice - squad members '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The NFL Collective Bargaining Agreement '' ( PDF ) . NFL Players Association . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bouchette , Ed ( September 22 , 2004 ) . `` Quarterback Quinn Signs Up for Practice Squad '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( 2007 - 09 - 19 ) . `` NFL hunting for answer on how Fox got Patriots video '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans - Arian Foster Profile '' . Houston Texans . houstontexans.com . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots.com '' . Patriots.com . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on 21 August 2014 . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Williamson , Bill ( 12 June 2008 ) . `` International practice - squad players assigned '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 11 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : NFL Expands International Practice Squad Program , The News Tribune , May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kickalicious says league rejected Lions ' attempt to keep him on practice squad '' . nbcsports.com. 12 September 2013 . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` International players added to four practice squads '' . Around the NFL . NFL.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://apnews.com/7c9905f90480407eadd9010566852dc0 ( hide ) Gridiron football concepts Codes American Glossary History Early Modern Rules Canadian American -- Canadian comparison Burnside rules Glossary Arena Indoor 9 - man 8 - man 6 - man Flag Touch Street / Backyard Powderpuff Wheelchair Rules of gridiron football codes Levels of play Youth / midget Pop Warner AYF High school Varsity Junior varsity College Club Sprint Semi-pro Professional Practice squad Women 's International Field Lines Yard lines Hash marks Goal line Sidelines Line of scrimmage Field goal range Spaces End zone Red zone Neutral zone Coffin corner Flat Gap Hole Pocket Scoring Touchdown One - point conversion Two - point conversion Field goal Safety Single ( rouge ) Turnovers Fumble Interception Muffed punt Turnover on downs Downs First down Three - and - out Fourth down conversion Dead ball Play clock Timeout Kneel Spike Time warnings 3 min . 2 min . 1 min . Clock management Running out the clock Untimed play Garbage time Statistics Carry Completion Rushing yards Passing yards Passer rating Total quarterback rating Reception Receiving yards Pass deflected Sack Return yards Total offense Yards after catch Yards from scrimmage All - purpose yardage Touchdown pass Practice Two - a-days Oklahoma drill Three - cone drill Film session Officiating Official ( American , Canadian ) Chain crew Penalty Penalty flag Instant replay Miscellaneous Ball Coaching tree Concussions Equipment 12th man Letterman Overtime Running up the score Touchdown celebration Gatorade shower Tuck rule Uniform number Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Practice_squad&oldid=841584366 '' Categories : College sports in the United States American football terminology Canadian football terminology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 18 : 37 . 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did breakfast at tiffany's win any awards	Breakfast at Tiffany 's was received positively at the time , and won two Academy Awards : Best Original Score and Best Original Song for `` Moon River '' , which was also selected as the fourth most memorable song in Hollywood history by the American Film Institute in 2004 . The film was also nominated for three other Academy Awards : Best Actress for Hepburn , Best Adapted Screenplay , and Best Art Direction .		Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( film )	breakfast at tiffany's ( film )	Breakfast at Tiffany 's is a 1961 American romantic comedy film directed by Blake Edwards and written by George Axelrod , loosely based on Truman Capote 's novella of the same name . Starring Audrey Hepburn and George Peppard , and featuring Patricia Neal , Buddy Ebsen , Martin Balsam , and Mickey Rooney , the film was initially released on October 5 , 1961 by Paramount Pictures .	Hepburn 's portrayal of Holly Golightly as the naïve , eccentric socialite is generally considered to be the actress 's most memorable and identifiable role . Hepburn regarded it as one of her most challenging roles , since she was an introvert required to play an extrovert . Breakfast at Tiffany 's was received positively at the time , and won two Academy Awards : Best Original Score and Best Original Song for `` Moon River '' , which was also selected as the fourth most memorable song in Hollywood history by the American Film Institute in 2004 . The film was also nominated for three other Academy Awards : Best Actress for Hepburn , Best Adapted Screenplay , and Best Art Direction . In 2012 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Principal photography 3.4 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Influence 4.3 Portrayal of Mr. Yunioshi and Yellowface controversy 5 Awards and honors 5.1 Academy Awards 5.2 Other awards 6 Soundtrack 6.1 List of songs 7 Home media 8 Stage adaptations 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Early one morning , a taxi pulls up at Tiffany & Co. on Fifth Avenue in New York City , from which elegantly dressed Holly Golightly ( Audrey Hepburn ) emerges . After looking into the shop 's windows , she strolls home . Outside her apartment , she fends off Sid Arbuck ( Claude Stroud ) , her date from the disastrous night before . Inside the apartment building , Holly ca n't find her keys so she buzzes her landlord , Mr. Yunioshi ( Mickey Rooney ) , who begrudgingly lets her in . Later , she is awakened by new neighbor Paul Varjak ( George Peppard ) , who rings her doorbell to get into the building . The pair chat as she dresses to leave for her weekly visit to Sally Tomato ( Alan Reed ) , a mobster incarcerated at Sing Sing prison . Tomato 's lawyer , O'Shaughnessy , pays her $100 a week to deliver `` the weather report '' . Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly As she is leaving for Sing Sing , Holly is introduced to Paul 's `` decorator '' , wealthy older woman Emily Eustace Failenson ( Patricia Neal ) , whom Paul nicknames `` 2E '' . That night , Holly goes out onto the fire escape to elude an over-eager date ( Mel Blanc ) . She peeks into Paul 's apartment and sees 2E leaving money and kissing Paul goodbye . After 2E leaves , Holly enters Paul 's apartment and learns that he is a writer who has not had anything published since a book of vignettes five years before . Holly , in turn , explains that she is trying to save money to support her brother Fred when he gets out of the Army . The pair fall asleep , but are awakened when Holly has a nightmare about Fred . She later buys Paul a typewriter ribbon to apologize and invites him to a party at her apartment . There , Paul meets her Hollywood agent , O.J. Berman ( Martin Balsam ) , who describes Holly 's transformation from country girl into Manhattan socialite . He is also introduced to José da Silva Pereira ( José Luis de Vilallonga ) , a wealthy Brazilian politician , and Rusty Trawler ( Stanley Adams ) , the `` ninth richest man in America under 50 '' . In the days that follow , Paul and Holly become closer . The next day , 2E enters Paul 's apartment , worried that she is being followed . Paul tells her that he will investigate and eventually confronts Doc Golightly ( Buddy Ebsen ) , Holly 's estranged husband . Doc explains that Holly 's real name is Lula Mae Barnes . They married when she was 14 , and he wants to take her back to Texas , as Fred will be returning . After Paul reunites Holly and Doc , she tells Paul the marriage was annulled . At the bus station , she tells Doc she is not going with him . Doc leaves broken - hearted . After drinking at a club , Paul and Holly return to her apartment , where she drunkenly tells him that she plans to marry Trawler for his money . A few days later , Paul learns that one of his short stories will be published . On the way to tell Holly , he sees a newspaper headline stating that Trawler has married someone else . Holly and Paul agree to spend the day together , taking turns doing things that each has never done before . At Tiffany 's , Paul has the ring from Doc Golightly 's box of Cracker Jack engraved as a present for Holly . After spending the night together , he awakens to find her gone . When 2E arrives , Paul ends their relationship . She calmly accepts , having earlier concluded that he and some other woman are in love . Holly schemes to marry José for his money , which angers Paul . After Holly receives a telegram notifying her of Fred 's death , she trashes her apartment . Months later , Paul has moved out . He is invited to dinner by Holly , who is leaving the next morning for Brazil to continue her relationship with José . However , they are arrested in connection with Sally Tomato 's drug ring , and Holly spends the night in jail . The next morning , Holly is released on bail and finds Paul waiting , and they take a cab . He has her cat and a letter from José explaining he must end their relationship due to her arrest . Holly insists she will go to Brazil anyway , asks the cab to pull over , and releases the cat into the rain . Paul confronts Holly about his love and her behavior , then leaves , tossing the Cracker Jack ring they had engraved for her by Tiffany 's into her lap and telling her to examine her life . She goes through a decision making moment , puts on the ring , and runs after Paul , who has gone looking for the cat . She searches the alley and finally finds the cat . Paul and Holly look into each other 's eyes and share a kiss . Cast ( edit ) Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly / Lula Mae Barnes George Peppard as Paul Varjak ( nicknamed `` Fred '' by Holly , for his resemblance to her brother ) Patricia Neal as Mrs. Emily Eustace `` 2E '' Failenson Buddy Ebsen as Doc Golightly Martin Balsam as O.J. Berman Mickey Rooney as I.Y. Yunioshi Alan Reed as Sally Tomato José Luis de Vilallonga as José da Silva Pereira ( credited as Vilallonga ) Stanley Adams as Rutherford `` Rusty '' Trawler John McGiver as Tiffany 's salesman Dorothy Whitney as Mag Wildwood Claude Stroud as Sid Arbuck Orangey as the cat ( credited as `` Cat '' ; Frank Inn , Trainer ) Beverly Powers as the stripper ( credited as Miss Beverly Hills ) Elvia Allman as the librarian Mel Blanc as Holly 's over-eager date ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Oscar - nominated screenplay was written by George Axelrod , loosely based on the novella by Truman Capote . Changes were made to fit the medium of cinema and to correspond to the filmmakers ' vision . Pre-production ( edit ) Capote , who sold the film rights of his novella to Paramount Studios , wanted Marilyn Monroe to play Holly Golightly , whom he had described perfectly in the book . Barry Paris cites Capote 's own comments on the choice of actress : `` Marilyn was always my first choice to play the girl , Holly Golightly . '' Screenwriter Axelrod was hired to `` tailor the screenplay for Monroe '' . When Lee Strasberg advised Monroe that playing a prostitute would be bad for her image , she turned it down and performed in The Misfits instead . When Hepburn was cast instead of Monroe , Capote remarked : `` Paramount double - crossed me in every way and cast Audrey '' . Shirley MacLaine was also offered the part of Holly , but she turned it down and performed in Two Loves instead . Originally producers Martin Jurow and Richard Shepherd had picked John Frankenheimer as the director , but Hepburn said : `` I 've never heard of him '' and he was replaced on her request . Principal photography ( edit ) Hepburn in the opening scene . Most of the exteriors were filmed in New York City , except the fire escape scenes and the alley scene at the end in the rain where Holly puts Cat out of the cab and then Paul and Holly look for Cat . All of the interiors , except for portions of the scene inside Tiffany & Company , were filmed on the Paramount Studios lot in Hollywood . According to one report the film 's on - location opening sequence , in which Holly gazes into a Tiffany 's display window , was extremely difficult for director Blake Edwards to shoot . Although it was simple in concept , crowd control , Hepburn 's dislike of pastries , and an accident that nearly resulted in the electrocution of a crew member are all said to have made capturing the scene a challenge . However , another report claims that the sequence was captured rather quickly due to the good fortune of an unexpected traffic lull . Music ( edit ) `` It took me a long time to figure out what Holly Golightly was all about . One night after midnight I was still trying . I do n't drink much , but I was sipping . And it came to me . I wrote ( `` Moon River '' ) in half an hour . '' -- Henry Mancini During the film , Hepburn sang the film 's signature song , `` Moon River '' by Henry Mancini and Johnny Mercer . The song was tailored to Hepburn 's limited vocal range , based on songs she had performed in 1957 's Funny Face . On the Anniversary Edition DVD of Breakfast at Tiffany 's co-producer Richard Shepherd says in his audio commentary that after a preview in San Francisco , Martin Rankin , Paramount 's head of production , wanted `` Moon River '' replaced with music by somebody like Gordon Jenkins ( whose album Manhattan Tower had been out fairly recently ) : `` Marty ( Jurow , co-producer ) and I both said ' over our dead bodies . ' '' According to Mancini and Edwards , a studio executive hated the song and demanded it be cut from the film ; Hepburn , who was present , responded to the suggestion by standing up and saying , `` Over my dead body ! '' According to Time magazine , Mancini `` sets off his melodies with a walking bass , extends them with choral and string variations , varies them with the brisk sounds of combo jazz . ' Moon River ' is sobbed by a plaintive harmonica , repeated by strings , hummed and then sung by the chorus , finally resolved with the harmonica again . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Time magazine noted `` for the first half hour or so , Hollywood 's Holly ( Audrey Hepburn ) is not much different from Capote 's . She has kicked the weed and lost the illegitimate child she was having , but she is still jolly Holly , the child bride from Tulip , Texas , who at 15 runs away to Hollywood to find some of the finer things of life -- like shoes . '' It pointed out that `` after that out - of - Capote beginning , Director Blake Edwards ( High Time ) goes on to an out - of - character end . '' Almost a half century later , Time commented on the pivotal impact of Hepburn 's portrayal of Golightly : Breakfast at Tiffany 's set Hepburn on her 60s Hollywood course . Holly Golightly , small - town Southern girl turned Manhattan trickster , was the naughty American cousin of Eliza Doolittle , Cockney flower girl turned My Fair Lady . Holly was also the prototype for the Hepburn women in Charade , Paris When It Sizzles , and How to Steal a Million : kooks in capers . And she prepared audiences for the ground - level anxieties that Hepburn characters endured in The Children 's Hour , Two for the Road and Wait Until Dark . The New York Times called the film a `` completely unbelievable but wholly captivating flight into fancy composed of unequal dollops of comedy , romance , poignancy , funny colloquialisms and Manhattan 's swankiest East Side areas captured in the loveliest of colors '' . In reviewing the performances , the newspaper said Holly Golightly is as implausible as ever . But in the person of Miss Hepburn , she is a genuinely charming , elfin waif who will be believed and adored when seen . George Peppard is casual and , for the most part , a subdued citizen who seems to like observing better than participating in the proceedings . Martin Balsam makes a properly brash , snappy Hollywood agent . Mickey Rooney 's bucktoothed , myopic Japanese is broadly exotic . Patricia Neal is simply cool and brisk in her few appearances as Mr. Peppard 's sponsor and Vilallonga , is properly suave and Continental as Miss Hepburn 's Brazilian , while Buddy Ebsen has a brief poignant moment as Miss Hepburn 's husband . Truman Capote hated Hepburn in the lead part . Capote biographer Gerald Clarke , deemed the film a `` valentine '' to free - spirited women rather than a cautionary tale about a little girl lost in the big city . `` The movie is a confection -- a sugar and spice confection . '' Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews from 49 critics and gives the film a rating of 88 % , with an average rating of 7.4 out of 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` It contains some ugly anachronisms , but Blake Edwards is at his funniest in this iconic classic , and Audrey Hepburn absolutely lights up the screen . '' Influence ( edit ) Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly in the film 's trailer Hepburn as Holly , with her hair in a high chignon and carrying an oversized cigarette holder , is considered one of the most iconic images of 20th century American cinema . Another iconic item throughout the movie is Holly 's sunglasses . Often misidentified as Ray - Ban , they are Manhattan sunglasses designed and manufactured in London by Oliver Goldsmith . In 2011 the model was re-released to mark the 50th anniversary of Breakfast at Tiffany 's . One of three dresses designed by Givenchy for Hepburn for possible use in the film sold at auction by Christie 's on December 5 , 2006 for £ 467,200 ( ~ US $947,000 ) , about seven times the reserve price . The `` Little Black Dress '' by Givenchy , worn by Hepburn in the beginning of the film , is cited as one of the most iconic items of clothing in the history of the twentieth century and is , perhaps , the most famous little black dress of all time . A second `` little black dress '' in Breakfast at Tiffany 's , along with its wide - brimmed hat , was worn by Hepburn as Holly when she goes to visit mobster Sally Tomato at Sing Sing Prison . This dress was paid homage as one of the dresses worn by Anne Hathaway 's character Selina Kyle , Catwoman 's alter ego , in Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight Rises ; the comic book Catwoman character was originally drawn based on Hepburn , according to Catwoman comic cover artist Adam Hughes , creating a double homage to Hepburn 's Holly Golightly in Hathaway 's Catwoman . The film rejuvenated the career of 1930s movie song - and - dance man and Disney Davy Crockett sidekick Buddy Ebsen , who had a small but effective role in this film as Doc Golightly , Holly 's ex-husband . His success here led directly to his best - known role as Jed Clampett on The Beverly Hillbillies . A diamond necklace at Tiffany 's that Hepburn scorned as too flashy , was the Tiffany Yellow Diamond , which she wore in publicity photos for the film . Tiffany 's profile , while already established as a pre-eminent luxury retailer , was further boosted by the film . Portrayal of Mr. Yunioshi and yellowface controversy ( edit ) I.Y. Yuniyoshi naked in bath . Main article : I.Y. Yunioshi For his portrayal of I.Y. Yunioshi , Mickey Rooney wore makeup and a prosthetic mouthpiece to change his features to a caricatured approximation of a Japanese person . Since the 1990s , this portrayal has been subject to increasing protest by Asian Americans , among others . For instance , in the film Dragon : The Bruce Lee Story ( 1993 ) , Breakfast at Tiffany 's is used as an illustration of Hollywood 's racist depiction of Asian people when Bruce Lee and his future wife , Linda , see the film and Linda suggests they leave when she notices that Bruce is upset at Rooney 's caricatured performance . In his audio commentary for the DVD release , producer Richard Shepherd said that at the time of production as well as in retrospect , he wanted to recast the role `` not because he ( Rooney ) did n't play the part well '' but because Shepherd thought the part of Mr. Yunioshi should be performed by an actor of Japanese ethnicity ; it was director Blake Edwards ' decision to keep Rooney . In a `` making - of '' for the 45th anniversary edition DVD release , Shepherd repeatedly apologizes , saying , `` If we could just change Mickey Rooney , I 'd be thrilled with the movie . '' Director Blake Edwards stated , `` Looking back , I wish I had never done it ... and I would give anything to be able to recast it , but it 's there , and onward and upward . '' In a 2008 interview about the film , 87 - year - old Rooney said he was heartbroken about the criticism : Blake Edwards ... wanted me to do it because he was a comedy director . They hired me to do this overboard , and we had fun doing it ... Never in all the more than 40 years after we made it -- not one complaint . Every place I 've gone in the world people say , `` God , you were so funny . '' Asians and Chinese come up to me and say , `` Mickey you were out of this world . '' Rooney also said that if he had known the portrayal would be offensive , `` I would n't have done it . Those that did n't like it , I forgive them and God bless America , God bless the universe , God bless Japanese , Chinese , Indians , all of them and let 's have peace . '' The film continues to draw criticism for this racist caricature , particularly when the movie is selected as a `` classic '' screened in public spaces , supported by tax dollars . In 2011 , a SyFy and Brooklyn Bridge Park Corporation screening inspired petitions . Tastemaker Tribeca Film Festival is planning a large public screening in September 2017 . Awards and honors ( edit ) Academy Awards ( edit ) Award Person Best Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture Henry Mancini Best Original Song : `` Moon River '' Henry Mancini Johnny Mercer Nominated : Best Actress in a Leading Role Audrey Hepburn Best Art Direction Hal Pereira Roland Anderson Sam Comer Ray Moyer Best Adapted Screenplay George Axelrod Other Awards ( edit ) Golden Globe Awards , 1961 : Best picture ( musical or comedy ) Golden Globe Awards , 1961 : Best actress ( musical or comedy ) - Audrey Hepburn Henry Mancini won the Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album or Recording or Score . George Axelrod won the Writers Guild of America , East for Best Written American Drama . Blake Edwards was nominated for the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures . The film was ranked # 486 on Empire 's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list for 2008 . National Film Registry - 2012 American Film Institute ranked the film # 61 in 100 Years ... 100 Passions and `` Moon River '' as # 4 in 100 Years ... 100 Songs . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Breakfast at Tiffany 's : Music from the Motion Picture The soundtrack featured a score composed and conducted by Henry Mancini , with songs by Mancini and lyricist Johnny Mercer . Mancini and Mercer won the 1961 Oscar for Best Original Song for `` Moon River '' . Mancini won for Best Original Score . There are also unreleased score pieces from Breakfast at Tiffany 's in existence ; `` Carousel Cue '' is from an unsurfaced scene , while `` Outtake 1 '' is from a deleted scene in which Holly and Fred visit Tiffany 's and is a variation of the main theme . List of songs ( edit ) `` Moon River '' `` Something for Cat '' `` Sally 's Tomato '' `` Mr. Yunioshi '' `` The Big Blow Out '' `` Hub Caps and Tail Lights '' `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' `` Latin Golightly '' `` Holly '' `` Loose Caboose '' `` The Big Heist '' `` Moon River ( Cha Cha ) '' In 2013 Intrada released the complete score in its original film performance ( as with many soundtrack albums by Mancini and others at the time , the album released alongside the film was a re-recording ) . Main Title ( Moon River ) ( 3 : 07 ) Paul Meets Cat ( 1 : 24 ) Sally 's Tomato ( 4 : 57 ) The Big Blowout ( 1 : 05 ) Poor Fred ( 3 : 22 ) Moon River ( Cha Cha ) ( 2 : 32 ) Latin Golightly ( 3 : 05 ) Something For Cat ( 4 : 48 ) Loose Caboose -- Part 1 ( À La Cha Cha ) ( 3 : 22 ) Loose Caboose -- Part 2 ( 2 : 11 ) Moon River ( Vocal By Audrey Hepburn ) ( 2 : 03 ) Meet The Doc ( With Organ Grinder ) ( 1 : 37 ) An Exceptional Person ( 2 : 57 ) You 're So Skinny ( 0 : 57 ) Turkey Eggs ( 2 : 43 ) Hub Caps And Tail Lights ( 2 : 19 ) Rats And Super Rats ( 2 : 27 ) The Hard Way ( 0 : 55 ) Rusty Trawler ( 0 : 26 ) Holly ( 1 : 56 ) A Lovely Place ( 1 : 33 ) Bermuda Nights ( 0 : 22 ) The Big Heist ( 4 : 02 ) After The Ball ( 1 : 14 ) Just Like Holly ( 1 : 41 ) Wait A Minute ( 0 : 44 ) Feathers ( 1 : 14 ) Let 's Eat ( 1 : 39 ) Where 's The Cat ? And End Title ( Moon River ) ( 3 : 50 ) Moon River ( Audrey Hepburn & Guitar ) ( 1 : 38 ) Moon River ( Piano And Guitar ) ( 1 : 38 ) Moon River ( Harmonica And Guitar ) ( 1 : 36 ) Meet The Doc ( Without Organ Grinder ) ( 1 : 37 ) Piano Practice No. 1 ( 1 : 38 ) Piano Practice No. 2 ( 1 : 48 ) Piano Practice No. 3 ( 0 : 54 ) Moon River ( New York Version ) ( 2 : 01 ) Moon River ( Whistling ) ( 0 : 10 ) Home media ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's was one of the first Hepburn films to be released to the home video market in the early 1980s , and is also widely available on DVD . On February 7 , 2006 , Paramount released a 45th anniversary special edition DVD set in North America with featurettes not included on the prior DVD release : Audio Commentary -- with producer Richard Shepherd Breakfast at Tiffany 's : The Making of a Classic -- a making - of featurette with interviews by Edwards , Neal , the `` laughing / crying '' woman from the party , and Sean Ferrer , Hepburn 's son . It 's So Audrey ! A Style Icon -- a short tribute to Hepburn . Brilliance in a Blue Box -- a brief history of Tiffany & Co . Audrey 's Letter to Tiffany -- an accounting of Hepburn 's letter to Tiffany & Co. on the occasion of the company 's 150th anniversary in 1987 . Original Theatrical Trailer Photo Gallery On January 13 , 2009 , a remastered Centennial Collection version of the film was released . In addition to the special features on the 45th anniversary edition , this version includes : A Golightly Gathering -- Reuniting some of the past cast members from the party with interviews on their experiences filming that segment . Henry Mancini : More Than Music -- A featurette about Henry Mancini , `` Moon River '' and interviews with Mancini 's wife and children . Mr. Yunioshi : An Asian Perspective -- Documentary discussing the reaction and Asian perspective of the character of Mr. Yunioshi , one of the most controversial characters in film . Behind the Gates -- A tour through Paramount Studios In 2011 a newly remastered HD version of the film was released on Blu - ray with many of the features from the aforementioned DVDs . The digital restoration of the film was done by Paramount Pictures . The digital pictures were frame by frame digitally restored at Prasad Corporation to remove dirt , tears , scratches and other artifacts . The film was restored to its original look for its 50th Anniversary . Stage adaptations ( edit ) In 1966 , David Merrick produced a Broadway musical of the same name starring Mary Tyler Moore as Holly Golightly and Richard Chamberlain as Paul . The troubled production closed after four previews . In 2004 , a new musical adaptation of the film made its world debut at The Muny in St. Louis . In May 2009 , actress Anna Friel confirmed that she would star in a West End adaptation of the film . The show opened in September 2009 at the Haymarket Theatre . The name of the film was also used as the title for the 1996 hit record by Deep Blue Something , although the lyrics were in fact inspired by Roman Holiday . A new stage adaption made its debut in March 2013 at the Cort Theater in New York City . The role of Holly Golightly would be played by Emilia Clarke . See also ( edit ) Male prostitution in the arts Portrayal of East Asians in Hollywood List of Academy Award - winning films List of American films of 1961 List of Audrey Hepburn credits List of comedy films of the 1960s List of films set in New York City List of Paramount Pictures films List of short fiction made into feature films List of fictional books from non-print media Academy Award portal Comedy portal Film in the United States portal 1960s portal References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 8 , 2001 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald ( 2006 ) . Enchantment : The Life of Audrey Hepburn . New York : Harmony Books . p. 204 . ISBN 0 - 307 - 23758 - 3 . Jump up ^ King , Susan . `` National Film Registry selects 25 films for preservation '' Los Angeles Times ( December 19 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Barry Paris ( 1996 ) . Audrey Hepburn . Berkley Books . Jump up ^ Foerster , Jonathan ( 9 February 2011 ) . `` Shirley MacLaine is n't getting old , she 's just advanced '' . Naples Daily News . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ 25 Things You May Not Know About ' Breakfast at Tiffany 's ' at moviefone.com , 5 Oct 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Movies : Never Too Much Music '' . Time . May 25 , 1962 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald . Enchantment : The Life of Audrey Hepburn . New York : Harmony Books , 2006 . Page 204 -- 205 . ISBN 0 - 307 - 23758 - 3 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Richard . Breakfast at Tiffany 's -- Anniversary Edition / Centennial Edition audio commentary ( DVD ) . Paramount . Event occurs at 25 : 20 . Jump up ^ Erwin , Ellen ; Diamond , Jessica Z . ( October 2006 ) . The Audrey Hepburn Treasures . New York : Atria Books . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8986 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema : Once Over Golightly '' . Time . October 20 , 1961 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( January 20 , 2007 ) . `` Audrey Hepburn : Still the Fairest Lady '' . Time . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Weiler , A.H. ( October 6 , 1961 ) . `` The Screen : Breakfast at Tiffany 's : Audrey Hepburn Stars in Music Hall Comedy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Capote never liked Hepburn in iconic role '' . Today.com . Associated Press . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Breakfast at Tiffany 's at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald . Enchantment : The Life of Audrey Hepburn . New York : Harmony Books , 2006 . Page 203 . ISBN 0 - 307 - 23758 - 3 Jump up ^ Moss , Rob ( 28 July 2011 ) . `` Re-released Manhattan sunglasses mark 50th anniversary of Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' . Eye Wear Glasses . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Audrey Hepburn Breakfast At Tiffany 's , 1961 '' . Christie 's . 5 December 2006 . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Auction frenzy over Hepburn dress '' . BBC NEWS. 2006 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Famous Dresses Ever '' . Glamour.com. April 2007 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Audrey Hepburn dress '' . Hello Magazine . 6 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Audrey Hepburn 's little black dress tops fashion list '' . The Independent . 17 May 2010 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Steele , Valerie ( 9 November 2010 ) . The Berg Companion to Fashion . Berg Publishers . p. 483 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84788 - 592 - 0 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Miller , Jacqui . Fan Phenomena : Audrey Hepburn . Ed . Jacqui Miller . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2014 . p. 26 - 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78320 - 206 - 5 . Jump up ^ Biography for Buddy Ebsen on IMDb Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Shepherd , Richard . Breakfast at Tiffany 's -- Anniversary Edition / Centennial Edition audio commentary ( DVD ) . Paramount . Event occurs at 3 : 43 . ^ Jump up to : Breakfast at Tiffany 's : The Making of a Classic ^ Jump up to : Magagnini , Stephen ( September 28 , 2008 ) . `` Mickey Rooney upset about claims his ' Tiffany 's ' role is racist '' . Sacramento Bee. Scripps Howard News Service . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/brooklyn-breakfast-at-tiffanys_n_897557.html Jump up ^ https://tribecafilm.com/drive-in Jump up ^ `` NY Times : Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' . NY Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Empire : Features '' . Empireonline.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ examiner.com , Digital restoration will celebrate Breakfast at Tiffany 's 50th Jump up ^ oscars.org , Academy to Celebrate 50th Anniversary of `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' Jump up ^ `` Show Archives '' . The Muny . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment West End Breakfast for Anna Friel '' . BBC News . 2009 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast At Tiffany 's -- The Official Broadway Site '' . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's , by George Axelrod . Published by Paramount Home Entertainment ( UK ) , 1960 . ( film script ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's : A Short Novel and Three Stories , by Truman Capote . Published by Random House , 1958 . Breakfast at Tiffany 's : Complete Dialogues Breakfast at Tiffany 's : 50 years on Wasson , Sam . Fifth Avenue , 5 A.M. : Audrey Hepburn , Breakfast at Tiffany 's , and the Dawn of the Modern Woman . ISBN 978 - 0061774164 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutBreakfast at Tiffany 's ( film ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Breakfast at Tiffany 's on IMDb Breakfast at Tiffany 's at the TCM Movie Database Breakfast at Tiffany 's at AllMovie Breakfast at Tiffany 's at the American Film Institute Catalog Breakfast at Tiffany 's at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Blake Edwards Bring Your Smile Along ( 1955 ) He Laughed Last ( 1956 ) Mister Cory ( 1957 ) This Happy Feeling ( 1958 ) The Perfect Furlough ( 1958 ) Operation Petticoat ( 1959 ) High Time ( 1960 ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1961 ) Experiment in Terror ( 1962 ) Days of Wine and Roses ( 1962 ) The Pink Panther ( 1963 ) A Shot in the Dark ( 1964 ) The Great Race ( 1965 ) What Did You Do in the War , Daddy ? ( 1966 ) Gunn ( 1967 ) The Party ( 1968 ) Darling Lili ( 1970 ) Wild Rovers ( 1971 ) The Carey Treatment ( 1972 ) The Tamarind Seed ( 1974 ) The Return of the Pink Panther ( 1975 ) The Pink Panther Strikes Again ( 1976 ) Revenge of the Pink Panther ( 1978 ) 10 ( 1979 ) S.O.B. ( 1981 ) Victor / Victoria ( 1982 ) Trail of the Pink Panther ( 1982 ) Curse of the Pink Panther ( 1983 ) The Man Who Loved Women ( 1983 ) Micki & Maude ( 1984 ) A Fine Mess ( 1986 ) That 's Life ! ( 1986 ) Blind Date ( 1987 ) Sunset ( 1988 ) Justin Case ( 1988 ) Skin Deep ( 1989 ) Peter Gunn ( 1989 ) Switch ( 1991 ) Son of the Pink Panther ( 1993 ) Victor / Victoria ( 1995 ) Works by Truman Capote Novels Summer Crossing Other Voices , Other Rooms The Grass Harp Breakfast at Tiffany 's Answered Prayers : The Unfinished Novel Short stories Miriam Children on Their Birthdays A Diamond Guitar A Christmas Memory The Thanksgiving Visitor One Christmas Short story collections A Tree of Night and Other Stories Music for Chameleons Essay collections Local Color The Dogs Bark : Public People and Private Places Plays The Grass Harp Screenplays Beat the Devil Terminal Station ( dialogue ) The Innocents ( dialogue ) Laura Musicals House of Flowers Non fiction The Muses Are Heard Observations In Cold Blood Too Brief a Treat : The Letters of Truman Capote Truman Capote 's Breakfast at Tiffany 's Adaptations House of Flowers ( 1954 musical ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1961 film ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1966 musical ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 2013 play ) Music `` Moon River '' Breakfast at Tiffany 's : Music from the Motion Picture ( 1961 soundtrack ) Jazz for `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( 1961 album ) `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( 1995 song ) Other Black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn VIAF : 316751710 LCCN : no98044606 GND : 4548722 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s_(film)&oldid=802500130 '' Categories : 1961 films 1960s romantic comedy films American romantic comedy films American films Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Films set in New York City Films shot in New York City Films about social class Films about writers Films based on short fiction Films directed by Blake Edwards Paramount Pictures films English - language films Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award United States National Film Registry films Film scores by Henry Mancini Films based on works by Truman Capote Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Film articles using image size parameter Articles needing additional references from October 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 15 : 12 . 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what do winners of the great british bake off			The Great British Bake Off	the great british bake off	The Great British Bake Off ( often referred to as Bake Off or GBBO ) is a British television baking competition produced by Love Productions , in which a group of amateur bakers compete against each other in a series of rounds , attempting to impress a group of judges with their baking skills , with a contestant being eliminated in each round , with the winner being selected from the remaining contestants that make it to the finals . The show 's first episode was aired on 17 August 2010 , with its first four series broadcast on BBC Two , until its growing popularity led the BBC to move it to BBC One for the next three series . After its seventh series , Love Productions signed a three - year deal with Channel 4 to produce the show for the broadcaster .	The programme was originally presented by Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc , with Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood the judges . The current presenters are Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig with Hollywood and Prue Leith on the judging panel . In chronological order , the winners are Edd Kimber , Joanne Wheatley , John Whaite , Frances Quinn , Nancy Birtwhistle , Nadiya Hussain , Candice Brown and Sophie Faldo . The show has become a significant part of British culture and is credited with reinvigorating interest in baking throughout the United Kingdom , with many of its participants , including winners , having gone on to start a career based on bakery , while the BAFTA award - winning programme has spawned a number of specials and spin - off shows -- a celebrity charity series in aid of Sport Relief or Comic Relief or Stand Up To Cancer ; Junior Bake Off for young children ( broadcast on the CBBC channel ) ; after - show series An Extra Slice ; and Bake Off : The Professionals for teams of pastry chefs . The show 's format was used as the basis for two BBC Two series , The Great British Sewing Bee and The Great Pottery Throw Down , and , in addition to the show being shown in other countries ( in the United States and Canada , the show is referred to as The Great British Baking Show ) , the format has also been sold to many countries around the world where local versions of the show are produced . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Development 1.2 Broadcast and personnel changes 2 Format 3 Series overview 3.1 Series 1 ( 2010 ) 3.2 Series 2 ( 2011 ) 3.3 Series 3 ( 2012 ) 3.4 Series 4 ( 2013 ) 3.5 Series 5 ( 2014 ) 3.6 Series 6 ( 2015 ) 3.7 Series 7 ( 2016 ) 3.8 Series 8 ( 2017 ) 4 Incomplete bakes and other incidents 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Cultural impact 5.3 TV ratings 6 Controversies 6.1 Product placement sanction 6.2 Favouritism 6.3 Baked Alaska controversy ( `` Bingate '' ) 6.4 Use of innuendo 6.5 Clones , legal challenges and move to Channel 4 6.6 Accidental revealing of Series 8 winner 7 Awards and nominations 8 International broadcast and versions 8.1 International versions 9 The Great Sport Relief Bake Off 9.1 Series 1 ( 2012 ) 9.2 Series 2 ( 2014 ) 9.3 Series 3 ( 2016 ) 10 The Great Comic Relief Bake Off 10.1 Series 1 ( 2013 ) 10.2 Series 2 ( 2015 ) 11 The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off 11.1 Series 1 ( 2018 ) 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Competitive baking , such as making Victoria sponge ( pictured ) , is part of the classic English village fête which inspired the series . The idea of the baking competition was conceived by producer Anna Beattie after she spoke to a friend who had seen ' bake - offs ' in America . Beattie was also inspired by the classic English village fête baking competitions ; she said : `` I loved that idea of village fetes and an old - fashioned baking competition with people who only wanted to bake a good cake . '' However , Beattie failed to interest any channel in the idea for four years . In early 2009 , they pitched the idea to Janice Hadlow , the then controller of BBC Two . The pitch was successful , and Hadlow and the Commissioning Editor Charlotte Moore commissioned the programme , which was then developed over the next six months . The development team first selected Mary Berry as a judge , and following an audition Paul Hollywood was also appointed . Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc were approached to be presenters of the show . Reproducing the surroundings of the English village fête , the series is filmed in bunting - draped marquees in scenic gardens . Broadcast and personnel changes ( edit ) On 17 August 2010 , the first episode of The Great British Bake Off was shown on BBC Two . It stayed on BBC Two for four years , grew in popularity and become the most popular programme on that channel . In its fifth series it was moved to BBC One where it stayed for three years . It was the most - watched programme on British television in 2015 and 2016 . Following extended negotiations , Love Productions announced that the seventh series of the show would be the last broadcast by the BBC . On 12 September 2016 , Love agreed to a three - year deal to broadcast the show on Channel 4 . Giedroyc and Perkins subsequently announced that they would not be returning when the show moves to its new network . On 22 September , Berry announced that she would also be leaving the show when it moved to Channel 4 , while Hollywood later announced he would stay . In March 2017 , it was announced that Prue Leith would join Hollywood as judge , while Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig would take over as presenters . Format ( edit ) The programme operates on a weekly elimination process to find the best all - around baker from the contestants , who are all amateurs . The applicants to the show are assessed by a researcher , followed by an audition in London with two of their bakes . They then undergo a screen test and an interview with a producer . A second audition involves the applicants baking two recipes for the judges in front of the cameras . Ten contestants were chosen for the first series , twelve for the following two series , thirteen for the fourth , and back to twelve from series five onwards . In each episode , the amateur bakers are given three challenges : a signature bake , a technical challenge , and a show - stopper . The three challenges take place over two days , and the filming takes up to 16 hours a day . The contestants are assessed by the judges who then choose a `` Star Baker '' for the week ( introduced in series 2 ) , and a contestant is also eliminated . In the final round , three bakers are left and a winner is chosen from the three . Signature Challenge This challenge is for the amateur bakers to show off their tried - and - tested recipes for bakes they might make for their friends and family . Technical Challenge This challenge requires enough technical knowledge and experience to produce a certain finished product when given only limited -- or even minimal -- instructions . The bakers are all given the same recipe and are not told beforehand what the challenge will be . The finished products are judged blind and ranked from worst to best . Showstopper Challenge This challenge is for the bakers to show off their skills and talent . The judges favour a bake that is both of a professional appearance but is also outstanding in taste . In the first series , the location of the cast and crew moves from town to town each week , but starting from the second series , the competition is held in one location in a specially constructed marquee . Interspersed in the programme are the background of the contestants as well as video vignettes on the history of baking . What each baker intends to bake during a particular challenge is illustrated using animated graphics . These graphics have been created by illustrator Tom Hovey since the show 's inception in 2010 . Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Premiere Finale Winner Runners - up Average UK viewers ( millions ) Timeslot Channel 6 17 August 2010 21 September 2010 Edd Kimber Miranda Gore Browne 2.77 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm BBC Two Ruth Clemens 8 14 August 2011 4 October 2011 Joanne Wheatley Holly Bell 4.00 Mary - Anne Boermans 10 14 August 2012 16 October 2012 John Whaite Brendan Lynch 5.00 James Morton 10 20 August 2013 22 October 2013 Frances Quinn Kimberley Wilson 7.35 Ruby Tandoh 5 10 6 August 2014 8 October 2014 Nancy Birtwhistle Luis Troyano 10.04 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm BBC One Richard Burr 6 10 5 August 2015 7 October 2015 Nadiya Hussain Ian Cumming 12.50 Tamal Ray 7 10 24 August 2016 26 October 2016 Candice Brown Andrew Smyth 13.85 Jane Beedle 8 10 29 August 2017 31 October 2017 Sophie Faldo Kate Lyon 9.29 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Channel 4 Steven Carter - Bailey Series 1 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 1 ) Series 1 of The Great British Bake Off saw ten home bakers take part in a bake - off to test their baking skills as they battled to be crowned the Great British Bake Off 's best amateur baker . Each week the nationwide tour saw the bakers put through three challenges in a particular discipline . The rounds took place in various locations across the UK , with the final round being held at Fulham Palace , London . The three finalists were Ruth Clemens , Miranda Gore Browne , and Edd Kimber . On 21 September 2010 , Edd Kimber was crowned the best amateur baker . Series 2 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 2 ) The number of amateur baker contestants increased to twelve for the second series . Unlike Series 1 , this year The Great British Bake Off stayed in one location -- Valentines Mansion , a 17th - century mansion house in Redbridge , London . All the Series 2 finalists were female : Holly Bell , Mary - Anne Boermans , and the winning contestant Joanne Wheatley . Series 3 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 3 ) A third series of The Great British Bake Off began on 14 August 2012 . The series was filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree , Somerset . In contrast to Season 2 , there was an all - male final . The finalists were Brendan Lynch , James Morton and John Whaite , who won the final in a surprise result . Series 4 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 4 ) The fourth series of The Great British Bake Off started on 20 August 2013 on BBC Two . The series was again filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree , Somerset . The all - female final was won by Frances Quinn , with Ruby Tandoh and Kimberley Wilson as runners up . In the U.S. , the fourth series was broadcast as season 2 on PBS . Series 5 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 5 ) The fifth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 6 August 2014 on BBC One . This series was filmed at Welford Park in Berkshire . There were twelve bakers taking part . Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges , whilst Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc continued to present the series . Richard Burr was awarded the largest number of star baker designations of any series so far , but was beaten by Nancy Birtwhistle in the final . A spin - off show The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice , hosted by comedian Jo Brand on BBC Two , was also launched as a companion series this year . Each episode was broadcast two days after the main show but later moved to the same night . The show includes interviews with eliminated contestants . In the U.S. , the fifth series was broadcast as season 1 on PBS . Series 6 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 6 ) The sixth series began on 5 August 2015 on BBC One , again from Welford Park in Berkshire . Spin - off show The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice returned for a second series , with Jo Brand as host . This series was won by Nadiya Hussain , with Ian Cumming and Tamal Ray as runners up . In the U.S. , the sixth series was broadcast as season 3 on PBS . Series 7 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 7 ) The seventh series began on 24 August 2016 on BBC One , once again from Welford Park in Berkshire , a later than usual start following the BBC 's coverage of the Olympic Games . This series was won by Candice Brown , with Jane Beedle and Andrew Smyth as runners up . In the U.S. , the seventh series was broadcast as season 4 on PBS . Series 8 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 8 ) The eighth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 29 August 2017 . This is the first series of The Great British Bake Off to be broadcast on Channel 4 following its move from the BBC . The series features new hosts Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig , and new judge Prue Leith along with returning judge Paul Hollywood . This series was won by Sophie Faldo , with Kate Lyon and Steven Carter - Bailey finishing as runners - up . Incomplete bakes and other incidents ( edit ) As of the sixth series , there have been a number of incomplete bakes . Presenters Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins have accidentally interfered with several bakes . In Series 4 , Sue leaned on Howard Middleton 's English Muffins in the Technical Challenge and in Series 6 , she broke Nadiya Hussain 's biscuit lid in the Showstopper Challenge . Similarly , Frances Quinn 's biscuit tower collapsed as Mel was measuring it with seconds to spare in Series 4 . On several occasions ( mostly in technical challenges ) , contestants have n't met the required quantity of the bake if the judges specified . Several instances of this include Cathryn Dresser presenting forty - six crackers instead of the required forty - eight in Series 3 , two of the bakers being unable to present the required twelve custard tarts in Series 4 and Marie Campbell only presenting four of the required eight arlettes in Series 6 after having not set her oven . In Series 2 , Robert Billington accidentally dropped his tiered showstopper while applying finishing touches to the cake . Both judges and presenters came to his aid to salvage the bottom tier of his cake . He was able to present the incomplete showstopper as a single - tiered cake . In Series 3 , John Whaite was unable to complete his bake after he suffered a severe cut to his finger on the food processor . He tried to continue working on his strudel wearing a rubber glove , but the bleeding required medical attention and he therefore had to abandon the last bake . As a result , no one was eliminated that week . In Series 4 , contestant Deborah Manger accidentally used Howard Middleton 's custard instead of her own . As a result , Howard was forced to use Deborah 's custard , and this was taken into account by the judges , who judged the trifles and custards individually . In Series 5 , during the Baked Alaska challenge , Iain Watters 's ice cream melted for reasons that were not entirely clear , although the editing of the show suggested that it had been caused by another contestant 's actions . He threw his ice cream into the bin in frustration and left the tent . He returned shortly after , and as he had no cake for judging ( he produced his bin instead , and the incident was labelled `` bingate '' ) , he was eliminated from the competition . The event that led to his departure provoked extreme anger from the viewers . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The early reviews for the first series were mixed . Lucy Mangan of The Guardian wondered if `` competitive baking ( is ) a contradiction in terms '' and found the proceedings humourless . Iain Hollingshead of The Daily Telegraph was scathing , describing the presenters as `` annoying '' , the judge Paul Hollywood as looking `` sinister without being interesting '' , and that the audience would be so bored that they `` could certainly forgive the cameraman if he were to commit hara - kiri in a giant pool of egg and flour . '' However , reviews from the later series were more positive . Andrew Collins of The Guardian called it `` the nicest show on television '' and judged it the best TV programme of 2012 . Rachel Ward of The Daily Telegraph thought the programme `` had just the right consistency of mouth - watering morsels , good humour , and fascinating history '' , while Tom Sutcliffe of The Independent considered the contest `` perfectly baked '' . Bake Off was moved to Channel 4 in 2017 , and reviews of the programme on the channel were largely positive , although a few felt that it did not compare well to the BBC version . Mark Lawson of The Guardian described the programme on Channel 4 as `` both exactly the same but also just subtly different enough '' , and that `` only someone desperate to dislike the re-plated show could argued that ( it ) has soured , spoiled or binned its recipe '' . Michael Hogan of The Telegraph thought that `` Mary , Mel and Sue might be gone but the show 's recipe remains as winning as ever . The four Cs -- chemistry , camaraderie , comedy , cakes -- were all present and correct . '' Anna Leszkiewicz of the New Statesman however considered that while the format had been left largely unchanged and the contestants `` irresistibly likeable '' , `` every single change to the show has been for the worse '' . Cultural impact ( edit ) The show has become a significant part of British culture and is credited with spurring an interest in home baking , with supermarkets and department stores in the UK reporting sharp rises in sales of baking ingredients and accessories . It was also credited with reviving the Women 's Institute , whose membership reached its highest level since the 1970s . The show also boosted the sales of bakery books and the number of baking clubs , and independent bakeries also showed an increase . According to one analyst , more than three - fifths of adults have baked at home at least once in 2013 compared with only a third in 2011 . TV ratings ( edit ) The first series of The Great British Bake Off premiered in August 2010 with moderate ratings of just over 2 million viewers for its first episode . This was enough to place it in BBC Two 's top ten for that week , and over the series the audience grew to over three million , with the semi-final and final both achieving first place in BBC Two 's weekly ratings . During the second series , the ratings gradually increased , and it became a surprise hit with nearly 4 million watching each episode . Week two was the last time that the show was out - rated by another BBC Two programme in the same week ( it came second to the drama Page Eight ) ; from then until the show 's move to BBC One , every competition episode would be the channel 's number one rated programme of the week . By its final episode it had averaged 4.56 million viewers , peaking at 5.1 million in its last 15 minutes . The ratings continued to strengthen in the third series , and the show began to beat its competition in its timeslot . The final of the series where John Whaite was crowned the winner saw its highest rating yet , with an average of 6.5 million viewers that peaked at 7.2 million , which made it the second highest - rated BBC Two - originated show after Top Gear since at least 2006 . The fourth series achieved some of the highest ratings seen on BBC Two . The viewer count for its premiere episode was more than two million higher than that of the previous series , while the final episode was seen by 9.1 million viewers at its peak , more than twice the number of viewers on BBC One and ITV . The final episode is the most - watched show on BBC Two since the present ratings system was introduced in 2002 , beating the previous record set by Top Gear . As a result of its high ratings , the show was moved to BBC One . After its move to BBC One , the opening episode was watched by over 7 million viewers according to overnight figures , beating the figure of 5.6 million for the opening episode of the previous year . the Bingate controversy surrounding episode four helped the show gain its biggest ever audience of 10.3 million viewers , with 2 million people who watched it on BBC iPlayer . The final of the show gained an overnight viewing figure of 12.29 million , then the highest viewing figure of the year for a non-sporting event on UK TV . In the following year , the top ten ratings for 2015 was also dominated by The Great British Bake Off , with seven of the year 's ten most - watched television programmes being episodes of the show , topped by the final episode with 15.05 million viewers . In the last series on the BBC in 2016 , nine of the top ten most - watched programmes of the year were episodes of the show , with 16.03 million viewers watching the finale . The first series broadcast by Channel 4 opened with average viewing figures of 5.8 million , rising to 6.5 million to include those watching on Channel 4 + 1 , and 9.46 million for the 7 - day rating . Although the overnight figure was the lowest for an opening episode since 2013 , it was Channel 4 's biggest audience since the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 Paralympics . This series attracted an average audience of 9 million viewers on Channel 4 . Controversies ( edit ) Product placement sanction ( edit ) In September 2012 , production company Love Productions was sanctioned by the BBC for product placement of Smeg fridges . The issue came to light after a viewer wrote to the Radio Times complaining of `` blatant product promotion '' . After an investigation , the BBC said Love Production 's loan agreement with Smeg did not meet editorial guidelines and was being revised for the third series , and that appropriate retrospective hire payments would be made . The BBC asked Smeg to remove a notice from its website promoting its association with the show , which it has since done . Favouritism ( edit ) During the fourth series , there were accusations of favouritism towards female contestants after the last man Glenn Cosby was eliminated from the show ; however , similar claims were not made the previous year over the all - male final , or even the year before , when there was also an all - female quarter - final . The fourth series also suffered allegations of Paul Hollywood 's favouritism towards Ruby Tandoh , and personal attacks on Tandoh by various people including the chef Raymond Blanc . Both Paul Hollywood and Ruby Tandoh denied the accusation . Baked Alaska controversy ( `` bingate '' ) ( edit ) In the fourth episode of the fifth series , there was controversy around the elimination of contestant Iain Watters . During the final showstopper round contestants were tasked with producing a Baked Alaska . Iain 's ice cream was shown as having not set and in a show of frustration he threw his bake in the bin . The editing of the show suggested that another contestant , Diana Beard , had caused the failure by removing the ice cream from a freezer , and the perceived `` sabotage '' resulted in a uproar on social media networks . However , unseen footage broadcast in the accompanying programme An Extra Slice shows Luis holding the large floor freezer that contained Iain 's ice cream open as he piped the sides of his own baked Alaska , while Mel warns him to pipe quickly and close the freezer . Later in the episode , when Iain removes his ice cream to begin the next step of his dish , it is still quite soft , indicating it went into the freezer he shared with Diana without being completely frozen . Various members of the cast posted comments in support of Diana and a BBC spokesman later issued a statement that `` Diana removing Iain 's ice cream from the freezer for less than a minute was in no way responsible for Iain 's departure . '' More than 800 complaints were lodged with the BBC over the incident and some also complained to the communication watchdog Ofcom . Use of innuendo ( edit ) A number of viewers complained to the BBC feedback show Points of View in the fifth series about the `` constant smutty remarks '' from the presenters Mel and Sue . This series was seen as having more innuendos than previous ones ; some reviewers noted the `` extra pinch of saucy spice '' and `` the increasingly filthy - minded hosts Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins '' , while the Daily Mail argued that the `` smutty '' innuendos made the show no longer fit for family entertainment . The series 3 winner John Whaite however argued that innuendo is part of what made the show a success , whilst judge Paul Hollywood described the innuendos as banter in the spirit of the Carry On films and is a part of British culture , a view shared by others . Clones , legal challenges and move to Channel 4 ( edit ) The success of The Great British Bake Off led to the BBC commissioning many other series closely following the format from Love Productions for example The Great British Sewing Bee and The Great Pottery Throw Down . However the 2014 series Hair using the same format was produced in house by the BBC , Love Productions responded by making preparations to sue the BBC for infringing their copyright . Although the matter was kept quiet , with the BBC settling out of court and compensating Love Productions , the matter soured relations between the BBC and Love Productions . In September 2016 , it was announced that the BBC had lost the broadcast rights of the show to Channel 4 . Channel 4 offered £ 25 million for the show outbidding the £ 15 million offered by the BBC . In January 2017 the BBC waived its rights to keep the program off the air until 2018 , and wished the programme `` well for the future '' . Accidental revealing of series 8 winner ( edit ) On 31 October 2017 , judge Prue Leith accidentally revealed the winner of Series 8 on Twitter twelve hours before the finale was due to air . This caused uproar among many fans of the show . She quickly deleted the tweet and apologised to the fans who saw the tweet . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The Great British Bake Off was nominated for a Rose d'Or in the Lifestyle section of the 2012 competition and won . The programme has been nominated a number of times in various categories for the BAFTA awards and won in 2012 , 2013 , and 2016 . It also won two 2015 National Television Award for Skills Challenge Show . Year Award Recipient Results Ref . 2012 Rose d'Or Lifestyle The Great British Bake Off Won BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie , Andy Devonshire , Simon Evans , Richard McKerrow Won YouTube Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated 2013 Features Anna Beattie , Kieran Smith , Amanda Westwood , Scott Tankard Won Radio Times Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated National Television Award Factual Entertainment Nominated 2014 BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie , Amanda Westwood , Samantha Beddoes , Simon Evans Nominated National Television Award Factual Entertainment The Great British Bake Off Nominated 2015 BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie , Samantha Beddoes , Andy Devonshire , Simon Evans Nominated Radio Times Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated National Television Award Skills Challenge Show Won 2016 National Television Award Challenge Show Won BAFTA Features The Great British Bake Off production team Won Radio Times audience award The Great British Bake Off Nominated 2017 National Television Award Challenge Show The Great British Bake Off Nominated TV judge Mary Berry Won BAFTA Features The Great British Bake Off production team Nominated International broadcast and versions ( edit ) The UK version of The Great British Bake Off is broadcast in many countries and it has been sold to 196 territories as of 2015 . The format has also been sold to 20 territories by 2015 , making it the third most successful BBC format after Dancing with the Stars ( Strictly Come Dancing ) and The Weakest Link . Many of these shows have been successful . The Junior Bake Off format has also been sold to Thailand . Beginning in 2014 , the US broadcaster PBS has aired several series of the show under the name The Great British Baking Show . The change of name was necessary due to the fact that `` Bake - Off '' is a registered trademark of Pillsbury in the United States . The fifth series was broadcast as Season 1 in Winter 2014 -- 2015 ; the fourth series was then broadcast as Season 2 in Fall 2015 , the sixth series was broadcast as Season 3 in Summer 2016 , and the seventh series was broadcast as Season 4 in Summer 2017 . The CBC began broadcasting The Great British Bake Off in Canada in August 2016 , starting with the sixth series and also with the Great British Baking Show title . The seventh series aired the year after . International versions ( edit ) Current and upcoming versions include : Legend : Airing or in production No longer airing Country Local title Host ( s ) Judges Channel Premiere Argentina Bake Off Argentina , El Gran Pastelero ( Bake Off Argentina , The Great Baker ) Paula Chaves Christophe Krywonis Damián Petular Pamela Villar Telefe 8 April 2018 Australia The Great Australian Bake Off Shane Jacobson Anna Gare Dan Lepard Kerry Vincent Nine Network 9 July 2013 Claire Hooper Mel Buttle Maggie Beer Matt Moran LifeStyle Food 13 October 2015 Belgium De MeesterBakker ( The Master Baker ) Rani De Coninck Sofie Dumont Bernard Proot vtm 4 April 2012 Brazil Bake Off Brasil Carolina Fiorentino ( 2017 -- ) Ticiana Villas Boas ( 2015 -- 16 ) Fabrizio Fasano Jr . Beca Milano ( 2017 -- ) Carolina Fiorentino ( 2015 -- 16 ) SBT Discovery Home & Health 26 July 2015 Bake Off SBT Carolina Florentino Danilo Gentili Ratinho Fabrizio Fasano Jr . Beca Milano 23 December 2017 Júnior Bake Off Brasil Carolina Florentino 6 January 2018 Bulgaria Bake Off : Най - сладкото състезание ( Bake Off : The Sweetest Competition ) Aleksandra Raeva Raffi Bohosyan Julia Pandzherova Yuri Baltaliyski Nova TV 15 November 2016 Canada The Great Canadian Baking Show Dan Levy Julia Chan Bruno Feldeisen Rochelle Adonis CBC 1 November 2017 Denmark Den store bagedyst ( The Great Baking Contest ) Timm Vladimir Mette Blomsterberg Jan Friis - Mikkelsen DR1 28 August 2012 Estonia Eesti parim pagar Kristjan Rabi ( 2015 ) Indrek Vaheoja ( 2015 ) Alari Kivisaar Angeelika Kang Ants Uustalu TV3 31 August 2015 Finland Koko Suomi leipoo ( The whole of Finland bakes ) Anne Kukkohovi Mika Parviainen Sami Granroth MTV3 24 September 2013 France Le Meilleur Pâtissier ( The Best Baker ) Faustine Bollaert ( 2012 -- 17 ) Julia Vignali ( 2017 -- ) Cyril Lignac Jacqueline Mercorelli M6 RTL - TVI ( Belgium ) 26 November 2012 Germany Das große Backen ( The great Bake ) Britt Hagedorn ( 2013 ) Meltem Kaptan ( 2013 ) Enie van de Meiklokjes ( 2014 -- 16 ) Annika Lau ( 2017 ) Christian Hümbs Enie van de Meiklokjes ( 2013 ) Andrea Schirmaier - Huber ( 2013 -- 14 ) Betty Schliephake - Burchardt ( 2015 -- 17 ) Sat. 1 1 December 2013 Greece Bake Off Greece TBA TBA TBA TBA Alpha TV 2018 Hungary Ide süss ! ( Az ország nagy cukrászversenye ) Hajós András Sass Dániel Baracskay Angéla Szabadfi Szabolcs Viasat 3 26 March 2018 Ireland The Great Irish Bake Off Anna Nolan Biddy White Lennon Paul Kelly TV3 19 September 2013 Italy Bake Off Italia -- Dolci in forno ( Bake Off Italy -- Sweets in the oven ) Benedetta Parodi Ernst Knam Clelia d'Onofrio Damiano Carrara Real Time November 2013 Israel בייק אוף ישראל ( Bake Off Israel ) Paula Rosenberg Aya Kremerman Ran Shmueli Oded Brenner Carine Goren Channel 2 9 April 2016 Netherlands Heel Holland Bakt ( All of Holland bakes ) Martine Bijl ( 2013 -- 15 ) André van Duin ( 2016 -- present ) Robèrt van Beckhoven Janny van der Heijden MAX ( NPO 1 ) 5 June 2013 New Zealand The Great Kiwi Bake Off TBA TBA TVNZ 1 2018 Norway Hele Norge baker ( All of Norway Bakes ) Line Verndal Pascal Dupuy Øyvind Lofthus TV3 10 March 2013 Poland Bake Off -- Ale Ciacho ! ( Bake Off -- What A Cake ! ) Anna Gacek Paulina Mikuła Krzysztof Ilnicki Gosia Molska TVP2 5 September 2016 Portugal Best Bakery -- A Melhor Pastelaria de Portugal ( Best Bakery -- The Best Pastry in Portugal ) Ana Guiomar Luca Arguelles Telmo Moutinho SIC 3 October 2016 Romania Bake Off Romania Nicolle Stanese Alex Stan Simona Pope Tudor Constantinescu Pro TV 29 February 2016 South Africa The Great South African Bake Off Anne Hirsch Lentswe Bhengu Shirley Guy Tjaart Walraven BBC Lifestyle 8 October 2015 Sweden Hela Sverige bakar ( All of Sweden Bakes ) Tilde de Paula Johan Sörberg Birgitta Rasmussen TV4 ( Sjuan ) 20 September 2012 Hela kändis - Sverige bakar ( Celebrity All of Sweden Bakes ) 11 November 2014 Turkey Ver Fırına Burcu Esmersoy Arda Türkmen Emel Başdoğan TV8 20 October 2014 Ukraine Великий пекарський турнір ( Great Bakers Tournament ) Yuri Gorbunov Serge Markovic Catherine Ahronik Olga Ganushchak 1 + 1 1 September 2013 United States The American Baking Competition Jeff Foxworthy Marcela Valladolid Paul Hollywood CBS 29 May 2013 United States The Great American Baking Show Ayesha Curry Anthony Adams Johnny Iuzzini Paul Hollywood ABC 30 November 2015 ( as The Great Holiday Baking Show ) The Great Sport Relief Bake Off ( edit ) The Great Sport Relief Bake Off Genre Cooking Baking Presented by Mel Giedroyc Jennifer Saunders ( 2016 ) Ed Byrne ( 2014 , 2016 ) Sarah Millican ( 2016 ) Sue Perkins ( 2014 ) Jo Brand ( 2014 ) Omid Djalili ( 2014 ) Judges Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 12 Production Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Love Productions Release Original network BBC Two ( 2012 -- 2013 ) BBC One ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Picture format 16 : 9 Original release 10 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) -- 23 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) Episode viewing figures from BARB . Series 1 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Finalist Winner Episode No . Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Traybake Wholemeal Cheese Scones Meringue Dessert Angela Griffin 10 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) 3.52 James Wong Joe Swift Sarah Hadland Savoury Flan Banana & Chocolate Chip Loaves Layered Cake Arlene Phillips 11 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) 2.79 Fi Glover Gus Casely - Hayford Saira Khan Classic Crumble Coffee & Walnut Cake 24 Miniature Tarts Alex Deakin 12 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) 2.56 Alex Langlands Anita Rani Pearl Lowe Trio of Baked Biscuits 6 Sausage Rolls Covered Tiered Occasion Cake Angela Griffin 13 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 13 ) 3.43 Anita Rani Fi Glover Series 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No . Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Sue Perkins 12 Sandwich Biscuits Tarte Tatin 3D Novelty Cake Bonnie Wright 13 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 4.37 Johnny Vaughan Michael Vaughan Samantha Bond Jo Brand 12 Gingerbread Biscuits Banoffee Pie Chocolate Cake Greg Rutherford 14 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 5.07 Jane Horrocks Jason Gardiner Kirsty Young Omid Djalili Traybake Iced Ring Dougnuts Layered Cakes Emma Freud 15 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 5.02 Jamelia Michael Ball Victoria Pendleton Ed Byrne Pizzas Eccles Cakes Tiered Cakes Alistair McGowan 16 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 16 ) 4.94 Doon Mackichan Helen Skelton Rochelle Humes Series 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No . Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Mel Giedroyc Canapés Paris -- Brest Trophy Cake David James 27 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) 6.03 Jason Manford Maddy Hill Samantha Cameron Jennifer Saunders American Muffins Football Pie Tiered Cake Chris Kamara 3 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) 7.44 Ed Balls Kimberley Walsh Victoria Coren Mitchell Ed Byrne Savoury tarts Chocolate and Beetroot Tray Bake 3D Biscuits Geri Horner 17 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 7.12 Jermaine Jenas John Simpson Louise Redknapp Sarah Millican Open - top Pie Salmon Roulade Cupcakes Ade Edmondson 24 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 6.74 Alison Steadman Morgana Robinson Will Young The Great Comic Relief Bake Off ( edit ) The Great Comic Relief Bake Off Genre Cooking Baking Presented by Mel Giedroyc ( 2013 , 2015 ) Sue Perkins ( 2015 ) Jo Brand ( 2015 ) Ed Byrne ( 2015 ) Judges Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 8 Production Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Love Productions Release Original network BBC Two ( 2013 ) BBC One ( 2015 ) Picture format 16 : 9 Original release 21 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 21 ) -- 4 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) Series 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No . Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Shortbread Custard Slices Portrait Cake Jo Brand 21 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 21 ) 4.17 Stephen K. Amos Lorna Watson Ingrid Oliver Iced Biscuits Bakewell Tart Gateaux Warwick Davis 22 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) 4.44 Duncan Bannatyne Simon Reeve Andy Akinwolere Scones Chocolate Eclairs Novelty Cake Ellie Simmonds 23 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) 4.34 Kirsty Wark Julia Bradbury Bob Mortimer Chocolate Biscuits Lemon Meringue Pie Comic Relief Birthday Cake Claudia Winkleman 24 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) 4.39 Ed Byrne Martha Kearney Helen Glover Series 2 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No . Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Sue Perkins Giant Cookie or Biscuit 12 Mini Fruit Tarts Tiered Chocolate Cake Dame Edna Everage 11 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 7.75 Joanna Lumley Jennifer Saunders Lulu Mel Giedroyc 24 cupcakes 20 profiteroles Marble `` Building '' Cake Jonathan Ross 18 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 8.39 Zoe Sugg Gok Wan Abbey Clancy Jo Brand 24 Shortbread 6 Mini Pork Pies Triple - tiered Pavlova Sarah Brown 25 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 7.92 David Mitchell Michael Sheen Jameela Jamil Ed Byrne Tray Bake 12 Crumpets Vegetable Self Portrait Cake Alexa Chung 4 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 8.21 Victoria Wood Chris Moyles Kayvan Novak The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off ( edit ) The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off Genre Cooking Baking Presented by Sandi Toksvig Noel Fielding Judges Prue Leith Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 5 Production company ( s ) Love Productions Release Original network Channel 4 Picture format 16 : 9 Original release 6 March 2018 -- present Series 1 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No . Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) 12 cupcakes 6 crepes suzette 3D biscuit scene Roisin Conaty 6 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 5.91 Martin Kemp Harry Hill Bill Turnbull 24 scones Devil 's food cake Self - portrait croquembouches Nick Hewer 13 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 5.65 Perri Kiely Stacey Solomon Ricky Wilson Loaf cake 8 Tiramisu sandwich biscuits Meringue towers Ella Eyre 20 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) 5.95 Ruth Davidson Jamie Laing Tim Minchin 12 blondies 6 fruit turnovers Secret passion cake Griff Rhys Jones 27 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 5.48 Joe Lycett Lee Mack Melanie Sykes 5 12 muffins Custard pie Rainbow dream cake Aisling Bea 3 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) Alan Carr Kadeena Cox Teri Hatcher References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Halls , Andy ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off to move from BBC to Channel 4 after ' exhaustive ' talks break down '' . The Sun . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Foster , Patrick ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` BBC loses Great British Bake Off , as Channel 4 swoops for corporation 's biggest show '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` Great British Bake Off 2017 : Noel Fielding to co-host the new Channel 4 series '' . The Independent . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Saffron Alexander ( 29 March 2016 ) . `` Everything you need to know about Bake Off : Creme de la Creme '' . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Louise ( 20 July 2013 ) . `` Behind the scenes at The Great British Bake Off '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sarah Stephens ( 14 August 2012 ) . `` Behind the scenes at the Great British Bake - Off '' . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great British Bake Off : ' Now we 're on BBC1 , Mary Berry demands a golden throne ' '' . The Guardian . 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , Victoria ( 5 August 2015 ) . `` ' It Took Four Years of Pitching To Get Bake Off Commissioned ' '' . Woman and Home . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nigella cooks up an Italian feast for BBC Two as raft of new food programming is announced '' . BBC . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( 20 August 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off : it 's like a village fete in your sitting room '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Berry : Judging The Great British Bake Off '' . BBC . 31 August 2010 . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Foster ( 17 December 2015 ) . `` Great British Bake Off dominates list of most - watched shows of 2015 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick ( 21 December 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off hands BBC clean sweep of top 10 most - viewed shows of 2016 -- but how will the corporation cope next year ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Halls , Andy ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off to move from BBC to Channel 4 after ' exhaustive ' talks break down '' . The Sun . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off : Mel and Sue to quit as hosts '' . BBC News . 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Berry to leave Bake Off ahead of Channel 4 move '' . BBC News . 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Martinson , Jane ( 22 September 2016 ) . `` Mary Berry to leave Bake Off -- but Paul Hollywood agrees to stay '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , Alice ( 16 March 2017 ) . `` Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig to host new Great British Bake Off '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Liv Siddall ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` Illustration : We interview the artist behind the Great British Bake Off , Tom Hovey '' . It 's Nice That . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hovey '' . Jump up ^ Rachel Moss ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off moves to BBC1 '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Stephen Price ( 22 January 2015 ) . `` BBC1 rises to the challenge '' . Broadcast . Jump up ^ Sarah Rainey ( 9 December 2011 ) . `` Edd Kimber : the great British baker '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Liz Thomas ( 5 October 2011 ) . `` Young grandmother who honed cooking skills making cakes for sons crowned Great British Bake - Off winner '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Food on BBC Two '' . 26 April 2012 Jump up ^ Emily Hill ( 13 October 2012 ) . `` The fabulous Bake Off boys ... as definitely NOT seen on TV ! '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Vicky Frost ( 16 October 2012 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : John Whaite is surprise winner '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Bake off is back in August '' . Paul Hollywood ( Twitter ) . 22 April 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It 's easy as pie for Frances ! Viewers ' shock as outsider whisks her way to Bake Off victory with a rainbow picnic pie and wedding cake inspired by Shakespeare '' . dailymail.co.uk. 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off 2014 : 10 things you need to know '' . The Telegraph . 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Patrick Munn ( 23 July 2014 ) . `` BBC Two Orders ' Great British Bake Off ' Companion Series Fronted By Jo Brand '' . TV Wise . Jump up ^ `` When is The Great British Bake Off on ? '' . Telegraph . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The genius of The Great British Bake Off '' . Guardian . 7 October 2015 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake Off 2016 start date : BBC One show delayed thanks to the Rio Olympics '' . The Independent . 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off : BBC moves rival cooking show in scheduling spat '' . BBC News . 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Sillito , David ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Why did The Great British Bake Off move to Channel 4 ? '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Alasdair Glennie ( 20 September 2012 ) . `` Bloodbath at the Bake Off ! Star of BBC2 show slices his finger during strudel round '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Stephanie Weaver ( 4 September 2013 ) . `` Deborah 's desserts fail to impress on Great British Bake Off '' . Northamptonshire Telegraph . Jump up ^ Hannah Ellis - Petersen ( 28 August 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : Iain Watters speaks out as Diana Beard quits '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Lucy Mangan ( 18 August 2010 ) . `` TV review : The Great British Bake - Off , The Making of King Arthur and Ideal '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Iain Hollingshead ( 18 August 2010 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off , BBC Two , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Andrew Collins ( 24 August 2012 ) . `` The Week in TV : The Great British Bake - Off , Red or Black ? and The Last Weekend -- video '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Andrew Collins ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` Why The Great British Bake Off is the best TV programme of 2012 -- video '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Rachel Ward ( 17 August 2011 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off , BBC Two , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Tom Sutcliffe ( 17 October 2012 ) . `` Last Night : The Great British Bake Off , BBC2 '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off review round - up : Critics praise Channel 4 show and Noel Fielding '' . The Independent . ^ Jump up to : Leszkiewicz , Anna ( 29 August 2017 ) . `` Despite glowing reviews , The Great British Bake Off is definitely worse '' . New Statesman . Jump up ^ Harrison , Phil ( 26 August 2017 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off : could do with a bit more time in the oven '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Lawson , Mark ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` Bake Off first - look review -- exceedingly good , despite switch to Channel 4 '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( 30 August 2017 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off , review : in its new home , episode 1 rose to the challenge '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Roya Nikkhah ( 9 September 2012 ) . `` Great British Bake Off sees sales of baking goods soar '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Liz Thomas ( 6 October 2011 ) . `` Warning , may contain nuts ! Great British Bake Off viewers shocked by ' explicit ' image of male squirrel '' . Mail Online . Jump up ^ Laura Cox ( 9 February 2013 ) . `` The Mary Berry effect : How the Great British Bake Off revived the Women 's Institute '' . Daily Mail . 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Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off final : 9 m watch Frances Quinn win '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Georg Szalai . `` BBC 's ' Great British Bake Off ' Ends Series 4 With Record Ratings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` ' Great British Bake Off ' moving to BBC One for series five '' . Digital Spy. 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off opener beats last year 's ratings '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Nicola Methven ( 5 September 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off draws highest ever ratings as 10.3 million viewers tune in '' . Mirror . Jump up ^ Ben Lee ( 9 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off final is most - watched non-sporting TV event of year '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Patrick Foster ( 17 December 2015 ) . `` Great British Bake Off dominates list of most - watched shows of 2015 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick ( 21 December 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off hands BBC clean sweep of top 10 most - viewed shows of 2016 -- but how will the corporation cope next year ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Weekly top 30 programmes '' . BARB . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off is ratings success for Channel 4 '' . BBC News . 30 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off boosts Channel 4 's Christmas Day ratings '' . BBC . 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off breaks BBC branding rules '' . BBC News . 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Exceedingly Good Great British Bake Off Facts '' . Heart Britain . 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Alasdair Glennie and Laura Cox ( 2 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bloke Off ! Show accused of favouritism towards female contestants after last man left is eliminated '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Emma Lowe ( 28 September 2013 ) . `` Is Paul sweet on Bake Off model Ruby ? Viewers suggest that TV host , 47 , is flirting on screen with 21 - year - old contestant '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Paul Hollywood shocks Bake Off fans by setting them straight on train '' . What 's on TV . 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Liam O'Brien ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` Raymond Blanc rows with Great British Bake Off 's Ruby Tandoh on Twitter '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Ruby Tandoh ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off : why did our show attract so much vitriol ? '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Sarah Ditum ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake - Off : Ruby Tandoh does n't deserve this hostility '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Daisy Wyatt ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` Paul Hollywood denies favouring Great British Bake Off 's Ruby Tandoh : ' I think Kimberley 's far prettier ' '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Carl Greenwood ( 14 October 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off beauty Ruby Tandoh definitely does NOT fancy silver fox Paul Hollywood '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off rocked by Baked Alaska ' sabotage ' scandal '' . independent.co.uk. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off : Paul Hollywood and Sue Perkins speak out on ' bingate ' '' . guardian.com. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off 2014 : BBC receives over 500 ' bingate ' complaints while # justiceforiain dominates Twitter '' . metro.co.uk. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Jason Deans ( 29 August 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : Ofcom rules out investigation despite complaints '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Jess Denham ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off 2014 : Viewers complain about ' smutty ' innuendos '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Matilda Battersby ( 8 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off innuendos : we pick our favourites '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Andy McFarlane ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` Boris Johnson 's ' Commons comeback ' , Bake Off ' smut ' and who is James Corden ? '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Andrew Billen ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` TV Review : The Great British Bake Off '' . Jump up ^ Peter Dyke ( 27 May 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : Turning up the heat -- new series promises to be smuttiest yet '' . The Daily Star . Jump up ^ Jeanette Kupfermann ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Smut : The ingredient that 's made Bake Off a turn - off . JEANETTE KUPFERMANN says the hit show is no longer family entertainment '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ John Whaite ( 23 September 2014 ) , `` Soggy bottoms and hot buns : why the Bake Off thrives on innuendo '' , The Daily Telegraph Jump up ^ Anita Singh ( 6 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off smut ? It 's just a bit of banter , says Paul Hollywood '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Martin Rowson ( 8 October 2014 ) . `` Why the Great British Bake Off needs a sprinkling of smut '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Harry Mount ( 6 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off smut : Ooh , Matron ! Why innuendo comes so easily for the British '' . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : Kanter , Jeff ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` How a secret legal dispute damaged the BBC 's effort to keep ' Great British Bake Off ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Addley , Esther ( 14 September 2017 ) . `` ' Three years of bad blood ' : how the Bake Off producers and the BBC fell out of love '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ellis - Peterson , Hannah ; Conlan , Tara ; Martinson , Jane ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off moves to Channel 4 as BBC negotiations collapse over fee '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Rawlinson , Kevin ( 25 January 2017 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off to return to TV screens in 2017 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ McCormack , Kirsty ( 31 October 2017 ) . `` Great British Bake Off 2017 winner REVEALED by judge Prue Leith : ' I 'm mortified ' '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rose d'Or -- Wettbewerbskategorien '' . Rose d'Or . Archived from the original on 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Night Dinner and Charlie Brooker 's Black Mirror triumph at Rose d'Or Festival '' . Radio Times . 11 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` BAFTA Awards Search '' . BAFTA . Jump up ^ `` Arqiva British Academy Television Awards in 2013 Winners Announced '' . British Academy of Film and Television Art . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards 2015 : full list of winners '' . The Daily Telegraph . 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Night Dinner and Charlie Brooker 's Black Mirror triumph at Rose d'Or Festival '' . Radio Times . 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Television Awards Winners Announced '' . British Academy of Film and Television Art . ^ Jump up to : `` Bafta Television Awards 2013 : full list of winners and nominees '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` National TV Awards 2013 : The winners ' list in full '' . Digital Spy. 23 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta TV awards 2014 : Winners in full '' . BBC . 18 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards 2014 winners in full -- Ant & Dec , more '' . Digital Spy. 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hannah Furness ( 10 May 2015 ) . `` BBC 's star shows are eclipsed at the Bafta Television awards 2015 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Bafta TV awards 2015 : Winners in full '' . BBC . 10 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winners '' . National Television Awards . ^ Jump up to : `` Bafta TV awards 2016 : full list of winners '' . Guardian . 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Amy ( 3 January 2017 ) . `` From The Great British Bake Off to EastEnders : Full list of nominations for National Television Awards 2017 '' . Metro . Jump up ^ Press Association ( 26 January 2017 ) . `` National Television Awards 2017 : Mary Berry triumphs and Casualty wins over Game of Thrones , plus full list of winners '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Bafta TV Awards 2017 : All the winners and nominees '' . BBC . 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 28 July 2015 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : new contestants poised to serve up sixth series '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Tara Conlan ( 4 August 2015 ) . `` Great British Bake Off recipe has proved a sweet success for BBC Worldwide '' . Guardian . Jump up ^ Josie Ensor ( 3 February 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off proves it has the recipe for success as show goes global '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Mark Cook ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off goes global : from Sweden to Australia the show is flourishing '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` BBC Worldwide sells very first Junior Bake Off format to Thailand '' . BBC . 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Kerry . `` Finally ! ' The Great British Bake Off ' Has Arrived in America '' . Yahoo ! Food . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Baking Show : Season 1 Episodes -- PBS Food '' . 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Season 2 Episodes -- Great British Baking Show -- PBS Food '' . 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to Watch The Great British Baking Show in Canada '' . CBC . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Europe whips up Bake Off adaptations '' . c21media.net. 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Television.com.ar ( 20 January 2018 ) . `` Bake Off Argentina , El Gran Pastelero se llamará la adaptación de telefe del formato británico ( Spanish ) '' . television.com.ar . Jump up ^ Telefe ( 20 January 2018 ) . `` ¡ Llega Bake off ! La competencia para pasteleros amateurs ( Spanish ) '' . telefe.com . Jump up ^ David Knox ( 18 October 2012 ) . `` Shane Jacobson , Anna Gare to host The Great Australian Bake Off '' . tvtonight.com.au . Jump up ^ Clive Whittingham ( 30 July 2012 ) . `` Bake Off rises in Poland , Oz '' . c21media.net . Jump up ^ Stewart Clarke ( 1 April 2015 ) . `` Bake Off hits Australia '' . TBI Vision . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Den Store Bagedyst '' . DR . Jump up ^ `` Eesti parim pagar '' . TV3 . Jump up ^ `` Koko Suomi leipoo '' . MTV3 . Jump up ^ Clive Whittingham ( 21 January 2013 ) . `` Netherlands , Finland set for Bake Off '' . c21media.net . Jump up ^ `` Le Meilleur Pâtissier ( M6 ) : Une émission gourmande avec Cyril Lignac -- news télé '' . Programme-tv.net . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC bosses sell The Great British Bake - Off 's smash - hit format to thirteen countries '' . Daily Mail . 7 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ed Waller ( 7 October 2012 ) . `` French Bake Off in the works '' . c21media.net . Jump up ^ `` The Great Irish Bake Off '' . TV3 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Kelly to be judge on Great Irish Bake Off '' . Songway Films. 3 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off Italia su Real Time : Benedetta Parodi giudice assieme a Ernst Knam e Clelia d'Onofrio '' . Realityshow.blogosfere.it. 8 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italy says ' Si ! ' to The Great Bake Off '' . BBC Media Centre . 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British Bake Off brings sweet secrets to Israel '' . The Times of Israel . 6 April 2016 . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Heel Holland Bakt '' . Omroep MAX . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrew Laughlin ( January 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off serves up global hit for BBC '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` TVNZ 's The Great Kiwi Bake Off hits New Zealand , have you got what it takes ? '' . TVNZ. 10 April 2018 . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hele Norge Baker '' . TV3. 13 February 2013 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norway cooks up Bake Off '' . 26 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hele Norge Baker '' . Villa Perlesukker. 13 August 2014 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Prowadzące '' . Telewizja Polska . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jurorzy '' . Telewizja Polska . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off -- Ale Ciacho ! '' . Telewizja Polska . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off Romania incepe , in curand , la PROTV '' . Pro TV . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off , emisiunea culinara care a cucerit intreaga lume , vine la ProTV ! Gazda emisiunii va fi Nicolle Stanese '' . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Imagini din culisele Bake Off Romania ! Premiera , astazi , de la 20 : 30 , numai la ProTV '' . Pro TV . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Applications for Great South African Bake Off open '' . Northglen News . 23 April 2015 . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hela Sverige bakar '' . TV4 . Jump up ^ `` Hela kändis - Sverige bakar '' . TV4 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey set for Bake Off '' . C21Media. 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ver Fırına '' . TV8. 20 October 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baking tournament will surprise the audience wonders of confectionary art 1 + 1 '' . ru.tsn.ua. 16 April 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Кастинги -- Великий пекарський турнір -- Кастинги '' . 1plus1.ua . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British BBC format The Great Bake Off will be broadcast at Ukrainian TV channel 1 + 1 '' . Kiev Media Week . 22 February 2013 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Josie Ensor ( 3 February 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off proves it has the recipe for success as show goes global '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Baking Show '' . Jump up ^ Kate Goodacre ( 18 October 2012 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off to be remade for US audiences by CBS '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Tim Surette ( 14 January 2013 ) . `` Premiere date info '' . TV.com . Jump up ^ `` The Great American Baking Showpremieres Thursday , December 7 '' . ABC . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Dehnart , Andy ( 8 August 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : ABC 's Baking Show will return with Mary Berry , and a new name '' . Reality Blurred . Jump up ^ Harry Fletcher . `` Mary Berry is remaking The Great British Bake Off in the US for ABC '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( 20 October 2015 ) . `` UK Reality Hit Great British Bake Off Getting Holiday - Themed Remake on ABC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Barney , Chuck ( 21 September 2017 ) . `` Ayesha Curry lands another big TV gig -- this time with ABC '' . The Mercury News . Bay Area News Group . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Jump up ^ `` Sport Relief Bake Off -- tonight 's photos '' . 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Great British Bake Off at BBC Programmes The Great British Wedding Cake at BBC Programmes The Great Sport Relief Bake Off at BBC Programmes The Great Comic Relief Bake Off at BBC Programmes The Great British Bake Off at UKGameshows.com The Great British Bake Off on IMDb The Great Sport Relief Bake Off on IMDb ( hide ) The Great British Bake Off Series 5 6 7 8 Winners Edd Kimber Joanne Wheatley John Whaite Frances Quinn Nancy Birtwhistle Nadiya Hussain Candice Brown Sophie Faldo Other contestants James Morton Glenn Cosby Ali Imdad Beca Lyne - Pirkis Ruby Tandoh Martha Collison Related topics List of Star Bakers Junior Bake Off The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice Bake Off : The Professionals International versions Argentina Australia Brazil Canada France Ireland United States 2013 2015 - present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_British_Bake_Off&oldid=842312869 '' Categories : 2010 British television programme debuts 2010s British reality television series BBC Television programmes British cooking television programmes Channel 4 television programmes English - language television programs The Great British Bake Off Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use British English from September 2016 Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing Bulgarian - language text Articles containing Danish - language text Articles containing Estonian - language text Articles containing Finnish - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Hungarian - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Norwegian - language text Articles containing Polish - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles containing Ukrainian - language text Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia BBC programme ID same as Wikidata BBC programme ID different from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Eesti Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk Scots Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 17 : 02 . 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when was the first handheld machine gun made			Machine gun	machine gun	A machine gun is a fully automatic mounted or portable firearm designed to fire bullets in rapid succession from an ammunition belt or magazine , typically at a rate of 300 rounds per minute or higher . Not all fully automatic firearms are machine guns . Submachine guns , rifles , assault rifles , shotguns , pistols or cannons may be capable of fully automatic fire , but are not designed for sustained fire . As a class of military rapid - fire guns , machine guns are fully automatic weapons designed to be used as support weapons and generally used when attached to a mount - or fired from the ground on a bipod or tripod . Many ( but not all ) machine guns also use belt feeding and open bolt operation , features not normally found on rifles .	By U.S. federal law , a `` machine gun '' is a legal term for any weapon able to fire more than one shot per function of the trigger regardless of caliber , the receiver of any such weapon , any weapon convertible to such a state using normal tools , or any component or part that will modify an existing firearm such that it functions as a `` machine gun '' such as a drop - in auto sear . Civilian possession of such weapons is not prohibited by any Federal law and not illegal in many states , but they must be registered as Title II weapons under the National Firearms Act and have a tax stamp paid . The Hughes Amendment to the Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986 banned new production of firearms classified as machine guns for most civilian applications , however , so only `` grandfathered '' weapons produced before this date are legally transferable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview of modern machine guns 2 Operation 3 Design 4 History 4.1 Early rapid - firing weapons 4.2 Maxim and World War I 4.3 Interwar era and World War II 4.4 Cold War 4.5 Future 5 Human interface 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Overview of modern machine guns ( edit ) A vehicle with a Sumitomo M2 heavy machine gun mounted at the rear Unlike semi-automatic firearms , which require one trigger pull per round fired , a machine gun is designed to fire for as long as the trigger is held down . Nowadays the term is restricted to relatively heavy weapons , able to provide continuous or frequent bursts of automatic fire for as long as ammunition lasts . Machine guns are normally used against personnel , aircraft and light vehicles , or to provide suppressive fire , either directly or indirectly . They are commonly mounted on fast attack vehicles such as technicals to provide heavy mobile firepower , armored vehicles such as tanks for engaging targets too small to justify use of the primary weaponry or too fast to effectively engage with it , and on aircraft as defensive armament or for strafing ground targets , though on fighter aircraft true machine guns have mostly been supplanted by large - caliber rotary guns . Some machine guns have in practice sustained fire almost continuously for hours ; other automatic weapons overheat after less than a minute of use . Because they become very hot , practically all machine guns fire from an open bolt , to permit air cooling from the breech between bursts . They also usually have either a barrel cooling system , slow - heating heavyweight barrel , or removable barrels which allow a hot barrel to be replaced . Although subdivided into `` light '' , `` medium '' , `` heavy '' or `` general - purpose '' , even the lightest machine guns tend to be substantially larger and heavier than standard infantry arms . Medium and heavy machine guns are either mounted on a tripod or on a vehicle ; when carried on foot , the machine gun and associated equipment ( tripod , ammunition , spare barrels ) require additional crew members . Light machine guns are designed to provide mobile fire support to a squad and are typically air - cooled weapons fitted with a box magazine or drum and a bipod ; they may use full - size rifle rounds , but modern examples often use intermediate rounds . Medium machine guns use full - sized rifle rounds and are designed to be used from fixed positions mounted on a tripod . Heavy machine gun is a term originating in World War I to describe heavyweight medium machine guns and persisted into World War II with Japanese Hotchkiss M1914 clones ; today , however , it is used to refer to automatic weapons with a caliber of at least . 50 in ( 12.7 mm ) but less than 20 mm . A general - purpose machine gun is usually a lightweight medium machine gun which can either be used with a bipod and drum in the light machine gun role or a tripod and belt feed in the medium machine gun role . Machine guns usually have simple iron sights , though the use of optics is becoming more common . A common aiming system for direct fire is to alternate solid ( `` ball '' ) rounds and tracer ammunition rounds ( usually one tracer round for every four ball rounds ) , so shooters can see the trajectory and `` walk '' the fire into the target , and direct the fire of other soldiers . DShK in heavy role Many heavy machine guns , such as the Browning M2 . 50 caliber machine gun , are accurate enough to engage targets at great distances . During the Vietnam War , Carlos Hathcock set the record for a long - distance shot at 7,382 ft ( 2,250 m ) with a . 50 caliber heavy machine gun he had equipped with a telescopic sight . This led to the introduction of . 50 caliber anti-materiel sniper rifles , such as the Barrett M82 . Other automatic weapons are subdivided into several categories based on the size of the bullet used , whether the cartridge is fired from a closed bolt or an open bolt , and whether the action used is locked or is some form of blowback . Fully automatic firearms using pistol - calibre ammunition are called machine pistols or submachine guns largely on the basis of size ; those using shotgun cartridges are almost always referred to as automatic shotguns . The term personal defense weapon ( PDW ) is sometimes applied to weapons firing dedicated armor - piercing rounds which would otherwise be regarded as machine pistols or SMGs , but it is not particularly strongly defined and has historically been used to describe a range of weapons from ordinary SMGs to compact assault rifles . Selective fire rifles firing a full - power rifle cartridge from a closed bolt are called automatic rifles or battle rifles , while rifles that fire an intermediate cartridge are called assault rifles . Assault rifles are a compromise between the size and weight of a pistol - calibre submachine gun and a full size battle rifle , firing intermediate cartridges and allowing semi-automatic and burst or full - automatic fire options ( selective fire ) , sometimes with both of the latter present . Operation ( edit ) direct impingement gas piston Many machine guns are of the locked breech type , and follow this cycle : Pulling ( manually or electrically ) the bolt assembly / bolt carrier rearward by way of the cocking lever to the point bolt carrier engages a sear and stays at rear position until trigger is activated making bolt carrier move forward Loading fresh round into chamber and locking bolt Firing round by way of a firing pin or striker ( except for aircraft medium calibre using electric ignition primers ) hitting the primer that ignites the powder when bolt reaches locked position . Unlocking and removing the spent case from the chamber and ejecting it out of the weapon as bolt is moving rearward Loading the next round into the firing chamber . Usually the recoil spring ( also known as main spring ) tension pushes bolt back into battery and a cam strips the new round from a feeding device , belt or box . Cycle is repeated as long as the trigger is activated by operator . Releasing the trigger resets the trigger mechanism by engaging a sear so the weapon stops firing with bolt carrier fully at the rear . The operation is basically the same for all locked breech automatic firearms , regardless of the means of activating these mechanisms . There are also multi-chambered formats , such as revolver cannon , and some automatic weapons , including many submachine guns , the Schwarzlose machine gun etc. , that do not lock at all but instead use simple blowback or some type of delayed blowback . Design ( edit ) Most modern machine guns use gas - operated reloading , which taps off some of the propellant gas from the fired cartridge , using its mechanical pressure to unlock the bolt and cycle the action . The Russian PK machine gun is an example . Another efficient and widely used format is the recoil actuated type , which uses the guns recoil energy for the same purpose . Machine guns such as the M2 Browning and MG42 , are of this second kind . A cam , lever or actuator absorbs part of the energy of the recoil to operate the gun mechanism . An externally actuated weapon uses an external power source , such as an electric motor or even a hand crank to move its mechanism through the firing sequence . Most modern weapons of this type are called Gatling guns or chain guns in reference to their driving mechanism . Gatling guns have several barrels each with an associated action on a rotating carousel and a system of cams that load , cock , and fire each mechanism progressively as it rotates through the sequence ; essentially each barrel is a separate bolt - action rifle using a common feed source . The continuous nature of the rotary action allows for an incredibly high cyclic rate of fire , often several thousand rounds per minute . Rotary guns are less prone to jamming than a gun operated by gas or recoil , as the external power source will eject misfired rounds with no further trouble , but this is not possible in the rare cases of self - powered rotary guns . Rotary guns are generally used with large rounds , 20mm in diameter or more , offering benefits of reliability and firepower , though the weight and size of the power source and driving mechanism makes them impractical for use outside of a vehicle or aircraft mount . Revolver cannons , such as the Mauser MK 213 , were developed in World War II by the Germans to provide high - caliber cannons with a reasonable rate of fire and reliability . A recoil - operated carriage holds a revolving chamber with typically five chambers . As each round is fired , electrically , the carriage moves back rotating the chamber which also ejects the spent case , indexes the next live round to be fired with the barrel and loads the next round into the chamber . The action is very similar to that of the revolver pistols common in the 19th and 20th centuries , giving this type of weapon its name . Firing a machine gun for prolonged periods produces large amounts of heat . In a worst - case scenario this may cause a cartridge to overheat and detonate even when the trigger is not pulled , potentially leading to damage or causing the gun to cycle its action and keep firing until it has exhausted its ammunition supply or jammed ( this is known as cooking off , distinct from runaway fire where the sear fails to disengage when the trigger is released ) . To prevent this , some kind of cooling system is required . Early machine guns were often water - cooled ; while very effective , the water also added considerable weight to an already bulky design . Air - cooled machine guns often feature quick - change barrels ( often carried by a crew member ) , passive cooling fins , or in some designs forced - air cooling , such as that employed by the Lewis Gun . Advances in metallurgy and use of special composites in barrel liners allow for greater heat absorption and dissipation during firing . The higher the rate of fire , the more often barrels must be changed and allowed to cool . To minimize this , most air - cooled guns are fired only in short bursts or at a reduced rate of fire . Some designs -- such as the many variants of the MG42 -- are capable of rates of fire in excess of 1,200 rounds per minute . In weapons where the round seats and fires at the same time , mechanical timing is essential for operator safety , to prevent the round from firing before it is seated properly . Machine guns are controlled by one or more mechanical sears . When a sear is in place , it effectively stops the bolt at some point in its range of motion . Some sears stop the bolt when it is locked to the rear . Other sears stop the firing pin from going forward after the round is locked into the chamber . Almost all machine guns have a `` safety '' sear , which simply keeps the trigger from engaging . History ( edit ) Collection of old machine guns in the Međimurje County Museum ( Čakovec , Croatia ) . From rear to front : Austro - Hungarian Schwarzlose M7 / 12 , British Lewis , German MG 08 . The first successful machine - gun designs were developed in the mid-19th century . The key characteristic of modern machine guns , their relatively high rate of fire and more importantly mechanical loading , first appeared in the Model 1862 Gatling gun , which was adopted by the United States Navy . These weapons were still powered by hand ; however , this changed with Hiram Maxim 's idea of harnessing recoil energy to power reloading in his Maxim machine gun . Dr. Gatling also experimented with electric - motor - powered models ; this externally powered machine reloading has seen use in modern weapons as well . While technical use of the term `` machine gun '' has varied , the modern definition used by the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers ' Institute of America is `` a fully automatic firearm that loads , fires and ejects continuously when the trigger is held to the rear until the ammunition is exhausted or pressure on the trigger is released . '' This definition excludes most early manually operated repeating arms such as volley guns and the Gatling gun . Early rapid - firing weapons ( edit ) Detail of an 8 - chambered matchlock revolver ( Germany c. 1580 ) The first known ancestors of multi-shot weapons were medieval organ guns , while the first to have the ability to fire multiple shots from a single barrel without a full manual reload were revolvers made in Europe in the late 1500s . One is a shoulder - gun - length weapon made in Nuremberg , Germany , circa 1580 . Another is a revolving arquebus , produced by Hans Stopler of Nuremberg in 1597 . True repeating long arms were difficult to manufacture prior to the development of the unitary firearm cartridge ; nevertheless , lever - action repeating rifles such as the Kalthoff repeater and Cookson repeater were made in small quantities in the 17th century . Perhaps the earliest examples of predecessors to the modern machine gun are to be found in China . According to the Wu - Pei - Chih , a booklet examining Chinese military equipment produced during the first quarter of the 17th century , the Chinese army had in its arsenal the ' Po - Tzu Lien - Chu - P'ao ' or ' string - of - 100 - bullets cannon ' . This was a repeating cannon fed by a hopper which fired its charges sequentially . Another repeating gun was produced by a Chinese commmoner in the late 17th century . This weapon was also hopper - fed and never went into mass production . Replica Puckle Gun from Bucklers Hard Maritime Museum . Another early revolving gun was created by James Puckle , a London lawyer , who patented what he called `` The Puckle Gun '' on May 15 , 1718 . It was a design for a manually operated 1.25 in . ( 32 mm ) caliber , flintlock cannon with a revolver cylinder able to fire 6 - 11 rounds before reloading by swapping out the cylinder , intended for use on ships . It was one of the earliest weapons to be referred to as a machine gun , being called such in 1722 , though its operation does not match the modern usage of the term . According to Puckle , it was able to fire round bullets at Christians and square bullets at Turks . However , it was a commercial failure and was not adopted or produced in any meaningful quantity . In 1777 , Philadelphia gunsmith Joseph Belton offered the Continental Congress a `` new improved gun '' , which was capable of firing up to twenty shots in five seconds ; unlike older repeaters using complex lever - action mechanisms , it used a simpler system of superposed loads , and was loaded with a single large paper cartridge . Congress requested that Belton modify 100 flintlock muskets to fire eight shots in this manner , but rescinded the order when Belton 's price proved too high . In the early and mid-19th century , a number of rapid - firing weapons appeared which offered multi-shot fire , mostly volley guns . Volley guns ( such as the Mitrailleuse ) and double barreled pistols relied on duplicating all parts of the gun , though the Nock gun used the otherwise - undesirable `` chain fire '' phenomenon ( where multiple chambers are ignited at once ) to propagate a spark from a single flintlock mechanism to multiple barrels . Pepperbox pistols also did away with needing multiple hammers but used multiple manually operated barrels . Revolvers further reduced this to only needing a pre-prepared cylinder and linked advancing the cylinder to cocking the hammer . However , these were still manually operated . A detachment of French infantry with 2 Saint - Etienne Model 1907 machine guns ( c. 1914 ) In 1854 a British patent for a mechanically operated machine gun was filed by Henry Clarke . This weapon used multiple barrels arranged side by side , fed by a revolving cylinder that was in turn fed by hoppers . The gun could be fired by percussion or electricity , according to the author . Unlike other mechanically operated machine guns of the era , this weapon did n't use any form of self - contained cartridge , with firing being carried out by separate percussion caps . In the same year , water cooling was proposed for machine guns by Henry Bessemer , though he would later abandon this design . In America , a patent for a machine gun type weapon was filed by John Andrus Reynolds in 1855 . Another early American patent for a manually operated machine gun was filed by C.E. Barnes in 1856 . The Agar Gun , otherwise known as a `` coffee - mill gun '' because of its resemblance to a coffee mill , was invented by Wilson Agar at the beginning of the US Civil War . The weapon featured mechanized loading using a hand crank linked to a hopper above the weapon . The weapon featured a single barrel and fired through the turning of the same crank ; it operated using paper cartridges fitted with percussion caps and inserted into metal tubes which acted as chambers ; it was therefore functionally similar to a revolver . The weapon was demonstrated to President Lincoln in 1861 . He was so impressed with the weapon that he purchased 10 on the spot for $1,500 apiece . The Union Army eventually purchased a total of 54 of the weapons . However , due to antiquated views of the Ordnance Department the weapons , like its more famous counterpart the Gatling Gun , saw only limited use . The Gatling gun , patented in 1861 by Richard Jordan Gatling , was the first to offer controlled , sequential fire with mechanical loading . The design 's key features were machine loading of prepared cartridges and a hand - operated crank for sequential high - speed firing . It first saw very limited action in the American Civil War ; it was subsequently improved and used in the Franco - Prussian war and North - West Rebellion . Many were sold to other armies in the late 19th century and continued to be used into the early 20th century , until they were gradually supplanted by Maxim guns . Early multi-barrel guns were approximately the size and weight of contemporary artillery pieces , and were often perceived as a replacement for cannon firing grapeshot or canister shot . The large wheels required to move these guns around required a high firing position , which increased the vulnerability of their crews . Sustained firing of gunpowder cartridges generated a cloud of smoke , making concealment impossible until smokeless powder became available in the late 19th century . Gatling guns were targeted by artillery they could not reach , and their crews were targeted by snipers they could not see . The Gatling gun was used most successfully to expand European colonial empires , since against poorly equipped indigenous armies it did not face such threats . A model of a typical entrenched German machine gunner in World War I. He is operating an MG 08 , wearing a Stahlhelm and cuirass to protect him from shell fragments , and protected by rows of barbed wire and sandbags . In 1870 a Lt. D.H. Friberg of the Swedish army patented a fully automatic recoil - operated firearm action and may have produced firing prototypes of a derived design around 1882 : this was the forerunner to the 1907 Kjellman machine gun , though , due to rapid residue buildup from the use of black powder , Friberg 's design was not a practical weapon . Maxim and World War I ( edit ) The first practical self - powered machine gun was invented in 1884 by Sir Hiram Maxim . The Maxim machine gun used the recoil power of the previously fired bullet to reload rather than being hand - powered , enabling a much higher rate of fire than was possible using earlier designs such as the Nordenfelt and Gatling weapons . Maxim also introduced the use of water cooling , via a water jacket around the barrel , to reduce overheating . Maxim 's gun was widely adopted , and derivative designs were used on all sides during the First World War . The design required fewer crew and was lighter and more usable than the Nordenfelt and Gatling guns . First World War combat experience demonstrated the military importance of the machine gun . The United States Army issued four machine guns per regiment in 1912 , but that allowance increased to 336 machine guns per regiment by 1919 . British Vickers machine gun in action near Ovillers during the Battle of the Somme in 1916 . The crew are wearing gas masks . Heavy guns based on the Maxim such as the Vickers machine gun were joined by many other machine weapons , which mostly had their start in the early 20th century such as the Hotchkiss machine gun . Submachine guns ( e.g. , the German MP 18 ) as well as lighter machine guns ( the first light machine gun deployed in any significant number being the Madsen machine gun , with the Chauchat and Lewis gun soon following ) saw their first major use in World War I , along with heavy use of large - caliber machine guns . The biggest single cause of casualties in World War I was actually artillery , but combined with wire entanglements , machine guns earned a fearsome reputation . Another fundamental development occurring before and during the war was the incorporation by gun designers of machine gun auto - loading mechanisms into handguns , giving rise to semi-automatic pistols such as the Borchardt ( 1890s ) , automatic machine pistols and later submachine guns ( such as the Beretta 1918 ) . Machine guns were mounted in aircraft for the first time in World War I. Immediately this raised a problem . The most effective position for guns in a single - seater fighter was clearly , for the purpose of aiming , directly in front of the pilot ; but this placement would obviously result in bullets striking the moving propeller . Early solutions , aside from simply hoping that luck was on the pilot 's side with an unsychronized forward - firing gun , involved either aircraft with pusher props like the Vickers F.B. 5 , Royal Aircraft Factory F.E. 2 and Airco DH. 2 , wing mounts like that of the Nieuport 10 and Nieuport 11 which avoided the propeller entirely , or armored propeller blades such as those mounted on the Morane - Saulnier L which would allow the propeller to deflect unsynchronized gunfire . By mid 1915 , the introduction of a reliable gun synchronizer by the Imperial German Flying Corps made it possible to fire a closed - bolt machine gun forward through a spinning propeller by timing the firing of the gun to miss the blades . The Allies had no equivalent system until 1916 and their aircraft suffered badly as a result , a period known as the Fokker Scourge , after the Fokker Eindecker , the first German plane to incorporate the new technology . Interwar era and World War II ( edit ) As better materials became available following the First World War , light machine guns became more readily portable ; designs such as the Bren light machine gun replaced bulky predecessors like the Lewis gun in the squad support weapon role , while the modern division between medium machine guns like the M1919 Browning machine gun and heavy machine guns like the Browning M2 became clearer . New designs largely abandoned water jacket cooling systems as both undesirable , due to a greater emphasis on mobile tactics and unnecessary , thanks to the alternative and superior technique of preventing overheating by swapping barrels . MG 42 with retracted bipod The interwar years also produced the first widely used and successful general - purpose machine gun , the German MG 34 . While this machine gun was equally able in the light and medium roles , it proved difficult to manufacture in quantity , and experts on industrial metalworking were called in to redesign the weapon for modern tooling , creating the MG 42 . This weapon was simpler , cheaper to produce , fired faster , and replaced the MG 34 in every application except vehicle mounts , since the MG 42 's barrel changing system could not be operated when it was mounted . Submachine guns evolved during the war , going from complex and finely made weapons like the Thompson submachine gun to weapons designed for mass - production and easy replacement like the Sten gun . On the Eastern Front , entire Soviet divisions were equipped with nothing but the PPSh - 41 submachine gun . Experience in close - range city combat led to the German military desiring a weapon representing a compromise between the high fire volume of the SMG and the accuracy of a full - size rifle ; after a false start with the FG 42 , this led to the development of the MP 44 select - fire assault rifle , the first weapon to be called such . Cold War ( edit ) A U.S. Navy 7.62 mm GAU - 17 / A Minigun , an externally powered weapon . Experience with the MG42 led to the US issuing a requirement to replace the aging Browning Automatic Rifle with a similar weapon , which would also replace the M1919 ; simply using the MG42 itself was not possible , as the design brief required a weapon which could be fired from the hip or shoulder like the BAR . The resulting design , the M60 machine gun , was issued to troops during the Vietnam War . As it became clear that a high - volume - of - fire weapon would be needed for fast - moving jet aircraft to reliably hit their opponents , Gatling 's work with electrically powered weapons was recalled and the 20 mm M61 Vulcan designed ; a miniaturized 7.62 mm version initially known as the `` mini-Vulcan '' and quickly shortened to `` minigun '' was soon in production for use on helicopters , where the volume of fire could compensate for the instability of the helicopter as a firing platform . Future ( edit ) Conventional machine gun development has been slowed by the fact that existing machine gun designs are adequate for most purposes , although significant developments are taking place with regard to caseless ammunition , anti-armor and anti-missile weapons . Human interface ( edit ) Further information : Ground mount Closeup of M2 -- This machine gun is part of a complex armament subsystem ; it is aimed and fired from the aircraft rather than directly The most common interface on machine guns is a pistol grip and trigger . On earlier manual machine guns , the most common type was a hand crank . On externally powered machine guns , such as miniguns , an electronic button or trigger on a joystick is commonly used . Light machine guns often have a butt stock attached , while vehicle and tripod mounted machine guns usually have spade grips . In the late 20th century , scopes and other complex optics became more common as opposed to the more basic iron sights . Loading systems in early manual machine guns were often from a hopper of loose ( un-linked ) cartridges . Manual - operated volley guns usually had to be reloaded manually all at once ( each barrel reloaded by hand , or with a set of cartridges affixed to a plate that was inserted into the weapon ) . With hoppers , the rounds could often be added while the weapon was firing . This gradually changed to belt - fed types . Belts were either held in the open by the person , or in a bag or box . Some modern vehicle machine guns used linkless feed systems however . Modern machine guns are commonly mounted in one of four ways . The first is a bipod -- often these are integrated with the weapon . This is common on light machine guns and some medium machine guns . Another is a tripod , where the person holding it does not form a ' leg ' of support . Medium and heavy machine guns usually use tripods . On ships , vehicles and aircraft machine guns are usually mounted on a pintle mount -- basically a steel post that is connected to the frame or body . Tripod and pintle mounts are usually used with spade grips . The last major mounting type is one that is disconnected from humans , as part of an armament system , such as a tank coaxial or part of aircraft 's armament . These are usually electrically fired and have complex sighting systems , for example the US Helicopter Armament Subsystems . See also ( edit ) Assault rifle Autocannon Breda ( machine gun ) Chain gun Firearm action Gatling gun General - purpose machine gun Heavy machine gun Light machine gun List of firearms List of machine guns List of multiple barrel machine guns Medium machine gun Minigun Mitrailleuse Personal defense weapon Revolver cannon Squad automatic weapon Submachine gun References ( edit ) Jump up ^ In United States law , a Machine Gun is defined ( in part ) by The National Firearms Act of 1934 , 26 U.S.C. § 5845 ( b ) as `` ... any weapon which shoots ... automatically more than one shot , without manual reloading , by a single function of the trigger . '' Jump up ^ `` '' Machine Guns and Machine Gun Gunnery , '' US Marine Corps '' ( PDF ) . Marines.mil . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Charles . Marine Sniper Berkley Caliber. ( 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 425 - 10355 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` SAAMI.org terminology glossary '' . Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers ' Institute . Jump up ^ Roger Pauly ( 2004 ) . Firearms : The Life Story of a Technology . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32796 - 3 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fM2Bh6WifHQC&pg=PA271&dq=lien-chu-+p%27ao+Gun&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy067rmJ_cAhVTVsAKHW0VDwwQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=lien-chu-%20p'ao%20Gun&f=false Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hNcZJ35dIyUC&pg=PA408&lpg=PA408&dq=Chinese+Needham+"Machine+Gun"&source=bl&ots=sXtVeRZR__&sig=j87Gz3t4UuYA3oPipwtyoQiECaM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM0rXBn5_cAhUfM8AKHYlSAf8Q6AEIazAM#v=onepage&q=Chinese%20Needham%20"Machine%20Gun"&f=false ^ Jump up to : original patent claim reproduced in : Francis Bannerman Sons Bannerman Military Goods Catalogue # 28 ( 1954 ) p. 103 Jump up ^ `` The Armoury of His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry '' ( PDF ) . University of Huddersfield . Jump up ^ Harold L. Peterson ( 2000 ) . Arms and Armor in Colonial America , 1526 -- 1783 . Courier Dover Publications . pp. 217 -- 18 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 41244 - X . Jump up ^ United States Continental Congress ( 1907 ) . Journals of the Continental Congress . USGPO . , pp. 324 , 361 Jump up ^ office , Great Britain Patent ; Woodcroft , Bennet ( 23 December 2017 ) . `` Abridgments of the Specifications Relating to Fire - arms and Other Weapons , Ammunition , and Accoutrements : A.D. 1588 - 1858 ) - Pt. II . A.D. 1858 - 1866 '' . Printed by George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode , pub . at the Great seal patent office . Retrieved 23 December 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Mechanic 's Magazine '' . R.A. Brooman. 23 December 2017 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Improvement in fire - arms '' . Google.com . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HyperWar : The Machine Gun ( Vol . / Part ) '' . Ibiblio.org . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Emmott , N.W. `` The Devil 's Watering Pot '' United States Naval Institute Proceedings September 1972 p. 70 Jump up ^ Emmott , N.W. `` The Devil 's Watering Pot '' United States Naval Institute Proceedings September 1972 p. 72 Jump up ^ `` HyperWar : The Machine Gun ( Vol . I / Part III ) '' . Ibiblio.org . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ayres , Leonard P. ( 1919 ) . The War with Germany ( Second ed . ) . Washington , DC : United States Government Printing Office . p. 65 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Machine guns . Discover Military Machine Guns From Gatling to Browning September 1945 article Popular Science How Stuff Works -- Article on the operation of Machine Guns , animated diagrams are included . The REME Museum of Technology -- machine guns U.S. Patent 15,315 -- A patent for an early automatic cannon Vickers machine gun site BNF : cb11973245j ( data ) GND : 4169007 - 2 NARA : 10665147 NDL : 01176754 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machine_gun&oldid=850253306 '' Categories : Machine guns American inventions 1862 introductions 1862 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with minor POV problems from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Pages using div col with small parameter Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語中文 86 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 18 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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how far is knoxville iowa from des moines iowa			Iowa	iowa	Iowa ( / ˈaɪ. əwə / ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States , bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri and Big Sioux rivers to the west . It is bordered by six states ; Wisconsin to the northeast , Illinois to the east , Missouri to the south , Nebraska to the west , South Dakota to the northwest , and Minnesota to the north .	In colonial times , Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana ; its state flag is patterned after the flag of France . After the Louisiana Purchase , people laid the foundation for an agriculture - based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt . In the latter half of the 20th century , Iowa 's agricultural economy made the transition to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing , processing , financial services , information technology , biotechnology , and green energy production . Iowa is the 26th most extensive in land area and the 30th most populous of the 50 U.S states . Its capital and largest city by population is Des Moines . Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live . Its nickname is the Hawkeye State . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geography 2.1 Boundaries 2.2 Geology and terrain 2.3 Ecology and environment 3 Climate 4 Prehistory 5 History 5.1 Early exploration and trade , 1673 -- 1808 5.2 War of 1812 and unstable U.S. control 5.3 Trade and Indian removal , 1814 -- 1832 5.4 U.S. settlement and statehood , 1832 -- 1860 5.5 Civil War , 1861 -- 1865 5.6 Agricultural expansion , 1865 -- 1930 5.7 Depression , World War II , and the rise of manufacturing , 1930 -- 1985 5.8 Reemergence as a mixed economy , 1985 -- present 6 Demographics 6.1 Population 6.2 Settlement 6.3 Birth data 6.4 Religion 6.5 Language 7 Attractions 7.1 Central Iowa 7.2 Eastern Iowa 7.3 Western Iowa 7.4 Northeast and Northern Iowa 7.5 Statewide 8 Economy 8.1 Manufacturing 8.2 Agriculture 8.3 Health insurance 8.4 Other sectors 8.5 Taxation 9 Transportation 9.1 Interstate highways 9.2 Airports with scheduled flights 9.3 Railroads 10 Law and government 10.1 State 10.2 National 10.3 Political parties 10.4 Voter trends 10.5 Presidential caucus 10.6 Civil rights 11 Sister jurisdictions 12 Education 12.1 Primary and secondary schools 12.2 Colleges and universities 13 Culture 13.1 Arts 13.2 Sports 13.2. 1 College sports 13.2. 2 Baseball 13.2. 3 Ice hockey 13.2. 4 Soccer 13.2. 5 Other sports 14 Notable Iowans 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External links Etymology ( edit ) Iowa derives its name from the Ioway people , one of the many Native American tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Iowa Boundaries ( edit ) See also : List of counties in Iowa Topography of Iowa , with counties and major streams Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east ; the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west ; the northern boundary is a line along 43 degrees , 30 minutes north latitude . The southern border is the Des Moines River and a not - quite - straight line along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north , as decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Missouri v. Iowa ( 1849 ) after a standoff between Missouri and Iowa known as the Honey War . Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed entirely by rivers . Iowa has 99 counties , but 100 county seats because Lee County has two . The state capital , Des Moines , is in Polk County . Geology and terrain ( edit ) DeSoto Lake at DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge Fountain Springs Park in Delaware County , Iowa Iowa 's bedrock geology generally increases in age from west to east . In northwest Iowa , Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old ; in eastern Iowa Cambrian bedrock dates to c. 500 million years ago . Iowa is generally not flat ; most of the state consists of rolling hills . Iowa can be divided into eight landforms based on glaciation , soils , topography , and river drainage . Loess hills lie along the western border of the state , some of which are several hundred feet thick . Northeast Iowa along the Mississippi River is part of the Driftless Zone , consisting of steep hills and valleys which appear almost mountainous . Several natural lakes exist , most notably Spirit Lake , West Okoboji Lake , and East Okoboji Lake in northwest Iowa ( see Iowa Great Lakes ) . To the east lies Clear Lake . Man - made lakes include Lake Odessa , Saylorville Lake , Lake Red Rock , Coralville Lake , Lake MacBride , and Rathbun Lake . The state 's northwest area has many remnants of the once common wetlands , such as Barringer Slough . Ecology and environment ( edit ) Main article : Environment of Iowa Iowa 's natural vegetation is tallgrass prairie and savanna in upland areas , with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected river valleys , and pothole wetlands in northern prairie areas . Most of Iowa is used for agriculture ; crops cover 60 % of the state , grasslands ( mostly pasture and hay with some prairie and wetland ) cover 30 % , and forests cover 7 % ; urban areas and water cover another 1 % each . There is a dearth of natural areas in Iowa ; less than 1 % of the tallgrass prairie that once covered most of Iowa remains intact ; only about 5 % of the state 's prairie pothole wetlands remain , and most of the original forest has been lost . As of 2005 Iowa ranked 49th of U.S. states in public land holdings . Threatened or endangered animals in Iowa include the interior least tern , piping plover , Indiana bat , pallid sturgeon , the Iowa Pleistocene land snail , Higgins ' eye pearly mussel , and the Topeka shiner . Endangered or threatened plants include western prairie fringed orchid , eastern prairie fringed orchid , Mead 's milkweed , prairie bush clover , and northern wild monkshood . The explosion in the number of high - density livestock facilities in Iowa has led to increased rural water contamination and a decline in air quality . Other factors negatively affecting Iowa 's environment include the extensive use of older coal - fired power plants , fertilizer and pesticide runoff from crop production , and diminishment of the Jordan Aquifer . Climate ( edit ) Köppen climate types in Iowa Iowa annual rainfall , in inches Iowa has a humid continental climate throughout the state ( Köppen climate classification Dfa ) with extremes of both heat and cold . The average annual temperature at Des Moines is 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) ; for some locations in the north the figure is under 45 ° F ( 7 ° C ) , while Keokuk , on the Mississippi River , averages 52 ° F ( 11 ° C ) . Winters are often harsh and snowfall is common . Spring ushers in the beginning of the severe weather season . Iowa averages about 50 days of thunderstorm activity per year . The 30 year annual average Tornadoes in Iowa is 47 . In 2008 , twelve people were killed by tornadoes in Iowa , making it the deadliest year since 1968 and also the second most tornadoes in a year with 105 , matching the total from 2001 . Iowa summers are known for heat and humidity , with daytime temperatures sometimes near 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) and occasionally exceeding 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . Average winters in the state have been known to drop well below freezing , even dropping below − 18 ° F ( − 28 ° C ) . Iowa 's all - time hottest temperature of 118 ° F ( 48 ° C ) was recorded at Keokuk on July 20 , 1934 ; the all - time lowest temperature of − 47 ° F ( − 44 ° C ) was recorded at Elkader on February 3 , 1996 . Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Iowa cities ( ° F ) City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Davenport 30 / 13 36 / 19 48 / 29 61 / 41 72 / 52 81 / 63 85 / 68 83 / 66 76 / 57 65 / 45 48 / 32 35 / 20 Des Moines 31 / 14 36 / 19 49 / 30 62 / 41 72 / 52 82 / 62 86 / 67 84 / 65 76 / 55 63 / 43 48 / 31 34 / 18 Keokuk 34 / 17 39 / 21 50 / 30 63 / 42 73 / 52 83 / 62 87 / 67 85 / 65 78 / 56 66 / 44 51 / 33 33 / 21 Mason City 24 / 6 29 / 12 41 / 23 57 / 35 69 / 46 79 / 57 82 / 61 80 / 58 73 / 49 60 / 37 43 / 25 28 / 11 Sioux City 31 / 10 35 / 15 47 / 26 62 / 37 73 / 49 82 / 59 86 / 63 83 / 63 76 / 51 63 / 38 46 / 25 32 / 13 Iowa has a relatively smooth gradient of varying precipitation across the state , with areas in the southeast of the state receiving an average of over 38 inches ( 97 cm ) of rain annually , and the northwest of the state receiving less than 28 inches ( 71 cm ) . The pattern of precipitation across Iowa is seasonal , with more rain falling in the summer months . In Des Moines , roughly in the center of the state , over two - thirds of the 34.72 inches ( 88.2 cm ) of rain falls from April through September , and about half of the average annual precipitation falls from May through August . Prehistory ( edit ) Excavation of the 3,800 - year - old Edgewater Park Site . Main articles : Iowa archaeology and Indians of Iowa When American Indians first arrived in what is now Iowa more than 13,000 years ago , they were hunters and gatherers living in a Pleistocene glacial landscape . By the time European explorers and traders visited Iowa , American Indians were largely settled farmers with complex economic , social , and political systems . This transformation happened gradually . During the Archaic period ( 10,500 -- 2,800 years ago ) , American Indians adapted to local environments and ecosystems , slowly becoming more sedentary as populations increased . More than 3,000 years ago , during the Late Archaic period , American Indians in Iowa began utilizing domesticated plants . The subsequent Woodland period saw an increased reliance on agriculture and social complexity , with increased use of mounds , ceramics , and specialized subsistence . During the Late Prehistoric period ( beginning about AD 900 ) increased use of maize and social changes led to social flourishing and nucleated settlements . The arrival of European trade goods and diseases in the Protohistoric period led to dramatic population shifts and economic and social upheaval , with the arrival of new tribes and early European explorers and traders . There were numerous Indian tribes living in Iowa at the time of early European exploration . Tribes which were probably descendants of the prehistoric Oneota include the Dakota , Ho - Chunk , Ioway , and Otoe . Tribes which arrived in Iowa in the late prehistoric or protohistoric periods include the Illiniwek , Meskwaki , Omaha , and Sauk . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Iowa Early exploration and trade , 1673 -- 1808 ( edit ) Iowa in 1718 . Modern state area highlighted . The first known European explorers to document Iowa were Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet who traveled the Mississippi River in 1673 documenting several Indian villages on the Iowa side . The area of Iowa was claimed for France and remained a French territory until 1763 . The French , before their impending defeat in the French and Indian War , transferred ownership to their ally , Spain . Spain practiced very loose control over the Iowa region , granting trading licenses to French and British traders , who established trading posts along the Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers . Iowa was part of a territory known as La Louisiane or Louisiana , and European traders were interested in lead and furs obtained by Indians . The Sauk and Meskwaki effectively controlled trade on the Mississippi in the late 18th century and early 19th century . Among the early traders on the Mississippi were Julien Dubuque , Robert La Salle , and Paul Marin . Along the Missouri River at least five French and English trading houses were built before 1808 . In 1800 , Napoleon Bonaparte took control of Louisiana from Spain in a treaty . After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase , Congress divided the Louisiana Purchase into two parts -- the Territory of Orleans and the District of Louisiana . The latter , of which in was placed . Iowa was placed under United States jurisdiction of the Territory of Indiana , with William Henry Harrison . Much of Iowa was mapped by Zebulon Pike in 1805 , but it was not until the construction of Fort Madison in 1808 that the U.S. established tenuous military control over the region . War of 1812 and unstable U.S. control ( edit ) Plan of Fort Madison , 1810 . Fort Madison was built to control trade and establish U.S. dominance over the Upper Mississippi , but it was poorly designed and disliked by the Sauk and Ho - Chunk , many of whom allied with the British , who had not abandoned claims to the territory . Fort Madison was defeated by British - supported Indians in 1813 during the War of 1812 , and Fort Shelby in Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin , also fell to the British . Black Hawk took part in the siege of Fort Madison . After the war , the U.S. re-established control of the region through the construction of Fort Armstrong , Fort Snelling in Minnesota , and Fort Atkinson in Nebraska . Trade and Indian removal , 1814 -- 1832 ( edit ) A map of Iowa Indian Territory Accessions . The U.S. encouraged settlement of the east side of the Mississippi and removal of Indians to the west . Trade continued in furs and lead , but disease and forced population movement decimated Indian cultures and economies . A disputed 1804 treaty between Quashquame and William Henry Harrison that surrendered much of Illinois to the U.S. enraged many Sauk and led to the 1832 Black Hawk War . As punishment for the uprising , and as part of a larger settlement strategy , treaties were subsequently designed to remove all Indians from Iowa . The Sauk and Meskwaki were pushed out of the Mississippi valley in 1832 , out of the Iowa River valley in 1843 , and out of Iowa altogether in 1846 . Many Meskwaki later returned to Iowa and settled near Tama , Iowa ; the Meskwaki Settlement remains to this day . In 1856 the Iowa Legislature passed an unprecedented act allowing the Meskawki to purchase the land ; Indians were not usually permitted to do so . The Ho - Chunk were removed from Iowa in 1850 , and the Dakota were removed by the late 1850s . Western Iowa around modern Council Bluffs was used as a way station for other tribes being moved west , including the Potawatomi . U.S. settlement and statehood , 1832 -- 1860 ( edit ) Iowa Territorial Seal . The first American settlers officially moved to Iowa in June 1833 . Primarily , they were families from Ohio , Pennsylvania , New York , Indiana , Kentucky , and Virginia . On July 4 , 1838 , the U.S. Congress established the Territory of Iowa . President Martin Van Buren appointed Robert Lucas governor of the territory , which at the time had 22 counties and a population of 23,242 . Almost immediately after achieving territorial status , a clamor arose for statehood . On December 28 , 1846 , Iowa became the 29th state in the Union when President James K. Polk signed Iowa 's admission bill into law . Once admitted to the Union , the state 's boundary issues resolved , and most of its land purchased from the Indians , Iowa set its direction to development and organized campaigns for settlers and investors , boasting the young frontier state 's rich farmlands , fine citizens , free and open society , and good government . Iowa has a long tradition of state and county fairs . The first and second Iowa State Fairs were held in the more developed eastern part of the state at Fairfield . The first fair was held October 25 -- 27 , 1854 , at a cost of around $323 . Thereafter , the fair moved to locations closer to the center of the state and in 1886 found a permanent home in Des Moines . The State Fair has been held every year since except for the year 1898 due to the Spanish -- American War and the World 's Fair being held in nearby Omaha , Nebraska . The fair was also a World War II wartime casualty from 1942 -- 1945 , as the fairgrounds were being used as an army supply depot . Civil War , 1861 -- 1865 ( edit ) Jane and Samuel Kirkwood , 1852 . Iowa supported the Union during the Civil War , voting heavily for Abraham Lincoln , though there was a strong antiwar `` Copperhead '' movement among settlers of southern origins and among Catholics . There were no battles in the state , although the battle of Athens , Missouri , 1861 , was fought just across the Des Moines River from Croton , Iowa , and shots from the battle landed in Iowa . Iowa sent large supplies of food to the armies and the eastern cities . Much of Iowa 's support for the Union can be attributed to Samuel J. Kirkwood , its first wartime governor . Of a total population of 675,000 , about 116,000 men were subjected to military duty . Iowa contributed proportionately more men to Civil War military service than did any other state , north or south , sending more than 75,000 volunteers to the armed forces , over one - sixth of whom were killed before the Confederates surrendered at Appomattox . Most fought in the great campaigns in the Mississippi Valley and in the South . Iowa troops fought at Wilson 's Creek in Missouri , Pea Ridge in Arkansas , Forts Henry and Donelson , Shiloh , Chattanooga , Chickamauga , Missionary Ridge , and Rossville Gap as well as Vicksburg , Iuka , and Corinth . They served with the Army of the Potomac in Virginia and fought under Union General Philip Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley . Many died and were buried at Andersonville . They marched on General Nathaniel Banks ' ill - starred expedition to the Red River . Twenty - seven Iowans have been awarded the Medal of Honor , the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government , which was first awarded in the Civil War . Iowa had several brigadier generals and four major generals -- Grenville Mellen Dodge , Samuel R. Curtis , Francis J. Herron , and Frederick Steele -- and saw many of its generals go on to state and national prominence following the war . Agricultural expansion , 1865 -- 1930 ( edit ) Iowa farm , 1875 . Following the Civil War , Iowa 's population continued to grow dramatically , from 674,913 people in 1860 to 1,194,020 in 1880 . The introduction of railroads in the 1859s and 1860s transformed Iowa into a major agricultural producer . In 1917 , the United States entered World War I and farmers as well as all Iowans experienced a wartime economy . For farmers , the change was significant . Since the beginning of the war in 1914 , Iowa farmers had experienced economic prosperity . In the economic sector , Iowa also has undergone considerable change . Beginning with the first farm - related industries developed in the 1870s , Iowa has experienced a gradual increase in the number of business and manufacturing operations . Depression , World War II , and the rise of manufacturing , 1930 -- 1985 ( edit ) The transition from an agricultural economy to a mixed economy happened slowly . The Great Depression and World War II accelerated the shift away from smallholder farming to larger farms , and began a trend of urbanization . The period since World War II has witnessed a particular increase in manufacturing operations . While agriculture continued to be the state 's dominant industry , Iowans also produce a wide variety of products including refrigerators , washing machines , fountain pens , farm implements , and food products . The Farm Crisis of the 1980s caused a major recession in Iowa , causing poverty not seen since the Depression . The crisis spurred a major , decade - long population decline . Reemergence as a mixed economy , 1985 -- present ( edit ) After bottoming out in the 1980s , Iowa 's economy began to become increasingly less dependent on agriculture , and by the early 21st century was characterized by a mix of manufacturing , biotechnology , finance and insurance services , and government services . The population of Iowa has increased at a faster rate than the U.S. as a whole , and Iowa now has a predominantly urban population . The Iowa Economic Development Authority , created in 2011 has replaced the Iowa Department of Economic Development and its annual reports are a source of economic information . Demographics ( edit ) Population ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1840 43,112 -- 1850 192,214 345.8 % 1860 674,913 251.1 % 1870 1,194,020 76.9 % 1880 1,624,615 36.1 % 1890 1,912,297 17.7 % 1900 2,231,853 16.7 % 1910 2,224,771 − 0.3 % 1920 2,404,021 8.1 % 1930 2,470,939 2.8 % 1940 2,538,268 2.7 % 1950 2,621,073 3.3 % 1960 2,757,537 5.2 % 1970 2,824,376 2.4 % 1980 2,913,808 3.2 % 1990 2,776,755 − 4.7 % 2000 2,926,324 5.4 % 3,046,355 4.1 % Est. 2017 3,145,711 3.3 % Source : 1910 -- 2010 2015 estimate The United States Census Bureau estimates the population of Iowa was 3,123,899 on July 1 , 2015 , a 2.55 % increase since the 2010 Census . Of the residents of Iowa , 72.2 % were born in Iowa , 23.2 % were born in a different US state , 0.5 % were born in Puerto Rico , U.S. Island areas , or born abroad to American parent ( s ) , and 4.1 % were foreign born . Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 29,386 people , while migration within the country produced a net loss of 41,140 people . 6.5 % of Iowa 's population were reported as under the age of five , 22.6 % under 18 , and 14.7 % were 65 or older . Males made up approximately 49.6 % of the population . The population density of the state is 52.7 people per square mile . The center of population of Iowa is in Marshall County , in the city of Marshalltown . As of the 2010 Census , the population of Iowa was 3,046,355 . The gender makeup of the state was 49.5 % male and 50.5 % female. 23.9 % of the population were under the age of 18 ; 61.2 % were between the ages of 18 and 64 ; and 14.9 % were 65 years of age or older . The racial makeup of Iowa as of the 2010 Census was : White : 91.3 % ( 88.7 % non-Hispanic ) Black or African American : 2.9 % American Indian and Alaska Native : 0.4 % Asian : 1.7 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander : 0.1 % Other race : 1.8 % Two or more races : 1.8 % Iowa Racial Breakdown of Population ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 2000 White 96.6 % 93.9 % 91.3 % Black or African American 1.7 % 2.1 % 2.9 % American Indian and Alaska Native 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.4 % Asian 0.9 % 1.3 % 1.7 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander -- -- 0.1 % Other race 0.5 % 1.3 % 1.8 % Two or more races -- 1.1 % 1.8 % Iowa population density map Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.0 % of the population in 2010 : 3.8 % were of Mexican , 0.2 % Puerto Rican , about 0.0 % Cuban , and 0.9 % other Hispanic or Latino origin . According to the 2010 -- 2015 American Community Survey , the largest ancestry groups were German ( 35.9 % ) , Irish ( 13.7 % ) , English ( 8.5 % ) , American ( 6.2 % ) , and Norwegian ( 5.2 % ) . Settlement ( edit ) Percent population changes by counties in Iowa , 2000 -- 2009 . Dark green counties have gains of more than 5 % . Iowa 's population is more urban than rural , with 61 percent living in urban areas in 2000 , a trend that began in the early 20th century . Urban counties in Iowa grew 8.5 % from 2000 to 2008 , while rural counties declined by 4.2 % . The shift from rural to urban has caused population increases in more urbanized counties such as Dallas , Johnson , Linn , Polk , and Scott , at the expense of more rural counties . Iowa , in common with other Midwestern states ( especially Kansas , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota ) , is feeling the brunt of rural flight , although Iowa has been gaining population since approximately 1990 . Some smaller communities , such as Denison and Storm Lake , have mitigated this population loss through gains in immigrant laborers . Another demographic problem for Iowa is the brain drain , in which educated young adults leave the state in search of better prospects in higher education or employment . During the 1990s , Iowa had the second highest exodus rate for single , educated young adults , second only to North Dakota . Significant loss of educated young people contributes to economic stagnation and the loss of services for remaining citizens . See also : List of cities in Iowa and List of largest Iowa cities by population Iowa 's largest cities and their surrounding areas Recorded by the United States Census Bureau Rank City 2014 city population 2010 city population Change Metropolitan Statistical Area 2016 metro population 2010 metro population 2016 metro change Des Moines 209,220 203,433 7000284467121853390 ♠ + 2.84 % Des Moines -- West Des Moines 634,725 569,633 7001114270065112099 ♠ + 11.43 % Cedar Rapids 129,195 126,326 7000227110808542980 ♠ + 2.27 % Cedar Rapids 267,799 257,940 7000382220671473990 ♠ + 3.82 % Davenport 104,589 99,685 7000491949641370320 ♠ + 4.92 % Quad Cities 386,630 379,090 7000198897359466090 ♠ + 1.99 % Sioux City 82,517 82,684 3000798026220308640 ♠ − 0.20 % Sioux City 168,806 168,563 6999144159750360400 ♠ + 0.14 % 5 Iowa City 73,415 67,862 7000818278270607999 ♠ + 8.18 % Iowa City 168,828 152,586 7001106444890094770 ♠ + 10.64 % 6 Waterloo 68,364 68,406 3001386018770283320 ♠ − 0.06 % Waterloo -- Cedar Falls 169,993 167,819 7000129544330498930 ♠ + 1.30 % 7 Council Bluffs 62,245 62,230 6998241041298409070 ♠ + 0.02 % Omaha -- Council Bluffs 924,129 865,350 7000679251170046800 ♠ + 6.79 % 8 West Des Moines 63,325 56,609 7001118638379056330 ♠ + 11.86 % Des Moines -- West Des Moines 611,549 9 Ames 63,266 58,965 7000729415755108960 ♠ + 7.29 % Ames 97,090 89,542 7000842956378012550 ♠ + 8.43 % 10 Dubuque 58,436 57,637 7000138626229678850 ♠ + 1.39 % Dubuque 96,370 93,653 7000290113504105580 ♠ + 2.90 % 11 Ankeny 53,801 45,582 7001180312404019130 ♠ + 18.03 % Des Moines -- West Des Moines 611,549 12 Urbandale 43,150 39,463 7000934292881940040 ♠ + 9.34 % Des Moines -- West Des Moines 611,549 13 Cedar Falls 40,859 39,260 7000407284768211919 ♠ + 4.07 % Waterloo -- Cedar Falls 169,993 14 Bettendorf 36,822 33,217 7001108528765391220 ♠ + 10.85 % Quad Cities 386,630 15 Marion 36,774 34,768 7000576967326277040 ♠ + 5.77 % Cedar Rapids 267,799 Birth Data ( edit ) Population age comparison between rural Pocahontas County and urban Polk County , illustrating the flight of young adults ( red ) to urban centers in Iowa . Note : Births in table do n't add up , because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race , giving a higher overall number . Live Births by Race / Ethnicity of Mother Race 2013 2014 2015 White : 35,240 ( 90.1 % ) 35,528 ( 89.5 % ) 35,279 ( 89.3 % ) Non-Hispanic White 32,302 ( 82.6 % ) 32,423 ( 81.7 % ) 32,028 ( 81.1 % ) Black 2,232 ( 5.7 % ) 2,467 ( 6.2 % ) 2,597 ( 6.6 % ) Asian 1,353 ( 3.5 % ) 1,408 ( 3.5 % ) 1,364 ( 3.4 % ) Native 269 ( 0.7 % ) 284 ( 0.7 % ) 242 ( 0.6 % ) Hispanic ( of any race ) 3,175 ( 8.1 % ) 3,315 ( 8.3 % ) 3,418 ( 8.6 % ) Total Iowa 39,094 ( 100 % ) 39,687 ( 100 % ) 39,482 ( 100 % ) Religion ( edit ) Amana Colonies were founded by German Pietists . Religion in Iowa ( 2014 ) religion percent Protestant 60 % No religion 21 % Catholic 18 % Muslim 1 % No answer 1 % A 2001 survey from the City University of New York found 52 % of Iowans are Protestant , while 23 % are Catholic , and other religions made up 6 % . 13 % responded with non-religious , and 5 % did not answer . A survey from the Association of Religion Data Archives ( ARDA ) in 2010 found that the largest Protestant denominations were the United Methodist Church with 235,190 adherents and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 229,557 . The largest non Protestant religion was Catholicism with 503,080 adherents . The state has a great number of Reformed denominations . The Presbyterian Church ( USA ) had almost 290 congregations and 51,380 members followed by the Reformed Church in America with 80 churches and 40,000 members , and the United Church of Christ had 180 churches and 39,000 members . The study Religious Congregations & Membership : 2000 found in the southernmost two tiers of Iowa counties and in other counties in the center of the state , the largest religious group was the United Methodist Church ; in the northeast part of the state , including Dubuque and Linn counties ( where Cedar Rapids is located ) , the Catholic Church was the largest ; and in ten counties , including three in the northern tier , the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America was the largest . The study also found rapid growth in Evangelical Christian denominations . Dubuque is home to the Archdiocese of Dubuque , which serves as the ecclesiastical province for all 3 other dioceses in the state and for all the Catholics in the entire state of Iowa . Historically , religious sects and orders who desired to live apart from the rest of society established themselves in Iowa , such as the Amish and Mennonite near Kalona and in other parts of eastern Iowa such as Davis County and Buchanan County . Other religious sects and orders living apart include Quakers around West Branch and Le Grand , German Pietists who founded the Amana Colonies , followers of Transcendental Meditation who founded Maharishi Vedic City , and Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance monks and nuns at the New Melleray and Our Lady of the Mississippi Abbies near Dubuque . As of 2016 about 6,000 Jews live in Iowa , with about 3000 of them in Des Moines . Language ( edit ) English is the most common language used in Iowa , used by 94 % of the population . William Labov and colleagues , in the monumental Atlas of North American English found the English spoken in Iowa divides into multiple linguistic regions . Natives of northern Iowa -- including Sioux City , Fort Dodge , and the Waterloo region -- tend to speak the dialect linguists call North Central American English , which is also found in North and South Dakota , Minnesota , Wisconsin , and Michigan . Natives of central and southern Iowa -- including such cities as Council Bluffs , Davenport , Des Moines , and Iowa City -- tend to speak the North Midland dialect also found in eastern Nebraska , central Illinois , and central Indiana . Natives of East - Central Iowa -- including cities such as Cedar Rapids , Dubuque , and Clinton tend to speak with the Northern Cities Vowel Shift , a dialect that extends from this area and east across the Great Lakes Region . After English , Spanish is the second-most - common language spoken in Iowa , with 120,000 people in Iowa of Hispanic or Latino origin and 47,000 people born in Hispanic America . The third-most - common language is German , spoken by 17,000 people in Iowa ; two notable German dialects used in Iowa include Amana German spoken around the Amana Colonies , and Pennsylvania German , spoken among the Amish in Iowa . The Babel Proclamation of 1918 banned the speaking of German in public . Around Pella , residents of Dutch descent once spoke the Pella Dutch dialect . No other language is spoken by more than 0.5 percent of the Iowa population . The only indigenous language used regularly in Iowa is Meskwaki , used around the Meskwaki Settlement . Attractions ( edit ) Central Iowa ( edit ) Skyline of Des Moines , Iowa 's capital and largest city . Des Moines is the largest city in Iowa and the state 's political and economic center . It is home to the Iowa State Capitol , the State Historical Society of Iowa Museum , Drake University , Des Moines Art Center , Greater Des Moines Botanical Garden , Principal Riverwalk , the Iowa State Fair , Terrace Hill , and the World Food Prize . Nearby attractions include Adventureland and Prairie Meadows Racetrack Casino in Altoona , Living History Farms in Urbandale , Trainland USA in Colfax , and the Iowa Speedway and Valle Drive - In in Newton . The Christina Reiman Butterfly Wing at Iowa State University , Ames . Ames is the home of Iowa State University , the Iowa State Center , and Reiman Gardens . Boone hosts the biennial Farm Progress Show and is home to the Mamie Doud Eisenhower museum , the Boone & Scenic Valley Railroad , and Ledges State Park . The Meskwaki Settlement west of Tama is the only American Indian settlement in Iowa and is host to a large annual Pow - wow . The Clint Eastwood movie The Bridges of Madison County , based on the popular novel of the same name , took place and was filmed in Madison County . Also in Madison County is the John Wayne Birthplace Museum in Winterset . Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Newton , Indianola , Pella , Knoxville , Marshalltown , Perry , and Story City . Eastern Iowa ( edit ) Old Capitol , Iowa City . Inside the Davenport Skybridge . Iowa City is home to the University of Iowa , which includes the Iowa Writers ' Workshop , and the Old Capitol building . Because of the extraordinary history in the teaching and sponsoring of creative writing that emanated from the Iowa Writers ' Workshop and related programs , Iowa City was the first American city designated by the United Nations as a `` City of Literature '' in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network . The Herbert Hoover National Historic Site and Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum are in West Branch . The Amana Colonies are a group of settlements of German Pietists comprising seven villages listed as National Historic Landmarks . The Cedar Rapids Museum of Art has collections of paintings by Grant Wood and Marvin Cone . Cedar Rapids is also home to the National Czech & Slovak Museum & Library and Iowa 's only National Trust for Historic Preservation Site , Brucemore mansion . Brucemore , Cedar Rapids , Iowa . Davenport boasts the Figge Art Museum , River Music Experience , Putnam Museum , Davenport Skybridge , Quad City Symphony Orchestra , Ballet Quad Cities , and plays host to the annual Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival , and the Quad City Air Show , which is the largest airshow in the state . Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include West Liberty , Fairfield , Burlington , Mount Pleasant , Fort Madison , LeClaire , Mount Vernon , Ottumwa , Washington , and Wilton . Along Interstate 80 near Walcott , Iowa lies the world 's largest truck stop , Iowa 80 . Western Iowa ( edit ) View of Grotto of the Redemption 's Lower Arcade : Small Stations of the Cross , West Bend . Some of the most dramatic scenery in Iowa is found in the unique Loess Hills . The Iowa Great Lakes include several resort areas such as Spirit Lake , Arnolds Park , and the Okoboji Lakes . The Sanford Museum and Planetarium in Cherokee , Grotto of the Redemption in West Bend , Arnolds Park Amusement Park ( one of the oldest amusement parks in the country ) in Arnolds Park , The Danish Immigrant Museum in Elk Horn , and the Fort Museum and Frontier Village in Fort Dodge are regional destinations . Every year in early May , the city of Orange City holds the annual Tulip Festival , a celebration of the strong Dutch heritage in the region . Historic Fourth Street , Sioux City . Sioux City boasts a revitalized downtown , attractions include the Sergeant Floyd Monument , Sergeant Floyd River Museum , and the Orpheum Theater . Loess Hills east of Mondamin . Council Bluffs , the major city of southwest Iowa , sits at the base of the Loess Hills National Scenic Byway . With three casino resorts , the city also includes such cultural attractions as the Western Hills Trails Center , Union Pacific Railroad Museum , the Grenville M. Dodge House , and the Lewis and Clark Monument . Northwest Iowa is home to some of the largest concentrations of wind turbine farms in the world . Other western communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Storm Lake , Spencer , Le Mars , Glenwood , Carroll , Atlantic , Red Oak , Denison , Creston , Mount Ayr , Sac City , and Walnut . Northeast and northern Iowa ( edit ) Ruins of historic Fort Atkinson . The Driftless Area of northeast Iowa has many steep hills and deep valleys , checkered with forest and terraced fields . Effigy Mounds National Monument in Allamakee and Clayton Counties has the largest assemblage of animal - shaped prehistoric mounds in the world . Waterloo is home of the Grout Museum and is headquarters of the Silos & Smokestacks National Heritage Area . Cedar Falls is home of the University of Northern Iowa . Dubuque is a regional tourist destination with attractions such as the National Mississippi River Museum and Aquarium and the Port of Dubuque . Dyersville is home to the famed Field of Dreams baseball diamond . Maquoketa Caves State Park , near Maquoketa , contains more caves than any other state park . Fort Atkinson State Preserve in Fort Atkinson has the remains of an original 1840s Dragoon fortification . Fort Dodge is home of The Fort historical museum and the Blanden Art Museum , and host Frontiers Days which celebrate the town history . Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Decorah , McGregor , Mason City , Elkader , Guttenberg , Algona , Spillville , Charles City , and Independence . Statewide ( edit ) RAGBRAI -- the Register 's Annual Great Bike Ride Across Iowa -- attracts thousands of bicyclists and support personnel . It has crossed the state on various routes each year since 1973 . Iowa is home to more than 70 wineries , and hosts five regional wine tasting trails . Many Iowa communities hold farmers ' markets during warmer months ; these are typically weekly events , but larger cities can host multiple markets . Economy ( edit ) Iowa state quarter with reverse image based on a painting by American artist Grant Wood . See also : Iowa locations by per capita income CNBC 's list of `` Top States for Business in 2010 '' has recognized Iowa as the sixth best state in the nation . Scored in 10 individual categories , Iowa was ranked 1st when it came to the `` Cost of Doing Business '' ; this includes all taxes , utility costs , and other costs associated with doing business . Iowa was also ranked 10th in `` Economy '' , 12th in `` Business Friendliness '' , 16th in `` Education '' , 17th in both `` Cost of Living '' and `` Quality of Life '' , 20th in `` Workforce '' , 29th in `` Technology and Innovation '' , 32nd in `` Transportation '' and the lowest ranking was 36th in `` Access to Capital '' . Iowa gross state products by industry , 2006 . While Iowa is often viewed as a farming state , in reality agriculture is a small portion of a diversified economy , with manufacturing , biotechnology , finance and insurance services , and government services contributing substantially to Iowa 's economy . This economic diversity has helped Iowa weather the late 2000s recession better than most states , with unemployment substantially lower than the rest of the nation . If the economy is measured by gross domestic product , in 2005 Iowa 's GDP was about US $124 billion . If measured by gross state product , for 2005 it was US $113.5 billion . Its per capita income for 2006 was US $23,340 . On July 2 , 2009 , Standard and Poor 's rated the state of Iowa 's credit as AAA ( the highest of its credit ratings , held by only 11 U.S. state governments ) . As of December 2015 , the state 's unemployment rate is 3.4 % . Manufacturing ( edit ) Manufacturing is the largest sector of Iowa 's economy , with $20.8 billion ( 21 % ) of Iowa 's 2003 gross state product . Major manufacturing sectors include food processing , heavy machinery , and agricultural chemicals . Sixteen percent of Iowa 's workforce is dedicated to manufacturing . Food processing is the largest component of manufacturing . Besides processed food , industrial outputs include machinery , electric equipment , chemical products , publishing , and primary metals . Companies with direct or indirect processing facilities in Iowa include ConAgra Foods , Wells Blue Bunny , Barilla , Heinz , Tone 's Spices , General Mills , and Quaker Oats . Meatpacker Tyson Foods has 11 locations , second only to its headquarter state Arkansas . Major non-food manufacturing firms with production facilities in Iowa include 3M , ALCOA , Amana Corporation , Dexter Apache Holdings , Inc. , Electrolux / Frigidaire , Emerson Process Management , Fisher Controls International , Hagie Manufacturing Company , HON Industries , The HON Company , SSAB , John Deere , Lennox Manufacturing , Maytag Corporation , Pella Corporation , Procter & Gamble , Rockwell Collins , Terex , Vermeer Company , and Winnebago Industries . Agriculture ( edit ) Harvesting corn in Linn County . Farm in rural Northwest Iowa Eastern Iowa cornfield in June . Directly and indirectly , agriculture has been a major component of Iowa 's economy . As of 2007 the direct production and sale of raw agricultural products contributed only about 3.5 % of Iowa 's gross state product . In 2002 the impact of the indirect role of agriculture in Iowa 's economy , including agriculture - affiliated business , was calculated at 16.4 % in terms of value added and 24.3 % in terms of total output . This was lower than the economic impact of non-farm manufacturing , which accounted for 22.4 % of total value added and 26.5 % of total output . Iowa 's main agricultural products are hogs , corn , soybeans , oats , cattle , eggs , and dairy products . Iowa is the nation 's largest producer of ethanol and corn and some years is the largest grower of soybeans . In 2008 , the 92,600 farms in Iowa produced 19 % of the nation 's corn , 17 % of the soybeans , 30 % of the hogs , and 14 % of the eggs . Mural in Mt . Ayr Post Office , `` The Corn Parade '' by Orr C. Fischer , commissioned as part of the New Deal . As of 2009 major Iowa agricultural product processors include Archer Daniels Midland , Ajinomoto , Cargill , Inc. , Diamond V Mills , Garst Seed Company , Heartland Pork Enterprises , Hy - Vee , Monsanto Company , Pioneer Hi - Bred International , and Quaker Oats . Health insurance ( edit ) As of 2014 , there were 16 organizations offering health insurance products in Iowa , per the State of Iowa Insurance Division . Iowa was the 4th out of 10 states with the biggest drop in competition levels of health insurance between 2010 and 2011 , per the 2013 annual report on the level of competition in the health insurance industry by the American Medical Association using 2011 data from HealthLeaders - Interstudy , the most comprehensive source of data on enrollment in health maintenance organization ( HMO ) , preferred provider organization ( PPO ) , point - of - service ( POS ) and consumer - driven health care plans . According to the AMA annual report from 2007 Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield had provided 71 % of the state 's health insurance . The Iowa Insurance Division `` Annual report to the Iowa Governor and the Iowa Legislature '' from November 2014 looked at the 95 % of health insurers by premium , which are 10 companies . It found Wellmark Inc. to dominate the 3 health insurance markets it examined ( individual , small group and large group ) at 52 - 67 % . Wellmark HealthPlan of Iowa and Wellmark Inc had the highest risk - based capital percentages of all 10 providers at 1158 % and 1132 % , respectively . Rising RBC is an indication of profits . Other sectors ( edit ) Iowa has a strong financial and insurance sector , with approximately 6,100 firms , including AEGON , Nationwide Group , Aviva USA , Farm Bureau Financial Services , Voya Financial , Marsh Affinity Group , MetLife , Principal Financial Group , Principal Capital Management , Wells Fargo , and Wells Fargo Financial Services . Iowa is host to at least two business incubators , Iowa State University Research Park and the BioVentures Center at the University of Iowa . The Research Park hosts about 50 companies , among them NewLink Genetics , which develops cancer immunotherapeutics , and the U.S. animal health division of Boehringer Ingelheim , Vetmedica . Ethanol plant under construction in Butler County . Ethanol production consumes approximately one - third of Iowa 's corn production , and renewable fuels account for 8 % of the state 's gross domestic product . A total of 39 ethanol plants produced 3.1 billion US gallons ( 12,000,000 m ) of fuel in 2009 . Wind turbines near Williams . Renewable energy has become a major economic force in northern and western Iowa , with wind turbine electrical generation increasing exponentally since 1990 . In 2010 , wind power in Iowa accounted for 15.4 % of electrical energy produced , and 3675 megawatts of generating capacity had been installed at the end of the year . Iowa ranked first of U.S. states in percentage of total power generated by wind and second in wind generating capacity behind Texas . Major producers of turbines and components in Iowa include Acciona Energy of West Branch , TPI Composites of Newton , and Siemens Energy of Fort Madison . In 2016 , Iowa was the headquarters for three of the top 2,000 companies for revenue . They include Principal Financial , Rockwell Collins , and American Equity Investment . Iowa is also headquarters to other companies including Hy - Vee , Pella Corporation , Vermeer Company , Kum & Go gas stations , Von Maur , Pioneer Hi - Bred , and Fareway . Taxation ( edit ) Iowa imposes taxes on net state income of individuals , estates , and trusts . There are nine income tax brackets , ranging from 0.36 % to 8.98 % , as well as four corporate income tax brackets ranging from 6 - 12 % , giving Iowa the country 's highest marginal corporate tax rate . The state sales tax rate is 6 % , with non-prepared food having no tax . Iowa has one local option sales tax that may be imposed by counties after an election . Property tax is levied on the taxable value of real property . Iowa has more than 2,000 taxing authorities . Most property is taxed by more than one taxing authority . The tax rate differs in each locality and is a composite of county , city or rural township , school district and special levies . Iowa allows its residents to deduct their federal income taxes from their state income taxes . Transportation ( edit ) The current state license plate design , introduced in 2018 . Interstate highways ( edit ) Iowa 's major interstates , larger cities , and counties . Iowa has four primary interstate highways . Interstate 29 ( I - 29 ) travels along the state 's western edge through Council Bluffs and Sioux City . I - 35 travels from the Missouri state line to the Minnesota state line through the state 's center , including Des Moines . I - 74 begins at I - 80 just northeast of Davenport . I - 80 travels from the Nebraska state line to the Illinois state line through the center of the state , including Council Bluffs , Des Moines , Iowa City , and the Quad Cities . I - 380 is an auxiliary Interstate Highway , which travels from I - 80 near Iowa City through Cedar Rapids ending in Waterloo and is part of the Avenue of the Saints highway . Iowa is among the few jurisdictions where municipalities install speed cameras on interstate highways providing a substantial revenue source from out of state drivers . Airports with scheduled flights ( edit ) Iowa is served by several regional airports including the Des Moines International Airport , the Eastern Iowa Airport , in Cedar Rapids , Quad City International Airport , in Moline , Illinois , and Eppley Airfield , in Omaha , Nebraska . Smaller airports in the state include the Davenport Municipal Airport ( Iowa ) , Dubuque Regional Airport , Fort Dodge Regional Airport , Mason City Municipal Airport , Sioux Gateway Airport , Southeast Iowa Regional Airport , and Waterloo Regional Airport . Railroads ( edit ) Amtrak 's California Zephyr serves the south of Iowa with stops at Burlington , Mount Pleasant , Ottumwa , Osceola , and Creston on its daily route between Chicago and Emeryville , California ( across the bay from San Francisco ) . Fort Madison is served by Amtrak 's Southwest Chief , running daily between Chicago and Los Angeles . Law and government ( edit ) See : Governor of Iowa , Iowa General Assembly , and Iowa State Capitol The Iowa State Capitol , completed in 1886 , is the only state capitol to feature five domes , a central golden dome surrounded by four smaller domes . The Supreme Court of Iowa , located on Court Avenue across from the state capitol in Des Moines , is the state 's highest court . State ( edit ) As of 2017 the Governor of Iowa is Kim Reynolds ( R ) . Other statewide elected officials are : Adam Gregg ( R ) -- Lieutenant Governor Paul Pate ( R ) -- Secretary of State Mary Mosiman ( R ) -- Auditor of State Michael Fitzgerald ( D ) -- Treasurer of State Bill Northey ( R ) -- Secretary of Agriculture Tom Miller ( D ) -- Attorney General The Code of Iowa contains Iowa 's statutory laws . It is periodically updated by the Iowa Legislative Service Bureau , with a new edition published in odd - numbered years and a supplement published in even - numbered years . Iowa is an alcohol monopoly or alcoholic beverage control state . National ( edit ) Further information : List of United States Senators from Iowa The two U.S. Senators : Chuck Grassley ( R ) , in office since 1981 Joni Ernst ( R ) , in office since 2015 The four U.S. Congressmen : Rod Blum ( R ) -- First district Dave Loebsack ( D ) -- Second district David Young ( R ) -- Third district Steve King ( R ) -- Fourth district After the 2010 census and the resulting redistricting , Iowa lost one seat , falling to 4 seats in the House of Representatives . Incumbent congressmen Leonard Boswell ( D ) and Tom Latham ( R ) ran against each other in the new Third district ; Latham won . Steve King represented the old Fifth district . Political parties ( edit ) Main article : Political party strength in Iowa Samuel J. Kirkwood , founder of the Iowa Republican Party , abolitionist , and Iowa 's Civil War Governor Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election In Iowa , the term `` political party '' refers to political organizations which have received two percent or more of the votes cast for president or governor in the `` last preceding general election '' . Iowa recognizes two political parties -- the Republican Party and the Democratic Party . Third parties , officially termed `` nonparty political organizations '' , can appear on the ballot as well . Five of these have had candidates on the ballot in Iowa since 2004 for various positions : the Constitution Party , the Green Party , the Libertarian Party , the Pirate Party , and the Socialist Workers Party . Voter Trends ( edit ) Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic 2016 51.15 % 800,983 41.74 % 653,669 2012 46.18 % 730,617 51.99 % 822,544 2008 44.74 % 677,508 54.04 % 818,240 49.92 % 751,957 49.28 % 741,898 2000 48.22 % 634,373 48.60 % 638,517 39.92 % 492,644 50.31 % 620,258 37.33 % 504,890 43.35 % 586,353 44.8 % 545,355 55.1 % 670,557 1984 53.32 % 703,088 45.97 % 605,620 As a result of the 2010 elections , each party controls one house of the Iowa General Assembly : the House has a Republican majority , while the Senate has a Democratic majority . Since the defeat of incumbent Democrat Chet Culver in 2010 , Iowa 's governor has been Republican Terry Branstad , who served as governor from 1983 to 1999 . On December 14 , 2015 , Branstad became the longest serving governor in US history , serving ( at that time ) 20 years , 11 months , and 3 days ; eclipsing George Clinton , who served 21 years until 1804 . As of February 1 , 2016 , there were 2,095,639 registered voters . Presidential caucus ( edit ) Main article : Iowa caucuses The state gets considerable attention every four years because the Iowa caucus , gatherings of voters to select delegates to the state conventions , is the first presidential caucus in the country . The caucuses , held in January or February of the election year , involve people gathering in homes or public places and choosing their candidates , rather than casting secret ballots as is done in a presidential primary election . Along with the New Hampshire primary the following week , Iowa 's caucuses have become the starting points for choosing the two major - party candidates for president . The national and international media give Iowa and New Hampshire extensive attention , which gives Iowa voters leverage . Those who enter the caucus race often expend enormous effort to reach voters in each of Iowa 's 99 counties . Civil rights ( edit ) The Union Block building , Mount Pleasant , scene of early civil rights and women 's rights activities In the 19th century Iowa was among the earliest states to enact prohibitions against race discrimination , especially in education , but was slow to achieve full integration in the 20th century . In the very first decision of the Supreme Court of Iowa -- In Re the Matter of Ralph , decided July 1839 -- the Court rejected slavery in a decision that found a slave named Ralph became free when he stepped on Iowa soil , 26 years before the end of the Civil War . The state did away with racial barriers to marriage in 1851 , more than 100 years before the U.S. Supreme Court would ban miscegenation statutes nationwide . The Iowa Supreme Court decided Clark v . The Board of Directors in 1868 , ruling that racially segregated `` separate but equal '' schools had no place in Iowa , 85 years before Brown v. Board of Education . By 1875 , a number of additional court rulings effectively ended segregation in Iowa schools . Social and housing discrimination continued against Blacks at state universities until the 1950s . The Court heard Coger v . The North Western Union Packet Co. in 1873 , ruling against racial discrimination in public accommodations 91 years before the U.S. Supreme Court reached the same decision . In 1884 , the Iowa Civil Rights Act apparently outlawed discrimination by businesses , reading : `` All persons within this state shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations , advantages , facilities , and privileges of inns , restaurants , chophouses , eating houses , lunch counters , and all other places where refreshments are served , public conveyances , barber shops , bathhouses , theaters , and all other places of amusement . '' However , the courts chose to narrowly apply this act , allowing de facto discrimination to continue . Racial discrimination at public businesses was not deemed illegal until 1949 , when the court ruled in State of Iowa v. Katz that businesses had to serve customers regardless of race ; the case began when Edna Griffin was denied service at a Des Moines drugstore . Full racial civil rights were codified under the Iowa Civil Rights Act of 1965 . As with racial equality , Iowa was a vanguard in women 's rights in the mid-19th century , but was slow to give women the right to vote . In 1847 , the University of Iowa became the first public university in the U.S. to admit men and women on an equal basis . In 1869 , Iowa became the first state in the union to admit women to the practice of law , with the Court ruling women may not be denied the right to practice law in Iowa and admitting Arabella A. Mansfield to the practice of law . Several attempts to grant full voting rights to Iowa women were defeated between 1870 and 1919 . In 1894 women were given `` partial suffrage '' , which allowed them to vote on issues , but not for candidates . It was not until the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1920 that women had full suffrage in Iowa . Although Iowa supported the Federal Equal Rights Amendment , in 1980 and 1992 Iowa voters rejected an Equal Rights Amendment to the state constitution . Iowa did add the word `` women '' to the Iowa Constitution in 1998 . After Amendment , it reads : `` All men and women are , by nature , free and equal , and have certain inalienable rights -- among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty , acquiring , possessing and protecting property , and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness . '' In the aftermath of the Civil Rights Movement , court decisions in Iowa clarified and expanded citizens ' rights . The landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ( 1969 ) confirmed the right of students to express political views . The state 's law criminalizing same - sex sexual activity was repealed in June 1976 , 27 years before Lawrence v. Texas . On April 3 , 2009 , the Iowa Supreme Court decided Varnum v. Brien , holding in a unanimous decision , the state 's law forbidding same - sex marriage was unconstitutional . This made Iowa the third state in the U.S. and first in the Midwest to permit same - sex marriage . ( See LGBT rights in Iowa . ) Sister jurisdictions ( edit ) Iowa has nine official partner jurisdictions : Yamanashi Prefecture , Japan ( 1960 ) Yucatán , Mexico ( 1964 ) Hebei Province , People 's Republic of China ( 1983 ) Terengganu , Malaysia ( 1987 ) Taiwan , Republic of China ( 1989 ) Stavropol Krai , USSR / Russia ( 1989 ) Cherkasy Oblast , Ukraine ( 1996 ) Veneto Region , Italy ( 1997 ) Republic of Kosovo ( 2013 ) Education ( edit ) Primary and secondary schools ( edit ) See also : List of school districts in Iowa Iowa is often credited with the start of the high school movement in the U.S. Around 1910 , secondary schools as we know them today were established across the state , which was unprecedented at the time . As the high school movement gathered pace and went beyond Iowa , there was clear evidence of how more time spent in school led to greater income . The four - year graduation rate for high schoolers was 90 % in 2015 . The state has the top graduation rate in the nation . Iowa has 365 school districts , and has the 12th lowest student - to - teacher ratio of 13.8 . Teacher pay is ranked 42nd , with the average salary being $39,284 . The Iowa State Board of Education works with the Iowa Department of Education to provide oversight , supervision , and support for the state 's education system that includes all public elementary and secondary schools , nonpublic schools that receive state accreditation , area education agencies , community colleges , and teacher preparation programs . The State Board consists of ten members : nine voting members who are appointed by the governor for six - year terms and subject to Senate confirmation ; and one nonvoting student member who serves a one - year term , also appointed by the governor . The Iowa Board of Educational Examiners is an autonomous board in control of teacher licensure standards and professional discipline ; it has a majority of licensed teachers as members and is the oldest state educational board . Colleges and universities ( edit ) Christ the King Chapel at Saint Ambrose University in Davenport . Palmer Chiropractic College in Davenport is the first school of chiropractic in the world . Alexander Dickman Hall , located at Upper Iowa University in Fayette . See also : List of colleges and universities in Iowa The Iowa Board of Regents is composed of nine citizen volunteers appointed by the governor to provide policymaking , coordination , and oversight of the state 's public universities , two special K - 12 schools , and affiliated centers . Iowa 's three public universities include : Iowa State University , Ames University of Iowa , Iowa City University of Northern Iowa , Cedar Falls The special K - 12 schools include the Iowa School for the Deaf in Council Bluffs and the Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School in Vinton . Both Iowa State University and the University of Iowa are major research institutions and members of the prestigious Association of American Universities . In addition to the three state universities , Iowa has multiple private colleges and universities . Private colleges and universities include : Buena Vista University , Storm Lake Clarke University , Dubuque Des Moines University , Des Moines Divine Word College , Epworth Drake University , Des Moines Emmaus Bible College , Dubuque Faith Baptist Bible College and Theological Seminary , Ankeny Graceland University , Lamoni Iowa Wesleyan College , Mount Pleasant Kaplan University , Cedar Falls , Cedar Rapids , Council Bluffs , Davenport , Mason City , and Urbandale Loras College , Dubuque Maharishi University of Management , Fairfield Mount Mercy University , Cedar Rapids Palmer College of Chiropractic , Davenport Saint Ambrose University , Davenport University of Dubuque , Dubuque Upper Iowa University , Fayette Waldorf College , Forest City William Penn University , Oskaloosa Private liberal arts colleges include : Ashford University , Clinton Briar Cliff University , Sioux City Central College , Pella Coe College , Cedar Rapids Cornell College , Mount Vernon Dordt College , Sioux Center Grand View University , Des Moines Grinnell College , Grinnell Loras College , Dubuque Luther College , Decorah Morningside College , Sioux City Northwestern College , Orange City Simpson College , Indianola Wartburg College , Waverly Culture ( edit ) Arts ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) Sports ( edit ) See also : Sports teams from Iowa The state has four major college teams playing in Division I for all sports . In football , Iowa State University and the University of Iowa compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , whereas the University of Northern Iowa and Drake University compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Although Iowa has no professional major league sports teams , Iowa has minor league sports teams in baseball , basketball , hockey , and other sports . The following table shows the Iowa sports teams with average attendance over 8,000 . All of the following teams are NCAA Division I football , basketball , or wrestling teams : Iowa sports teams ( attendance > 8,000 ) Team Location Attendance Iowa Hawkeyes football Iowa City 67,512 Iowa State Cyclones football Ames 52,197 Iowa Hawkeyes men 's basketball Iowa City 14,976 Iowa State Cyclones men 's basketball Ames 14,192 Northern Iowa Panthers football Cedar Falls 12,490 Iowa State Cyclones women 's basketball Ames 9,289 Iowa Hawkeye Wrestling Iowa City 8,358 College sports ( edit ) The state has four NCAA Division I college teams . In NCAA FBS , the University of Iowa Hawkeyes play in the Big Ten Conference and the Iowa State University Cyclones compete in the Big 12 Conference . The two intrastate rivals compete annually for the Cy - Hawk Trophy as part of the Iowa Corn Cy - Hawk Series . In NCAA FCS , the University of Northern Iowa Panthers play at the Missouri Valley Conference and Missouri Valley Football Conference ( despite the similar names , the conferences are administratively separate ) , whereas the Drake University Bulldogs play at the Missouri Valley Conference in most sports and Pioneer League for football . Modern Woodmen Park is home to the Quad Cities baseball team Baseball ( edit ) Des Moines is home to the Iowa Cubs , a Class AAA team in the Pacific Coast League and affiliate of the Chicago Cubs . Iowa has four Class A minor league teams in the Midwest League : the Burlington Bees , Cedar Rapids Kernels , Clinton LumberKings , and the Quad Cities River Bandits . The Sioux City Explorers are part of the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball . Ice Hockey ( edit ) Des Moines is home to the Iowa Wild , who are affiliated with the Minnesota Wild and are members of the American Hockey League . The Quad City Mallards games are played in Moline , Illinois as part of the ECHL . The United States Hockey League has five teams in Iowa : the Cedar Rapids RoughRiders , Sioux City Musketeers , Waterloo Black Hawks , Des Moines Buccaneers , and the Dubuque Fighting Saints . The North Iowa Bulls play in the North American 3 Hockey League in Mason City . Soccer ( edit ) The Des Moines Menace of the USL Premier Development League play their home games at Valley Stadium in West Des Moines , Iowa . Starting in the 2015 - 16 season of the Major Arena Soccer League , the Cedar Rapids Rampage plays in the U.S. Cellular Center . As well as the Cedar Rapids Rampage United plays at Kingston Stadium . Other sports ( edit ) Iowa has two professional basketball teams . The Iowa Wolves , an NBA G League team that plays in Des Moines , is owned and affiliated with the Minnesota Timberwolves of the NBA . The Sioux City Hornets play in the American Basketball Association . Iowa has three professional football teams . The Sioux City Bandits play in the Champions Indoor Football league . The Iowa Barnstormers play in the Indoor Football League at Wells Fargo Arena in Des Moines . The Cedar Rapids Titans play in the Indoor Football League at the U.S. Cellular Center . The Iowa Speedway oval track has hosted auto racing championships such as the IndyCar Series , NASCAR Nationwide Series and NASCAR Truck Series since 2006 . Also , the Knoxville Raceway dirt track hosts the Knoxville Nationals , one of the classic sprint car racing events . The John Deere Classic is a PGA Tour golf event held in the Quad Cities since 1971 . The Principal Charity Classic is a Champions Tour event since 2001 . The Des Moines Golf and Country Club hosted the 1999 U.S. Senior Open and has scheduled the 2017 Solheim Cup . Notable Iowans ( edit ) President Herbert Hoover Vice President Henry Wallace Main article : List of people from Iowa Iowa was the birthplace of U.S. President Herbert Hoover , Vice President Henry A. Wallace , and two first ladies , Lou Henry Hoover and Mamie Eisenhower . Other national leaders who lived in Iowa include President Ronald Reagan , President Richard Nixon , John L. Lewis , Harry Hopkins , Carrie Chapman Catt , Jefferson Davis , Chief Black Hawk , and John Brown . Five Nobel Prize winners hail from Iowa : Norman Borlaug , recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize ; Thomas Cech , recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry ; Alan J. Heeger , also a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry ; John Mott , recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize ; and Stanley B. Prusiner , recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Other notable scientists who worked or were born in Iowa include astronomer and space pioneer James A. Van Allen , ecologist Aldo Leopold , computer pioneer John Vincent Atanasoff , inventor and plant scientist George Washington Carver , geochemist Clair Cameron Patterson , and Intel founder Robert Noyce . Notable writers , artists , and news personalities from Iowa include Bill Bryson , Corey Taylor , George Gallup , Susan Glaspell , Mauricio Lasansky , Tomas Lasansky , Harry Reasoner , Phil Stong , and Grant Wood . Musicians , actors , and entertainers from Iowa include Tom Arnold , Julia Michaels , Bix Beiderbecke , Johnny Carson , Tionne Watkins of TLC ( group ) , Buffalo Bill Cody , Simon Estes , Nathan Jonas Jordison , Corey Taylor , Shawn Crahan , William Frawley , Charlie Haden , Ashton Kutcher , Cloris Leachman , Glenn Miller , Kate Mulgrew , Eric Christian Olsen , Donna Reed , George Reeves , Brandon Routh , Jean Seberg , John Wayne , Brooks Wheelan , Andy Williams , Meredith Willson , and Elijah Wood . Olympic gold medal winning athletes from Iowa include Tom Brands , Dan Gable , Shawn Johnson , and Cael Sanderson . Iowa athletes inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame include Cap Anson , Fred Clarke , and Bob Feller . In college football , Jay Berwanger was the first winner of the Downtown Athletic Club Trophy in 1935 , later renamed the Heisman Trophy and won by Nile Kinnick in 1939 . In professional football , Kurt Warner was the Super Bowl XXXIV MVP winner and a two - time NFL MVP award winner . Frank Gotch was a World Heavyweight Wrestling Champion , Zach Johnson won the 2007 Masters Golf Tournament and the 2015 British Open , and Jeremy Hellickson won the 2011 American League Rookie of the Year award pitching for the Tampa Bay Rays . Former WWE Heavyweight Champion , Seth Rollins , is from Davenport , IA . See also ( edit ) Iowa portal United States portal Outline of Iowa -- organized list of topics about Iowa Index of Iowa - related articles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ It should be noted that the Missouri and Mississippi river boundaries are as they were mapped in the 19th century , which can vary from their modern courses . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` State Symbols '' . Iowa Department of Economic Development . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2011 . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PEPANNRES - Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( 5th ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Merry , Carl A. ( 1996 ) . `` The Historic Period '' . Office of the State Archeologist at the University of Iowa . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Major Industries in Iowa '' ( PDF ) . Iowa Department of Economic Development . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 20 , 2005 . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wind Energy in Iowa '' . Iowa Energy Center . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2009 . Retrieved August 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` N.H. Receives Lowest Crime Ranking ; Nevada Ranks as Worst State '' . Insurance Journal . Wells Publishing . March 25 , 2009 . Retrieved August 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alex , Lynn M. ( 2000 ) . Iowa 's Archaeological Past . University of Iowa Press , Iowa City . Jump up ^ Preamble to the 1857 Constitution of the State of Iowa . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 48 U.S. ( 7 How . ) 660 ( 1849 ) . Jump up ^ Morrison , Jeff ( January 13 , 2005 ) . `` Forty - Thirty - five or fight ? Sullivan 's Line , the Honey War , and latitudinal estimations '' . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2007 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Fast Facts and Trivia '' . 50states.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Association of Counties '' . County Seats . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2010 . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Prior , Jean Cutler . Geology of Iowa : Iowa 's Earth History Shaped by Ice , Wind , Rivers , and Ancient Seas . Adapted from Iowa Geology 2007 , Iowa Department of Natural Resources . Iowa Department of Natural Resources Geological Survey . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Prior , Jean C. ( 1991 ) . Landforms of Iowa . University of Iowa Press , Iowa City . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Geology of the Loess Hills , Iowa '' . United States Geological Survey . July 1999 . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Odessa '' . Iowa Department of Natural Resources . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Iowa DNR : Iowa 's Statewide Land Cover Inventory , Uiowa.edu Archived May 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Iowa 's Threatened and Endangered Species Program , Iowadnr.gov Jump up ^ `` Des Moines Register '' , June 1 , 2005 , Iowa Must Step Up Investment in Public Lands Nicholasjohnson.org Jump up ^ Federally Listed Animals in Iowa , Agriculture.state.ia.us Archived September 30 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Federally Listed Plants in Iowa , Agriculture.state.ia.us Archived September 30 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Living with Hogs in Rural Iowa '' . Iowa Ag Review . Iowa State University . 2003 . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Heldt , Diane ( November 24 , 2009 ) . `` Report : Many Iowa coal plants among nation 's oldest '' . Cedar Rapids Gazette . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Works to Reduce Run - off Polluting the Gulf of Mexico '' . The Iowa Journal . Iowa Public Television . September 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Love , Orlan ( December 6 , 2009 ) . `` Heavy use draining aquifer '' . Cedar Rapids Gazette . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ US Thunderstorm distribution . src.noaa.gov . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Archived October 15 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Des Moines , IA '' . noaa.gov . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Iowa tornadoes deadliest since 1968 '' . USA Today . January 2 , 2009 . Retrieved January 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Weather - Iowa Weather Forecast - Iowa Climate '' . ustravelweather.com . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Averages for Davenport , Iowa '' . Weather.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Average Weather for Des Moines , IA -- Temperature and Precipitation '' . Weather.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Averages for Keokuk , IA '' . weather.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Average Weather for Mason City , IA -- Temperature and Precipitation '' . Weather.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Average Weather for Sioux City , IA -- Temperature and Precipitation '' . Weather.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Average Annual Precipitation Iowa , 1961 -- 1990 ( GIF File ) -- Christopher Daly , Jenny Weisburg Jump up ^ `` Average Weather for Des Moines , IA -- Temperature and Precipitation , Weather.com , Retrieved Jan. 7 , 2009 '' . Weather.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Alex , Lynn M. ( 2000 ) Iowa 's Archaeological Past . University of Iowa Press , Iowa City . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Cynthia L. ( 2009 ) . `` Historical Tribes and Early Forts '' . In William E. Whittaker . Frontier Forts of Iowa : Indians , Traders , and Soldiers , 1682 -- 1862 . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press . pp. 12 -- 29 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58729 - 831 - 8 . Jump up ^ History of Iowa , Iowa Official Register , Publications.iowa.gov Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles . The Catholic Encyclopedia : An International Work of Reference on the Constitution , Doctrine , Discipline , and History of the Catholic Church . Encyclopedia Press , 1913 , p. 380 ( Original from Harvard University ) . Jump up ^ Carlson , Gayle F. ( 2009 ) . `` Fort Atkinson , Nebraska , 1820 -- 1827 , and Other Missouri River Sites '' . In William E. Whittaker . Frontier Forts of Iowa : Indians , Traders , and Soldiers , 1682 -- 1862 . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press . pp. 104 -- 120 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58729 - 831 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pike ( 1965 ) : The expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike to headwaters of the Mississippi River , through Louisiana Territory , and in New Spain , during the years June 7 , 1805 , Ross & Haines ^ Jump up to : McKusick , Marshall B. ( 2009 ) . `` Fort Madison , 1808 -- 1813 '' . In William E. Whittaker . Frontier Forts of Iowa : Indians , Traders , and Soldiers , 1682 -- 1862 . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press . pp. 55 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58729 - 831 - 8 . Jump up ^ Prucha , Francis P. ( 1969 ) The Sword of the Republic : The United States Army on the Frontier 1783 -- 1846 . Macmillan , New York . Jump up ^ Jackson , Donald ( 1960 ) , A Critic 's View of Old Fort Madison , Iowa Journal of History and Politics 58 ( 1 ) pp. 31 -- 36 Jump up ^ Black Hawk ( 1882 ) Autobiography of Ma - Ka - Tai - Me - She - Kia - Kiak or Black Hawk . Continental Printing , St. Louis . ( Originally published 1833 ) Jump up ^ Whittaker , William E. ( editor ) ( 2009 ) . Frontier Forts of Iowa : Indians , Traders , and Soldiers , 1682 -- 1862 . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58729 - 831 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Schwieder , Dorothy . `` History of Iowa '' . Iowa State University . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Iowa Official Register , Volume Number 60 , page 314 Jump up ^ `` Official Encouragement of Immigration to Iowa '' , Marcus L. Hansen , IJHP , 19 ( April 1921 ) : 159 -- 95 Jump up ^ `` Iowa State Fair '' . Trivia . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2010 . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Iowa Official Register , Volume No. 60 , page 315 Jump up ^ `` Civil War '' . Iowanationalguard.com . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Iowa Official Register , Volume No. 60 , pages 315 -- 316 Jump up ^ The Midwest Farm Crisis of the 1980s , Tripod.com ^ Jump up to : Population Trends : The Changing Face of Iowa , State.ia.us Archived October 6 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Iowa Industries , Iowa Workforce Development . Iowalifechanging.com Archived May 20 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Iowa Data Center , 2000 Census : Iowadatacenter.org Archived December 3 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Economic Development Authority '' . iowaeconomicdevelopment.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . December 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder - Census Bureau '' . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Census quickfacts '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ John W. Wright , ed. ( 2007 ) . The New York Times 2008 Almanac . p. 178 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Demographic Profile Data '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population of Iowa : Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map , Demographics , Statistics , Quick Facts '' . Censusviewer.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2010 Census Data . `` 2010 Census Data '' . Census.gov . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 American Community Survey '' . Jump up ^ Data from U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . Modeled after Iowa Data Center Map , Iowadatacenter.org Jump up ^ Iowans still flocking to cities , census stats show . Cedar Rapids Gazette , June 30 , 2009 , Gazetteonline.com Archived March 30 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau State and County Quick Facts , Census.gov Archived May 27 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Grimes , William ( September 14 , 2005 ) . `` In This Small Town in Iowa the Future Speaks Spanish '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Iowa Brain Drain , Iowa Civic Analysis Network , University of Iowa , Uiowa.edu Archived April 12 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Population 2013 -- Iowa Cities '' . United States Census Bureau American FactFinder . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Population 2010 -- Iowa Cities '' . United States Census Bureau American FactFinder . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Based on 2000 U.S. Census Data . Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf Jump up ^ The Pew Forum - America 's Changing Religious Landscape Jump up ^ `` American Religious Identification Survey 2001 '' ( PDF ) . The Graduate Center of the City University of New York . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report '' . thearda.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Religious Congregations & Membership : 2000 '' . Glenmary Research Center . Archived from the original ( jpg ) on December 14 , 2006 . Retrieved April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Elmer Schwieder and Dorothy Schwieder ( 2009 ) A Peculiar People : Iowa 's Old Order Amish University of Iowa Press Jump up ^ Tapper , Josh ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Postville , Iowa 's Jewish Community Bounces Back After Immigration Raid '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iowa - Languages '' . City Data . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Labov , W. , S. Ash , and C. Boberg , Atlas of North American English . Berlin , Germany : Mouton de Gruyter , 2006 . Mouton-online.com Archived December 26 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Atlas of North American English '' . The University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved January 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Labov , W. , Ash , S. , & Boberg , C. ( 2006 ) . The atlas of North American English : Phonetics , phonology , and sound change : a multimedia reference tool . Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter . Jump up ^ 2000 U.S. Census : Census.gov Archived November 10 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 2000 U.S. Census : Census.gov Archived August 4 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Native American Languages , Native-languages.org Jump up ^ `` Orange City Tulip Festival -- May 18 - 20 , 2017 '' . www.octulipfestival.com . Jump up ^ ISU Extension Midwest Grape and Wine Industry Institute , Iastate.edu Archived January 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Iowa Wine Growers Association , Iowawinegrowers.org Archived November 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Iowa Farmers Market Association , Iafarmersmarkets.org Jump up ^ `` America 's Top States for Business in 2010 '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2011 . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Economic Analysis , U.S. Department of Commerce , as presented in the 2007 Iowa Factbook Des Moines : Iowa Legislative Services Agency . Jump up ^ Iowa 's initial jobless claims grow . Des Moines Register April 2 , 2009 , Desmoinesregister.com Jump up ^ City has lowest unemployment in nation , Iowa City Press - Citizen May 5. , 2009 , Press-citizen.com Jump up ^ Iowa State University . Gross domestic product by sector and state . Regional Capacity Analysis Program . Retrieved on : April 26 , 2008 . Archived October 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Iowa Quick Facts -- State Data Center '' . Statelibraryofiowa.org . June 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Iowa officials tout credit rating , argue it shows state 's finances are strong , Associated Press July 3 , 2009 , Timesrepublican.com Archived September 7 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Local Area Unemployment Statistics -- Iowa , Statewide '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Our story - locations '' . Tysonfoods.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2007 Iowa Factbook p. 59 , Des Moines : Iowa Legislative Services Agency . Jump up ^ Swenson , David A , Eathington , Liesl ( December 1 , 2002 ) . `` Multiple Measures of the Role of Agriculture in Iowa 's Economy '' . Iowa State University , Department of Economics . Staff General Research Papers , number 10180 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ USDA . `` Iowa State Fact Sheets '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Orr C. Fischer ( 1941 ) . `` The Corn Parade '' . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ford , George ( November 28 , 2009 ) . `` Impact of grain - processing industry runs deep , but people do n't see it '' . Cedar Rapids Gazette . pp. 1A . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Iowa Insurance Division ( n.d. ) . `` Find an Insurance Company '' . State of Iowa . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ AMA ( 2013 ) . Competition in Health Insurance : A Comprehensive Study of U.S. Markets , 2013 update . AMA . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60359 - 944 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` AMA Analysis Lists States Where One Private Health Insurer Rules '' ( press release ) . AMA.org . November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Competition in Health Insurance : 2007 update , Ama-assn.org Archived July 25 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Iowa Insurance Division ( November 2014 ) . `` Annual report to the Iowa Governor and the Iowa Legislature '' . State of Iowa . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Philipiddis , Alex ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Incubators Blossom along with Their Startups '' . Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News . 34 ( 12 ) . pp. 7 -- 8 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ethanol mandate would n't help prices '' . Cedar Rapids Gazette . February 26 , 2010 . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AWEA Wind Energy Facts -- Iowa '' ( PDF ) . AWEA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 24 , 2012 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Biggest Public Companies '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Biggest Public Companies # 380 '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Biggest Public Companies # 380 '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Biggest Public Companies # 380 '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview of Hy - Vee , Inc '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview of Pella Corporation '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview of Vermeer Corporation '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview of Kum & Go , L.C. '' Bloomberg.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview of Von Maur , Inc '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview of Pioneer Hi - Bred International , Inc '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview of Fareway Stores , Inc '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State Corporate Income Tax Rates and Brackets for 2016 - Tax Foundation '' . February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iowa Department of Revenue , Iowa Tax / Fee Descriptions and Rates , Iowa.gov Jump up ^ Iowa Department of Revenue , Iowa Local Option Tax Information , Ioawa.gov Jump up ^ Thomas Beaumont ( May 30 , 2009 ) . `` No tax increases planned for next year , Culver says '' . The Des Moines Register . Retrieved May 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How one city in Iowa caught 160,000 speeders in less than two years '' . Jump up ^ `` Forming a New Political Party in Iowa '' ( PDF ) . Elections Division , Iowa Secretary of State . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 9 , 2007 . Retrieved July 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Official Results Report -- Statewide : 2006 General Election '' ( PDF ) . Iowa Secretary of State . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 15 , 2007 . Retrieved July 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Canvass Summary : 2004 General Election '' ( PDF ) . Chester J. Culver , Iowa Secretary of State . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 4 , 2007 . Retrieved July 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Branstad just became the longest serving governor in American history '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State of Iowa Voter Registration Totals '' ( PDF ) . Iowa Secretary of State . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Donovan , Todd ; Hunsaker , Rob ( January 2009 ) . `` Beyond expectations : effects of early elections in U.S. presidential nomination contests '' . PS : Political Science & Politics . Cambridge University Press . 42 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 52 . doi : 10.1017 / S1049096509090040 . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Donovan , Todd ; Redlawsk , David ; Tolbert , Caroline ( September 2014 ) . `` The 2012 Iowa Republican Caucus and Its Effects on the Presidential Nomination Contest '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . Wiley . 44 ( 3 ) : 447 -- 466 . doi : 10.1111 / psq. 12132 . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 1 Morris 1 ( Iowa 1839 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Early Civil Rights Cases '' . Judicial.state.ia.us . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2006 . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gay marriage and Iowa : Why 's everyone so surprised ? , Chicago Tribune , April 10 , 2009 Jump up ^ 24 Iowa 266 ( 1868 ) Jump up ^ Brodnax , David ( 2004 ) . `` The Equality of Right : Alexander Clark and the Desegregation of Iowa 's Public Schools , 1834 -- 1875 '' . Law and Society Association . Jump up ^ Breaux , Richard M. ( 2004 ) `` Maintaining a Home for Girls '' : The Iowa Federation of Colored Women 's Clubs at the University of Iowa 1919 -- 1950 , Cultural Capital and Black Education ed . V.P. Franklin and C.J. Savage . Information Age , Greenwich Jump up ^ 37 Iowa 145 ( 1873 ) Jump up ^ Iowa Civil Rights Commission , Iowa.org Archived June 3 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ African - Americans in Iowa , 1838 -- 2005 , IPTV.org Archived May 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Iowa Civil Rights Commission , State.ia.us Jump up ^ About Iowa , Uiowa.edu Archived November 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Fight for Women 's Suffrage , IPTV.org Archived June 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ How Did Iowa Coalitions Campaign for the Equal Rights Amendment in 1980 and 1992 ? , alexanderstreet.com Jump up ^ 1857 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA -- CODIFIED . Search.legis.state.ia.us ( July 4 , 1973 ) . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ WL 874044 ( Iowa 2009 ) ( Publication to N.W. 2d pending as of April 9 , 2009 . ) Jump up ^ Martyn , Chase ( August 25 , 2008 ) . `` Iowa Supreme Court : Same - sex couples can marry '' Iowa Independent `` . Iowaindependent.com . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2009 . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING : Iowa Supreme Court rules in favor of marriage equality ! '' Human Rights Campaign `` . HRC Back Story . April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USA Today , Iowa Court Upholds Gay Marriage '' . USA Today . January 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2009 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Sister States '' . Iowa Sister States . February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Announces New NGA Graduation Rates '' . Iowa Department of Education . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` High School Graduation '' . United Health Foundation . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2006 . Retrieved January 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Quick Facts about Iowa Schools '' . Iowa Department of Education . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved January 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Education Stats '' . National Education Association . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2014 NATIONAL COLLEGE FOOTBALL ATTENDANCE ; Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2014 NCAA MEN 'S BASKETBALL ATTENDANCE ; Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2015 NCAA Women 's Basketball Attendance ; Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa wrestling leads nation in attendance for ninth straight season '' . `` Famous people from Iowa , famous natives sons '' . Worldatlas.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . 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U.S. Census Bureau Quick Facts Iowa at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Geographic data related to Iowa at OpenStreetMap African - Americans of Iowa Preceded by Texas List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on December 28 , 1846 ( 29th ) Succeeded by Wisconsin ( hide ) Topics related to Iowa Hawkeye State ( hide ) State of Iowa Des Moines ( capital ) Topics Attorney General Archaeology Area codes Auditor of State Capitol Code Congressional districts Crime Delegations Representatives Senators Elections Caucuses Environment Flag Index Governor History Historic Places Legislature House Senate People Native Americans Political parties Democratic Libertarian Republican Seal Secretary of Agriculture Secretary of State State Parks Supreme Court Regions Coteau des Prairies Des Moines metropolitan area Dissected Till Plains Driftless Area Great River Road Honey Lands Iowa Great Lakes Loess Hills Omaha -- Council Bluffs metropolitan area Quad Cities Siouxland Largest cities Ames Ankeny Bettendorf Burlington Cedar Falls Cedar Rapids Clinton Council Bluffs Davenport Des Moines Dubuque Fort Dodge Iowa City Marion Marshalltown Mason City Muscatine Ottumwa Sioux City Urbandale Waterloo West Des Moines Counties Adair Adams Allamakee Appanoose Audubon Benton Black Hawk Boone Bremer Buchanan Buena Vista Butler Calhoun Carroll Cass Cedar Cerro Gordo Cherokee Chickasaw Clarke Clay Clayton Clinton Crawford Dallas Davis Decatur Delaware Des Moines Dickinson Dubuque Emmet Fayette Floyd Franklin Fremont Greene Grundy Guthrie Hamilton Hancock Hardin Harrison Henry Howard Humboldt Ida Iowa Jackson Jasper Jefferson Johnson Jones Keokuk Kossuth Lee Linn Louisa Lucas Lyon Madison Mahaska Marion Marshall Mills Mitchell Monona Monroe Montgomery Muscatine O'Brien Osceola Page Palo Alto Plymouth Pocahontas Polk Pottawattamie Poweshiek Ringgold Sac Scott Shelby Sioux Story Tama Taylor Union Van Buren Wapello Warren Washington Wayne Webster Winnebago Winneshiek Woodbury Worth Wright Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Iowa Frank Cownie ( D ) ( Des Moines ) Ron Corbett ( R ) ( Cedar Rapids ) Frank Klipsch ( D ) ( Davenport ) Protected areas of Iowa Federal National Monument Effigy Mounds National Historic Site Herbert Hoover National Wildlife Refuges DeSoto Driftless Area Neal Smith Northern Tallgrass Prairie Port Louisa Union Slough Upper Mississippi River State State Parks Ambrose A. 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Arteaga y Bazán José de Bustamante y Guerra José María Narváez Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa Antonio Gil Y'Barbo Alexander von Humboldt Thomas Gage Catholic Church in New Spain Spanish missions in the Americas Spanish missions in Arizona Spanish missions in Baja California Spanish missions in California Spanish missions in the Carolinas Spanish missions in Florida Spanish missions in Georgia Spanish missions in Louisiana Spanish missions in Mexico Spanish missions in New Mexico Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert Spanish missions in Texas Spanish missions in Virginia Spanish missions in Trinidad Friars , fathers , priests , & bishops Pedro de Gante Gerónimo de Aguilar Toribio de Benavente Motolinia Bernardino de Sahagún Juan de Zumárraga Alonso de Montúfar Vasco de Quiroga Bartolomé de las Casas Alonso de Molina Diego Durán Diego de Landa Gerónimo de Mendieta Juan de Torquemada Juan de Palafox y Mendoza Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora Eusebio Kino Francisco Javier Clavijero Junípero Serra 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who plays the voice of johnny on hotel transylvania	Andy Samberg as Jonathan ( `` Johnnystein '' ) Loughran , a 21 - year - old human who stumbles upon Hotel Transylvania in his travels .	Andy Samberg	Hotel Transylvania	hotel transylvania		Hotel Transylvania Theatrical release poster Directed by Genndy Tartakovsky Produced by Michelle Murdocca Screenplay by Peter Baynham Robert Smigel Story by Todd Durham Daniel Hageman Kevin Hageman Starring Adam Sandler Andy Samberg Selena Gomez Kevin James Fran Drescher Steve Buscemi Molly Shannon David Spade CeeLo Green Music by Mark Mothersbaugh Edited by Catherine Apple Production company Sony Pictures Animation Sony Pictures Imageworks Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing Release date September 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 08 ) ( TIFF ) September 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 28 ) ( United States ) Running time 91 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $85 million Box office $358.4 million Hotel Transylvania is a 2012 American 3D computer - animated comedy film produced by Sony Pictures Animation and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing . It was directed by Genndy Tartakovsky and produced by Michelle Murdocca , and stars the voices of Adam Sandler , Andy Samberg , Selena Gomez , Kevin James , Fran Drescher , Steve Buscemi , Molly Shannon , David Spade , and CeeLo Green . The film tells a story of Count Dracula , the owner of a hotel called Hotel Transylvania where the world 's monsters can take a rest from human civilization . Dracula invites some of the most famous monsters to celebrate the 118th birthday of his daughter Mavis . When the `` human - free hotel '' is unexpectedly visited by an ordinary 21 - year - old traveler named Jonathan , Dracula must protect Mavis from falling in love with him before the hotel 's guests learn that there is a human in the castle , which may jeopardize the hotel 's future and his career . The film was released on September 28 , 2012 , and was met with mixed critical reception , while the general public received it favorably . It earned a total of $358 million worldwide against a budget of $85 million at the box office , and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film . It launched a franchise with a sequel titled Hotel Transylvania 2 , which takes place seven years after the film , released in 2015 , and a third film titled Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation released in 2018 . A television series based on the film premiered on Disney Channel in June 2017 , focusing on the teenage years of Mavis and her friends at the Hotel Transylvania . Contents 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Accolades 7 Video games 8 Goodnight Mr. Foot 9 Sequels 10 Television series 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1895 , in the aftermath of the death of his wife Martha ( Jackie Sandler ) at the hands of an angry human mob , Count Dracula ( Adam Sandler ) commissions and builds a massive five - star , monsters - only hotel in Transylvania in which he raises his daughter Mavis ( Selena Gomez ) and to serve as a safe - place getaway for the world 's monsters from fear of human persecution . Famous monsters such as Frank ( Kevin James ) and his wife Eunice ( Fran Drescher ) , Wayne and Wanda Werewolf ( Steve Buscemi and Molly Shannon ) and their massive immediate family , Griffin The Invisible Man ( David Spade ) , and Murray the Mummy ( CeeLo Green ) often come to stay at the hotel . In the present day , on Mavis 's 118th birthday , Dracula allows his daughter to leave the castle in order to explore the human world , but he sets up an elaborate plan using his zombie bellhops disguised as humans to make them seem intimidating , and frighten her home . The plan works , but the zombies inadvertently lead a 21 - year - old human Jonathan Loughran ( Andy Samberg ) back to the hotel . Dracula frantically disguises him as a Frankensteinesque Monster and passes him off as Frank 's cousin `` Johnnystein '' . Johnny soon encounters Mavis and the two `` Zing '' , in a form of romantic attraction . Unable to get Johnny out of the hotel without notice , Dracula quickly improvises that Johnny is a party planner , brought in to bring a fresher approach to his own traditional and boring parties . Johnny quickly becomes a hit to the other monsters , but this disgusts and worries Dracula greatly . Dracula orders Johnny to leave , but Johnny is brought back by Mavis . After being shown the beauty of a sunrise by Johnny , Mavis is inspired to give humans another chance . Meanwhile , the hotel chef Quasimodo ( Jon Lovitz ) with the help of his pet rat Esmeralda learns that Johnny is a human and kidnaps him in order to cook him . Dracula intervenes and magically freezes Quasimodo to keep him from telling anyone that Johnny is human . Dracula leads Johnny to his quarters and shows him a painting of Martha , allowing Johnny to realize why Dracula built the hotel and became overprotective of Mavis . Johnny then agrees to leave for good , but Dracula convinces him to stay for the time - being to avoid ruining Mavis 's birthday . The party is a great success the next night , and Mavis looks forward to opening a gift from Martha . However , when Johnny and Mavis share their first kiss , Dracula overreacts , and , in his outburst , inadvertently confesses to deceiving Mavis with the town . A still - frozen Quasimodo bursts in and Mr. Fly ( Chris Parnell ) reveals from his frozen speech that Johnny is a human disguised by Dracula . The guests are outraged by the deceit at play , but Mavis is undeterred and wants to be with Johnny . Johnny feigns disinterest in Mavis and rejects her out of respect for her father and leaves the hotel . Mavis flies onto the roof with her mother 's present , and Dracula follows her in hopes of comforting her . He learns the present is a book about how Martha and Dracula `` Zinged '' and fell in love . Dracula realizes he no longer knows humankind 's true tolerance of monsters , and manages to convince Frank , Wayne , Griffin , and Murray to head out into the human world to help him find Johnny , and with the scent - tracking ability of Wayne 's daughter , Winnie , they learn that he is about to catch a flight to the United States . The four head to the airport , but are held up in a town celebrating a Monster Festival along the way . Admiring the group , the humans agree to help , and a team of men dressed as vampires provide Dracula shelter from the sunlight while he rushes to the airport . Dracula arrives to see Johnny 's plane taking off , and he gives chase in bat form , burning in the sunlight . After getting Johnny 's attention , Dracula makes his way to the front of the plane and uses his mind - controlling power on the pilot ( Brian Stack ) to help him apologize , stating that Mavis has grown up and can make her own decisions . Jonathan accepts his apology , and Dracula manipulates the pilot to return to the Transylvanian airport . Dracula returns Jonathan to Mavis , announcing that he approves of Johnny . Johnny confesses to Mavis that their ' Zing ' was mutual and the two kiss . The monsters finish celebrating Mavis 's party , impressing the hotel guests . Voice cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Hotel Transylvania characters Adam Sandler as Count Dracula , the 532 - year - old owner and hotel manager of Hotel Transylvania , and Mavis ' over-protective father . Andy Samberg as Jonathan ( `` Johnnystein '' ) Loughran , a 21 - year - old human who stumbles upon Hotel Transylvania in his travels . Selena Gomez as Mavis , Dracula 's 118 - year - old `` teenage '' vampire daughter who is interested in the outside world and falls in love with Johnny but he and Dracula want to fight over her . Sadie Sandler voices Mavis as a child , as well as Wayne 's daughter Winnie . Kevin James as Frank / Frankenstein , Eunice 's husband and one of Dracula 's best friends who acts as an uncle to Mavis and mostly hangs out with Murray . Fran Drescher as Eunice , Frankenstein 's wife and Wanda 's best friend . Steve Buscemi as Wayne , a male werewolf who is also one of Dracula 's best friends and Wanda 's husband . Molly Shannon as Wanda , a female werewolf , Wayne 's heavily - pregnant wife and Eunice 's best friend . David Spade as Griffin the Invisible Man , one of Dracula 's best friends . CeeLo Green as Murray the Mummy , a short fat mummy who is one of Dracula 's best friends and mostly hangs out with Frankenstein . Jon Lovitz as Quasimodo Wilson , a hunchback gourmet chef and the former Bell - ringer of Notre Dame who desires to make a dish with human as the main ingredient . Luenell as a wisecracking shrunken head that serves as a `` Do Not Disturb '' sign on the door of Mavis 's room . Chris Parnell as Mr. Fly , Hotel Transylvania 's fitness coordinator who can also translate any speech . Brian George as a Suit of Animated Armor , the head of Hotel Transylvania 's security guards . Brian Stack as the pilot of Jonathan 's airplane back to America . Jackie Sandler as Martha , Dracula 's wife and Mavis 's mother who was killed by an angry mob when Mavis was young . Rob Riggle as Skeleton Husband Paul Brittain as a Zombie Plumber , as well as one of the Hydra heads . Robert Smigel as Fake Dracula , an attendee at a Transylvanian festival . Robert Smigel also voices Marty , a pink Gill - man at Hotel Transylvania . Jonny Solomon as Gremlin Man , one of the Gremlins at Hotel Transylvania . Jonny Solomon also voices one of the Hydra heads . Jim Wise as a shrunken head that serves as a `` Do Not Disturb '' sign . Jim Wise also voices one of the Hydra heads . Craig Kellman as a guy who shouts in the crowd at the festival . Craig Kellman also voices one of the Hydra heads . Brian McCann as a hairy monster that almost resembles a Yeti . Brian McCann also voices one of the Hydra heads . Tom Kenny as one of the Hydra heads . James C.J. Williams as a deformed Igor-esque humanoid construction foreman who helped to build Hotel Transylvania . Production ( edit ) Director Genndy Tartakovsky presented a few scenes from the film at the 2012 Annecy International Animated Film Festival . Hotel Transylvania was originally created and developed by comedy writer Todd Durham , which he based on his book of the same name ; after creating the bible for a franchise of several films , television series , video games , books , merchandising , hotel chain , and theme park , he took the package unsolicited to Columbia Pictures and set it up at Sony Pictures Animation where he became the first of several screenwriters on the project . The development process ultimately went through six directors : in 2006 Anthony Stacchi and David Feiss became the first directors set to helm the film . They were replaced by Jill Culton in 2008 , who was followed by Chris Jenkins , with Todd Wilderman in 2010 . In February 2011 , Genndy Tartakovsky took over as the sixth scheduled director , and made his feature directorial debut with the film . He reimagined the film to follow the energy , organic nature , and exaggeration of 2D animation , particularly as seen in the work of director Tex Avery . `` I took all the aesthetics I like from 2 - D and applied them here , '' Tartakovsky said . `` I do n't want to do animation to mimic reality . I want to push reality . '' `` I wanted to have an imprint so you 'd go , ' Well , only Genndy can make this . ' It 's hard , especially with CG , but I feel there 's a lot of moments that feel that they 're very me , so hopefully it 'll feel different enough that it has a signature to it . '' In November 2011 , it was announced that Miley Cyrus would voice Mavis , Dracula 's teenage daughter , but in February 2012 , Cyrus left the film to coordinate a musical comeback . It was later announced that Selena Gomez would replace Cyrus . Soundtrack ( edit ) `` Where Did the Time Go Girl ( Party Version ) '' Written by Robert Smigel , Adam Sandler , and Dennis White . Produced by Static Revenger . `` Daddy 's Girl '' Written by Adam Sandler and Robert Smigel . Performed by Adam Sandler . `` Call Me Mavy '' Performed by Traci L . `` Problem ( The Monster Remix ) '' Written by Henry Walter , Lukasz Gottwald , Becky Gomez ( as Rebbeca Marie Gomez ) & Will.i.am ( as William Adams ) . Performed by Becky Gomez ( as Becky G ) featuring Will.i.am . `` Overprotected '' Written by Max Martin . Performed by Britney Spears . `` Sexy and I Know It '' , performed by LMFAO `` The Zing '' Written by Adam Sandler , Robert Smigel , and Dennis White . Produced by Static Revenger . Performed by Adam Sandler , Andy Samberg , Cee Lo Green , Kevin James , and Selena Gomez . `` Helpless '' , written and performed by Peter Tvrznik `` Sweet 118 '' , written by Andy Samberg , Stuart Hart and Trevor Simpson . Performed by Andy Samberg . `` Hush Little Baby '' , performed by Adam Sandler . `` Monster Mash '' , performed by Bobby Pickett . Release ( edit ) Hotel Transylvania premiered on September 8 , 2012 , at the Toronto International Film Festival . The film received a wide release on September 28 , 2012 . On October 26 , 2012 , Regal Entertainment Group Cinemas began exclusively playing the traditionally animated short film Goodnight Mr. Foot before the film . Based on Hotel Transylvania , the short was directed and animated by Genndy Tartakovsky . Home media ( edit ) Hotel Transylvania was released on Blu - ray ( 2D and 3D ) and DVD on January 29 , 2013 . It was accompanied by the short animated film , Goodnight Mr. Foot . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 44 % of critics gave the film positive reviews ; the average rating is 5.3 / 10 , based on 140 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Hotel Transylvania 's buoyant , giddy tone may please children , but it might be a little too loud and thinly - scripted for older audiences . '' Another review aggregate , Metacritic , calculated an average score of 47 out of 100 , based on 32 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave Hotel Transylvania an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . IGN editor Geoff Chapman rated the film 9 out of 10 and wrote `` This is a fun film , full of quirky gags and lovable characters . There are a few songs that smack a bit like soundtrack marketing for the kids , and the story is of course fairly predictable , but this movie is about enjoying a fun journey with great characters . It 's a romp that kids and families will all enjoy . Hotel Transylvania is definitely somewhere you 'll want to check in . '' Box Office ( edit ) Hotel Transylvania earned $148.3 million in North America , and $210.1 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $358.4 million . The officially reported budget for the film was $85 million , although Deadline Hollywood claimed that the film actually cost $104 million . For the film 's marketing , Sony spent $52.1 million in the United States , and $31 million in other countries . Hotel Transylvania topped the box office with $11 million on its first Friday , and $42.5 million domestically and $50.6 million worldwide for its opening weekend , which at the time of its release broke the record for the largest - grossing September opening , a record which was overtaken by its sequel Hotel Transylvania 2 in 2015 , with a weekend gross of $48.5 million . The film also earned the highest - grossing domestic debut for Sony Pictures Animation ( also later overtaken by Hotel Transylvania 2 ) . According to Sony 's president of worldwide distribution , Rory Bruer , Sony was very satisfied with the film 's performance , which was `` beyond anyone 's imagination , and the holds are ridiculous . It exceeds expectations in every new market it opens in . '' Hotel Transylvania was theatrically released in China on October 28 , 2013 , more than a year after the worldwide premiere , and contributed $11,180,000 to the overall gross . Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient Result Annie Awards Best Animated Feature Nominated Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Carlos Grangel Carter Goodrich Directing in an Animated Feature Production Genndy Tartakovsky Music in an Animated Feature Production Mark Mothersbaugh Production Design in an Animated Feature Production Marcello Vignali Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production Adam Sandler Editorial in an Animated Feature Production Catherine Apple Golden Globe Awards Best Animated Feature Film Genndy Tartakovsky Visual Effects Society Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Lydia Bottegoni , James Crossley , Mike Ford , Daniel Kramer Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Bill Haller , Tim Pixton , Jorge Vigara ( for Dracula ) Kid 's Choice Awards Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie Adam Sandler ( as Dracula ) Won Video games ( edit ) A social game based on the film , titled Hotel Transylvania Social Game and made by Sony Pictures Interactive , was released on August 15 , 2012 . The game allows players to create their own Hotel Transylvania , where they must take care of the hotel 's guests . Another video game , titled Hotel Transylvania , developed by WayForward and published by GameMill Entertainment , was released on September 18 , 2012 , for Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS at retail . The game was also released in the Nintendo eShop in North America on November 15 , 2012 . A mobile game , titled Hotel Transylvania Dash , developed by Sony Pictures Consumer Products Inc. and PlayFirst , was released to iTunes App Store on September 20 , 2012 . The game is a variation of Hotel Dash mobile game and features the film 's art and characters . A mobile digital storybook app , titled Hotel Transylvania BooClips Deluxe App , developed by Castle Builders and Sony Pictures Animation , was released to iTunes App Store , Nook Store , Google Play for the Android , iBookstore , Microsoft 's Metro , and for the PC and Mac via www.BooClips.com , both in English and in Spanish , on September 20 , 2012 . Goodnight Mr. Foot ( edit ) Goodnight Mr. Foot is a traditionally animated short film based on Hotel Transylvania , featuring Bigfoot from the film . Premiering in time for Halloween , on October 26 , 2012 , the short was shown exclusively in Regal Entertainment Group Cinemas , before the theatrical shows of Hotel Transylvania . As Sony Pictures Animation 's first traditionally animated film , it was written and directed by Genndy Tartakovsky himself , who also animated the short with the help of Rough Draft Studios . Animated in the style of Bob Clampett , Tex Avery and Chuck Jones , Tartakovsky created the short in four weeks during the final production stages of the main film . Bigfoot ( who has a non-speaking role in Hotel Transylvania ) was voiced by Corey Burton while the Witch Maid was voiced by Rose Abdoo . Both voice actors provided additional voices in Hotel Transylvania . Taking place before the events of Hotel Transylvania , the short stars Bigfoot , whose rest in Hotel Transylvania is being constantly disturbed by an overly enthusiastic witch maid . Sequels ( edit ) Main article : Hotel Transylvania ( franchise ) A sequel , titled Hotel Transylvania 2 , was released on September 25 , 2015 . Its story takes place seven years after the first film , with the hotel now open to human guests , and its owner , Count Dracula , being more preoccupied with the fact that his 5 - year - old grandson is not a pure - blood vampire . The original crew and cast returned for the film , except CeeLo Green as the role of Murray , who was replaced by Keegan - Michael Key . New additions include Mel Brooks as Dracula 's father , Vlad ; Nick Offerman and Megan Mullally as Jonathan 's parents , Mike and Linda ; and Asher Blinkoff as Mavis and Johnny 's half - human / half - vampire son , Dennis . In November 2015 , Sony Pictures Animation announced that Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation will be released on September 21 , 2018 ( now July 13 , 2018 ) . Despite previously leaving the series to direct other projects , Genndy Tartakovsky will return as director for this installment . In 2017 , Tartakovsky directed a five minute length short film set between the events of Hotel Transylvania 2 and 3 , called Puppy ! , which was released in cinemas as a pre-show special in front of The Emoji Movie . The story surrounds the events of Dennis requesting a puppy dog from Dracula . Television series ( edit ) Main article : Hotel Transylvania : The Series A television series based on the film premiered in June 2017 , on Disney Channel . Developed and produced by Nelvana Limited , in partnership with Sony Pictures Animation , the series takes place before the first film , focusing on the teenage years of Mavis and her friends at the Hotel Transylvania . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Cartoon portal Animation portal 2010s portal List of films featuring Frankenstein 's monster Vampire film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hulett , Steve ( April 5 , 2011 ) . `` Splashing Around the SPA '' . The Animation Guild Blog . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Pictures Press Kit - Hotel Transylvania '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Mothersbaugh to score ' Hotel Transylvania ' '' . Film Music Reporter . January 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hotel Transylvania '' . TIFF . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hotel Transylvania '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vary , Adam B. `` Miley Cyrus to voice Adam Sandler 's daughter in ' Hotel Transylvania ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ′ fun facts '' . Inquirer.net . September 8 , 2015 . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schou , Solvej ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Hotel Transylvania 2 scheduled for 2015 release '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Hotel Transylvania 3 Opens Its Doors in 2018 ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Brian ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Nelvana , Sony Pictures Animation Ready ' Hotel Transylvania ' For TV '' . Variety . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adam Sandler To Lead Voice Cast Of Sony Animation 's ' Hotel Transylvania ' '' . Deadline Hollywood ( Press release ) . July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Marc ; Malec , Brett ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` Selena Gomez Replaces Miley Cyrus in Vampire Flick '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lovitz , Jon ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Here 's a picture of my character , ... '' Twitter . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Here 's a picture of my character , Quasimodo the Chef , from Adam Sandler 's `` Hotel Transylvania '' Jump up ^ Luenell ( @ Luenell ) ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` My 2nd movie w / Adam Sandler , `` Hotel Transylvania '' ! Comes out n 3 - D thus Sept ! I 'm the shrunken head hanging on the do '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Hopewell , Elsa ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Studios roll out movies at Annecy '' . Variety . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Steve ( June 8 , 2012 ) . `` Annecy 2012 : Hotel Transylvania '' . Skwigly . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Pictures Press Kit - Hotel Transylvania '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel Transylvania '' . Sony Pictures Animation . Jump up ^ `` Hotel Transylvania '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( July 31 , 2006 ) . `` ' Hotel ' key to Sony toons '' . Variety . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` Jill Culton checks into Sony 's ' Hotel ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hulett , Steve ( April 7 , 2010 ) . `` Visiting the SPA '' . TAG Blog . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Connelly , Brendon ( March 26 , 2011 ) . `` Genndy Tartakovsky Taking Over The Hotel Transylvania ? '' . Bleedin Cool . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blair , Iain ( December 1 , 2012 ) . `` Tartakovsky : TV titan turns around Sony 's troubled ' Transylvania ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , Rebecca ( August 25 , 2012 ) . `` Genndy Tartakovsky gets ' Hotel Transylvania ' open for business '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Siggraph 2012 : ' Hotel Transylvania ' Previewed by Director Genndy Tartakovsky '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( June 26 , 2012 ) . `` A Preview of Sony Animation 's Hotel Transylvania '' . Shock Till You Drop . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shaun Kitchener ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` Miley Cyrus Drops Out Of Film Role To Make Pop Comeback '' . Entertainmentwise . Gigwise . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ethan Minovitz , Ethan ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` Miley Cyrus checking out of `` Hotel Transylvania '' `` . Big Cartoon News . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` End Credits '' Hotel Transylvania DVD & Blu - ray 2012 . Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Retrieved February 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Hotel Transylvania Music Video Call Me Mavy '' . Disney Dreaming . August 2 , 2012 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sony Pictures Animation ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` No Trick , Big Halloween Treat from Sony Pictures Animation 's HOTEL TRANSYLVANIA Director Genndy Tartakovsky '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel Transylvania Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel Transylvania '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( September 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' Hotel Transylvania ' : Monster Debut Puts It on Pace for $38 M Box - Office Weekend '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Geoff ( September 8 , 2012 ) . `` Hotel Transylvania Review '' . IGN . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( September 30 , 2012 ) . `` What A Weekend ! Sony Has Best Ever # 1 + # 2 Films : Hotel Transylvania & Looper Set Records ; Uni 's Pitch Perfect Tops Screen Average ; Walden 's Wo n't Back Down Flops '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Litt , Stefan ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Smurfs 3 '' . WikiLeaks . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2015 . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' At $48.5 M Marks Record Opening For Adam Sandler ; ' Intern ' Slacks On Sunday -- Monday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Animation -- Opening Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` How `` Hotel Transylvania '' beat its better - reviewed rivals at the box office `` . Chicago Tribune . Reuters . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marsh , James ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` China Box Office : Russian War Epic STALINGRAD Storms The Charts '' . Twitch . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) -- China '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Award Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline . December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , Jerry ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` Annie Award Winners '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 70th Golden Globe Awards Nominations '' . Deadline . December 13 , 2012 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 11th Annual VES Awards '' . ComingSoon.net . January 7 , 2013 . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` VES Awards : ' Life Of Pi ' Wins 4 Including Feature , ' Brave ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' Other Big Winners '' . Deadline . February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ West , Abby ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2013 TV nominees - EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sony Pictures Interactive ( August 15 , 2012 ) . `` Sony Pictures Interactive Opens a Hotel Game on Facebook '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GAMEMILL ENTERTAINMENT GOES HOLLYWOOD WITH SONY PICTURES ANIMATION 'S HOTEL TRANSYLVANIA ; COMING SOON TO NINTENDO DS and NINTENDO 3DS '' . Gamasutra . July 23 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel Transylvania NDS '' . Amazon . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo News : Nintendo Download Highlights New Digital Content for Nintendo Systems '' . Business Wire . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zahed , Ramin ( July 17 , 2012 ) . `` Sony to Launch ' Hotel Transylvania ' Mobile Game '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Castle Builders ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` Castle Builders ( IL ) Launches Hotel Transylvania BooClips Deluxe App With Interactive Storybook and Cookbook Based on Sony Pictures Animation 's Family Comedy '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . BooClips.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Jerry ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Sony Releases Genndy Tartakovsky 's new short `` Goodnight Mr. Foot '' `` . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` New Bigfoot sighting in ' Hotel Transylvania ' short film '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brian Truitt ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Mel Brooks checks in for Hotel Transylvania 2 '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sokmensuer , Harriet ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Hotel Transylvania 2 Costars Nick Offerman and Wife Megan Mullally : Who 's Funnier ? Here 's What He Says '' . People . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ HIll , Jim ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` There 's Something Fishy About Asher Blinkoff 's Voice Work in Hotel Transylvania 2 '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Hotel Transylvania 3 Opens Its Doors in 2018 ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amid Amidi ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Genndy Tartakovsky Is n't Done With ' Hotel Transylvania , ' Will Direct Third Film in Franchise '' . Cartoonbrew.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://movieweb.com/puppy-hotel-transylvania-short-movie-video-preview/ Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hotel Transylvania ' TV Series Headed to Disney Channels Worldwide '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hotel Transylvania . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Hotel Transylvania Official website Hotel Transylvania on IMDb Hotel Transylvania at The Big Cartoon DataBase Hotel Transylvania at Rotten Tomatoes Hotel Transylvania at Metacritic Hotel Transylvania at Box Office Mojo Hotel Transylvania Films Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation ( 2018 ) Television series Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( 2017 ) See also List of Hotel Transylvania characters Sony Pictures Animation Feature films Computer - animated Open Season ( 2006 ) Surf 's Up ( 2007 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 ( 2013 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Smurfs : The Lost Village ( 2017 ) The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) The Star ( 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation ( 2018 ) Live - action / animated The Smurfs ( 2011 ) The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) Goosebumps ( 2015 ) Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) Produced with Aardman Animations Arthur Christmas ( 2011 ) The Pirates ! In an Adventure with Scientists ! ( 2012 ) Upcoming films Goosebumps 2 : Haunted Halloween ( 2018 ) Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video Open Season 2 ( 2008 ) Open Season 3 ( 2010 ) Open Season : Scared Silly ( 2015 ) Surf 's Up 2 : WaveMania ( 2017 ) Television series Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2017 -- ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( 2017 -- ) Ghostbusters : Ecto Force ( TBA ) Online series Go ! Cartoons ( 2017 -- 18 ) Short films The ChubbChubbs ! ( 2002 ) Early Bloomer ( 2003 ) Boog and Elliot 's Midnight Bun Run ( 2007 ) The ChubbChubbs Save Xmas ( 2007 ) The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) So You Want to Be a Pirate ! ( 2012 ) Goodnight Mr. Foot ( 2012 ) The Smurfs : The Legend of Smurfy Hollow ( 2013 ) Super Manny ( 2013 ) Earl Scouts ( 2013 ) Steve 's First Bath ( 2014 ) Attack of the 50 - Foot Gummi Bear ( 2014 ) Puppy ! ( 2017 ) Franchises Open Season ( 2006 -- 2015 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 -- present ) The Smurfs ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 -- present ) See also Sony Pictures Imageworks Cartoon Hangover Screen Gems Cartoons List of unproduced Sony Pictures Animation projects Genndy Tartakovsky Television series Dexter 's Laboratory Samurai Jack Star Wars : Clone Wars Sym - Bionic Titan Films Dexter 's Laboratory : Ego Trip Hotel Transylvania Hotel Transylvania 2 Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation Links to related articles Bram Stoker 's Dracula Characters Original novel Count Dracula Abraham Van Helsing Jonathan Harker Mina Harker Lucy Westenra Arthur Holmwood Dr. John Seward Quincey Morris Renfield Brides Other works Adri Nital Alucard Count Alucard Count Orlok Count von Count Doctor Sun Eva Hamilton Slade Janus Postmortem Turac Historical Vlad II Dracul Vlad Călugărul Vlad the Impaler Films Universal series Dracula ( 1931 English - language ) Drácula ( 1931 Spanish - language ) Dracula 's Daughter ( 1936 ) Son of Dracula ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Hammer series Dracula ( 1958 ) The Brides of Dracula ( 1960 ) Dracula : Prince of Darkness ( 1966 ) Dracula Has Risen from the Grave ( 1968 ) Taste the Blood of Dracula ( 1970 ) Scars of Dracula ( 1970 ) Dracula A.D. 1972 ( 1972 ) The Satanic Rites of Dracula ( 1973 ) The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires ( 1974 ) Dracula 2000 Dracula 2000 ( 2000 ) Dracula II : Ascension ( 2003 ) Dracula III : Legacy ( 2005 ) Parodies Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Batman Fights Dracula ( 1967 ) Blacula ( 1972 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) Blood for Dracula ( 1974 ) Vampira ( 1974 ) Son of Dracula ( 1974 ) Dracula in the Provinces ( 1975 ) Dracula and Son ( 1976 ) Love at First Bite ( 1979 ) The Halloween That Almost Was n't ( 1979 ) Fracchia contro Dracula ( 1985 ) Transylvania 6 - 5000 ( 1985 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Reluctant Werewolf ( 1988 ) Dracula : Dead and Loving It ( 1995 ) Monster Mash ( 1995 ) Monster Mash ( 2000 ) Zora the Vampire ( 2000 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Monster Family ( 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation ( 2018 ) Other Dracula 's Death ( 1921 ) Nosferatu ( 1922 ) The Return of the Vampire ( 1943 ) Drakula İstanbul'da ( 1953 ) Blood of Dracula ( 1957 ) The Return of Dracula ( 1958 ) Batman Dracula ( 1964 ) Billy the Kid Versus Dracula ( 1966 ) Dracula ( 1968 ) Blood of Dracula 's Castle ( 1969 ) Count Dracula ( 1970 ) Los Monstruos del Terror ( 1970 ) Cuadecuc , vampir ( 1971 ) Vampyros Lesbos ( 1971 ) Dracula vs. Frankenstein ( 1971 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1973 ) Count Dracula 's Great Love ( 1974 ) Count Dracula ( 1977 ) Dracula 's Dog ( 1978 ) Doctor Dracula ( 1978 ) Nosferatu the Vampyre ( 1979 ) Dracula ( 1979 ) Nocturna : Granddaughter of Dracula ( 1979 ) Dracula 's Widow ( 1988 ) To Die For ( 1989 ) Sundown : The Vampire in Retreat ( 1989 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Nadja ( 1994 ) Shadow of the Vampire ( 2000 ) Dark Prince : The True Story of Dracula ( 2000 ) Dracula : Pages from a Virgin 's Diary ( 2002 ) Dracula ( 2002 ) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( 2003 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Van Helsing : The London Assignment ( 2004 ) Dracula 3000 ( 2004 ) The Vulture 's Eye ( 2004 ) Blade : Trinity ( 2004 ) The Batman vs. Dracula ( 2005 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula 's Curse ( 2006 ) Dracula ( 2006 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula 's Guest ( 2008 ) The Librarian : Curse of the Judas Chalice ( 2008 ) House of the Wolf Man ( 2009 ) Young Dracula ( 2011 ) Dracula Reborn ( 2012 ) Dracula 3D ( 2012 ) Saint Dracula 3D ( 2012 ) Dracula 2012 ( 2013 ) Dracula : The Dark Prince ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Television Series Monster Squad ( 1976 ) Draculas ring ( 1978 ) Cliffhangers ( 1979 ) Drak Pack ( 1980 ) Count Duckula ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Dracula : The Series ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Little Dracula ( 1991 -- 1999 ) Monster Force ( 1994 ) Ace Kilroy ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Young Dracula ( 2006 -- 2014 ) characters episodes Dracula ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Penny Dreadful ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Episodes `` Treehouse of Horror IV '' ( 1993 ) `` Treehouse of Horror XXI '' ( 2010 ) `` Buffy vs. Dracula '' ( 2000 ) Other novels The Dracula Tape and sequels ( 1975 -- 2002 ) Anno Dracula series ( 1992 -- present ) Anno Dracula The Bloody Red Baron Dracula Cha Cha Cha Dracula 's Guest and Other Weird Stories ( 1914 ) The Revenge of Dracula ( 1978 ) Little Dracula ( 1986 ) Dracula the Undead ( 1997 ) The Historian ( 2005 ) The Book of Renfield ( 2005 ) Bloodline ( 2005 ) Young Dracula and Young Monsters ( 2006 ) Fangland ( 2007 ) Dracula the Un-dead ( 2009 ) Radio Dracula ( 1938 ) Dracula ( 1975 ) Plays Dracula ( 1924 ) Dracula ( 1995 ) Dracula ( 1996 ) Musicals Dracula ( Czech musical ) ( 1995 ) Dracula : A Chamber Musical ( 1997 ) Dracula , the Musical ( 2004 ) Dracula -- Entre l'amour et la mort ( 2006 ) Dracula : the Musical ( 2010 ) Dracula -- L'amour plus fort que la mort ( 2011 ) Comics The Tomb of Dracula Dracula ( Marvel Comics ) Dracula ( Dell Comics ) Dracula Lives ! Hellsing The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Sword of Dracula Batman & Dracula : Red Rain Victorian Undead Wolves at the Gate X-Men : Apocalypse vs. Dracula Purgatori Video games The Count ( 1981 ) Ghost Manor ( 1983 ) Castlevania series 1986 -- present Dracula Dracula ( 1986 ) Dracula the Undead ( 1991 ) Dracula Hakushaku ( 1992 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1993 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( handheld ) ( 1993 ) Dracula Unleashed ( 1993 ) Dracula : Resurrection ( 2000 ) Dracula 2 : The Last Sanctuary ( 2000 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Dracula 3 : The Path of the Dragon ( 2008 ) Dracula : Origin ( 2008 ) Vampire Season Monster Defense ( 2012 ) Dracula 4 : The Shadow of the Dragon ( 2013 ) Dracula 5 : The Blood Legacy ( 2013 ) The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing ( 2013 ) Drac 's Night Out ( unreleased ) Pinball Dracula ( 1979 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1993 ) Monster Bash ( 1998 ) Other games The Fury of Dracula Castles Castle Dracula Bran Castle Poenari Castle Corvin Castle Albums Dracula Dracula 2000 Iubilaeum Anno Dracula 2001 Perfect Selection : Dracula Battle Transylvania Van Helsing Songs `` Love Song for a Vampire '' Audio dramas Son of the Dragon Related topics Dracula in popular culture Don Dracula Transylvanian Society of Dracula Dracula Society Dracula tourism Lugosi v. Universal Pictures `` Dracula / The Rose '' Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein Characters Frankenstein 's monster Victor Frankenstein Bride of Frankenstein Doctor Waldman Elizabeth Lavenza Films ( expands on the right ) Film characters Igor Doctor Septimus Pretorius Wolf Frankenstein Universal series Frankenstein ( 1931 ) Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ) Son of Frankenstein ( 1939 ) The Ghost of Frankenstein ( 1942 ) Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Hammer series The Curse of Frankenstein ( 1957 ) The Revenge of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) The Evil of Frankenstein ( 1964 ) Frankenstein Created Woman ( 1967 ) Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed ( 1969 ) The Horror of Frankenstein ( 1970 ) Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell ( 1974 ) Toho series Frankenstein Conquers the World ( 1965 ) The War of the Gargantuas ( 1966 ) Parodies Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1974 ) Frankenstein - Italian Style ( 1975 ) Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) Transylvania 6 - 5000 ( 1985 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Frankenhooker ( 1990 ) Monster Mash ( 1995 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein ( 1999 ) Monster Mash ( 2000 ) Frankenthumb ( 2002 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Monster Family ( 2017 ) Others Frankenstein ( 1910 ) Life Without Soul ( 1915 ) The Monster of Frankenstein ( 1920 ) I Was a Teenage Frankenstein ( 1957 ) Frankenstein 1970 ( 1958 ) Frankenstein 's Daughter ( 1958 ) Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster ( 1965 ) Jesse James Meets Frankenstein 's Daughter ( 1966 ) Los Monstruos del Terror ( 1970 ) Lady Frankenstein ( 1971 ) Dracula vs. Frankenstein ( 1971 ) Frankenstein ' 80 ( 1972 ) Flesh for Frankenstein ( 1973 ) Blackenstein ( 1973 ) Frankenstein 's Castle of Freaks ( 1974 ) Frankenstein Legend of Terror ( 1981 ) Frankenstein Island ( 1981 ) The Bride ( 1985 ) Frankenstein Unbound ( 1990 ) Frankenstein ( 1992 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ( 1994 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove ( 2005 ) Vampire Girl vs. Frankenstein Girl ( 2009 ) House of the Wolf Man ( 2009 ) Frankenstein : Day of the Beast ( 2011 ) Frankenstein 's Army ( 2013 ) The Frankenstein Theory ( 2013 ) I , Frankenstein ( 2014 ) Army of Frankensteins ( 2014 ) Frankenstein ( 2015 ) Victor Frankenstein ( 2015 ) Television Tales of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles ( 1966 -- 1968 ) Groovie Goolies ( 1970 - 1971 ) Frankenstein : The True Story ( 1973 ) Monster Squad ( 1976 ) Struck by Lightning ( 1979 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1997 ) Frankenstein ( 2004 , TV film ) Frankenstein ( 2004 , miniseries ) Frankenstein ( 2007 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenhole ( 2010 ) Once Upon a Time `` The Doctor '' ( 2012 ) `` In the Name of the Brother '' ( 2013 ) Penny Dreadful ( 2014 -- 2016 ) The Frankenstein Chronicles ( 2015 ) Second Chance ( 2016 ) Stage Presumption ; or , the Fate of Frankenstein ( 1823 ) Frankenstein , or The Vampire 's Victim ( 1887 ) Joined At The Heart ( 2007 ) Frankenstein -- A New Musical ( 2007 ) Young Frankenstein ( 2007 ) Frankenstein ( 2011 play ) Frankenstein 's Wedding ( 2011 play ) Novels Frankenstein 's Aunt ( 1978 ) Frankenstein 's Aunt Returns ( 1989 ) Frankenstein 's Cat ( 2001 ) Dean Koontz 's Frankenstein Prodigal Son ( 2005 ) City of Night ( 2005 ) Dead and Alive ( 2009 ) Lost Souls ( 2010 ) Frankenstein in Baghdad ( 2013 ) Comics Bernie Wrightson 's Frankenstein Frankenstein ( DC Comics ) Frankenstein ( Dell Comics ) Doc Frankenstein Embalming Frankenstein 's Monster ( Marvel Comics ) Frankenstein ( Prize Comics ) Young Frankenstein Video games Frankenstein Frankenstein : The Monster Returns Dr. Franken Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein Frankenstein : Through the Eyes of the Monster Van Helsing Related Frankenstein in popular culture Frankenstein Castle Johann Conrad Dippel Frankenstrat ( guitar ) `` Frankenstein '' ( 1973 single ) Frankenstein ( Death Race ) Frankenstein , MD ( 2014 ) The Wolf Man film series Original The Wolf Man ( 1941 ) Sequels Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Remake The Wolfman ( 2010 ) Characters Larry Talbot Other films Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman ( 2000 ) Monster Mash ( 2000 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) House of the Wolf Man ( 2009 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Monster Family ( 2017 ) The Mummy Universal series The Mummy The Mummy 's Hand The Mummy 's Tomb The Mummy 's Ghost The Mummy 's Curse Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy Hammer series The Mummy The Curse of the Mummy 's Tomb The Mummy 's Shroud Blood from the Mummy 's Tomb Sommers series The Mummy The Mummy Returns The Mummy : Tomb of the Dragon Emperor The Scorpion King The Scorpion King The Scorpion King 2 : Rise of a Warrior The Scorpion King 3 : Battle for Redemption The Scorpion King 4 : Quest for Power Scorpion King : Book of Souls Dark Universe The Mummy Characters Imhotep Mathayus Kharis Video games The Scorpion King : Rise of the Akkadian The Scorpion King : Sword of Osiris The Mummy : Tomb of the Dragon Emperor The Mummy Demastered Miscellaneous Mad Monster Party ? Mad Mad Mad Monsters Bubba Ho - Tep The Mummy Revenge of the Mummy Hotel Transylvania Hotel Transylvania 2 Monster Family Hotel Transylvania : The Series Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation Tale of the Mummy H.G. Wells 's The Invisible Man Films Universal series The Invisible Man The Invisible Man Returns The Invisible Woman Invisible Agent The Invisible Man 's Revenge Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein Abbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man Hollow Man series Hollow Man Hollow Man 2 Animation The Invisible Mouse Mad Monster Party ? Mad Mad Mad Monsters Hotel Transylvania Hotel Transylvania 2 Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation ( 2018 ) Other live - action The Invisible Avenger Memoirs of an Invisible Man The Invisible Man TV The Invisible Man ( 1958 ) The Invisible Man ( 1975 ) Gemini Man ( 1976 ) The Invisible Man ( 1984 ) The Invisible Man ( 2000 ) The Invisible Man ( 2005 ) Henry Danger ( 2016 ) Other Griffin The Nobody Memoirs of an Invisible Man The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Gill - man Films Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) The Creature Walks Among Us ( 1956 ) Parodies Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) Saturday the 14th ( 1981 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Other Legacy Creature from the Black Lagoon : The Musical Creature from the Black Lagoon ( pinball ) Monster Bash ( pinball ) Related The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Robert Louis Stevenson 's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Character Adaptations Films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1908 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1912 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1913 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1920 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1920 ) The Head of Janus ( 1920 ) Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde ( 1925 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1931 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1941 ) The Son of Dr. Jekyll ( 1951 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1953 ) Daughter of Dr. Jekyll ( 1957 ) The Doctor 's Horrible Experiment ( 1959 ) The Ugly Duckling ( 1959 ) My Friend , Dr. Jekyll ( 1960 ) The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll ( 1960 ) The Nutty Professor ( 1963 ) Karutha Rathrikal ( 1967 ) The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1968 ) Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde ( 1971 ) I , Monster ( 1971 ) Dr. Jekyll y el Hombre Lobo ( 1972 ) Dr. Black , Mr. Hyde ( 1976 ) Dr. Jekyll Likes Them Hot ( 1979 ) Dr. Heckyl and Mr. Hype ( 1980 ) Docteur Jekyll et les femmes ( 1981 ) Chehre Pe Chehra ( 1981 ) Jekyll and Hyde ... Together Again ( 1982 ) Edge of Sanity ( 1989 ) Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde ( 1995 ) Mary Reilly ( 1996 ) The Nutty Professor ( 1996 ) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( 2003 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 2006 ) The Mummy ( 2017 ) Animation The Impatient Patient ( 1942 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse ( 1947 ) Motor Mania ( 1950 ) Dr. Jerkyl 's Hide ( 1954 ) Hyde and Hare ( 1955 ) Hyde and Go Tweet ( 1960 ) Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Mad , Mad , Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) The Pagemaster ( 1994 ) The Strange Case of Dr. Jiggle and Mr. Sly ( 2004 ) Van Helsing : The London Assignment ( 2004 ) The Monster of Phineas - n - Ferbenstein ( 2008 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Video games Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1988 ) Jekyll and Hyde ( 2001 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Music `` Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive '' ( 1983 ) `` Bubba Hyde '' ( 1995 ) Jekyll and Hyde ( 2003 ) Jekyll & Hyde en Español ( 2004 ) Theatre Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1887 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1888 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde , Or a Mis - Spent Life ( 1897 ) Jekyll & Hyde ( 1990 ) Television Julia Jekyll and Harriet Hyde ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Jekyll ( 2007 ) Once Upon a Time ( 2011 -- present ) Penny Dreadful ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Jekyll and Hyde ( 2015 ) Comics Mister Hyde ( introduced 1963 ) Batman : Two Faces ( 1998 ) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( 1999 -- present ) Novels The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner ( 1824 ) Knots and Crosses ( 1987 ) Mary Reilly ( 1990 ) Radio Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1932 ) The Hunchback of Notre - Dame by Victor Hugo Characters Quasimodo Esmeralda Claude Frollo Captain Phoebus Clopin Trouillefou Pierre Gringoire Films Esmeralda ( 1905 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1911 ) The Darling of Paris ( 1917 ) Esmeralda ( 1922 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1923 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1939 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1956 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1977 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1982 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1986 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) The Hunchback ( 1997 ) Quasimodo d'El Paris ( 1999 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame II ( 2002 ) Television series The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1966 ) The Magical Adventures of Quasimodo ( 1996 ) Opera La Esmeralda ( 1836 ) Esmeralda ( 1883 ) Notre Dame ( 1914 ) Ballet La Esmeralda ( 1844 ) Notre Dame de Paris ( 1967 ) Musicals Notre - Dame de Paris ( 1998 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Klokkeren fra Notre Dame ( 2002 ) Music `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` Topsy Turvy '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Heaven 's Light '' `` Hellfire '' `` A Guy Like You '' `` Someday '' `` Made of Stone '' Video games Hunchback ( 1983 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame : Topsy Turvy Games ( 1996 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook : The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Related Disney franchise The Fly Original series The Fly ( 1958 ) Return of the Fly ( 1959 ) Curse of the Fly ( 1965 ) Remake series The Fly ( 1986 ) The Fly II ( 1989 ) Other Opera Short story George Langelaan Universal Monsters Films Dracula Dracula ( English ) / ( Spanish ) ( 1931 ) Dracula 's Daughter ( 1936 ) Son of Dracula ( 1943 ) Remakes Dracula ( 1979 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Frankenstein Frankenstein ( 1931 ) Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ; character ) Son of Frankenstein ( 1939 ) The Ghost of Frankenstein ( 1942 ) Edgar Allan Poe Murders in the Rue Morgue ( 1932 ) The Black Cat ( 1934 ) The Raven ( 1935 ) The Black Cat ( 1941 ) The Mystery of Marie Roget ( 1942 ) Mummy ( Imhotep Kharis ) The Mummy ( 1932 ) The Mummy 's Hand ( 1940 ) The Mummy 's Tomb ( 1942 ) The Mummy 's Ghost The Mummy 's Curse ( 1944 ) The Mummy ( 2017 ) The Mummy The Mummy ( 1999 ) The Mummy Returns ( 2001 ) Tomb of the Dragon Emperor ( 2008 ) Invisible Man The Invisible Man ( 1933 ) Returns The Invisible Woman ( 1940 ) Invisible Agent ( 1942 ) The Invisible Man 's Revenge ( 1944 ) Werewolves ( The Wolf Man ) Werewolf of London ( 1935 ) The Wolf Man ( 1941 ) She - Wolf of London ( 1946 ) The Wolfman ( 2010 ) Crossovers Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Killer , Boris Karloff ( 1949 ) Invisible Man ( 1951 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1953 ) Mummy ( 1955 ) Ape Woman Captive Wild Woman ( 1943 ) Jungle Woman ( 1944 ) The Jungle Captive ( 1945 ) Inner Sanctum Mysteries Calling Dr. Death ( 1943 ) Weird Woman Dead Man 's Eyes ( 1944 ) The Frozen Ghost Strange Confession Pillow of Death ( 1945 ) Gill - man Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) The Creature Walks Among Us ( 1956 ) Other films The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1923 ) The Cat and the Canary ( 1927 ) The Man Who Laughs ( 1928 ) The Last Warning The Last Performance ( 1929 ) The Cat Creeps La Voluntad del muerto ( 1930 ) The Old Dark House ( 1932 ) Secret of the Blue Room ( 1933 ) The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1935 ) The Invisible Ray ( 1936 ) Night Key ( 1937 ) The Phantom Creeps ( 1939 ) Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) Tower of London ( 1939 ) Black Friday ( 1940 ) Man Made Monster Horror Island ( 1941 ) The Mad Doctor of Market Street The Strange Case of Doctor Rx Night Monster ( 1942 ) The Mad Ghoul ( 1943 ) The Climax ( 1944 ) The Spider Woman Strikes Back The Cat Creeps ( 1946 ) The Creeper House of Horrors ( 1946 ) The Brute Man ( 1946 ) The Strange Door ( 1951 ) The Black Castle ( 1952 ) It Came from Outer Space ( 1953 ) Tarantula Cult of the Cobra This Island Earth ( 1955 ) Curucu , Beast of the Amazon The Mole People ( 1956 ) The Incredible Shrinking Man The Deadly Mantis The Land Unknown The Monolith Monsters ( 1957 ) The Thing That Could n't Die Monster on the Campus ( 1958 ) Curse of the Undead ( 1959 ) The Leech Woman ( 1960 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotel_Transylvania&oldid=854768907 '' Categories : 2012 films English - language films 2012 3D films 2012 animated films 2012 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s comedy horror films 2010s fantasy films American 3D films American animated horror films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American computer - animated films American comedy horror films American fantasy - comedy films American monster movies American films Directorial debut films Dracula films Films scored by Mark Mothersbaugh Films about vacationing Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in 1895 Films set in 2012 Films set in hotels Films set in Transylvania Films using computer - generated imagery Frankenstein films Hotel Transylvania Mummy films Rough Draft Studios films Werewolves in animated film Columbia Pictures films Columbia Pictures animated films Screenplays by Robert Smigel Sony Pictures Animation films Films directed by Genndy Tartakovsky Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 17 : 02 ( UTC ) . 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who does justin theroux play in john adams			John Adams ( miniseries )	john adams ( miniseries )	John Adams is a 2008 American television miniseries chronicling most of U.S. President John Adams 's political life and his role in the founding of the United States . Paul Giamatti portrays John Adams . The miniseries was directed by Tom Hooper . Kirk Ellis wrote the screenplay based on the book John Adams by David McCullough . The biopic of John Adams and the story of the first 50 years of the United States was broadcast in seven parts by HBO between March 16 and April 20 , 2008 . John Adams received widespread critical acclaim and many prestigious awards . The show won four Golden Globe awards and 13 Emmy awards , more than any other miniseries in history .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 1.1 Part I : Join or Die ( 1770 -- 1774 ) 1.2 Part II : Independence ( 1774 -- 1776 ) 1.3 Part III : Do n't Tread on Me ( 1777 -- 1781 ) 1.4 Part IV : Reunion ( 1781 -- 1789 ) 1.5 Part V : Unite or Die ( 1788 -- 1797 ) 1.6 Part VI : Unnecessary War ( 1798 -- 1802 ) 1.7 Part VII : Peacefield ( 1803 -- 1826 ) 2 Cast 3 Shooting locations 4 Soundtrack 5 Critical reception 6 Historical inaccuracies 6.1 Part I 6.2 Part II 6.3 Part III 6.4 Part IV 6.5 Part V 6.6 Part VII 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Primetime Emmy Awards 7.2 Golden Globe Awards 7.3 Screen Actors Guild Awards 7.4 Other awards 8 References 9 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Part I : Join or die ( 1770 -- 1774 ) ( edit ) Episode 1 opens in Boston 1770 on the cold winter night of the Boston Massacre . It portrays John Adams arriving at the scene following the gunshots from British soldiers firing upon a mob of Boston citizens . Adams , a respected lawyer in his mid-30s known for his dedication to the law and justice , is sought as defense counsel for the accused Redcoats . Their commander , Captain Thomas Preston , asks him to defend them in court . Reluctant at first , he agrees despite knowing this will antagonize his neighbors and friends . Adams is depicted to have taken the case because he believed everyone deserves a fair trial and he wanted to uphold the standard of justice . Adams ' cousin Samuel Adams is one of the main colonists opposed to the actions of the British government . He is one of the executive members of the Sons of Liberty , an anti-British group of agitators . Adams is depicted as a studious man doing his best to defend his clients . The show also illustrates Adams ' appreciation and respect for his wife , Abigail . In one scene , Adams is shown having his wife proofread his summation as he takes her suggestions . After many sessions of court , the jury returns verdicts of not guilty of murder for each defendant . The episode also illustrates the growing tensions over the Coercive Acts ( `` Intolerable Acts '' ) , and Adams ' election to the First Continental Congress . Part II : Independence ( 1774 -- 1776 ) ( edit ) The second episode covers the disputes among the members of the Second Continental Congress toward declaring independence from Great Britain as well as the final drafting of the Declaration of Independence . At the Continental Congresses Adams is depicted as the lead advocate for independence . He is in the vanguard in establishing that there is no other option than to break off and declare independence . He is also instrumental in the selection of then - Colonel George Washington as the new head of the Continental Army . However , in his zeal for immediate action , he manages to alienate many of the other founding fathers , going so far as to insult John Dickinson , who is for conciliation to the Crown , implying that the man suffers from a religiously based moral cowardice . Later , Benjamin Franklin quietly chastens Adams , saying it is `` perfectly acceptable to insult a man in private . He may even thank you for it afterwards . But when you do it in public , they tend to think you are serious . '' This points out Adams ' primary flaw : his bluntness and lack of gentility toward his political opponents , one that would make him many enemies and which would eventually plague his political career . It would also , eventually , contribute to historians ' disregard for his many achievements . The episode also shows how Abigail copes with issues at home as her husband was away much of the time participating in the Continental Congress . She employs the use of then pioneer efforts in the field of preventative medicine and inoculation against smallpox for herself and the children . Part III : do n't Tread on Me ( 1777 -- 1781 ) ( edit ) In Episode 3 , Adams travels to Europe with his young son John Quincy during the war seeking alliances with foreign nations , during which the ship transporting them battles a British frigate . It first shows Adams ' embassy with Benjamin Franklin in the court of Louis XVI of France . The old French nobility , who are in the last decade before being consumed by the French Revolution , are portrayed as effete and decadent . They meet cheerfully with Franklin , seeing him as a romantic figure , little noting the democratic infection he brings with him . Adams , on the other hand , is a plain spoken and faithful man , who finds himself out of his depth surrounded by an entertainment - and sex - driven culture among the French elite . Adams finds himself at sharp odds with Benjamin Franklin , who has adapted himself to the French , seeking to obtain by seduction what Adams would gain through histrionics . Franklin sharply rebukes Adams for his lack of diplomatic acumen , describing it as a `` direct insult followed by a petulant whine '' . Franklin soon has Adams removed from any position of diplomatic authority in Paris . His approach is ultimately successful and was to result in the conclusive Franco - American victory at Yorktown . Adams , chastened and dismayed but learning from his mistakes , then travels to the Dutch Republic to obtain monetary support for the Revolution . Although the Dutch agree with the American cause , they do not consider the new union a reliable and credit - worthy client . Adams ends his time in the Netherlands in a state of progressive illness , having sent his son away as a diplomatic secretary to the Russian Empire . Part iv : Reunion ( 1781 -- 1789 ) ( edit ) The fourth episode shows John Adams being notified of the end of the Revolutionary War and the defeat of the British . He is then sent to Paris to negotiate the Treaty of Paris in 1783 . While overseas , he spends time with Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson and Abigail visits him . Franklin informs John Adams that he was appointed as the first American Ambassador to Great Britain and thus has to relocate to London . John Adams is poorly received by the British during this time -- he is the representative for a recently hostile power , and represents in his person what many British at the time regarded as a disastrous end to its early Empire . He meets with his former sovereign , George III , and while the meeting is not a disaster , he is excoriated in British newspapers . In 1789 , he returns to Massachusetts for the first presidential election and he and Abigail are reunited with their children , now grown . George Washington is elected the first President of the United States and John Adams as the first Vice President . Initially , Adams is disappointed and wishes to reject the post of Vice President because he feels there is a disproportionate number of electoral votes in favor of George Washington ( Adams ' number of votes pales in comparison to those garnered by Washington ) . In addition , John feels the position of Vice President is not a proper reflection of all the years of service he has dedicated to his nation . However , Abigail successfully influences him to accept the nomination . Part v : Unite or die ( 1788 -- 1797 ) ( edit ) The fifth episode begins with Vice President John Adams presiding over the Senate and the debate over what to call the new President . It depicts Adams as frustrated in this role : His opinions are ignored and he has no actual power , except in the case of a tied vote . He 's excluded from George Washington 's inner circle of cabinet members , and his relationships with Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton are strained . Even Washington himself gently rebukes him for his efforts to `` royalize '' the office of the Presidency , although Washington values Adams ' counsel in other areas , considering him to be `` reasonable company '' when compared with Jefferson and Hamilton . A key event shown is the struggle to enact the Jay Treaty with Britain , which Adams himself must ratify before a deadlocked Senate ( although historically his vote was not required ) . The episode concludes with his inauguration as the second president -- and his subsequent arrival in a plundered executive mansion . Part vi : Unnecessary war ( 1798 -- 1802 ) ( edit ) The sixth episode covers Adams 's term as president and the rift between the Hamilton - led Federalists and Jefferson - led Republicans . Adams 's neutrality pleases neither side and often angers both . His shaky relationship with vice president Thomas Jefferson worsens after taking defensive actions against the French because of failed diplomatic attempts and the signing of the Alien and Sedition Acts . Adams also alienates himself from the anti-French Alexander Hamilton after taking all actions possible to prevent a war with France . He disowns his son Charles , who soon dies as an alcoholic vagrant . Adams sees success late in his Presidency with his campaign of preventing a war with France , but his success is clouded after losing the presidential election of 1800 . After receiving so much bad publicity while in office , Adams lost the election against his Vice-President , Thomas Jefferson , and runner - up Aaron Burr ( both from the same party ) . Adams leaves the Presidential Palace ( now known as the White House ) in March 1801 and retires to his personal life in Massachusetts . Part vii : Peacefield ( 1803 -- 1826 ) ( edit ) The final episode covers Adams 's retirement years . His home life is full of pain and sorrow as his daughter , Nabby , dies of breast cancer and Abigail succumbs to typhoid fever . Adams does live to see the election of his son , John Quincy , as president , but is too ill to attend the inauguration . Adams and Jefferson are reconciled through correspondence in their last years . Both die hours apart on July 4 , 1826 , the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence . Jefferson was 83 , Adams 90 . Cast ( edit ) Paul Giamatti as John Adams Laura Linney as Abigail Adams Stephen Dillane as Thomas Jefferson David Morse as George Washington Tom Wilkinson as Benjamin Franklin Rufus Sewell as Alexander Hamilton Justin Theroux as John Hancock Danny Huston as Samuel Adams Clancy O'Connor as Edward Rutledge Željko Ivanek as John Dickinson Ebon Moss - Bachrach as John Quincy Adams Sarah Polley as Abigail Adams Smith Andrew Scott as William S. Smith John Dossett as Benjamin Rush Mamie Gummer as Sally Smith Adams Caroline Corrie as Louisa Adams Samuel Barnett as Thomas Adams Kevin Trainor as Charles Adams Tom Hollander as King George III Julian Firth as the Duke of Dorset Damien Jouillerot as King Louis XVI Guy Henry as Jonathan Sewall Brennan Brown as Robert Treat Paine Paul Fitzgerald as Richard Henry Lee Tom Beckett as Elbridge Gerry Del Pentecost as Henry Knox Tim Parati as Caesar Rodney John O'Creagh as Stephen Hopkins John Keating as Timothy Pickering Hugh O'Gorman as Thomas Pinckney Timmy Sherrill as Charles Lee Judith Magre as Madame Helvetius Jean - Hugues Anglade as Count of Vergennes Jean Brassard as Admiral d'Estaing Pip Carter as Francis Dana Sean McKenzie as Edward Bancroft Derek Milman as Lieutenant James Barron Patrice Valota as Jean - Antoine Houdon Nicolas Vaude as Chevalier de la Luzerne Bertie Carvel as Lord Carmarthen Alex Draper as Robert Livingston Cyril Descours as Edmond - Charles Genet Alan Cox as William Maclay Sean Mahan as Gen. Joseph Warren Eric Zuckerman as Thomas McKean Ed Jewett as James Duane Vincent Renart as Andrew Holmes Ritchie Coster as Captain Thomas Preston Lizan Mitchell as Sally Hemings Pamela Stewart as Patsy Jefferson Lucas N Hall as Continental Army Officer , New York light infantry battalion Steven Hinkle as Young John Quincy Adams Buzz Bovshow as John Trumbull Shooting locations ( edit ) The 110 - day shoot took place in Colonial Williamsburg , Virginia ; Richmond , Virginia ; and Budapest , Hungary . Some European scenes were shot in Keszthely , Sóskút , Fertőd and Kecskemét , Hungary . Bruton Parish Church in Colonial Williamsburg was used for the town meeting scene in which Adams gives a speech from the elevated pulpit . The brick wall surrounding the church was the backdrop for a separate outdoor scene . The scene in which Adams first meets the British soldiers accused of murder for their roles in the Boston Massacre was shot at Williamsburg 's `` public gaol '' ( jail where lawbreakers were held awaiting trial ) . The John Greenhow store was used for exterior shots of a tavern in Trenton , New Jersey , that Adams frequented . The Wythe House stood in for the President 's House in Philadelphia , though it was modified with a brick facade to mask the wooden fence . The Palace Green was used for the shot of a tent and 40 coffins in Philadelphia 's 1793 yellow fever epidemic . Sand scattered on the streets masked the modern pavement . The Palace Green was also the backdrop in the scene of a riot that broke out in front of the `` President 's House '' ( George Wythe house ) ; scores of extras were used in the scene . British officers ransacked an abandoned Continental Army war room in a scene shot in the Robert Carter house . Williamsburg 's Public Hospital was in the background of the tent encampment of the Continental army which Adams visited in the winter of 1776 , which was replicated using special - effects snow . The College of William and Mary 's Wren Building represented a Harvard interior . Scenes were also filmed at the Governor 's Palace . Sets , stage space , backlot and production offices were housed in an old Mechanicsville AMF warehouse in Richmond , Virginia . Some street scenes with cobblestone pavements and colonial storefronts were shot in historic neighborhoods of Washington D.C. , Boston , and Philadelphia . Countryside surrounding Richmond in Hanover County and Powhatan County were chosen to represent areas surrounding early Boston , New York , and Philadelphia . Soundtrack ( edit ) The score for the miniseries was composed by Rob Lane and Joseph Vitarelli . Lane wrote the main theme and scored `` Join or Die , '' `` Independence , '' `` Unite or Die '' and `` Peacefield , '' with Vitarelli doing `` Do n't Tread on Me , '' `` Reunion '' and `` Unnecessary War . '' The two composers worked independently of each other , with Lane writing and recording his segments in London and Vitarelli in Los Angeles . The soundtrack was released on the Varèse Sarabande label . Critical reception ( edit ) Laura Linney , Tom Hooper and David Coatsworth at the 68th Annual Peabody Awards for John Adams The critical reception to the miniseries was predominantly positive . Metacritic rates the critical response at 78 out of 100 based upon 27 national reviews . Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly rated the miniseries A - , and Matt Roush of TV Guide praised the lead performances of Paul Giamatti and Laura Linney . David Hinckley of the New York Daily News felt John Adams `` is , quite simply , as good as TV gets ... Best of all are two extraordinary performances at the center : Paul Giamatti as Adams and Laura Linney as his wife , Abigail ... To the extent that John Adams is a period piece , it is n't quite as lush as , say , some BBC productions . But it looks fine , and it feels right , and sometimes what 's good for you can also be just plain good . '' Alessandra Stanley of the New York Times had mixed feelings . She said the miniseries has `` a Masterpiece Theatre gravity and takes a more somber , detailed and sepia - tinted look at the dawn of American democracy . It gives viewers a vivid sense of the isolation and physical hardships of the period , as well as the mores , but it does not offer significantly different or deeper insights into the personalities of the men -- and at least one woman -- who worked so hard for liberty ... ( It ) is certainly worthy and beautifully made , and it has many masterly touches at the edges , especially Laura Linney as Abigail . But Paul Giamatti is the wrong choice for the hero ... And that leaves the mini-series with a gaping hole at its center . What should be an exhilarating , absorbing ride across history alongside one of the least understood and most intriguing leaders of the American Revolution is instead a struggle . '' Among those unimpressed with the miniseries were Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times and Tim Goodman of the San Francisco Chronicle . Both cited the miniseries for poor casting and favoring style over storytelling . Historical inaccuracies ( edit ) The series deviates from David McCullough 's book on several occasions , using creative license throughout . Part I ( edit ) John Adams addresses Captain Preston immediately after the massacre , while deliberating whether to defend the soldier ; he says : `` As of this morning , five are dead '' . Only three men were killed immediately : Samuel Maverick died the next morning , and Patrick Carr did not die until two weeks later . Around the time of the trial , John Adams ' son Charles is depicted playing with his sister , though he was not born until May 29 , 1770 ( making him still an infant ) . Likewise , his older son John Quincy Adams was born in July 1767 , but he is depicted as a near - adolescent . Samuel Adams is depicted as disapproving over John Adams ' decision to defend Captain Preston and the other Boston Massacre soldiers , when no other lawyer would act as their counsel . It 's implied that the Sons of Liberty also disapproved , and that John for his part disapproved of their group . In fact , Samuel Adams encouraged his cousin John to take the case . John and other leading members of the Sons of Liberty also convinced Josiah Quincy II , another cousin who was a lawyer , to aid Adams in his preparation of the case . Moreover , John himself was a member of the Sons of Liberty . Captain Preston and the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre are shown being tried in a single trial in what seems to be the dead of winter , and declared not guilty of all charges . In actuality , Captain Preston 's trial took place on October 24 and ran through October 29 , when he was found not guilty . The eight soldiers were brought to trial weeks later in a separate trial that concluded on November 29 . Six of the soldiers were found not guilty , but Hugh Montgomery and Matthew Killroy were convicted of manslaughter . They both received brands on their right thumbs as punishment . John Hancock is confronted by a British customs official , and he orders the crowd to `` teach him a lesson , tar the bastard '' . Hancock and Samuel Adams then look on while the official is tarred and feathered , to the disapproval of John Adams . The scene is fictional and does not appear in McCullough 's book . According to Samuel Adams biographer Ira Stoll , there 's no evidence that Samuel Adams and John Hancock , who were opposed to mob violence , were ever present at a tarring and feathering , and so the scene succeeds in `` tarring the reputations of Hancock and Samuel Adams '' . Jeremy Stern writes , `` Despite popular mythology , tarrings were never common in Revolutionary Boston , and were not promoted by the opposition leadership . The entire sequence is pure and pernicious fiction . '' According to Stern , the scene is used to highlight a schism between Samuel and John Adams , which is entirely fictional . The tar and feather scene also improperly uses a black , modern tar . In reality , the liquid known as tar in the 18th century was pine tar , a liquid which is more often light - brown in color . The tar that we know today is actually called petroleum tar or bitumen . Pine tar also has a low melting point , and would not burn the skin the way that hot petroleum tar would . David McCullough 's biography makes no mention of a pulpit speech by John Adams after being chosen , in summer 1774 , to be one of Massachusetts ' representatives to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia . The text for that speech , at the end of Part I , comes mainly from two documents Adams penned during the Stamp Act crisis 8 years earlier , apparently stitched together in the film so as to evoke the similar - sounding famous passage in the United States Declaration of Independence , about men being created equal and endowed thereby with unalienable rights . Adams ( instead of Jefferson ) might have served as lead author of the Declaration two years later , and might have foreshadowed key portions of it oratorically before leaving Massachusetts for Philadelphia , but actually did neither . While rhetorically impressive in the film , the climactic final words of that speech , `` Liberty will reign in America , '' appear to be a dramatic invention , not a passage Adams is known to have ever spoken or written . Part II ( edit ) In the opening scene , the final meeting site of the First Continental Congress is incorrectly shown as the Pennsylvania State House ( now known as Independence Hall ) . In fact , the First Continental Congress was held in Carpenters ' Hall , located approximately 250 yards ( 230 m ) east of the state house , along Chestnut Street . Carpenters ' Hall was and still is privately owned by The Carpenters ' Company of the City and County of Philadelphia . It offered more privacy than the Pennsylvania State House . The venue depicted for the Second Continental Congress , however , is correctly depicted as the Pennsylvania State House . Benjamin Franklin is shown being brought to the Continental Congress in a litter , but he did not use this mode of transport in Philadelphia until the Constitutional Convention , 11 years later . John Adams did not ride to Lexington and Concord while the battle was still in progress ; he visited on April 22 , several days later . The first version of the Declaration of Independence read by Adams ' family was depicted as a printed copy ; in reality , it was a copy in Adams ' own hand , which led Mrs. Adams to believe that he had written it himself . General Henry Knox 's ox - driven caravan of cannon ( taken from Fort Ticonderoga ) is depicted passing by the Adams ' house in Braintree , Massachusetts en route to Cambridge , Massachusetts . In reality , General Knox 's caravan almost certainly did not pass through Braintree . Ft . Ticonderoga is in upstate New York , northwest of Cambridge , and Knox is assumed to have taken the most likely routes of the day , from the New York border through western and central Massachusetts via what are now Routes 23 , 9 , and 20 , never entering Braintree , which is located approximately 15 miles ( 24 km ) southeast of Cambridge . The doctor questions Abigail Adams if she has asked her husband regarding the family 's smallpox inoculation ( variolation ) of 1775 ; she knows that he would approve without asking him because he himself was inoculated in 1764 , so the doctor 's question and her response were misleading . The illness of the daughter following the inoculation was inaccurate . In fact , it was their son Charles who developed the pox and who was unconscious and delirious for 48 hours . The series also shows the children suffering from the effects of the inoculation while Abigail and the daughter read the newly drafted Declaration , which would have been sometime in the summer of 1776 . Part III ( edit ) Adams is shown departing for Europe without an upset nine - year - old son Charles , leaving only with older son John Quincy Adams . Adams actually took multiple trips to Europe . According to David McCullough 's book , on one such trip young Charles accompanied his brother and father to Paris . He later became ill in Holland , and traveled alone on the troubled vessel South Carolina . After an extended journey of five months , Charles returned to Braintree at 11 years of age . During Adams 's first voyage to France , his ship engages a British ship in a fierce battle while Adams assists a surgeon performing an amputation on a patient who dies . In reality , Adams helped perform the amputation several days after the capture of the British ship , following an unrelated accident . The patient died a week after the amputation , rather than during the operation as shown in the episode . Part iv ( edit ) Abigail and John are depicted reuniting outside Paris after many years , but in reality were first reunited in London and traveled to Paris together . Abigail Adams is depicted reprimanding Benjamin Franklin for cheating on his wife in France , but his wife died seven years earlier in 1774 . Multiple references are made in dialogue throughout the episode to the impending `` Constitutional Convention . '' In reality , the Constitutional Convention was only referred to as such after it disbanded , since the Philadelphia convention was originally called only to revise the Articles of Confederation . When the Convention met , strict secrecy was imposed on its proceedings . It was only under this veil of secrecy that the convention goers changed their mission from one of revising the Articles to one of crafting a new constitution . Part v ( edit ) Vice President John Adams is shown casting the tiebreaker vote in favor of ratifying the Jay Treaty . In reality , his vote was never required as the Senate passed the resolution by 20 - 10 . Furthermore , the vice president would never be required to cast a vote in a treaty ratification because Article II of the Constitution requires that treaties receive a two - thirds vote . Nabby Adams meets and marries Colonel William Stephens Smith upon her parents ' return to America from London . John Adams is depicted as refusing to use his influence to obtain political positions for his daughter 's new husband , though Colonel Smith requests his father - in - law 's assistance repeatedly with an almost grasping demeanor . Mr. Adams upbraids his son - in - law each time for even making the request , stating that Colonel Smith should find himself an honest trade or career and not depend upon speculation . In reality , Nabby met Colonel Smith abroad while her father was serving as United States minister to France and Great Britain , and the couple married in London prior to the end of John Adams ' diplomatic posting to the Court of St. James . Both John and Abigail used their influence to assist Colonel Smith and obtain political appointments for him , although this did not curb Colonel Smith 's tendency to invest unwisely . Following his election as President , John Adams is shown delivering his inauguration speech in the Senate chamber , on the second floor of Congress Hall , to an audience of senators . The speech was actually given in the much larger House of Representatives chamber on the first floor of Congress Hall . The room was filled to capacity with members of both the House and Senate , justices of the Supreme Court , heads of departments , the diplomatic corps , and others . Though Adams was inaugurated as President on March 4 , 1797 , Washington , DC would not become the capital city until November 1 , 1800 . John and Abigail Adams moved in to the President 's House in Philadelphia where he had been inaugurated as it was still the temporary capital city . Adams had moved to a private home in Washington , DC during the summer of 1800 and under the provisions of the plans for Washington to become the capital , took up residency in the unfinished President 's House ( renamed the White House later in the century ) on November 1 , 1800 . His wife was home in Quincy . She was not with him as depicted in the series . This is especially important to note because due to her not being with him , President Adams wrote a letter to Abigail on his second night in the mansion that included a very famous quote which President Franklin Roosevelt had inscribed in the fireplace mantle in the State Dining Room -- `` I pray Heaven to bestow the best of Blessings on this House and on all that shall hereafter inhabit it . May none but honest and wise Men ever rule under this roof . '' Part vii ( edit ) After President Adams refuses to assist Colonel Smith for the last time , Smith is depicted as leaving Nabby and their children in the care of the Adams family at Peacefield ; according to the scene , his intention is to seek opportunities to the west and either return or send for his family once he can provide for them . Nabby is living with her family when she discerns the lump in her right breast , has her mastectomy , and dies two years later . Smith does not return until after Nabby 's death and it is implied that he has finally established a stable form of income ; whether he was returning for his family as he had promised or was summoned ahead of his own schedule by the Adams ' pursuant to Nabby 's death is not specified . In reality , Smith brought his family with him from one venture to the next , and Nabby only returned to her father 's home in Massachusetts after it was determined that she would undergo a mastectomy rather than continue with the potions and poultices prescribed by other doctors at that time . Smith was with her during and after the mastectomy , and by all accounts had thrown himself into extensive research in attempts to find any reputable alternative to treating his wife 's cancer via mastectomy . The mastectomy was not depicted in the series as it is described in historical documents . In fact , Nabby 's tumor was in the left breast . She returned to the Smith family home after her operation and died in her father 's home at Peacefield only because she expressed a wish to die there , knowing that her cancer had returned and would kill her , and her husband acceded to her request . Dr. Benjamin Rush was also not the surgeon who conducted the operation which was actually performed by the noted surgeon Dr. John Warren . Throughout the miniseries , Dr. Rush is shown making occasional house calls to the Adams residence . However , this is highly unlikely as Rush 's practice was in far - away Philadelphia , not New England . That said , John and Abigail did consult with Rush regarding Nabby 's condition , albeit this consultation was done through the mail . Adams is shown inspecting John Trumbull 's painting Declaration of Independence ( 1817 ) and stating that he and Thomas Jefferson are the last surviving people depicted . This is inaccurate since Charles Carroll of Carrollton , who is also depicted in the painting , survived until 1832 . In fact , Adams never made such a remark . In reality , when he inspected Trumbull 's painting , Adams ' only comment was to point to a door in the background of the painting and state , `` When I nominated George Washington of Virginia for Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , he took his hat and rushed out that door . '' Benjamin Rush is portrayed as encouraging Adams to start a correspondence with Thomas Jefferson after the death of Abigail Adams . Abigail 's death occurred in 1818 but the Adams - Jefferson correspondence started in 1812 , and Rush died in 1813 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Awards ( edit ) John Adams received twenty - three Emmy Award nominations , and won thirteen , beating the previous record for wins by a miniseries set by Angels in America . It also holds the record for most Emmy wins by a program in a single year . Year Category Nominee ( s ) Episode Result 2008 Outstanding Miniseries Tom Hanks , Gary Goetzman , Kirk Ellis , Frank Doelger , David Coatsworth and Steve Shareshian Won Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries or Movie Kirk Ellis Episode 2 , Independence Won Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Paul Giamatti Won Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Laura Linney Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Tom Wilkinson Won Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries or Movie Gemma Jackson , David Crank , Christina Moore , Kathy Lucas and Sarah Whittle Won Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special Kathleen Chopin , Nina Gold and Tracy Kilpatrick Won Outstanding Cinematography For A Miniseries or Movie Tak Fujimoto Episode 2 , Independence Won Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special Donna Zakowska , Amy Andrews and Clare Spragge Episode 4 , Reunion Won Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie or a Special Trefor Proud , John R. Bayless , Chris Burgoyne and Matthew W. Mungle Won Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special Stephen Hunter Flick , Vanessa Lapato , Curt Schulkey , Randy Kelley , Kenneth L. Johnson , Paul Berolzheimer , Dean Beville , Bryan Bowen , Patricio A. Libenson , Solange S. Schwalbe , David Lee Fein , Hilda Hodges and Alex Gibson Episode 3 , Do n't Tread On Me Won Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or a Movie Jay Meagher , Marc Fishman and Tony Lamberti Episode 3 , Do n't Tread On Me Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Miniseries , Movie , or Dramatic Special Erik Henry , Jeff Goldman , Paul Graff , Steve Kullback , Christina Graff , David Van Dyke , Robert Stromberg , Ed Mendez and Ken Gorrell Episode 1 , Join or Die Won Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries , Movie or Dramatic Special Tom Hooper Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Stephen Dillane Nominated David Morse Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Miniseries or Movie Tak Fujimoto and Danny Cohen Episode 3 , Do n't Tread On Me Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Miniseries or a Movie Jan Archibald and Loulia Sheppard Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Miniseries or a Movie ( Non-prosthetic ) Trefor Proud and John R. Bayless Nominated Outstanding Original Dramatic Score for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special Robert Lane Episode 2 , Independence Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries or a Movie Melanie Oliver Episode 2 , Independence Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special Jon Johnson , Bryan Bowen , Kira Roessler , Vanessa Lapato , Eileen Horta , Virginia Cook - McGowan , Samuel C. Crutcher , Mark Messick , Martin Maryska , Greg Stacy , Patricio A. Libenson , Solange S. Schwalbe , Hilda Hodges and Nicholas Viterelli Episode 6 , Unnecessary War Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or a Movie Jay Meagher , Michael Minkler and Bob Beemer Episode 5 , Unite Or Die Nominated Golden Globe Awards ( edit ) It was nominated for four awards at the 66th Golden Globe Awards and won all four . Year Category Nominee ( s ) Result 2009 Best Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television Won Best Performance by an Actor in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television Paul Giamatti Won Best Performance by an Actress in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television Laura Linney Won Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series , Mini-Series , or Motion Picture Made for Television Tom Wilkinson Won Screen Actors Guild Awards ( edit ) It was also nominated for three awards at the 15th Screen Actors Guild Awards and won two . Year Category Nominee ( s ) Result 2009 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries Laura Linney Won Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries Paul Giamatti Won Tom Wilkinson Nominated Other Awards ( edit ) The show also won a 2008 AFI Award for best television series and a Peabody Award `` for exploring both public and private elements in the life of a truly great man . '' It won the Movieguide 2009 Faith & Freedom Award for Television . Part 1 of the show won three awards at the 7th Visual Effects Society Awards in the categories of Outstanding Visual Effects in a Broadcast Miniseries , Movie or Special , Outstanding Created Environment in a Broadcast Program or Commercial , and Outstanding Compositing in a Broadcast Program or Commercial . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Catlin , Roger ( March 11 , 2008 ) . `` HBO miniseries gives John Adams his due '' . The Courant . Hartford , Connecticut : Hartford Courant . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gary Strauss ( 2008 - 03 - 12 ) . `` For Giamatti , John Adams was ' endlessly daunting ' role '' . USA Today . Gannett Company , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Martin Miller ( 2008 - 03 - 16 ) . `` A revolutionary leading man '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hanks a magyar stábnak is köszönetet mondott a Golden Globe - gálán '' . MTI ( Hungarian news agency ) ( in Hungarian ) . 2009 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` aboutrufus.com '' . aboutrufus.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www2.richmond.com/content/2007/jun/05/a-presidential-production/ Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ John Adams at ScoringSessions.com Jump up ^ `` John Adams - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic. 2008 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` John Adams Review TV Reviews and News '' . EW.com. 2008 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived March 26 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' John Adams ' is a triumph '' . New York : NY Daily News . 2008 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( 2008 - 03 - 14 ) . `` John Adams - Television - Review '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Villarreal , Yvonne . `` Entertainment - entertainment , movies , tv , music , celebrity , Hollywood - latimes.com - latimes.com '' . Calendarlive.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tim Goodman ( 2008 - 03 - 14 ) . `` John , we hardly knew ye '' . SFGate . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Jeremy Stern ( 2008 - 10 - 27 ) . `` History News Network '' . Hnn.us . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Alexander , John K. ( January 13 , 2004 ) . Samuel Adams : America 's Revolutionary Politician ( Paperback ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 84 . ISBN 074252115X . Jump up ^ Zobel , Hiller B. ( April 17 , 1996 ) . The Boston Massacre ( Paperback ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 220 -- 221 . ISBN 0393314839 . Jump up ^ Farley , Karin Clafford ( September 1994 ) . Samuel Adams : Grandfather of His Country . Heinemann Library . p. 61 . ISBN 0811423794 . Jump up ^ Douglas Linder , The Boston Massacre Trials Archived 2008 - 04 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , JURIST , July 2001 Jump up ^ Ira Stoll , `` Bring Forth the Tar and Feathers '' , The New York Sun , March 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McCullough , pp. 59 - 61 , First Continental Congress in 1774 , Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law ( 1765 ) , Boston Gazette , under penname , `` Earl of Clarendon '' ( 1766 ) , NPR , `` Everyone loves George '' ( 2008 ) . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carpenters ' Hall '' . Carpentershall.org. 1995 - 07 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ John Ferling , John Adams : A Life , Amer Political Biography Press ( January 1997 ) p. 127 . Jump up ^ David McCullough , John Adams , Simon & Schuster , 2001 , chapter 2 . Part 2 , 1 : 25 : 37 . Jump up ^ The Knox Trail History Archived 2009 - 05 - 31 at the Library of Congress , New York State Museum website 2008 Jump up ^ `` Health and Medical History of President John Adams : Smallpox Inoculation in 1764 '' . Doctorzebra.com. 2013 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Blinderman , A. John Adams : fears , depressions , and ailments . NY State J Med. 1977 ; 77 : 268 - 276 . Pubmed . ( a ) pp. 274 - 275 Jump up ^ David McCullough , John Adams , Simon & Schuster , 2001 , pg. 186 Jump up ^ `` John Jay 's Treaty '' . Future.state.gov. 2000 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Swearing - In Ceremony for President John Adams '' . Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1797 -- The Inauguration of John Adams The Sheila Variations '' . Sheilaomalley.com. 2004 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Olson , James S. ( 2002 ) . Bathsheba 's Breast : Women , Cancer , and History . The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6936 - 6 . Jump up ^ David McCullough , John Adams , Simon & Schuster , 2001 , pg. 627 . Jump up ^ `` HFPA - Nominations and Winners '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . 2009 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2008 '' . American Film Institute . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ 68th Annual Peabody Awards , May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Movieguide Awards Winners '' . Movieguide. 1 February 2009 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7th Annual VES Awards '' . visual effects society . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : John Adams ( miniseries ) John Adams at AllMovie John Adams on IMDb John Adams 2nd President of the United States , 1797 -- 1801 1st Vice President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom , 1785 -- 1788 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands , 1782 -- 1788 Delegate , Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1778 Delegate , First Continental Congress , 1774 Founding of the United States Braintree Instructions ( 1765 ) Boston Massacre defense Continental Association Novanglus ; A History of the Dispute with America , From Its Origin in 1754 to the Present Time ( 1775 ) Thoughts on Government ( 1776 ) Declaration of Independence May 15 preamble Committee of Five Model Treaty Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Board of War Chairman of the Marine Committee , 1775 - 1779 Continental Navy Staten Island Peace Conference Conference House Constitution of Massachusetts ( 1780 ) Treaty of Paris , 1783 Presidency Inauguration Quasi War with France XYZ Affair Commerce Protection Act United States Marine Corps Convention of 1800 Alien and Sedition Acts Naturalization Act of 1798 Navy Department Library Treaty of Tellico Treaty of Tripoli Midnight Judges Act Marbury v. Madison State of the Union Address ( 1797 1798 1799 1800 ) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other writings Massachusetts Historical Society holdings Adams Papers Editorial Project Life and homes Early life and education Adams National Historical Park John Adams Birthplace Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace Peacefield Presidential Library Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Presidents House , Philadelphia Co-founder and second president , American Academy of Arts and Sciences United First Parish Church and gravesite Elections United States presidential election 1788 -- 1789 1792 1796 1800 Legacy Adams House at Harvard University John Adams Building U.S. Postage stamps Adams Memorial Popular culture Profiles in Courage ( 1964 series ) American Primitive ( 1969 play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) The Adams Chronicles ( 1976 miniseries ) Liberty ! 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Adams ( great - grandson ) Henry Adams ( great - grandson ) Brooks Adams ( great - grandson ) John Adams Sr. ( father ) Susanna Boylston ( mother ) Elihu Adams ( brother ) Samuel Adams ( second cousin ) Louisa Adams daughter - in - law First Lady ← George Washington Thomas Jefferson → Category John Quincy Adams United States House of Representatives , 1831 -- 1848 6th President of the United States , 1825 -- 1829 8th U.S. Secretary of State , 1817 -- 1825 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom , 1814 -- 1817 1st U.S. Minister to Russia , 1809 -- 1814 Massachusetts State Senate , 1803 -- 1808 U.S. Minister to Prussia , 1797 -- 1801 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands , 1794 -- 1797 Presidency Inauguration American System Internal improvements Tariff of 1828 First Treaty of Prairie du Chien Treaty of Fond du Lac Treaty of Limits United States Naval Observatory Abdulrahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori State of the Union Address , 1825 1827 1828 Federal judiciary appointments Other events Monroe Doctrine , author Treaty of Ghent Adams -- Onís Treaty Treaty of 1818 Smithsonian Institution United States v . The Amistad Mendi Bible President , American Academy of Arts and Sciences President , Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences Writings Lifelong diary Massachusetts Historical Society holdings Adams Papers Editorial Project Life and homes Early life Abigail Adams Cairn John Quincy Adams and abolitionism Adams National Historical Park Birthplace and family home Peacefield Presidential Library United First Parish Church and gravesite Elections United States presidential election , 1824 Corrupt Bargain United States presidential election , 1828 Legacy Adams Memorial Adams House at Harvard University U.S. Postage stamps Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar Popular culture Profiles in Courage ( 1957 book 1965 television series ) The Adams Chronicles ( 1976 miniseries ) Mutiny on the Amistad ( 1987 book ) Amistad ( 1997 film ) John Adams ( 2001 book 2008 miniseries ) Adams family Quincy family Louisa Adams ( wife ) George W. Adams ( son ) Charles Adams Sr. ( son ) John Adams II ( son ) Henry Adams ( grandson ) Brooks Adams ( grandson ) John Quincy Adams II ( grandson ) John Adams father presidency Abigail Adams mother First Lady Quincy family Abigail Adams Smith ( sister ) Charles Adams ( brother ) Thomas Boylston Adams ( brother ) John Adams Sr. ( paternal grandfather ) Susanna Boylston ( paternal grandmother ) Elihu Adams ( paternal uncle ) John Quincy ( great - grandfather ) Related National Republican Party Republicanism Quincy Patriot ← James Monroe Andrew Jackson → Category Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member , Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. Randolph ( grandson ) John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ( son - in - law ) John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) John Wayles ( father - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( nephew ) ← John Adams James Madison → Category Benjamin Franklin January 6 , 1706 -- April 17 , 1790 President of Pennsylvania ( 1785 -- 1788 ) , Ambassador to France ( 1779 -- 1785 ) Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding of the United States Join , or Die ( 1754 political cartoon ) Albany Plan of Union Albany Congress Hutchinson Letters Affair Committee of Secret Correspondence Committee of Five Declaration of Independence Model Treaty Franco - American alliance Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Staten Island Peace Conference Treaty of Paris , 1783 Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly Postmaster General Founding Fathers Inventions , other events Franklin 's electrostatic machine Bifocals Franklin stove Glass armonica Gulf Stream exploration , naming , and chart Lightning rod Kite experiment Pay it forward Associators 111th Infantry Regiment Junto club American Philosophical Society Library Company of Philadelphia Pennsylvania Hospital Academy and College of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Contributionship Union Fire Company Early American currency Fugio Cent United States Postal Service President , Pennsylvania Abolition Society Master , Les Neuf Sœurs Other social contributions and studies Gravesite Writings Silence Dogood letters ( 1722 ) A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity , Pleasure and Pain ( 1725 ) The Busy - Body letters ( 1729 ) Pennsylvania Gazette ( 1729 -- 1790 ) Poor Richard 's Almanack ( 1732 -- 1758 ) The Drinker 's Dictionary ( 1737 ) `` Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress '' ( 1745 ) `` The Speech of Polly Baker '' ( 1747 ) Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc . ( 1751 ) Experiments and Observations on Electricity ( 1751 ) Birch letters ( 1755 ) The Way to Wealth ( 1758 ) Pennsylvania Chronicle ( 1767 ) Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One ( 1773 ) Proposed alliance with the Iroquois ( 1775 ) A Letter To A Royal Academy ( 1781 ) Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America ( 1784 ) The Morals of Chess ( 1786 ) An Address to the Public ( 1789 ) A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks ( 1789 ) The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin ( 1771 -- 90 , pub. 1791 ) Bagatelles and Satires ( pub. 1845 ) Franklin as a journalist Legacy Franklin Court Benjamin Franklin House Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology Benjamin Franklin National Memorial Franklin Institute Benjamin Franklin Medal Depicted in The Apotheosis of Washington Benjamin Franklin statue , Washington D.C. In popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) Ben Franklin in Paris ( 1964 musical play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Benjamin Franklin ( 1974 miniseries ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) Benjamin Franklin ( 2002 documentary series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Sons of Ben ( supporters group for the Philadelphia Union soccer club Refunding Certificate Franklin half dollar One - hundred dollar bill Washington - Franklin stamps other stamps Cities , counties , schools named for Franklin Franklin Field State of Franklin Ships named USS Franklin Ben Franklin effect Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment The New - England Courant The American Museum magazine American Revolution patriots Syng inkstand Family Deborah Read ( wife ) Sarah Franklin Bache ( daughter ) Francis Franklin ( son ) William Franklin ( son ) Richard Bache Jr. ( grandson ) Benjamin F. Bache ( grandson ) Louis F. Bache ( grandson ) William Franklin ( grandson ) Andrew Harwood ( great - grandson ) Alexander Bache ( great - grandson ) Josiah Franklin ( father ) Jane Mecom ( sister ) James Franklin ( brother ) Mary Morrell Folger ( grandmother ) Peter Folger ( grandfather ) Richard Bache ( son - in - law ) Ann Smith Franklin ( sister - in - law ) George Washington 1st President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 Senior Officer of the Army , 1798 -- 1799 Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , 1775 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 First Continental Congress , 1774 Military career Revolutionary War Military career French and Indian War Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Forbes Expedition Washington and the American Revolution Commander - in - chief , Continental Army Aides - de-Camp Washington 's headquarters Boston campaign Siege of Boston New York and New Jersey campaign Delaware River crossing Battle of Trenton Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Battle of White Marsh Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth Battles of Saratoga Sullivan Expedition Yorktown campaign Siege of Yorktown Culper spy ring Newburgh Conspiracy Newburgh letter Resignation as commander - in - chief Badge of Military Merit Purple Heart Washington Before Boston Medal Horses : Nelson and Blueskin Other U.S. founding events 1769 Virginia Association Continental Association 1774 Fairfax Resolves Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 1785 Mount Vernon Conference Chairman , 1787 Constitutional Convention Presidency United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 1792 First inauguration inaugural bible Second inauguration Title of `` Mr. President '' Cabinet of the United States Secretary of State Attorney General Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Judiciary Act of 1789 Nonintercourse Act Whiskey Rebellion Militia Acts of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Proclamation of Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1794 Jay Treaty Pinckney 's Treaty Slave Trade Act of 1794 Residence Act Thanksgiving Proclamation Farewell Address State of the Union Address 1790 1791 1792 1793 1796 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Views and public image Presidential library The Washington Papers Religious views Washington and slavery Town Destroyer Legacy Life and homes Early life Birthplace Ferry Farm boyhood home Mount Vernon Gristmill Woodlawn Plantation Samuel Osgood House , First Presidential Mansion Alexander Macomb House , Second Presidential Mansion President 's House , Philadelphia Germantown White House Custis estate Potomac Company James River and Kanawha Canal Mountain Road Lottery Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Washington College Washington and Lee University Electoral history of George Washington Memorials and depictions Washington , D.C. Washington state Washington Monument Mount Rushmore Washington 's Birthday Purple Heart The Apotheosis of Washington George Washington ( Houdon ) George Washington ( Ceracchi ) George Washington ( Trumbull ) Washington Crossing the Delaware General George Washington at Trenton Washington at Verplanck 's Point General George Washington Resigning His Commission Unfinished portrait Lansdowne portrait The Washington Family portrait Washington at Princeton painting Point of View sculpture George Washington University Washington University Washington Masonic National Memorial George Washington Memorial Parkway George Washington Bridge Washington and Jefferson National Forests Washington Monument , Baltimore Washington , D.C. statue List of memorials U.S. Postage stamps Washington - Franklin Issues 1932 bicentennial Currency Washington quarter Washington dollar Silver bullion coins Cultural depictions George Washington ( 1984 miniseries 1986 sequel ) Related Bibliography Founding Fathers of the United States Republicanism Federalist Party Federalist Era Virginia dynasty Coat of arms Cherry - tree anecdote River Farm Washington 's Crossing 1751 Barbados trip Category Syng inkstand General of the Armies American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association Ancestry and family Martha Washington ( wife ) John Parke Custis ( stepson ) George Washington Parke Custis ( step - grandson , adopted son ) Eleanor Parke Custis ( step - granddaughter , adopted daughter ) Augustine Washington ( father ) Mary Ball ( mother ) Lawrence Washington ( half - brother ) Augustine Washington Jr. ( half - brother ) Betty Washington Lewis ( sister ) Samuel Washington ( brother ) John A. Washington ( brother ) Charles Washington ( brother ) Lawrence Washington ( grandfather ) John Washington ( great - grandfather ) Bushrod Washington ( nephew ) John Adams → Category Alexander Hamilton Senior Officer of the United States Army , 1799 -- 1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury , 1789 -- 1795 Delegate , Congress of the Confederation , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- 1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( 1775 ) Delegate , 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated , main author , The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine ( United States Coast Guard ) United States Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 `` First Report on the Public Credit '' , 1790 Funding Act of 1790 `` Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports '' , 1790 `` Second Report on Public Credit '' , a.k.a. `` Report on a National Bank '' , 1790 `` Report On Manufactures '' , 1791 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery In the Revolutionary War Battles : Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton General Washington 's Aide - de-Camp Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr -- Hamilton duel Founder , Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder , Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor , George Washington 's Farewell Address President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder , New - York Evening Post Hamilton -- Reynolds sex scandal Rutgers v. Waddington Relationship with slavery Depictions and memorials Alexander Hamilton ( Fraser statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Ceracchi bust ) Alexander Hamilton ( Conrads statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Trumbull portrait ) Alexander Hamilton Bridge Alexander Hamilton High School ( Los Angeles ) Fort Hamilton Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hamilton Hall ( Columbia University ) Hamilton Hall ( Salem , Massachusetts ) Hamilton Heights , Manhattan Hamilton , Ohio Hamilton - Oneida Academy Postage stamps Trinity Church Cemetery United States ten - dollar bill Media and popular culture Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Hamilton ( 1917 play ) Alexander Hamilton ( 1931 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society Liberty Hall ( New Jersey ) New York Manumission Society African Free School `` American System '' economic plan American School American Revolution patriots Family Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton wife Schuyler family Philip Hamilton ( oldest son ) Angelica Hamilton ( daughter ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( son ) James Alexander Hamilton ( son ) John Church Hamilton ( son ) William S. Hamilton ( son ) Eliza Hamilton Holly ( daughter ) Philip Hamilton ( youngest son ) Schuyler Hamilton ( grandson ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( grandson ) Allan McLane Hamilton ( grandson ) Robert Ray Hamilton ( great - grandson ) Samuel Adams 4th Governor of Massachusetts , 1794 -- 1797 Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1781 First Continental Congress , 1774 Clerk of the Massachusetts House of Representatives , 1766 -- 1774 United States founding events The Independent Advertiser Boston Caucus 1764 Sugar Act response protests 1768 Massachusetts Circular Letter Probable author , 1768 -- 1769 `` Journal of Occurrences '' Arranged Christopher Seider funeral , 1770 Co-author , 1772 Boston Pamphlet Boston Committee of Correspondence , 1772 Hutchinson Letters Affair Co-inspired and publicized , Boston Tea Party Signed , 1774 Continental Association Massachusetts Provincial Congress Co-author , 1776 Letter to the inhabitants of Canada Signed , United States Declaration of Independence Signed , Articles of Confederation 1788 Massachusetts Compromise Life Early life Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Sons of Liberty 1789 U.S. House election 1796 presidential election Samuel Adams and Paul Revere time capsule Granary Burying Ground Related American republicanism Boston Gazette American Revolution patriots Founding Father Faneuil Hall Old South Meeting House Legacy Samuel Adams ( Whitney ) Adams , Massachusetts Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Family John Adams ( second cousin ) John Dickinson 5th President of Pennsylvania , 1782 -- 1785 5th President of Delaware , 1781 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1776 , 1779 -- 1781 First Continental Congress , 1774 Stamp Act Congress , 1765 Founding of the United States Declaration of Rights and Grievances ( 1765 ) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1767 , 1768 ) `` The Liberty Song '' ( 1768 United we stand , divided we fall ) Petition to the King ( 1774 ) Signee , Continental Association ( 1774 ) Pennsylvania Committee of Correspondence ( 1774 -- 1776 ) Letter to the inhabitants of the Province of Quebec ( 1774 ) Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( co-wrote , 1775 ) Committee of Secret Correspondence ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Model Treaty committee ( 1776 ) Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union ( 1776 ) President , Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) Delegate , Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) Other events Brigadier General , Pennsylvania militia Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 Delaware Constitution of 1792 Life and homes Mary Norris Dickinson ( wife ) Philemon Dickinson ( brother ) Early life Poplar Hall home Fair Hill estate Friends Burial Ground Legacy Dickinson College Dickinson School of Law , Pennsylvania State University John Dickinson High School 1776 ( 1969 musical , 1972 film ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Related Claymont Stone School American Revolution patriots John Hancock 1st and 3rd Governor of Massachusetts , 1780 -- 1785 , 1787 -- 1793 President , 2nd Continential Congress , 1775 -- 1777 Boston Board of Selectmen , 1766 -- 1775 United States Founding events HMS Liberty confiscation Sons of Liberty Co-inspired , Boston Tea Party 1774 Massacre Day speech President , Massachusetts Provincial Congress Chairman , Massachusetts Committee of Safety Presided over , signed , United States Declaration of Independence signing Dunlap broadside Signed , Articles of Confederation Life Early life Hancock - 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a low mass star that converts helium to carbon is a	The most common red giants are stars on the red - giant branch ( RGB ) that are still fusing hydrogen into helium in a shell surrounding an inert helium core . Other red giants are the red - clump stars in the cool half of the horizontal branch , fusing helium into carbon in their cores via the triple - alpha process ; and the asymptotic - giant - branch ( AGB ) stars with a helium burning shell outside a degenerate carbon -- oxygen core , and a hydrogen burning shell just beyond that .	red giants	Red giant	red giant	A red giant is a luminous giant star of low or intermediate mass ( roughly 0.3 -- 8 solar masses ( M ) ) in a late phase of stellar evolution . The outer atmosphere is inflated and tenuous , making the radius large and the surface temperature as low as 5,000 K ( 8,540 ° F ) and lower . The appearance of the red giant is from yellow - orange to red , including the spectral types K and M , but also class S stars and most carbon stars .	The most common red giants are stars on the red - giant branch ( RGB ) that are still fusing hydrogen into helium in a shell surrounding an inert helium core . Other red giants are the red - clump stars in the cool half of the horizontal branch , fusing helium into carbon in their cores via the triple - alpha process ; and the asymptotic - giant - branch ( AGB ) stars with a helium burning shell outside a degenerate carbon -- oxygen core , and a hydrogen burning shell just beyond that . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Evolution 2.1 Stars that do not become red giants 3 Planets 3.1 Prospects for habitability 3.2 Enlargement of planets 4 Well known examples 4.1 Red - giant branch 4.2 Red - clump giants 4.3 Asymptotic giant branch 5 The Sun as a red giant 6 References 7 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Mira , a variable asymptotic giant branch red giant Red giants are stars that have exhausted the supply of hydrogen in their cores and have begun thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen in a shell surrounding the core . They have radii tens to hundreds of times larger than that of the Sun . However , their outer envelope is lower in temperature , giving them a reddish - orange hue . Despite the lower energy density of their envelope , red giants are many times more luminous than the Sun because of their great size . Red - giant - branch stars have luminosities up to nearly three thousand times that of the Sun ( L ) , spectral types of K or M , have surface temperatures of 3,000 -- 4,000 K , and radii up to about 200 times the Sun ( R ) . Stars on the horizontal branch are hotter , with only a small range of luminosities around 75 L. Asymptotic - giant - branch stars range from similar luminosities as the brighter stars of the red giant branch , up to several times more luminous at the end of the thermal pulsing phase . Among the asymptotic - giant - branch stars belong the carbon stars of type C-N and late C-R , produced when carbon and other elements are convected to the surface in what is called a dredge - up . The first dredge - up occurs during hydrogen shell burning on the red - giant branch , but does not produce a large carbon abundance at the surface . The second , and sometimes third , dredge up occurs during helium shell burning on the asymptotic - giant branch and convects carbon to the surface in sufficiently massive stars . The stellar limb of a red giant is not sharply - defined , contrary to their depiction in many illustrations . Rather , due to the very low mass density of the envelope , such stars lack a well - defined photosphere , and the body of the star gradually transitions into a ' corona ' . The coolest red giants have complex spectra , with molecular lines , emission features , and sometimes masers , particularly from thermally pulsing AGB stars . Another noteworthy feature of red giants is that , unlike Sun - like stars whose photospheres have a large number of small convection cells ( solar granules ) , red - giant photospheres , as well as those of red supergiants , have just a few large cells , the features of which cause the variations of brightness so common on both types of stars . Evolution ( edit ) Main article : Stellar evolution § Mid-sized stars This image tracks the life of a Sun - like star , from its birth on the left side of the frame to its evolution into a red giant on the right after billions of years . Red giants are evolved from main - sequence stars with masses in the range from about 0.3 M to around 8 M. When a star initially forms from a collapsing molecular cloud in the interstellar medium , it contains primarily hydrogen and helium , with trace amounts of `` metals '' ( in stellar structure , this simply refers to any element that is not hydrogen or helium i.e. atomic number greater than 2 ) . These elements are all uniformly mixed throughout the star . The star reaches the main sequence when the core reaches a temperature high enough to begin fusing hydrogen ( a few million kelvin ) and establishes hydrostatic equilibrium . Over its main sequence life , the star slowly converts the hydrogen in the core into helium ; its main - sequence life ends when nearly all the hydrogen in the core has been fused . For the Sun , the main - sequence lifetime is approximately 10 billion years . More - massive stars burn disproportionately faster and so have a shorter lifetime than less massive stars . When the star exhausts the hydrogen fuel in its core , nuclear reactions can no longer continue and so the core begins to contract due to its own gravity . This brings additional hydrogen into a zone where the temperature and pressure are adequate to cause fusion to resume in a shell around the core . The outer layers of the star then expand greatly , thus beginning the red - giant phase of the star 's life . As the star expands , the energy produced in the burning shell of the star is spread over a much larger surface area , resulting in a lower surface temperature and a shift in the star 's visible light output towards the red -- hence it becomes a red giant . At this time , the star is said to be ascending the red - giant branch of the Hertzsprung -- Russell ( H -- R ) diagram . Mira A is an old star , already shedding its outer layers into space . The evolutionary path the star takes as it moves along the red - giant branch , that ends finally with the complete collapse of the core , depends on the mass of the star . For the Sun and stars of less than about 2 M the core will become dense enough that electron degeneracy pressure will prevent it from collapsing further . Once the core is degenerate , it will continue to heat until it reaches a temperature of roughly 10 K , hot enough to begin fusing helium to carbon via the triple - alpha process . Once the degenerate core reaches this temperature , the entire core will begin helium fusion nearly simultaneously in a so - called helium flash . In more - massive stars , the collapsing core will reach 10 K before it is dense enough to be degenerate , so helium fusion will begin much more smoothly , and produce no helium flash . The core helium fusing phase of a star 's life is called the horizontal branch in metal - poor stars , so named because these stars lie on a nearly horizontal line in the H -- R diagram of many star clusters . Metal - rich helium - fusing stars instead lie on the so - called red clump in the H -- R diagram . An analogous process occurs when the central helium is exhausted and the star collapses once again , causing helium in a shell to begin fusing . At the same time hydrogen may begin fusion in a shell just outside the burning helium shell . This puts the star onto the asymptotic giant branch , a second red - giant phase . The helium fusion results in the build up of a carbon -- oxygen core . A star below about 8 M will never start fusion in its degenerate carbon -- oxygen core . Instead , at the end of the asymptotic - giant - branch phase the star will eject its outer layers , forming a planetary nebula with the core of the star exposed , ultimately becoming a white dwarf . The ejection of the outer mass and the creation of a planetary nebula finally ends the red - giant phase of the star 's evolution . The red - giant phase typically lasts only around a billion years in total for a solar mass star , almost all of which is spent on the red - giant branch . The horizontal - branch and asymptotic - giant - branch phases proceed tens of times faster . If the star has about 0.2 to 0.5 M , it is massive enough to become a red giant but does not have enough mass to initiate the fusion of helium . These `` intermediate '' stars cool somewhat and increase their luminosity but never achieve the tip of the red - giant branch and helium core flash . When the ascent of the red - giant branch ends they puff off their outer layers much like a post-asymptotic - giant - branch star and then become a white dwarf . Stars that do not become red giants ( edit ) Very low mass stars are fully convective and may continue to fuse hydrogen into helium for up to a trillion years until only a small fraction of the entire star is hydrogen . Luminosity and temperature steadily increase during this time , just as for more - massive main - sequence stars , but the length of time involved means that the temperature eventually increases by about 50 % and the luminosity by around 10 times . Eventually the level of helium increases to the point where the star ceases to be fully convective and the remaining hydrogen locked in the core is consumed in only a few billion more years . Depending on mass , the temperature and luminosity continue to increase for a time during hydrogen shell burning , the star can become hotter than the Sun and tens of times more luminous than when it formed although still not as luminous as the Sun . After some billions more years , they start to become less luminous and cooler even though hydrogen shell burning continues . These become cool helium white dwarfs . Very - high - mass stars develop into supergiants that follow an evolutionary track that takes them back and forth horizontally over the HR diagram , at the right end constituting red supergiants . These usually end their life as a type II supernova . The most massive stars can become Wolf -- Rayet stars without becoming giants or supergiants at all . Planets ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2015 ) Red giants with known planets : the M - type HD 208527 , HD 220074 and , as of February 2014 , a few tens of known K - giants including Pollux , Gamma Cephei and Iota Draconis . Prospects for habitability ( edit ) Although traditionally it has been suggested the evolution of a star into a red giant will render its planetary system , if present , uninhabitable , some research suggests that , during the evolution of a 1 M star along the red - giant branch , it could harbor a habitable zone for several times 10 years at 2 AU out to around 10 years at 9 AU out , giving perhaps enough time for life to develop on a suitable world . After the red - giant stage , there would for such a star be a habitable zone between 7 and 22 AU for an additional 10 years . Later studies have refined this scenario , showing how for a 1 M star the habitable zone lasts from 10 years for a planet with an orbit similar to that of Mars one to 7015662709600000000 ♠ 2.1 × 10 yr for one that orbits at Saturn 's distance to the Sun , the maximum time ( 7016116763120000000 ♠ 3.7 × 10 yr ) corresponding for planets orbiting at the distance of Jupiter . However , for planets orbiting a 0.5 M star in equivalent orbits to those of Jupiter and Saturn they would be in the habitable zone for 7017183034080000000 ♠ 5.8 × 10 yr and 7016662709600000000 ♠ 2.1 × 10 yr respectively ; for stars more massive than the Sun , the times are considerably shorter . Enlargement of planets ( edit ) As of June 2014 , 50 giant planets have been discovered around giant stars . However , these giant planets are more massive than the giant planets found around solar - type stars . This could be because giant stars are more massive than the Sun ( less massive stars will still be on the main sequence and will not have become giants yet ) and more massive stars are expected to have more massive planets . However , the masses of the planets that have been found around giant stars do not correlate with the masses of the stars ; therefore , the planets could be growing in mass during the stars ' red giant phase . The growth in planet mass could be partly due to accretion from stellar wind , although a much larger effect would be Roche lobe overflow causing mass - transfer from the star to the planet when the giant expands out to the orbital distance of the planet . Well known examples ( edit ) Many of the well known bright stars are red giants , because they are luminous and moderately common . The asymptotic giant branch variable star Gamma Crucis is the nearest M class giant star at 88 light years . The K0 red giant branch star Arcturus is 36 light years away . Red - giant branch ( edit ) Aldebaran ( α Tauri ) Arcturus ( α Bootis ) Gacrux ( γ Crucis ) Red - clump giants ( edit ) Hamal ( α Arietis ) κ Persei δ Andromedae Asymptotic giant branch ( edit ) Mira ( ο Ceti ) χ Cygni α Herculis The Sun as a red giant ( edit ) See also : Sun § Life phases The current size of the Sun ( now in the main sequence ) compared to its estimated maximum size during its red - giant phase in the future In about 5 to 6 billion years , the Sun will have depleted the hydrogen fuel in its core and will begin to expand . At its largest , its surface ( photosphere ) will approximately reach the current orbit of Earth . It will then lose its atmosphere completely ; its outer layers forming a planetary nebula and the core a white dwarf . The evolution of the Sun into and through the red - giant phase has been extensively modelled , but it remains unclear whether Earth will be engulfed by the Sun or will continue in orbit . The uncertainty arises in part because as the Sun burns hydrogen , it loses mass causing Earth ( and all planets ) to orbit farther away . There are also significant uncertainties in calculating the orbits of the planets over the next 5 -- 6.5 billion years , so the fate of Earth is not well understood . At its brightest , the red - giant Sun will be several thousand times more luminous than today but its surface will be at about half the temperature . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boothroyd , A.I. ; Sackmann , I. ‐ J. ( 1999 ) . `` The CNO Isotopes : Deep Circulation in Red Giants and First and Second Dredge ‐ up '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 510 : 232 . Bibcode : 1999ApJ ... 510 ... 232B . doi : 10.1086 / 306546 . Jump up ^ Suzuki , Takeru K. ( 2007 ) . `` Structured Red Giant Winds with Magnetized Hot Bubbles and the Corona / Cool Wind Dividing Line '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 659 ( 2 ) : 1592 . Bibcode : 2007ApJ ... 659.1592 S. arXiv : astro - ph / 0608195 . doi : 10.1086 / 512600 . Jump up ^ Habing , Harm J. ; Olofsson , Hans ( 2003 ) . `` Asymptotic giant branch stars '' . Asymptotic giant branch stars . Bibcode : 2003agbs. conf ... H . Jump up ^ Schwarzschild , Martin ( 1975 ) . `` On the scale of photospheric convection in red giants and supergiants '' . Astrophysical Journal . 195 : 137 -- 144 . Bibcode : 1975ApJ ... 195 ... 137S . doi : 10.1086 / 153313 . ^ Jump up to : Laughlin , G. ; Bodenheimer , P. ; Adams , F.C. ( 1997 ) . `` The End of the Main Sequence '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 482 : 420 . Bibcode : 1997ApJ ... 482 ... 420L . doi : 10.1086 / 304125 . ^ Jump up to : Zeilik , Michael A. ; Gregory , Stephan A. ( 1998 ) . Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics ( 4th ed . ) . Saunders College Publishing . pp. 321 -- 322 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 006228 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Fagotto , F. ; Bressan , A. ; Bertelli , G. ; Chiosi , C. ( 1994 ) . `` Evolutionary sequences of stellar models with new radiative opacities. IV . Z = 0.004 and Z = 0.008 '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series . 105 . Bibcode : 1994A&AS ... 105 ... 29F . Jump up ^ Alves , David R. ; Sarajedini , Ata ( 1999 ) . `` The Age - dependent Luminosities of the Red Giant Branch Bump , Asymptotic Giant Branch Bump , and Horizontal Branch Red Clump '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 511 : 225 . Bibcode : 1999ApJ ... 511 ... 225A . arXiv : astro - ph / 9808253 . doi : 10.1086 / 306655 . Jump up ^ Sackmann , I. - J. ; Boothroyd , A.I. ; Kraemer , K.E. ( 1993 ) . `` Our Sun . III . Present and Future '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 418 : 457 . Bibcode : 1993ApJ ... 418 ... 457S . doi : 10.1086 / 173407 . Jump up ^ Reiners , A. ; Basri , G. ( 2009 ) . `` On the magnetic topology of partially and fully convective stars '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 496 ( 3 ) : 787 . Bibcode : 2009A&A ... 496 ... 787R . arXiv : 0901.1659 . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 200811450 . Jump up ^ Brainerd , Jerome James ( 2005 - 02 - 16 ) . `` Main - Sequence Stars '' . Stars . The Astrophysics Spectator . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Michael . `` Late stages of evolution for low - mass stars '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Crowther , P.A. ( 2007 ) . `` Physical Properties of Wolf - Rayet Stars '' . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 45 ( 1 ) : 177 -- 219 . Bibcode : 2007ARA&A ... 45 ... 177C . arXiv : astro - ph / 0610356 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. astro. 45.051806. 110615 . Jump up ^ Georges Meynet ; Cyril Georgy ; Raphael Hirschi ; Andre Maeder ; et al. ( 12 -- 16 July 2010 ) . G. Rauw ; M. De Becker ; Y . Naz \ ' e ; J. - M. Vreux ; et al. , eds . `` Red Supergiants , Luminous Blue Variables and Wolf - Rayet stars : The single massive star perspective '' . Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege , Bulletin ( Proceedings of the th Liege Astrophysical Colloquium ) . v1 . Li'ege. 80 ( 39 ) : 266 -- 278 . Bibcode : 2011BSRSL ... 80 ... 266M . arXiv : 1101.5873 . Jump up ^ http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/ExoTables/nph-exotbls?dataset=planets Jump up ^ Lopez , Bruno ; Schneider , Jean ; Danchi , William C. ( 2005 ) . `` Can Life Develop in the Expanded Habitable Zones around Red Giant Stars ? '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 627 ( 2 ) : 974 -- 985 . Bibcode : 2005ApJ ... 627 ... 974L . arXiv : astro - ph / 0503520 . doi : 10.1086 / 430416 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Ramses M. ; Kaltenegger , Lisa ( 2016 ) . `` Habitable Zones of Post-Main Sequence Stars '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 823 ( 1 ) . Bibcode : 2016ApJ ... 823 ... 6R . arXiv : 1605.04924 . doi : 10.3847 / 0004 - 637X / 823 / 1 / 6 . Jump up ^ Jones , M.I. ; Jenkins , J.S. ; Bluhm , P. ; Rojo , P. ; Melo , C.H.F. ( 2014 ) . `` The properties of planets around giant stars '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 566 : A113 . Bibcode : 2014A&A ... 566A. 113J . arXiv : 1406.0884 . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201323345 . Jump up ^ Ireland , M.J. ; et al. ( May 2004 ) . `` Multiwavelength diameters of nearby Miras and semiregular variables '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 350 ( 1 ) : 365 -- 374 . Bibcode : 2004MNRAS. 350 ... 365I . arXiv : astro - ph / 0402326 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2004. 07651. x . Jump up ^ Abia , C. ; Palmerini , S. ; Busso , M. ; Cristallo , S. ( 2012 ) . `` Carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios in Arcturus and Aldebaran . Constraining the parameters for non-convective mixing on the red giant branch '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 548 : A55 . Bibcode : 2012A&A ... 548A ... 55A . arXiv : 1210.1160 . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201220148 . Jump up ^ Alves , David R. ( 2000 ) . `` K - Band Calibration of the Red Clump Luminosity '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 539 ( 2 ) : 732 . Bibcode : 2000ApJ ... 539 ... 732A . arXiv : astro - ph / 0003329 . doi : 10.1086 / 309278 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Red giants at Wikimedia Commons Star Formation Accretion Molecular cloud Bok globule Young stellar object Protostar Pre-main - sequence star Herbig Ae / Be Orion T Tauri FU Orionis Herbig -- Haro object Hayashi track Henyey track Evolution Main sequence Red giant branch Horizontal branch Red clump Asymptotic giant branch Protoplanetary nebula Planetary nebula PG1159 star Dredge - up Instability strip Luminous blue variable Blue straggler Stellar population Supernova Supernova impostor Hypernova Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram Color -- color diagram Luminosity class Subdwarf Dwarf Blue Red White Yellow Brown Subgiant Giant Blue Red Bright giant Supergiant Blue Red Yellow Hypergiant Yellow Spectral classification WR Be OB Subdwarf O Subdwarf B Late - type Chemically peculiar Am Ap / Bp Barium Carbon CH CN Extreme helium Lambda Boötis Lead HgMn Technetium Shell Remnants White dwarf Helium planet Neutron star Radio - quiet Pulsar Binary X-ray Magnetar Stellar black hole X-ray binary Burster Theoretical stars Black dwarf Exotic Quark Strange Preon Planck Electroweak star Dark - matter star Dark - energy star Black star Gravastar Frozen star Q star Quasi-star Thorne -- Żytkow object Iron star Blitzar Nucleosynthesis Deuterium burning Lithium burning Proton -- proton chain CNO cycle Helium flash Triple - alpha process Alpha process Carbon burning Neon burning Oxygen burning Silicon burning S - process R - process Fusor Nova Symbiotic Remnant Luminous red nova Structure Core Convection zone Microturbulence Oscillations Radiation zone Atmosphere Photosphere Starspot Chromosphere Corona Stellar wind Bubble Bipolar outflow Accretion disk Asteroseismology Helioseismology Eddington luminosity Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism Properties Designation Dynamics Effective temperature Kinematics Magnetic field Absolute magnitude Mass Metallicity Rotation UBV color Variable star Mira variable Star systems Binary Contact Common envelope Eclipsing Multiple Star cluster Open cluster Globular cluster Super star cluster Planetary system Earth 's Solar System Earth - centric observation of Pole star Circumpolar star Constellation Asterism Magnitude Apparent Extinction Photographic Radial velocity Proper motion Parallax Photometric - standard star Lists Star names Arabic Chinese Extremes Most massive Highest temperature Largest volume Smallest volume Brightest Historical Most luminous Nearest Nearest bright Stars with exoplanets Brown dwarfs White dwarfs Milky Way novae Notable supernovae Supernova candidates Supernova remnants Planetary nebulae Timeline of stellar astronomy Related articles Substellar object Brown dwarf Sub-brown dwarf Planet Galactic year Galaxy Supercluster Guest star Gravity Intergalactic star Infrared dark cloud Starfield Category : Stars Star portal GND : 4178528 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_giant&oldid=799713774 '' Categories : M - type giants Red giants Star types Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Use dmy dates from March 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Seeltersk සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 11 : 44 . 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where is good witch supposed to take place	Grey House -- an old , abandoned building in the town of Middleton -- is infamous for being haunted by its former owner , known as `` The Grey Lady '' . Police Chief Inspector Jake Russell decides to investigate when rumors start to spread of someone occupying the house . He enters the building , accompanied by the town mayors wife Martha Tisdale , and is welcomed by a mysterious , beautiful woman who introduces herself as Cassandra Nightingale . She tells them she had just moved in , and plans to open a shop on Main Street .	the town of Middleton	The Good Witch	the good witch	The Good Witch is a television film that aired on the Hallmark Channel on January 19 , 2008 . It stars Catherine Bell as Cassandra Nightingale and Chris Potter as Chief of Police Jake Russell . The film has spawned six sequels and a television series .	Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast and Characters 3 Promotion 4 Production 5 Reception 6 Home media 7 Sequels 8 Television series 9 Characters 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Grey House -- an old , abandoned building in the town of Middleton -- is infamous for being haunted by its former owner , known as `` The Grey Lady '' . Police Chief Inspector Jake Russell decides to investigate when rumors start to spread of someone occupying the house . He enters the building , accompanied by the town mayors wife Martha Tisdale , and is welcomed by a mysterious , beautiful woman who introduces herself as Cassandra Nightingale . She tells them she had just moved in , and plans to open a shop on Main Street . Later , Jake Russell 's children Brandon and Lori are chased by a dog on their way home from school . They end up in the front yard of Grey House and Lori falls and bruises her knee . Cassie appears and makes the dog stop just by looking at it . She talks to the dog , and tells it to behave better and go home . The dog does as told . She invites the children into her house to take care of Lori 's knee . The kitchen is full of vials and bottles containing various herbs , which leads Brandon to believe that Cassie is a witch . The new shop on Main Street is also filled with elixirs and herbs from around the world . This leads many townspeople , especially Martha Tisdale , to believe Cassie practices Black Magic . As Jake Russell investigates mysterious occurrences , he and Cassie frequently interact . A mutual attraction evolves , leading him to ask her out on a date . As time passes , some people in Middleton continue to be hostile toward Cassie and she considers leaving town . However , she postpones the date when Jake convinces her to stay . The couple spend a romantic evening at Grey House where they kiss . Cast and characters ( edit ) Catherine Bell as Cassandra Nightingale . A mysterious woman who moves into Grey House . She seems to have multiple strange abilities , the extent and origin of which are mostly unknown . These include communicating with animals , and suddenly appearing out of nowhere . Born Sue - Ellen Brook , Cassie 's parents died in a car crash when she was a child , and she was raised in foster care . Cassie has a shop in Middleton called Bell , Book & Candle , where she sells various curious objects . Towards the end of the film she begins a relationship with Police Chief Jake Russell . Chris Potter as Chief of Police Jake Russell . Jake is the father of Brandon and Lori . Since the death of his wife Jennifer three years ago , he gets help raising them by his father - in - law George . Since his wife 's death he has become overly protective of his children . Jake is fascinated by Cassandra , but as opposed to her intuitive decision - making , he relies mainly on facts . Toward the end of the film , the two begin a relationship . Matthew Knight as Brandon Russell . The son of Jennifer and Jake Russell . Brandon spends his free time playing video games . He cares for his younger sister , despite often being annoyed by her . He gets bullied by another boy in school , but after learning the boy comes from an abusive home , the two boys become friends . Brandon tells his father about the abuse , and helps get his friend away from the situation . Hannah Endicott - Douglas as Lori Russell , Jake 's youngest child . Since her mother 's death , she has been haunted by nightmares about monsters . She receives a dreamcatcher from Cassie and is told not to dream of bunnies , which makes her nightmares disappear . Catherine Disher as Martha Tinsdale , a strong willed member of city council . Martha is afraid of Cassandra ruining the good image of Middleton , as the town is looking for new investors . Convinced that Cassie practises Black Magic , she petitions for the shop to be closed . Paula Boudrea as Nancy , also a member of city council . Nancy buys a parfum in Bell , Book & Candle that increases her husband 's attraction to her . At the end of the film , she is revealed to be pregnant , after having tried for a long time . She befriends Cassie and makes some effort to defend her . Noah Cappe as Deputy Derek Sanders , a laid back and easygoing police officer . In addition to Jake being his boss , the two men are also friends . Derek is surprised when he first sees Cassie , as she does not look like the witch townspeople have called her . Peter MacNeill as George O'Hanrahan . Nathan McLeod as Michael , son of Martha Tinsdale . Jesse Bostick as Kyle . Promotion ( edit ) On January 15 , 2008 , Hallmark Channel and Limbo , the mobile entertainment community , teamed up to create and launch the cable network 's first - ever mobile interactive initiative . The campaign `` enhanced viewers ' experience of the premiere of the network 's original movie ... through ' Limbo Unique ' -- a game played via cell phone or online '' . The grand prize was $2,000 and a portrait of the `` Grey Lady '' that was featured in the movie . Production ( edit ) Although set in Middleton , USA , it was filmed in Hamilton and Niagara on the Lake , Ontario in Canada . In the sequel , The Good Witch 's Charm , the map on the wall in the police station shows Middleton located northwest of Chicago , in the vicinity of DuPage County . The names of the suburbs and interstates that are west of Chicago can be clearly seen . Reception ( edit ) The movie had great success on Hallmark Channel on the night of its premiere , making it the second - highest - rated original movie to that date . It premiered with a 3.8 HH ( household ) rating and was in nearly 3.2 million homes . It also was # 1 in its time period , propelling the channel to the # 4 spot in weekly ranking . Home media ( edit ) The Good Witch ( Region 1 ) DVD was released on January 5 , 2010 . The Good Witch Collection ( Region 1 ) DVD was released October 14 , 2014 . Sequels ( edit ) On February 7 , 2009 , the Hallmark Channel aired a sequel , The Good Witch 's Garden . The third installment , The Good Witch 's Gift , aired on November 13 , 2010 , on Hallmark . The fourth installment , The Good Witch 's Family , aired on October 29 , 2011 . The fifth installment The Good Witch 's Charm premiered on October 27 , 2012 . The Good Witch 's Destiny sixth installment premiered on October 26 , 2013 . A seventh installment , The Good Witch 's Wonder , aired October 25 , 2014 . Television series ( edit ) Main article : Good Witch ( TV series ) In February 2014 , the Hallmark Channel announced that Good Witch had been green - lighted for a ten - episode series , starring Catherine Bell , to premiere on February 28 , 2015 . Production for the first season began on October 29 , 2014 , in Toronto , with Sue Tenney as showrunner . Bailee Madison and James Denton also star . Characters ( edit ) A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film or the series season / special . Character Title The Good Witch Garden Gift Family Charm Destiny Wonder Season 1 Halloween Season 2 Secrets of Grey House Season 3 Spellbound Season 4 Cassie Nightingale Catherine Bell Jake Russell Chris Potter Martha Tinsdale Catherine Disher George Peter MacNeill Peter MacNeill Brandon Russell Matthew Knight Dan Jeannotte Dan Jeannotte Dan Jeannotte Lori Russell Hannah Endicott - Douglas Derek Noah Cappe Tom Tinsdale Paul Miller Paul Miller Paul Miller Paul Miller Paul Miller Michael Tinsdale Nathan McLeod Edward Ruttle Edward Ruttle Gwen Elizabeth Lennie Elizabeth Lennie Abigail Pershing Sarah Power Sarah Power Tara Ashley Leggat Rebecca Dalton Rebecca Dalton Rebecca Dalton Grace Russell uncredited uncredited Lily - Fay Mowbray Bailee Madison Jarod Randal Edwards Randal Edwards Randal Edwards Sam James Denton Ryan Anthony Lemke Anthony Lemke Stephanie Kylee Evans Nick Rhys Matthew Bond Anthony Shane Harte Linda Gabrielle Miller Ben Jefferson Brown Eve Kate Corbett John Dover Dan Payne Courtney Alanna Bale Alanna Bale Liam Seann Gallagher Noah James Swalm James Rittinger Phil Sebastian Pigott References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel Press Site : Company Milestones Archived December 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Catherine Bell and Chris Potter to Star in Sequel to `` The Good Witch , '' Hallmark Channel 's Second - Highest - Rated Original Movie Ever - TheFutonCritic.com `` . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel Press Release 1 / 23 / 2008 Archived October 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : The Good Witch Collection ( The Good Witch 's Garden / Good Witch 's Gift / The Good Witch 's Family / The Good Witch 's Charm ) ( Hallmark ) : Catherine Bell , Craig Pryce : Movies & TV '' . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel Press Release 12 / 8 / 2008 Jump up ^ The Good Witch 's Garden Archived March 23 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . at Hallmark Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Hallmark Channel 2010 Fall TV Preview - TheFutonCritic.com '' . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Catherine Bell and Chris Potter Reteam for the Spell - Binding Seventh Installment in `` The Good Witch '' Series - TheFutonCritic.com `` . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel 's Good Witch Movies To Spawn Drama Series Starring Catherine Bell Jump up ^ Join Us Saturday , February 28 8 / 7c for the Two - Hour World Premiere Event of Good Witch , A Hallmark Channel Original Primetime Series ^ Jump up to : James Denton to Star in Hallmark Channel 's ' The Good Witch ' Archived October 27 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Details '' . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) The Good Witch at Hallmark Channel The Good Witch Movies on Hallmark Channel The Good Witch on IMDb The Good Witch Films The Good Witch ( 2008 ) The Good Witch 's Garden ( 2009 ) The Good Witch 's Gift ( 2010 ) The Good Witch 's Family ( 2011 ) The Good Witch 's Charm ( 2012 ) The Good Witch 's Destiny ( 2013 ) The Good Witch 's Wonder ( 2014 ) Television Good Witch ( episodes ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Good_Witch&oldid=852991812 '' Categories : 2008 television films American fantasy films American television films Canadian fantasy films Canadian television films English - language films Films shot in Hamilton , Ontario Hallmark Channel original films American films Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2014 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 18 : 14 ( UTC ) . 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how many stories is the westfield mall in san francisco			Westfield San Francisco Centre	westfield san francisco centre	The Westfield San Francisco Centre is an upscale , urban shopping mall located in San Francisco , California , managed by the Westfield Group and co-owned by Westfield and Forest City Enterprises . It is anchored by Nordstrom and Bloomingdale 's , and includes a Century Theatres multiplex , and a branch of San Francisco State University . It connects directly to the Powell Street transit station via an underground entrance .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Gallery 3 Anchors and major tenants 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Originally developed by Sheldon Gordon ( co-developer of The Forum Shops at Caesars and Beverly Center ) the center opened in October 1991 as San Francisco Shopping Centre with approximately 500,000 square feet ( 46,000 m ) of space , the then - largest Nordstrom store ( 350,000 square feet ) on the top several floors , the first spiral escalators in the United States , and connecting through to the adjoining Emporium - Capwell flagship store . After a slow start , it soon became one of the top performing shopping centers in the country . In 1996 , the adjoining Emporium ( it had dropped the Capwell name by then ) was shuttered in the wake of Federated Department Stores ' buyout of its parent , Broadway Stores . The vacated store was temporarily used as a Macy 's furniture store while it renovated its Union Square flagship in 1997 . In May 1997 , Urban Shopping Centers , Inc. , a Real Estate Investment Trust acquired a half - interest and management of the center . This was followed by Urban 's own buyout by Rodamco North America N.V. ( a European property firm primarily invested in the United States ) in October 2000 and Rodamco 's subsequent sale to a consortium including The Westfield Group in January 2002 . Westfield acquired its initial 50 % stake in the center at this time and soon bought the rest . In 2003 , Forest City , which had acquired redevelopment rights to the long - vacant Emporium store from Federated , reached an agreement with Westfield to jointly redevelop the two properties . The newly expanded mixed - use Westfield San Francisco Centre that was unveiled September 28 , 2006 , includes Bloomingdale 's West Coast flagship store , a nine - screen Century Theatres multiplex theater featuring 2 XD screens , and a satellite campus for San Francisco State University in its 1.5 million+ ft2 of space . The redevelopment cost $440 million . Only the front facade and landmark dome of the original structure were preserved ; the rest of the structure was completely gutted and replaced . Upon completion of the project , Forest City became an equity partner and along with Westfield assumed responsibility for day - to - day management . In March 2009 , it was announced that Westfield San Francisco Centre shopping center was named as one of nine finalists vying for the title of `` World 's Best Shopping Center '' as part of the International Council of Shopping Centers Inc. 's inaugural `` Best of the Best '' awards . In 2011 , the San Francisco Police Department considered putting a substation in the mall to prevent rampant shoplifting . Gallery ( edit ) 845 Market Street , anchored by Bloomingdale 's The entrance to 845 Market Street The entrance to 865 Market Street 865 Market Street , anchored by Nordstrom The dome within the shopping center . Anchors and major tenants ( edit ) Bloomingdale 's ( 338,000 ft2 ; opened 2006 ) Nordstrom ( 350,000 ft2 ; opened 1988 ) Century Theatres & XD 9 - screen multiplex ( 53,000 ft2 ) Crunchyroll ( 107,000 ft2 ) San Francisco State University College of Extended Learning ( 107,000 ft2 ; opened 2006 ) See also ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Westfield Jump up ^ Dorning , Amy Weaver ( November / December 2006 ) `` Department Store : 110 - Year - Old Glamour '' American Heritage Magazine Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Aldax , Mike ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` Mall shoplifting pinches police . '' San Francisco Examiner , p. 5 . Sources Westfield San Francisco Centre Opening Fact Sheet Westfield San Francisco Centre Press Release International Council of Shopping Centers External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Westfield San Francisco Centre . Official website San Francisco attractions Landmarks 49 - Mile Drive Alcatraz Bay Bridge Cable Cars The Castro Chinatown City Hall Cliff House Coit Tower F - Market Streetcar Fairmont Hotel Federal Reserve Bank Ferry Building Fisherman 's Wharf Fort Mason Fort Point Ghirardelli Square Golden Gate Bridge Grace Cathedral Haight - Ashbury Jack Kerouac Alley Lombard Street Mark Hopkins Hotel Market Street Mission Dolores Nob Hill North Beach Old U.S. Mint Painted ladies Palace of Fine Arts Pier 39 Public Library Sutro Baths Sutro Tower Transamerica Pyramid Treasure Island Union Square Museums and art Asian Art Museum Aquarium of the Bay Cable Car Museum California Academy of Sciences Cartoon Art Museum Children 's Creativity Museum Chinese Historical Society Museum Conservatory of Flowers Contemporary Jewish Museum The Walt Disney Family Museum de Young Museum Exploratorium Haas - Lilienthal House Legion of Honor Musée Mécanique Museo ItaloAmericano Museum of Performance & Design Museum of the African Diaspora Precita Eyes Randall Museum Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! San Francisco Museum of Modern Art San Francisco Maritime Railway Museum USS Pampanito Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts Parks and recreation Alamo Square Bay Area Ridge Trail Candlestick Point Corona Heights Crissy Field Dolores Park Glen Canyon Golden Gate National Recreation Area Golden Gate Park Lafayette Park Lake Merced Marina Green McLaren Park Mount Davidson Mount Sutro Ocean Beach The Presidio San Francisco Bay Trail San Francisco Zoo Stern Grove Twin Peaks Yerba Buena Gardens Views Coit Tower Twin Peaks Seal Rocks / Ocean Beach Baker Beach Golden Gate Bridge Fort Funston Hamon Observation Tower at the de Young Museum Strawberry Hill Crissy Field Pacific Heights Alamo Square / Painted Ladies Top of the Mark Alcatraz Treasure Island Lombard Street Powell - Hyde Cable Car Ferry Building Bernal Hill 49 - Mile Scenic Drive Hawk Hill Fort Baker Entertainment American Conservatory Theater Bill Graham Civic Auditorium Cow Palace The Fillmore War Memorial and Performing Arts Center Yerba Buena Center for the Arts Sports San Francisco Giants AT&T Park Candlestick Park Kezar Stadium Food and drink Anchor Steam Boudin Bakery Buena Vista Cafe Dungeness crab Ghirardelli Square Tadich Grill Tonga Room & Hurricane Bar Top of the Mark Shopping Metreon Stonestown Galleria Union Square Westfield San Francisco Centre National Register of Historic Places listings in San Francisco Shopping in the San Francisco Bay Area North Bay The Mall at Northgate , San Rafael Town Center at Corte Madera The Village at Corte Madera Solano Mall , Fairfield Oakland / East Bay 4th Street , Berkeley Abella Center , San Pablo Bayfair Center , San Leandro Bay Street Emeryville Broadway Plaza , Walnut Creek El Cerrito Plaza Grand Lake , Oakland Hilltop Mall , Richmond Jack London Square , Oakland Macdonald 80 Shopping Center , Richmond Montclair Village , Oakland NewPark Mall , Newark Oakland City Center Pacific Commons , Fremont Pacific East Mall , Richmond Piedmont Avenue , Oakland Point Richmond Historic District Rockridge Market Hall , Oakland Skywest Commons , Hayward Solano Avenue , Albany and Berkeley Somersville Towne Center , Antioch Southland Mall , Hayward Stoneridge Shopping Center , Pleasanton Sunvalley Shopping Center , Concord Telegraph Avenue , Berkeley Union Landing , Union City Uptown Oakland Westgate Center , San Leandro The Willows Shopping Center , Concord San Francisco / Peninsula Chinatown , San Francisco San Francisco Ferry Building Fisherman 's Wharf , San Francisco Haight - Ashbury , San Francisco Hillsdale Shopping Center , San Mateo Metreon , San Francisco Westfield San Francisco Centre Serramonte Center , Daly City The Shops at Tanforan , San Bruno Stonestown Galleria , San Francisco Union Square , San Francisco Westlake Shopping Center , Daly City San Jose / South Bay Eastridge Center , San Jose Great Mall of the Bay Area , Milpitas Downtown Los Gatos Milpitas Square PruneYard Shopping Center , Campbell San Antonio Shopping Center , Mountain View Santana Row , San Jose Stanford Shopping Center , Palo Alto Vallco Shopping Mall , Cupertino Westfield Oakridge , San Jose Westfield Valley Fair , San Jose Westgate Mall , San Jose Westfield Shopping Centers in the United States California ( Northern ) Galleria at Roseville Oakridge San Francisco Centre Valley Fair California ( Southern ) Century City Culver City Fashion Square Horton Plaza Mission Valley North County Palm Desert Plaza Bonita Promenade Santa Anita Topanga UTC Valencia Town Center Connecticut Meriden Trumbull Florida Brandon Broward Citrus Park Countryside Sarasota Square Siesta Key Illinois Old Orchard Maryland Annapolis Montgomery Wheaton New Jersey Garden State Plaza New York South Shore Sunrise World Trade Center Fulton Center Washington Southcenter Westfield Corporation Shopping malls in California Northern California Alameda Bay Street Emeryville Bayfair Center Eastmont Town Center Fremont Hub NewPark Mall Oakland City Center Pacific Commons Rockridge Market Hall Skywest Commons Southland Mall Stoneridge Shopping Center Union Landing Shopping Center Westgate Center Contra Costa Abella Center Broadway Plaza El Cerrito Plaza Hilltop Mall Macdonald 80 Shopping Center Pacific East Mall Somersville Towne Center Sunvalley Shopping Center Willows Shopping Center Fresno Fashion Fair Mall River Park Marin Mall at Northgate Town Center at Corte Madera Village at Corte Madera Monterey Del Monte Center Northridge Mall Sacramento Arden Fair Mall Downtown Commons Florin Mall Florin Towne Centre Sunrise Mall San Francisco Metreon Stonestown Galleria Union Square Union Street Stores Westfield San Francisco Centre San Mateo Hillsdale Shopping Center Serramonte Center Shops at Tanforan Westlake Shopping Center San Joaquin Sherwood Mall Weberstown Mall West Valley Mall Santa Clara Eastridge Great Mall of the Bay Area Mayfield Mall PruneYard Shopping Center San Antonio Shopping Center Santana Row Stanford Shopping Center Sunnyvale Town Center Vallco Shopping Mall Westfield Oakridge Westfield Valley Fair Westgate Mall Sonoma Coddingtown Mall Montgomery Village Santa Rosa Plaza Elsewhere Bayshore Mall Capitola Mall Chico Mall Vintage Faire Mall Visalia Mall Westfield Galleria at Roseville Yuba Sutter Mall Southern California Los Angeles Los Angeles Proper Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza Beverly Center Brentwood Country Mart El Mercado de Los Angeles Farmers Market FIGat7th Grove at Farmers Market Hollywood and Highland Center Promenade at Howard Hughes Center West Hollywood Gateway Project Westfield Century City Westside Pavilion San Fernando Valley Americana at Brand Burbank Town Center Crossroads of the World Commons at Calabasas Fallbrook Center Glendale Galleria Northridge Fashion Center Sherman Oaks Galleria Universal CityWalk Westfield Fashion Square Westfield Promenade Westfield Topanga Elsewhere Antelope Valley Mall Cerritos Towne Center Del Amo Fashion Center Eastland Center Edgemar Fisherman 's Village Hawthorne Plaza Shopping Center Lakewood Center Long Beach Plaza Los Cerritos Center Malibu Country Mart Old Pasadena Paseo Colorado Plaza México Plaza West Covina Puente Hills Mall Quad at Whittier Santa Monica Place Shops at Montebello South Bay Galleria SouthBay Pavilion Stonewood Center Third Street Promenade Westfield Culver City Westfield Santa Anita Westfield Valencia Town Center Whittwood Town Center Orange Anaheim GardenWalk Anaheim Plaza Bella Terra Brea Mall Buena Park Downtown Downtown Disney Fashion Island Irvine Spectrum Laguna Hills Mall MainPlace Mall The Market Place Outlets at Orange Shops at Mission Viejo South Coast Plaza Village at Orange Westminster Mall Riverside Desert Fashion Plaza Galleria at Tyler Main Street Pedestrian Mall Moreno Valley Mall Promenade In Temecula Westfield Palm Desert San Bernardino Barstow Mall Carousel Mall Citrus Plaza Inland Center Mall of Victor Valley MetroCentre Mall Montclair Plaza Ontario Mills Redlands Mall Victoria Gardens San Diego Chula Vista Center Fashion Valley Mall Grossmont Center Las Americas Premium Outlets Otay Ranch Town Center Parkway Plaza Seaport Village Westfield Carlsbad Westfield Horton Plaza Westfield Mission Valley Westfield North County Westfield Plaza Bonita Westfield UTC Ventura Collection at RiverPark The Oaks Pacific View Mall Simi Valley Town Center Elsewhere Imperial Valley Mall La Cumbre Plaza Valley Plaza Mall Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westfield_San_Francisco_Centre&oldid=803644917 '' Categories : Shopping malls in San Francisco Market Street ( San Francisco ) Union Square , San Francisco Westfield Group Forest City Enterprises Shopping malls established in 1988 Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 19 : 34 . 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where are the rocky mountains located in colorado	The eastern edge of the Rockies rises dramatically above the Interior Plains of central North America , including the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of New Mexico and Colorado , the Front Range of Colorado , the Wind River Range and Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming , the Absaroka - Beartooth ranges and Rocky Mountain Front of Montana and the Clark Range of Alberta . In Canada geographers define three main groups of ranges : the Continental Ranges , Hart Ranges and Muskwa Ranges ( the latter two flank the Peace River , the only river to pierce the Rockies , and are collectively referred to as the Northern Rockies ) . The Muskwa and Hart Ranges together comprise what is known as the Northern Rockies ( the Mackenzie Mountains north of the Liard River are sometimes referred to as being part of the Rocky Mountains but this is an unofficial designation ) .		Rocky Mountains	rocky mountains	The Rocky Mountains , commonly known as the Rockies , are a major mountain range in western North America . The Rocky Mountains stretch more than 3,000 miles ( 4,800 km ) from the northernmost part of British Columbia , in western Canada , to New Mexico , in the Southwestern United States . Within the North American Cordillera , the Rockies are somewhat distinct from the Pacific Coast Ranges and the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada , which all lie further to the west .	The Rocky Mountains were initially formed from 80 million to 55 million years ago during the Laramide orogeny , in which a number of plates began to slide underneath the North American plate . The angle of subduction was shallow , resulting in a broad belt of mountains running down western North America . Since then , further tectonic activity and erosion by glaciers have sculpted the Rockies into dramatic peaks and valleys . At the end of the last ice age , humans started to inhabit the mountain range . After Europeans , such as Sir Alexander Mackenzie , and Americans , such as the Lewis and Clark expedition , started to explore the range , minerals and furs drove the initial economic exploitation of the mountains , although the range itself never became densely populated . Much of the mountain range is protected by public parks and forest lands and is a popular tourist destination , especially for hiking , camping , mountaineering , fishing , hunting , mountain biking , skiing , and snowboarding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geography 3 Geology 4 Ecology and climate 5 History 5.1 Indigenous people 5.2 European exploration 5.3 Settlement 6 Economy 6.1 Industry and development 6.2 Tourism 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Etymology The name of the mountains is a translation of an Amerindian name that is closely related to Algonquian ; the Cree name `` as - sin - wati '' , is given as , when seen from across the prairies , they looked like a rocky mass . The first mention of their present name by a European was in the journal of Jacques Legardeur de Saint - Pierre in 1752 , where they were called `` Montagnes de Roche '' . Geography See also : Geography of the United States Rocky Mountain System The Rocky Mountains are commonly defined as stretching from the Liard River in British Columbia south to the Rio Grande in New Mexico . Other mountain ranges continue beyond those two rivers , including the Selwyn Mountains in Yukon , the Brooks Range in Alaska , and the Sierra Madre in Mexico , but those are not part of the Rockies , though they are part of the American Cordillera . The United States definition of the Rockies includes the Cabinet and Salish Mountains of Idaho and Montana . Their counterparts north of the Kootenai River , the Columbia Mountains , are considered a separate system in Canada , lying to the west of the huge Rocky Mountain Trench . This runs the length of British Columbia from its beginnings in the middle Flathead River valley in western Montana to the south bank of the Liard River . The Rockies vary in width from 70 to 300 miles ( 110 to 480 kilometers ) . Also west of the Rocky Mountain Trench , farther north and facing the Muskwa Range across the trench , are the Stikine Ranges and Omineca Mountains of the Interior Mountains system of British Columbia . A small area east of Prince George , British Columbia on the eastern side of the Trench , the McGregor Plateau , resembles the Rockies but is considered part of the Interior Plateau . The Front Range of the Rocky Mountains near Denver , Colorado The eastern edge of the Rockies rises dramatically above the Interior Plains of central North America , including the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of New Mexico and Colorado , the Front Range of Colorado , the Wind River Range and Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming , the Absaroka - Beartooth ranges and Rocky Mountain Front of Montana and the Clark Range of Alberta . In Canada geographers define three main groups of ranges : the Continental Ranges , Hart Ranges and Muskwa Ranges ( the latter two flank the Peace River , the only river to pierce the Rockies , and are collectively referred to as the Northern Rockies ) . The Muskwa and Hart Ranges together comprise what is known as the Northern Rockies ( the Mackenzie Mountains north of the Liard River are sometimes referred to as being part of the Rocky Mountains but this is an unofficial designation ) . The Tetons are a rugged subrange in Wyoming The western edge of the Rockies includes ranges such as the Wasatch near Salt Lake City and the Bitterroots along the Idaho - Montana border . The Great Basin and Columbia River Plateau separate these sub-ranges from distinct ranges further to the west , most prominent among which are the Sierra Nevada , Cascade Range and Coast Mountains . The Rockies do not extend into the Yukon or Alaska , or into central British Columbia , where the Rocky Mountain System ( but not the Rocky Mountains ) includes the Columbia Mountains , the southward extension of which is considered part of the Rockies in the United States . The Rocky Mountain System within the United States is a United States physiographic region ; the Rocky Mountain System is known in Canada as the Eastern System . The Rocky Mountains are notable for containing the highest peaks in central North America . The range 's highest peak is Mount Elbert located in Colorado at 14,440 feet ( 4,401 m ) above sea level . Mount Robson in British Columbia , at 12,972 feet ( 3,954 m ) , is the highest peak in the Canadian Rockies . Mount Robson in British Columbia . The Continental Divide of the Americas is located in the Rocky Mountains and designates the line at which waters flow either to the Atlantic or Pacific Oceans . Triple Divide Peak ( 8,020 feet ( 2,440 m ) ) in Glacier National Park is so named because water that falls on the mountain reaches not only the Atlantic and Pacific , but Hudson Bay as well . Farther north in Alberta , the Athabasca and other rivers feed the basin of the Mackenzie River , which has its outlet on the Beaufort Sea of the Arctic Ocean . See Rivers of the Rocky Mountains for a list of rivers . Human population is not very dense in the Rocky Mountains , with an average of four people per square kilometer and few cities with over 50,000 people . However , the human population grew rapidly in the Rocky Mountain states between 1950 and 1990 . The 40 - year statewide increases in population range from 35 % in Montana to about 150 % in Utah and Colorado . The populations of several mountain towns and communities have doubled in the last 40 years . Jackson Hole , Wyoming , increased 260 % , from 1,244 to 4,472 residents , in 40 years . Geology See also : Geology of the Rocky Mountains The rocks in the Rocky Mountains were formed before the mountains were raised by tectonic forces . The oldest rock is Precambrian metamorphic rock that forms the core of the North American continent . There is also Precambrian sedimentary argillite , dating back to 1.7 billion years ago . During the Paleozoic , western North America lay underneath a shallow sea , which deposited many kilometers of limestone and dolomite . In the southern Rocky Mountains , near present - day Colorado , these ancestral rocks were disturbed by mountain building approximately 300 Ma , during the Pennsylvanian . This mountain building produced the Ancestral Rocky Mountains . They consisted largely of Precambrian metamorphic rock forced upward through layers of the limestone laid down in the shallow sea . The mountains eroded throughout the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic , leaving extensive deposits of sedimentary rock . Terranes started to collide with the western edge of North America in the Mississippian ( approximately 350 million years ago ) , causing the Antler orogeny . For 270 million years , the effects of plate collisions were focused very near the edge of the North American plate boundary , far to the west of the Rocky Mountain region . It was not until 80 Ma that these effects began to reach the Rockies . The current Rocky Mountains were raised in the Laramide orogeny from between 80 and 55 Ma . For the Canadian Rockies , the mountain building is analogous to a rug being pushed on a hardwood floor : the rug bunches up and forms wrinkles ( mountains ) . In Canada , the terranes and subduction are the foot pushing the rug , the ancestral rocks are the rug , and the Canadian Shield in the middle of the continent is the hardwood floor . Further south , the growth of the Rocky Mountains in the United States was probably caused by an unusual subduction , where the Farallon plate dove at a shallow angle below the North American plate . This low angle moved the focus of melting and mountain building much farther inland than the normal 200 to 300 miles ( 300 to 500 km ) . It is postulated that the shallow angle of the subducting plate greatly increased the friction and other interactions with the thick continental mass above it . Tremendous thrusts piled sheets of crust on top of each other , building the extraordinarily broad , high Rocky Mountain range . Tilted slabs of sedimentary rock in Colorado The current southern Rockies were forced upwards through the layers of Pennsylvanian and Permian sedimentary remnants of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains . Such sedimentary remnants were often tilted at steep angles along the flanks of the modern range ; they are now visible in many places throughout the Rockies , and are prominently shown along the Dakota Hogback , an early Cretaceous sandstone formation that runs along the eastern flank of the modern Rockies . Immediately after the Laramide orogeny , the Rockies were like Tibet : a high plateau , probably 6,000 metres ( 20,000 ft ) above sea level . In the last 60 million years , erosion stripped away the high rocks , revealing the ancestral rocks beneath , and forming the current landscape of the Rockies . Glaciers , such as Jackson Glacier in Glacier National Park , Montana , as shown here , have dramatically shaped the Rocky Mountains . Periods of glaciation occurred from the Pleistocene Epoch ( 1.8 million -- 70,000 years ago ) to the Holocene Epoch ( fewer than 11,000 years ago ) . These ice ages left their mark on the Rockies , forming extensive glacial landforms , such as U-shaped valleys and cirques . Recent glacial episodes included the Bull Lake Glaciation that began about 150,000 years ago and the Pinedale Glaciation that probably remained at full glaciation until 15,000 -- 20,000 years ago . All of the geological processes , above , have left a complex set of rocks exposed at the surface . For example , volcanic rock from the Paleogene and Neogene periods ( 66 million -- 2.6 million years ago ) occurs in the San Juan Mountains and in other areas . Millennia of severe erosion in the Wyoming Basin transformed intermountain basins into a relatively flat terrain . The Tetons and other north - central ranges contain folded and faulted rocks of Paleozoic and Mesozoic age draped above cores of Proterozoic and Archean igneous and metamorphic rocks ranging in age from 1.2 billion ( e.g. , Tetons ) to more than 3.3 billion years ( Beartooth Mountains ) . Ecology and climate Main article : Ecology of the Rocky Mountains There are a wide range of environmental factors in the Rocky Mountains . The Rockies range in latitude between the Liard River in British Columbia ( at 59 ° N ) and the Rio Grande in New Mexico ( at 35 ° N ) . Prairie occurs at or below 1,800 feet ( 550 m ) , while the highest peak in the range is Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet ( 4,400 m ) . Precipitation ranges from 10 inches ( 250 mm ) per year in the southern valleys to 60 inches ( 1,500 mm ) per year locally in the northern peaks . Average January temperatures can range from 20 ° F ( − 7 ° C ) in Prince George , British Columbia , to 43 ° F ( 6 ° C ) in Trinidad , Colorado . Therefore , there is not a single monolithic ecosystem for the entire Rocky Mountain Range . Tundra in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado Instead , ecologists divide the Rocky Mountain into a number of biotic zones . Each zone is defined by whether it can support trees , and the presence of one or more indicator species . Two zones that do not support trees are the Plains and the Alpine tundra . The Great Plains lie to the east of the Rockies , and is characterized by prairie grasses ( below roughly 1,800 feet ( 550 m ) ) . Alpine tundra occurs in regions above the treeline for the Rocky Mountains , which varies from 12,000 feet ( 3,700 m ) in New Mexico to 2,500 feet ( 760 m ) at the northern end of the Rocky Mountains ( near the Yukon ) . The USGS defines ten forested zones in the Rocky Mountains . Zones in more southern , warmer , or drier areas are defined by the presence of pinyon pines / junipers , ponderosa pines , or oaks mixed with pines . In more northern , colder , or wetter areas , zones are defined by Douglas - firs , Cascadian species ( such as western hemlock ) , lodgepole pines / quaking aspens , or firs mixed with spruce . Near treeline , zones can consist of white pines ( such as whitebark pine or bristlecone pine ) ; or a mixture of white pine , fir , and spruce that appear as shrub - like krummholz . Finally , rivers and canyons can create a unique forest zone in more arid parts of the mountain range . Bighorn sheep ( such as this lamb in Alberta ) have declined dramatically since European - American settlement of the Rocky Mountains . The Rocky Mountains are an important habitat for a great deal of well - known wildlife , such as elk , moose , mule and white - tailed deer , pronghorn , mountain goats , bighorn sheep , badgers , black bears , grizzly bears , coyotes , lynxes , and wolverines . For example , North America 's largest herds of moose is in the Alberta - British Columbia foothills forests . The status of most species in the Rocky Mountains is unknown , due to incomplete information . European - American settlement of the mountains has adversely impacted native species . Examples of some species that have declined include western toads , greenback cutthroat trout , white sturgeon , white - tailed ptarmigan , trumpeter swan , and bighorn sheep . In the United States portion of the mountain range , apex predators such as grizzly bears and gray wolves had been extirpated from their original ranges , but have partially recovered due to conservation measures and reintroduction . Other recovering species include the bald eagle and the peregrine falcon . History Indigenous people Since the last great ice age , the Rocky Mountains were home first to indigenous peoples including the Apache , Arapaho , Bannock , Blackfoot , Cheyenne , Coeur d'Alene , Kalispel , Crow Nation , Flathead , Shoshone , Sioux , Ute , Kutenai ( Ktunaxa in Canada ) , Sekani , Dunne - za , and others . Paleo - Indians hunted the now - extinct mammoth and ancient bison ( an animal 20 % larger than modern bison ) in the foothills and valleys of the mountains . Like the modern tribes that followed them , Paleo - Indians probably migrated to the plains in fall and winter for bison and to the mountains in spring and summer for fish , deer , elk , roots , and berries . In Colorado , along the crest of the Continental Divide , rock walls that Native Americans built for driving game date back 5,400 -- 5,800 years . A growing body of scientific evidence indicates that indigenous people had significant effects on mammal populations by hunting and on vegetation patterns through deliberate burning . European exploration Recent human history of the Rocky Mountains is one of more rapid change . The Spanish explorer Francisco Vázquez de Coronado -- with a group of soldiers , missionaries , and African slaves -- marched into the Rocky Mountain region from the south in 1540 . The introduction of the horse , metal tools , rifles , new diseases , and different cultures profoundly changed the Native American cultures . Native American populations were extirpated from most of their historical ranges by disease , warfare , habitat loss ( eradication of the bison ) , and continued assaults on their culture . In 1739 , French fur traders Pierre and Paul Mallet , while journeying through the Great Plains , discovered a range of mountains at the headwaters of the Platte River , which local American Indian tribes called the `` Rockies '' , becoming the first Europeans to report on this uncharted mountain range . Sir Alexander MacKenzie in 1800 Sir Alexander MacKenzie ( 1764 -- March 11 , 1820 ) became the first European to cross the Rocky Mountains in 1793 . He found the upper reaches of the Fraser River and reached the Pacific coast of what is now Canada on July 20 of that year , completing the first recorded transcontinental crossing of North America north of Mexico . He arrived at Bella Coola , British Columbia , where he first reached saltwater at South Bentinck Arm , an inlet of the Pacific Ocean . The Lewis and Clark Expedition ( 1804 -- 1806 ) was the first scientific reconnaissance of the Rocky Mountains . Specimens were collected for contemporary botanists , zoologists , and geologists . The expedition was said to have paved the way to ( and through ) the Rocky Mountains for European - Americans from the East , although Lewis and Clark met at least 11 European - American mountain men during their travels . Mountain men , primarily French , Spanish , and British , roamed the Rocky Mountains from 1720 to 1800 seeking mineral deposits and furs . The fur - trading North West Company established Rocky Mountain House as a trading post in what is now the Rocky Mountain Foothills of present - day Alberta in 1799 , and their business rivals the Hudson 's Bay Company established Acton House nearby . These posts served as bases for most European activity in the Canadian Rockies in the early 19th century . Among the most notable are the expeditions of David Thompson ( explorer ) , who followed the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean . On his 1811 expedition , he camped at the junction of the Columbia River and the Snake River and erected a pole and notice claiming the area for the United Kingdom and stating the intention of the North West Company to build a fort at the site . By the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 , which established the 49th parallel north as the international boundary west from Lake of the Woods to the `` Stony Mountains '' ; the UK and the USA agreed to what has since been described as `` joint occupancy '' of lands further west to the Pacific Ocean . Resolution of the territorial and treaty issues , the Oregon dispute , was deferred until a later time . In 1819 , Spain ceded their rights north of the 42nd Parallel to the United States , though these rights did not include possession and also included obligations to Britain and Russia concerning their claims in the same region . Settlement After 1802 , American fur traders and explorers ushered in the first widespread Caucasian presence in the Rockies south of the 49th parallel . The more famous of these include Americans William Henry Ashley , Jim Bridger , Kit Carson , John Colter , Thomas Fitzpatrick , Andrew Henry , and Jedediah Smith . On July 24 , 1832 , Benjamin Bonneville led the first wagon train across the Rocky Mountains by using South Pass in the present State of Wyoming . Similarly , in the wake of Mackenzie 's 1793 expedition , fur trading posts were established west of the Northern Rockies in a region of the northern Interior Plateau of British Columbia which came to be known as New Caledonia , beginning with Fort McLeod ( today 's community of McLeod Lake ) and Fort Fraser , but ultimately focused on Stuart Lake Post ( today 's Fort St. James ) . Negotiations between the United Kingdom and the United States over the next few decades failed to settle upon a compromise boundary and the Oregon Dispute became important in geopolitical diplomacy between the British Empire and the new American Republic . In 1841 James Sinclair , Chief Factor of the Hudson 's Bay Company , guided some 200 settlers from the Red River Colony west to bolster settlement around Fort Vancouver in an attempt to retain the Columbia District for Britain . The party crossed the Rockies into the Columbia Valley , a region of the Rocky Mountain Trench near present - day Radium Hot Springs , British Columbia , then traveled south . Despite such efforts , in 1846 , Britain ceded all claim to Columbia District lands south of the 49th parallel to the United States ; as resolution to the Oregon boundary dispute by the Oregon Treaty . Cherokee Trail near Fort Collins , Colorado , from a sketch taken 7 June 1859 . Thousands passed through the Rocky Mountains on the Oregon Trail beginning in the 1840s . The Mormons began to settle near the Great Salt Lake in 1847 . From 1859 to 1864 , gold was discovered in Colorado , Idaho , Montana , and British Columbia , sparking several gold rushes bringing thousands of prospectors and miners to explore every mountain and canyon and to create the Rocky Mountains ' first major industry . The Idaho gold rush alone produced more gold than the California and Alaska gold rushes combined and was important in the financing of the Union Army during the American Civil War . The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869 , and Yellowstone National Park was established as the world 's first national park in 1872 . Meanwhile , a transcontinental railroad in Canada was originally promised in 1871 . Though political complications pushed its completion to 1885 , the Canadian Pacific Railway eventually followed the Kicking Horse and Rogers Passes to the Pacific Ocean . Canadian railway officials also convinced Parliament to set aside vast areas of the Canadian Rockies as Jasper , Banff , Yoho , and Waterton Lakes National Parks , laying the foundation for a tourism industry which thrives to this day . Glacier National Park ( MT ) was established with a similar relationship to tourism promotions by the Great Northern Railway . While settlers filled the valleys and mining towns , conservation and preservation ethics began to take hold . U.S. President Harrison established several forest reserves in the Rocky Mountains in 1891 -- 92 . In 1905 , U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt extended the Medicine Bow Forest Reserve to include the area now managed as Rocky Mountain National Park . Economic development began to center on mining , forestry , agriculture , and recreation , as well as on the service industries that support them . Tents and camps became ranches and farms , forts and train stations became towns , and some towns became cities . Economy Industry and development Economic resources of the Rocky Mountains are varied and abundant . Minerals found in the Rocky Mountains include significant deposits of copper , gold , lead , molybdenum , silver , tungsten , and zinc . The Wyoming Basin and several smaller areas contain significant reserves of coal , natural gas , oil shale , and petroleum . For example , the Climax mine , located near Leadville , Colorado , was the largest producer of molybdenum in the world . Molybdenum is used in heat - resistant steel in such things as cars and planes . The Climax mine employed over 3,000 workers . The Coeur d'Alene mine of northern Idaho produces silver , lead , and zinc . Canada 's largest coal mines are near Fernie , British Columbia and Sparwood , British Columbia ; additional coal mines exist near Hinton , Alberta , and in the Northern Rockies surrounding Tumbler Ridge , British Columbia . Abandoned mines with their wakes of mine tailings and toxic wastes dot the Rocky Mountain landscape . In one major example , eighty years of zinc mining profoundly polluted the river and bank near Eagle River in north - central Colorado . High concentrations of the metal carried by spring runoff harmed algae , moss , and trout populations . An economic analysis of mining effects at this site revealed declining property values , degraded water quality , and the loss of recreational opportunities . The analysis also revealed that cleanup of the river could yield $2.3 million in additional revenue from recreation . In 1983 , the former owner of the zinc mine was sued by the Colorado Attorney General for the $4.8 million cleanup costs ; five years later , ecological recovery was considerable . A drilling rig drills for natural gas just west of the Wind River Range in the Wyoming Rockies The Rocky Mountains contain several sedimentary basins that are rich in coalbed methane . Coalbed methane is natural gas that arises from coal , either through bacterial action , or through exposure to high temperature . Coalbed methane supplies 7 percent of the natural gas used in the United States . The largest coalbed methane sources in the Rocky Mountains are in the San Juan Basin in New Mexico and Colorado and the Powder River Basin in Wyoming . These two basins are estimated to contain 38 trillion cubic feet of gas . Coalbed methane can be recovered by dewatering the coal bed , and separating the gas from the water ; or injecting water to fracture the coal to release the gas ( so - called hydraulic fracturing ) . Agriculture and forestry are major industries . Agriculture includes dryland and irrigated farming and livestock grazing . Livestock are frequently moved between high - elevation summer pastures and low - elevation winter pastures , a practice known as transhumance . Tourism Castle Geyser in Yellowstone National Park Going to the Sun Mountain in Glacier National Park Icefields Parkway See also : List of U.S. Rocky Mountain ski resorts , List of Alberta ski resorts , List of B.C. ski resorts Every year the scenic areas and recreational opportunities of the Rocky Mountains draw millions of tourists . The main language of the Rocky Mountains is English . But there are also linguistic pockets of Spanish and indigenous languages . People from all over the world visit the sites to hike , camp , or engage in mountain sports . In the summer season , examples of tourist attractions are : In the United States : Pikes Peak Royal Gorge Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad Rocky Mountain National Park Yellowstone National Park Grand Teton National Park Glacier National Park Sawtooth National Recreation Area In Canada , the mountain range contains these national parks : Banff National Park Jasper National Park Kootenay National Park Waterton Lakes National Park Yoho National Park Glacier National Park in Montana and Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta border each other and collectively are known as Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park . ( See also International Peace Park . ) In the winter , skiing is the main attraction . A list of the major ski resorts can be found at List of U.S. Rocky Mountain ski resorts . The adjacent Columbia Mountains in British Columbia contain major resorts such as Panorama and Kicking Horse , as well as Mount Revelstoke National Park and Glacier National Park . There are numerous provincial parks in the British Columbia Rockies , the largest and most notable being Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park , Mount Robson Provincial Park , Northern Rocky Mountains Provincial Park , Kwadacha Wilderness Provincial Park , Stone Mountain Provincial Park and Muncho Lake Provincial Park . See also Geography portal Geology portal North America portal Canada portal United States portal Mountains portal Book : Canada Book : United States Needles of larches in Alberta turn yellow in autumn . Alice Lake and the Sawtooth Mountains , Idaho Outline of North America Making North America ( 2015 PBS film ) Geography of North America Geology of North America Mountain ranges of the world Lists of mountains Rocky Mountains Geology of the Rocky Mountains List of mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains Rocky Mountains subalpine zone Canadian Rockies Ranges of the Canadian Rockies Northern Rocky Mountains Central Rocky Mountains Mountain ranges of Montana Mountain ranges of Wyoming Mountains and mountain ranges of Yellowstone National Park Mountains and mountain ranges of Glacier National Park ( U.S. ) Western Rocky Mountains Southern Rocky Mountains Mountain ranges of Colorado Mountain peaks of Colorado Mountain passes of Colorado Mountain ranges in New Mexico Geography of the United States Rocky Mountain System Little Rocky Mountains Mountain man The Rocky Mountain Rangers ( Canadian militia unit ) References Jump up ^ Akrigg , G.P.V. ; Akrigg , Helen B. ( 1997 ) . British Columbia Place Names ( 3rd ed . ) . Vancouver , BC : UBC Press . p. 229 . ISBN 0774806362 . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Mardon , Ernest G. ; Mardon , Austin A. ( 2010 ) . Community Place Names of Alberta ( 3rd ed . ) . Edmonton , AB : Golden Meteorite Press . p. 283 . ISBN 9781897472170 . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Cannings , Richard ( 2007 ) . The Rockies : A Natural History . Greystone / David Suzuki Foundation . p. 5 . ISBN 9781553652854 . ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Geological Survey document : T.J. Stohlgren . `` Rocky Mountains '' . ^ Jump up to : Gadd , Ben ( 2008 ) . `` Geology of the Rocky Mountains and Columbias '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Chronic , Halka ( 1980 ) . Roadside Geology of Colorado . ISBN 0 - 87842 - 105 - X . ^ Jump up to : Blakely , Ron . `` Geologic History of Western US '' . ^ Jump up to : English , Joseph M. ; Johnston , Stephen T. ( 2004 ) . `` The Laramide Orogeny : What Were the Driving Forces ? '' ( PDF ) . International Geology Review . 46 ( 9 ) : 833 838 . doi : 10.2747 / 0020 - 6814.46. 9.833 . Jump up ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Geological Survey document : `` Geologic Provinces of the United States : Rocky Mountains '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Lindsey , D.A. ( 2010 ) . `` The geologic story of Colorado 's Sangre de Cristo Range '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey . Circular 1349 . Jump up ^ Pierce , K.L. ( 1979 ) . History and dynamics of glaciation in the northern Yellowstone National Park area . Washington , D.C : U.S. Geological Survey . pp. 1 90 . Professional Paper 729 - F . Jump up ^ `` Southern Rocky Mountains '' . Forest Encyclopedia Network . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Rocky Mountains '' . Forest Encyclopedia Network . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Sheridan , Scott . `` US & Canada : Rocky Mountains ( Chapter 14 ) '' ( PDF ) . Geography of the United States and Canada course notes . Kent State University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Mountains mountains , North America '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Events in the West ( 1528 -- 1536 ) '' . 2001 . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The West : Events from 1650 to 1800 '' . PBS . Jump up ^ `` Mackenzie : 1789 , 1792 -- 1797 '' . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` First Crossing of North America National Historic Site of Canada '' . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lewis and Clark Expedition : Scientific Encounters '' . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Mountain House National Historic Site of Canada '' . 28 Feb 2012 . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to the David Thompson Papers 1806 -- 1845 '' . 2006 . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Oldham , kit ( 23 Jan 2003 ) . `` David Thompson plants the British flag at the confluence of the Columbia and Snake rivers on July 9 , 1811 '' . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Treaties in Force '' ( PDF ) . 1 November 2007 . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Context and American Policy '' . Archived from the original on 7 July 2012 . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Trail Interpretive Center '' . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Mormon Trail '' . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Transcontinental Railroad '' . 2012 . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park '' . 4 April 2012 . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Pacific Railway '' . Archived from the original on 7 July 2012 . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Glaciers and Glacier National Park '' . 2011 . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Brandt , E. ( 1993 ) . `` How much is a gray wolf worth ? '' . National Wildlife . 31 : 412 . Jump up ^ `` Coal - Bed Gas Resources of the Rocky Mountain Region '' . USGS . USGS fact sheet 158 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Mountain National Park '' . National Park Foundation . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . Further reading Baron , Jill ( 2002 ) . Rocky Mountain futures : an ecological perspective . Island Press . ISBN 1 - 55963 - 953 - 9 Newby , Rick ( 2004 ) . The Rocky Mountain region . Greenwood Press . 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who discovered the occurrence of oil on assam	It is said that the town gets its name from the phrase `` dig - boy - dig , '' which is what the English told the labourers as they dug for crude oil . The town 's history begins in 1867 when a small group of men from the Assam Railway and Trading Co. found their elephants ' legs soaked in black mud , that smelt somewhat like oil . The men began exploring more , and in 1889 , the English started a small oil installation . India ( and Asia ) obtained its first refinery in Digboi in the year 1901 . Assam Oil Company was formed in 1899 to look after the running of the oil business in this area . The Digboi oil field produced close to 7,000 barrels per day ( 1,100 m / d ) of crude oil at its peak , which was during World War II . The field was pushed to produce the maximum amount of oil with little regard to reservoir management ; as a result , production started to drop almost immediately after the war . The current production from the Digboi fields is about 240 barrels per day ( 38 m / d ) . Over 1,000 wells have been drilled at Digboi -- the first well in 1889 had stuck oil at 178 feet ( 54 m ) . In 1989 , the Department of Posts , India came out with a stamp commemorating 100 years of the Digboi fields .	a small group of men from the Assam Railway and Trading Co.	Digboi	digboi		town in Assam , India Digboi town Nickname ( s ) : The Oil Town Digboi Location in Assam , India Digboi Digboi ( India ) Show map of Assam Show map of India Show all Coordinates : 27 ° 23 ′ N 95 ° 38 ′ E / 27.38 ° N 95.63 ° E / 27.38 ; 95.63 Coordinates : 27 ° 23 ′ N 95 ° 38 ′ E / 27.38 ° N 95.63 ° E / 27.38 ; 95.63 Country India State Assam District Tinsukia Government Body Digboi Municipality Elevation 165 m ( 541 ft ) Population ( 2001 ) Total 20,405 Languages Official Assamese Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) PIN 786171 ISO 3166 code IN - AS Vehicle registration AS - 23 Digboi ( IPA : ˈdɪgˌbɔɪ ) is a town and a town area committee in Tinsukia district in the north - eastern part of the state of Assam , India Crude oil was discovered here in late 19th century . Digboi is known as the Oil City of Assam where the first oil well in Asia was drilled . The first refinery was started here as early as 1901 . Digboi has the oldest oil well in operation . With a significant number of British professionals working for Assam Oil Company until the decade following independence of India , Digboi had a well - developed infrastructure and a number of bungalows unique to the town . It has eighteen holes golf course as part of the Digboi Club . It has guest houses and tourist residential apartments laid on Italian architectural plan to promote tourism in upper Assam . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Digboi as an oil town 2.1 Digboi Refinery 3 Geography 4 Demographics 5 Culture & economy 6 How to reach Digboi 7 Places of interest 8 Politics 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Etymology ( edit ) `` Barely seven years after Edwin L. Drake drilled the world 's first oil well in 1859 at Titusville , Pennsylvania , USA , history registered another exploration of the black liquid gold , in the largest continent . More than a century ago , history was made in a remote corner of Assam in the midst of the dense and malaria infested jungles , by a band of intrepid pioneers searching for black gold . In 1867 Italian Engineers , commissioned by the Assam Railways and Trading Company , to build a railway line from Dibrugarh to Margherita ( Headquarters of Assam Railways and Trading Company ) accidentally discovered oil at Digboi around 10 miles from Margherita . ' Dig boy , dig ' , shouted the English engineer , Mr WL Lake , elephants emerging out of the dense forest with oil stains on their feet '' . This is possibly the most distilled -- though fanciful -- version of the legend explaining the siting and naming of Digboi . Two events separated by seven years have become fused , but although neither is likely to be provable , such evidence that does exist appears sufficiently detailed to be credible . Various web sites offer variations on the elephant 's foot story , a consensus of which would be that engineers extending the Dibru - Sadiya railway line to Ledo for the Assam Railways and Trading Company ( AR&TC ) in 1882 were using elephants for haulage and noticed that the mud on one pachyderm 's feet smelled of oil . Retracing the trail of footprints , they found oil seeping to the surface . One of the engineers , the Englishman Willie Leova Lake , was an ' oil enthusiast ' and persuaded the company to drill a well . Oil India Ltd makes no reference to elephants ' feet in its company history , although on its previous web site the company noted that Lake had noticed `` the oil seepages around Borbhil '' . Once the project had been approved , Lake assembled equipment , boilers , and local labour , and engaged elephants to haul the machinery to the site . The first well was started in September 1889 , but an encouraging first strike at 178 feet ( 54 m ) turned out to be a small pocket , and drilling recommenced . This continued until November 1890 when the well was completed at a total depth of 662 feet ( 202 m ) , and it was during this extended period of drilling that Oil India 's old web site placed the legend of Lake exhorting one or more of his labourers to `` Dig , boy ! '' Digboi as an oil town ( edit ) It is said that the town gets its name from the phrase `` dig - boy - dig , '' which is what the English told the labourers as they dug for crude oil . The town 's history begins in 1867 when a small group of men from the Assam Railway and Trading Co. found their elephants ' legs soaked in black mud , that smelt somewhat like oil . The men began exploring more , and in 1889 , the English started a small oil installation . India ( and Asia ) obtained its first refinery in Digboi in the year 1901 . Assam Oil Company was formed in 1899 to look after the running of the oil business in this area . The Digboi oil field produced close to 7,000 barrels per day ( 1,100 m / d ) of crude oil at its peak , which was during World War II . The field was pushed to produce the maximum amount of oil with little regard to reservoir management ; as a result , production started to drop almost immediately after the war . The current production from the Digboi fields is about 240 barrels per day ( 38 m / d ) . Over 1,000 wells have been drilled at Digboi -- the first well in 1889 had stuck oil at 178 feet ( 54 m ) . In 1989 , the Department of Posts , India came out with a stamp commemorating 100 years of the Digboi fields . Today , though the crude production is not high , Digboi has the distinction of being India 's oldest continuously producing oilfield . Digboi refinery , now a division of Indian Oil Corporation , had a capacity of about 0.65 MMTPA as of 2003 . Digboi is now Headquarter of Assam Oil Division of Indian Oil Corporation Limited . The Earliest recorded to the existence of oil in India is found in the memories and dispatches of the Army Officers who penetrated the jungles of Upper Assam since 1825 . Lt. R. Wilcox , Major A. White , Capt . Francis Jenkins , Capt . P.S. Hanney -- they all saw at different times petroleum exuding from banks of the Dihing River . Mr. C.A. Bruce ( 1828 ) and Mr. H.B. Medicott ( 1865 ) of the Geological Survey of India also saw oil while prospecting for coal in Upper Assam . Mr. Goodenough of McKillop , Stewart & Co . Calcutta was the first in India to start a systematic programme of drilling for oil in November 1866 , at Nahorpung about 30 miles ( 48 km ) south east of Dibgoi , just seven years after the world 's first commercial oil well was drilled in 1859 , by Col Edwin L Drake in Pennsylvania , USA . This hand dug well -- the first oil well in India -- was drilled up to 102 feet ( 31 m ) and proved dry . However the second well struck oil at Makum near Tinsukia , about 14 miles ( 23 km ) from Digboi . In 1939 , there was a major labour union strike in the Refinery . The Gandhi Movement of Congress for Indian Independence struggle ; backed by labour rights and equality status was headed by Sardar Amar Singh Marwah . The break of the World War II coincided with the Digboi labour strike resulted in harsh steps taken by the British Administrative offices to crush the strike . The Viceroy and the Governor had intervened to bring a settlement adopting sturdy steps were take to crush the union by shooting down of the president of the labour union to be followed by issuing orders of Quit Digboi , Quit Lakhimpur and finally Quit Assam to the leaders of the labour union . Digboi refinery ( edit ) Further information : Digboi Refinery The Digboi Refinery modernization project was taken up in large scale in order to overcome the technological obsolescence of the old refinery . Subsequently , a number of other major projects were undertaken by Assam Oil Division to further revamp and modernise Digboi Refinery. Digboi refinery has been awarded the ISO - 14001 and OHSMC certificate . Geography ( edit ) Digboi is located at 27 ° 22'48.0 `` N 95 ° 37'48.0 '' E. It has an average elevation of 165 metres ( 541 ft ). It is situated 510 km north east of Guwahati . Demographics ( edit ) As of 2011 India census , Digboi has population of 21,736 of which 10,964 are males while 10,772 are females . Population of Children with age of 0 - 6 is 1745 which is 8.03 % of total population of Digboi . Committee , Female Sex Ratio is of 982 against state average of 958 . Moreover Child Sex Ratio in Digboi is around 981 compared to Assam state average of 962 . Literacy rate of Digboi city is 92.08 % higher than state average of 72.19 % . In Digboi , Male literacy is around 95.09 % while female literacy rate is 89.02 % . Digboi Oil Town was considered as a separate census town in 2011 India census . The population is largely heterogeneous . Assamese , Bengali , Nepali , Bihari , Marwari communities form the majority . People from various tribes such as the tea - tribes ( brought in by the colonial planters as indentured labourers from the Chhotanagpur plateau region ) , Bodos , Mishings etc. have also made it their home . Culture & economy ( edit ) As being a small part of the diverse state Assam . It is flooded with assamese culture and heritage . As being colonised by British and rising of industrial era the place have seen adverse changes . Workers , labourers were brought in . Digboi township accounted for diverse group of people that entered in search of livelihood . But the outskirts were still agriculture based . Assam being rich in fertility , tea is produced throughout the place bringing a bright opportunity to the people and the place itself . Yet small people here portrait the picture of the nation itself . How to reach Digboi ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2015 ) The nearest airport is the Mohanbari Airport , Dibrugarh and the nearest railway junction is the Tinsukia Junction . One can get flight to Dibrugarh from Delhi and Kolkata on daily basis . Also Dibrugarh - New Delhi Rajdhani express runs daily from Dibrugarh via New Tinsukia Junction . There are also proper roadways which link the Digboi Oil town to some other towns like Duliajan , Makum etc . Digboi has got a railway station and it connects well with Guwahati . Digboi can be reached by public transport bus and mini-vans as well . Various companies run bus between Digboi and other neighbouring towns and Guwahati . Rickshaw is the main mode of transport within the city . Places of interest ( edit ) Digboi Oil Centenary Museum Digboi War Cemetery Digboi 18 hole Golf Course Digboi Oil Field Digboi Centenary Park Digboi Bar Politics ( edit ) Digboi is part of Dibrugarh ( Lok Sabha constituency ) which is represented by Mr Rameswar Teli of Bharatiya Janata Party.It lies in the Digboi Constituency of the State Assembly where it is represented by Mr. Suren Phukan of Bharatiya Janata Party . See also ( edit ) Digboi Refinery Bombay High References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Assam Govt website Jump up ^ `` Digboi , 100 , still alive and kicking '' , Santanu Sanyal , The Hindu Business Line , 17 December 2001 , retrieved online April 2008 Jump up ^ `` Heritage '' , retrieved online September 2009 Jump up ^ Falling Rain Genomics , Inc - Digboi ^ Jump up to : `` Census of India 2001 : Data from the 2001 Census , including cities , villages and towns ( Provisional ) '' . Census Commission of India . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies '' . Assam . Election Commission of India . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Digboi . Tinsukia District Homepage Assam topics Capital : Dispur Topics Etymology Assam Valley Biodiversity Cuisine Culture Economy Education List of educational institutions in Assam Physical Geography Politics Tourism Assam Tea Assam Silk Assam Rifles Assam Regiment History Kamarupa Chutiya Kingdom Kamata Kingdom Ahom Kingdom Kachari Kingdom Colonial Assam Assam Province ( 1912 -- 1947 ) Legislature of Assam ( Since 1937 ) Assam Mail Assam Accord Assam History Timeline Administration Government Legislative Assembly Chief Ministers Governors High Court Police Political Party Golaghat Convention Districts and divisions North Assam Biswanath Darrang Sonitpur Udalguri Lower Assam Baksa Barpeta Bongaigaon Chirang Dhubri Kokrajhar Kamrup Kamrup Metro Goalpara Nalbari South Salmara - Mankachar Central Assam Dima Hasao Hojai Karbi Anglong Karbi Anglong ( West ) Morigaon Nagaon Upper Assam Charaideo Dibrugarh Dhemaji Golaghat Jorhat Lakhimpur Majuli Sibsagar Tinsukia Barak Valley Cachar Hailakandi Karimganj Geography Upper - Assam ( East Assam ) Lower - Assam ( West Assam ) Barak Valley ( South Assam ) The Brahmaputra Majuli Mora Dhansiri River Dhansiri Dihing Diphlu Halflong ( The Hill station of Assam ) Culture Assamese Assamese Script Assamese Jalpan Traditional crafts of Assam Bihu Folk dances of Assam Bagurumba Bihu Dance Ekasarana Dharma Borgeet Sattra Sattriya Dance Saraai Gamosa Textiles and dresses of Assam ( Muga and Eri ) Arts , literature , music and cinema Assamese literature Assamese poetry List of Assamese Poets List of Assamese writers Pen Names List of Assamese Periodicals The Arunodoi ( Orunodoi - 1846 ) The Hemkosh The Assam Tribune Assam Rhetorical Congress Buranji Kirtan Ghosa Dasham Namghosa Kotha Ramayana Jonaki Music of Assam Goalpariya Lokageet Tokari Geet Dihanaam Hiranaam Dhol Gogona Pepa Cinema of Assam Joymati , first Assamese motion picture Guwahati Theatre Festival People History Assamese people Ahom Assamese Brahmins Kalitas Koch Chutiya List of people from Assam Notable surnames Barua ( and its variations ) Borah Bharali Borbarua Borgohain Borpatrogohain Borphukan Burhagohain Chakraborty Choudhury ( and its variations ) Das Deka Dutta Gayen Gogoi Gohain Goswami Hazarika Kalita Saikia Sarma Chutia Sutradhar Urban areas Barpeta Bongaigaon Dhubri Dibrugarh Diphu Goalpara Golaghat Guwahati Jorhat Karimganj Nagaon North Lakhimpur Sivasagar Silchar Tezpur Tinsukia Fairs and Festivals Hindu Temples History Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digboi&oldid=848339700 '' Categories : Cities and towns in Tinsukia district Tinsukia Hidden categories : Use Indian English from October 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles to be expanded from September 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from September 2015 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Bân - lâm - gú Cebuano Español हिन्दी বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Italiano Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Português Svenska தமிழ் Tiếng Việt 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 09 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digboi	14,318
when was the last time a lunar eclipse occured	Recent total eclipses April 15 , 2014 October 8 , 2014 April 4 , 2015 September 28 , 2015	September 28 , 2015	Lunar eclipse	lunar eclipse	A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes directly behind the Earth into its umbra ( shadow ) . This can occur only when the sun , Earth , and moon are aligned ( in `` syzygy '' ) exactly , or very closely so , with the Earth in the middle . Hence , a lunar eclipse can occur only the night of a full moon . The type and length of an eclipse depend upon the Moon 's location relative to its orbital nodes .	A total lunar eclipse has the direct sunlight completely blocked by the earth 's shadow . The only light seen is refracted through the earth 's shadow . This light looks red for the same reason that the sunset looks red , due to rayleigh scattering of the more blue light . Because of its reddish color , a total lunar eclipse is sometimes called a blood moon . Unlike a solar eclipse , which can be viewed only from a certain relatively small area of the world , a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of the Earth . A lunar eclipse lasts for a few hours , whereas a total solar eclipse lasts for only a few minutes at any given place , due to the smaller size of the Moon 's shadow . Also unlike solar eclipses , lunar eclipses are safe to view without any eye protection or special precautions , as they are dimmer than the full moon . For the date of the next eclipse see the section Recent and forthcoming lunar eclipses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of lunar eclipse 1.1 Selenelion 2 Timing 3 Danjon scale 4 Lunar versus solar eclipse 4.1 Lunar eclipse appearance 5 March 1504 lunar eclipse 6 Lunar eclipse in culture 6.1 Incans 6.2 Mesopotamians 6.3 Chinese 7 Blood moon 8 Occurrence 8.1 Recent and forthcoming lunar eclipses 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Types of lunar eclipse Schematic diagram of the shadow cast by the Earth . Within the central umbra shadow , the moon is totally shielded from direct illumination by the Sun . In contrast , within the penumbra shadow , only a portion of Sunlight is blocked . A total penumbral lunar eclipse dims the moon in direct proportion to the area of the Sun 's disk blocked by the Earth . This comparison shows the southern shadow penumbral lunar eclipse of January 1999 ( left ) to the moon outside of the shadow ( right ) demonstrates this subtle dimming . The shadow of the Earth can be divided into two distinctive parts : the umbra and penumbra . Within the umbra , there is no direct solar radiation . However , as a result of the Sun 's large angular size , solar illumination is only partially blocked in the outer portion of the Earth 's shadow , which is given the name penumbra . A penumbral eclipse occurs when the moon passes through the Earth 's penumbra . The penumbra causes a subtle darkening of the moon 's surface . A special type of penumbral eclipse is a total penumbral eclipse , during which the Moon lies exclusively within the Earth 's penumbra . Total penumbral eclipses are rare , and when these occur , that portion of the moon which is closest to the umbra can appear somewhat darker than the rest of the moon . A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of the moon enters the umbra . When the moon travels completely into the Earth 's umbra , one observes a total lunar eclipse . The moon 's speed through the shadow is about one kilometer per second ( 2,300 mph ) , and totality may last up to nearly 107 minutes . Nevertheless , the total time between the moon 's first and last contact with the shadow is much longer and could last up to four hours . The relative distance of the moon from the Earth at the time of an eclipse can affect the eclipse 's duration . In particular , when the moon is near its apogee , the farthest point from the Earth in its orbit , its orbital speed is the slowest . The diameter of the umbra does not decrease appreciably within the changes in the orbital distance of the moon . Thus , a totally eclipsed moon occurring near apogee will lengthen the duration of totality . A central lunar eclipse is a total lunar eclipse during which the moon passes through the centre of the Earth 's shadow . These are relatively rare . Selenelion October 2014 lunar eclipse viewed from Minneapolis , with a partially eclipsed Moon still up after sunrise , seen as sunlight on the tree on the right . A selenelion or selenehelion occurs when both the Sun and the eclipsed Moon can be observed at the same time . This can happen only just before sunset or just after sunrise , and both bodies will appear just above the horizon at nearly opposite points in the sky . This arrangement has led to the phenomenon being referred to as a horizontal eclipse . There are typically a number of high ridges undergoing sunrise or sunset that can see it . Although the moon is in the Earth 's umbra , the Sun and the eclipsed Moon can both be seen at the same time because the refraction of light through the Earth 's atmosphere causes each of them to appear higher in the sky than their true geometric position . Timing As viewed from Earth , the Earth 's shadow can be imagined as two concentric circles . As the diagram illustrates , the type of lunar eclipse is defined by the path taken by the Moon as it passes through Earth 's shadow . If the moon passes through the outer circle but does not reach the inner circle , it is a penumbral eclipse ; if only a portion of the moon passes through the inner circle , it is a partial eclipse ; and if entire Moon passes through the inner circle at some point , it is a total eclipse . Contact points relative to the Earth 's umbral and penumbral shadows , here with the Moon near is descending node The timing of total lunar eclipses are determined by its contacts : P1 ( First contact ) : Beginning of the penumbral eclipse . Earth 's penumbra touches the Moon 's outer limb . U1 ( Second contact ) : Beginning of the partial eclipse . Earth 's umbra touches the Moon 's outer limb . U2 ( Third contact ) : Beginning of the total eclipse . The Moon 's surface is entirely within Earth 's umbra . Greatest eclipse : The peak stage of the total eclipse . The Moon is at its closest to the center of Earth 's umbra . U3 ( Fourth contact ) : End of the total eclipse . The Moon 's outer limb exits Earth 's umbra . U4 ( Fifth contact ) : End of the partial eclipse . Earth 's umbra leaves the Moon 's surface . P4 ( Sixth contact ) : End of the penumbral eclipse . Earth 's penumbra no longer makes contact with the Moon . Danjon scale The following scale ( the Danjon scale ) was devised by André Danjon for rating the overall darkness of lunar eclipses : L = 0 : Very dark eclipse . Moon almost invisible , especially at mid-totality . L = 1 : Dark eclipse , gray or brownish in coloration . Details distinguishable only with difficulty . L = 2 : Deep red or rust - colored eclipse . Very dark central shadow , while outer edge of umbra is relatively bright . L = 3 : Brick - red eclipse . Umbral shadow usually has a bright or yellow rim . L = 4 : Very bright copper - red or orange eclipse . Umbral shadow is bluish and has a very bright rim . Lunar versus solar eclipse A solar eclipse occurs in the day time at new moon , when the moon is between the Earth and the sun , while a lunar eclipse occurs at night when the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon . There is often confusion between a solar and lunar eclipse . While both involve interactions between the sun , Earth , and moon , they are very different in their interactions . Lunar eclipse appearance A lunar eclipse occurs in two regions , an outer penumbral shadow where the sunlight is dimmed , and an inner umbral shadow , where much dimmer sunlight only exists by refraction through the Earth 's atmosphere , leaving a red color . This can be seen in different exposures of a partial lunar eclipse , for example here with exposures of 1 / 80 , 2 / 5 , and 2 seconds . The moon does not completely disappear as it passes through the umbra because of the refraction of sunlight by the Earth 's atmosphere into the shadow cone ; if the Earth had no atmosphere , the Moon would be completely dark during an eclipse . The reddish coloration arises because sunlight reaching the Moon must pass through a long and dense layer of the Earth 's atmosphere , where it is scattered . Shorter wavelengths are more likely to be scattered by the air molecules and the small particles , and so by the time the light has passed through the atmosphere , the longer wavelengths dominate . This resulting light we perceive as red . This is the same effect that causes sunsets and sunrises to turn the sky a reddish color ; an alternative way of considering the problem is to realize that , as viewed from the moon , the sun would appear to be setting ( or rising ) behind the Earth . From the Moon , a lunar eclipse would show a ring of reddish - orange light surrounding a dark Earth in the sky . The amount of refracted light depends on the amount of dust or clouds in the atmosphere ; this also controls how much light is scattered . In general , the dustier the atmosphere , the more that other wavelengths of light will be removed ( compared to red light ) , leaving the resulting light a deeper red color . This causes the resulting coppery - red hue of the moon to vary from one eclipse to the next . Volcanoes are notable for expelling large quantities of dust into the atmosphere , and a large eruption shortly before an eclipse can have a large effect on the resulting color . March 1504 lunar eclipse Christopher Columbus predicting the lunar eclipse . Main article : March 1504 lunar eclipse When Christopher Columbus came to the New World -- specifically , the north coast of Jamaica -- he was able to use European scientific understanding to correctly predict a lunar eclipse . The event is known as the March 1504 lunar eclipse and occurred when Columbus , after he wanted to be seen as god - like , stated that he would make the moon disappear during the night of February 29 , 1504 . The reason Columbus wanted to prove he could make the moon disappear is because he and his crew were eating a great deal of the inhabitants ' food , and the inhabitants refused to feed them anymore . Columbus was right in his prediction , for he used astronomical tables and local clocks in order to predict when the lunar eclipse would happen and was able to convince the inhabitants that he had the power to make the moon disappear and then reappear . After the inhabitants believed that Columbus was truly able to make the moon disappear , they begged him to return the moon to its previous form , and after roughly an allotted amount of time ( the amount of time Columbus discerned to be how long the eclipse would last ) , Columbus agreed to return the moon , and the moon began to reappear . The next day , the inhabitants gave Columbus and his crew the food they desired . Lunar eclipse in culture Several cultures have myths related to lunar eclipses or allude to the lunar eclipse as being a good or bad omen . The Egyptians saw the eclipse as a sow swallowing the moon for a short time ; other cultures view the eclipse as the moon being swallowed by other animals , such as a jaguar in Mayan tradition , or a three legged toad in China . Some societies thought it was a demon swallowing the moon , and that they could chase it away by throwing stones and curses at it . The Greeks were ahead of their time when they said the Earth was round and used the shadow from the lunar eclipse as evidence . Some Hindus believe in the importance of bathing in the Ganges River following an eclipse because it will help to achieve salvation . Incans Similarly to the Mayans , the Incans believed that lunar eclipses occurred when a jaguar would eat the moon , which is why a blood moon looks red . The Incans also believed that once the jaguar finished eating the moon , it could come down and devour all the animals on Earth , so they would take spears and shout at the moon to keep it away . Mesopotamians The ancient Mesopotamians believed that a lunar eclipse was when the moon was being attacked by seven demons . This attack was more than just one on the moon , however , for the Mesopotamians linked what happened in the sky with what happened on the land , and because the king of Mesopotamia represented the land , the seven demons were thought to be also attacking the king . In order to prevent this attack on the king , the Mesopotamians made someone pretend to be the king so they would be attacked instead of the true king . After the lunar eclipse was over , the substitute king was made to disappear ( possibly by poisoning ) . Chinese In some Chinese cultures , people would ring bells to prevent a dragon or other wild animals from biting the moon . In the nineteenth century , during a lunar eclipse , the Chinese navy fired its artillery because of this belief . During the Zhou Dynasty in the Book of Songs , the sight of a red moon engulfed in darkness was believed to foreshadow famine or disease . Blood moon See also : Blood Moon Prophecy Due to its reddish color , a totally eclipsed moon is sometimes referred to as a `` blood moon '' . In addition , in the 2010s the media started to associate the term with the four full moons of a lunar tetrad , especially the 2014 -- 15 tetrad coinciding with the feasts of Passover and Tabernacles . A lunar tetrad is a series of four consecutive total lunar eclipses , spaced six months apart . Blood Moon is not a scientific term but has come to be used due to the reddish color seen on a Super Moon during the lunar eclipse . When sunlight passes through the earth 's atmosphere , it filters and refracts in such a way that the green to violet lights on the spectrum scatters more strongly than the red light . This results the moon to get more red light Occurrence Time - lapse sequence of lunar eclipse visible at ESO headquarters , 7 Aug 2017 . Lunar Eclipse Transition See also : Saros ( astronomy ) and Eclipse cycle Every year , there are at least two lunar eclipses and as many as five , although total lunar eclipses are significantly less common . If one knows the date and time of an eclipse , it is possible to predict the occurrence of other eclipses using an eclipse cycle like the saros . Recent and forthcoming lunar eclipses Main article : List of 21st - century lunar eclipses Further information : Lists of lunar eclipses Eclipses only occur during an eclipse season , when the Sun is close to either the ascending or descending node of the Moon . ( show ) Lunar eclipse series sets from 1998 -- 2002 Descending node Ascending node Saros Date Viewing Type Chart Saros Date Viewing Type Chart 109 1998 Aug 08 Penumbral 114 1999 Jan 31 Penumbral 119 1999 Jul 28 Partial 124 2000 Jan 21 Total 129 2000 Jul 16 Total 134 2001 Jan 09 Total 139 2001 Jul 05 Partial 144 2001 Dec 30 Penumbral 149 2002 Jun 24 Penumbral Last set 1998 Sep 06 Last set 1998 Mar 13 Next set 2002 May 26 Next set 2002 Nov 20 ( show ) Lunar eclipse series sets from 2002 -- 2005 Descending node Ascending node Saros Photo Date View Type Chart Saros Photo Date View Type Chart 111 2002 May 26 penumbral 116 2002 Nov 20 penumbral 121 2003 May 16 total 126 2003 Nov 09 total 131 2004 May 04 total 136 2004 Oct 28 total 141 2005 Apr 24 penumbral 146 2005 Oct 17 partial Last set 2002 Jun 24 Last set 2001 Dec 30 Next set 2006 Mar 14 Next set 2006 Sep 7 ( show ) Lunar eclipse series sets from 2006 -- 2009 Descending node Ascending node Saros # and photo Date Viewing Type Chart Saros # and photo Date Viewing Type Chart 113 2006 Mar 14 penumbral 118 2006 Sep 7 partial 123 2007 Mar 03 total 128 2007 Aug 28 total 133 2008 Feb 21 total 138 2008 Aug 16 partial 143 2009 Feb 09 penumbral 148 2009 Aug 06 penumbral Last set 2005 Apr 24 Last set 2005 Oct 17 Next set 2009 Dec 31 Next set 2009 Jul 07 ( show ) Lunar eclipse series sets from 2009 -- 2013 Ascending node Descending node Saros # Photo Date Viewing Type chart Saros # Photo Date Viewing Type chart 110 2009 July 07 penumbral 115 2009 Dec 31 partial 120 2010 June 26 partial 125 2010 Dec 21 total 130 2011 June 15 total 135 2011 Dec 10 total 140 2012 June 04 partial 145 2012 Nov 28 penumbral 150 2013 May 25 penumbral Last set 2009 Aug 06 Last set 2009 Feb 9 Next set 2013 Apr 25 Next set 2013 Oct 18 ( show ) Lunar eclipse series sets from 2013 -- 2016 Ascending node Descending node Saros Viewing date Type Saros Viewing date Type 112 2013 Apr 25 Partial 117 2013 Oct 18 Penumbral 122 2014 Apr 15 Total 127 2014 Oct 08 Total 132 2015 Apr 04 Total 137 2015 Sep 28 Total 142 2016 Mar 23 Penumbral 147 2016 Sep 16 Penumbral Last set 2013 May 25 Last set 2012 Nov 28 Next set 2017 Feb 11 Next set 2016 Aug 18 ( show ) Lunar eclipse series sets from 2016 -- 2020 Descending node Ascending node Saros Date Type Viewing Saros Date Viewing Type Chart 109 2016 Aug 18 Penumbral 114 2017 Feb 11 Penumbral 119 2017 Aug 07 Partial 124 2018 Jan 31 Total 129 2018 Jul 27 Total 134 2019 Jan 21 Total 139 2019 Jul 16 Partial 144 2020 Jan 10 Penumbral 149 2020 Jul 05 Penumbral Last set 2016 Sep 16 Last set 2016 Mar 23 Next set 2020 Jun 05 Next set 2020 Nov 30 See also Moon portal Book : Lunar Eclipses Lists of lunar eclipses and List of 21st - century lunar eclipses Moon illusion Orbit of the Moon References Jump up ^ Hannu Karttunen . Fundamental Astronomy . Springer . Jump up ^ `` In Search of Selenelion '' . Observing Blog - SkyandTelescope.com. 2010 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Kevin . `` On the nature of eclipses '' . Inconstant Moon . Cyclopedia Selenica . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul Deans and Alan M. MacRobert ( July 16 , 2006 ) . `` Observing and Photographing Lunar Eclipses '' . Sky & Telescope . F + W. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus . `` Visual Appearance of Lunar Eclipses '' . NASA . The troposphere and stratosphere act together as a ring - shaped lens that refracts heavily reddened sunlight into Earth 's umbral shadow Jump up ^ Peterson , Ivars . `` The Eclipse That Saved Columbus '' . ScienceNews . Society for Science & the Public . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Littmann , Mark ; Espenak , Fred ; Willcox , Ken ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 4 : Eclipses in Mythology '' . Totality Eclipses of the Sun ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953209 - 4 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Rebecca . `` Ancient Myths Revised with Lunar Eclipse '' . University of Maryland . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ani . `` Hindus take a dip in the Ganges during Lunar Eclipse '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Jane . `` Lunar Eclipse Myths From Around the World '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Quilas , Ma Evelyn . `` Interesting Facts and Myths about Lunar Eclipse '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MYTHOLOGY OF THE LUNAR ECLIPSE '' . Jump up ^ Kaul , Gayatri . `` What Lunar Eclipse Means in Different Parts of the World '' . India.com . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Nigro , Nicholas ( 2010 ) . Knack Night Sky : Decoding the Solar System , from Constellations to Black Holes . Globe Pequot . pp. 214 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 6604 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sappenfield , Mark ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Blood Moon to arrive Monday night . What is a Blood Moon ? '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What is a Blood Moon ? '' . Earth & Sky . 24 April 2014 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All you need to know about the ' blood moon ' '' . theguardian. 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Eclipse @ ESO '' . www.eso.org . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Further reading Bao - Lin Liu , Canon of Lunar Eclipses 1500 B.C. - A.D. 3000 , 1992 Jean Meeus and Hermann Mucke Canon of Lunar Eclipses . Astronomisches Büro , Vienna , 1983 Espenak , F. , Fifty Year Canon of Lunar Eclipses : 1986 - 2035 . NASA Reference Publication 1216 , 1989 External links Find more aboutLunar eclipseat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks `` Lunar Eclipse Essentials '' : video from NASA Animated explanation of the mechanics of a lunar eclipse , University of South Wales U.S. Navy Lunar Eclipse Computer NASA Lunar Eclipse Page Search among the 12,064 lunar eclipses over five millennium and display interactive maps Lunar Eclipses for Beginners Tips on photographing the lunar eclipse from New York Institute of Photography Lunar Eclipse 08 October 2014 on YouTube The Moon Physical features Face on the Moon Internal structure Gravity field Topography Magnetic field Atmosphere Ion tail Moonlight Lunar swirls Orbit Orbit of the Moon Phases Lunation Lunar libration Full Moon Lunar terminator Full moon cycle Earthshine Lunar eclipse Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Tide Surface Selenography Near side Far side North pole South pole Lunar mare List Craters List Calderas Mountains Valleys Volcanic features South Pole -- Aitken basin Shackleton crater Water Soil Ray systems Peak of eternal light Crater of eternal darkness Space weathering Transient lunar phenomenon Lunar basalt 70017 Science Geology timescale Giant - impact hypothesis Hill sphere Moon rocks Lunar meteorites KREEP Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Observation Origin Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 lunar sample display Apollo 17 lunar sample display Exploration Apollo program Exploration of the Moon Colonization of the Moon List of lunar probes List of missions to the Moon Moon landing conspiracy theories Related topics Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Craters named after people Double planet Lunar effect Man in the Moon Memorials on the Moon Month Lunar month Moon illusion Harvest moon Hunter 's moon Moon in art and literature Moon in mythology Hjúki and Bil ( Norse legends ) Moon is made of green cheese Natural satellite Solar System Supermoon Theia Tourism Phases / Occurrence Black moon Blue moon Lunar phase New moon Dark moon Wet moon Lilith ( hypothetical moon ) Category Moon portal Earth sciences portal Solar System portal Lunar eclipses Lists of lunar eclipses All Central total eclipses Total penumbral eclipses Historically significant Lunar eclipses by century 20th BCE 19th BCE 18th BCE 17th BCE 16th BCE 15th BCE 14th BCE 13th BCE 12th BCE 11th BCE 10th BCE 9th BCE 8th BCE 7th BCE 6th BCE 5th BCE 4th BCE 3rd BCE 2nd BCE 1st BCE 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Lunar eclipses by Saros series 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 Partial eclipses 1950 -- 2049 1952 Feb 1952 Aug 1954 Jul 1955 Nov 1956 May 1958 May 1959 Mar 1961 Mar 1961 Aug 1963 Jul 1965 Jun 1970 Feb 1970 Aug 1972 Jul 1973 Dec 1974 Jun 1976 May 1977 Apr 1979 Mar 1981 Jul 1983 Jun 1988 Aug 1990 Aug 1991 Dec 1992 Jun 1994 May 1995 Apr 1997 Mar 1999 Jul 2001 Jul 2005 Oct 2006 Sep 2008 Aug 2009 Dec 2010 Jun 2012 Jun 2013 Apr 2017 Aug → 2019 Jul 2021 Nov 2023 Oct 2024 Sep 2026 Aug 2028 Jan 2028 Jul 2030 Jun 2034 Sep 2035 Aug 2037 Jul 2039 Jun 2039 Nov 2041 May 2041 Nov 2046 Jan 2046 Jul 2048 Jun Total eclipses 1950 -- 2049 1950 Apr 1950 Sep 1953 Jan 1953 Jul 1954 Jan 1956 Nov 1957 May 1957 Nov 1960 Mar 1960 Sep 1963 Dec 1964 Jun 1964 Dec 1967 Apr 1967 Oct 1968 Apr 1968 Oct 1971 Feb 1971 Aug 1972 Jan 1974 Nov 1975 May 1975 Nov 1978 Mar 1978 Sep 1979 Sep 1982 Jan 1982 Jul 1982 Dec 1985 May 1985 Oct 1986 Apr 1986 Oct 1989 Feb 1989 Aug 1990 Feb 1992 Dec 1993 Jun 1993 Nov 1996 Apr 1996 Sep 1997 Sep 2000 Jan 2000 Jul 2001 Jan 2003 May 2003 Nov 2004 May 2004 Oct 2007 Mar 2007 Aug 2008 Feb 2010 Dec 2011 Jun 2011 Dec 2014 Apr 2014 Oct 2015 Apr 2015 Sep → 2018 Jan 2018 Jul 2019 Jan 2021 May 2022 May 2022 Nov 2025 Mar 2025 Sep 2026 Mar 2028 Dec 2029 Jun 2029 Dec 2032 Apr 2032 Oct 2033 Apr 2033 Oct 2036 Feb 2036 Aug 2037 Jan 2040 May 2040 Nov 2043 Mar 2043 Sep 2044 Mar 2044 Sep 2047 Jan 2047 Jul 2048 Jan Penumbral eclipses Partial Previous penumbral : 2017 Feb 11 Next penumbral : → 2020 Jan 10 Total 1963 Jan 09 1981 Jan 20 1988 Mar 03 1999 Jan 31 2006 Mar 14 → 2042 May 05 2053 Aug 29 See also Danjon scale Gamma Book Category Commons Portal WikiProject → symbol denotes next eclipse in series GND : 4170432 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lunar_eclipse&oldid=811115355 '' Categories : Astronomical events Eclipses Lunar eclipses Lunar observation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 November 2017 , at 16 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar%20eclipse	2,036
when did the us public school system start	When the Republicans came to power in the Southern states after 1867 , they created the first system of taxpayer - funded public schools . Southern Blacks wanted public schools for their children but they did not demand racially integrated schools . Almost all the new public schools were segregated , apart from a few in New Orleans . After the Republicans lost power in the mid-1870s , conservative whites retained the public school systems but sharply cut their funding .	When the Republicans came to power in the Southern states after 1867	History of education in the United States	history of education in the united states	The history of education in the United States , or Foundations of Education covers the trends in educational philosophy , policy , institutions , as well as formal and informal learning in America from the 17th century to the early 21st century .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Colonial era 1.1 New England 1.2 The South 1.3 Women and girls 1.4 Non-English schools 1.5 Textbooks 1.6 Colonial colleges 2 Federal era 2.1 Republican motherhood 2.2 Attendance 2.2. 1 Teachers , early 1800s 2.2. 2 One - room schoolhouses 2.2. 3 Mann reforms 2.2. 4 Compulsory laws 2.2. 5 Religion and schools 2.2. 6 Schools for Black students 2.2. 7 Influence of colleges in 19th century 3 20th century 3.1 Progressive Era 3.1. 1 Dewey and progressive education 3.1. 2 Black education 3.1. 3 Atlanta 3.1. 4 Gary plan 3.2 Great Depression and New Deal : 1929 - 39 3.3 Secondary schools 3.3. 1 College preparation 3.3. 2 The growth of human capital 3.3. 3 Teachers and administrators 3.4 Higher education 3.4. 1 Land Grant universities 3.4. 2 GI Bill 3.4. 3 Great Society 3.5 Segregation and integration 3.6 Education after 1945 3.6. 1 Inequality 3.6. 2 Special education 3.7 Reform efforts in the 1980s 4 21st century 4.1 Policy since 2000 5 Historiography 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Historiography 8.2 Primary sources 8.3 Journals 9 External links Colonial era ( edit ) See also : Education in the Thirteen Colonies New England ( edit ) The first American schools in the thirteen original colonies opened in the 17th century . Boston Latin School was founded in 1635 and is both the first public school and oldest existing school in the United States . The first free taxpayer - supported public school in North America , the Mather School , was opened in Dorchester , Massachusetts , in 1639 . Cremin ( 1970 ) stresses that colonists tried at first to educate by the traditional English methods of family , church , community , and apprenticeship , with schools later becoming the key agent in `` socialization . '' At first , the rudiments of literacy and arithmetic were taught inside the family , assuming the parents had those skills . Literacy rates were much higher in New England because much of the population had been deeply involved in the Protestant Reformation and learned to read in order to read the Scriptures . Literacy was much lower in the South , where the Anglican Church was the established church . Single working - class people formed a large part of the population in the early years , arriving as indentured servants . The planter class did not support public education but arranged for private tutors for their children , and sent some to England at appropriate ages for further education . By the mid-19th century , the role of the schools in New England had expanded to such an extent that they took over many of the educational tasks traditionally handled by parents . First Boston Latin School House All the New England colonies required towns to set up schools , and many did so . In 1642 the Massachusetts Bay Colony made `` proper '' education compulsory ; other New England colonies followed this example . Similar statutes were adopted in other colonies in the 1640s and 1650s . The schools were all male and all white , with few facilities for girls . In the 18th century , `` common schools '' were established ; students of all ages were under the control of one teacher in one room . Although they were publicly supplied at the local ( town ) level , they were not free . Students ' families were charged tuition or `` rate bills . '' The larger towns in New England opened grammar schools , the forerunner of the modern high school . The most famous was the Boston Latin School , which is still in operation as a public high school . Hopkins School in New Haven , Connecticut , was another . By the 1780s , most had been replaced by private academies . By the early 19th century New England operated a network of private high schools , now called `` prep schools , '' typified by Phillips Andover Academy ( 1778 ) , Phillips Exeter Academy ( 1781 ) , and Deerfield Academy ( 1797 ) . They became the major feeders for Ivy League colleges in the mid-19th century . These prep schools became coeducational in the 1970s , and remain highly prestigious in the 21st century . The South ( edit ) Residents of the Upper South , centered on the Chesapeake Bay , created some basic schools early in the colonial period . In late 17th century Maryland , the Catholic Jesuits operated some schools for Catholic students . Generally the planter class hired tutors for the education of their children or sent them to private schools . During the colonial years , some sent their sons to England or Scotland for schooling . In March 1620 , George Thorpe sailed from Bristol for Virginia . He became a deputy in charge of 10,000 acres ( 4,000 ha ) of land to be set aside for a university and Indian school . The plans for the school for Native Americans ended when George Thorpe was killed in the Indian Massacre of 1622 . In Virginia , rudimentary schooling for the poor and paupers was provided by the local parish . Most elite parents either home schooled their children using peripatetic tutors or sent them to small local private schools . In the deep south ( Georgia and South Carolina ) , schooling was carried out primarily by private venture teachers and a hodgepodge of publicly funded projects . In the colony of Georgia , at least ten grammar schools were in operation by 1770 , many taught by ministers . The Bethesda Orphan House educated children . Dozens of private tutors and teachers advertised their service in newspapers . A study of women 's signatures indicates a high degree of literacy in areas with schools . In South Carolina , scores of school projects were advertised in the South Carolina Gazette beginning in 1732 . Although it is difficult to know how many ads yielded successful schools , many of the ventures advertised repeatedly over years , suggesting continuity . After the American Revolution , Georgia and South Carolina tried to start small public universities . Wealthy families sent their sons North to college . In Georgia public county academies for white students became more common , and after 1811 South Carolina opened a few free `` common schools '' to teach reading , writing and arithmetic to whites . Republican governments during the Reconstruction era established the first public school systems to be supported by general taxes . Both whites and blacks would be admitted , but legislators agreed on racially segregated schools . ( The few integrated schools were located in New Orleans ) . Particularly after white Democrats regained control of the state legislatures in former Confederate states , they consistently underfunded public schools for blacks which continued until 1954 when the United States Supreme Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional . Generally public schooling in rural areas did not extend beyond the elementary grades for either whites or blacks . This was known as `` eighth grade school '' After 1900 , some cities began to establish high schools , primarily for middle class whites . In the 1930s roughly one fourth of the US population still lived and worked on farms and few rural Southerners of either race went beyond the 8th grade until after 1945 . Women and girls ( edit ) The earliest continually operating school for girls in the United States is the Catholic Ursuline Academy in New Orleans . It was founded in 1727 by the Sisters of the Order of Saint Ursula . The Academy graduated the first female pharmacist , and the first woman to write a book of literary merit . The first convent established in the United States supported the Academy . This was the first free school and first retreat center for young women . It was the first school to teach free women of color , Native Americans , and female African - American slaves . In the region , Ursuline provided the first center of social welfare in the Mississippi Valley ; and it was the first boarding school for girls in Louisiana , and the first school of music in New Orleans . Tax - supported schooling for girls began as early as 1767 in New England . It was optional and some towns proved reluctant to support this innovation . Northampton , Massachusetts , for example , was a late adopter because it had many rich families who dominated the political and social structures . They did not want to pay taxes to aid poor families . Northampton assessed taxes on all households , rather than only on those with children , and used the funds to support a grammar school to prepare boys for college . Not until after 1800 did Northampton educate girls with public money . In contrast , the town of Sutton , Massachusetts , was diverse in terms of social leadership and religion at an early point in its history . Sutton paid for its schools by means of taxes on households with children only , thereby creating an active constituency in favor of universal education for both boys and girls . Colonial schoolhouse in Hollis , New Hampshire Historians note that reading and writing were different skills in the colonial era . Schools taught both , but in places without schools , writing was taught mainly to boys and a few privileged girls . Men handled worldly affairs and needed to both read and write . It was believed that girls needed only to read ( especially religious materials ) . This educational disparity between reading and writing explains why the colonial women often could read , but could not write and could not sign their names -- they used an `` X '' . The education of elite women in Philadelphia after 1740 followed the British model developed by the gentry classes during the early 18th century . Rather than emphasizing ornamental aspects of women 's roles , this new model encouraged women to engage in more substantive education , reaching into the classical arts and sciences to improve their reasoning skills . Education had the capacity to help colonial women secure their elite status by giving them traits that their ' inferiors ' could not easily mimic . Fatherly ( 2004 ) examines British and American writings that influenced Philadelphia during the 1740s -- 1770s and the ways in which Philadelphia women gained education and demonstrated their status . Non-english schools ( edit ) By 1664 , when the territory was taken over by the English , most towns in the New Netherland colony had already set up elementary schools . The schools were closely related to the Dutch Reformed Church , and emphasized reading for religious instruction and prayer . The English closed the Dutch - language public schools ; in some cases these were converted into private academies . The new English government showed little interest in public schools . German settlements from New York through Pennsylvania , Maryland and down to the Carolinas sponsored elementary schools closely tied to their churches , with each denomination or sect sponsoring its own schools . In the early colonial years , German immigrants were Protestant and the drive for education was related to teaching students to read Scripture . Following waves of German Catholic immigration after the 1848 revolutions , and after the end of the Civil War , both Catholics and Missouri Synod Lutherans began to set up their own German - language parochial schools , especially in cities of heavy German immigration : such as Cincinnati , St. Louis , Chicago and Milwaukee , as well as rural areas heavily settled by Germans . The Amish , a small religious sect speaking German , are opposed to schooling past the elementary level . They see it as unnecessary , as dangerous to preservation of their faith , and as beyond the purview of government . Spain had small settlements in Florida , the Southwest , and also controlled Louisiana . There is little evidence that they schooled any girls . Parish schools were administered by Jesuits or Franciscans and were limited to male students . Excerpt from The New England Primer of 1690 , the most popular American textbook of the 18th century Textbooks ( edit ) In the 17th century , colonists imported schoolbooks from England . By 1690 , Boston publishers were reprinting the English Protestant Tutor under the title of The New England Primer . The Primer was built on rote memorization . By simplifying Calvinist theology , the Primer enabled the Puritan child to define the limits of the self by relating his life to the authority of God and his parents . The Primer included additional material that made it widely popular in colonial schools until it was supplanted by Webster 's work . The `` blue backed speller '' of Noah Webster was by far the most common textbook from the 1790s until 1836 , when the McGuffey Readers appeared . Both series emphasized civic duty and morality , and sold tens of millions of copies nationwide . Webster 's Speller was the pedagogical blueprint for American textbooks ; it was so arranged that it could be easily taught to students , and it progressed by age . Webster believed students learned most readily when complex problems were broken into its component parts . Each pupil could master one part before moving to the next . Ellis argues that Webster anticipated some of the insights associated in the 20th century with Jean Piaget 's theory of cognitive development . Webster said that children pass through distinctive learning phases in which they master increasingly complex or abstract tasks . He stressed that teachers should not try to teach a three - year - old how to read -- wait until they are ready at age five . He planned the Speller accordingly , starting with the alphabet , then covering the different sounds of vowels and consonants , then syllables ; simple words came next , followed by more complex words , then sentences . Webster 's Speller was entirely secular . It ended with two pages of important dates in American history , beginning with Columbus ' `` discovery '' in 1492 and ending with the Battle of Yorktown in 1781 , by which the United States achieved independence . There was no mention of God , the Bible , or sacred events . As Ellis explains , `` Webster began to construct a secular catechism to the nation - state . Here was the first appearance of ' civics ' in American schoolbooks . In this sense , Webster 's speller was the secular successor to The New England Primer with its explicitly biblical injunctions . '' Bynack ( 1984 ) examines Webster in relation to his commitment to the idea of a unified American national culture that would prevent the decline of republican virtues and national solidarity . Webster acquired his perspective on language from such German theorists as Johann David Michaelis and Johann Gottfried Herder . He believed with them that a nation 's linguistic forms and the thoughts correlated with them shaped individuals ' behavior . He intended the etymological clarification and reform of American English to improve citizens ' manners and thereby preserve republican purity and social stability . Webster animated his Speller and Grammar by following these principles . Colonial colleges ( edit ) Higher education was largely oriented toward training men as ministers before 1800 . Doctors and lawyers were trained in local apprentice systems . Religious denominations established most early colleges in order to train ministers . New England had a long emphasis on literacy in order that individuals could read the Bible . Harvard College was founded by the colonial legislature in 1636 , and named after an early benefactor . Most of the funding came from the colony , but the college began to build an endowment from its early years . Harvard at first focused on training young men for the ministry , but many alumni went into law , medicine , government or business . The college was a leader in bringing Newtonian science to the colonies . The College of William & Mary was founded by Virginia government in 1693 , with 20,000 acres ( 8,100 ha ) of land for an endowment , and a penny tax on every pound of tobacco , together with an annual appropriation . It was closely associated with the established Anglican Church . James Blair , the leading Anglican minister in the colony , was president for 50 years . The college won the broad support of the Virginia planter class , most of whom were Anglicans . It hired the first law professor and trained many of the lawyers , politicians , and leading planters . Students headed for the ministry were given free tuition . The first history of Yale was written by President Thomas Clap in 1766 . Yale College was founded by Puritans in 1701 , and in 1716 was relocated to New Haven , Connecticut . The conservative Puritan ministers of Connecticut had grown dissatisfied with the more liberal theology of Harvard , and wanted their own school to train orthodox ministers . However president Thomas Clap ( 1740 -- 1766 ) strengthened the curriculum in the natural sciences and made Yale a stronghold of revivalist New Light theology . New Side Presbyterians in 1747 set up the College of New Jersey , in the town of Princeton ; much later it was renamed as Princeton University . Baptists established Rhode Island College in 1764 , and in 1804 it was renamed Brown University in honor of a benefactor . Brown was especially liberal in welcoming young men from other denominations . In New York City , the Anglicans set up Kings College in 1746 , with its president Samuel Johnson the only teacher . It closed during the American Revolution , and reopened in 1784 as an independent institution under the name of Columbia College ; it is now Columbia University . The Academy of Philadelphia was created in 1749 by Benjamin Franklin and other civic minded leaders in Philadelphia . Unlike colleges in other cities , it was not oriented toward the training of ministers . It was renamed the University of Pennsylvania in 1791 . The Dutch Reform Church in 1766 set up Queens College in New Jersey , which later became known as Rutgers University and gained state support . Dartmouth College , chartered in 1769 as a school for Native Americans , relocated to its present site in Hanover , New Hampshire , in 1770 . All of the schools were small , with a limited undergraduate curriculum oriented on the classical liberal arts . Students were drilled in Greek , Latin , geometry , ancient history , logic , ethics and rhetoric , with few discussions , little homework and no lab sessions . The college president typically tried to enforce strict discipline . The upperclassmen enjoyed hazing the freshmen . Many students were younger than 17 , and most of the colleges also operated a preparatory school . There were no organized sports , or Greek - letter fraternities , but many of the schools had active literary societies . Tuition was very low and scholarships were few . The colonies had no schools of law . A few young American students studied at the prestigious Inns of Court in London . The majority of aspiring lawyers served apprenticeships with established American lawyers , or `` read the law '' to qualify for bar exams . Law became very well established in the colonies , compared to medicine , which was in rudimentary condition . In the 18th century , 117 Americans had graduated in medicine in Edinburgh , Scotland , but most physicians learned as apprentices in the colonies . The trustees of the Academy of Philadelphia ( later the University of Pennsylvania ) established the first medical school in the colonies in 1765 . In New York , the medical department of King 's College was established in 1767 , and in 1770 it awarded the first American M.D. degree . Federal era ( edit ) `` The whole people must take upon themselves the education of the whole people and be willing to bear the expenses of it . There should not be a district of one mile square , without a school in it , not founded by a charitable individual , but maintained at the public expense of the people themselves . '' -- John Adams , U.S. President , 1785 After the Revolution , northern states especially emphasized education and rapidly established public schools . By the year 1870 , all states had tax - subsidized elementary schools . The US population had one of the highest literacy rates in the world at the time . Private academies also flourished in the towns across the country , but rural areas ( where most people lived ) had few schools before the 1880s . In 1821 , Boston started the first public high school in the United States . By the close of the 19th century , public secondary schools began to outnumber private ones . Over the years , Americans have been influenced by a number of European reformers ; among them Pestalozzi , Herbart , and Montessori . Republican motherhood ( edit ) By the early 19th century with the rise of the new United States , a new mood was alive in urban areas . Especially influential were the writings of Lydia Maria Child , Catharine Maria Sedgwick , and Lydia Sigourney , who developed the role of republican motherhood as a principle that united state and family by equating a successful republic with virtuous families . Women , as intimate and concerned observers of young children , were best suited to the role of guiding and teaching children . By the 1840s , New England writers such as Child , Sedgwick , and Sigourney became respected models and advocates for improving and expanding education for females . Greater educational access meant formerly male - only subjects , such as mathematics and philosophy , were to be integral to curricula at public and private schools for girls . By the late 19th century , these institutions were extending and reinforcing the tradition of women as educators and supervisors of American moral and ethical values . The ideal of Republican motherhood pervaded the entire nation , greatly enhancing the status of women and supporting girls ' need for education . The relative emphasis on decorative arts and refinement of female instruction which had characterized the colonial era was replaced after 1776 by a program to support women in education for their major role in nation building , in order that they become good republican mothers of good republican youth . Fostered by community spirit and financial donations , private female academies were established in towns across the South as well as the North . Rich planters were particularly insistent on having their daughters schooled , since education often served as a substitute for dowry in marriage arrangements . The academies usually provided a rigorous and broad curriculum that stressed writing , penmanship , arithmetic , and languages , especially French . By 1840 , the female academies succeeded in producing a cultivated , well - read female elite ready for their roles as wives and mothers in southern aristocratic society . Attendance ( edit ) The 1840 census indicated that of the 3.68 million children between the ages of five and fifteen , about 55 % attended primary schools and academies . Many families could not afford to pay for their children to go to school or spare them from farm work . Beginning in the late 1830s , more private academies were established for girls for education past primary school , especially in northern states . Some offered classical education similar to that offered to boys . Data from the indentured servant contracts of German immigrant children in Pennsylvania from 1771 -- 1817 show that the number of children receiving education increased from 33.3 % in 1771 -- 1773 to 69 % in 1787 -- 1804 . Additionally , the same data showed that the ratio of school education versus home education rose from . 25 in 1771 -- 1773 to 1.68 in 1787 -- 1804 . While some African Americans managed to achieve literacy , southern states largely prohibited schooling to blacks . Teachers , early 1800s ( edit ) Teaching young students was not an attractive career for educated people . Adults became teachers without any particular skill . Hiring was handled by the local school board , who were mainly interested in the efficient use of limited taxes and favored young single women from local taxpaying families . This started to change with the introduction of two - year normal schools starting in 1823 . Normal schools increasingly provided career paths for unmarried middle class women . By 1900 most teachers of elementary schools in the northern states had been trained at normal schools . One - room schoolhouses ( edit ) Given the high proportion of population in rural areas , with limited numbers of students , most communities relied on one - room school houses . Teachers would deal with the range of students of various ages and abilities by using the Monitorial System , an education method that became popular on a global scale during the early 19th century . This method was also known as `` mutual instruction '' or the `` Bell - Lancaster method '' after the British educators Dr Andrew Bell and Joseph Lancaster , who each independently developed it about 1798 . As older children in families would teach younger ones , the abler pupils in these schools became ' helpers ' to the teacher , and taught other students what they had learned . Mann reforms ( edit ) Upon becoming the secretary of education of Massachusetts in 1837 , Horace Mann ( 1796 -- 1859 ) worked to create a statewide system of professional teachers , based on the Prussian model of `` common schools . '' Prussia was attempting to develop a system of education by which all students were entitled to the same content in their public classes . Mann initially focused on elementary education and on training teachers . The common - school movement quickly gained strength across the North . Connecticut adopted a similar system in 1849 , and Massachusetts passed a compulsory attendance law in 1852 . Mann 's crusading style attracted wide middle - class support . Historian Ellwood P. Cubberley asserts : No one did more than he to establish in the minds of the American people the conception that education should be universal , non-sectarian , free , and that its aims should be social efficiency , civic virtue , and character , rather than mere learning or the advancement of sectarian ends . An important technique which Mann had learned in Prussia and introduced in Massachusetts in 1848 was to place students in grades by age . They were assigned by age to different grades and progressed through them , regardless of differences of aptitude . In addition , he used the lecture method common in European universities , which required students to receive instruction rather than take an active role in instructing one another . Previously , schools had often had groups of students who ranged in age from 6 to 14 years . With the introduction of age grading , multi-aged classrooms all but disappeared . Some students progressed with their grade and completed all courses the secondary school had to offer . These were `` graduated , '' and were awarded a certificate of completion . This was increasingly done at a ceremony imitating college graduation rituals . Arguing that universal public education was the best way to turn the nation 's unruly children into disciplined , judicious republican citizens , Mann won widespread approval for building public schools from modernizers , especially among fellow Whigs . Most states adopted one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts , especially the program for `` normal schools '' to train professional teachers . This quickly developed into a widespread form of school which later became known as the factory model school . Free schooling was available through some of the elementary grades . Graduates of these schools could read and write , though not always with great precision . Mary Chesnut , a Southern diarist , mocks the North 's system of free education in her journal entry of June 3 , 1862 , where she derides misspelled words from the captured letters of Union soldiers . Compulsory laws ( edit ) A 1915 class at the Geyer School of Geyer , Ohio By 1900 , 34 states had compulsory schooling laws ; four were in the South . 30 states with compulsory schooling laws required attendance until age 14 ( or higher ) . As a result , by 1910 , 72 percent of American children attended school . Half the nation 's children attended one - room schools . By 1918 , every state required students to complete elementary school . Religion and schools ( edit ) As the nation was majority Protestant in the 19th century , most states passed a constitutional amendment , called Blaine Amendments , forbidding tax money be used to fund parochial schools . This was largely directed against Catholics , as the heavy immigration from Catholic Ireland after the 1840s aroused nativist sentiment . There were longstanding tensions between Catholic and Protestant believers , long associated with nation states that had established religions . Many Protestants believed that Catholic children should be educated in public schools in order to become American . By 1890 the Irish , who as the first major Catholic immigrant group controlled the Church hierarchy in the U.S. , had built an extensive network of parishes and parish schools ( `` parochial schools '' ) across the urban Northeast and Midwest . The Irish and other Catholic ethnic groups intended parochial schools not only to protect their religion , but to enhance their culture and language . Catholics and German Lutherans , as well as Dutch Protestants , organized and funded their own elementary schools . Catholic communities also raised money to build colleges and seminaries to train teachers and religious leaders to head their churches . In the 19th century , most Catholics were Irish or German immigrants and their children ; in the 1890s new waves of Catholic immigrants began arriving from Italy and Poland . The parochial schools met some opposition , as in the Bennett Law in Wisconsin in 1890 , but they thrived and grew . Catholic nuns served as teachers in most schools and were paid low salaries in keeping with their vows of poverty . In 1925 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Pierce v. Society of Sisters that students could attend private schools to comply with state compulsory education laws , thus giving parochial schools an official blessing . Schools for black students ( edit ) Further information : Black school , Education of freed people during the Civil War , and History of education in Missouri In the early days of the Reconstruction era , the Freedmen 's Bureau opened 1000 schools across the South for black children . This was essentially building on schools that had been established in numerous large contraband camps . Freedmen were eager for schooling for both adults and children , and the enrollments were high and enthusiastic . Overall , the Bureau spent $5 million to set up schools for blacks . By the end of 1865 , more than 90,000 freedmen were enrolled as students in these schools . The school curriculum resembled that of schools in the North . Many Bureau teachers were well - educated Yankee women motivated by religion and abolitionism . Half the teachers were southern whites ; one - third were blacks , and one - sixth were northern whites . Most were women but among African Americans , male teachers slightly outnumbered female teachers . In the South , people were attracted to teaching because of the good salaries , at a time when the societies were disrupted and the economy was poor . Northern teachers were typically funded by northern organizations and were motivated by humanitarian goals to help the freedmen . As a group , only the black cohort showed a commitment to racial equality ; they were also the ones most likely to continue as teachers . When the Republicans came to power in the Southern states after 1867 , they created the first system of taxpayer - funded public schools . Southern Blacks wanted public schools for their children but they did not demand racially integrated schools . Almost all the new public schools were segregated , apart from a few in New Orleans . After the Republicans lost power in the mid-1870s , conservative whites retained the public school systems but sharply cut their funding . Almost all private academies and colleges in the South were strictly segregated by race . The American Missionary Association supported the development and establishment of several historically black colleges , such as Fisk University and Shaw University . In this period , a handful of northern colleges accepted black students . Northern denominations and their missionary associations especially established private schools across the South to provide secondary education . They provided a small amount of collegiate work . Tuition was minimal , so churches supported the colleges financially , and also subsidized the pay of some teachers . In 1900 , churches -- mostly based in the North -- operated 247 schools for blacks across the South , with a budget of about $1 million . They employed 1600 teachers and taught 46,000 students . Prominent schools included Howard University , a federal institution based in Washington ; Fisk University in Nashville , Atlanta University , Hampton Institute in Virginia , and many others . Most new colleges in the 19th century were founded in northern states . In 1890 , Congress expanded the land - grant program to include federal support for state - sponsored colleges across the South . It required states to identify colleges for black students as well as white ones in order to get land grant support . Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute was of national importance because it set the standards for what was called industrial education . Of even greater influence was Tuskegee Normal School for Colored Teachers , led from 1881 by Hampton alumnus Booker T. Washington . In 1900 few black students were enrolled in college - level work ; their schools had very weak faculties and facilities . The alumni of Keithley became high school teachers . While the colleges and academies were generally coeducational , until the late 20th century , historians had taken little notice of the role of women as students and teachers . Influence of colleges in 19th century ( edit ) Summarizing the research of Burke and Hall , Katz concludes that in the 19th century : The nation 's many small colleges helped young men make the transition from rural farms to complex urban occupations . These colleges especially promoted upward mobility by preparing ministers , and thereby provided towns across the country with a core of community leaders . The more elite colleges became increasingly exclusive and contributed relatively little to upward social mobility . By concentrating on the offspring of wealthy families , ministers and a few others , the elite Eastern colleges , especially Harvard , played an important role in the formation of a Northeastern elite with great power . 20th century ( edit ) Progressive era ( edit ) The progressive era in education was part of a larger Progressive Movement , extending from the 1890s to the 1930s . The era was notable for a dramatic expansion in the number of schools and students served , especially in the fast - growing metropolitan cities . After 1910 , smaller cities also began building high schools . By 1940 , 50 % of young adults had earned a high school diploma . Radical historians in the 1960s , steeped in the anti-bureaucratic ethos of the New Left , deplored the emergence of bureaucratic school systems . They argue its purpose was to suppress the upward aspirations of the working class . But other historians have emphasized the necessity of building non-politicized standardized systems . The reforms in St. Louis , according to historian Selwyn Troen , were , `` born of necessity as educators first confronted the problems of managing a rapidly expanding and increasingly complex institutions . '' Troen found that the bureaucratic solution removed schools from the bitterness and spite of ward politics . Troen argues : In the space of only a generation , public education had left behind a highly regimented and politicized system dedicated to training children in the basic skills of literacy and the special discipline required of urban citizens , and had replaced it with a largely apolitical , more highly organized and efficient structure specifically designed to teach students the many specialized skills demanded in a modern , industrial society . In terms of programs this entailed the introduction of vocational instruction , a doubling of the period of schooling , and a broader concern for the welfare of urban youth . The social elite in many cities in the 1890s led the reform movement . Their goal was to permanently end political party control of the local schools for the benefit of patronage jobs and construction contracts , which had arisen out of ward politics that absorbed and taught the millions of new immigrants . New York City elite led progressive reforms . Reformers installed a bureaucratic system run by experts , and demanded expertise from prospective teachers . The reforms opened the way for hiring more Irish Catholic and Jewish teachers , who proved adept at handling the civil service tests and gaining the necessary academic credentials . Before the reforms , schools had often been used as a means to provide patronage jobs for party foot soldiers . The new emphasis concentrated on broadening opportunities for the students . New programs were established for the physically handicapped ; evening recreation centers were set up ; vacation schools were opened ; medical inspections became routine ; programs began to teach English as a second language ; and school libraries were opened . Dewey and progressive education ( edit ) The leading educational theorist of the era was John Dewey ( 1859 -- 1952 ) , a philosophy professor at the University of Chicago ( 1894 -- 1904 ) and at Teachers College ( 1904 to 1930 ) , of Columbia University in New York City . Dewey was a leading proponent of `` Progressive Education '' and wrote many books and articles to promote the central role of democracy in education . He believed that schools were not only a place for students to gain content knowledge , but also as a place for them to learn how to live . The purpose of education was thus to realize the student 's full potential and the ability to use those skills for the greater good . Dewey noted that , `` to prepare him for the future life means to give him command of himself ; it means so to train him that he will have the full and ready use of all his capacities . '' Dewey insisted that education and schooling are instrumental in creating social change and reform . He noted that `` education is a regulation of the process of coming to share in the social consciousness ; and that the adjustment of individual activity on the basis of this social consciousness is the only sure method of social reconstruction . '' . Although Dewey 's ideas were very widely discussed , they were implemented chiefly in small experimental schools attached to colleges of education . In the public schools , Dewey and the other progressive theorists encountered a highly bureaucratic system of school administration that was typically not receptive to new methods . Black education ( edit ) Booker T. Washington was the dominant black political and educational leader in the United States from the 1890s until his death in 1915 . Washington not only led his own college , Tuskegee Institute in Alabama , but his advice , political support , and financial connections proved important to many other black colleges and high schools , which were primarily located in the South . This was the center of the black population until after the Great Migration of the first half of the 20th century . Washington was a respected advisor to major philanthropies , such as the Rockefeller , Rosenwald and Jeanes foundations , which provided funding for leading black schools and colleges . The Rosenwald Foundation provided matching funds for the construction of schools for rural black students in the South . Washington explained , `` We need not only the industrial school , but the college and professional school as well , for a people so largely segregated , as we are ... Our teachers , ministers , lawyers and doctors will prosper just in proportion as they have about them an intelligent and skillful producing class . '' Washington was a strong advocate of progressive reforms as advocated by Dewey , emphasizing scientific , industrial and agricultural education that produced a base for lifelong learning , and enabled careers for many black teachers , professionals , and upwardly mobile workers . He tried to adapt to the system and did not support political protests against the segregated Jim Crow system . At the same time , Washington used his network to provide important funding to support numerous legal challenges by the NAACP against the systems of disenfranchisement which southern legislatures had passed at the turn of the century , effectively excluding blacks from politics for decades into the 1960s . Atlanta ( edit ) In most American cities , Progressives in the Efficiency Movement looked for ways to eliminate waste and corruption . They emphasized using experts in schools . For example , in the 1897 reform of the Atlanta schools , the school board was reduced in size , eliminating the power of ward bosses . The members of the school board were elected at - large , reducing the influence of various interest groups . The power of the superintendent was increased . Centralized purchasing allowed for economies of scale , although it also added opportunities for censorship and suppression of dissent . Standards of hiring and tenure in teachers were made uniform . Architects designed school buildings in which the classrooms , offices , workshops and other facilities related together . Curricular innovations were introduced . The reforms were designed to produce a school system for white students according to the best practices of the day . Middle - class professionals instituted these reforms ; they were equally antagonistic to the traditional business elites and to working - class elements . Gary plan ( edit ) The `` Gary plan '' was implemented in the new industrial `` steel '' city of Gary , Indiana , by William Wirt , the superintendent who served from 1907 -- 30 . Although the U.S. Steel Corporation dominated the Gary economy and paid abundant taxes , it did not shape Wirt 's educational reforms . The Gary Plan emphasized highly efficient use of buildings and other facilities . This model was adopted by more than 200 cities around the country , including New York City . Wirt divided students into two platoons -- one platoon used the academic classrooms , while the second platoon was divided among the shops , nature studies , auditorium , gymnasium , and outdoor facilities . Then the platoons rotated position . Wirt set up an elaborate night school program , especially to Americanize new immigrants . The introduction of vocational educational programs , such as wood shop , machine shop , typing , and secretarial skills proved especially popular with parents who wanted their children to become foremen and office workers . By the Great Depression , most cities found the Gary plan too expensive , and abandoned it . Great Depression and New Deal : 1929 - 39 ( edit ) Public schools across the country were badly hurt by the Great Depression , as tax revenues fell in local and state governments shifted funding to relief projects . Budgets were slashed , and teachers went unpaid . During the New Deal , 1933 -- 39 , President Franklin Roosevelt and his advisers were hostile to the elitism shown by the educational establishment . They refused all pleas for direct federal help to public or private schools or universities . They rejected proposals for federal funding for research at universities . But they did help poor students , and the major New Deal relief programs built many schools buildings As requested by local governments . The New Deal approach to education was a radical departure from educational best practices . It was specifically designed for the poor and staffed largely by women on relief . It was not based on professionalism , nor was it designed by experts . Instead it was premised on the anti-elitist notion that a good teacher does not need paper credentials , that learning does not need a formal classroom and that the highest priority should go to the bottom tier of society . Leaders in the public schools were shocked : They were shut out as consultants and as recipients of New Deal funding . They desperately needed cash to cover the local and state revenues that it disappeared during the depression , they were well organized , and made repeated concerted efforts in 1934 , 1937 , and 1939 , all to no avail . The conservative Republican establishment headed collaborated with for so long was out of power and Roosevelt himself was the leader in anti-elitism . The federal government had a highly professional Office of Education ; Roosevelt cut its budget and staff , and refused to consult with its leader John Ward Studebaker . The Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) programs were deliberately designed not teach skills that would put them in competition with unemployed union members . The CCC did have its own classes . They were voluntary , took place after work , and focused on teaching basic literacy to young men who had quit school before high school . The relief programs did offer indirect help . The CWA and FERA focused on hiring unemployed people on relief , and putting them to work on public buildings , including public schools . It built or upgraded 40,000 schools , plus thousands of playgrounds and athletic fields . It gave jobs to 50,000 teachers to keep rural schools open and to teach adult education classes in the cities . It gave a temporary jobs to unemployed teachers in cities like Boston . Although the New Deal refused to give money to impoverished school districts , it did give money to impoverished high school and college students . The CWA used `` work study '' programs to fund students , both male and female . The National Youth Administration ( NYA ) , a semi-autonomous branch of the WPA under Aubrey Williams developed apprenticeship programs and residential camps specializing in teaching vocational skills . It was one of the first agencies to set up a `` Division of Negro Affairs '' and make an explicit effort to enroll black students . Williams believed that the traditional high school curricula had failed to meet the needs of the poorest youth . In opposition , the well - established National Education Association ( NEA ) saw NYA as a dangerous challenge to local control of education NYA expanded Work - study money to reach up to 500,000 students per month in high schools , colleges , and graduate schools . The average pay was $15 a month . However , in line with the anti-elitist policy , the NYA set up its own high schools , entirely separate from the public school system or academic schools of education . Despite appeals from Ickes and Eleanor Roosevelt , Howard University -- the federally operated school for blacks -- saw its budget cut below Hoover administration levels . Secondary schools ( edit ) In 1880 , American high schools were primarily considered to be preparatory academies for students who were going to attend college . But by 1910 they had been transformed into core elements of the common school system and had broader goals of preparing many students for work after high school . The explosive growth brought the number of students from 200,000 in 1890 to 1,000,000 in 1910 , to almost 2,000,000 by 1920 ; 7 % of youths aged 14 to 17 were enrolled in 1890 , rising to 32 % in 1920 . The graduates found jobs especially in the rapidly growing white - collar sector . Cities large and small across the country raced to build new high schools . Few were built in rural areas , so ambitious parents moved close to town to enable their teenagers to attend high school . After 1910 , vocational education was added , as a mechanism to train the technicians and skilled workers needed by the booming industrial sector . In the 1880s the high schools started developing as community centers . They added sports and by the 1920s were building gymnasiums that attracted large local crowds to basketball and other games , especially in small town schools that served nearby rural areas . College preparation ( edit ) In the 1865 -- 1914 era , the number and character of schools changed to meet the demands of new and larger cities and of new immigrants . They had to adjust to the new spirit of reform permeating the country . High schools increased in number , adjusted their curriculum to prepare students for the growing state and private universities ; education at all levels began to offer more utilitarian studies in place of an emphasis on the classics . John Dewey and other Progressives advocated changes from their base in teachers ' colleges . Before 1920 most secondary education , whether private or public , emphasized college entry for a select few headed for college . Proficiency in Greek and Latin was emphasized . Abraham Flexner , under commission from the philanthropic General Education Board ( GEB ) , wrote A Modern School ( 1916 ) , calling for a de-emphasis on the classics . The classics teachers fought back in a losing effort . Prior to World War I , German was preferred as a subject for a second spoken language . Prussian and German educational systems had served as a model for many communities in the United States and its intellectual standing was highly respected . Due to Germany being an enemy of the US during the war , an anti-German attitude arose in the United States . French , the international language of diplomacy , was promoted as the preferred second language instead . French survived as the second language of choice until the 1960s , when Spanish became popular . This reflected a strong increase in the Spanish - speaking population in the United States , which has continued since the late 20th century . The growth of human Capital ( edit ) By 1900 educators argued that the post-literacy schooling of the masses at the secondary and higher levels , would improve citizenship , develop higher - order traits , and produce the managerial and professional leadership needed for rapid economic modernization . The commitment to expanded education past age 14 set the U.S. apart from Europe for much of the 20th century . From 1910 to 1940 , high schools grew in number and size , reaching out to a broader clientele . In 1910 , for example , 9 % of Americans had a high school diploma ; in 1935 , the rate was 40 % . By 1940 , the number had increased to 50 % . This phenomenon was uniquely American ; no other nation attempted such widespread coverage . The fastest growth came in states with greater wealth , more homogeneity of wealth , and less manufacturing activity than others . The high schools provided necessary skill sets for youth planning to teach school , and essential skills for those planning careers in white collar work and some high - paying blue collar jobs . Claudia Goldin argues this rapid growth was facilitated by public funding , openness , gender neutrality , local ( and also state ) control , separation of church and state , and an academic curriculum . The wealthiest European nations , such as Germany and Britain , had far more exclusivity in their education system ; few youth attended past age 14 . Apart from technical training schools , European secondary schooling was dominated by children of the wealthy and the social elites . American post-elementary schooling was designed to be consistent with national needs . It stressed general and widely applicable skills not tied to particular occupations or geographic areas , in order that students would have flexible employment options . As the economy was dynamic , the emphasis was on portable skills that could be used in a variety of occupations , industries , and regions . Public schools were funded and supervised by independent districts that depended on taxpayer support . In dramatic contrast to the centralized systems in Europe , where national agencies made the major decisions , the American districts designed their own rules and curricula . Teachers and administrators ( edit ) Early public school superintendents emphasized discipline and rote learning , and school principals made sure the mandate was imposed on teachers . Disruptive students were expelled . Support for the high school movement occurred at the grass - roots level of local cities and school systems . After 1916 , the federal government began to provide for vocational education funding as part of support for raising readiness to work in industrial and artisan jobs . In these years , states and religious bodies generally funded teacher training colleges , often called `` normal schools '' . Gradually they developed full four - year curriculums and developed as state colleges after 1945 . Teachers organized themselves during the 1920s and 1930s . In 1917 , the National Education Association ( NEA ) was reorganized to better mobilize and represent teachers and educational staff . The rate of increase in membership was constant under the chairmanship of James Crabtree -- from 8,466 members in 1917 to 220,149 in 1931 . The rival American Federation of Teachers ( AFT ) was based in large cities and formed alliances with the local labor unions . The NEA identified as an upper - middle - class professional organization , while the AFT identified with the working class and the union movement . Higher education ( edit ) Main article : History of higher education in the United States At the beginning of the 20th century , fewer than 1,000 colleges with 160,000 students existed in the United States . Explosive growth in the number of colleges occurred at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries , supported in part by Congress ' land grant programs . Philanthropists endowed many of these institutions . For example , wealthy philanthropists established Johns Hopkins University , Stanford University , Carnegie Mellon University , Vanderbilt University and Duke University ; John D. Rockefeller funded the University of Chicago without imposing his name on it . Land grant universities ( edit ) Each state used federal funding from the Morrill Land - Grant Colleges Acts of 1862 and 1890 to set up `` land grant colleges '' that specialized in agriculture and engineering . The 1890 act required states that had segregation also to provide all - black land grant colleges , which were dedicated primarily to teacher training . These colleges contributed to rural development , including the establishment of a traveling school program by Tuskegee Institute in 1906 . Rural conferences sponsored by Tuskegee also attempted to improve the life of rural blacks . In the late 20th century , many of the schools established in 1890 have helped train students from less - developed countries to return home with the skills and knowledge to improve agricultural production . Iowa State University was the first existing school whose state legislature officially accepted the provisions of the Morrill Act on September 11 , 1862 . Other universities soon followed , such as Purdue University , Michigan State University , Kansas State University , Cornell University ( in New York ) , Texas A&M University , Pennsylvania State University , The Ohio State University , and the University of California . Few alumni became farmers , but they did play an increasingly important role in the larger food industry , especially after the federal extension system was set up in 1916 that put trained agronomists in every agricultural county . Engineering graduates played a major role in rapid technological development . The land - grant college system produced the agricultural scientists and industrial engineers who constituted the critical human resources of the managerial revolution in government and business , 1862 -- 1917 , laying the foundation of the world 's pre-eminent educational infrastructure that supported the world 's foremost technology - based economy . Representative was Pennsylvania State University . The Farmers ' High School of Pennsylvania ( later the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania and then Pennsylvania State University ) , chartered in 1855 , was intended to uphold declining agrarian values and show farmers ways to prosper through more productive farming . Students were to build character and meet a part of their expenses by performing agricultural labor . By 1875 the compulsory labor requirement was dropped , but male students were required to have an hour a day of military training in order to meet the requirements of the Morrill Land Grant College Act . In the early years , the agricultural curriculum was not well developed , and politicians in the state capital of Harrisburg often considered the land - grant college a costly and useless experiment . The college was a center of middle - class values that served to help young people on their journey to white - collar occupations . GI Bill ( edit ) Rejecting liberal calls for large - scale aid to education , Congress in 1944 during World War II passed the conservative program of aid limited to veterans who had served in wartime . Daniel Brumberg and Farideh Farhi state , `` The expansive and generous postwar education benefits of the GI Bill were due not to Roosevelt 's progressive vision but to the conservative American Legion . '' The GI Bill made college education possible for millions by paying tuition and living expenses . The government provided between $800 and $1,400 each year to these veterans as a subsidy to attend college , which covered 50 -- 80 % of total costs . This included foregone earnings in addition to tuition , which allowed them to have enough funds for life outside of school . The GI Bill helped create a widespread belief in the necessity of college education . It opened up higher education to ambitious young men who would otherwise have been forced to immediately enter the job market after being discharged from the military . When comparing college attendance rates between veterans and non-veterans during this period , veterans were found to be 10 % more likely to go to college than non-veterans . In the early decades after the bill was passed , most campuses became largely male thanks to the GI Bill , since only 2 % of wartime veterans were women . But by 2000 , female veterans had grown in numbers and began passing men in rates of college and graduate school attendance . Great Society ( edit ) When liberals regained control of Congress in 1964 , they passed numerous Great Society programs supported by President Lyndon B. Johnson to expand federal support for education . The Higher Education Act of 1965 set up federal scholarships and low - interest loans for college students , and subsidized better academic libraries , ten to twenty new graduate centers , several new technical institutes , classrooms for several hundred thousand students , and twenty - five to thirty new community colleges a year . A separate education bill enacted that same year provided similar assistance to dental and medical schools . On an even larger scale , the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 began pumping federal money into local school districts . Segregation and integration ( edit ) Segregation laws in the United States prior to Brown v. Board of Education For much of its history , education in the United States was segregated ( or even only available ) based upon race . Early integrated schools such as the Noyes Academy , founded in 1835 , in Canaan , New Hampshire , were generally met with fierce local opposition . For the most part , African Americans received very little to no formal education before the Civil War . Some free blacks in the North managed to become literate . In the South where slavery was legal , many states had laws prohibiting teaching enslaved African Americans to read or write . A few taught themselves , others learned from white playmates or more generous masters , but most were not able to learn to read and write . Schools for free people of color were privately run and supported , as were most of the limited schools for white children . Poor white children did not attend school . The wealthier planters hired tutors for their children and sent them to private academies and colleges at the appropriate age . During Reconstruction a coalition of freedmen and white Republicans in Southern state legislatures passed laws establishing public education . The Freedmen 's Bureau was created as an agency of the military governments that managed Reconstruction . It set up schools in many areas and tried to help educate and protect freedmen during the transition after the war . With the notable exception of the desegregated public schools in New Orleans , the schools were segregated by race . By 1900 more than 30,000 black teachers had been trained and put to work in the South , and the literacy rate had climbed to more than 50 % , a major achievement in little more than a generation . Many colleges were set up for blacks ; some were state schools like Booker T. Washington 's Tuskegee Institute in Alabama , others were private ones subsidized by Northern missionary societies . Although the African - American community quickly began litigation to challenge such provisions , in the 19th century Supreme Court challenges generally were not decided in their favor . The Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) upheld the segregation of races in schools as long as each race enjoyed parity in quality of education ( the `` separate but equal '' principle ) . However , few black students received equal education . They suffered for decades from inadequate funding , outmoded or dilapidated facilities , and deficient textbooks ( often ones previously used in white schools ) . Starting in 1914 and going into the 1930s , Julius Rosenwald , a philanthropist from Chicago , established the Rosenwald Fund to provide seed money for matching local contributions and stimulating the construction of new schools for African American children , mostly in the rural South . He worked in association with Booker T. Washington and architects at Tuskegee University to have model plans created for schools and teacher housing . With the requirement that money had to be raised by both blacks and whites , and schools approved by local school boards ( controlled by whites ) , Rosenwald stimulated construction of more than 5,000 schools built across the South . In addition to Northern philanthrops and state taxes , African Americans went to extraordinary efforts to raise money for such schools . The Civil Rights Movement during the 1950s and 1960s helped publicize the inequities of segregation . In 1954 , the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education unanimously declared that separate facilities were inherently unequal and unconstitutional . By the 1970s segregated districts had practically vanished in the South . Integration of schools has been a protracted process , however , with results affected by vast population migrations in many areas , and affected by suburban sprawl , the disappearance of industrial jobs , and movement of jobs out of former industrial cities of the North and Midwest and into new areas of the South . Although required by court order , integrating the first black students in the South met with intense opposition . In 1957 the integration of Central High School in Little Rock , Arkansas , had to be enforced by federal troops . President Dwight D. Eisenhower took control of the National Guard , after the governor tried to use them to prevent integration . Throughout the 1960s and 1970s , integration continued with varying degrees of difficulty . Some states and cities tried to overcome de facto segregation , a result of housing patterns , by using forced busing . This method of integrating student populations provoked resistance in many places , including northern cities , where parents wanted children educated in neighborhood schools . Although full equality and parity in education has still to be achieved ( many school districts are technically still under the integration mandates of local courts ) , technical equality in education had been achieved by 1970 . Education after 1945 ( edit ) In mid-20th century America , there was intense interest in using institutions to support the innate creativity of children . It helped reshape children 's play , the design of suburban homes , schools , parks , and museums . Producers of children 's television programming worked to spark creativity . Educational toys proliferated that were designed to teach skills or develop abilities . For schools there was a new emphasis on arts as well as science in the curriculum . School buildings no longer were monumental testimonies to urban wealth ; they were redesigned with the students in mind . The emphasis on creativity was reversed in the 1980s , as public policy emphasized test scores , school principal were forced to downplay art , drama , music , history and anything that was not being scored on standardized tests , lest their school be labelled `` failing '' by the quantifiers behind the `` No Child Left Behind Act . In the 21st century teachers report that many students in classrooms seem mesmerized by their personal cell phones or smart phones , often checking their text messages or Facebook page . Inequality ( edit ) The Coleman Report , by University of Chicago sociology professor James Coleman proved especially controversial in 1966 . Based on massive statistical data , the 1966 report titled `` Equality of Educational Opportunity '' fueled debate about `` school effects '' that has continued since . The report was widely seen as evidence that school funding has little effect on student final achievement . A more precise reading of the Coleman Report is that student background and socioeconomic status are much more important in determining educational outcomes than are measured differences in school resources ( i.e. per pupil spending ) . Coleman found that , on average , black schools were funded on a nearly equal basis by the 1960s , and that black students benefited from racially mixed classrooms . The comparative quality of education among rich and poor districts is still often the subject of dispute . While middle class African - American children have made good progress ; poor minorities have struggled . With school systems based on property taxes , there are wide disparities in funding between wealthy suburbs or districts , and often poor , inner - city areas or small towns . `` De facto segregation '' has been difficult to overcome as residential neighborhoods have remained more segregated than workplaces or public facilities . Racial segregation has not been the only factor in inequities . Residents in New Hampshire challenged property tax funding because of steep contrasts between education funds in wealthy and poorer areas . They filed lawsuits to seek a system to provide more equal funding of school systems across the state . Some scholars believe that transformation of the Pell Grant program to a loan program in the early 1980s has caused an increase in the gap between the growth rates of white , Asian - American and African - American college graduates since the 1970s . Others believe the issue is increasingly related more to class and family capacity than ethnicity . Some school systems have used economics to create a different way to identify populations in need of supplemental help . Special education ( edit ) In 1975 Congress passed Public Law 94 - 142 , Education for All Handicapped Children Act . One of the most comprehensive laws in the history of education in the United States , this Act brought together several pieces of state and federal legislation , making free , appropriate education available to all eligible students with a disability . The law was amended in 1986 to extend its coverage to include younger children . In 1990 the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) extended its definitions and changed the label `` handicap '' to `` disabilities '' . Further procedural changes were amended to IDEA in 1997 . Reform efforts in the 1980s ( edit ) In 1983 , the National Commission on Excellence in Education released a report titled A Nation at Risk . Soon afterward , conservatives were calling for an increase in academic rigor including an increase in the number of school days per year , longer school days and higher testing standards . English scholar E.D. Hirsch made an influential attack on progressive education , advocating an emphasis on `` cultural literacy '' -- the facts , phrases , and texts that Hirsch asserted are essential for decoding basic texts and maintaining communication . Hirsch 's ideas remain influential in conservative circles into the 21st century . Hirsch 's ideas have been controversial because as Edwards argues : Opponents from the political left generally accuse Hirsch of elitism . Worse yet in their minds , Hirsch 's assertion might lead to a rejection of toleration , pluralism , and relativism . On the political right , Hirsch has been assailed as totalitarian , for his idea lends itself to turning over curriculum selection to federal authorities and thereby eliminating the time - honored American tradition of locally controlled schools . By 1990 , the United States spent 2 per cent of its budget on education , compared with 30 per cent on support for the elderly . 21st century ( edit ) Policy since 2000 ( edit ) Main article : No Child Left Behind Act `` No Child Left Behind '' Was a major national law passed by a bipartisan coalition in Congress in 2002 , marked a new direction . In exchange for more federal aid , the states were required to measure progress and punish schools that were not meeting the goals as measured by standardized state exams in math and language skills . By 2012 , half the states were given waivers because the original goal that 100 % students by 2014 be deemed `` proficient '' had proven unrealistic . By 2012 , 45 states had dropped the requirement to teach cursive writing from the curriculum . Few schools start the school day by singing the national anthem , as was once done . Few schools have mandatory recess for children . Educators are trying to reinstate recess . Few schools have mandatory arts class . Continuing reports of a student 's progress can be found online , supplementing the former method of periodic report cards . By 2015 , criticisms from a broad range of political ideologies had cumulated so far that a bipartisan Congress stripped away all the national features of No Child Left Behind , turning the remnants over to the states . Main article : 21st century skills Beginning in the 1980s , government , educators , and major employers issued a series of reports identifying key skills and implementation strategies to steer students and workers towards meeting the demands of the changing and increasingly digital workplace and society . 21st century skills are a series of higher - order skills , abilities , and learning dispositions that have been identified as being required for success in 21st century society and workplaces by educators , business leaders , academics , and governmental agencies . Many of these skills are also associated with deeper learning , including analytic reasoning , complex problem solving , and teamwork , compared to traditional knowledge - based academic skills . Many schools and school districts are adjusting learning environments , curricula , and learning spaces to include and support more active learning ( such as experiential learning ) to foster deeper learning and the development of 21st century skills . Historiography ( edit ) Further information : Social history § History of education For much of the 20th century , the dominant historiography , as exemplified by Ellwood Patterson Cubberley ( 1868 -- 1941 ) at Stanford , emphasized the rise of American education as a powerful force for literacy , democracy , and equal opportunity , and a firm basis for higher education and advanced research institutions . It was a story of enlightenment and modernization triumphing over ignorance , cost - cutting , and narrow traditionalism whereby parents tried to block their children 's intellectual access to the wider world . Teachers dedicated to the public interest , reformers with a wide vision , and public support from the civic - minded community were the heroes . The textbooks help inspire students to become public schools teachers and thereby fulfill their own civic mission . The crisis came in the 1960s , when a new generation of New Left scholars and students rejected the traditional celebratory accounts , and identified the educational system as the villain for many of America 's weaknesses , failures , and crimes . Michael Katz ( 1939 -- 2014 ) states they : tried to explain the origins of the Vietnam War ; the persistence of racism and segregation ; the distribution Of power among gender and classes ; intractable poverty and the decay of cities ; and the failure of social institutions and policies designed to deal with mental illness , crime , delinquency , and education . The old guard fought back in bitter historiographical contests . The younger scholars largely promoted the proposition that schools were not the solution To America 's ills , they were in part the cause of Americans problems . The fierce battles of the 1960s died out by the 1990s , but enrollment declined sharply in education history courses and never recovered . Most histories of education deal with institutions or focus on the ideas histories of major reformers , but a new social history has recently emerged , focused on who were the students in terms of social background and social mobility . Attention has often focused on minority , and ethnic students . The social history of teachers has also been studied in depth . Historians have recently looked at the relationship between schooling and urban growth by studying educational institutions as agents in class formation , relating urban schooling to changes in the shape of cities , linking urbanization with social reform movements , and examining the material conditions affecting child life and the relationship between schools and other agencies that socialize the young . The most economics - minded historians have sought to relate education to changes in the quality of labor , productivity and economic growth , and rates of return on investment in education . A major recent exemplar is Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz , The Race between Education and Technology ( 2009 ) , on the social and economic history of 20th - century American schooling . See also ( edit ) History of Catholic education in the United States History of education in Missouri Education in the United States Education reform Federal Involvement in US Education References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of Boston Latin School -- oldest public school in America '' . BLS Web Site . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Mather Elementary School . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Mather School is marking 375 years of public education ; NYPD 's Bratton , an alumnus , to speak at assembly Dorchester Reporter '' . www.dotnews.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Cremin , American Education : The Colonial Experience , 1607 -- 1783 ( Harper & Row , 1970 ) Jump up ^ Maris A. 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Burke , American Collegiate Populations : A Test of the Traditional View ( New York University Press , 1982 ) and Peter Dobkin Hall , The Organization of American Culture : Private Institutions , Elites , and the Origins of American Nationality ( New York University Press , 1982 ) Jump up ^ Diane Ravitch , The Revisionists Revised : A Critique of the Radical Attack on the Schools ( 1978 ) pp 32 -- 41 Jump up ^ Selwyn K. Troen , The Public and the Schools : Shaping the St. Louis System 1838 -- 1920 ( 1975 ) pp 151 , 224 -- 26 , quoted in Ravitch , The Revisionists Revised , pp 55 -- 56 Jump up ^ Diane Ravitch ( 1978 ) . The Revisionists Revised : A Critique of the Radical Attack : the Schools . Basic Books . p. 53 . Jump up ^ Paul Peterson , Saving Schools : From Horace Mann to Virtual Learning ( 2010 ) pp 37 -- 50 Jump up ^ William J. Reese , `` The Origins of Progressive Education , '' History of Education Quarterly 2001 41 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 24 . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 3314 - 3 . Jump up ^ Cremin , Lawrence A. ( 1988 ) . American Education : The Metropolitan Experience , 1876 -- 1980 . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015804 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wraga , William G. ( 2008 ) . `` The Assault on ' The Assault on Humanism ' : Classicists Respond to Abraham Flexner 's ' A Modern School ' '' . Historical Studies in Education . 20 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Watzke , John L. ( 2003 ) . Lasting Change in Foreign Language Education : A Historical Case for Change in National Policy . Jump up ^ Goldin , Claudia ; Katz , Lawrence F. ( 1999 ) . `` Human Capital and Social Capital : The Rise of Secondary Schooling in America , 1910 -- 1940 '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 29 ( 4 ) : 683 -- 723 . doi : 10.1162 / 002219599551868 . Jump up ^ Goldin , Claudia ; Katz , Lawrence F. ( 2009 ) . `` Why the United States Led in Education : Lessons from Secondary School Expansion , 1910 to 1940 '' . Human Capital and Institutions : A Long - Run View . New York : Cambridge University Press . pp. 143 -- 178 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76958 - 7 . Jump up ^ Goldin , Claudia ( 2001 ) . `` The Human - Capital Century and American Leadership : Virtues of the Past '' . Journal of Economic History . 61 ( 2 ) : 263 -- 290 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Education in the United States : Secondary Schools '' . K -- 12 Academics . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldin , Claudia ; Katz , Lawrence F. ( 2008 ) . The Race between Education and Technology . Cambridge : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02867 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rousmaniere , Kate ( 2013 ) . The Principal 's Office : A Social History of the American School Principal . State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 4823 - 7 . Jump up ^ Eaton , William ( 1975 ) . The American Federation of Teachers , 1916 -- 1961 : A History of the Movement . Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 0 - 8093 - 0708 - 1 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Marjorie ( 1992 ) . Blackboard Unions : The AFT and the NEA , 1900 -- 1980 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8076 - 0 . Jump up ^ Veysey , Laurence R. ( 1965 ) . The Emergence of the American University . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Mayberry , B.D. ( 1991 ) . A Century of Agriculture in the 1890 Land Grant Institutions and Tuskegee University , 1890 -- 1990 . New York : Vantage Press . ISBN 0 - 533 - 09510 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Morrill Act of 1862 . '' Morrill Act of 1862 An Iowa Legacy . N.p. , n.d. Web . 07 Mar. 2017 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Alan I. , ed. ( 2005 ) . Engineering in a Land Grant Context : The Past , Present , and Future of an Idea . West Lafayette , IN : Purdue University Press . ISBN 1 - 55753 - 360 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ferleger , Louis ; Lazonick , William ( 1994 ) . `` Higher Education for an Innovative Economy : Land - grant Colleges and the Managerial Revolution in America '' . Business & Economic History . 23 ( 1 ) : 116 -- 128 . JSTOR 23702838 . Jump up ^ Weeks , Jim ( 1995 ) . `` A New Race of Farmers : the Labor Rule , the Farmers ' High School , and the Origins of the Pennsylvania State University '' . Pennsylvania History . 62 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Daniel Brumberg ; Farideh Farhi ( 2016 ) . Power and Change in Iran : Politics of Contention and Conciliation . Indiana UP . p. 82 . Jump up ^ See also Theda Skocpol ( 2000 ) . The Missing Middle : Working Families and the Future of American Social Policy . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Altschuler , Glenn ; Blumin , Stuart ( 2009 ) . The GI Bill : The New Deal for Veterans . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518228 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Irving ( 1996 ) . Guns or Butter : The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 202 -- 222 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506312 - 0 . Jump up ^ Anderson , James D. ( 1988 ) . The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . pp. 244 -- 245 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1793 - 7 . Jump up ^ Anderson , James D. ( 1988 ) . The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . pp. 158 -- 161 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1793 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Desegregation Hearing To Be Held Tuesday '' . TheJacksonChannel . Retrieved February 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Amy F. Ogata , Designing the Creative Child : Playthings and Places in Midcentury America ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Amy F. Ogata , `` Building for learning in postwar American elementary schools . '' Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians '' 67.4 ( 2008 ) : 562 - 591 . online Jump up ^ Deborah Meier and George Wood , eds. , Many Children Left Behind : How the No Child Left Behind Act Is Damaging Our Children and Our Schools ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Leo M. Casey , `` The Will to Quantify : The '' Bottom Line '' in the Market Model of Education Reform . '' Teachers College Record 115.9 ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ E. Bun Lee , `` Too much information : Heavy smartphone and Facebook utilization by African American young adults . '' Journal of Black Studies 46.1 ( 2015 ) : 44 - 61 . Jump up ^ See Hanushek , Eric A. ( 1998 ) . `` Conclusions and Controversies about the Effectiveness of School Resources '' ( PDF ) . Economic Policy Review . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . 4 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 27 . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Raymond ( 2008 ) . `` Educational Reform in the 1960s '' . Race and Education , 1954 -- 2007 . University of Missouri Press . pp. 155 -- 187 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1828 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hanushek , Eric A. ; Kain , John F. ; Rivkin , Steve G. ( 2009 ) . `` New Evidence about Brown v. Board of Education : The Complex Effects of School Racial Composition on Achievement '' . Journal of Labor Economics . 27 ( 3 ) : 349 -- 383 . doi : 10.1086 / 600386 . Jump up ^ Adams , J.Q. ; Strother - Adams , Pearlie ( 2001 ) . Dealing with Diversity . Chicago : Kendall / Hunt . ISBN 0 - 7872 - 8145 - X . Jump up ^ Chambers , Jay G. ; Hartman , William T. ( 1983 ) . Special Education Policies : Their History , Implementation , and Finance . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 0 - 87722 - 280 - 0 . Jump up ^ Longmore , Paul K. ( 2009 ) . `` Making Disability an Essential Part of American History '' . OAH Magazine of History . 23 ( 3 ) : 11 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Dr. Jason R. Edwards , `` E.D. Hirsch Jr. : The Twentieth Century 's Liberal Conservative Educator , '' The Center for Vision & Values ( 2009 ) online Jump up ^ `` U.S. spending '' . Rolling Stone . April 19 , 1990 . p. 43 . Jump up ^ Jesse Rhodes ( 2012 ) . An Education in Politics : The Origins and Evolution of No Child Left Behind . Cornell U.P. pp. 179 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Steven Brill ( 2011 ) . Class Warfare : Inside the Fight to Fix America 's Schools . Simon and Schuster . p. 84 . Jump up ^ `` Archived : Fact Sheet on No Child Left Behind '' . Jump up ^ Resmovits , Joy ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` No Child Left Behind Waivers Granted To More Than Half Of U.S. States '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Te - Erika Patterson . `` 10 School Traditions Your Kids Will Never Experience '' . mom.me . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Lyndsey Layton , `` Obama signs new K -- 12 education law that ends No Child Left Behind '' Washington Post Dec 11 , 2015 Jump up ^ Chris Dede , Comparing Frameworks for 21st Century Skills , Harvard Graduate School of Education , 2009 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 09 Jump up ^ Stedman Graham , Preparing for the 21st Century : Soft Skills Matter , Huffington Post , April 26 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 16 Jump up ^ Larry Cuban , Content vs. skills in high schools -- 21st century arguments echo 19th century conflicts , November 3 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 Jump up ^ Sol Cohen , `` The history of the history of American education , 1900 -- 1976 : The uses of the past . '' Harvard Educational Review 46 # 3 ( 1976 ) : 298 -- 330 . online Jump up ^ Lawrence A. Cremin , The Wonderful World of Ellwood Patterson Cubberley ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ Michael B. Katz ( 2009 ) . Reconstructing American Education . Harvard UP . p. 136 . Jump up ^ Diane Ravitch , The Revisionists Revised : A Critique of the Radical Attack on the Schools ( 1978 ) was a major counterattack . Jump up ^ McClellan , B. Edward ; Reese , William J. , eds. ( 1988 ) . The Social History of American Education . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01462 - 6 . Jump up ^ Margo , Robert A. ( 1990 ) . Race and Schooling in the South , 1880 -- 1950 : An Economic History . ISBN 0 - 226 - 50510 - 3 . Jump up ^ Galenson , David W. ( 1998 ) . `` Ethnic difference in neighborhood effects on the school attendance of boys in early Chicago '' . History of Education Quarterly . 38 : 17 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Perlmann , Joel ; Margo , Robert A. ( 2001 ) . Women 's Work ? American Schoolteachers , 1650 -- 1920 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 66039 - 7 . Jump up ^ Reeder , David A. ( 1992 ) . `` Schooling in the City : Educational History and the Urban Variable '' . Urban History . 19 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Herbst , Jürgen ( 1999 ) . `` The History of Education : State of the Art at the Turn of the Century in Europe and North America '' . Paedagogica Historica. 35 ( 3 ) : 737 -- 747 . doi : 10.1080 / 0030923990350308 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Michael ( 2007 ) . `` Educational and Economic History : The Good Neighbours '' . History of Education . 36 ( 4 / 5 ) : 429 -- 445 . Further reading ( edit ) For a detailed bibliography , see History of education in the United States : Bibliography . Altenbaugh ; Richard J. Historical Dictionary of American Education ( 1999 ) online edition Best , John Hardin . `` Education in the Forming of the American South . '' History of Education Quarterly 36.1 ( 1996 ) : 39 -- 51 . in JSTOR Button , H. Warren and Provenzo , Eugene F. , Jr . History of Education and Culture in America . ( 1983 ) . 379 pp . Clifford , Geraldine J. Those Good Gertrudes : A social history of women teachers in America ( 2014 ) Clifford , Geraldine Jonçich . `` ' Daughters into Teachers ' : Educational and Demographic Influences on the Transformation of Teaching into ' Women 's Work ' in America , '' in Alison Prentice And Marjorie R. Theobald , eds . Women Who Taught : Perspectives on the History of Women and Teaching ( 1991 ) pp. 115 -- 135 . Cremin , Lawrence A. American Education : The Colonial Experience , 1607 -- 1783 . ( 1970 ) ; the later two volumes have surprisingly little on schools : American Education : The National Experience , 1783 -- 1876 . ( 1980 ) ; American Education : The Metropolitan Experience , 1876 -- 1980 ( 1990 ) Curti , M.E. The social ideas of American educators , with new chapter on the last twenty - five years . ( 1959 ) . Eisenmann , Linda . Historical Dictionary of Women 's Education in the United States ( 1998 ) online Geiger , Roger L. The History of American Higher Education : Learning and Culture from the Founding to World War II ( Princeton UP 2014 ) , 584pp ; encyclopedic in scope Goldin , Claudia . `` The Human - Capital Century and American Leadership : Virtues of the Past '' , Journal of Economic History , ( 2001 ) vol. 61 # 2 pp 263 -- 90 online Herbst , Juergen . The once and future school : Three hundred and fifty years of American secondary education . ( 1996 ) . online edition Herbst , Jurgen . `` Nineteenth ‐ Century Normal Schools in the United States : a Fresh Look . '' History of Education 9.3 ( 1980 ) : 219 -- 227 . Hyde , Sarah L. Schooling in the Antebellum South : The Rise of Public and Private Education in Louisiana , Mississippi , and Alabama ( Louisiana State University Press , 2016 ) , xvi , 212 pp Lucas , C.J. American higher education : A history . ( 1994 ) . pp. ; reprinted essays from History of Education Quarterly McClellan , B. Edward and Reese , William J. , ed . The Social History of American Education . U. of Illinois Press , 1988 . 370 pp. ; reprinted essays from History of Education Quarterly Mohr , Clarence L. ed . The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture : Education ( 2011 ) online review ; comprehensive coverage in 135 articles Monroe , Paul , ed . A cyclopedia of education ( 5 vol. 1911 ) online vol 1 ; online vol 5 Nasaw , David ; Schooled to Order : A Social History of Public Schooling in the United States ( 1981 ) online version Parkerson , Donald H. and Parkerson , Jo Ann . Transitions in American Education : A Social History of Teaching . Routledge , 2001 . 242 pp . Parkerson , Donald H. and Parkerson , Jo Ann . The Emergence of the Common School in the U.S. Countryside . Edwin Mellen , 1998 . 192 pp . Peterson , Paul . Saving Schools : From Horace Mann to Virtual Learning ( 2010 ) , theorists from Mann to the present Rudolph , Frederick . The American College and University : A History ( 1962 ) long the standard history Rury , John L. ; Education and Social Change : Themes in the History of American Schooling . ' ; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . 2002 . online version Spring , Joel . The American School : From the Puritans to No Child Left Behind . ( 7th ed . McGraw - Hill , 2008 ) . 494 pp . Thelin , John R. A History of American Higher Education ( 2004 ) stress on most important 50 universities Theobald , Paul . Call School : Rural Education in the Midwest to 1918 . Southern Illinois U. Press , 1995 . 246 pp . Tyack , David B . The One Best System : A History of American Urban Education ( 1974 ) , Tyack , David B. , and Elizabeth Hansot . Managers of virtue : Public school leadership in America , 1820 -- 1980 . ( 1982 ) . Urban , Wayne J. , and Jennings L. Wagoner . American education : A history ( 4th ed . Routledge , 2009 ) , A frequently used Universitytextbook Walch , Timothy . Parish School : American Catholic Parochial Education From Colonial Times to the Present ( 2003 ) Zeichner , Kenneth M. , and Daniel P. Liston . `` Traditions of reform in US teacher education . '' Journal of teacher Education 41 # 2 ( 1990 ) : 3 -- 20 . Historiography ( edit ) Altenbaugh , Richard J. `` Oral history , American teachers and a social history of schooling : An emerging agenda . '' Cambridge Journal of Education 27 # 3 ( 1997 ) : 313 -- 330 . Best , John Hardin , ed . Historical inquiry in education : A research agenda ( American Educational Research Association , 1983 ) ; The most comprehensive overview of the historiography of American education , with essays by 13 scholars . Cohen , Sol . `` The history of the history of American education , 1900 -- 1976 : The uses of the past . '' Harvard Educational Review 46 # 3 ( 1976 ) : 298 -- 330 . Cohen , Sol . Challenging orthodoxies : Toward a new cultural history of education ( Peter Lang , 1999 ) . Dougherty , Jack . `` From anecdote to analysis : Oral interviews and new scholarship in educational history . '' Journal of American History 86 # 2 ( 1999 ) : 712 -- 723 . in JSTOR Finkelstein , Barbara . `` Education historians as mythmakers . '' Review of research in education 18 ( 1992 ) : 255 -- 297 . in JSTOR Katz , Michael ed . Education in American History : Readings on the Social Issues Praeger Publishers , 1973 Perko , F. Michael . `` Religious schooling in America : an historiographic reflection . '' History of Education Quarterly 40 # 3 ( 2000 ) , pp. 320 -- 338 in JSTOR Ramsey , Paul J. `` Histories taking root : the contexts and patterns of educational historiography during the twentieth century . '' American Educational History Journal 34 # 1 / 2 ( 2007 ) : 347 + . Ravitch , Diane . The Revisionists Revised : A Critique of the Radical Attack on the Schools ( 1978 ) Ravitch , Diane . The Revisionists Revised : Studies in the Historiography of American Education : a Review ( National Academy of Education , 1977 ) pp. 1 -- 84 ; a shorter version Reese , William J. and John J. Rury , eds . Rethinking the History of American Education ( 2008 ) excerpt Santora , Ellen Durrigan . `` Historiographic Perspectives of Context and Progress During a Half Century of Progressive Educational Reform . '' Education and Culture 16 #. 1 ( 2012 ) : 2 + online Sloan , Douglas . `` Historiography and the History of Education , '' in Fred Kerlinger , ed. , Review of Research in Education , 1 ( 1973 ) : 239 -- 269 . Urban , W.J. `` Some historiographical problems in revisionist educational history , '' American Educational Research Journal ( 1975 ) 12 # 3 pp 337 -- 350 . Primary sources ( edit ) Cohen , Sol , ed . Education In the United States : A Documentary History ( 5 vol , 1974 ) , 3600pp of primary sources from origins to 1972 Hofstadter , Richard and Wilson Smith , eds . American Higher Education : A Documentary History ( 2 vol 1967 ) Knight , Edgar W. , ed . A Documentary History of Education in the South Before 1860 ( 5 vol 1952 ) Journals ( edit ) American Educational History Journal External links ( edit ) American Education : Colonial America School : The Story of American Public Education at PBS.org . ( hide ) History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_education_in_the_United_States&oldid=840429153 '' Categories : Social history of the United States Cultural history of the United States History of education in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 20 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20education%20in%20the%20United%20States	326
who do the kings represent in a deck of cards			King ( playing card )	king ( playing card )	The king is a playing card with a picture of a king on it . The king is usually the highest - ranking face card . In French playing cards and tarot decks , the king immediately outranks the queen . In Italian and Spanish playing cards , the king immediately outranks the knight . In German and Swiss playing cards , the king immediately outranks the Ober . In some games , the king is the highest - ranked card ; in others , the ace is higher . Aces began outranking kings around 1500 with Trappola being the earliest known game in which the aces were highest in all four suits . In the Ace - Ten family of games such as pinochle and schnapsen , both the ace and the 10 rank higher than the king .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Example cards 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) French Rouen pattern on the left , Spanish Toledo pattern on the right The king card is the oldest and most universal court card . It most likely originated in Persian Ganjifeh where kings are depicted as seated on thrones and outranking the viceroy cards which are mounted on horses . Playing cards were transmitted to Italy and Spain via the Mamluks and Moors . The best preserved and most complete deck of Mamluk cards , the Topkapı pack , did not display human figures but just listed their rank most likely due to religious prohibition . It is not entirely secure if the Topkapı pack was representative of all Mamluk decks as it was a custom - made luxury item used for display . A fragment of what may be a seated king card was recovered in Egypt which may explain why the poses of court cards in Europe resemble those in Persia and India . Evolution of the King of Hearts in the Rouennais pattern Seated kings were generally common throughout Europe . During the 15th century , the Spanish started producing standing kings . The French originally used Spanish cards before developing their regional deck patterns . Many Spanish court designs were simply reused when the French invented their own suit - system around 1480 . The English imported their cards from Rouen until the early 17th century when foreign card imports were banned . The king of hearts is sometimes called the `` suicide king '' because he appears to be sticking his sword into his head . This is a result of centuries of bad copying by English card makers where the king 's axe head has disappeared . Starting in the 15th century , French manufacturers assigned to each of the court cards names taken from history or mythology . This practice survives only in the Paris pattern which ousted all its rivals , including the Rouen pattern around 1780 . The names for the kings in the Paris pattern ( portrait officiel ) are : David Charles Cesar Alexandre Most French - suited continental European patterns are descended from the Paris pattern but they have dropped the names associated with each card . Example cards ( edit ) Kings from French playing cards : King of Clubs ( Russian pattern ) King of Diamonds ( Russian pattern ) King of Hearts ( Russian pattern ) King of Spades ( Russian pattern ) Industrie und Glück pattern Kings from Italian playing cards : King of Clubs ( Bergamo pattern ) King of Coins ( Bergamo pattern ) King of Cups ( Bergamo pattern ) King of Swords ( Bergamo pattern ) Kings from Spanish playing cards : King of Clubs ( Aluette ) King of Coins ( Aluette ) King of Cups ( Aluette ) King of Swords ( Aluette ) Catalan pattern Castilian pattern Kings from German playing cards : King of Acorns ( Saxon pattern ) King of Bells ( Saxon pattern ) King of Hearts ( Saxon pattern ) King of Leaves ( Saxon pattern ) See also ( edit ) List of poker hand nicknames References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kings ( playing cards ) . Jump up ^ Parlett , David ( 1990 ) . The Oxford Guide to Card Games . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 252 . Jump up ^ McLeod , John . Ace - Ten Games at pagat.com . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Tor , Gjerde . `` Mamluk cards , ca . 1500 '' . old.no . Jump up ^ Wintle , Simon . Moorish playing cards at World of Playing Cards . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dummett , Michael ( 1980 ) . The Game of Tarot . London : Duckworth . pp. 10 -- 64 . Jump up ^ English pattern at the International Playing - Card Society . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Rouen Pattern '' . whiteknucklecards.com . Jump up ^ Wintle , Simon . Suicide King at the World of Playing Cards . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Four King Truth '' at the Urban Legends Reference Pages . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mann , Sylvia ( 1990 ) . All Cards on the Table . Leinfelden : Jonas Verlag . pp. 115 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Pollett , Andy . France and Belgium at Andy 's Playing Cards . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Paris and Rouen pattern figures at the International Playing - Card Society . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . ( hide ) Playing cards Standard 52 - card deck Suit / rank Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Spades ♠ Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Hearts ♥ Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Diamonds Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Clubs ♣ Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Others Face card Pip card Knight Joker Card nicknames Stripped deck Unicode Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_(playing_card)&oldid=832873403 '' Categories : Playing cards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Eesti Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska Українська 粵語 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 13 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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a particular kind of function assumed by a group member is called a			Team	team	A team is a group of people linked in a common purpose . Human teams are especially appropriate for conducting tasks that are high in complexity and have many interdependent subtasks .	A group does not necessarily constitute a team . Teams normally have members with complementary skills and generate synergy through a coordinated effort which allows each member to maximize their strengths and minimize their weaknesses . Naresh Jain ( 2009 ) claims : Team members need to learn how to help one another , help other team members realize their true potential , and create an environment that allows everyone to go beyond his or her limitations . Teams can be broken down into from a huge team or one big group of people , even if these smaller secondary teams are temporary . A team becomes more than just a collection of people when a strong sense of mutual commitment creates synergy , thus generating performance greater than the sum of the performance of its individual members . Thus teams of game players can form ( and re-form ) to practise their craft / sport . Transport logistics executives can select teams of horses , dogs , or oxen for the purpose of conveying passengers or goods . While academic research on teams and teamwork has grown consistently and has shown a sharp increase over the past 40 years , the societal diffusion of teams and teamwork actually followed a volatile trend in the past century . The concept was introduced into business in the late 20th century , which was followed by a popularization of the concept of constructing teams . Differing opinions exist on the efficacy of this new management fad . Some see `` team '' as a four - letter word : overused and under - useful . Others see it as a panacea that realizes the human - relations movement 's desire to integrate what that movement perceives as best for workers and as best for managers . Still others believe in the effectiveness of teams , but also see them as dangerous because of the potential for exploiting workers -- in that team effectiveness can rely on peer pressure and peer surveillance . However , Hackman argued that team effectiveness should not be viewed only in terms of performance . While performance is an important outcome , a truly effective team will contribute to the personal well - being and adaptive growth of its members . Compare the more structured / skilled concept of a crew , the advantages of formal and informal partnerships , or the well - defined - but time - limited - existence of task forces . Contents ( hide ) 1 Team size , composition , and formation 2 Types 2.1 Interdependent and independent 2.1. 1 Interdependent teams 2.1. 2 Independent teams 2.1. 3 Coaching differences between interdependent and independent teams 2.2 Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary 2.3 Categories by subject 2.3. 1 Executive team 2.3. 2 Command team 2.3. 3 Project teams 2.3. 4 Advisory teams 2.3. 5 Work teams 2.3. 6 Action teams 2.3. 7 Sports teams 2.3. 8 Virtual teams 3 Team cognition 4 Team effectiveness 5 Not all groups are teams 6 See also 7 References Team size , composition , and formation ( edit ) Team size and team composition affect team processes and team outcomes . The optimal size ( and composition ) of teams is debated and will vary depending on the task at hand . At least one study of problem - solving in groups showed an optimal size of groups at four members . Other works estimate the optimal size between 5 - 12 members or a number of members that can consume two pizzas . The following extract is taken from Chong ( 2007 ) : The interest in teams gained momentum in the 1980s with the publication of Belbin 's ( 1981 ) work on successful teams . The research into teams and teamwork followed two lines of inquiry . Writers such as Belbin ( 1981 , 1993 ) , Woodcock ( 1989 ) , Margerison and McCann ( 1990 ) , Davis et al. ( 1992 ) , Parker ( 1990 ) , and Spencer and Pruss ( 1992 ) focused on team roles and how these affected team performance . These studies suggested that team performance was a function of the number and type of roles team members played . The number of roles for optimal performance varied from 15 ( Davis et al. , 1992 ) to four ( Parker , 1990 ) . This variation has been attributed to how roles were defined . Lindgren ( 1997 ) believed that , in a social psychological sense , ' roles ' were behaviours one exhibited within the constraints assigned by the outside world to one 's occupational position e.g. leader , manager , supervisor , worker etc . Personality traits , on the other hand , were internally driven and relatively stable over time and across situations . These traits affected behavioural patterns in predictable ways ( Pervin , 1989 ) and , in varying degrees , become part of the ' role ' definition as well . The other line of inquiry focused on measuring the ' effectiveness ' of teams . Writers such as Deihl and Stroebe ( 1987 ) , Gersik ( 1988 ) , Evenden and Anderson ( 1992 ) , Furnham et al. ( 1993 ) , Cohen and Ledford ( 1994 ) and Katzenbach ( 1998 ) were concerned with high performing teams and the objective measurement of their effectiveness . McFadzean ( 2002 ) believed that the appearance of a number of models of team effectiveness was indicative of a variety of variables such as personality , group size , work norms , status relationships , group structure etc. that can impact on team ' effectiveness ' and its measurement . David Cooperrider suggests that the larger the group , the better . This is because a larger group is able to address concerns of the whole system . So while a large team may be ineffective at performing a given task , Cooperider says that the relevance of that task should be considered , because determining whether the team is effective first requires identifying what needs to be accomplished . A team of oxen yoked together Regarding composition , all teams will have an element of homogeneity and heterogeneity . The more homogeneous the group , the more cohesive it will be . The more heterogeneous the group , the greater the differences in perspective and increased potential for creativity , but also the greater potential for conflict . Team members normally have different roles , like team leader and agents . Large teams can divide into subteams according to need . Many teams go through a life - cycle of stages , identified by Bruce Tuckman as : forming , storming , norming , performing and adjourning . Types ( edit ) Of particular importance is the concept of different types of teams . Interdependent and independent ( edit ) One common distinction is drawn between interdependent and independent teams . The difference is determined by the actions that the team members take while working . Interdependent teams ( edit ) A rugby union scrum A rugby team provides a clear example of an interdependent team : no significant task can be accomplished without the help and cooperation of every member ; within their team members typically specialize in different tasks ( running the ball , goal kicking and scrum feeding ) , and the success of every individual is inextricably bound to the success of the whole team . No rugby player , no matter how talented , has ever won a game by playing alone . Independent teams ( edit ) On the other hand , a track - and - field team is a classic example of an independent team : races are run , or points are scored , by individuals or by partners every person in a given job performs basically the same actions how one player performs has no direct effect on the performance of the next player If all team members each perform the same basic tasks , such as students working problems in a maths class , or outside sales employees making phone calls , then it is likely that this team is an independent team . They may be able to help each other -- perhaps by offering advice or practice time , by providing moral support , or by helping in the background during a busy time -- but each individual 's success is primarily due to each individual 's own efforts . Runners do not win their own races merely because the rest of their teammates did , and maths students do not pass tests merely because their neighbours know how to solve equations . In the business environment , sales teams and traditional professionals ( such as doctors , lawyers , and teachers ) , work in independent teams . Most teams in a business setting are independent teams . Coaching differences between interdependent and independent teams ( edit ) Coaching an interdependent team like a football team necessarily requires a different approach from coaching an independent team like a gymnastics team , because the costs and benefits to individual team members -- and therefore the intrinsic incentives for positive team behaviors -- differ markedly . An interdependent team benefits from members getting to know the other team members socially , from developing trust in each other , and from conquering artificial collective challenges ( such as those offered in outdoors ropes courses ) . Interdependent teams respond well to collective rewards , and independent teams perform better with individual rewards . Hybrid teams and hybrid rewards , which try to combine characteristics of both , are sometimes created in the hope of getting the best of both types . However , instead , they tend instead to produce the negative features of each and none of the benefits , and consequently under - perform . Pressuring teams to become independent or interdependent , on the grounds that management has decided that one type is intrinsically better than the other , results in failure . The nature of the team is defined by the type of work that is done , and not by management 's wishes or by the fashions of the latest management fad . Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary ( edit ) Teams in areas of work or study such as in the medical field , may be multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary . Multidisciplinary teams involve several professionals who independently treat various issues a patient may have , focusing on the issues in which they specialise . The problems that are being treated may or may not relate to other issues being addressed by individual team members . The interdisciplinary team approach involves all members of the team working together towards the same goal . In an interdisciplinary team approach , members of the core team will often rôle - blend , taking on tasks usually filled by people in different roles on the team . A common interdisciplinary team approach popularized by IDEO is the Balanced Team . IDEO interprets the balanced team as a composition of three discrete factors : desirability , feasibility , and viability . These three factors are assumed through human / design - oriented resources , technical - oriented resources , and business - oriented resources . Categories by subject ( edit ) A Japan Air Self - Defense Force ( JASDF ) team looks on after the Type 91 Kai MANPAD fires a rocket at a mock airborne target . Although the concept of a team is relatively simple , social scientists have identified many different types of teams . In general , teams either act as information processors , or take on a more active role in the task and actually perform activities . Common categories and subtypes of teams include : Executive team ( edit ) An executive team is a management team that draws up plans for activities and then directs these activities ( Devine , 2002 ) . An example of an executive team would be a construction team designing blueprints for a new building , and then guiding the construction of the building using these blueprints . Command team ( edit ) The goal of the command team is to combine instructions and to coordinate action among management . In other words , command teams serve as the `` middle man '' in tasks ( Devine , 2002 ) . For instance , messengers on a construction site , conveying instructions from the executive team to the builders , would be an example of a command team . Project teams ( edit ) Main article : Project team A team used only for a defined period of time and for a separate , concretely definable purpose , often becomes known as a project team . This category of team includes negotiation - , commission - and design - team subtypes . In general , these types of teams are multi-talented and composed of individuals with expertise in many different areas . Members of these teams might belong to different groups , but receive assignment to activities for the same project , thereby allowing outsiders to view them as a single unit . In this way , setting up a team allegedly facilitates the creation , tracking and assignment of a group of people based on the project in hand . The use of the `` team '' label in this instance often has no relationship to whether the employees work as a team . Advisory teams ( edit ) Advisory teams make suggestions about a final product ( Devine , 2002 ) . For instance , a quality - control group on an assembly line would be an example of an advisory team : they may examine the products produced and make suggestions about how to improve the quality of the items being made . Work teams ( edit ) Work teams are responsible for the actual act of creating tangible products and services ( Devine , 2002 ) . The actual workers on an assembly line would be an example of a production team , whereas waiters and waitresses at a diner would be an example of a service team . Action teams ( edit ) Action teams are highly specialized and coordinated teams whose actions are intensely focused on producing a product or service ( Devine , 2002 ) . An NFL football team would be an example of an action team . Other examples occur in the military , paramedics , and transportation ( e.g. , a flight crew Sports teams ( edit ) Main article : Sports team A sports team is a group of people which play sports ( often team sports ) together . Members include all players ( even those who are waiting their turn to play ) , as well as support members such as a team manager or coach . Virtual teams ( edit ) Main article : Virtual team Developments in information and communications technology have seen the emergence of the virtual work - team . A virtual team is a group of people who work interdependently and with shared purpose across space , time , and organisational boundaries using technology to communicate and collaborate . Virtual team members can be located across a country or across the world , rarely meet face - to - face , and include members from different cultures . In their 2009 literature - review paper , Ale Ebrahim , N. , Ahmed , S. and Taha , Z. added two key issues to definition of a virtual team : `` as small temporary groups of geographically , organizationally and / or time dispersed knowledge workers who coordinate their work predominantly with electronic information and communication technologies in order to accomplish one or more organization tasks '' . Many virtual teams are cross-functional and emphasize solving customer problems or generating new work processes . The United States Department of Labor reported that in 2001 , 19 million people worked from home online or from another location , and that by the end of 2002 , over 100 million people worldwide would work outside traditional offices . Team cognition ( edit ) Team cognition has been defined as an `` emergent state that refers to the manner in which knowledge important to team functioning is organized , represented , and distributed within team . '' This emergent state can manifest in two ways . Compositional emergence occurs when individual level cognition is similar in form and function to its manifestation at team - level . Compilational emergence , on the other hand , represents a greater degree of synergy among team members and represents a new - team level construct . As such , higher degrees of compilational emergence are more closely related to team process and performance than is compositional emergence . Research into team cognition has focused on how teams develop mental models and transactive memory systems . Mental models refer to the degree in which team members have similar cognitive understanding of the situation and performance goals which include shared representations of the task . Transactive memory systems relate to how knowledge is distributed among team members and retrieved in a coordinated fashion , the way that team member rely on knowledge that is possessed by other members and how knowledge sets are differentiated within a team . The emergence of team cognition is thought to impact team effectiveness because it can positively affect a team 's behavioural process , motivational states , and performance . Team cognition consists of two broad types of content . Task related models are related to knowledge of the major duties and resources possessed by the team . Team - related models refer to interactions and interdependence among the team members . Team effectiveness ( edit ) Main article : Team effectiveness The formation of teams is most appropriate for tasks that are difficult , complex and important . These types of tasks are often beyond the skills and abilities of any single individual . However , the formation of a team to complete such tasks does not guarantee success . Rather , the proper implementation of teams is positively related to both member satisfaction and increased effectiveness . Organizations who want to receive the benefits afforded by teams need to carefully consider how teams are built and implemented . Often , teams are created without providing members any training to develop the skills necessary to perform well in a team setting . This is critical , because teamwork can be cognitively and interpersonally demanding . Even when a team consists of talented individuals , these individuals must learn to coordinate their actions and develop functional interpersonal interactions . In their review of the relevant scientific literature , Kozlowski and Ilgen demonstrated that such training can greatly benefit team effectiveness . Finally , teams are more likely to be successful when they are fully supported by the organization Not all groups are teams ( edit ) Some people use the word `` team '' when they mean `` employees '' . A `` sales team '' is a common example of this loose or perhaps euphemistic usage , though inter-dependencies exist in organisations , and a sales group can be let down by poor performance in other parts of the organisation upon which sales depend , like delivery , after - sales service , etc . However `` sales staff '' is a more accurate description of the typical arrangement . Groups develop into teams in four stages : dependency and inclusion counter dependency and fighting trust and structure work In the first stage , group development is characterized by members ' dependency on the designated leader ( identical to ' Forming ' in Tuckman 's model ) . In the second stage , the group seeks to free itself from its dependence on the leader and groups have conflicts about goals and procedures ( identical to ' Storming ' in Tuckman 's model ) . In the third stage , the group manages to work through the conflicts ( identical to ' Norming ' in Tuckman 's model ) . And in the last stage , groups focus on team productivity ( identical to ' Performing ' in Tuckman 's model ) . One aspect of teams that can set them apart from other groups is their level of autonomy . Hackman developed a hierarchical model of team autonomy which consists of four levels of team self - management . It is imagined along a continuum , starting with a manager - led team in which team members complete the required tasks but someone outside the team performs the executive functions . Next in the hierarchy are self - managing teams , followed by self - designing teams . Finally , at the top of the hierarchy , come self - governing teams . The model describes four different types of control that fully self - governing teams can possess . These include control over the execution of the task , monitoring and managing work processes , control over the design and performance of a team , and setting the overall direction of the team . To understand how teams deliver extra performance , we need to distinguish between teams and working groups . A working group 's performance is made up of the individual results of all its individual members . A team 's performance is made up of both individual results and collective results . Teams produce work products / results though the joint contributions of team members . This is what makes the team 's collective performance greater than the sum of all individual members ' best performance . In short , a team is more than the sum of its parts . See also ( edit ) Look up teem or team in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to teams . Air - defense experiments Coalition Community Driving ( horse ) Forming - storming - norming - performing Group ( sociology ) Groups of people Judge -- advisor system Multiteam system Player Super-team Team Action Management Team building Team composition Teamwork The Five Dysfunctions of a Team References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jain , Naresh ( 2009 ) . `` Run marathons , not sprints '' . In Davis , Barbee. 97 Things Every Project Manager Should Know : Collective Wisdom from the Experts . O'Reilly Media , Inc. p. 96 . ISBN 9781449379568 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 05 . Team members need to learn how to help one another , help other team members realize their true potential , and create an environment that allows everyone to go beyond their limitations . Jump up ^ Weiss , M. & Hoegl , M. ( 2015 ) . The History of Teamwork 's Societal Diffusion : A Multi-Method Review . Small Group Research , Vol. 46 ( 6 ) 589 -- 622 . Jump up ^ Cleland , David I. ( 1996 ) . Strategic Management of Teams . John Wiley & Sons . p. 132 . ISBN 9780471120582 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 05 . Managers may believe that the current use of teams is a management fad that will go away in time , and the traditional vertical organizational design will once again hold forth . Jump up ^ Compare : Marquardt , Michael J. ( 2011 ) . Leading with Questions : How Leaders Find the Right Solutions By Knowing What To Ask . J-B US non-Franchise Leadership. 180 . John Wiley & Sons . p. 133 . ISBN 9781118046784 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . Margaret Wheatley ( 2002 ) observes that in too many organizations team is a four - letter word . Jump up ^ Hackman , J.R. ( 2002 ) . Leading teams : Setting the stage for greater performances . New York : Harvard Business School Press . ^ Jump up to : `` Is Your Team Too Big ? Too Small ? What 's the Right Number ? '' . Knowledge@Wharton . University of Pennsylvania . 14 June 2006 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Business Insider `` The ' Two Pizza Rule ' Is Jeff Bezos ' Secret To Productive Meetings '' ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Chong , Eric ( 2007 ) . `` Role balance and team development : A study of team role characteristics underlying high and low performing teams '' ( PDF ) . Institute of Behavioral and Applied Management , Victoria University of Wellington . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Belbin , R.M. ( 1981 ) . Management Teams : Why They Succeed or Fail . Oxford : Butterworth - Heinemann . Jump up ^ Belbin , R.M. ( 1993 ) . Team Roles at Work , . Oxford : Butterworth - Heinemann . Jump up ^ Woodcock , M. ( 1989 ) . Team Development Manual . Gower : Aldershot . Jump up ^ Margerison , C. ; McCann , D. ( 1990 ) . Team Management . London : W.H. Allan . ^ Jump up to : Davis , J. ; Millburn , P. ; Murphy , T. ; Woodhouse , M. ( 1992 ) . Successful Team Building : How to Create Teams that Really Work . London : Kogan Page . ^ Jump up to : Parker , G.M. ( 1990 ) . Team Players and Teamwork : The Competitive Business Strategy . Oxford : Jossey - Bass . Jump up ^ Spencer , J. ; Pruss , A. ( 1992 ) . Managing your team . London : Piatkus . Jump up ^ Lindgren , R. ( 1997 ) . R Meredith Belbin 's Team Roles Viewed from the Perspective of the Big 5 : A Content Validation . Oslo : University of Oslo . Jump up ^ Pervin , L. ( 1989 ) . Personality : Theory and Research ( 5 ed . ) . New York : Wiley . Jump up ^ Deihl , M. ; Stroebe , W. ( 1987 ) . `` Productivity loss in brainstorming groups : towards the solution of a riddle '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 53 ( 3 ) : 497 -- 509 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.53. 3.497 . Jump up ^ Gersick , C.J.G. ( 1988 ) . `` Time and transition in work teams : toward a new model of group development '' . Academy of Management Journal . 31 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 41 . doi : 10.2307 / 256496 . Jump up ^ Evenden , R. ; Anderson , G. ( 1992 ) . Making the Most of People . Cambridge , MA : Addison - Wesley . Jump up ^ Furnham , A. ; Steele , H. ; Pendleton , D. ( 1993 ) . `` A psychometric assessment of the Belbin team role self - perception inventory '' . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology : 245 -- 257 . Jump up ^ Cohen , S.G. ; Ledford , G.E. Jr . `` The effectiveness of self - managing teams : A quasi-experiment '' . Human Relations . 47 : 13 -- 43 . doi : 10.1177 / 001872679404700102 . Jump up ^ Katzenbach , J.R. ( 1998 ) . Teams at the Top : Unleashing the Potential of Both Teams and Individual Leaders . Boston , MA : Harvard Business School Press . Jump up ^ McFadzean , E. ( 2002 ) . `` Developing and supporting creative problem - solving teams : Part 1 -- a conceptual model '' . Management Decision. 40 ( 5 / 6 ) : 463 -- 476 . doi : 10.1108 / 00251740210430443 . ^ Jump up to : Brounstein , Marty . `` Differences between Work Groups and Teams - For Dummies '' . www.dummies.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 10 . Independent - level work groups are the most common form of work groups on the business scene ... staff members work on their own assignments with general direction and minimal supervision . Sales representatives , research scientists , accountants , lawyers , police officers , librarians , and teachers are among the professionals who tend to work in this fashion . People in those occupations come together in one department because they serve a common overall function , but almost everyone in the group works fairly independently . ( ... ) Members of an interdependent - level work group rely on each other to get the work done . Sometimes members have their own roles and at other times they share responsibilities . Yet , in either case , they coordinate with one another to produce an overall product or set of outcomes . ^ Jump up to : Eikenberry , Kevin ( 2011 - 02 - 17 ) . Remarkable Leadership : Unleashing Your Leadership Potential One Skill at a Time . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 147 -- 148 . ISBN 9781118047552 . ^ Jump up to : Gratton , Lynda ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) . The Key : How Corporations Succeed by Solving the World 's Toughest Problems ( in Dutch ) . HarperCollins Publishers India . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 9789351770220 . ^ Jump up to : Ferrell , Betty ; Nessa Coyle ( 2006 ) . Textbook of Palliative Nursing ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford University Press US . p. 35 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517549 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tristan Kromer ( 2015 ) `` The Complete Team '' Jump up ^ IDEO `` Our Approach : Design Thinking '' Jump up ^ Kimble et al. ( 2000 ) Effective Virtual Teams through Communities of Practice ( Department of Management Science Research Paper Series , 00 / 9 ) , University of Strathclyde , Strathclyde , UK , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Virtual R& Teams in Small and Medium Enterprises : A Literature Review '' . ssrn.com . SSRN 1530904 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pearlson & Saunders , 2001 Jump up ^ DeChurch , L.A. ; Mesmer - Magnus , J.R. ( 2010 ) . `` The cognitive underpinnings of effective teamwork : a meta - analysis '' . Journal of Applied Psychology . 95 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 53 . doi : 10.1037 / a0017328 . PMID 20085405 . ^ Jump up to : Forsyth , D.R. ( 2006 ) . Teams . In Forsyth , D.R. , Group Dynamics ( 5th Ed . ) ( P. 351 - 377 ) . Belmont : CA , Wadsworth , Cengage Learning Jump up ^ Kozlowski , S.W.J. ; Ilgen , D.R. ( 2006 ) . `` Enhancing the effectiveness of work groups and teams '' . Psychological Science in the Public Interest . 7 : 77 -- 124 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1529 - 1006.2006. 00030. x . Jump up ^ Wheelan , S. ( 2010 ) . Creating Effective Teams : a Guide for Members and Leaders . Los Angeles : SAGE . Print . Jump up ^ Group vs Team Devine , D.J. ( 2002 ) . A review and integration of classification systems relevant to teams in organizations . Group Dynamics : Theory , Research , and Practice , 6 , 291 -- 310 . Forsyth , D.R. ( 2006 ) . Teams . In Forsyth , D.R. , Group Dynamics ( 5th Ed . ) ( P. 351 - 377 ) . Belmont : CA , Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . GND : 4124562 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Team&oldid=815868574 '' Categories : Social groups Teams Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2016 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2011 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 18 : 47 . 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who sang lead vocals on the eagles take it to the limit	The song was written by Eagles ' members Randy Meisner , Don Henley and Glenn Frey . Meisner , who sang lead on it , says the song began as his solo composition . As it remained unfinished when time came for the One of These Nights album to be recorded , Henley and Frey assisted Meisner in completing it . Meisner 's performance of the song was popular with the audience in Eagles ' concerts , but disputes over his reluctance to perform it would also directly lead to Meisner 's departure from the band .	Randy Meisner	Take it to the Limit ( Eagles song )	take it to the limit ( eagles song )		`` Lyin ' Eyes '' ( 1975 ) `` Take It to the Limit '' ( 1975 ) `` New Kid in Town '' ( 1976 ) `` Take It to the Limit '' is a song by the Eagles from their fourth album One of These Nights from which it was issued as the third single on November 15 , 1975 . It reached No. 4 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and was also the Eagles ' greatest success to that point in the UK , going to No. 12 on the charts . Billboard ranked it as the No. 25 song for 1976 . The song was written by Eagles ' members Randy Meisner , Don Henley and Glenn Frey . Meisner , who sang lead on it , says the song began as his solo composition . As it remained unfinished when time came for the One of These Nights album to be recorded , Henley and Frey assisted Meisner in completing it . Meisner 's performance of the song was popular with the audience in Eagles ' concerts , but disputes over his reluctance to perform it would also directly lead to Meisner 's departure from the band . Contents 1 Background 2 Recordings 3 Live performances 4 Personnel 5 Chart performance 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings version 6.1 Chart performance 7 Other versions 8 Notes 9 External links Background ( edit ) According to Meisner , he wrote the first few lines of the song one night while playing an acoustic guitar after returning from the Troubadour ; however he was not able to finish the song by the time they were close to recording it , and Frey and Henley then helped him with the lyrics . Meisner later said of how he would usually write songs with the Eagles : `` I 'd get a verse or two , and I 'm done , and they would help fill in the blanks '' On the meaning of the song , Meisner said in the documentary History of the Eagles : `` The line ' take it to the limit ' was to keep trying before you reach a point in your life where you feel you 've done everything and seen everything , sort of feeling , you know , part of getting old . And just to take it to the limit one more time , like every day just keep , you know , punching away at it ... That was the line , and from there the song took a different course . '' Meisner sings lead on `` Take it to the Limit '' and the song was released as the third single from the album One of These Nights . It is the first and only Eagles single where Meisner sings lead . Recordings ( edit ) `` Take It to the Limit '' is unique in the canon of the band 's singles , being the sole A-side on which Randy Meisner sang lead , as well as the first A-side Eagles single on which neither Henley nor Frey sang lead . It was also the last Eagles single to feature founding member Bernie Leadon before he was replaced by guitarist Joe Walsh . The single version of the song is 3 : 48 in length , almost a minute shorter than the album version . `` Take It to the Limit '' is one of few Eagles ' tracks written in waltz time . ( Other notable waltzes performed by the Eagles are `` Hollywood Waltz '' ; the Meisner / Henley / Frey waltz `` Saturday Night '' ( co-written with Leadon ) from the 1973 Desperado album ; Frey 's `` Most of Us are Sad '' from their self - titled debut album ; Frey / Henley / JD Souther 's hard - rocking `` Teenage Jail '' from 1979 's `` The Long Run '' album ; and Walsh 's `` Pretty Maids All in a Row '' on the 1976 album Hotel California . ) A live performance by Meisner from 1976 , recorded at The Forum , Inglewood , California , is included in the album Eagles Live , which was released in 1980 after the band had effectively broken up . The song was rerecorded on Meisner 's first solo album ( Randy Meisner ) released in 1978 . The song was performed with piano and acoustic guitar accompaniment , and 1970s teen idol David Cassidy singing in the backing vocals . Live performances ( edit ) Eagles - `` Take It to the Limit '' The climax of the song as performed by Randy Meisner in a concert in 1976 ( from Eagles Live ) . Meisner was concerned about not hitting the high notes , and his reluctance to sing the song led to disputes and eventually his departure from the band . Problems playing this file ? See media help . According to Frey , fans of the band loved Meisner 's performance of his signature song `` Take It to the Limit '' at concert . As Henley puts it : `` They went crazy when Randy hit those high notes '' . Meisner , however , was concerned about not being able to hit the high notes , but Frey was insistent that Meisner should perform the song in concert for the fans , and live performances of the song then became a source of great contention between Frey and Meisner , and would eventually become one reason for Meisner leaving the band . Meisner had been struggling to hit the crucial high notes in the song during the Hotel California tour . According to Joe Walsh , Meisner could perform the song , but would become nervous when told he had to sing it . By the time they had reached Knoxville , Tennessee in June 1977 , the band was feeling the strain of a long tour , with Meisner unhappy and suffering from a stomach ulcer . Meisner decided not to sing the song for an encore because he had been up late and caught the flu , Frey and Meisner then became involved in an angry physical confrontation backstage over Meisner 's refusal to perform the song . After the altercation , Meisner was frozen out from the band and he decided to leave . He left the band at the end of their tour in September 1977 and was replaced by Timothy B. Schmit , coincidentally the same bassist who had replaced him in Poco . The song was revived for the Eagles ' late 1999 shows at Los Angeles ' Staples Center and at those shows , as well as the Eagles ' Farewell 1 Tour in 2004 and 2005 and on subsequent tours , the song was sung by Frey . Originally in B major , the song was transposed down to G major to accommodate for Frey 's vocal range . For the band 's 2017 shows , lead vocals were taken by Vince Gill and was again transposed to A major . Personnel ( edit ) Randy Meisner -- lead vocals , bass guitar Glenn Frey -- 12 - string acoustic guitar , backing vocals Don Henley -- drums , backing vocals Don Felder -- lead guitar Bernie Leadon -- electric guitar Jim Ed Norman -- piano , conductor , string arrangements Live version from 1976 : Randy Meisner -- lead vocals , bass guitar Glenn Frey -- piano , backing vocals Don Henley -- drums , backing vocals Don Felder -- electric guitar , backing vocals Joe Walsh -- 12 - string acoustic guitar , backing vocals Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 - 76 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 30 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 16 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 12 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Canada 139 US Billboard Hot 100 25 US Cash Box 56 Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings version ( edit ) `` Take It to the Limit '' Single by Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings from the album Take It to the Limit B - side `` ' Til I Gain Control Again '' Released October 8 , 1983 Genre Country Length 3 : 50 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Randy Meisner , Don Henley , Glenn Frey Producer ( s ) Willie Nelson , Waylon Jennings Willie Nelson singles chronology `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' ( 1983 ) Why Do I Have to Choose 1983 `` Take It to the Limit '' ( 1983 ) Take It to the Limit1983 `` Without a Song '' ( 1984 ) Without a Song 1984 Waylon Jennings singles chronology `` Hold On , I 'm Comin ' '' ( 1983 ) Hold On , I 'm Comin'1983 `` Take It to the Limit '' ( 1983 ) Take It to the Limit1983 `` The Conversation '' ( 1983 ) The Conversation 1983 The song was covered by country musicians Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings as the title track of their duet album , Take It to the Limit , which was released in 1983 . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 31 Other versions ( edit ) Dave Mason covered this song . The song was covered by Jill Lancaster for the 1977 Christo documentary Running Fence . The song was covered in 1977 by Etta James for her album Deep in the Night . Cher performed the song on her first solo tour in 1979 -- 1980 and again in 1989 -- 1990 on the Heart of Stone Tour . In 1993 , Suzy Bogguss recorded the song for the album Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles . Sarah Dougher covered it on her 1999 album Day One . Richard Marx would regularly cover this song in concert . One 1987 performance , which was filmed , included both Meisner and Timothy B. Schmit , marking the only time ( outside of the Eagles ' induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ) the two former Eagles and Poco bassists shared a stage . Meisner played 12 - string acoustic guitar and Schmit sang backing vocals . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1976 Jump up ^ Harvey Kubernik , Scott Calamar ( October 7 , 2009 ) . Canyon of Dreams : The Magic and the Music of Laurel Canyon . Sterling . p. 281 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 6589 - 6 . Jump up ^ History of the Eagles. 2013 . Event occurs at 50 : 55 -- 51 : 57 . Jump up ^ History of the Eagles. 2013 . Event occurs at 1 : 12 : 40 -- 1 : 13 : 40 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Greil ( 2007 ) . Stranded : Rock and roll for a desert island ( 2nd Da Capo Press ed . ) . New York : Da Capo Press ( Perseus Books Group ) . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80682 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Meisner -- Randy Meisner '' . Discogs . ^ Jump up to : History of the Eagles. 2013 . Event occurs at 1 : 39 : 20 -- 1 : 42 : 05 . ^ Jump up to : Andy Greene ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Flashback : The Eagles Play ' Take It to the Limit ' in 1977 '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Flashback : All the Eagles Unite for Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles -- Biography '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4109a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 4099 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Eagles -- Take It to the Limit '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Eagles : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , March 6 , 1976 Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 26 , No. 14 & 15 , January 08 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 25 , 1976 Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 6717 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Webcom.com Eagles Don Henley Timothy B. Schmit Joe Walsh Glenn Frey Bernie Leadon Randy Meisner Don Felder Studio albums Eagles Desperado On the Border One of These Nights Hotel California The Long Run Long Road Out of Eden Compilation albums Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Eagles Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Very Best of the Eagles Selected Works : 1972 -- 1999 The Very Best Of Eagles Live releases Eagles Live Hell Freezes Over Farewell 1 Tour : Live from Melbourne Singles `` Take It Easy '' `` Witchy Woman '' `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' `` Tequila Sunrise '' `` Outlaw Man '' `` Already Gone '' `` James Dean '' `` Best of My Love '' `` One of These Nights '' `` Lyin ' Eyes '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` New Kid in Town '' `` Hotel California '' `` Life in the Fast Lane '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Heartache Tonight '' `` The Long Run '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' `` Seven Bridges Road '' `` Get Over It '' `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' `` Hole in the World '' `` How Long '' `` Busy Being Fabulous '' Other songs `` Desperado '' `` Ol ' ' 55 '' `` The Last Resort '' `` In the City '' Tours Long Road Out of Eden Tour History of the Eagles Tour Related Discography Poco Linda Ronstadt Flying Burrito Brothers Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles History of the Eagles Heaven and Hell : My Life in the Eagles ( 1974 -- 2001 ) Book Waylon Jennings Albums Singles Studio albums Waylon at JD 's Folk - Country Leavin ' Town Nashville Rebel Waylon Sings Ol ' Harlan Love of the Common People The One and Only Hangin ' On Only the Greatest Jewels Just to Satisfy You Waylon Singer of Sad Songs The Taker / Tulsa Cedartown , Georgia Good Hearted Woman Ladies Love Outlaws Lonesome , On'ry and Mean Honky Tonk Heroes This Time The Ramblin ' Man Dreaming My Dreams Are You Ready for the Country Ol ' Waylon I 've Always Been Crazy What Goes Around Comes Around Music Man Black on Black It 's Only Rock + Roll Waylon and Company Never Could Toe the Mark Turn the Page Sweet Mother Texas Will the Wolf Survive Hangin ' Tough A Man Called Hoss Full Circle The Eagle Too Dumb for New York City , Too Ugly for L.A. Ol ' Waylon Sings Ol ' Hank Cowboys , Sisters , Rascals & Dirt Waymore 's Blues ( Part II ) Right for the Time Closing In on the Fire Waylon Forever Goin ' Down Rockin ' : The Last Recordings Live albums Waylon Live Never Say Die : Live Live from Austin , TX Never Say Die : The Final Concert Notable singles 1960s `` That 's the Chance I 'll Have to Take '' `` Stop the World ( And Let Me Off ) '' `` Anita , You 're Dreaming '' `` Time to Bum Again '' `` ( That 's What You Get ) For Lovin ' Me '' `` Green River '' `` Mental Revenge '' `` The Chokin ' Kind '' `` Walk On Out of My Mind '' `` I Got You '' with Anita Carter `` Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line '' `` Yours Love '' `` Something 's Wrong in California '' `` The Days of Sand and Shovels '' `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' 1970s `` Singer of Sad Songs '' `` The Taker '' `` ( Do n't Let the Sun Set on You ) Tulsa '' `` Mississippi Woman '' `` Under Your Spell Again '' with Jessi Colter `` Cedartown , Georgia '' `` Good Hearted Woman '' `` Sweet Dream Woman '' `` Pretend I Never Happened '' `` You Can Have Her '' `` We Had It All '' `` You Ask Me To '' `` This Time '' `` I 'm a Ramblin ' Man '' `` Rainy Day Woman '' `` Dreaming My Dreams with You '' `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' `` Bob Wills Is Still the King '' `` Ca n't You See '' `` Are You Ready for the Country '' `` Luckenbach , Texas ( Back to the Basics of Love ) '' `` I 've Always Been Crazy '' `` Do n't You Think This Outlaw Bit 's Done Got Out of Hand '' `` Amanda '' `` Come With Me '' `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' 1980s -- 1990s `` Clyde '' `` Good Ol ' Boys '' `` Storms Never Last '' with Jessi Colter `` Shine '' `` Just to Satisfy You '' with Willie Nelson `` Women Do Know How to Carry On '' `` Lucille ( You Wo n't Do Your Daddy 's Will ) '' `` Breakin ' Down '' `` Hold On , I 'm Comin ' '' with Jerry Reed `` The Conversation '' with Hank Williams Jr . `` I May Be Used ( But Baby I Ai n't Used Up ) '' `` Never Could Toe the Mark '' `` America '' `` Waltz Me to Heaven '' `` Drinkin ' and Dreamin ' '' `` The Devil 's on the Loose '' `` Working Without a Net '' `` Will the Wolf Survive '' `` What You 'll Do When I 'm Gone '' `` Rose in Paradise '' `` Fallin ' Out '' `` My Rough and Rowdy Days '' `` If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now '' `` How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A. '' `` Which Way Do I Go ( Now That I 'm Gone ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` You Put the Soul in the Song '' `` Wrong '' `` Where Corn Do n't Grow '' `` What Bothers Me Most '' `` The Eagle '' `` Just Talkin ' '' `` Too Dumb for New York City '' `` Wild Ones '' `` I Know About Me Do n't Know About You '' `` Outlaw Shit '' Collaborations Waylon & Willie Albums : Waylon & Willie WWII Take It to the Limit Clean Shirt Super Hits Singles : `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` If I Can Find a Clean Shirt '' Other collaborations Country - Folk with The Kimberlys Leather and Lace with Jessi Colter Heroes with Johnny Cash Old 97 's & Waylon Jennings with Old 97 's Collaboration singles `` MacArthur Park '' with The Kimberlys `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter `` Good Hearted Woman '' with Willie Nelson ( Re-recording ) `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter ( Re-release from Wanted ! The Outlaws ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' with Johnny Cash `` Wish I Was Crazy Again '' with Johnny Cash `` The Wild Side of Life / It Was n't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels '' with Jessi Colter `` Leave Them Boys Alone '' with Hank Williams Jr. and Ernest Tubb `` Even Cowgirls Get the Blues '' with Johnny Cash `` Ballad of Forty Dollars '' with Johnny Cash `` Somewhere Between Ragged and Right '' with John Anderson `` High Ridin ' Heroes '' with David Lynn Jones `` One Good Love '' with Neil Diamond Compilations The Best of Waylon Jennings Do n't Think Twice Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line Heartaches by the Number Greatest Hits Waylon 's Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Best of Waylon New Classic Waylon Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line : The RCA Years The Journey : Six Strings Away The Journey : Destiny 's Child The Restless Kid : Live at JD 's 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Waylon Jennings RCA Country Legends Ultimate Waylon Jennings 16 Biggest Hits Nashville Rebel The Essential Waylon Jennings Related The Waylors Outlaw country Wanted ! The Outlaws `` We Are the World '' The Highwaymen Old Dogs Jessi Colter Waylon Albright `` Shooter '' Jennings Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place for Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' `` Summer of Roses '' / `` December Day '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' `` Alice in Hulaland '' 2016 `` Lay Me Down '' 2017 `` Still Not Dead '' 2018 `` Last Man Standing '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Take_It_to_the_Limit_(Eagles_song)&oldid=848347151 '' Categories : 1975 singles 1983 singles 1993 singles 1975 songs Eagles ( band ) songs Willie Nelson songs Waylon Jennings songs Suzy Bogguss songs Etta James songs RPM Country Tracks number - 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who is performing the halftime show for super bowl			Super Bowl LII halftime show	super bowl lii halftime show	The Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ( officially known as the Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ) took place on February 4 , 2018 at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota , as part of Super Bowl LII . Justin Timberlake was the featured performer , as confirmed by the National Football League ( NFL ) on October 22 , 2017 . It was televised nationally by NBC .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Background 3 Development 4 Critical response 5 Commercial reception 6 Setlist 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Timberlake with dancers during the halftime performance Timberlake during halftime show Timberlake performing `` Suit & Tie '' with the University of Minnesota Marching Band The show began with Jimmy Fallon introducing Justin Timberlake , followed by a video screen depicting Timberlake performing `` Filthy '' in a club setting below the field level of the stadium . He then walked up a staircase and appeared on a ramp stage extending outward into the field , descending into a series of stages surrounded by a crowd . Timberlake proceeded to move through the crowd performing `` Rock Your Body '' with a troupe of female backup dancers , abruptly stopping short of the end of the song and shifting to `` Señorita '' on a small stage with his backing dancers . Upon reaching the main stage , he performed a number of songs , including `` SexyBack '' , `` My Love '' , and `` Cry Me a River '' , which featured a dance break mid-field . Upon reaching the next stage , Timberlake performed his hit song `` Suit & Tie '' as the University of Minnesota Marching Band , wearing black tuxedos , played backup instrumentals and marched out to meet him . The Stadium and the city of Minneapolis were shown to be lit purple during Timberlake 's tribute to Prince Dancers fill the field during Timberlake 's performance of `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' Timberlake proceeded to walk up to a white grand piano while performing `` Until the End of Time '' , then segued into `` I Would Die 4 U '' as a tribute to Minneapolis - native Prince . A video of Prince performing the song played in the background , projected onto on a large multi-story sheet . An aerial shot showed downtown Minneapolis covered in purple lighting that morphed into Prince 's trademark Love Symbol , with the stadium at the center . He then returned to the main stage to perform `` Mirrors '' , as hundreds of dancers and members of the marching band performed choreography with large mirrors , creating bright reflections in the broadcast and across the roof of the stadium . Timberlake closed the show with `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' , entering the stands at the conclusion of the song . For the first time since the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show in Indianapolis in 2012 , no pyrotechnics were used throughout the performance . The show relied mostly on lasers and video screens for visual effects . Background ( edit ) Field being set up for Timberlake 's performance In July 2017 , multiple media outlets reported that Britney Spears was in talks to perform at Halftime , but Pepsi quickly denied it a few days later . During August and September 2017 , several publications informed that Timberlake was the frontrunner to performer at the Super Bowl LII halftime , first along with his frequent - collaborator Jay - Z as co-headliner , and then as the solo performer . A spokesperson from the NFL stated at the time , `` along with Pepsi , we know that we will put on a spectacular show . When it is time to announce her name we will do it . Or his name . Or their names . '' The NFL confirmed the announcement on October 22 with a video starring Timberlake and Jimmy Fallon . This was Timberlake 's third appearance in a Super Bowl halftime show . As a member of NSYNC , Timberlake appeared in the Super Bowl XXXV ( 2001 ) halftime show , and as a guest artist in the Super Bowl XXXVIII ( 2004 ) , which performance featured a controversial incident where Timberlake accidentally exposed one of Janet Jackson 's breasts on national television , described as a wardrobe malfunction . The Parents Television Council penned an open letter to Timberlake asking to keep the performance `` family - friendly . '' While the organization acknowledged that Timberlake apologized for the 2004 incident , they asked him to stay true to his word , saying `` we are heartened by your response that the events of 2004 are not going to happen in 2018 , '' as the singer stated in a prior interview that `` we are not going to do that again . '' In an interview with Billboard , Pepsi executives expressed : We are all big fans of Justin Timberlake . We 've kind of felt that Justin deserves , and has for a number of years , to be the main artist for the halftime show because previously he was n't the main artist . It was just about the timing . To be honest , we have discussed Justin for the last number of years for coming and doing halftime , and this year just felt really right to us . He is hands down one of the greatest entertainers currently alive , it was a no - brainer . We know he 's gon na bring it . The Halftime Show included a remembrance for Indianapolis Colts linebacker Edwin Jackson , who died just hours before Super Bowl LII after being struck by a vehicle . Development ( edit ) The U.S. Bank Stadium , where Super Bowl and the halftime show was held . During the performance , Timberlake wore an outfit designed by Stella McCartney , which consists of `` alter nappa fringed jacket with a shirt , featuring a landscape artwork by British artist Martin Ridley , '' according to a press release . Also part of the look is a Prince of Wales - check and camouflage splatter - print suit and matching jacket . As usual for McCartney , these pieces were made from animal - free leather and organic cotton . Timberlake stated in a press conference that there would be no guest musicians in the halftime show and that the event would focus solely on himself and his backing band , the Tennessee Kids . Regarding the Prince tribute , the performance 's creative visual lead , Fireplay 's Nick Whitehouse , told Rolling Stone : Paying tribute to Prince was something JT highlighted as an important moment for this show , and we spent quite a bit of time ensuring this moment would be true to his legacy . Ultimately , Justin decided that the only person who could do Prince justice is Prince . The band held 50 - hours worth of rehearsals in preparation for the show . Prince had previously stated he did not want to be included in new music after death in a 1998 interview , citing The Beatles ' `` Free as a Bird '' as an example of a practice he considered to be `` demonic . '' His family granted permission to use Prince 's likeness on the condition that it not be used in a hologram , and they approved of the final result . Sheila E , a former bandmate of Prince 's who was involved in negotiations over the use of his likeness , stated that `` a bigger company '' ( she declined to specify whether it was Pepsi or the NFL ) had insisted on including the Prince apparition and that the notion was not originally Timberlake 's idea . Despite the lack of an individual guest artist , the more than 300 - member University of Minnesota Marching Band was featured in the show . The band 's drumline , brass , and saxophone sections pre-recorded and performed with Timberlake during his performance of `` Suit & Tie . '' The upper woodwind and auxiliary sections led drill formations and held large mirrors during Timberlake 's performance of his song `` Mirrors '' , and acted as fans and dancers throughout other portions of the show , including the club scene at the show 's opening . All members of the band were featured on the field in the show 's finale , `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' . The band had previously performed in the halftime show of Super Bowl XXVI . Critical response ( edit ) Timberlake 's performance received mixed reviews . In a positive review , Bruce R. Miller of Sioux City Journal wrote `` Timberlake is a masterful live performer -- which made Sunday 's Super Bowl performance about the only sure bet , '' he continued commenting the performer `` did a lot of infectious dancing and managed to play with the crowd like no other . '' Although it did not have a moment that `` stuck , '' he considered the Prince tribute the best moment of the show . In a similarly positive review , Taylor Weatherby of Billboard said `` there is no denying that Timberlake absolutely rocked his first headlining ( halftime ) '' , further adding `` Timberlake 's halftime show was undeniably mesmerizing . From starting in the concourse to making his way into the crowd ( and making # SelfieKid an instant superstar ) for the ending . '' She also considered it `` is made for a TV experience '' rather than for the public in the stadium , mainly for the sound quality difficulties , but also criticized him for including Rock Your Body in the set list . From the same magazine , Nina Braca wrote `` his moves were on point , '' and Andrew Ubterberger said two things were `` relatively certain '' about the performance . `` most of America would love it , and most of the Internet would hate it , '' and added Timberlake was `` in a situation that was both a ca n't - lose and a ca n't - win . It would 've been virtually impossible for him to please the critics he 'd alienated over the last couple years . '' Also from Billboard , Andrew Unterberge wrote , `` Timberlake 's audio was somewhat lacking throughout ... but the choreography , live - band energy and song selection were all pretty impeccable '' . Chris Willman of Variety stated that , `` Timberlake turned in a more enjoyably physical performance than just about anybody else who 's done the Bowl show ... and if it was more a feat of athleticism than aestheticism , you ca n't say that 's entirely inappropriate for the occasion . '' Willman also wrote that the show , `` was n't one for the ages , but was impressive as a show of athleticism '' Jon Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that Timberlake 's performance was , `` heavy on dance spectacle , light on vocal authority '' . Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called the show , `` energetic , but also entirely lacking in live excitement . '' Feinberg criticized the show for largely lacking spontaneity and live vocals . Feinberg wrote that Timberlake delivered , `` one of the most over-planned , least surprising performances imaginable . '' Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly graded Timberlake 's performance a `` C '' , calling it , `` dutiful , and empty '' . Franich faulted Timberlake for playing too safe with his performance . Similarly , Fran Guan of Vulture.com wrote , `` Technically speaking , Timberlake 's set was a testament to precision '' . Guan , however , criticized Timberlake 's performance from lacking in personality , and regarded his performance as unmemorable . The Guardian gave Timberlake 3 out of 5 stars , calling his performance forgettable but flashy . In an interview with NPR , Ann Powers said that `` the entire performance was shrouded in the sense of Timberlake not being right for this moment -- and the Janet Jackson controversy haunted it . '' Daniel D'Addarrio of Time.com gave the performance a negative review , criticizing Timberlake for singing Cry Me A River in addition to Rock Your Body , calling the song 's lyrics about an evil promiscuous woman out of step with the national mood , and said that the only message from Timberlake 's performance was that he loves his back catalog Deadline felt `` but you could see the motions more than you felt the music . '' Chris Richards of The Washington Post regarded Timberlake 's performance as , `` unambiguously underwhelming '' . USA Today and Vulture compared Timberlake 's performance unfavorably to Prince 's own 2007 halftime show . Amanda Petrusich of The New Yorker wrote that Timberlake 's decision to omit the end of `` Rock Your Body '' ( which was performed during the controversial 2004 halftime ) felt , `` less like an apology than yet more spineless deflection '' . However , Andrew Unterberge of Billboard considered Timberlake 's decision to cut the song short to be wise . Timberlake 's Stella McCartney - designed outfit received negative reviews , with some critics regarding it as `` tacky '' . The LA Times also gave a very critical review , one which also stated that Timberlake had nothing to say in his performance , and said that it lacked soul and meaning . The Digital Journal gave him 2 / 5 stars and called it lackluster . Commercial reception ( edit ) The Super Bowl LII halftime show was seen by 106.6 million television viewers in the United States , 9 % less than Lady Gaga 's in 2017 . It had higher average viewership than the game itself , and the decline for the halftime show was roughly in line with that of the game as a whole , which had lost 7 % compared to the previous year . According to initial sales reports from Nielsen Music , sales of the songs Timberlake performed during the halftime show gained 534 % in the United States on February 4 , the day of the Super Bowl , compared to Feb. 3 , while his streams on Spotify gained 214 % . Janet Jackson likewise gained 150 % on Spotify . Setlist ( edit ) Timberlake performing alongside a video projection of Prince `` Filthy '' `` Rock Your Body '' `` Señorita '' `` SexyBack '' ( with elements of `` Supplies '' ) `` My Love '' `` Cry Me a River '' ( with elements of `` Kashmir '' ) `` Suit & Tie '' ( with elements of `` Pusher Love Girl '' ) ( featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band ) `` Until the End of Time '' `` I Would Die 4 U '' ( along with a pre-recorded video of Prince , displayed on a projection screen ) `` Mirrors '' `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' See also ( edit ) 2018 in American television References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schad , Tom ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Headline Super Bowl LII Halftime Show '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` No hologram , but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake 's halftime show '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ NFL ( February 4 , 2018 ) , Justin Timberlake 's FULL Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ! NFL Highlights , retrieved February 5 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` U of M Marching Band steals the halftime show '' . KARE . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and everything but the football -- Super Bowl half - time show as it happened '' . Guardian . 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl halftime show : Here 's who Justin Timberlake 's guest performers might be '' . CBS Sports . February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake reportedly ' finalizing ' deal to headline Super Bowl LII halftime show '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Headlines Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halfitme Show '' . National Football League . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aniftos , Rania ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` The Parents Television Council Pens Open Letter to Justin Timberlake Asking to Keep Super Bowl Performance Appropriate ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Set to Deliver ' Mesmerizing ' Super Bowl Halftime Show : Pepsi Execs Reveal It 's ' Justin at His Best ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sebra , Matt ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Finally Gets the Super Bowl Halftime Show Outfit He Deserves '' . GQ . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Sarah ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake to wear Stella McCartney at the Super Bowl '' . Harper 's Bazaar . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2018 Justin Timberlake press conference highlights '' . People . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl LII : Watch Justin Timberlake Honor Prince in Halftime Spectacle '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilstein , Matt ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Prince 's Family Approves of Justin Timberlake Super Bowl Halftime Tribute '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sheila E. says Justin Timberlake was n't behind Prince hologram idea '' . TMZ . February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Braca , Nina ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` From ' Cry Me a River ' to ' Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! , ' Justin Timberlake 's 10 Best Live Performances : Critic 's Picks '' . www.billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bruce R. ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` REVIEW : Justin Timberlake does a great Super Bowl job , even without NSYNC '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherby , Taylor ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show : 5 Takeaways From Seeing It In Person '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits , Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh - of - Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberge , Andrew ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits , Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh - of - Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance '' . www.billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Willman , Chris ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Halftime Review : Justin Timberlake Emerges Fumble - Free After Bad Pre-Game PR '' . Variety . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caramanica , Jon ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays It Safe , Seeking Super Bowl Redemption '' . www.nytimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Daniel ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Performance Is Light on Singing , Spontaneity '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl halftime show was dutiful , and empty : EW review '' . www.ew.com . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Guan , Fran ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` It Was His Halftime Show , But Justin Timberlake Was the Least Memorable Musician at the Super Bowl '' . www.vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nevins , Jake ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl performance : a forgettable but flashy medley of hits '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` As The Pop World Seeks Accountability , Justin Timberlake Seems Lost In The Woods '' . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Was a Man in the Weeds at His Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Time . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely -- Review '' . Jump up ^ Richards , Chris ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` This is how Justin Timberlake lost the Super Bowl '' . www.washingtonpost.com . Washington Post . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Maeve ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Compared with Prince 's , Justin Timberlake 's halftime show was a wimpy joke '' . www. usatoday . USA Today . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petrusich , Amanda ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show , Reviewed '' . www.newyorker.com . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael . `` Justin Timberlake had nothing to say at the Super Bowl and would n't stop saying it '' . latimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Review : Justin Timberlake lackluster at Super Bowl halftime performance ( Includes first - hand account ) '' . February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Eagles ' 1st Super Bowl Win Draws 103.4 M Viewers , Smallest Audience In Nine Years -- Update '' . Deadline . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Caufield , Keith ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show Spurs 534 % Sales Gain '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krzaczek , Katie ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Bump : Justin Timberlake Streams Jump 214 Percent on Spotify '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Janet Jackson 's Spotify Streams Surge After Super Bowl LII '' . February 5 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Super Bowl LII halftime show at Wikimedia Commons Justin Timberlake Awards Discography Songs Performances Videography Studio albums Justified FutureSex / LoveSounds The 20 / 20 Experience The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 Man of the Woods Compilation albums 12 '' Masters -- The Essential Mixes The 20 / 20 Experience -- The Complete Experience Video albums Justin Timberlake : Live from London FutureSex / LoveShow : Live from Madison Square Garden Justin Timberlake + The Tennessee Kids Concert tours The Justified World Tour Justified and Stripped Tour FutureSex / LoveShow Legends of the Summer The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour Man of the Woods Tour Related Tennman Records Jessica Biel NSYNC Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy Super Bowl LII halftime show Book Super Bowl halftime shows 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) Other Counterprogramming Minnesota portal National Football League portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_LII_halftime_show&oldid=832806565 '' Categories : 2018 in American music 2018 in American television 2018 in sports in Minnesota February 2018 events in the United States Justin Timberlake Prince ( musician ) Super Bowl halftime shows Hidden categories : Pages with citations having redundant parameters Use American English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 02 : 57 . 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where does the atp from cellular respiration end up			Cellular respiration	cellular respiration	Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , and then release waste products . The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions , which break large molecules into smaller ones , releasing energy in the process , as weak so - called `` high - energy '' bonds are replaced by stronger bonds in the products . Respiration is one of the key ways a cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity . Cellular respiration is considered an exothermic redox reaction which releases heat . The overall reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps , most of which are redox reactions themselves . Although technically , cellular respiration is a combustion reaction , it clearly does not resemble one when it occurs in a living cell because of the slow release of energy from the series of reactions .	Nutrients that are commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar , amino acids and fatty acids , and the most common oxidizing agent ( electron acceptor ) is molecular oxygen ( O ) . The chemical energy stored in ATP ( its third phosphate group is weakly bonded to the rest of the molecule and is cheaply broken allowing stronger bonds to form , thereby transferring energy for use by the cell ) can then be used to drive processes requiring energy , including biosynthesis , locomotion or transportation of molecules across cell membranes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Aerobic respiration 1.1 Glycolysis 1.2 Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate 1.3 Citric acid cycle 1.4 Oxidative phosphorylation 2 Efficiency of ATP production 3 Fermentation 4 Anaerobic respiration 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Aerobic respiration Aerobic respiration ( red arrows ) is the main means by which both fungi and animals utilize chemical energy in the form of organic compounds that were previously created through photosynthesis ( green arrow ) . Aerobic respiration requires oxygen ( O ) in order to create ATP . Although carbohydrates , fats , and proteins are consumed as reactants , it is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle . The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water , but the energy transferred is used to break bonds in ADP as the third phosphate group is added to form ATP ( adenosine triphosphate ) , by substrate - level phosphorylation , NADH and FADH Simplified reaction : C H O ( s ) + 6 O ( g ) → 6 CO ( g ) + 6 H O ( l ) + heat ΔG = − 2880 kJ per mol of C H O The negative ΔG indicates that the reaction can occur spontaneously . The potential of NADH and FADH is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the `` terminal electron acceptor '' . Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation . This works by the energy released in the consumption of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane . This potential is then used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group . Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration ( 2 from glycolysis , 2 from the Krebs cycle , and about 34 from the electron transport system ) . However , this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to leaky membranes as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix , and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose . Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism ( which yields 2 molecules ATP per 1 molecule glucose ) . However some anaerobic organisms , such as methanogens are able to continue with anaerobic respiration , yielding more ATP by using other inorganic molecules ( not oxygen ) as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain . They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation . The post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells , and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells . Glycolysis Out of the cytoplasm it goes into the Krebs cycle with the acetyl CoA . It then mixes with CO and makes 2 ATP , NADH , and FADH . From there the NADH and FADH go into the NADH reductase , which produces the enzyme . The NADH pulls the enzyme 's electrons to send through the electron transport chain . The electron transport chain pulls H ions through the chain . From the electron transport chain , the released hydrogen ions make ADP for an end result of 32 ATP . O attracts itself to the left over electron to make water . Lastly , ATP leaves through the ATP channel and out of the mitochondria . Main article : Glycolysis Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms . This pathway can function with or without the presence of oxygen . In humans , aerobic conditions produce pyruvate and anaerobic conditions produce lactate . In aerobic conditions , the process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate ( pyruvic acid ) , generating energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP . Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced , however , two are consumed as part of the preparatory phase . The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to increase the reactivity ( decrease its stability ) in order for the molecule to be cleaved into two pyruvate molecules by the enzyme aldolase . During the pay - off phase of glycolysis , four phosphate groups are transferred to ADP by substrate - level phosphorylation to make four ATP , and two NADH are produced when the pyruvate are oxidized . The overall reaction can be expressed this way : Glucose + 2 NAD + 2 P + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H + 2 H O + heat Starting with glucose , 1 ATP is used to donate a phosphate to glucose to produce glucose 6 - phosphate . Glycogen can be converted into glucose 6 - phosphate as well with the help of glycogen phosphorylase . During energy metabolism , glucose 6 - phosphate becomes fructose 6 - phosphate . An additional ATP is used to phosphorylate fructose 6 - phosphate into fructose 1 , 6 - disphosphate by the help of phosphofructokinase . Fructose 1 , 6 - diphosphate then splits into two phosphorylated molecules with three carbon chains which later degrades into pyruvate . Glycolysis can be literally translated as `` sugar splitting '' . Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate Main article : Pyruvate decarboxylation Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl - CoA and CO by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( PDC ) . The PDC contains multiple copies of three enzymes and is located in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes . In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl - CoA , one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO is formed . Citric acid cycle Main article : Citric acid cycle This is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle . When oxygen is present , acetyl - CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis . Once acetyl - CoA is formed , aerobic or anaerobic respiration can occur . When oxygen is present , the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle . However , if oxygen is not present , fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur . In the presence of oxygen , when acetyl - CoA is produced , the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle ( Krebs cycle ) inside the mitochondrial matrix , and is oxidized to CO while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH . NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation . To fully oxidize the equivalent of one glucose molecule , two acetyl - CoA must be metabolized by the Krebs cycle . Two waste products , H O and CO , are created during this cycle . The citric acid cycle is an 8 - step process involving 18 different enzymes and co-enzymes . During the cycle , acetyl - CoA ( 2 carbons ) + oxaloacetate ( 4 carbons ) yields citrate ( 6 carbons ) , which is rearranged to a more reactive form called isocitrate ( 6 carbons ) . Isocitrate is modified to become α - ketoglutarate ( 5 carbons ) , succinyl - CoA , succinate , fumarate , malate , and , finally , oxaloacetate . The net gain of high - energy compounds from one cycle is 3 NADH , 1 FADH , and 1 GTP ; the GTP may subsequently be used to produce ATP . Thus , the total yield from 1 glucose molecule ( 2 pyruvate molecules ) is 6 NADH , 2 FADH , and 2 ATP . Oxidative phosphorylation Main articles : Oxidative phosphorylation , Electron transport chain , Electrochemical gradient , and ATP synthase In eukaryotes , oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial cristae . It comprises the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient ( chemiosmotic potential ) across the boundary of inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle . ATP is synthesized by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP . The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen and , with the addition of two protons , water is formed . Efficiency of ATP production The table below describes the reactions involved when one glucose molecule is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide . It is assumed that all the reduced coenzymes are oxidized by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation . Step coenzyme yield ATP yield Source of ATP Glycolysis preparatory phase − 2 Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6 - phosphate uses two ATP from the cytoplasm . Glycolysis pay - off phase Substrate - level phosphorylation 2 NADH 3 or 5 Oxidative phosphorylation : Each NADH produces net 1.5 ATP ( instead of usual 2.5 ) due to NADH transport over the mitochondrial membrane Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate 2 NADH 5 Oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle Substrate - level phosphorylation 6 NADH 15 Oxidative phosphorylation 2 FADH Oxidative phosphorylation Total yield 30 or 32 ATP From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes . Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration , such conditions are generally not realized because of losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate ( from glycolysis ) , phosphate , and ADP ( substrates for ATP synthesis ) into the mitochondria . All are actively transported using carriers that utilize the stored energy in the proton electrochemical gradient . Pyruvate is taken up by a specific , low Km transporter to bring it into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex . The phosphate carrier ( PiC ) mediates the electroneutral exchange ( antiport ) of phosphate ( H PO ; P ) for OH or symport of phosphate and protons ( H ) across the inner membrane , and the driving force for moving phosphate ions into the mitochondria is the proton motive force . The ATP - ADP translocase ( also called adenine nucleotide translocase , ANT ) is an antiporter and exchanges ADP and ATP across the inner membrane . The driving force is due to the ATP ( − 4 ) having a more negative charge than the ADP ( − 3 ) , and thus it dissipates some of the electrical component of the proton electrochemical gradient . The outcome of these transport processes using the proton electrochemical gradient is that more than 3 H are needed to make 1 ATP . Obviously this reduces the theoretical efficiency of the whole process and the likely maximum is closer to 28 -- 30 ATP molecules . In practice the efficiency may be even lower because the inner membrane of the mitochondria is slightly leaky to protons . Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria . An uncoupling protein known as thermogenin is expressed in some cell types and is a channel that can transport protons . When this protein is active in the inner membrane it short circuits the coupling between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis . The potential energy from the proton gradient is not used to make ATP but generates heat . This is particularly important in brown fat thermogenesis of newborn and hibernating mammals . Stoichiometry of aerobic respiration and most known fermentation types in eucaryotic cell . Numbers in circles indicate counts of carbon atoms in molecules , C6 is glucose C H O , C1 carbon dioxide CO . Mitochondrial outer membrane is omitted . According to some of newer sources the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36 -- 38 , but only about 30 -- 32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose , because : ATP : NADH + H and ATP : FADH ratios during the oxidative phosphorylation appear to be not 3 and 2 , but 2.5 and 1.5 respectively . Unlike in the substrate - level phosphorylation , the stoichiometry here is difficult to establish . ATP synthase produces 1 ATP / 3 H. However the exchange of matrix ATP for cytosolic ADP and Pi ( antiport with OH or symport with H ) mediated by ATP -- ADP translocase and phosphate carrier consumes 1 H / 1 ATP as a result of regeneration of the transmembrane potential changed during this transfer , so the net ratio is 1 ATP : 4 H . The mitochondrial electron transport chain proton pump transfers across the inner membrane 10 H / 1 NADH + H ( 4 + 2 + 4 ) or 6 H / 1 FADH ( 2 + 4 ) . So the final stoichiometry is 1 NADH + H : 10 H : 10 / 4 ATP = 1 NADH + H : 2.5 ATP 1 FADH : 6 H : 6 / 4 ATP = 1 FADH : 1.5 ATP ATP : NADH + H coming from glycolysis ratio during the oxidative phosphorylation is 1.5 , as for FADH , if hydrogen atoms ( 2H + 2e ) are transferred from cytosolic NADH + H to mitochondrial FAD by the glycerol phosphate shuttle located in the inner mitochondrial membrane . 2.5 in case of malate - aspartate shuttle transferring hydrogen atoms from cytosolic NADH + H to mitochondrial NAD So finally we have , per molecule of glucose Substrate - level phosphorylation : 2 ATP from glycolysis + 2 ATP ( directly GTP ) from Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation 2 NADH + H from glycolysis : 2 × 1.5 ATP ( if glycerol phosphate shuttle transfers hydrogen atoms ) or 2 × 2.5 ATP ( malate - aspartate shuttle ) 2 NADH + H from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and 6 from Krebs cycle : 8 × 2.5 ATP 2 FADH from the Krebs cycle : 2 × 1.5 ATP Altogether this gives 4 + 3 ( or 5 ) + 20 + 3 = 30 ( or 32 ) ATP per molecule of glucose The total ATP yield in ethanol or lactic acid fermentation is only 2 molecules coming from glycolysis , because pyruvate is not transferred to the mitochondrion and finally oxidized to the carbon dioxide ( CO ) , but reduced to ethanol or lactic acid in the cytoplasm . Fermentation Main article : Fermentation Without oxygen , pyruvate ( pyruvic acid ) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation . The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion , but remains in the cytoplasm , where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell . This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate . Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis . In the absence of oxygen , fermentation prevents the buildup of NADH in the cytoplasm and provides NAD+ for glycolysis . This waste product varies depending on the organism . In skeletal muscles , the waste product is lactic acid . This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation . In strenuous exercise , when energy demands exceed energy supply , the respiratory chain can not process all of the hydrogen atoms joined by NADH . During anaerobic glycolysis , NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate . Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase in a reversible reaction . Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen . During recovery , when oxygen becomes available , NAD+ attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP . In yeast , the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide . This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation . The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate - level phosphorylation , which does not require oxygen . Fermentation is less efficient at using the energy from glucose : only 2 ATP are produced per glucose , compared to the 38 ATP per glucose nominally produced by aerobic respiration . This is because the waste products of fermentation still contain chemical potential energy that can be released by oxidation . Ethanol , for example , can be burned in an internal combustion engine like gasoline . Glycolytic ATP , however , is created more quickly . For prokaryotes to continue a rapid growth rate when they are shifted from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment , they must increase the rate of the glycolytic reactions . For multicellular organisms , during short bursts of strenuous activity , muscle cells use fermentation to supplement the ATP production from the slower aerobic respiration , so fermentation may be used by a cell even before the oxygen levels are depleted , as is the case in sports that do not require athletes to pace themselves , such as sprinting . Anaerobic respiration Main article : Anaerobic respiration Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor ( such as oxygen ) to produce large amounts of energy , to drive the bulk production of ATP . Anaerobic respiration is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen ( aerobic respiration ) nor pyruvate derivatives ( fermentation ) is the final electron acceptor . Rather , an inorganic acceptor such as sulfate or nitrate is used . Such organisms are typically found in unusual places such as underwater caves or near hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean . See also Maintenance respiration : maintenance as a functional component of cellular respiration Pasteur point Respirometry : research tool to explore cellular respiration Tetrazolium chloride : cellular respiration indicator Complex 1 : NADH : ubiquinone oxidoreductes References Jump up ^ Bailey , Regina . `` Cellular Respiration '' . ^ Jump up to : Rich , P.R. ( 2003 ) . `` The molecular machinery of Keilin 's respiratory chain '' . Biochemical Society Transactions . 31 ( Pt 6 ) : 1095 -- 1105 . doi : 10.1042 / BST0311095 . PMID 14641005 . Jump up ^ Reece1 Urry2 Cain3 Wasserman4 Minorsky5 Jackson6 , Jane1 Lisa2 Michael3 Steven4 Peter5 Robert6 ( 2010 ) . Campbell Biology Ninth Edition . Pearson Education , Inc. p. 168 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cellular Respiration '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Porter , R. ; Brand , M. ( 1 September 1995 ) . `` Mitochondrial proton conductance and H+ / O ratio are independent of electron transport rate in isolated hepatocytes '' . The Biochemical Journal ( Free full text ) . 310 ( Pt 2 ) : 379 -- 382 . doi : 10.1042 / bj3100379 . ISSN 0264 - 6021 . PMC 1135905 . PMID 7654171 . ^ Jump up to : Stryer , Lubert ( 1995 ) . Biochemistry ( fourth ed . ) . New York -- Basingstoke : W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 978 - 0716720096 . External links A detailed description of respiration vs. fermentation Kimball 's online resource for cellular respiration Cellular Respiration and Fermentation at Clermont College Library resources about Cellular respiration Resources in your library Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_respiration&oldid=813950630 '' Categories : Cellular respiration Metabolism Plant physiology Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 02 : 56 . 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ice cube it was a good day part 2			It was a Good Day	it was a good day		`` It Was a Good Day '' Single by Ice Cube from the album The Predator Released February 23 , 1993 Format CD 12 '' Recorded Genre West Coast hip hop gangsta rap Length 4 : 22 Label Priority Songwriter ( s ) Ice Cube Ernie Isley Marvin Isley O'Kelly Isley , Jr . Ronald Isley Rudolph Isley Chris Jasper Producer ( s ) DJ Pooh Ice Cube singles chronology `` Wicked '' ( 1992 ) `` It Was a Good Day '' ( 1993 ) `` Check Yo Self '' ( 1993 ) `` Wicked '' ( 1992 ) `` It Was a Good Day '' ( 1993 ) `` Check Yo Self '' ( 1993 ) Audio sample file help `` It Was a Good Day '' ( aka `` Today Was a Good Day '' ) is a song by American gangsta rapper Ice Cube . It was released in February 1993 as the second single from his third solo album , The Predator . The song peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart and on the UK Charts at number 27 . It was ranked as the 81st - greatest rap song of all time by About.com and number 77 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of the 90s . In 2008 , it was ranked number 28 on VH1 's 100 greatest songs of hip hop . Contents 1 Background 2 Music and reception 3 Games 4 Date of the `` Good Day '' 5 Goodyear response 6 Music video 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Certifications 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Ice Cube originally recorded a demo of the track in his home studio and went on to record the album version in Los Angeles at Echo Sound Studios during 1992 , and it was one of the first ideas for the album sessions . Ice Cube commented on the concept behind the song stating , The inspiration was my life at the time ... I was at the top of the rap game . It was the summer of ' 92 and I was in a hotel room , really in a state of euphoria . I had all the money I had dreamed of . I was in a good frame of mind . And I remember thinking , ' Okay , there 's been the riots , people know I will deal with that . That 's a given . But I rap all this gangsta stuff -- what about all the good days I had ? ' Ice Cube initially went into the studio with a sample of the Isley Brothers ' `` Footsteps in the Dark '' and DJ Pooh enhanced the production with bass and vocals . The song has been re-released multiple times , including on Ice Cube 's Greatest Hits album . A remixed version , sampling `` Let 's Do It Again '' by The Staple Singers , appeared on his Bootlegs & B - Sides as well as The N.W.A Legacy , Vol. 1 : 1988 -- 1998 . Music and reception ( edit ) The song ( and the music video ) tell the story of how Ice Cube has a good day in South Central Los Angeles . Throughout the song he enjoys playing basketball , having sex , smoking marijuana ( whether coincidentally or on purpose , the song is 4 : 20 in length ) , getting drunk , going to his friend Short Dog 's house to watch Yo ! MTV Raps and later win at craps and bones , eating fast food at 2 AM , and cruising the streets of South Central undisturbed , free from having `` to use ( his ) AK . '' He even sees the lights on the Goodyear blimp , which Ice Cube says reads `` Ice Cube 's a Pimp '' . The song samples multiple songs , including the Isley Brothers ' `` Footsteps in the Dark '' and `` Sexy Mama '' by The Moments . The song was universally acclaimed by critics . Blender magazine writer , Michael Odel , stated it contained a `` chilled - out , feel - good vibe '' . AllMusic 's Jason Birchmeier noted that even though it was The Predator 's `` most laid - back moment , ( It ) emits a quiet sense of violent anxiety . '' and went on to say `` It 's a truly beautiful moment , a career highlight for sure . '' Entertainment Weekly mentioned that he rapped over a `` partly melancholy , partly swaggering beat ( and ) glories in good luck , South Central style '' . Vibe magazine described DJ Pooh 's beat as a `` smoothed - out production '' . It reached number 77 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of the 90 's . It was included in About.com 's Top 100 Rap Songs , at number 81 . In 2008 , it was ranked number 8 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop . In contrast to the success and popularity of `` It Was a Good Day '' , the sampled song which contributed to its fame did not receive such popularity . `` Footsteps in the Dark '' was released as the B - side to `` Groove with You '' , which did not chart on either the pop or the R&B singles charts . Games ( edit ) The song appears in the video game Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas on the fictional radio station Radio Los Santos . Date of the `` Good Day '' ( edit ) Stand - up comedian Donovan Strain has deduced the day Ice Cube had a ' Good Day ' using clues within the lyrics of the song . Strain claims that , `` The only day where : Yo ! MTV Raps was on air , it was a clear and smogless day in Los Angeles , beepers or pagers were commercially sold , Lakers beat the SuperSonics , and Ice Cube had no filming commitments was January 20 , 1992 . '' Deadspin followed up with some fact checking corroborating the claim . However , bloggers have noted several errors in Strain 's reasoning . For example , `` it is unlikely that Ice Cube got ' a beep from Kim ' for a booty call since the likely Kim , Ice Cube 's fiancée by 1992 , was eight - months pregnant at the time . '' Due to these errors , an alternative date has been calculated by one blogger to have been November 30 , 1988 . Ice Cube , however , has stated that the day described in the song is purely fictional . `` It 's a fictional song , '' Cube explained during an interview with Moviefone about 21 Jump Street . `` It 's basically my interpretation of what a great day would be . Do you know what I 'm saying ? So , you know , it 's a little of this and a little of that . I do n't think you can pinpoint the day . '' Goodyear response ( edit ) The song contains the lyric line `` Even saw the lights of the Goodyear Blimp / And it read `` Ice Cube 's a Pimp '' `` ; in 2014 , Ice Cube agreed to support a crowdfunding campaign started by `` hip - hop loving friends '' who said they wanted to raise and donate $25,000 for the South Central charity `` A Place Called Home '' if the Goodyear Blimp would display the lyrics from the song . After Ice Cube spoke about the campaign on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon , Goodyear quickly agreed . Due to the nature of the fundraiser and the organization , the original song lyrics `` Ice Cube 's a pimp '' were altered to display `` Today is a good day '' on the Goodyear Blimp . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by F. Gary Gray and was first aired during March 1993 . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 27 US Billboard Hot 100 15 US Hot R&B Singles ( Billboard ) 7 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 78 US Hot R&B Singles 49 US Hot Rap Songs 25 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Michael Odell ( April 2005 ) . The Greatest Songs Ever ! It Was a Good Day Archived September 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Blender . Accessed May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ It Was a Good Day Lyrics . MTV . Accessed May 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ It Was a Good Day sample search The - breaks . Accessed May 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jason Birchmeier . The Predator > Overview AllMusic . Accessed May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Greg Sandow ( November 20 , 1992 ) . The Predator Music Review Entertainment Weekly . Accessed May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Vibe 150 : West Coast Archived October 3 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Vibe . Accessed May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 100 Greatest Songs of the 90s . VH1 . Accessed May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Top 100 Rap Songs . About.com . Accessed May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas - Radio Los Santos '' . ign.com . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Murk Avenue Tumblr MurkAve . National Good Day Day Accessed January , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Internet Has Discovered The Exact Day Featured In Ice Cube 's `` It Was A Good Day '' DeadSpin . Jump up ^ Dino Gradoni . `` Sadly , January 20 , 1992 May Not Be Ice Cube 's ' Good Day ' '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Correction to Murk Avenue : Ice Cube 's ' Good Day ' really was Nov. 30 , 1988 '' . Pandemonium . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ice Cube finally resolves ' It Was A Good Day ' theories : ' It 's a fictional song ' '' . EW.com. 2012 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Fenske , Sarah . `` Ice Cube Gets His Name on the Goodyear Blimp ( For Real ) '' . www.laweekly.com . L.A. Weekly . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fenske , Sarah ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Ice Cube Gets His Name on the Goodyear Blimp ( For Real ) '' . L.A. Weekly . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Ice Cube -- `` It Was a Good Day '' mvdbase . Accessed May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Cube : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Ice Cube Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Ice Cube Album & Song Chart History '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Ice Cube . Jump up ^ `` Ice Cube Chart History ( Hot Rap Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 -- 1993 '' . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2006 . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Year in Music : R&B '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . BPI Communications . 105 ( 52 ) : YE - 29 . December 25 , 1993 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Year in Music : Rap '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . BPI Communications . 105 ( 52 ) : YE - 27 . December 25 , 1993 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Ice Cube -- It Was a Good Day '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1993 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications . 106 ( 3 ) : 73 . January 15 , 1994 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Music video on YouTube Audio on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Ice Cube Studio albums AmeriKKKa 's Most Wanted Death Certificate The Predator Lethal Injection War & Peace Vol. 1 War & Peace Vol. 2 Laugh Now , Cry Later Raw Footage I Am the West Extended plays Kill at Will Compilations Bootlegs & B - Sides Featuring ... Ice Cube Greatest Hits In the Movies The Essentials Singles `` Endangered Species ( Tales from the Darkside ) '' `` Steady Mobbin ' '' `` True to the Game '' `` Wicked '' `` It Was a Good Day '' `` Check Yo Self '' `` Really Doe '' `` You Know How We Do It '' `` Bop Gun ( One Nation ) '' `` The World Is Mine '' `` We Be Clubbin ' '' `` Men of Steel '' `` Pushin ' Weight '' `` Hello '' `` You Can Do It '' `` Until We Rich '' `` $100 Bill Y'all '' `` Why We Thugs '' `` Go to Church '' `` Gangsta Rap Made Me Do It '' `` Do Ya Thang '' `` I Rep That West '' `` Sic Them Youngins On ' Em '' Other songs `` No Vaseline '' Related articles Discography N.W.A Westside Connection C.I.A. Da Lench Mob Lench Mob Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Was_a_Good_Day&oldid=854598841 '' Categories : 1993 singles Ice Cube songs Music videos directed by F. Gary Gray Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Songs written by Ice Cube Songs about Los Angeles 1992 songs Song recordings produced by DJ Pooh Priority Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from August 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Italiano Polski Português Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 14 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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series now that's what i call music 21 songs			Now That 's What I Call Music ! 21 ( U.S. series )	now that's what i call music! 21 ( u. s. series )	Now That 's What I Call Music ! 21 was released on April 4 , 2006 . The album is the 21st edition of the ( U.S. ) Now ! series . The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 and has been certified Platinum . It features three Billboard Hot 100 number - one hits : `` Do n't Forget About Us '' , `` Grillz '' and `` Run It ! '' .	Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Do n't Forget About Us '' Mariah Carey 3 : 53 2 . `` Stickwitu '' The Pussycat Dolls 3 : 28 3 . `` Grillz '' Nelly featuring Paul Wall and Ali & Gipp 4 : 30 4 . `` Run It ! '' Chris Brown 3 : 12 5 . `` My Humps '' The Black Eyed Peas 3 : 43 6 . `` If It 's Lovin ' That You Want '' Rihanna 3 : 26 7 . `` Fresh AZIMIZ '' Bow Wow featuring J - Kwon and Jermaine Dupri 3 : 48 8 . `` Lean wit It , Rock wit It '' Dem Franchize Boyz featuring Peanut and Charlay 3 : 48 9 . `` Stay Fly '' Three 6 Mafia featuring Young Buck and Eightball & MJG 3 : 35 10 . `` I 'm Sprung '' T - Pain 3 : 05 11 . `` One Wish '' Ray J 3 : 57 12 . `` Because of You '' Kelly Clarkson 3 : 39 13 . `` Unwritten '' Natasha Bedingfield 3 : 51 14 . `` Photograph '' Nickelback 3 : 51 15 . `` Dirty Little Secret '' The All - American Rejects 3 : 13 16 . `` Dance , Dance '' Fall Out Boy 2 : 59 17 . `` Who I Am Hates Who I 've Been '' Relient K 3 : 52 18 . `` Dare '' Gorillaz 3 : 31 19 . `` Honky Tonk Badonkadonk '' Trace Adkins 3 : 59 20 . `` Everytime We Touch '' Cascada 3 : 17 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.allmusic.com/album/r825079 Jump up ^ The Billboard 200 Chart Listing For The Week Of Apr 22 2006 Jump up ^ RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for NOW ! Platinum Albums Now That 's What I Call Music ! albums United Kingdom and Ireland Now That 's What I Call Music 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 United States Now 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Australia Now 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Winter 2005 Spring 2005 Summer 2006 Autumn 2006 Winter 2006 Spring 2006 Summer 2007 Autumn 2007 Winter 2007 Spring 2007 Summer 2008 Autumn 2008 Winter 2008 Spring 2008 Summer 2009 Autumn 2009 Winter 2009 Spring 2009 Summer 2010 Autumn 2010 Winter 2010 Spring 2010 Summer 2011 Autumn 2011 Winter 2011 Spring 2011 Summer 2012 This article on a 2000s compilation album is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Now_That%27s_What_I_Call_Music!_21_(U.S._series)&oldid=843776879 '' Categories : 2006 compilation albums Now That 's What I Call Music ! albums ( American series ) Universal Music Group compilation albums 2000s compilation album stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018 , at 11 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now%20That%2527s%20What%20I%20Call%20Music%21%2021%20%28U.S.%20series%29	66,001
who works as rbi agent where it has no office			Reserve bank of India	reserve bank of india		Reserve Bank of India Bhāratīya Rija़rva Baiṃka Seal of RBI Headquarters Mumbai , Maharashtra , India 18 ° 55 ′ 58 '' N 72 ° 50 ′ 13 '' E / 18.932679 ° N 72.836933 ° E / 18.932679 ; 72.836933 Established 1 April 1935 ; 83 years ago ( 1935 - 04 - 01 ) Ownership Government of India ( 100 % ) Governor Urjit Patel Central bank of India Currency Indian rupee ( ₹ ) Reserves ₹ 2,751,400 crore ( US $380 billion ) Bank rate 6.75 % Interest on reserves 4.00 % ( market determined ) Website Official website Public finance Policies ( show ) Agricultural Economic Energy Industrial Investment Social Trade Fiscal Monetary Policy mix Fiscal policy ( show ) Budget policy Debt external internal Deficit / surplus Finance ministry Fiscal union Revenue Spending deficit Tax Monetary policy ( show ) Bank reserves requirements Discount window Gold reserves Interest rate Monetary authority central bank currency board Monetary base Monetary ( currency ) union Money supply Trade policy ( show ) Balance of trade Free trade Gains from trade Non-tariff barrier Protectionism Tariff Trade bloc Trade creation Trade diversion Trade / commerce ministry Revenue Spending ( show ) Non-tax revenue Tax revenue Discretionary spending Mandatory spending Optimum ( show ) Balanced budget Economic growth Price stability Reform ( show ) Fiscal adjustment Monetary reform The Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) ( IAST : Bhāratīya Rijarva Baiṃka ) is India 's central banking institution , which controls the monetary policy of the Indian rupee . It commenced its operations on 1 April 1935 in accordance with the Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 . The original share capital was divided into shares of 100 each fully paid , which were initially owned entirely by private shareholders . Following India 's independence on 15 August 1947 , the RBI was nationalised on 1 January 1949 . The RBI plays an important part in the Development Strategy of the Government of India . It is a member bank of the Asian Clearing Union . The general superintendence and direction of the RBI is entrusted with the 21 - member central board of directors : the governor ; four deputy governors ; two finance ministry representatives ( usually the Economic Affairs Secretary and the Financial Services Secretary ) ; ten government - nominated directors to represent important elements of India 's economy ; and four directors to represent local boards headquartered at Mumbai , Kolkata , Chennai and the capital New Delhi . Each of these local boards consists of five members who represent regional interests , the interests of co-operative and indigenous banks . The central bank was an independent apex monetary authority which regulates banks and provides important financial services like storing of foreign exchange reserves , control of inflation , monetary policy report till August 2016 . A central bank is known by different names in different countries . The functions of a central bank vary from country to country and are autonomous or quasi-autonomous body and perform or through another agency vital monetary functions in the country . A central bank is a vital financial apex institution of an economy and the key objects of central banks may differ from country to country still they perform activities and functions with the goal of maintaining economic stability and growth of an economy . The bank is also active in promoting financial inclusion policy and is a leading member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion ( AFI ) . The bank is often referred to by the name Mint Street . RBI is also known as banker 's bank . Contents 1 Preamble 2 History 2.1 1935 -- 1950 2.2 1950 -- 1960 2.3 1960 -- 1969 2.4 1969 -- 1985 2.5 1985 -- 1991 2.6 1991 -- 2000 the new century 2.7 Since 2000 3 Structure 4 Branches and support bodies 5 Functions 5.1 Financial Supervision 5.2 Regulator and supervisor of the financial system 5.3 Regulator and Supervisor of the Payment and Settlement Systems 5.4 Banker and Debt Manager to Government 5.5 Managing foreign exchange 5.6 Issue of currency 5.7 Banker 's bank 5.8 Regulator of the Banking System 5.9 Detection of fake currency 5.10 Developmental role 5.11 Related functions 5.12 Custodian to foreign exchange 6 2016 Demonetisation 6.1 Cash crunch and effects 7 Policy Rates and Reserve Ratios 7.1 Repo Rate 7.2 Reverse Repo Rate ( RRR ) 7.3 Statutory liquidity ratio ( SLR ) 7.4 Bank Rate 7.5 Liquidity Adjustment Facility ( LAF ) 7.6 Cash Reserve Ratio ( CRR ) 7.7 Open Market Operation ( OMO ) 7.8 Marginal Standing Facility ( MSF ) 8 Qualitative Tools 8.1 Margin Requirements or LTV 8.2 Selective credit control 8.3 Moral Suasion 9 Limitations of Monetary Policy 10 Publications 11 Further reading 12 References 13 External links Preamble ( edit ) The preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes the basic functions of the reserve bank as : `` to regulate the issue of Bank notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage ; to have a modern monetary policy framework to meet the challenge of an increasingly complex economy , to maintain price stability while keeping in mind the objective of growth . '' History ( edit ) The Reserve Bank of India was established following the Reserve Bank of India Act of 1934 . Though privately owned initially , it was nationalised in 1949 and since then fully owned by Government of India ( GoI ) . 1935 -- 19.50 ( edit ) Reserve Bank of India - 10 Rupees ( 1938 ) , first year of banknote issue . The Reserve Bank of India was founded on 1 April 1935 to respond to economic troubles after the First World War . The Reserve Bank of India was conceptualized based on the guidelines presented by the Central Legislative Assembly which passed these guidelines as the RBI Act 1934 . RBI was conceptualized as per the guidelines , working style and outlook presented by B.R. Ambedkar in his book titled `` The Problem of the Rupee -- Its origin and its solution '' and presented to the Hilton Young Commission . The bank was set up based on the recommendations of the 1926 Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance , also known as the Hilton -- Young Commission . The original choice for the seal of RBI was The East India Company Double Mohur , with the sketch of the Lion and Palm Tree . However , it was decided to replace the lion with the tiger , the national animal of India . The Preamble of the RBI describes its basic functions to regulate the issue of bank notes , keep reserves to secure monetary stability in India , and generally to operate the currency and credit system in the best interests of the country . The Central Office of the RBI was established in Calcutta ( now Kolkata ) but was moved to Bombay ( now Mumbai ) in 1937 . The RBI also acted as Burma 's ( now Myanmar ) central bank until April 1947 ( except during the years of Japanese occupation ( 1942 -- 45 ) ) , even though Burma seceded from the Indian Union in 1937 . After the Partition of India in August 1947 , the bank served as the central bank for Pakistan until June 1948 when the State Bank of Pakistan commenced operations . Though set up as a shareholders ' bank , the RBI has been fully owned by the Government of India since its nationalization in 1949 . RBI has monopoly of note issue . 19.50 -- 1960 ( edit ) In the 1950s , the Indian government , under its first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru , developed a centrally planned economic policy that focused on the agricultural sector . The administration nationalized commercial banks and established , based on the Banking Companies Act , 1949 ( later called the Banking Regulation Act ) , a central bank regulation as part of the RBI . Furthermore , the central bank was ordered to support economic plan with loans . 1960 -- 1969 ( edit ) As a result of bank crashes , the RBI was requested to establish and monitor a deposit insurance system . Meant to restore the trust in the national bank system , it was initialized on 7 December 1961 . The Indian government founded funds to promote the economy , and used the slogan `` Developing Banking '' . The government of India restructured the national bank market and nationalized a lot of institutes . As a result , the RBI had to play the central part in controlling and supporting this public banking sector . 1969 -- 1985 ( edit ) In 1969 , the Indira Gandhi - headed government nationalized 14 major commercial banks . Upon Indira Gandhi 's return to power in 1980 , a further six banks were nationalized . The regulation of the economy and especially the financial sector was reinforced by the Government of India in the 1970s and 1980s . The central bank became the central player and increased its policies a lot for a lot of tasks like interests , reserve ratio and visible deposits . These measures aimed at better economic development and had a huge effect on the company policy of the institutes . The banks lent money in selected sectors , like agricultural business and small trade companies . The branch was forced to establish two new offices in the country for every newly established office in a town . The oil crises in 1973 resulted in increasing inflation , and the RBI restricted monetary policy to reduce the effects . 1985 -- 1991 ( edit ) A lot of committees analysed the Indian economy between 1985 and 1991 . Their results had an effect on the RBI . The Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction , the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research and the Security & Exchange Board of India investigated the national economy as a whole , and the security and exchange board proposed better methods for more effective markets and the protection of investor interests . The Indian financial market was a leading example for so - called `` financial repression '' ( Mckinnon and Shaw ) . The Discount and Finance House of India began its operations in the monetary market in April 1988 ; the National Housing Bank , founded in July 1988 , was forced to invest in the property market and a new financial law improved the versatility of direct deposit by more security measures and liberalisation . 1991 -- 2000 the new century ( edit ) The national economy contracted in July 1991 as the Indian rupee was devalued . The currency lost 18 % of its value relative to the US dollar , and the Narsimham Committee advised restructuring the financial sector by a temporal reduced reserve ratio as well as the statutory liquidity ratio . New guidelines were published in 1993 to establish a private banking sector . This turning point was meant to reinforce the market and was often called neo-liberal . The central bank deregulated bank interests and some sectors of the financial market like the trust and property markets . This first phase was a success and the central government forced a diversity liberalisation to diversify owner structures in 1998 . The National Stock Exchange of India took the trade on in June 1994 and the RBI allowed nationalized banks in July to interact with the capital market to reinforce their capital base . The central bank founded a subsidiary company -- the Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited -- on 3 February 1995 to produce banknotes . Since 2000 ( edit ) The Foreign Exchange Management Act , 1999 came into force in June 2000 . It should improve the item in 2004 -- 2005 ( National Electronic Fund Transfer ) . The Security Printing & Minting Corporation of India Ltd. , a merger of nine institutions , was founded in 2006 and produces banknotes and coins . The national economy 's growth rate came down to 5.8 % in the last quarter of 2008 -- 2009 and the central bank promotes the economic development . Structure ( edit ) RBI runs a monetary museum in Mumbai The central board of directors is the main committee of the central bank . The Government of India appoints the directors for a four - year term . The Board consists of a governor , and not more than four deputy governors ; four directors to represent the regional boards ; 2 -- usually the Economic Affairs Secretary and the Financial Services Secretary -- from the Ministry of Finance and 10 other directors from various fields . The Reserve Bank -- under Raghuram Rajan 's governorship -- wanted to create a post of a chief operating officer ( COO ) , in the rank of deputy governor and wanted to re-allocate work between the five of them ( four deputy governor and COO ) . The bank is headed by the governor and the post is currently held by economist Urjit Patel . There are four deputy governors BP Kanungo , , NS Vishwanathan and Viral Acharya , Mahesh Kumar Jain . Two of the four deputy governors are traditionally from RBI ranks and are selected from the Bank 's Executive Directors . One is nominated from among the Chairpersons of public sector banks and the other is an economist . An Indian Administrative Service officer can also be appointed as deputy governor of RBI and later as the governor of RBI as with the case of Y . Venugopal Reddy and Duvvuri Subbarao . Other persons forming part of the central board of directors of the RBI are Dr. Nachiket Mor , YC Deveshwar , Prof Damodar Acharya , Ajay Tyagi and Anjuly Duggal . Uma Shankar , chief general manager ( CGM ) in charge of the Reserve Bank of India 's financial inclusion and development department has taken over as executive director ( ED ) in the central bank . Sudha Balakrishnan , a former vice president at National Securities Depository Limited , assumed charge as the first chief financial officer ( CFO ) of the Reserve Bank on 15 May 2018 ; she was given the rank of an executive director . Branches and support bodies ( edit ) RBI Headquarters in Mumbai The RBI has four zonal offices at Chennai , Delhi , Kolkata and Mumbai . It has 19 regional offices and 11 sub-offices throughout India . Regional offices are located in Ahmedabad , Bangalore , Bhopal , Bhubaneswar , Chandigarh , Chennai , Delhi , Guwahati , Hyderabad , Jaipur , Jammu , Kanpur , Kochi , Kolkata , Dewas , Lucknow , Mumbai , Nagpur , Patna , Dehradun and Thiruvananthapuram and sub-offices are located in Agartala , Aizawal , Dehradun , Gangtok , Imphal , Panaji , Raipur , Ranchi , Shillong , Shimla and Srinagar . The RBI has four regional representations : North in New Delhi , South in Chennai , East in Kolkata and West in Mumbai . The representations are formed by five members , appointed for four years by the central government and with the advice of the central board of directors serve as a forum for regional banks and to deal with delegated tasks from the Central Board . It has two training colleges for its officers , viz . Reserve Bank Staff College , Chennai and College of Agricultural Banking , Pune . There are three autonomous institutions run by RBI namely National Institute of Bank Management ( NIBM ) , Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research ( IGIDR ) , Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology ( IDRBT ) . There are also four Zonal Training Centres at Mumbai , Chennai , Kolkata and New Delhi . The Board of Financial Supervision ( BFS ) , formed in November 1994 , serves as a CCBD committee to control the financial institutions . It has four members , appointed for two years , and takes measures to strength the role of statutory auditors in the financial sector , external monitoring and internal controlling systems . The Tarapore committee was set up by the Reserve Bank of India under the chairmanship of former RBI deputy governor S.S. Tarapore to `` lay the road map '' to capital account convertibility . The five - member committee recommended a three - year time frame for complete convertibility by 1999 -- 2000 . On 8 December 2017 , Surekha Marandi , Executive Director ( ED ) of Reserve Bank of India , said RBI will open an office in the north - eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh Functions ( edit ) Reserve Bank of India regional office , Delhi entrance with the Yakshini sculpture depicting `` Prosperity through agriculture '' . RBI - Tower in Mumbai The regional office of RBI ( right ) in front of GPO ( left ) at Dalhousie Square , Kolkata . The central bank of any country executes many functions such as overseeing monetary policy , issuing currency , managing foreign exchange , working as a bank for government and as a banker of scheduled commercial banks . It also works for overall economic growth of the country . The preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes its main functions as : ... to regulate the issue of Bank Notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage . Financial supervision ( edit ) The primary objective of RBI is to undertake consolidated supervision of the financial sector comprising commercial banks , financial institutions and non-banking finance companies . The Board is constituted by co-opting four Directors from the Central Board as members for a term of two years and is chaired by the governor . The deputy governors of the reserve bank are ex-officio members . One deputy governor , usually , the deputy governor in charge of banking regulation and supervision , is nominated as the vice-chairman of the board . The Board is required to meet normally once every month . It considers inspection reports and other supervisory issues placed before it by the supervisory departments . BFS through the Audit Sub-Committee also aims at upgrading the quality of the statutory audit and internal audit functions in banks and financial institutions . The audit sub-committee includes deputy governor as the chairman and two Directors of the Central Board as members . The BFS oversees the functioning of Department of Banking Supervision ( DBS ) , Department of Non-Banking Supervision ( DNBS ) and Financial Institutions Division ( FID ) and gives directions on the regulatory and supervisory issues . Regulator and supervisor of the financial system ( edit ) The institution is also the regulator and supervisor of the financial system and prescribes broad parameters of banking operations within which the country 's banking and financial system functions . Its objectives are to maintain public confidence in the system , protect depositors ' interest and provide cost - effective banking services to the public . The Banking Ombudsman Scheme has been formulated by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) for effective addressing of complaints by bank customers . The RBI controls the monetary supply , monitors economic indicators like the gross domestic product and has to decide the design of the rupee banknotes as well as coins . Regulator and supervisor of the payment and settlement systems ( edit ) Payment and settlement systems play an important role in improving overall economic efficiency . The Payment and Settlement Systems Act of 2007 ( PSS Act ) gives the Reserve Bank oversight authority , including regulation and supervision , for the payment and settlement systems in the country . In this role , the RBI focuses on the development and functioning of safe , secure and efficient payment and settlement mechanisms . Two payment systems National Electronic Fund Transfer ( NEFT ) and Real Time Gross Settlement ( RTGS ) allow individuals , companies and firms to transfer funds from one bank to another . These facilities can only be used for transferring money within the country . NEFT operates on a deferred net settlement ( DNS ) basis and settles transactions in batches . The settlement takes place for all transactions received till a particular cut - off time . It operates in hourly batches -- there are 12 settlements from 8 am to 7 pm on weekdays and SIX between 8 am and 1 pm on Saturdays . Any transaction initiated after the designated time would have to wait till the next settlement time . In RTGS , transactions are processed continuously , all through the business hours . RBI 's settlement time is 9 am to 4 : 30 pm on weekdays and 9 am to 2 : 00 pm on Saturdays . Banker and debt manager to government ( edit ) Just like individuals need a bank to carry out their financial transactions effectively & efficiently , Governments also need a bank to carry out their financial transactions . RBI serves this purpose for the Government of India ( GoI ) . As a banker to the GoI , RBI maintains its accounts , receive payments into & make payments out of these accounts . RBI also helps GoI to raise money from public via issuing bonds and government approved securities . Managing foreign exchange ( edit ) The central bank manages to reach different goals of the Foreign Exchange Management Act , 1999 . Their objective is to facilitate external trade and payment and promote orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India . With increasing integration of the Indian economy with the global economy arising from greater trade and capital flows , the foreign exchange market has evolved as a key segment of the Indian financial market and RBI has an important role to play in regulating & managing this segment . RBI manages forex and gold reserves of the nation . On a given day , the foreign exchange rate reflects the demand for and supply of foreign exchange arising from trade and capital transactions . The RBI 's Financial Markets Department ( FMD ) participates in the foreign exchange market by undertaking sales / purchases of foreign currency to ease volatility in periods of excess demand for / supply of foreign currency . Issue of currency ( edit ) Reserve bank of India is the sole body who is authorized to issue currency in India . The bank also destroys the same when they are not fit for circulation . All the money issued by the central bank is its monetary liability , i.e. , the central bank is obliged to back the currency with assets of equal value , to enhance public confidence in paper currency . The objectives are to issue bank notes and give public adequate supply of the same , to maintain the currency and credit system of the country to utilize it in its best advantage , and to maintain the reserves . RBI maintains the economic structure of the country so that it can achieve the objective of price stability as well as economic development because both objectives are diverse in themselves . For printing of notes , the Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited ( SPMCIL ) , a wholly owned company of the Government of India , has set up printing presses at Nashik , Maharashtra and Dewas , Madhya Pradesh . The Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited ( BRBNMPL ) , also has set up printing presses in Mysore in Karnataka and Salboni in West Bengal . In all , there are four printing presses . And for the minting of coins , SPMCIL has four mints at Mumbai , Noida ( UP ) , Kolkata and Hyderabad for coin production . While coins and one rupee notes are minted by Government of India ( GoI ) , the RBI works as an agent of GoI for distributing and handling of coins . RBI also works to prevent counterfeiting of currency by regularly upgrading security features of currency . For printing currency , RBI has four facilities at Dewas , Nasik , Mysore and Salboni . The RBI is authorized to issue notes up to value of Rupees ten thousands and coin up to one thousands . New notes of Rupees 500 and 2000 have been issued on 8 November 2016 . The old series note of Rupees 1000 and 500 are considered illegal and just paper from midnight on 8 November 2016 . Earlier 1000 notes have been discarded by RBI . Banker 's bank ( edit ) Nagpur branch holds most of India 's gold deposits Reserve Bank of India also works as a central bank where commercial banks are account holders and can deposit money . RBI maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks . Commercial banks create credit . It is the duty of the RBI to control the credit through the CRR , bank rate and open market operations . As banker 's bank , the RBI facilitates the clearing of cheques between the commercial banks and helps the inter-bank transfer of funds . It can grant financial accommodation to schedule banks . It acts as the lender of the last resort by providing emergency advances to the banks . It supervises the functioning of the commercial banks and takes action against it if the need arises . The RBI also advises the banks on various matters for example Corporate Social Responsibility . Regulator of the banking system ( edit ) RBI has the responsibility of regulating the nation 's financial system . As a regulator and supervisor of the Indian banking system it ensures financial stability & public confidence in the banking system . RBI uses methods like On - site inspections , off - site surveillance , scrutiny & periodic meetings to supervise new bank licenses , setting capital requirements and regulating interest rates in specific areas . RBI is currently focused on implementing Basel III norms . Detection of fake currency ( edit ) In order to curb the fake currency problem , RBI has launched a website to raise awareness among masses about fake notes in the market . www.paisaboltahai.rbi.org.in provides information about identifying fake currency . On 22 January 2014 ; RBI gave a press release stating that after 31 March 2014 , it will completely withdraw from circulation of all banknotes issued prior to 2005 . From 1 April 2014 , the public will be required to approach banks for exchanging these notes . Banks will provide exchange facility for these notes until further communication . The reserve bank has also clarified that the notes issued before 2005 will continue to be legal tender . This would mean that banks are required to exchange the notes for their customers as well as for non-customers . From 1 July 2014 , however , to exchange more than 15 pieces of ` 500 and ` 1000 notes , non-customers will have to furnish proof of identity and residence as well as show aadhar to the bank branch in which she / he wants to exchange the notes . This move from the reserve bank is expected to unearth black money held in cash . As the new currency notes have added security features , they would help in curbing the menace of fake currency . Developmental role ( edit ) The central bank has to perform a wide range of promotional functions to support national objectives and industries . The RBI faces a lot of inter-sectoral and local inflation - related problems . Some of these problems are results of the dominant part of the public sector . Key tools in this effort include Priority Sector Lending such as agriculture , micro and small enterprises ( MSE ) , housing and education . RBI work towards strengthening and supporting small local banks and encourage banks to open branches in rural areas to include large section of society in banking net . Related functions ( edit ) The RBI is also a banker to the government and performs merchant banking function for the central and the state governments . It also acts as their banker . The National Housing Bank ( NHB ) was established in 1988 to promote private real estate acquisition . The institution maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks , too . RBI on 7 August 2012 said that Indian banking system is resilient enough to face the stress caused by the drought - like situation because of poor monsoon this year . Custodian to foreign exchange ( edit ) The Reserve Bank has custody of the country 's reserves of international currency , and this enables the Reserve Bank to deal with crisis connected with adverse balance of payments position . 2016 Demonetisation ( edit ) People gathered at ATM of Axis Bank in Mehsana , Gujarat to withdraw cash following deposit of demonetised currency notes in bank on 15 November 2016 . Main article : 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation On 8 November 2016 , the Government of India announced the demonetisation of all ₹ 500 ( US $7.00 ) and ₹ 1,000 ( US $14 ) banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series on the recommendation of the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) . The government claimed that the action would curtail the shadow economy and crack down on the use of illicit and counterfeit cash to fund illegal activity and terrorism . The Reserve Bank of India laid down a detailed procedure for the exchange of the demonetised banknotes with new ₹ 500 and ₹ 2,000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series and ₹ 100 banknotes of the preceding Mahatma Gandhi Series . Following are the key points : Long queue in front of SBI ATM at Paravur near the city of Kollam in Kerala , 19 November 2016 . Citizens will have until 30 December 2016 to tender their old banknotes at any office of the RBI or any bank branch and credit the value into their respective bank accounts . Cash withdrawals from bank accounts were restricted to ₹ 10,000 per day and ₹ 20,000 per week per account from 10 to 13 November 2016 . This limit was increased to ₹ 24,000 per week from 14 November . For immediate cash needs , the old banknotes could be exchanged for the new ₹ 500 and ₹ 2,000 banknotes as well as ₹ 100 banknotes over the counter of bank branches by filling up a requisition form along with a valid ID proof . It was announced that this facility would be available until 30 December 2016 . Initially , the limit was fixed at ₹ 4,000 per person from 8 to 13 November 2016 . This limit was increased to ₹ 4,500 per person from 14 to 17 November 2016 . The limit was reduced to ₹ 2,000 per person from 18 November 2016 . All exchange of banknotes was abruptly stopped from 25 November 2016 . Initially , all ATMs were dispensing banknotes of only ₹ 50 and ₹ 100 denominations and cash withdrawals from ATMs were restricted to ₹ 2000 per day . From 14 November onwards , ATMs recalibrated to dispense new ₹ 500 and ₹ 2000 notes will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹ 2,500 per day , while other ATMs dispensing banknotes of only ₹ 50 and ₹ 100 denominations will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹ 2000 per day . However , exceptions were given to petrol , CNG and gas stations , government hospitals , railway and airline booking counters , state - government recognised dairies and ration stores , and crematoriums to accept the old ₹ 500 and ₹ 1,000 banknotes until 11 November 2016 , which was later extended to 14 November 2016 and once again to 24 November 2016 . International airports were also instructed to facilitate an exchange of notes amounting to a total value of ₹ 5,000 for foreign tourists and out - bound passengers . Under the revised guidelines issued on 17 November 2016 , families were allowed to withdraw ₹ 250,000 for wedding expenses from one account provided it was KYC compliant . The rules were also changed for farmers who are permitted to withdraw ₹ 25,000 per week from their accounts against crop loan . Cash crunch and effects ( edit ) Queue at an ATM for ₹ 100 banknotes in Howrah , on 8 November 2016 , 22 : 23 ( IST ) People queue outside a private bank to deposit and exchange old ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 banknotes in Kolkata on 10 November 2016 . The scarcity of cash due to demonetisation led to chaos , and most people holding old banknotes faced difficulties exchanging them due to endless lines outside banks and ATMs across India , which became a daily routine for millions of people waiting to deposit or exchange the ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 banknotes since 9 November . ATMs were running out of cash after a few hours of being functional , and around half the ATMs in the country were non-functional . Sporadic violence was reported in New Delhi , but there were no reports of any grievous injury , people attacked bank premises and ATMs , and a ration shop was looted in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept ₹ 500 banknotes . Policy rates and Reserve ratios ( edit ) Rates as of October 2018 monetary policy meet Policy rates Policy Repo Rate 6.50 % Reverse Repo Rate 6.25 % Marginal Standing Facility Rate 6.75 % Bank Rate 6.75 % Reserve ratios Cash Reserve Ratio ( CRR ) 4 % Statutory Liquidity Ratio ( SLR ) 19.5 % Lending and deposit rates Base Rate 8.65 % -- 9.45 % MCLR ( overnight ) 7.70 % -- 7.95 % Savings Deposit Rate 3.50 % -- 4.00 % Term Deposit Rate for > 1year 6.25 % -- 6.75 % Repo rate ( edit ) Repo ( Repurchase ) rate also known as the benchmark interest rate is the rate at which the RBI lends money to the commercial banks for a short - term ( max. 90 days ) . When the repo rate increases , borrowing from RBI becomes more expensive . If RBI wants to make it more expensive for the banks to borrow money , it increases the repo rate similarly , if it wants to make it cheaper for banks to borrow money it reduces the repo rate . If the repo rate is increased , banks ca n't carry out their business at a profit whereas the very opposite happens when the repo rate is cut down . Generally , repo rates are cut down whenever the country needs to progress in banking and economy . Currently , the new RBI governor Sri Urjit Patel has cut the previous Repo rate to 6 % for facilitation of India 's economy . In its fifth bi-monthly Monetary policy review on 6 December 2017 , RBI unchanged Repo Rate and kept at 6 % . If banks want to borrow money ( for short term , usually overnight ) from RBI then banks have to charge this interest rate . currently , Repo rate is set to 6 % w.e.f 9 August 2017 . Banks have to pledge government securities as collateral . This kind of deal happens through a re-purchase agreement . If a bank wants to borrow Rs. 100 crores , it has to provide government securities at least worth Rs. 100 crore ( could be more because of margin requirement which is 5 % - 10 % of loan amount ) and agree to repurchase them at Rs. 106.75 crore at the end of borrowing period . So the bank has paid Rs. 6.75 crore as interest . This is the reason it is called repo rate . The government securities which are provided by banks as collateral can not come from SLR quota ( otherwise the SLR will go below 19.5 % of NDTL and attract penalty ) . Banks have to provide these securities additionally . To curb inflation , RBI increases Repo rate which will make borrowing costly for banks . Banks will pass this increased cost to their customers which make borrowing costly in whole economy . Fewer people will apply for loan and aggregate demand will get reduced . This will result in inflation coming down . RBI does the opposite to fight deflation . Although when RBI reduce Repo rate , banks are not legally required to reduce their base rate . Reverse repo rate ( rrr ) ( edit ) As the name suggest , reverse repo rate is just the opposite of repo rate . Reverse Repo rate is the short term borrowing rate at which RBI borrows money from banks . The reserve bank uses this tool when it feels there is too much money floating in the banking system . An increase in the reverse repo rate means that the banks will get a higher rate of interest from RBI . As a result , banks prefer to lend their money to RBI which is always safe instead of lending it to others ( people , companies etc . ) which is always risky . Repo Rate signifies the rate at which liquidity is injected into the banking system by RBI , whereas Reverse Repo rate signifies the rate at which the central bank absorbs liquidity from the banks . Currently , Reverse Repo Rate is pegged to be 0.25 % below Repo Rate . Statutory liquidity ratio ( SLR ) ( edit ) Apart from the CRR , banks are required to maintain liquid assets in the form of gold , cash and approved securities . Higher liquidity ratio forces commercial banks to maintain a larger proportion of their resources in liquid form and thus reduces their capacity to grant loans and advances , thus it is an anti-inflationary impact . A higher liquidity ratio diverts the bank funds from loans and advances to investment in government and approved securities . In well - developed economies , central banks use open market operations -- buying and selling of eligible securities by the central bank in the money market -- to influence the volume of cash reserves with commercial banks and thus influence the volume of loans and advances they can make to the commercial and industrial sectors . In the open money market , government securities are traded at market - related rates of interest . The RBI is resorting more to open market operations in the more recent years . Generally , RBI uses Minimum margins for lending against specific securities . Ceiling on the amounts of credit for certain purposes . The discriminatory rate of interest charged on certain types of advances . Direct credit controls in India are of three types : Part of the interest rate structure , i.e. , on small savings and provident funds , are administratively set . Banks are mandatory required to keep 19.50 % of their NDTL ( Net Demand and Time Liabilities ) in the form of liquid assets . Banks are required to lend to the priority sectors to the extent of 40 % of their advances . The share of net demand and time liabilities that banks must maintain in safe and liquid assets , such as government securities , cash and gold . The present SLR is 19.5 % . Bank rate ( edit ) It is defined in Sec 49 of RBI Act of 1934 as the ' standard rate at which RBI is prepared to buy or rediscount bills of exchange or other commercial papers eligible for purchase ' . When banks want to borrow long term funds from RBI , it is the interest rate which RBI charges to them . It is currently set to 6.75 % ( Second Bi-monthly Monetary Policy Statement , 2018 -- 19 ) . The bank rate is not used to control money supply these days . Although penal rates are linked to bank rate . If a bank fails to keep SLR or CRR then RBI will impose penalty & it will be 300 basis points above bank rate . Liquidity Adjustment facility ( LAF ) ( edit ) Liquidity Adjustment facility was introduced in 2000 . LAF is a facility provided by the Reserve Bank of India to scheduled commercial banks to avail of liquidity in case of need or to park excess funds with the RBI on an overnight basis against the collateral of Government securities . RBI accept application for a minimum amount of Rs. 5 crore and in multiples of Rs. 5 crore thereafter . LAF enables liquidity management on a day - to - day basis . The operations of LAF are conducted by way of repurchase agreements called Repos & Reverse Repos . Cash Reserve ratio ( CRR ) ( edit ) CRR refers to the ratio of bank 's cash reserve balances with RBI with reference to the bank 's net demand & time liabilities to ensure the liquidity & solvency of the scheduled banks . The share of net demand and time liabilities that banks must maintain as cash with RBI . The RBI has set CRR at 4 % . 1 % change in it today affects the economy with Rs. 96000 crores . An increase sucks this amount from the economy , while a decrease injects this amount into the economy.So if a bank has 200 Crore of NDTL then it has to keep Rs. 8 Crore in cash with RBI . RBI pays no interest on CRR . Let 's assume economy is showing inflationary trends & RBI wants to control this situation by adjusting SLR & CRR . If RBI increases SLR to 50 % and CRR to 20 % then bank will be left only with Rs. 60 crore for operations . Now it will be very difficult for bank to maintain profitability with such small capital . Bank will be left with no choice but to raise interest rate which will make borrowing costly . This will in turn reduce the overall demand & hence price will come down eventually . Open market operation ( omo ) ( edit ) Open market operation is the activity of buying and selling of government securities in open market to control the supply of money in banking system . When there is excess supply of money , central bank sells government securities thereby sucking out excess liquidity . Similarly , when liquidity is tight , RBI will buy government securities and thereby inject money supply into the economy . Marginal standing facility ( MSF ) ( edit ) This scheme was introduced in May , 2011 and all the scheduled commercial bank can participate in this scheme . Banks can borrow up to 2.5 % percent of their respective Net Demand and Time Liabilities . RBI receive application under this facility for a minimum amount of Rs . One crore and in multiples of Rs . One crore thereafter . The important difference with repo rate is that bank can pledge government securities from SLR quota ( up to one percent ) . So even if SLR goes below 20.5 % ( RBI / 2014 - 15 / 445 DBR. Ret. BC. 70 / 12.02. 001 / 2014 - 15 , dt. 16.10. 2016 ) by pledging SLR quota securities under MSF , bank will not have to pay any penalty . The MSF rate is set to 100 basis point above bank rate and currently is at 6.50 % as of 1.6. 17 . Qualitative tools ( edit ) Margin requirements or LTV ( edit ) Loan to Value is the ratio of loan amount to the actual value of asset purchased . RBI regulates this ratio so as to control the amount bank can lend to its customers . For example , if an individual wants to buy a car from borrowed money and the car value is Rs. 10 Lac , he can only avail a loan amount of Rs. 7 Lac if the LTV is set to 70 % . RBI can decrease or increase to curb inflation or deflation respectively . Selective credit control ( edit ) Under this measure , RBI can specifically instruct banks not to give loans to traders of certain commodities e.g. sugar , edible oil etc . This prevents speculations / hoarding of commodities using money borrowed from banks . Moral suasion ( edit ) Under this measure RBI try to persuade bank through meetings , conferences , media statements to do specific things under certain economic trends . For example , when RBI reduces repo rate , it asks banks to reduce their base rate as well . Another example of this measure is to ask banks to reduce their Non-performing assets ( NPAs ) . Limitations of monetary policy ( edit ) In developing countries like India , Monetary Policy fails to show immediate or no results because of below factors : People do not employ alternative investment options . A large section of society still depends on saving accounts , fixed deposits , Public Provident Fund for investment . Commercial banks have large deposits . RBI is not the main or even prominent money supplier for these banks . So whatever monetary action central bank takes has little or late impact on the economy . Many people in rural areas are out of banking net and whatever RBI does has no impact on their financial activities . Monsoon uncertainty adversely affects food production and thereby cause food inflation . Monetary Policy has no impact on food inflation . Publications ( edit ) A report titled `` Trend and Progress of Banking In India '' is published annually , as required by the Banking Regulation Act , 1949 . The report sums up trends and developments throughout the financial sector . Starting in April 2014 , the Reserve Bank of India publishes bi-monthly policy updates . Further reading ( edit ) S.L.N. Simha . History of the Reserve Bank of India , Volume 1 : 1935 -- 1951 . RBI. 1970 . ISBN 81 - 7596 - 247 - X . ( 2005 reprint PDF ) Reserve Bank of India : Functions and Working . RBI. 2005. ( 2005 reprint PDF ) G. Balachandran . The Reserve Bank of India , 1951 -- 1967 . Oxford University Press . 1998 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 564468 - 9 . ( PDF ) A. Vasudevan et al . The Reserve Bank of India , Volume 3 : 1967 -- 1981 . RBI. 2005 . ISBN 81 - 7596 - 299 - 2 . ( PDF ) Cecil Kisch : Review `` The Monetary Policy of the Reserve Bank of India '' by K.N. Raj . In : The Economic Journal . Vol. 59 , No. 235 ( Sep. , 1949 ) , pp. 436 -- 438 . Findlay G. Shirras : The Reserve Bank of India . In The Economic Journal . Vol. 44 , No. 174 ( Jun. , 1934 ) , pp. 258 -- 274 . 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The Times of India . 8 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finance Ministry has reviewed the position regarding availability and distribution of all denominations of bank notes '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Finance , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 November 2016 . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of existing ₹ 500 / - and ₹ 1000 / - Bank Notes -- Revision in limits '' . Reserve Bank of India . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Central Government takes several decisions to facilitate farmers , small traders , Group ' C ' Employees of Central Government including equivalent levels in the Defence and Para Military Forces , Railways and Central Public Sector Enterprises in the aftermath of the cancellation of the legal tender character of the old Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes ; Also decides to reduce the limit of exchange of old Rs. 500 / - and Rs. 1000 / - notes across the counter in banks from Rs. 4500 / - to Rs. 2000 / - with effect from 18th November , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Finance , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 November 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-modi-said-exchange-limit-to-be-hiked-after-november-24-exchange-stopped-4393985/ Jump up ^ `` ATMs -- Non-dispensing of Old High Denomination Notes -- Closure of operations '' . Reserve Bank of India . 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Govt extends old notes exemption deadline to midnight Nov 24 '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs on Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of the existing Bank Notes in the denominations of ₹ 500 / - and ₹ 1000 / - '' . Reserve Bank of India . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Outlets that will accept Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes in next 72 hours '' . The Economic Times . 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation rule modified , families can withdraw Rs 2.5 lakh for weddings from one account '' . India Today . 17 November 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India demonetisation : Chaos as ATMs run dry '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Demonetisation : Chaos grows , queues get longer at banks , ATMs on weekend '' . 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India : Demonetisation takes its toll on the poor '' . Al Jazeera. 16 November 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queues get longer at banks , ATMs on weekend '' . The Hindu . 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Sporadic violence in Delhi , cops receive 4.5 K calls '' . New Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` Unrest erupts in UP towns as cashless crowds vent ire on bank staff -- Times of India '' . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In western UP , violence marks day 13 of demonetisation -- Times of India '' . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation effect : ATM vandalism on rise '' . 18 November 2016 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Angry customers break bank 's glass door in Kollam '' . The Indian Express . 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Reporter , Staff ( 13 November 2016 ) . `` No cash : ' frustrated ' man smashes ATM glass wall '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Hid in Washroom For an Hour : Official After Attack at IDBI Bank '' . Jump up ^ `` Villagers loot fair price shop after dealer refuses scrapped banknotes '' . Hindustan Times . 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nerves snap in long cash wait , shop looted '' . Jump up ^ `` Villagers looted ration shops in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept old notes '' . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation Fallout : Cashless Villagers Loot PDS Shop in MP 's Chhatarpur Village '' . 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.rbi.org.in/home.aspx Jump up ^ http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Wss/DOCs/5T_08121744615763C4DE4D6F9DC464E9EB70E7B4.XLSX Jump up ^ https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=8248&Mode=0 Jump up ^ Monetary policy of India Jump up ^ C.R.L. Narasimhan ( 2 December 2013 ) . `` NPA reduction , a key issue '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maintaining the status quo '' . 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . 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what is the current population of the bahamas	The Bahamas has an estimated population of 391,232 , of which 25.9 % are under 14 , 67.2 % 15 to 64 and 6.9 % over 65 . It has a population growth rate of 0.925 % ( 2010 ) , with a birth rate of 17.81 / 1,000 population , death rate of 9.35 / 1,000 , and net migration rate of − 2.13 migrant ( s ) / 1,000 population . The infant mortality rate is 23.21 deaths / 1,000 live births . Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69.87 years : 73.49 years for females , 66.32 years for males . The total fertility rate is 2.0 children born / woman ( 2010 ) .	391,232	The Bahamas	the bahamas	Coordinates : 24 ° 15 ′ N 76 ° 00 ′ W / 24.250 ° N 76.000 ° W / 24.250 ; - 76.000	Commonwealth of The Bahamas Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Forward , Upward , Onward , Together '' Anthem : `` March On , Bahamaland '' Royal anthem : `` God Save the Queen '' Capital and largest city Nassau 25 ° 4 ′ N 77 ° 20 ′ W / 25.067 ° N 77.333 ° W / 25.067 ; - 77.333 Official languages English Vernacular language Creole Ethnic groups ( 2016 ) 92.7 % African 4.7 % European 2.1 % Mixed 1.9 % Other Demonym Bahamian Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy Monarch Elizabeth II Governor - General Dame Marguerite Pindling Prime Minister Hubert Minnis Legislature Parliament Upper house Senate Lower house House of Assembly Independence from the United Kingdom 10 July 1973 Area Total 13,878 km ( 5,358 sq mi ) ( 155th ) Water ( % ) 28 % Population 2016 estimate 391,232 ( 177th ) 2010 census 351,461 Density 25.21 / km ( 65.3 / sq mi ) ( 181st ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $9.792 billion Per capita $26,005 GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $9.529 billion Per capita $25,306 HDI ( 2017 ) 0.807 very high 54th Currency Bahamian dollar ( BSD ) ( US dollars widely accepted ) Time zone UTC − 5 ( EST ) Summer ( DST ) UTC − 4 ( EDT ) Driving side left Calling code + 1 242 ISO 3166 code BS Internet TLD . bs ^ Also referred to as Bahamian dialect or Bahamianese The Bahamas ( / bəˈhɑːməz / ( listen ) ) , known officially as the Commonwealth of The Bahamas , is a country within the Lucayan Archipelago . The archipelagic state consists of more than 700 islands , cays , and islets in the Atlantic Ocean , and is located north of Cuba and Hispaniola ( Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) , northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands , southeast of the United States state of Florida , and east of the Florida Keys . The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence . The designation of `` the Bahamas '' can refer either to the country or to the larger island chain that it shares with the Turks and Caicos Islands . The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes the Bahamas territory as encompassing 470,000 km ( 180,000 sq mi ) of ocean space . The Bahamas is the site of Columbus 's first landfall in the New World in 1492 . At that time , the islands were inhabited by the Lucayan , a branch of the Arawakan - speaking Taino people . Although the Spanish never colonised The Bahamas , they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola . The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648 , when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera . The Bahamas became a British crown colony in 1718 , when the British clamped down on piracy . After the American War of Independence , the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists in the Bahamas ; they brought their slaves with them and established plantations on land grants . Africans constituted the majority of the population from this period . The slave trade was abolished by the British in 1807 ; slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834 . Subsequently , the Bahamas became a haven for freed African slaves ; the Royal Navy resettled Africans there liberated from illegal slave ships , North American slaves and Seminoles escaped here from Florida , and the government freed slaves carried on US domestic ships that had reached the Bahamas due to weather . Today , Afro - Bahamians make up nearly 90 % of the population . The sovereign state of the Bahamas became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1973 , retaining the British monarch , then and currently Queen Elizabeth II , as its head of state . In terms of gross domestic product per capita , The Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas ( following the United States and Canada ) , with an economy based on tourism and finance . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 18th -- 19th centuries 2.2 20th century 2.3 Post-Second World War 3 Geography 3.1 Castaway Cay 3.2 Climate 4 Geology 5 Government and politics 5.1 Political culture 5.2 Foreign relations 5.3 Armed forces 5.4 Administrative divisions 5.5 National flag 5.6 Coat of arms 5.7 National flower 6 Economy 6.1 Tourism 6.2 Financial services 6.3 Agriculture 7 Demographics 7.1 Racial and ethnic groups 7.2 Languages 7.3 Religion 8 Culture 8.1 Sport 9 Education 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 General history 12.2 Economic history 12.3 Social history 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) The name Bahamas is most likely derived from either the Taíno ba ha ma ( `` big upper middle land '' ) , which was a term for the region used by the indigenous Native Americans , or possibly from the Spanish baja mar ( `` shallow water or sea '' or `` low tide '' ) reflecting the shallow waters of the area . Alternatively , it may originate from Guanahani , a local name of unclear meaning . A peculiarity of the name is that the word The is a formal part of the abbreviated name and is , therefore , capitalised . So in contrast to `` the Congo '' and `` the United Kingdom '' , it is proper to write `` The Bahamas '' . History ( edit ) Main article : History of The Bahamas This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A depiction of Columbus 's first landing , claiming possession of the New World for Spain in caravels ; the Niña and the Pinta , on Watling Island , an island of The Bahamas that the natives called Guanahani and that he named San Salvador , on 12 October 1492 . Taino people moved into the uninhabited southern Bahamas from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 11th century , having migrated there from South America . They came to be known as the Lucayan people . An estimated 30,000 Lucayan inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus 's arrival in 1492 . Columbus 's first landfall in the New World was on an island he named San Salvador ( known to the Lucayan as Guanahani ) . Some researchers believe this site to be present - day San Salvador Island ( formerly known as Watling 's Island ) , situated in the southeastern Bahamas . An alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay , according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge , based on Columbus 's log . Evidence in support of this remains inconclusive . On the landfall island , Columbus made first contact with the Lucayan and exchanged goods with them . The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to Hispaniola for use as forced labour . The slaves suffered from harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity ; half of the Taino died from smallpox alone . The population of the Bahamas was severely diminished . In 1648 , the Eleutherian Adventurers , led by William Sayle , migrated from Bermuda . These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera -- the name derives from the Greek word for freedom . They later settled New Providence , naming it Sayle 's Island after one of their leaders . To survive , the settlers salvaged goods from wrecks . In 1670 , King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America . They rented the islands from the king with rights of trading , tax , appointing governors , and administering the country . In 1684 Spanish corsair Juan de Alcon raided the capital , Charles Town ( later renamed Nassau ) . In 1703 , a joint Franco - Spanish expedition briefly occupied the Bahamian capital during the War of the Spanish Succession . 18th -- 19th centuries ( edit ) Sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park commemorating hundreds of African - American slaves who escaped to freedom in the early 1820s in the Bahamas Beach in Nassau , Bahamas . The lighthouse in Great Isaac Cay . During proprietary rule , the Bahamas became a haven for pirates , including the infamous Blackbeard ( circa 1680 -- 1718 ) . To put an end to the ' Pirates ' republic ' and restore orderly government , Great Britain made the Bahamas a crown colony in 1718 under the royal governorship of Woodes Rogers . After a difficult struggle , he succeeded in suppressing piracy . In 1720 , Rogers led local militia to drive off a Spanish attack . During the US War of Independence in the late 18th century , the islands became a target for US naval forces under the command of Commodore Esek Hopkins . US Marines occupied the capital of Nassau for a fortnight . In 1782 , following the British defeat at Yorktown , a Spanish fleet appeared off the coast of Nassau . The city surrendered without a fight . Spain returned possession of the Bahamas to Great Britain the following year , under the terms of the Treaty of Paris . Before the news was received , however , the islands were recaptured by a small British force led by Andrew Deveaux . After US independence , the British resettled some 7,300 Loyalists with their slaves in the Bahamas , including two thousand from New York and at least 1,033 whites , 2,214 blacks and a few Creeks from East Florida . Most of the refugees resettled from New York had fled from other colonies , including West Florida , which the Spanish captured during the war . The government granted land to the planters to help compensate for losses on the continent . These Loyalists , who included Deveaux , established plantations on several islands and became a political force in the capital . European Americans were outnumbered by the African - American slaves they brought with them , and ethnic Europeans remained a minority in the territory . In 1807 , the British abolished the slave trade , followed by the United States the next year . During the following decades , the Royal Navy intercepted the trade ; they resettled in the Bahamas thousands of Africans liberated from slave ships . In the 1820s during the period of the Seminole Wars in Florida , hundreds of North American slaves and African Seminoles escaped from Cape Florida to the Bahamas . They settled mostly on northwest Andros Island , where they developed the village of Red Bays . From eyewitness accounts , 300 escaped in a mass flight in 1823 , aided by Bahamians in 27 sloops , with others using canoes for the journey . This was commemorated in 2004 by a large sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park . Some of their descendants in Red Bays continue African Seminole traditions in basket making and grave marking . The United States ' National Park Service , which administers the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom , is working with the African Bahamian Museum and Research Center ( ABAC ) in Nassau on development to identify Red Bays as a site related to North American slaves ' search for freedom . The museum has researched and documented the African Seminoles ' escape from southern Florida . It plans to develop interpretive programs at historical sites in Red Bay associated with the period of their settlement in the Bahamas . In 1818 , the Home Office in London had ruled that `` any slave brought to the Bahamas from outside the British West Indies would be manumitted . '' This led to a total of nearly 300 slaves owned by US nationals being freed from 1830 to 1835 . The American slave ships Comet and Encomium used in the United States domestic coastwise slave trade , were wrecked off Abaco Island in December 1830 and February 1834 , respectively . When wreckers took the masters , passengers and slaves into Nassau , customs officers seized the slaves and British colonial officials freed them , over the protests of the Americans . There were 165 slaves on the Comet and 48 on the Encomium . The United Kingdom finally paid an indemnity to the United States in those two cases in 1855 , under the Treaty of Claims of 1853 , which settled several compensation cases between the two countries . Slavery was abolished in the British Empire on 1 August 1834 . After that British colonial officials freed 78 North American slaves from the Enterprise , which went into Bermuda in 1835 ; and 38 from the Hermosa , which wrecked off Abaco Island in 1840 . The most notable case was that of the Creole in 1841 : as a result of a slave revolt on board , the leaders ordered the US brig to Nassau . It was carrying 135 slaves from Virginia destined for sale in New Orleans . The Bahamian officials freed the 128 slaves who chose to stay in the islands . The Creole case has been described as the `` most successful slave revolt in U.S. history '' . These incidents , in which a total of 447 slaves belonging to US nationals were freed from 1830 to 1842 , increased tension between the United States and the United Kingdom . They had been co-operating in patrols to suppress the international slave trade . However , worried about the stability of its large domestic slave trade and its value , the United States argued that the United Kingdom should not treat its domestic ships that came to its colonial ports under duress , as part of the international trade . The United States worried that the success of the Creole slaves in gaining freedom would encourage more slave revolts on merchant ships . 20th century ( edit ) The Duke of Windsor and Governor of the Bahamas from 1940 to 1945 In August 1940 , the Duke of Windsor was appointed Governor of the Bahamas . He arrived in the colony with his wife , the Duchess . Although disheartened at the condition of Government House , they `` tried to make the best of a bad situation '' . He did not enjoy the position , and referred to the islands as `` a third - class British colony '' . He opened the small local parliament on 29 October 1940 . The couple visited the `` Out Islands '' that November , on Axel Wenner - Gren 's yacht , which caused controversy ; the British Foreign Office strenuously objected because they had been advised ( mistakenly ) by United States intelligence that Wenner - Gren was a close friend of the Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring of Nazi Germany . The Duke was praised at the time for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands . A 1991 biography by Philip Ziegler , however , described him as contemptuous of the Bahamians and other non-European peoples of the Empire . He was praised for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in June 1942 , when there was a `` full - scale riot '' . Ziegler said that the Duke blamed the trouble on `` mischief makers -- communists '' and `` men of Central European Jewish descent , who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft '' . The Duke resigned from the post on 16 March 1945 . Post-second World War ( edit ) Sign at the entrance of the Sir Roland Symonette Park in North Eleuthera district commemorating Sir Roland Theodore Symonette , the Bahamas ' first Premier Modern political development began after the Second World War . The first political parties were formed in the 1950s . The British Parliament authorised the islands as internally self - governing in 1964 , with Sir Roland Symonette , of the United Bahamian Party , as the first Premier . A new constitution granting the Bahamas internal autonomy went into effect on 7 January 1964 . In 1967 , Lynden Pindling of the Progressive Liberal Party , became the first native born Premier of the majority native Bahamian colony ; in 1968 the title of the position was changed to Prime Minister . In 1968 , Pindling announced that the Bahamas would seek full independence . A new constitution giving the Bahamas increased control over its own affairs was adopted in 1968 . The British House of Lords voted to give the Bahamas its independence on 22 June 1973 . Prince Charles delivered the official documents to Prime Minister Lynden Pindling , officially declaring the Bahamas a fully independent nation on 10 July 1973 . It joined the Commonwealth of Nations on the same day . Sir Milo Butler was appointed the first Governor - General of the Bahamas ( the official representative of Queen Elizabeth II ) shortly after independence . The Bahamas joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank on 22 August 1973 , and it joined the United Nations on 18 September 1973 . Based on the twin pillars of tourism and offshore finance , the Bahamian economy has prospered since the 1950s . Significant challenges in areas such as education , health care , housing , international narcotics trafficking and illegal immigration from Haiti continue to be issues . The University of The Bahamas ( UB ) is the national higher education / tertiary system . Offering baccalaureate , masters and associate degrees , UB has three campuses , and teaching and research centres throughout the Bahamas . The University of The Bahamas was chartered on 10 November 2016 . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of the Bahamas The Bahamas from space . NASA Aqua satellite image , 2009 The country lies between latitudes 20 ° and 28 ° N , and longitudes 72 ° and 80 ° W . In 1864 , the Governor of the Bahamas reported that there were 29 islands , 661 cays , and 2,387 rocks in the colony . The closest island to the United States is Bimini , which is also known as the gateway to the Bahamas . The island of Abaco is to the east of Grand Bahama . The southeasternmost island is Inagua . The largest island is Andros Island . Other inhabited islands include Eleuthera , Cat Island , Rum Cay , Long Island , San Salvador Island , Ragged Island , Acklins , Crooked Island , Exuma , Berry Islands and Mayaguana . Nassau , capital city of the Bahamas , lies on the island of New Providence . All the islands are low and flat , with ridges that usually rise no more than 15 to 20 m ( 49 to 66 ft ) . The highest point in the country is Mount Alvernia ( formerly Como Hill ) on Cat Island . It has an elevation of 63 metres ( 207 ft ) . Damaged homes in the Bahamas in the aftermath of Hurricane Wilma in 2005 To the southeast , the Turks and Caicos Islands , and three more extensive submarine features called Mouchoir Bank , Silver Bank and Navidad Bank , are geographically a continuation of the Bahamas . Castaway Cay ( edit ) Main article : Castaway Cay Disney has its own private island in the Bahamas called Castaway Cay . It is located near Great Abaco Island and was formerly known as Gorda Cay . In 1997 , The Walt Disney Company purchased a 99 - year land lease for the cay from the Bahamian government , set to expire in 2096 . Climate ( edit ) See also : Geography of the Bahamas § Climate The climate of the Bahamas is tropical savannah climate or Aw according to Köppen climate classification . The low latitude , warm tropical Gulf Stream , and low elevation give the Bahamas a warm and winterless climate . As such , there has never been a frost or freeze reported in the Bahamas , although every few decades low temperatures can fall below 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) for a few hours when a severe cold outbreak comes off the North American mainland . There is only an 8 ° C difference between the warmest month and coolest month in most of the Bahama islands . As with most tropical climates , seasonal rainfall follows the sun , and summer is the wettest season . The Bahamas are often sunny and dry for long periods of time , and average more than 3,000 hours or 340 days of sunlight annually . Tropical storms and hurricanes can on occasion impact the Bahamas . In 1992 , Hurricane Andrew passed over the northern portions of the islands , and Hurricane Floyd passed near the eastern portions of the islands in 1999 . hide Climate data for Nassau Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 26.6 ( 79.9 ) 27.9 ( 82.2 ) 29.7 ( 85.5 ) 31.0 ( 87.8 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 32.1 ( 89.8 ) 31.6 ( 88.9 ) 29.9 ( 85.8 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 26.2 ( 79.2 ) 28.8 ( 83.9 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 22.3 ( 72.1 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 25.6 ( 78.1 ) 27.2 ( 81 ) 28.0 ( 82.4 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 26.2 ( 79.2 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 22.3 ( 72.1 ) 24.8 ( 76.7 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 17.9 ( 64.2 ) 19.6 ( 67.3 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 23.7 ( 74.7 ) 22.5 ( 72.5 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 20.8 ( 69.5 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 39.4 ( 1.551 ) 49.5 ( 1.949 ) 54.4 ( 2.142 ) 69.3 ( 2.728 ) 105.9 ( 4.169 ) 218.2 ( 8.591 ) 160.8 ( 6.331 ) 235.7 ( 9.28 ) 164.1 ( 6.461 ) 161.8 ( 6.37 ) 80.5 ( 3.169 ) 49.8 ( 1.961 ) 1,389.4 ( 54.701 ) Average precipitation days 8 6 7 8 10 15 17 19 17 15 10 8 140 Mean monthly sunshine hours 220.1 220.4 257.3 276.0 269.7 231.0 272.8 266.6 213.0 223.2 222.0 213.9 2,886 Source : World Meteorological Organization ( UN ) , Hong Kong Observatory ( sun only ) Average Sea Temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 23 ° C 73 ° F 23 ° C 73 ° F 24 ° C 75 ° F 26 ° C 79 ° F 27 ° C 81 ° F 28 ° C 82 ° F 28 ° C 82 ° F 28 ° C 82 ° F 28 ° C 82 ° F 27 ° C 81 ° F 26 ° C 79 ° F 24 ° C 75 ° F Geology ( edit ) Dean 's Blue Hole in Clarence Town on Long Island , Bahamas . The Blue Lagoon Island , Bahamas . The Bahamas is part of the Lucayan Archipelago , which continues into the Turks and Caicos Islands , the Mouchoir Bank , the Silver Bank , and the Navidad Bank . The Bahamas Platform , which includes the Bahamas , Southern Florida , Northern Cuba , the Turks and Caicos , and the Blake Plateau , formed about 150 Ma , not long after the formation of the North Atlantic . The 6.4 km thick limestones , which predominately make up The Bahamas , date back to the Cretaceous . These limestones would have been deposited in shallow seas , assumed to be a stretched and thinned portion of the North American continental crust . Sediments were forming at about the same rate as the crust below was sinking due to the added weight . Thus , the entire area consisted of a large marine plain with some islands . Then , at about 80 Ma , the area became flooded by the Gulf Stream . This resulted in the drowning of the Blake Plateau , the separation of The Bahamas from Cuba and Florida , the separation of the southeastern Bahamas into separate banks , the creation of the Cay Sal Bank , plus the Little and Great Bahama Banks . Sedimentation from the `` carbonate factory '' of each bank , or atoll , continues today at the rate of about 2 cm per kyr . Coral reefs form the `` retaining walls '' of these atolls , within which oolites and pellets form . Coral growth was greater through the Tertiary , until the start of the Ice Ages , and hence those deposits are more abundant below a depth of 36 m . In fact , an ancient extinct reef exists half a km seaward of the present one , 30 m below sea level . Oolites form when oceanic water penetrate the shallow banks , increasing the temperature about 3 ° C and the salinity by 0.5 per cent . Cemented ooids are referred to as grapestone . Additionally , giant stromatolites are found off the Exuma Cays . Sea level changes resulted in a drop in sea level , causing wind blown oolite to form sand dunes with distinct cross-bedding . Overlapping dunes form oolitic ridges , which become rapidly lithified through the action of rainwater , called eolianite . Most islands have ridges ranging from 30 to 45 m , though Cat Island has a ridge 60 m in height . The land between ridges is conducive to the formation of lakes and swamps . Solution weathering of the limestone results in a `` Bahamian Karst '' topography . This includes potholes , Blue holes such as Dean 's Blue Hole , sinkholes , beachrock such as the Bimini Road ( `` pavements of Atlantis '' ) , limestone crust , caves due to the lack of rivers , and sea caves . Several blue holes are aligned along the South Andros Fault line . Tidal flats and tidal creeks are common , but the more impressive drainage patterns are formed by troughs and canyons such as Great Bahama Canyon with the evidence of turbidity currents and turbidite deposition . The stratigraphy of the islands consists of the Middle Pleistocene Owl 's Hole Formation , overlain by the Late Pleistocene Grotto Beach Formation , and then the Holocene Rice Bay Formation . However , these units are not necessarily stacked on top of each other but can be located laterally . The oldest formation , Owl 's Hole , is capped by a terra rosa paleosoil , as is the Grotto Beach , unless eroded . The Grotto Beach Formation is the most widespread . Government and politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of the Bahamas The Bahamian Parliament , located in Nassau The Bahamas is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy headed by Queen Elizabeth II in her role as Queen of the Bahamas . Political and legal traditions closely follow those of the United Kingdom and the Westminster system . The Bahamas is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations as a Commonwealth realm , retaining the Queen as head of state ( represented by a Governor - General ) . Legislative power is vested In a bicameral parliament , which consists of a 38 - member House of Assembly ( the lower house ) , with members elected from single - member districts , and a 16 - member Senate , with members appointed by the Governor - General , including nine on the advice of the Prime Minister , four on the advice of the Leader of Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition , and three on the advice of the Prime Minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition . The House of Assembly carries out all major legislative functions . As under the Westminster system , the Prime Minister may dissolve Parliament and call a general election at any time within a five - year term . The Prime Minister is the head of government and is the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Assembly . Executive power is exercised by the Cabinet , selected by the Prime Minister and drawn from his supporters in the House of Assembly . The current Governor - General is Dame Marguerite Pindling , and the current Prime Minister is The Rt . Hon . Hubert Minnis MP . Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech , press , worship , movement and association . The Judiciary of the Bahamas is independent of the executive and the legislature . Jurisprudence is based on English law . Political culture ( edit ) The Bahamas has a two - party system dominated by the centre - left Progressive Liberal Party and the centre - right Free National Movement . A handful of splinter parties have been unable to win election to parliament . These parties have included the Bahamas Democratic Movement , the Coalition for Democratic Reform , Bahamian Nationalist Party and the Democratic National Alliance . Foreign Relations ( edit ) Further information : Foreign relations of the Bahamas The Bahamas has strong bilateral relationships with the United States and the United Kingdom , represented by an ambassador in Washington and High Commissioner in London . The Bahamas also associates closely with other nations of the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) . Armed forces ( edit ) Main article : Royal Bahamas Defence Force HMBS Nassau ( P - 61 ) The Bahamanian military is the Royal Bahamas Defence Force ( RBDF ) , the navy of the Bahamas which includes a land unit called Commando Squadron ( Regiment ) and an Air Wing ( Air Force ) . Under the Defence Act , the RBDF has been mandated , in the name of the Queen , to defend the Bahamas , protect its territorial integrity , patrol its waters , provide assistance and relief in times of disaster , maintain order in conjunction with the law enforcement agencies of the Bahamas , and carry out any such duties as determined by the National Security Council . The Defence Force is also a member of the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) 's Regional Security Task Force . The RBDF came into existence on 31 March 1980 . Their duties include defending the Bahamas , stopping drug smuggling , illegal immigration and poaching , and providing assistance to mariners . The Defence Force has a fleet of 26 coastal and inshore patrol craft along with 3 aircraft and over 1,100 personnel including 65 officers and 74 women . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main article : Local government in the Bahamas Districts of the Bahamas The districts of the Bahamas provide a system of local government everywhere except New Providence ( which holds 70 % of the national population ) , whose affairs are handled directly by the central government . In 1996 , the Bahamian Parliament passed the `` Local Government Act '' to facilitate the establishment of Family Island Administrators , Local Government Districts , Local District Councillors and Local Town Committees for the various island communities . The overall goal of this act is to allow the various elected leaders to govern and oversee the affairs of their respective districts without the interference of Central Government . In total , there are 32 districts , with elections being held every five years . There are 110 Councillors and 281 Town Committee members are elected to represent the various districts . Each Councillor or Town Committee member is responsible for the proper use of public funds for the maintenance and development of their constituency . The Bahamas uses drive - on - the - Left traffic rules throughout the Commonwealth . The districts other than New Providence are : Acklins Berry Islands Bimini Black Point , Exuma Cat Island Central Abaco Central Andros Central Eleuthera City of Freeport , Grand Bahama Crooked Island East Grand Bahama Exuma Grand Cay , Abaco Harbour Island , Eleuthera Hope Town , Abaco Inagua Long Island Mangrove Cay , Andros Mayaguana Moore 's Island , Abaco North Abaco North Andros North Eleuthera Ragged Island Rum Cay San Salvador South Abaco South Andros South Eleuthera Spanish Wells , Eleuthera West Grand Bahama National flag ( edit ) Main article : Flag of the Bahamas The national flag of the Bahamas The Bahamian flag was adopted in 1973 . Its colours symbolise the strength of the Bahamian people ; its design reflects aspects of the natural environment ( sun and sea ) and economic and social development . The flag is a black equilateral triangle against the mast , superimposed on a horizontal background made up of three equal stripes of aquamarine , gold and aquamarine . Coat of arms ( edit ) Main article : Coat of arms of the Bahamas Bahamian Coat of Arms The coat of arms of the Bahamas contains a shield with the national symbols as its focal point . The shield is supported by a marlin and a flamingo , which are the national animals of the Bahamas . The flamingo is located on the land , and the marlin on the sea , indicating the geography of the islands . On top of the shield is a conch shell , which represents the varied marine life of the island chain . The conch shell rests on a helmet . Below this is the actual shield , the main symbol of which is a ship representing the Santa María of Christopher Columbus , shown sailing beneath the sun . Along the bottom , below the shield appears a banner upon which is the national motto : `` Forward , Upward , Onward Together . '' National flower ( edit ) The yellow elder was chosen as the national flower of the Bahamas because it is native to the Bahama islands , and it blooms throughout the year . Selection of the yellow elder over many other flowers was made through the combined popular vote of members of all four of New Providence 's garden clubs of the 1970s -- the Nassau Garden Club , the Carver Garden Club , the International Garden Club and the YWCA Garden Club . They reasoned that other flowers grown there -- such as the bougainvillea , hibiscus and poinciana -- had already been chosen as the national flowers of other countries . The yellow elder , on the other hand , was unclaimed by other countries ( although it is now also the national flower of the United States Virgin Islands ) and also the yellow elder is native to the family islands . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of the Bahamas By the terms of GDP per capita , the Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas . It was revealed in the Panama Papers that The Bahamas is the jurisdiction with the most offshore entities or companies . Tourism ( edit ) The Atlantis Paradise Island in Nassau The Bahamas relies on tourism to generate most of its economic activity . Tourism as an industry not only accounts for over 60 % of the Bahamian GDP , but provides jobs for more than half the country 's workforce . The Bahamas attracted 5.8 million visitors in 2012 , more than 70 % of whom were cruise visitors . Financial services ( edit ) After tourism , the next most important economic sector is banking and offshore international financial services , accounting for some 15 % of GDP . The government has adopted incentives to encourage foreign financial business , and further banking and finance reforms are in progress . The government plans to merge the regulatory functions of key financial institutions , including the Central Bank of the Bahamas ( CBB ) and the Securities and Exchange Commission . The Central Bank administers restrictions and controls on capital and money market instruments . The Bahamas International Securities Exchange consists of 19 listed public companies . Reflecting the relative soundness of the banking system ( mostly populated by Canadian banks ) , the impact of the global financial crisis on the financial sector has been limited . A proportional representation of the Bahamas exports . The economy has a very competitive tax regime ( classified as a tax haven ) . The government derives its revenue from import tariffs , VAT , licence fees , property and stamp taxes , but there is no income tax , corporate tax , capital gains tax , or wealth tax . Payroll taxes fund social insurance benefits and amount to 3.9 % paid by the employee and 5.9 % paid by the employer . In 2010 , overall tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was 17.2 % . Agriculture ( edit ) Further information : Agriculture in the Bahamas Agriculture is the third largest sector of the Bahamian economy , representing 5 -- 7 % of total GDP . An estimated 80 % of the Bahamian food supply is imported . Major crops include onions , okra , tomatoes , oranges , grapefruit , cucumbers , sugar cane , lemons , limes , and sweet potatoes . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the Bahamas The Bahamas has an estimated population of 391,232 , of which 25.9 % are under 14 , 67.2 % 15 to 64 and 6.9 % over 65 . It has a population growth rate of 0.925 % ( 2010 ) , with a birth rate of 17.81 / 1,000 population , death rate of 9.35 / 1,000 , and net migration rate of − 2.13 migrant ( s ) / 1,000 population . The infant mortality rate is 23.21 deaths / 1,000 live births . Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69.87 years : 73.49 years for females , 66.32 years for males . The total fertility rate is 2.0 children born / woman ( 2010 ) . The most populous islands are New Providence , where Nassau , the capital and largest city , is located ; and Grand Bahama , home to the second largest city of Freeport . Racial and ethnic groups ( edit ) According to the 99 % response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire , 90.6 % of the population identified themselves as being Black , 4.7 % White and 2.1 % of a mixed race ( Black and White ) . Three centuries prior , in 1722 when the first official census of the Bahamas was taken , 74 % of the population was White and 26 % Black . Afro - Bahamian children at a local school Since the colonial era of plantations , Africans or Afro - Bahamians have been the largest ethnic group in the Bahamas , whose primary ancestry was based in West Africa . The first Africans to arrive to the Bahamas were freed slaves from Bermuda ; they arrived with the Eleutheran Adventurers looking for new lives . The Haitian community in the Bahamas is also largely of African descent and numbers about 80,000 . Due to an extremely high immigration of Haitians to the Bahamas , the Bahamian government started deporting illegal Haitian immigrants to their homeland in late 2014 . The White Bahamian population are mainly the descendants of the English Puritans looking to flee religious persecution in England and American Loyalists escaping the American Revolution who arrived in 1649 and 1783 , respectively . Many Southern Loyalists went to the Abaco Islands , half of whose population was of European descent as of 1985 . The term white is usually used to identify Bahamians with Anglo ancestry , as well as `` light - skinned '' Afro - Bahamians . Sometimes Bahamians use the term Conchy Joe to describe people of Anglo descent . A small portion of the Euro - Bahamian population is descended from Greek labourers who came to help develop the sponging industry in the 1900s . They make up less than 1 % of the nation 's population , but have still preserved their distinct Greek Bahamian culture . Bahamians typically identify themselves simply as either black or white . Languages ( edit ) The official language of the Bahamas is English . Many people speak an English - based creole language called Bahamian dialect ( known simply as `` dialect '' ) or `` Bahamianese . '' Laurente Gibbs , a Bahamian writer and actor , was the first to coin the latter name in a poem and has since promoted its usage . Both are used as autoglossonyms . Haitian Creole , a French - based creole language is spoken by Haitians and their descendants , who make up of about 25 % of the total population . It is known simply as Creole to differentiate it from Bahamian English . Also note that the Bahamas was once under British rule and therefore the English taught in the Bahamian schools is still `` British - based '' . Religion ( edit ) Further information : Religion in the Bahamas Religion in the Bahamas ( 2010 ) Protestant ( 80 % ) Roman Catholic ( 14.5 % ) Other Christian ( 1.3 % ) Unaffiliated ( 3.1 % ) Other religion ( 1.1 % ) According to International Religious Freedom Report 2008 prepared by United States Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights and Labor , the islands ' population is predominantly Christian . Protestant denominations are widespread and collectively account for more than 70 % of the population , with Baptists representing 35 % of the population , Anglicans 15 % , Pentecostals 8 % , Church of God 5 % , Seventh - day Adventists 5 % and Methodists 4 % . There is also a significant Roman Catholic community accounting for about 14 % . There are also smaller communities of Jews , Muslims , Baha'is , Hindus , Rastafarians and practitioners of Obeah . Culture ( edit ) Main articles : Culture of the Bahamas and Music of the Bahamas Junkanoo celebration in Nassau In the less developed outer islands ( or Family Islands ) , handicrafts include basketry made from palm fronds . This material , commonly called `` straw '' , is plaited into hats and bags that are popular tourist items . Another use is for so - called `` Voodoo dolls '' , even though such dolls are the result of foreign influences and not based in historic fact . A form of folk magic ( obeah ) is practised by some Bahamians , mainly in the Family Islands ( out - islands ) of the Bahamas . The practice of obeah is illegal in the Bahamas and punishable by law . Junkanoo is a traditional Afro - Bahamian street parade of ' rushing ' , music , dance and art held in Nassau ( and a few other settlements ) every Boxing Day and New Year 's Day . Junkanoo is also used to celebrate other holidays and events such as Emancipation Day . Regattas are important social events in many family island settlements . They usually feature one or more days of sailing by old - fashioned work boats , as well as an onshore festival . Many dishes are associated with Bahamian cuisine , which reflects Caribbean , African and European influences . Some settlements have festivals associated with the traditional crop or food of that area , such as the `` Pineapple Fest '' in Gregory Town , Eleuthera or the `` Crab Fest '' on Andros . Other significant traditions include story telling . Bahamians have created a rich literature of poetry , short stories , plays and short fictional works . Common themes in these works are ( 1 ) an awareness of change , ( 2 ) a striving for sophistication , ( 3 ) a search for identity , ( 4 ) nostalgia for the old ways and ( 5 ) an appreciation of beauty . Some contributing writers are Susan Wallace , Percival Miller , Robert Johnson , Raymond Brown , O.M. Smith , William Johnson , Eddie Minnis and Winston Saunders . Bahamas culture is rich with beliefs , traditions , folklore and legend . The most well - known folklore and legends in the Bahamas includes Lusca in Andros Bahamas , Pretty Molly on Exuma Bahamas , the Chickcharnies of Andro Bahamas , and the Lost City of Atlantis on Bimini Bahamas . Sport ( edit ) Sport is a significant part of Bahamian culture . The national sport is cricket . Cricket has been played in the Bahamas from 1846 , the oldest sport being played in the country today . The Bahamas Cricket Association was formed in 1936 , and from the 1940s to the 1970s , cricket was played amongst many Bahamians . Bahamas is not a part of the West Indies Cricket Board , so players are not eligible to play for the West Indies cricket team . The late 1970s saw the game begin to decline in the country as teachers , who had previously come from the United Kingdom with a passion for cricket , were replaced by teachers who had been trained in the United States . The Bahamian physical education teachers had no knowledge of the game and instead taught track and field , basketball , baseball , softball , volleyball and football where primary and high schools compete against each other . Today cricket is still enjoyed by a few locals and immigrants in the country usually from Jamaica , Guyana , Haiti and Barbados . Cricket is played on Saturdays and Sundays at Windsor Park and Haynes Oval . The only other sporting event that began before cricket was horse racing , which started in 1796 . The most popular spectator sports are those imported from United States , such as basketball , American football and baseball , rather than from Great Britain , due to the country 's close proximity to the United States , unlike their other Caribbean counterparts , where cricket , rugby , and netball have proven to be more popular . Dexter Cambridge , Rick Fox , Ian Lockhart , Magnum Rolle , Buddy Hield and Deandre Ayton are a few Bahamians who joined Bahamian Mychal Thompson of the Los Angeles Lakers in the NBA ranks . Over the years American football has become much more popular than soccer , though not implemented in the high school system yet . Leagues for teens and adults have been developed by the Bahamas American Football Federation . However soccer , as it is commonly known in the country , is still a very popular sport amongst high school pupils . Leagues are governed by the Bahamas Football Association . Recently the Bahamian government has been working closely with Tottenham Hotspur of London to promote the sport in the country as well as promoting the Bahamas in the European market . In 2013 ' Spurs ' became the first Premier League club to play an exhibition match in the Bahamas , facing the Jamaican national team . Joe Lewis , the owner of the club , is based in the Bahamas . Other popular sports are swimming , tennis and boxing , where Bahamians have enjoyed some degree of success at the international level . Other sports such as golf , rugby league , rugby union , beach soccer , and netball are considered growing sports . Athletics , commonly known as ' track and field ' in the country , is the most successful sport by far amongst Bahamians . Bahamians have a strong tradition in the sprints and jumps . Track and field is probably the most popular spectator sport in the country next to basketball due to their success over the years . Triathlons are gaining popularity in Nassau and the Family Islands . Bahamians have gone on to win numerous track and field medals at the Olympic Games , IAAF World Championships in Athletics , Commonwealth Games and Pan American Games . Frank Rutherford is the first athletics olympic medallist for the country . He won a bronze medal for triple jump during the 1992 Summer Olympics . Pauline Davis - Thompson , Debbie Ferguson , Chandra Sturrup , Savatheda Fynes and Eldece Clarke - Lewis teamed up for the first athletics Olympic Gold medal for the country when they won the 4 × 100 m relay at the 2000 Summer Olympics . They are affectionately known as the `` Golden Girls '' . Tonique Williams - Darling became the first athletics individual Olympic gold medallist when she won the 400m sprint in 2004 Summer Olympics . In 2007 , with the disqualification of Marion Jones , Pauline Davis - Thompson was advanced to the gold medal position in the 200 metres at the 2000 Olympics , predating William - Darling . The Bahamas were hosts of the first men 's senior FIFA tournament to be staged in the Caribbean , the 2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in the Bahamas According to 1995 estimates , 98.2 % of the Bahamian adult population is literate . See also ( edit ) Bahamas portal New Spain portal Outline of the Bahamas Index of Bahamas - related articles Bahamas -- Wikipedia book References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bahamas , The . CIA World Factbook . Jump up ^ Bahamas Department of Statistics , PDF document retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GENERAL SITUATION AND TRENDS '' . Pan American Health Organization . Jump up ^ `` Mission to Long Island in the Bahamas '' . Evangelical Association of the Caribbean . Jump up ^ `` 1973 : Bahamas ' sun sets on British Empire '' . BBC News . 9 July 1973 . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bahamas '' . International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2018 . Retrieved 27 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bahamas '' . Jump up ^ Official government website . `` The Constitution '' . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Country Comparison : : GDP -- per capita ( PPP ) . CIA World Factbook . Jump up ^ Peter Barratt ( 2004 ) . Bahama Saga : The epic story of The Bahama Islands . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` bahamas '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Markham , Clements R. ( 1893 ) . The Journal of Christopher Columbus ( during His First Voyage , 1492 -- 93 ) . London : The Hakluyt Society . p. 35 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Schools Grapple With Columbus 's Legacy : Intrepid Explorer or Ruthless Conqueror ? '' , Education Week , 9 October 1991 Jump up ^ Dumene , Joanne E. ( 1990 ) . `` Looking for Columbus '' . Five Hundred Magazine . 2 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 15 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Diocesan History '' . Copyright 2009 Anglican Communications Department . 2009 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2009 . Retrieved 7 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Woodard , Colin ( 2010 ) . The Republic of Pirates . Harcourt , Inc . pp. 166 -- 168 , 262 -- 314 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 603462 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wertenbaker , Thomas Jefferson ( 1948 ) . Father Knickerbocker Rebels : New York City during the Revolution . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . p. 260 . Jump up ^ Peters , Thelma ( October 1961 ) . `` The Loyalist Migration from East Florida to the Bahama Islands '' . The Florida Historical Quarterly . 40 ( 2 ) : 123 -- 141 -- via JSTOR . p. 132 , 136 , 137 Jump up ^ `` Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park '' , Network to Freedom , National Park Service , 2010 , accessed 10 April 2013 Jump up ^ Vignoles , Charles Blacker ( 1823 ) Observations on the Floridas , New York : E. Bliss & E. White , pp. 135 -- 136 Jump up ^ Howard , R. ( 2006 ) . `` The `` Wild Indians '' of Andros Island : Black Seminole Legacy in the Bahamas `` . Journal of Black Studies . 37 ( 2 ) : 275 . doi : 10.1177 / 0021934705280085 . Jump up ^ Partners : `` African Bahamian Museum and Research Center ( ABAC ) '' , Network to Freedom , National Park Service , accessed 10 April 2013 Jump up ^ Appendix : `` Brigs Encomium and Enterprise '' , Register of Debates in Congress , Gales & Seaton , 1837 , pp. 251 -- 253 . Note : In trying to retrieve North American slaves off the Encomium from colonial officials ( who freed them ) , the U.S. consul in February 1834 was told by the Lieutenant Governor that `` he was acting in regard to the slaves under an opinion of 1818 by Sir Christopher Robinson and Lord Gifford to the British Secretary of State '' . Jump up ^ Horne , p. 103 Jump up ^ Horne , p. 137 Jump up ^ Register of Debates in Congress , Gales & Seaton , 1837 , The section , `` Brigs Encomium and Enterprise '' , has a collection of lengthy correspondence between US ( including M. Van Buren ) , Vail , the U.S. chargé d'affaires in London , and British agents , including Lord Palmerston , sent to the Senate on 13 February 1837 , by President Andrew Jackson , as part of the continuing process of seeking compensation . Jump up ^ Horne , pp. 107 -- 108 Jump up ^ Williams , Michael Paul ( 11 February 2002 ) . `` Brig Creole slaves '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Richmond , Virginia . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Higham , pp. 300 -- 302 Jump up ^ Bloch , Michael ( 1982 ) . The Duke of Windsor 's War , London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 77947 - 8 , p. 364 . ^ Jump up to : Higham , pp. 307 -- 309 Jump up ^ Bloch , Michael ( 1982 ) . The Duke of Windsor 's War . London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 77947 - 8 , pp. 154 -- 159 , 230 -- 233 Jump up ^ Higham , pp. 331 -- 332 Jump up ^ Ziegler , Philip ( 1991 ) . King Edward VIII : The Official Biography . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 394 - 57730 - 2 . pp. 471 -- 472 Jump up ^ Matthew , H.C.G. ( September 2004 ; online edition January 2008 ) `` Edward VIII , later Prince Edward , Duke of Windsor ( 1894 -- 1972 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 31061 , retrieved 1 May 2010 ( Subscription required ) Jump up ^ Higham , p. 359 places the date of his resignation as 15 March , and that he left on 5 April . Jump up ^ `` Bahaman Proposes Independence Move '' . The Washington Post . United Press International . 19 August 1966 . p . A20 . Jump up ^ BIgart , Homer ( 7 January 1968 ) . `` Bahamas Will Ask Britain For More Independence '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Stephen V. ( 28 September 1968 ) . `` Britain and Bahamas Agree on Constitution '' . The Washington Post . p . A13 . Jump up ^ `` British grant independence to Bahamas '' . The Baltimore Afro - American . 23 June 1973 . p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Bahamas gets deed '' . Chicago Defender . United Press International . 11 July 1973 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Bahama Independence '' . Tri-State Defender . Memphis , Tennessee . 14 July 1973 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Bahamas Joins IMF , World Bank '' . The Washington Post . 23 August 1973 . p . C2 . Jump up ^ Alden , Robert ( 19 September 1973 ) . `` 2 Germanys Join U.N. as Assembly Opens 28th Year '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Albury , Paul ( 1975 ) . The Story of the Bahamas . London : MacMillan Caribbean , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Caribbean Islands -- Bahamas ( rev. 2015 ) '' . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weather Information for Nassau '' . worldweather.org . Jump up ^ `` Climatological Information for Nassau , Bahamas '' ( 1961 -- 1990 ) -- Hong Kong Observatory ^ Jump up to : Carew , James ; Mylroie , John ( 1997 ) . Vacher , H.L. ; Quinn , T. , eds . Geology of Bahamas , in Geology and Hydrology of Carbonate Islands , Developments in Sedimentology 54 . Amsterdam : Elsevier Science B.V. pp. 91 -- 139 . ISBN 9780444516442 . ^ Jump up to : Sealey , Neil ( 2006 ) . Bahamian Landscapes ; An Introduction to the Geology and Physical Geography of The Bahamas . Oxford : Macmillan Education . pp. 1 -- 24 . ISBN 9781405064064 . Jump up ^ `` Bahamas 1973 ( rev. 2002 ) '' . Constitute . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Family Island District Councillors & Town Committee Members . Bahamas.gov.bs . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ ASJ - Bahamas National Coat of Arms . Bahamasschools.com . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ ASJ - Bahamas Symbol -- Flower . Bahamasschools.com . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ GDP ( current US $ ) Data Table . World Bank , Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Panama Papers '' . The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists . Jump up ^ `` The Bahamas -- Economy '' , Encyclopedia of the Nations , Retrieved 21 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Contributions Table '' . The National Insurance Board of The Commonwealth of The Bahamas . 11 May 2010 . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Country Comparison `` Total fertility rate '' , CIA World Factbook . Jump up ^ `` NEW PROVIDENCE '' . Government of the Bahamas . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GRAND BAHAMA '' . Government of the Bahamas . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Commonwealth of the Bahamas ( August 2012 ) . `` 2010 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) . pp. 10 and 82 . In 1722 when the first official census of the Bahamas was taken , 74 % of the population was European or native British and 26 % was African or mixed . Three centuries later , and according to the 99 % response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire , 90.6 % of the population identified themselves as being Afro - Bahamian , about five percent ( 4.7 % ) Euro - Bahamian and two percent ( 2 % ) of a mixed race ( African and European ) and ( 1 % ) other races and ( 1 % ) not stated . Jump up ^ Davis , Nick ( 20 September 2009 ) , `` Bahamas outlook clouds for Haitians '' , BBC . Jump up ^ `` The Names of Loyalist Settlers and Grants of Land Which They Received from the British Government : 1778 -- 1783 '' . Jump up ^ Christmas , Rachel J. and Christmas , Walter ( 1984 ) Fielding 's Bermuda and the Bahamas 1985 . Fielding Travel Books . p. 158 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 03965 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Schreier , Daniel ; Trudgill , Peter ; Schneider , Edgar W. ; Williams , Jeffrey P. , eds. ( 2010 ) . `` The Lesser - Known Varieties of English : An Introduction '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 162 . ISBN 9781139487412 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hackert , Stephanie , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` ICE Bahamas : Why and how ? '' ( PDF ) . University of Augsburg . pp. 41 -- 45 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , ed. ( 27 February 2013 ) . `` SWAA students have accomplished Bahamian playwright , actor and poet Laurente Gibbs as Guest Speaker '' . Eleuthera News . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Collie , Linda ( 2003 ) . `` Preserving Our Heritage : Language Arts , an Integrated Approach , Part 1 '' . Heinemann . pp. 26 -- 29 . ISBN 9780435984809 . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Michaelis , Susanne Maria ; Maurer , Philippe ; Haspelmath , Martin ; Huber , Magnus , eds. ( 2013 ) . `` The Survey of Pidgin and Creole Languages , Volume 1 '' . OUP Oxford . pp. 127 -- 129 . ISBN 9780199691401 . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Osiapem , Iyabo F. , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` Book Review : Urban Bahamian Creole : System and Variation '' . Journal of English Linguistics. 34 : 362 -- 366 . doi : 10.1177 / 0075424206292990 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Religion in Bahamas '' . Pew Global Religious Futures . Jump up ^ United States Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights and Labor . Bahamas : International Religious Freedom Report 2008 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ Hurbon , Laennec ( 1995 ) . `` American Fantasy and Haitian Vodou . '' Sacred Arts of Haitian Vodou . Ed . Donald J. Cosentino . Los Angeles : UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History , pp. 181 -- 97 . Jump up ^ `` International Religious Freedom Report 2005 -- Bahamas '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Practising Obeah , etc . '' , Ch. 84 Penal Code . laws.bahamas.gov.bs Jump up ^ Collinwood , Dean W. and Dodge , Steve ( 1989 ) Modern Bahamian Society , Caribbean Books , ISBN 0931209013 . Jump up ^ Collinwood , Dean ; Phillips , Rick ( 1990 ) . `` The National Literature of the New Bahamas '' . Weber Studies . 7 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Cricket -- Government -- Non-Residents . Bahamas.gov.bs . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Call to continue to develop softball The Tribune . Tribune242.com ( 1 February 2013 ) . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Team Bahamas ratified for volleyball championships '' , The Tribune ( 12 July 2013 ) . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bahamas -- Football Association . Bahamasfa.com . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ The Bahamas Basketball Federation . The Bahamas Basketball Federation . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ IFAF -- Federations . Ifaf.info . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ www. Baseball Bahamas.net . www. Baseball Bahamas.net . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Bahamas Basketball Federation '' . The Bahamas Basketball Federation . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Parrish , Gary ( 16 June 2016 ) . `` NBA Mock Draft 2016 : Denzel Valentine takes big dive due to possible knee issue '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Fred Sturrup , `` American Football Expanding Locally '' , The Nassau Guardian . 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` From Champions League heartache to paradise ... but why are Spurs in the Bahamas for post-season tour ? '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ Home . Bahamas Swimming Federation ( 6 April 2014 ) . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bahamas Tennis . Bahamas Tennis . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Boxing -- Government -- Non-Residents . Bahamas.gov.bs . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Golf -- Government -- Non-Residents . Bahamas.gov.bs . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Rugby -- Government -- Non-Residents . Bahamas.gov.bs . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ RugbyBahamas -- . Rugbybahamas.com . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup 2013 -- CONCACAF Qualifier Bahamas . beachsoccer.com Jump up ^ `` Elite Bahamian Education Program -- About Us '' . Frankrutherfordfoundation.com . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Inspiration '' , The Tribune . ( 9 August 2012 ) . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic champion Tonique Williams - Darling looks forward to World Athletics Final '' . International Association of Athletics Federations ( 26 August 2004 ) . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ethics : Executive Committee unanimously supports recommendation to publish report on 2018 / 2022 FIFA World Cup TM bidding process '' . FIFA.com. 19 December 2014 . Bibliography Horne , Gerald ( 2012 ) . Negro Comrades of the Crown : African Americans and the British Empire Fight the U.S. Before Emancipation . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 4463 - 5 . Higham , Charles ( 1988 ) . The Dutchess of Windsor : The Secret Life . McGraw Hill . ISBN 0471485233 . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of the Bahamas General History ( edit ) Cash Philip et al. ( Don Maples , Alison Packer ) . The Making of The Bahamas : A History for Schools . London : Collins , 1978 . Miller , Hubert W . The Colonization of The Bahamas , 1647 -- 1670 , The William and Mary Quarterly 2 no. 1 ( January 1945 ) : 33 -- 46 . Craton , Michael . A History of The Bahamas . London : Collins , 1962 . Craton , Michael and Saunders , Gail . Islanders in the Stream : A History of the Bahamian People . Athens : University of Georgia Press , 1992 Collinwood , Dean . `` Columbus and the Discovery of Self , '' Weber Studies , Vol. 9 No. 3 ( Fall ) 1992 : 29 -- 44 . Dodge , Steve . Abaco : The History of an Out Island and its Cays , Tropic Isle Publications , 1983 . Dodge , Steve . The Compleat Guide to Nassau , White Sound Press , 1987 . Boultbee , Paul G . The Bahamas . Oxford : ABC - Clio Press , 1990 . Wood , David E. , comp. , A Guide to Selected Sources to the History of the Seminole Settlements of Red Bays , Andros , 1817 -- 1980 , Nassau : Department of Archives Economic History ( edit ) Johnson , Howard . The Bahamas in Slavery and Freedom . Kingston : Ian Randle Publishing , 1991 . Johnson , Howard . The Bahamas from Slavery to Servitude , 1783 -- 1933 . Gainesville : University of Florida Press , 1996 . Alan A. Block . Masters of Paradise , New Brunswick and London , Transaction Publishers , 1998 . Storr , Virgil H. Enterprising Slaves and Master Pirates : Understanding Economic Life in the Bahamas . New York : Peter Lang , 2004 . Social History ( edit ) Johnson , Wittington B. Race Relations in the Bahamas , 1784 -- 1834 : The Nonviolent Transformation from a Slave to a Free Society , Fayetteville : University of Arkansas , 2000 . Shirley , Paul . `` Tek Force Wid Force '' , History Today 54 , no . 41 ( April 2004 ) : 30 -- 35 . Saunders , Gail . The Social Life in the Bahamas 1880s -- 1920s . Nassau : Media Publishing , 1996 . Saunders , Gail . Bahamas Society After Emancipation . Kingston : Ian Randle Publishing , 1990 . Curry , Jimmy . Filthy Rich Gangster / First Bahamian Movie . Movie Mogul Pictures : 1996 . Curry , Jimmy . To the Rescue / First Bahamian Rap / Hip Hop Song . Royal Crown Records , 1985 . Collinwood , Dean . The Bahamas Between Worlds , White Sound Press , 1989 . Collinwood , Dean and Steve Dodge . Modern Bahamian Society , Caribbean Books , 1989 . Dodge , Steve , Robert McIntire and Dean Collinwood . The Bahamas Index , White Sound Press , 1989 . Collinwood , Dean . `` The Bahamas , '' in The Whole World Handbook 1992 -- 1995 , 12th ed. , New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1994 . Collinwood , Dean . `` The Bahamas , '' chapters in Jack W. Hopkins , ed. , Latin American and Caribbean Contemporary Record , Vols. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , Holmes and Meier Publishers , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 . Collinwood , Dean . `` Problems of Research and Training in Small Islands with a Social Science Faculty , '' in Social Science in Latin America and the Caribbean , UNESCO , No. 48 , 1982 . Collinwood , Dean and Rick Phillips , `` The National Literature of the New Bahamas , '' Weber Studies , Vol. 7 , No. 1 ( Spring ) 1990 : 43 -- 62 . Collinwood , Dean . `` Writers , Social Scientists and Sexual Norms in the Caribbean , '' Tsuda Review , No. 31 ( November ) 1986 : 45 -- 57 . Collinwood , Dean . `` Terra Incognita : Research on the Modern Bahamian Society , '' Journal of Caribbean Studies , Vol. 1 , Nos. 2 -- 3 ( Winter ) 1981 : 284 -- 297 . Collinwood , Dean and Steve Dodge . `` Political Leadership in the Bahamas , '' The Bahamas Research Institute , No. 1 , May 1987 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutBahamasat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Wikimedia Atlas of Bahamas `` Bahamas '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 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when did the chicago bears join the nfl			History of the Chicago Bears	history of the chicago bears		Bears logo . The Chicago Bears American football franchise is a charter member of the National Football League ( NFL ) and have played in all of the league 's 99 seasons . The Bears have captured nine NFL championships -- eight NFL championships and one Super Bowl -- second most all time behind the Green Bay Packers . The franchise has also recorded more victories than any other franchise with 739 , retired the most uniform numbers with fourteen , and have the most members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame with twenty - seven . The club has played in over a thousand games since becoming a charter member of the NFL in 1920 through the 2016 season . Contents 1 Early years : The formation of the league and Bear domination ( 1920 -- 1946 ) 1.1 Decatur Staleys 1.2 First years in Chicago 1.3 The thirties 1.4 Dynasty : Monsters of the Midway 2 Middle years : The rough years ( 1947 -- 1981 ) 2.1 The decline from the top 2.2 One more championship for Halas 2.3 After AFL -- NFL merger and the move to Soldier Field 2.4 Building for a championship 3 The Ditka era : Bears renaissance ( 1982 -- 1992 ) 3.1 1985 : Super Bowl champions 3.2 1986 -- 1992 : Post-Super Bowl years 4 1993 -- 2003 : The Wannstedt / Jauron years 4.1 Dave Wannstedt ( 1993 -- 1998 ) 4.2 Dick Jauron ( 1999 -- 2003 ) 5 The Lovie Smith era ( 2004 -- 2012 ) 5.1 The new `` Monsters of the Midway '' 5.2 Jay Cutler trade 6 2012 -- 2014 : The Phil Emery era 7 2015 -- present : The Ryan Pace era 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 External links Early years : the formation of the league and Bear domination ( 1920 -- 1946 ) ( edit ) The organization that eventually became the Chicago Bears , the Decatur Staleys , was originally conceived by the A.E. Staley food starch company of Decatur , Illinois , in 1919 as a company team . This was the typical start for several early professional football franchises . The company hired George Halas and Edward `` Dutch '' Sternaman in 1920 to run the team , and turned over full control of the team to them in 1921 . On September 17 , 1920 , 13 team representatives , including those representing Halas ' team , met in Canton , Ohio to create a new football league . In the interest of ticket sales and crowning a yearly champion , they decided to form the American Professional Football Association ( merged with the National Football League ( NFL ) in 1922 ) . On October 3 , 1920 , the Staleys played their first NFL game . Official team and league records cite Halas as the team 's founder as he took over the team in 1920 when it became a charter member of the NFL . Decatur Staleys ( edit ) The 1920 Decatur Staleys . George Halas , then the player - coach of A.E. Staley 's Decatur Staleys , was among the driving forces of this meeting , which gave birth to what is now the NFL . In their first season as part of the Association , the Staleys won 10 games , all by shutouts , but lost the first league championship to the Akron Pros , who finished the season unbeaten at 8 -- 0 -- 3 . There was no official scheduling in the 1920 season , which accounted for the difference in the number of games played that season . The Staleys and Cardinals split the 1920 series with the home team winning in each . In the Cardinals 7 -- 6 victory over the Staleys in their first meeting of the season , each team scored a TD on a fumble recovery , with the Staleys failing their XP try . George Halas ' 1920 Staleys went on to a 10 -- 1 -- 2 record overall , 5 -- 1 -- 2 in league play . The 1920 Akron Pros were the first ever league champions ; they finished with an 8 -- 0 -- 3 record , 6 -- 0 -- 3 in league play , ending their season in a 0 -- 0 tie against the Decatur Staleys . Because the Staleys had lost to the Racine ( Chi ) Cardinals earlier that year , the Pros could simply play the final game not to lose ; they wisely did and became champions . The Staleys loss to the Cardinals began a long - standing rivalry between the franchises . Had the Staleys won , there would have been a three - way tie among the Staleys , the Buffalo All - Americans ( 9 -- 1 -- 1 in 1920 , 4 -- 1 -- 1 in league play ) and the Pros , each team having one loss . Each team likely would have played more games ( as it was allowed under the rules in those days ) to allow teams to settle parity at the top of the standings . First years in Chicago ( edit ) George Halas as player - coach of the Chicago Bears during the 1922 season . The Staleys moved to Chicago from Decatur , Illinois in 1921 . Halas , who was given the team and $5000 by Staley to keep the name Staleys for another year , made the move . In the 1921 season , the Chicago Staleys finished first in the league and captured their first league championship . In 1922 , Halas changed the team name to the Bears to reflect baseball 's Chicago Cubs , the team 's host at Wrigley Field . Over the next few years , the Bears were ranked among the elite teams in the NFL , but could never capture an NFL Championship because the league did not have a playoff system . Instead it had a somewhat controversial scheduling formula , which led to uneven standings and controversial champions . The highlight of the decade was George Halas 's unprecedented move to sign Red Grange for $100,000 in 1925 . In 1925 , professional football was viewed negatively by Americans , as most Americans loved college football which they saw as a pure sport . Halas , though , took the Bears on a 17 - game road trip across America to highlight Grange . The tour began on Thanksgiving at Wrigley Field as the Chicago Cardinals held the Galloping Ghost to just 36 yards in his professional debut , the city rivals battling to a 0 -- 0 tie . However , during the tour that continued through January 31 , the Bears posted an impressive 11 -- 4 -- 2 record . This road trip impressed many Americans , boosting the prospects of many debt - ridden teams such as the New York Giants . Grange left the Bears after a contract dispute in 1926 and moved to establish his own league , the first incarnation of the American Football League . That league folded after one season and Grange 's New York Yankees were admitted into the NFL . Grange injured his knee in his first game against the Bears in 1927 and was forced to sit out the 1928 season . He returned to Chicago in 1929 , but the Bears ended the decade with a losing season as Halas retired as player and coach of the Bears and appointed Ralph Jones as his successor . The thirties ( edit ) Team photo of the Bears , 1932 league champions . The Bears of the 1930s were remembered for being led by a ferocious tandem of Bronko Nagurski and Red Grange , playing in the newly established NFL Championship Game four times and claiming the league title twice . After completing the 1930 season with a record of 9 -- 4 -- 1 , the Bears and Cardinals played in the first indoor football game on December 15 at Chicago Stadium in a charity game for those affected by the Great Depression . Due to the size limitations of the indoor arena , the length of the football field was only 80 yards . The Bears beat their city rivals 9 -- 7 . In the 1932 season , the Bears and Portsmouth Spartans tied for first place in the league . The teams played an `` unofficial '' championship playoff game , held on December 18 at Chicago Stadium . The Bears won the game 9 -- 0 and captured the NFL Championship before 11,198 fans . The popularity of the game prompted the NFL to institute various rule changes for the 1933 season , including the splitting of the league into two geographical divisions and the establishment of an officially scheduled championship game to determine the NFL champion . In 1933 , George Halas made his return to coaching the Bears . Halas led the Bears to win the first ever Western Division title and the first ever NFL Championship Game . The Bears again captured the championship in a nail biter against the New York Giants , 23 -- 21 as Red Grange made the game - winning tackle . In 1934 , the Bears dominated the league and finished 13 -- 0 , but were denied perfection , losing 30 -- 13 to the Giants in the NFL Championship , what became known as the `` Sneakers Game . '' The Bears would play in the Championship game two more times in the decade , losing both of them . In 1935 and 1936 , the Bears remained somewhat competitive , but failed to qualify for the Championship Game . In 1937 , the Bears made a return trip to the NFL Championship , but fell short as Sammy Baugh and the Redskins won , 28 -- 21 . In 1938 , the Bears fell off the NFL map , with a record of 6 -- 5 . The Bears finished off the 1930s on a down note , losing twice to the Green Bay Packers in 1939 . During the late 1930s George Halas and University of Chicago football coach Clark Shaughnessy collaborated on a revolutionary approach to the offense and the quarterback position . The result was the T - formation offense and the first evolution of the modern quarterback . A complex scheme that required an athletic player with quick decision skills led Halas to recruit Columbia University quarterback Sid Luckman . He turned the position into an engine for a high powered and time - consuming scoring machine . Dynasty : Monsters of the Midway ( edit ) 1946 Chicago Bears champion team . The T - formation that the Bears innovated in their 73 -- 0 win over Washington . From 1940 to 1946 , the Bears were considered a dynasty . In these years , the nickname Monsters of the Midway was first attributed to the Bears . In this span , the Bears went to 5 championships and won 4 of them . This is despite George Halas temporarily leaving the organization to serve in World War II , from 1943 to 1945 . In the 1940 NFL Championship , Halas introduced his T - formation offense , with Sid Luckman at quarterback . This formation shocked and confused the Redskins all day as the Bears won 73 -- 0 , an NFL record that stands to this day . The T - formation was soon widely copied at the college and pro levels . In 1941 , the Bears and Packers battled to a 10 -- 1 -- 0 tie for 1st place in the Western Division . Since the teams split their two regular season match - ups , which turned out to be each team 's only loss of the season , a one - game playoff was set up . The Bears won 33 -- 14 , moving on to rout the Giants 37 -- 9 in the NFL Championship . In 1942 , the Bears started the season off well before Halas departed for World War II ; 45 Bears players also joined the war effort , resulting in a roster shortage that nearly led to the Bears merging with the Cardinals in 1943 . His handpicked successors Hunk Anderson and Luke Johnsos ran the team for the next three years until Halas returned . The Bears finished the regular season 11 -- 0 and played the Redskins in the Championship game . The Redskins spoiled the Bears attempt at a perfect season ; with a 14 -- 6 upset preventing the Bears from three - peating . In the 1943 season , the Bears dominated the Western Division behind the quarterbacking of Luckman , who threw for 433 yards and seven TDs that season in a single game versus the New York Giants . In the Championship Game , the Redskins were no challenge to the Bears as the crowd of 34,320 at Wrigley Field watched the Bears win 41 -- 21 behind Sid Luckman 's five TDs and Nagurski 's final TD run . The Bears ' domination of the NFL took a slight fall in as the Bears posted a mediocre result in 1944 and a losing season in 1945 . `` Papa Bear '' Halas made a return to the Bears in 1946 . The Bears were able to find their old magic again , with many players returning from service in the war , finishing the regular season 8 -- 2 -- 1 to claim another Western Division title and a return trip to the Championship game . The Bears won their last Championship of the decade over the New York Giants , 24 -- 14 , before a then NFL Championship Game record crowd of 58,346 at the Polo Grounds in New York . This was the Bears ' last Championship for the next 16 years . Middle years : the rough years ( 1947 -- 1981 ) ( edit ) During this span of 34 seasons , the Bears had a combined record of 237 -- 224 -- 9 . Seventeen of those seasons finished with a record of . 500 or better . Out of those seventeen seasons , they won the NFL Western Division twice . Also , they qualified for the playoffs only five times , while losing the 1956 NFL Championship and then winning the 1963 NFL Championship . Despite these rough years , players like Gale Sayers and Dick Butkus thrived in their careers . The decline from the top ( edit ) In 1947 , The Bears got off to a slow start by losing their first two games . The team rebounded however and quickly ran off an eight - game winning streak to get back into the race for first place in the Western Division . After losing to the Los Angeles Rams 17 -- 14 in the second to last game of the season , the Bears and Chicago Cardinals faced off in the final game of the season , with the Western Division title on the line . Despite it being a home game for the Bears at Wrigley Field the Cardinals came in and would stun the Bears 30 -- 21 en route to the 1947 NFL Championship . In 1948 , for the second season in a row , the Bears put together another great regular season but fell short to their inner city rival Cardinals . The Bears posted a 10 -- 2 record , but lost a key game against the Cardinals that gave them the Western Division Championship . In 1949 , The Bears continued to be one of the best teams in the NFL . However , they fell one game short of making the Championship game again . The Bears ' success continued into 1950 as they began the new decade in style by finishing 9 -- 3 , which was good enough to earn them a tie for the Western Division with the Los Angeles Rams and play in the Conference Playoff against them . However , the Bears were unable to slow down the high - powered Ram offense in a 24 -- 14 loss in Los Angeles as the Rams advanced to the NFL Championship Game . In 1951 , The Bears got off to a streaking start winning five of their first six games . The magic faded in the second half as they collapsed , winning just 2 of their final 6 games as they finished in 4th place in the conference with a mediocre record of 7 -- 5 . In the 1952 season , the Bears ' defense struggled all season as they allowed a wretched 326 points and the team finished below . 500 for the first time since 1945 , finishing in 5th place with a record of 5 -- 7 . The team 's struggles continued into 1953 as most of their superstars from the 1940s dynasty were now retired the Bears finished 3 -- 8 -- 1 , and , for the first time in team history , the Bears posted back - to - back losing seasons . One notable occurrence in the 1953 season was that the NFL 's first modern era African - American quarterback , Willie Thrower played in his 1st and only game against the San Francisco 49ers . Like Thrower 's career in the NFL , the Bears troubles were short lived , as they rose up in 1954 to the Bears of old . The team got back into the league playoff picture by posting a solid record of 8 -- 4 , good enough for 2nd place in the division , but not an appearance in the Championship game . In 1955 , the team posted a second consecutive 8 -- 4 season , 2nd place again , as Head Coach George Halas called it quits for the third time in his coaching career . Halas replaced himself with former team standout Paddy Driscoll . Driscoll 's success would be highlighted in his first season with the team . In 1956 , Paddy Driscoll led the Bears to put together a solid 9 -- 2 -- 1 season and to beat out fellow Midwest rival Detroit Lions by a half a game for the 1956 Western Division Championship . The magical season though ended sourly as the Bears were no match for the New York Giants in the 1956 NFL Championship , as the Bears were blasted in a 47 -- 7 rout in New York City . The magic of the championship season was short lived though as in 1957 the Bears dropped from first to below . 500 with a 5 -- 7 record . This prompted Halas to quickly fire Driscoll and return to the sidelines . In George Halas 's return to the sidelines in 1958 , the Bears rebounded off the disappointing losing season by challenging for the Western Division Championship all season before faltering at the end and finishing in a second place tie with an 8 -- 4 record , one game away from the Championship Game . The Bears closed out the decade in 1959 with yet another 8 -- 4 finish that was only good enough for second place in the division . The 1950s gave way to Bear greats such as Ed `` The Claw '' Sprinkle , Bill George , George Connor , and Harlon Hill . The end of the decade also marked the first time in team history that the Bears did not win an NFL Championship during a decade . This was a sign of the downfall that the Bears were about to encounter . Halas , always the resilient innovator , found a young assistant in George Allen . A tireless and detail oriented young coach , Allen quickly created innovations such as thick play books for training camps , the first glimpses of deceptive schemes and exhaustive research for the NFL draft . With the support of George Halas , Allen turned the draft into a windfall for future Hall of Fame talent . One more Championship for Halas ( edit ) Dick Butkus was one of the most dominating of the Bears players . The Bears start off the 1960s as the only team in Chicago as the Cardinals decided to move to St Louis . As for the 1960 season , the Bears finished a disappointing 5 -- 6 -- 1 in 5th place in the NFL Western Conference . In the 1961 season , the Bears rebounded off a losing season to finish in 4th place in the conference with a record of 8 -- 6 as rookie tight end Mike Ditka made an instant impact by collecting 1,076 receiving yards and 12 TDs , and setting a club record for rookies with 56 receptions , while winning the NFL Rookie of the Year Award . The Bears also made their first trip out of American soil into Canada to take on the CFL 's Montreal Alouettes ( the original franchise ) , with the Bears proving to be the better team , winning 34 -- 16 . The 1962 season brought on for the second straight season a rookie who made an immediate impact with the team as Ron Bull won the NFL Rookie of the Year Award as the Bears finished in 3rd place in the Conference with a solid 9 -- 5 record . The Bears ' rookie success hit a pinnacle in 1963 as the Bears broke the Green Bay Packers three - year stranglehold on the Western Division and the NFL by posting an 11 -- 1 -- 2 record . In the NFL Championship Game at Wrigley Field the Bears battled the New York Giants in front of 45,801 fans on a bone - chilling afternoon . The Bears won their eighth NFL Championship , 14 -- 10 as Bill Wade scored both Bear touchdowns . However , the star of the game was the Bears ' dominating defense , which intercepted Giants star QB Y.A. Tittle a stunning 5 times . The following season the Bears followed up their NFL Championship with an underachieving 5 -- 9 season . This poor performance prompted Halas to search for young talent in the upcoming draft . He selected the `` Kansas Comet '' RB Gale Sayers and LB Dick Butkus in the first round of the draft to improve both the offense and defense . The 1965 season proved to be yet another year where a rookie Bear made an impact as Gale Sayers won the NFL Rookie of the Year Award , while establishing a new NFL record with 22 touchdowns during the season , still a club record . His record season and his entire career would be highlighted by his six - touchdown performance against the San Francisco 49ers at Wrigley Field on December 12 . The new element of Sayers helped the Bears to finish in 3rd place with a 9 -- 4 -- 1 record . Sayers continued his offensive successes in 1966 with a then - NFL record 2,440 all - purpose yards , but his offensive success did not result in wins and the team finished with a 5 -- 7 -- 2 season . Meanwhile , Mike Ditka abruptly retired from playing at the end of the season , dissatisfied with Halas 's unwillingness to spend money on talent . He went to Dallas and became an assistant coach under Tom Landry . 1967 not only saw the first Super Bowl in the NFL , but also 47 years after his first season , George Halas ( now 72 ) retired for the final time with a then - NFL record 324 coaching wins , which stood until 1993 when Don Shula broke the record . In Papa Bear 's final season , the team played respectably with a 7 -- 6 -- 1 record and a second - place finish in the Central Division . Halas claimed that he did n't retire from coaching because of his age , but because the old hip injury he had sustained as a baseball player made it almost impossible for him to stand on the sidelines during games . Halas 's replacement was Jim Dooley . In Dooley 's first season at the helm of the team , the Bears finished with a 7 -- 7 record . The low point of the season , though , was not the mediocre performance but a career threatening knee injury to Gale Sayers , from which he never fully recovered . The decade though was highlighted with the 1969 season . After Sayers 's injury , back - up running back Brian Piccolo did not believe he deserved the job because of the injury . Instead of running away with his opportunity as most athletes would , Piccolo , who was a popular figure in the Chicago area and roomed with Sayers for a few years on road trips , during the entire off - season pushed Sayers to get his knee back into football playing shape . Sayers got back into the lineup , and Piccolo was back on the bench when the season started . Sayers rushed for 1,000 yards and earned the NFL Comeback Player of the Year Award . This was the ultimate display of friendship between Piccolo and Sayers , who were friends despite race differences within society during the 1960s . The Bears finished the season , even with Sayers 's performance , with a franchise - worst 1 -- 13 record . The Bears ' hopes worsened due to the fact that they have the No. 2 pick , while the Steelers have the first overall pick ( with the Bears defeating them ) , allowing Pittsburgh to draft future Hall - of - Famer Terry Bradshaw . The horror of the season came when Brian Piccolo started suffering breathing problems . A hospital physical revealed his worst fear : lung cancer . On June 16 , 1970 just 7 months after being diagnosed , Brian Piccolo lost his battle with lung cancer at the age of 26 . The Bears responded by setting up the Brian Piccolo Cancer Research Fund , which raises money through various annual events for cancer research . In November 1971 , ABC premiered the TV Movie entitled `` Brian 's Song . '' The film starred James Caan as Piccolo and Billy Dee Williams as Gale Sayers detailing the friendship between the two Bear running backs . A heartfelt and sad story that evolves would go down as one of the most beloved sports movies of all time . After afl -- NFL merger and the move to Soldier Field ( edit ) The 1970s began with the end of an era for the entire league , especially for the Bears . The sport , which once lagged behind baseball and college football in terms of popularity , was beginning a huge rise since the advent of the Super Bowl . Due to this , bigger venues were needed to support the fan base . The home of the Cubs had been the Bears home field for nearly 50 years ; but after the merger the NFL required all stadiums to seat at least 50,000 . The Bears finished off their tenure at Wrigley Field on December 13 by winning against the rival Green Bay Packers ( 35 -- 17 ) . In doing so , the Bears finished in 4th place in the NFC Central with a record of 6 -- 8 . The new home of the Bears was another classic stadium in itself ; Soldier Field , built in the 1920s as a memorial for World War I veterans and was the host of many great sports events including Jack Dempsey vs. Gene Tunney in 1927 and various college football games such as annual Army - Navy matches . In their first home game at Soldier Field , the Bears emerged victorious defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers ( 17 -- 15 ) . The victory was short - lived as the Bears finished 6 -- 8 leading to the termination of head coach Jim Dooley . New Coach Abe Gibron did not start his tenure any better with the Bears . The team was last place in the NFC Central division with a record of 4 -- 9 -- 1 . The era under Gibron took a deeper dive during the 1973 season as the team finished in last place again with a record of 3 -- 11 as the Bears were limited to just 195 total points during the entire season . Dick Butkus , who had terrorized enemy offensive players for the last eight years , retired early in the season after being hobbled by knee injuries . The 1974 season proved to be Gibron 's final one with the Bears as the team finished yet again in last place , this time with a record of 4 -- 10 . The Gibron era was marked with a combined record of 11 -- 30 -- 1 and with the only memory was not a play or moment , but Gibron 's appearance in an NFL Films production where he was taped singing `` Joy to the World '' , not paying attention to the game in front of him . Building for a Championship ( edit ) In 1975 , the rebuilding of the Bears fell to Hall of Fame GM Jim Finks who brought in Jack Pardee to coach . This was the first time in franchise history that the Bears hired a head coach who was not associated with the franchise . The move did not have any initial impact as the team finished 4 -- 10 . The best move of the year was the drafting of RB Walter Payton in the first Round . Known as `` Sweetness '' , he eventually would become one of the Bears ' greatest players ever . The string of losing seasons ended in 1976 with Pardee 's coaching and the running of Walter Payton who rushed for 1,390 yards while scoring 13 TDs . The Bears posted a 7 -- 7 record , which was good enough for 2nd place . In his 3rd season , Payton had a breakout year , rushing for a team record 1,852 yards highlighted by a single - game performance of 275 yards , which established a single game record that would stand for the next two decades . The Bears in a 1977 game against the St. Louis Cardinals at Busch Memorial Stadium That year Payton captured both NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award and the NFL MVP Award . Behind the running of Payton , the Bears won their final six games to finish second with a 9 -- 5 record , which was good enough for the NFC 's Wild Card spot . The Bears though were outpowered and overmatched in their first playoff game since 1963 as the eventual Super Bowl Champion Cowboys defeated them 37 -- 7 in Dallas . At the end of the season , Pardee left the Bears to take over the coaching reins of the Washington Redskins . The Bears replaced Pardee with Minnesota Vikings Defensive coordinator Neill Armstrong . Armstrong 's first season proved to be a step backwards from their playoff appearance with a 7 -- 9 showing . The Bears would be more successful in the 1979 season , but tragedy struck the team as the Bears were celebrating their playoff berth . On December 16 as the Bears earned that spot on the final day of the season with a 42 -- 6 victory over the St. Louis Cardinals , team president George `` Mugs '' Halas Jr. died of a massive heart attack at the age of 54 . `` Mugs '' , the son of the legendary Bears founder George Halas , had served as the president since 1953 . The Bears had to regroup quickly as they would face the Philadelphia Eagles in the Wild Card Game at Philadelphia a week later . The Bears held a 17 -- 10 lead in the early moments of the second half only to see the Eagles soar back , moving on to the next round with a 27 -- 17 victory . The Bears did not return to the playoffs again under Armstrong and in 1980 , they fell below . 500 with a 7 -- 9 record ( despite some seminal moments in Bear lore ) . On October 6 , 1980 , Payton broke the Bears all - time franchise all - purpose yardage total previously held by Gale Sayers 's with 9,462 career yards . On Thanksgiving in Detroit , Dave Williams took the overtime kickoff 95 yards for a TD , setting an NFL record for the fastest end to an OT , and on December 7 the Bears ripped the Green Bay Packers 61 -- 7 , the biggest margin of victory in the series . Armstrong lasted just one more year with the Bears , finishing with a last place showing and a 6 -- 10 record . He was fired in the off - season . By the end of the 1970s the beginnings of a front office brain trust was in place . general manager Jim Finks was building the foundation of a championship team . Scout Bill Tobin had a knack for finding overlooked talent in the NFL draft . Defensive Coordinator Buddy Ryan was beginning to formulate his revolutionary `` 46 Defense . '' As with earlier innovations involving the T - formation with Clark Shaughnessy and later creative ideas with George Allen , the pieces began to fit into place for a championship run . Also , in 1976 , the Bears debuted the team 's cheerleading squad called the Honey Bears . Despite the squad 's success , Halas 's daughter Virginia Halas McCaskey terminated the group in 1985 , after Super Bowl XX , starting claims of a `` Honey Bear Curse '' . In 1980 , the Bears was notable for crushing the Packers 61 -- 7 in the most one - sided game in the history of the Bears - Packers rivalry . Early in 1982 , George Halas summoned Mike Ditka back from Dallas and offered him the head coaching job , which he accepted . The Ditka era : Bears renaissance ( 1982 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) `` Give me three years , and if you walk with me , we 'll go to the dance . '' ~ Mike Ditka 's first words to the team From 1982 to 1992 under coach Mike Ditka , the Bears recorded a record of 112 - 68 . After George Halas , Ditka becomes the second Bears coach to record more than 100 wins as coach . In addition , the Bears won 6 Division titles and made three trips to the NFC Championship game . The peak of this era was the 1985 Bears season where they won Super Bowl XX . The 1982 season was Mike Ditka 's first season as head coach of the Bears , and he began his rebuilding program by drafting Jim McMahon from Brigham Young University with the intention of his being a franchise QB . The season was interrupted by a players ' strike and shortened to nine games . As a result , the NFL held a special playoff tournament involving the top eight teams in both conferences . The Bears did not qualify for the postseason , finishing in 12th place with a 3 -- 6 record . In the spring of 1983 , George Halas died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 88 . He was the last surviving NFL founder . The death of Halas also brought the addition of the initials `` GSH '' on the left sleeve of the Bears uniforms . In Ditka 's second season , the Bears improved and finished with a record of 8 -- 8 . With Halas 's passing , his daughter Virginia McCaskey and her husband Mike McCaskey assumed ownership of the team . The 1983 draft was a critical one as it saw the core of the Bears ' 1985 championship team arrive . In 1984 , Walter Payton broke Jim Brown 's all - time career rushing record ( which pleased Brown , who had threatened to come out of retirement if Pittsburgh Steelers running back Franco Harris broke the record -- Brown disliked Harris 's tendency to run out of bounds to avoid oncoming rushers ) . Payton 's record stood for eighteen years until it was broken by Emmitt Smith in 2002 . The Bears finished the season with a 10 -- 6 record to win their first NFC Central Division Championship . Even though the Bears won the division , they struggled toward the end of the season , which cost them a playoff home game . Instead , in the Divisional Playoffs the Bears played the Washington Redskins at RFK stadium , ending the Redskins ' quest for a third straight Super Bowl appearance with a 23 -- 19 victory . The Bears advanced to the NFC Championship to play the San Francisco 49ers . The 49ers shut the Bears out 23 -- 0 on their way to a Super Bowl Championship , and also humiliated the Bears by sending in guard Guy McIntyre to play fullback . 1985 : Super Bowl champions ( edit ) 1985 is the most celebrated year in Bears history . Through various rankings , the 1985 Bears have been marked as one of the top 5 NFL teams of all time . The Bears beat the first twelve of their opponents . In the process , they outscored opponents 456 to 198 . The Bears innovated the 46 defense under defensive coordinator Buddy Ryan . Along the way , the Bears created a huge amount of hype around themselves . The season brought players to the national spotlight such as William `` The Refrigerator '' Perry , Mike Singletary , Jim McMahon , Dan Hampton , and Walter Payton . During the season , in Week 3 , McMahon had back spasms , and when the Bears were trailing the Minnesota Vikings , and eventually , the McMahon - led Bears stunned the Vikings in The Viking Miracle Eventually , in Week 9 , the Bears themselves embarrassed the 49ers 26 -- 10 , sacking Joe Montana a then - record 7 times , and the Bears claimed their revenge by sending Perry in , but instead of as a mere blocker like McIntyre , Ditka used him as a runner . The Bears also handed the Cowboys their worst loss in franchise history in Week 11 44 -- 0 , clinching the division for Chicago . Then , in the Week 12 game on Monday Night Football , the Bears suffered their only defeat , a 38 -- 24 loss to the Miami Dolphins , who in doing so retained their status as the lone team to have ever had a perfect season . Chicago afterwards produced a music video called The Super Bowl Shuffle . The Bears were also divided , as Head Coach Mike Ditka and Defensive Coordinator Buddy Ryan did not see eye to eye . In the Divisional Playoffs the Bears played the New York Giants , shutting them out 21 -- 0 , on a bitterly cold and windy afternoon . The Bears then faced the Los Angeles Rams in the NFC Championship Game . This game too was a shutout , the score being 24 -- 0 . The `` Monsters of the Midway '' advanced to the Super Bowl . The Bears making a rushing play in the end zone against the Patriots during Super Bowl XX . In Super Bowl XX , the Bears were enormously favored to beat their opponents , the New England Patriots . In the week before the game , Jim McMahon allegedly made some controversial comments about New Orleans women that got him some death threats , with McMahon responding by mooning a group of reporters because of the injury report stated McMahon had an injury to his buttock . At the same time , the NFL was cracking down on his trademark message headbands . However , during the game , McMahon wore a headband that said `` Pete '' , in honor of former commissioner Pete Rozelle . The Super Bowl was a circus atmosphere , getting huge TV ratings and reversing a decline in NFL viewership during the previous two years . The Bears started shaky as Walter Payton fumbled deep in Bears territory . On the subsequent possession , the Patriots were unable to advance the football and had to settle for a field goal , taking a 3 -- 0 lead . However , the Patriots ' lead was short - lived as the Bears struck back by scoring the next 44 points in a relentless battering of the Patriots , including a touchdown by `` The Refrigerator '' . The Bears won the game 46 -- 10 , setting then Super Bowl records for points and margin of victory as defensive end Richard Dent was named the Most Valuable Player of the Super Bowl . 1986 -- 1992 : post-super Bowl years ( edit ) In 1986 , the Bears ' defense was even stingier coming off the Super Bowl establishing a new NFL record low for 187 points allowed as the Bears finished with another NFC Central title and a 14 -- 2 record . The Bears attempt to defend their Super Bowl title took a blow when Jim McMahon suffered an injury as the result of an illegal hit by Packers ' defender Charles Martin . McMahon threw an interception and was slammed into the turf by Martin , injuring his shoulder and ending his season , which had already been subpar . Doug Flutie took over , but proved to be ineffective as the Bears were shocked by the Washington Redskins in the divisional playoffs , 27 -- 13 . A notable game in ' 86 was the inaugural American Bowl , being the first Bears game outside of North America , with the Bears defeating the Cowboys 17 -- 6 in Wembley Stadium . Payton set several franchise and NFL records in rushing during his 13 - season career with the Bears As the 1980s wore on , teams began to gradually figure out the 46 defense . Offensive coordinators learned it was vulnerable to a short passing game , particularly the one devised by Bill Walsh of the San Francisco 49ers ( later referred to as the West Coast offense ) . The Bears also failed to draft proper replacements for aging starters . The 1987 season brought a month - long strike that included the use of replacement players for three games . Off - field turmoil resulted when the team drafted QB Jim Harbaugh in the first round as a possible replacement for the injury - prone Jim McMahon . McMahon was offended by this and quarreled with Mike Ditka . The latter meanwhile unwisely took the side of the league during the strike , hurting relations with his players . Even with the replacements , the Bears continued to dominate the NFC Central , winning their fourth straight NFC Central title and achieving an 11 -- 4 record ( the strike resulted in a 15 - game season ) , but ended 1987 on an embarrassing note as the team was destroyed in San Francisco 41 -- 0 . The year however was remembered for an end of an era as the player called `` Sweetness '' by many Bear fans retired after 13 seasons where he only missed one game . In his great career Walter Payton rushed for an all - time career record 16,726 yards . The Bears earned a Divisional Playoff rematch with Redskins at Soldier Field . The Bears jumped out to a 14 -- 0 lead early on only to see the Redskins storm back and take a 21 -- 17 lead late in the game . As time was winding down on the season and Payton 's career , the Bears need to score a touchdown late . The ball was in the hands of Payton who tried to extend his career , but on fourth down he was shoved out of bounds one yard short of the first down marker allowing the Redskins to run the clock out . Payton watched the rest of the game as he sat alone on the bench . In the 1988 season the Bears kept on rolling , winning their fifth straight division title with a 12 -- 4 record and earning home - field advantage throughout the playoffs . In a Divisional Playoffs game on New Year 's Eve , the Bears faced the Philadelphia Eagles , and former defensive coordinator Buddy Ryan in a game that forever would be known as the `` Fog Bowl '' . Late in the 2nd Quarter the fog began to roll in off Lake Michigan , and at the start of the 3rd Quarter , Soldier Field was immersed in thick fog that made viewing the game impossible . The Bears emerged from the fog with a 20 -- 12 victory . The victory was short - lived as the Bears lost the NFC Championship game the following week 28 -- 3 to the eventual Super Bowl Champion San Francisco 49ers . The 1989 season started with a deal that sent Jim McMahon to the San Diego Chargers . The move was made as McMahon fell out of favor with Mike Ditka and the Bears front office with his behavior and repeated injuries . This gave the starting job to Mike Tomczak , who had already seen considerable playing time as McMahon regularly missed games due to various injuries . The change at quarterback did not help the Bears as they finished 6 -- 10 missing a sixth consecutive division title . The Bears came into the 1990 season bouncing back from a 6 -- 10 season to finish in 1st Place with an 11 -- 5 record . During the season , Head Coach Mike Ditka earned legendary status when he coached the team again just 10 days after a heart attack . This incident had been referenced and used several times in Bill Swerski 's Superfans . However , a change in the playoff system caused the Bears a three seed to play in a wild card game to get to the Divisional Playoffs . In the first ever NFC 3 vs. 6 game the Bears defeated the New Orleans Saints , 16 -- 6 , to advance to a Divisional Playoff showdown against the New York Giants . The Bears were trounced 31 -- 3 by the eventual Super Bowl Champion . The Bears made a return trip to the playoffs in 1991 with an 11 -- 5 record in a season that saw Mike Ditka earn his 100th career - coaching win . The Bears did not win the division , but made the playoffs as a Wild Card qualifier . In the wild card round the Bears were defeated by the Dallas Cowboys , 17 -- 13 , in Chicago . The 1992 season saw the end of an era in Chicago . The Bears suffered their worst record of Mike Ditka 's tenure , finishing 5 -- 11 . As a result , the Mike Ditka era ended as team president Mike McCaskey fired Ditka and hired Dave Wannstedt . Another era that ended that season came with the retirement of Hall of Famer Mike Singletary , who was named NFL Defensive Player of the Year . 1993 -- 2003 : the Wannstedt / Jauron years ( edit ) For the next 11 seasons , the Bears had a record of 76 -- 103 and posted three seasons above . 500 . Twice the Bears qualified for the postseason , with only one playoff win . In this same span , they placed first in their division only once . Dave Wannstedt ( 1993 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) In Wannstedt 's first season , the Bears finished with a record of 7 -- 9 . During the 1993 season , the Bears played their 1,000 th franchise game and won , 6 -- 0 , against the Atlanta Falcons at Soldier Field . The following season , the Bears put together a 9 -- 7 season , and they earned a trip to the playoffs as a wild card . In the Wild Card round the Bears defeated the NFC Central Division Champion Minnesota Vikings 35 -- 18 . The Bears ' success did not last long as they were beaten badly by the eventual Super Bowl Champion San Francisco 49ers 44 -- 15 in San Francisco . In the 1995 season , the Bears again finished 9 -- 7 , but missed the playoffs due to a loss in a tiebreaker with the Atlanta Falcons . In the 1996 season , the Bears took a step backwards under Wannstedt and finished in third place with a record of 7 -- 9 . The Bears declined further in the 1997 season , losing their first seven games toward a 4 -- 12 season . One of the few highlights of the 1997 season was the Bears picking up franchise victory number 600 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , becoming the first franchise to achieve the feat . The Bears had a setback when their October 26 game at the Miami Dolphins was pushed to the following Monday night after Pro Player Stadium was needed for game 7 of the 1997 World Series , but the Bears managed to come back and beat the Dolphins 36 -- 33 in overtime for their first win of the season . The 1998 season proved to be the last one for Coach Wannstedt as his Bears again finished 4 -- 12 . After the season , Wannstedt was fired and McCaskey reassigned by McCaskey 's mother Virginia , the daughter of Halas . Dick Jauron ( 1999 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) The Bears drafted Brian Urlacher in 2000 . The Bears hired Dick Jauron as their next head coach . The decade ended with Jauron 's first season at 6 -- 10 . In the same year , Walter Payton died at the age of 45 , one of the Chicago Bears and the league 's greatest running backs of all time . The Bears began the 2000 season and the new decade on a sour note . After losing their first four games , the Bears finally won their first game of the season on the road against their historic rival , the Green Bay Packers . Yet the Bears could not build off that win and lost their next three games . After the bye - week , they win against the Indianapolis Colts in Week 10 . For the remaining seven games , they would win 3 games . Though the team ended the season 5 -- 11 , rookie linebacker Brian Urlacher was named NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year . The Bears surprised most with a breakout campaign in 2001 . Apparently , this remained as the most successful season for Jauron with the Bears . After they lost their first game of the season to the Super Bowl XXXV Champion Baltimore Ravens 17 -- 6 on the road , the Bears won their next six games . Two of those games were won in overtime , against the San Francisco 49ers ( 37 -- 31 ) and the Cleveland Browns ( 27 -- 21 ) . In both games , Safety Mike Brown capped remarkable comebacks ( the Bears trailed 28 -- 9 in the third quarter against San Francisco , and 21 -- 7 with seconds remaining against Cleveland ) by returning an interception in overtime for a touchdown . Unfortunately , the Green Bay Packers ended the win streak at home . Fortunately , the Bears would win their next three games . However , the Bears traveled to Lambeau Field and were swept by the Packers 17 -- 7 . That would be their last loss of the regular season . The Bears would win their last four games . The Bears ended the regular season with a 13 -- 3 record . This qualified for second place in the NFC , and thus earning a first - round bye in the playoffs . In the divisional playoff game , the visiting Philadelphia Eagles won the game with a final score of 33 -- 19 . Despite their season ending on a sour note , rookie running back Anthony Thomas won the NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year award . Also , coach Dick Jauron was given the Coach of the Year award . With Soldier Field being renovated , the Chicago Bears had to play their 2002 home games at the University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign in Champaign , Illinois ( 136 miles outside Chicago ) . This was also the year when the Houston Texans joined the NFL and realignments were made . The Bears joined the Lions , the Packers , and the Vikings in the newly formed NFC North . The Tampa Bay Buccaneers leave the NFC Central to join the NFC South . The Bears even acquired former Steelers Quarterback Kordell `` Slash '' Stewart . Despite starting the season 2 -- 0 , the team was plagued by injuries , and they lost their next eight games . The Bears finally got their third win of the year at home against the Lions . The Bears would lose four out of the remaining five games of the season . The Bears ended the season with a 4 -- 12 record . Soldier Field finished reconstruction for the 2003 campaign . For the 2003 campaign , the Bears were able to move back to their newly renovated Soldier Field ( also known as Soldier Field II ) , and the team also debuted its new mascot Staley Da Bear . Nevertheless , mediocrity continued as the Bears ended the season with a 7 -- 9 record . The Bears began the season with a 1 -- 4 record by Week 5 . Then Kordell Stewart lost his starting job after the Bears lost their next two road games . Chris Chandler was named their new quarterback . However , Chandler ended up playing only 4 games ; winning the first 2 and losing the second 2 . This allowed Kordell Stewart to reclaim his starting job ; and played the next three games winning 2 . Looking towards the future , the Bears allowed rookie quarterback Rex Grossman to start the last three games of the season . Grossman brought the Bears victories in their final two home games . In the end , the late showing of talent was not enough to save Dick Jauron 's job . He ended up being dismissed from the Bears . This post-Ditka decade saw an uneven effort to bring back the fiery Halas style and forge new ideas . Two coaches and various schemes came and went . Furthermore , this era was marred by a `` quarterback carousel '' , where the starting job changed year after year . The hiring of GM Jerry Angelo in 2001 , after 14 years of with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , was viewed as a hopeful sign . The Lovie Smith era ( 2004 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Lovie Smith coached the Bears from 2004 to 2012 . With Lovie Smith ( the former defensive coordinator for the St. Louis Rams ) as their new head coach , the Bears made plans for their 2004 campaign . Since hiring Lovie , all personnel moves made by GM Jerry Angelo have had an overwhelming degree of success . Under Lovie Smith , the Bears have a cumulative record of 63 - 49 , including two playoff wins and two playoff losses , one of which was Super Bowl XLI . At the beginning of Smith 's tenure , he stated three goals : End Green Bay 's dominance of the division Win the Division Win the Super Bowl By the end of 2005 , the first two goals had been realized . The New `` Monsters of the Midway '' ( edit ) In his inaugural year , the Bears ended their 2004 campaign at 5 -- 11 . For the first goal , Lovie Smith aimed to defeat their historic rival , the Green Bay Packers at Lambeau Field . However , by Week 7 , the Bears recorded a poor starting record of 1 -- 5 , with the only win against Green Bay largely due to the Week 3 road game loss to the Minnesota Vikings . There , they lost starting quarterback Rex Grossman from a season - ending knee injury . From then on , they cycled through three different quarterbacks : Craig Krenzel , Jonathan Quinn , and Chad Hutchinson . After a modest three - game win streak from Week 8 to 10 , the Bears capped the streak in their Week 10 ( 19 -- 17 ) win over the Tennessee Titans in overtime with a safety . That was the second time in NFL history that a game ended in overtime on a safety . Afterwards , the Bears ended up losing six of the remaining seven games . In 2005 , after going 3 -- 2 in the preseason ( with Rex Grossman suffering a broken ankle in their preseason loss to the St. Louis Rams ) , the Bears named rookie QB Kyle Orton their starter , and their regular season started off poorly . The Bears began the season with a 1 -- 3 record . Not even a Week 4 Bye could help them , because in Week 5 , the Bears lost a hard - fought road game to Trent Dilfer and the Cleveland Browns 20 -- 10 . After the 1 -- 3 start , the Bears had an eight - game winning streak , which started with two home games against Minnesota 28 -- 3 and the Ravens 10 -- 6 . On a Week 10 home game , the visiting 49ers attempted a 52 - yard field goal as time expired in the first half and the wind blew it to Nathan Vasher who was in the end zone . He returned that missed field goal 108 yards for a touchdown , the longest touchdown play in NFL history then , only to be repeated by Chicago 's own Devin Hester almost exactly one year later . The eight - game winning streak came to an end on the road in a cold and snowy fight against the Pittsburgh Steelers ( 21 -- 9 ) . The Bears closed out the season with a 2 -- 2 record . In Week 15 , they won their last regular - season home game against the Atlanta Falcons with a final score of 16 -- 3 . During the game , head coach Lovie Smith replaced Kyle Orton with a fully healed Rex Grossman . In the following week , the Bears clinched the division with a dominant performance at Lambeau Field on Christmas Day ( the first time the Bears ever played on Christmas ) . For the first time since 1991 , they swept the Packers ; they also secured the NFC North Division title . The Bears ended the regular season with an 11 -- 5 record , enough for 2nd place in the NFC and a first - round bye in the playoffs . In addition , Lovie Smith received NFL Coach of the Year honors . In the NFC divisional playoff game the Carolina Panthers defeated the Bears 29 -- 21 , ending the Bears ' season . Panthers ' receiver Steve Smith had 12 receptions for 218 yards and two touchdowns . The Panthers ' offense dismantled the Bears ' top - ranked defense . The Bears had a final chance to force overtime , but Rex Grossman 's 4th - and - 1 pass intended for Muhsin Muhammad fell incomplete with less than a minute to go in the game . The Bears started the 2006 season by winning their first seven games , marking their best start since the 1988 season . The Bears started the season by establishing a strong offense under the helm of a healthy Rex Grossman . Grossman , who was inactive for the most of his first three seasons because of injuries , earned a `` FedEx Offensive Player of the Month Award '' , a 100.9 passer rating during the first month of the season . During one of the games , Grossman threw four touchdowns and earned a passer rating of 148 . The Bears ' defense also made headlines , allowing the Bears to outscore their opponents , 221 -- 69 during the first two months of the season . However , the Bears showed a glimpse of mortality during this period . After defeating the Buffalo Bills 40 -- 7 , the Bears traveled to Glendale , Arizona , to face the Cardinals , where Grossman committed six turnovers in a seemingly lost effort . With less than twenty minutes remaining , the Bears ' defense and special teams mounted a comeback that allowed the team to overcome a 20 - point deficit and win the game , 24 -- 23 . After a decisive 41 -- 10 crushing of the 49ers , where the Bears scored 41 points in the first half , tying the record by the 1940 Championship Game victory , Grossman had another turnover ridden performance against the Miami Dolphins ( which reminisced the 1985 season ) , where the Bears lost 31 -- 13 , the most points the team allowed that season . The team bounced back with a staunch performance against the New York Giants , in which Devin Hester tied Nathan Vasher 's longest missed - field goal return record , and a shutout victory over the New York Jets . The Bears then traveled to Foxboro , Massachusetts , where Grossman and the Bears ' defense struggled to defeat the New England Patriots . Despite earning another chance to win the game , Grossman threw a game - ending interception to Asante Samuel . The following week , the Bears ' defense and special teams came up big , in the wake of a struggling passing game , against the Vikings 23 -- 13 . The win clinched their second consecutive NFC North title , and a playoff - berth . The team began to re-establish their clockwork performance during the next three games , including a game where Devin Hester returned two kicks for touchdowns against the St. Louis Rams , and an overtime thriller against the Buccaneers where Grossman threw for over 300 yards . The season ended on a low note , when the Packers defeated the Bears 26 -- 7 , in the regular season 's finale , with Grossman leaving a passer rating of zero . The local media began to criticize Grossman for his inconsistent performances and shortcomings . Many fans called upon Lovie Smith to bench Grossman in favor of veteran quarterback Brian Griese . Nevertheless , Smith , who had supported Grossman throughout the season , opted to keep Grossman as the team 's starter . The Bears prepared to take on the Seattle Seahawks for a second time , who had returned with a healthy Shaun Alexander . Prior to the game , Smith announced the creation of the `` Fourth Phase '' , which involved using fan support as an advantage . On a dreary day along the lake - front , the Bears defeated the Seahawks , 27 -- 24 , on an overtime Robbie Gould field goal . The win marked the first time since 1994 season , that the Bears had won a playoff game . Many Chicago landmarks were decorated to support the Bears during Super Bowl XLI The following week , the Bears faced the New Orleans Saints at the NFC Championship , marking the Saints ' first Conference Championship appearance . The Bears ' defense shut down the Saints ' top - ranked offense , while running backs Thomas Jones and Cedric Benson exploited the Saints ' run defense for nearly 180 yards and three touchdowns . The Bears defeated the Saints , 39 -- 14 . The win allowed the Bears to claim the George Halas Trophy and the right to represent the National Football Conference at Super Bowl XLI against the Indianapolis Colts . Also , Lovie Smith became the first African - American coach to lead his team to a Super Bowl . This feat was matched hours later by his mentor and friend , Tony Dungy of the Colts . The Bears entered Super Bowl XLI as seven - point underdogs . Amidst the game 's rainy weather , the Bears took the quickest lead in Super Bowl history after Devin Hester returned the game 's opening kick - off for a touchdown return . Though the Bears ' expanded their lead with a touchdown , the Colts struck back to take a halftime lead . The Bears ' hopes for a comeback were almost thwarted when Grossman threw an interception that was returned for a touchdown . Ultimately , the Colts defeated the Bears , 29 -- 17 . After a productive season , the Bears returned to Chicago in hopes of replicating their success next year . Success was not forthcoming in 2007 , which saw the Bears struggle through the season and finish 7 -- 9 . Legal troubles affected defensive tackle Terry `` Tank '' Johnson during the spring , and he was cut by the Bears on June 25 . Defensive coordinator Ron Rivera was dropped as well after his contract with the team expired . After the Bears started the season with a 1 -- 3 record , Lovie Smith benched Grossman in favor of Griese . However , injuries ravaged the team 's roster , resulting in multiple inconsistent performances on defense and offense . The team finished the season with a 7 -- 9 record , one game behind the Detroit Lions . On the bright side , the Bears swept the Packers for the first time since 2005 , including a 35 -- 7 victory against the 13 -- 2 Packers in Week 17 . In 2008 , Lovie Smith named Kyle Orton as the team 's starting quarterback . The team parted with Cedric Benson , who was cut after two alcohol - related arrests . Benson was succeeded by rookie running back Matt Forte , who rushed for 1,238 yards and caught 47 receptions for 438 yards . The team recorded a major victory in Week 1 in a Super Bowl XLI rematch against the Colts in Lucas Oil Stadium 29 -- 13 . The Bears posted a winning record again , with nine wins and seven losses , however Chicago ended up being one game behind the eventual NFC North Champion Minnesota Vikings , and failed to qualify for the playoffs after losing 31 -- 24 to the Houston Texans in Week 17 . Jay Cutler trade ( edit ) The Bears traded Kyle Orton and a first round pick to the Denver Broncos for Jay Cutler . During the 2009 off - season , Rex Grossman achieved free - agent status and left the team , signing with the Houston Texans . The Bears then traded Kyle Orton to the Broncos in exchange for QB Jay Cutler . The regular season began on a not - so - promising note , as Cutler threw 4 picks against the Packers in Week 1 . However , the Bears bounced back to go 3 -- 1 , including a victory in Week 2 over the defending Super Bowl champion Steelers , but things fell apart quickly after the bye week , with the Bears losing eight of the next ten games , including a loss to the San Francisco 49ers where Cutler threw a career - high five interceptions , including a game - ending pick in the red - zone with less than a minute left in the game . A 31 -- 7 loss to the Ravens in Week 15 mathematically eliminated them from the playoffs , but the team managed to close out the year by winning the last two matches against the Vikings ( a 36 -- 30 overtime win ) and Lions ( 37 -- 23 ) to finish 7 -- 9 . In the following offseason , the Bears signed Pro Bowler Julius Peppers , Chester Taylor , and Brandon Manumaleuna . In Week 1 , they hosted the Lions and won 19 -- 14 after a controversial call . Next , the Bears traveled to Dallas and swept the Cowboys 27 -- 20 . On Monday Night Football in Week 3 , the Packers came to town and lost 20 -- 17 after a mass of penalties ( 18 total ) , putting the Bears up at 3 -- 0 . However , that ended in Week 4 when the team suffered a 17 -- 3 loss to the Giants on the road . Jay Cutler was sacked multiple times and suffered a concussion . Veteran free agent quarterback Todd Collins replaced Cutler , but was also quickly injured . Third - string quarterback Caleb Hanie played the remainder of the game . After this loss , the Bears had an easy road win over the 0 -- 5 Carolina Panthers before another 23 -- 20 loss to the Seattle Seahawks . Continued difficulties with the offense and O - line led to a second straight home loss when the Redskins won 17 -- 14 in Week 7 . After the bye week , offensive coordinator Mike Martz worked to revamp the offense to compensate for Jay Cutler 's lack of O - line protection . After this , they easily beat the struggling Vikings at home 27 -- 13 , followed by a 16 -- 0 shutout of the Dolphins in Miami , handing Chicago their 700th win , a league first . In Week 12 , the Bears hosted Philadelphia for the second season in a row and won 31 -- 27 , while also preserving the franchise 's perfect record against Eagles QB Michael Vick ( who after the game had a 0 -- 5 all - time record playing them ) . After beating the Lions in Detroit on more questionable officiating , Chicago next suffered a total collapse at home against New England in a blowing snowstorm ( the Patriots won 36 -- 7 ) . The next week saw the Bears drawn into the turmoil of the Vikings ' 2010 season . As the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome 's inflatable roof had collapsed the week before , the two teams had to play at TCF Bank Stadium at the University of Minnesota campus in frigid winter weather . Despite being a nominal home game for the Vikings , they were not a team prepared for outdoor play and Chicago overwhelmed them 40 -- 14 . It was here that Brett Favre took his final snap in the NFL after he was knocked into the frozen ground and suffered a concussion , ending a 20 - year career that included 297 consecutive starts . Afterwards , the Bears returned home and beat the Jets 38 -- 34 in a shootout before traveling to the `` Frozen Tundra '' of Lambeau Field for Week 17 . Their arch - rival only needed to lose this game to be removed from playoff contention , and so Lovie Smith decided to play Chicago 's starters . He also apparently ran generic plays to avoid giving anything away to the Packers for the playoffs , but the offense again sputtered and Green Bay won a 10 -- 3 defensive struggle to secure a wild card playoff berth . Throughout the season , the Bears ' offense and O - line were rated in the NFL 's bottom ten and the team mainly depended on special teams ( especially Devin Hester 's duties as a punt returner ) and an aging , but still effective defense led by DE Julius Peppers ( acquired from Carolina during the off - season ) and LB Brian Urlacher . Although the Bears ' own playoff chances were unharmed by the loss in Green Bay ( they had already gotten the No. 2 NFC seed and a first - round bye with their 11 -- 5 regular season record ) , that game ultimately proved fatal because of their inability to remove the Packers from postseason contention . After the Seahawks gained a surprise division title with a 7 -- 9 regular season record and an even more miraculous playoff victory over the defending champion Saints , they headed to Chicago in the divisional round . However , there was no repeat of Week 6 this time . On a gray , fog - shrouded winter afternoon , Jay Cutler threw two TD passes as the Bears overpowered their opponent 35 -- 24 to advance to the NFC Championship . The Packers meanwhile had beaten the Eagles and Falcons in the playoffs to head to Soldier Field for what was only the second - ever postseason meeting between them and the Bears ( the first was in 1941 ) . To everyone 's surprise , Green Bay marched out to an early lead as Chicago 's offense struggled . During the third quarter , Jay Cutler was pulled with a knee injury and replaced by Todd Collins , who was benched after only two minutes of play . Caleb Hanie came in and tried to rally the team , but hammered by the Packers defense , threw a fatal interception that was caught by nose tackle B.J. Raji and returned for a touchdown . Although Hanie subsequently belted a 35 - yard TD pass , Green Bay 's defense held on to win the game 21 -- 14 , advance to Super Bowl XLV , and ultimately win the championship . Jay Cutler was widely blamed for a disastrous end to the Bears ' miracle season and after the NFC Championship by fans , as well as players like Maurice Jones - Drew , some fans burned Cutler jerseys . Critics argued that he did not show any indication that his knee injury was serious enough to keep him out of the game and that he had been riding an exercise bike during the rest of the game . However , the Bears and various players defended Cutler , like Packers Aaron Rodgers and LeRoy Butler , with Rodgers calling the criticism `` disrespectful '' and Butler calling the critics `` stupid '' . The Bears went 7 -- 3 under Cutler , but after Cutler came down with a thumb injury , Caleb Hanie started the games , and the team lost 5 straight games under Hanie , as well as running back Matt Forté to an ACL sprain , and Forté was having a great season , leading the league in total yards from scrimmage until the injury came , and the team went 8 -- 8 with Josh McCown at quarterback . 2012 -- 2014 : the Phil Emery era ( edit ) GM Jerry Angelo was fired after 11 seasons and was replaced by Phil Emery . In 2012 , general manager Jerry Angelo was fired after 11 seasons with the team . During the team 's GM hunt , the team considered New York Giants director of college scouting Marc Ross , San Diego Chargers director of player personnel Jimmy Raye III , New England Patriots director of pro personnel Jason Licht , and Kansas City Chiefs director of college scouting , former Bears scout and eventual GM Phil Emery , along with in - house candidate Tim Ruskell . Offensive coordinator Mike Martz also retired , and was replaced by O - line coach Mike Tice . Emery 's first move as general manager was giving Matt Forté the franchise tag , as well as acquiring Pro Bowl MVP Brandon Marshall from the Miami Dolphins , reuniting him with Cutler . Through the first seven games of the 2012 season , the Bears became the first team in league history to return six interceptions for touchdowns , with another interception by Brian Urlacher in Week 9 bringing the Bears closer to the record set by the 1961 San Diego Chargers . However , after the Bears missed the playoffs after starting the year 7 -- 1 , making the Bears the first team to start the season 7 -- 1 and not make the playoffs since the 1996 Washington Redskins , Smith was fired , and was eventually succeeded by Montreal Alouettes head coach Marc Trestman . On March 20 , 2013 , the Brian Urlacher era also came to an end when he and the Bears failed to agree on a new contract . The Trestman era began with a 24 -- 21 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals , as Trestman became the fourth head coach in franchise history to win in his head coaching debut , after George Halas ( 1920 ) , Neill Armstrong ( 1978 ) and Dick Jauron ( 1999 ) . In his first season , Trestman helped lead the Bears to one of the best offenses in franchise history , concluding 2013 with the second - best scoring offense in the NFL with 445 points and breaking team records in total yards ( 6,109 ) , passing yards ( 4,450 ) , passing touchdowns ( 32 ) and first downs ( 344 ) . Conversely , 2013 was also one of the worst defensive years in Bears ' history as well , with franchise - lows in yards allowed ( 6,313 ) , rushing yards allowed ( 2,583 ) and points ( 478 ) , while also ranking dead last in run defense by allowing a league - worst 5.35 rushing yards per carry . This would lead to the Bears finishing 8 -- 8 in their first season under Trestman , being eliminated from the playoffs by the Green Bay Packers in the final game of the season . In 2014 , the Bears struggled and finished the season 5 -- 11 . Trestman and Emery were fired at the end of the season . 2015 -- Present : the Ryan Pace era ( edit ) On January 8 , 2015 , the Bears hired New Orleans Saints director of player personnel Ryan Pace as general manager . On January 16 , 2015 , they hired John Fox as their new head coach . In Fox 's first season as head coach , the Bears improved to a 6 -- 10 record , which included a Thanksgiving win over the Packers at Lambeau Field . In 2016 , however , the Bears were plagued by injuries to multiple positions , including quarterback , as they fell to a 3 -- 13 record . The record was the worst in team history since the NFL 's expansion to a 16 - game schedule . After Jay Cutler went down with injuries , Brian Hoyer started for the team until he suffered a broken arm , which led to third - string quarterback Matt Barkley playing . None of the three quarterbacks returned for the 2017 season . In the 2017 NFL Draft , the team selected quarterback Mitchell Trubisky , who sat behind newly - signed quarterback Mike Glennon for the first four games before taking over . The Bears ended the season 5 -- 11 and again finished last in the NFC North . On January 1 , 2018 , Fox was fired , ending his tenure in Chicago with a 14 -- 34 record . A week later , Kansas City Chiefs offensive coordinator Matt Nagy was hired to become the 16th head coach in Bears history . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Halas By Halas , by George Halas , Gwen Morgan & Arthur Veysey , McGraw Hill , 1979 , p. 53 - 54 Jump up ^ `` The Decatur Staleys '' . Local Website . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2005 . Retrieved June 15 , 2006 . Information on Dutch Sternaman Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears ( 1920 -- Present ) '' . Sportsecyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` George Halas : Hall of Fame Member '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved May 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ The Decatur Staleys Archived May 17 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Exoo , Thales ( January 31 , 2007 ) . `` Ask Chicagoist : Why Are They Called the Bears ? '' . Chicagoist . Gothamist . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sid Luckman Hall of Fame '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Boden , Chris ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` A history of the Bears who served during World War II '' . Comcast SportsNet Chicago . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Algeo , Matthew ( September 1 , 2013 ) . Last Team Standing : How the Steelers and the Eagles -- `` The Steagles '' -- Saved Pro Football During World War II . Chicago Review Press . p. 48 -- 49 . ISBN 1613748884 . Jump up ^ `` Bears played game in Canada in 1961 '' . Chicagobears.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Roy . `` The Honey Bears and Chicago Bears Mascots '' . Bearshistory.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Come To Think of It : The Curse of the Honey Bears '' . Bleacher Report . November 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Roy ( October 18 , 1939 ) . `` Mike Ditka Biography '' . Bearshistory.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN NFL 10 Greatest All Time Teams '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 Bears Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ditka , Mike ( January 28 , 2010 ) . `` Hey - Let 's check out the Viking Miracle ( McMahon owns the Vikings ) '' . Windy City Gridiron . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bears , Cowboys May Sell Out Wembley for NFL Exhibition '' . Los Angeles Times . April 13 , 1986 . Jump up ^ `` Mitchell & Ness This Day in History : The First American Bowl '' . Blog.mitchellandness.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Staley '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Hiring Lovie Smith '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Bear with Us -- chicagotribune.com '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NFL -- San Francisco 49ers / Chicago Bears Box Score Sunday October 29 , 2006 -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bears ink three free agents on first day '' . Chicagobears.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Free agents put the Bears closer to title '' . Chicagobears.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bears ' rich tradition helped lure Peppers '' . Chicagobears.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bears swipe runner from division rival '' . Chicagobears.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Manumaleuna back with Smith , Martz '' . Chicagobears.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Peppers , Taylor are happy to join forces '' . Chicagobears.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Martz excited about free - agent signings '' . Chicagobears.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jerry Reth ( September 13 , 2010 ) . `` Calvin Johnson Catch -- Touchdown Overturned '' . Sports.spreadit.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` news : No. 12 : Bears outlast Jets in wildly entertaining showdown '' . Nfl.com . May 25 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jay Cutler Criticism Surge After Leaving NFC Championship Game Archived January 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Bears Fire Back at Jay Cutler 's Critics '' . Huffington Post . January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ CHRIS JENKINS ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Rodgers calls Cutler criticism ' disrespectful ' '' . Chippewa.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Butler : Cutler 's Critics Are ' Stupid ' `` CBS Chicago '' . Chicago.cbslocal.com . September 23 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Criticism of Cutler mounts ProFootballTalk '' . Profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bears to interview four GM candidates '' . Chicagobears.com . January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Ruskell interviews for Bears ' GM job '' . Chicagobears.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Bears to meet with Emery , Licht again '' . Chicagobears.com . January 23 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Emery interviews for Bears ' GM position '' . Chicagobears.com . January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Bears put franchise tag on Matt Forte '' . Chicagobears.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bears land Marshall in trade with Miami '' . Chicagobears.com . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bears picking on history '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Trister , Noah ( 2012 - 12 - 30 ) . `` Bears miss playoffs despite 26 - 24 win over Lions '' . Boston.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( 2012 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Lovie Smith fired as Chicago Bears coach '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Marc Trestman chosen to be Bears ' new coach '' . Chicago Tribune . 2013 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Brian ( 2013 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Chicago Bears announce that Brian Urlacher will not be back in 2013 '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Cutler , Marshall lead Bears over Bengals 24 - 21 '' . Sports Illustrated . 2013 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Team Total Offense Statistics -- 2012 '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . 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References ( edit ) http://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/chi1920.htm 1920 Decatur Staleys , Professional Football Reference ( URL last accessed October 1 , 2006 ) http://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/crd1920.htm 1920 Chicago Cardinals , Professional Football Reference ( URL last accessed October 1 , 2006 ) Chicago Bears Bears History External links ( edit ) Chicago Bears official website ESPN.com Chicago Bears forums Chicago Bears History Chicago Bears Founded in 1920 Formerly the Decatur Staleys ( 1920 ) and the Chicago Staleys ( 1921 ) Based in Chicago , Illinois Headquartered in Lake Forest , Illinois Franchise History Coaches Seasons Current season Records Records and statistics Franchise records All - time record versus NFL Team awards and honors Players Head coaches Pro Football Hall of Famers First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Stadiums Staley Field Wrigley Field Memorial Stadium Soldier Field Culture Brian 's Song 1971 2001 Brian Piccolo Award `` Bear Down , Chicago Bears '' `` The Super Bowl Shuffle '' Monsters of the Midway Bill Swerski 's Superfans Chuck Swirsky Chicago Honey Bears Staley Da Bear Logos and uniforms Halas Hall A.E. Staley Jack Brickhouse George Halas Mike Ditka Roosevelt / Wabash 85386 Payton Jim Cornelison Lore Staley Swindle 1932 Playoff Game First NFL Championship Game `` The Sneakers Game '' 73 -- 0 15 -- 1 Super Bowl XX 46 defense T formation Fog Bowl 75th Anniversary League Team NFL All - Time Team Cardiac Kids 2006 game vs. Arizona Cardinals Rivalries Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Retired numbers 5 7 28 34 40 41 42 51 56 61 66 77 89 Key personnel Chairman : George McCaskey President / CEO : Ted Phillips General Manager : Ryan Pace Head Coach : Matt Nagy Division championships ( 18 ) 1933 1934 1937 1940 1941 1942 1943 1946 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 2001 2005 2006 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1956 1963 1985 2006 League championships ( 9 ) 1921 1932 1933 1940 1941 1943 1946 1963 1985 ( XX ) Media Broadcasters Radio : WBBM ( AM ) WCFS - FM ( FM simulcast of WBBM ) Personnel : Jeff Joniak ( play - by - play ) Tom Thayer ( analyst ) Zach Zaidman ( sideline reporter and radio coach 's show host ) Television : WFLD ( pre-season and most regular season games through Fox , official pre-game and post-game ) NBC Sports Chicago ( in - season team programming ) Personnel : Lou Canellis ( gameday television host , pre-season sideline reporter ) Sam Rosen ( pre-season play - by - play ) Jim Miller ( pre-season analyst ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 99 ) 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 2001 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Book : Chicago Bears : Category : Chicago Bears WikiProject Chicago Bears History of the National Football League American Football Conference AFC East Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets AFC North Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers AFC South Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans AFC West Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders National Football Conference NFC East Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins NFC North Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings NFC South Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFC West Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Defunct teams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chicago_Bears&oldid=865911847 '' Categories : Chicago Bears National Football League history by team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from February 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 00 : 27 ( UTC ) . 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who was the chinese explorer and where did he go			Zheng He	zheng he	Zheng He ( Chinese : 鄭和 ; 1371 -- 1433 or 1435 ) was a Chinese mariner , explorer , diplomat , fleet admiral , and enslaved court eunuch during China 's early Ming dynasty . He was originally born as Ma He in a Muslim family , later adopted the conferred surname Zheng from Emperor Yongle . Zheng commanded expeditionary voyages to Southeast Asia , South Asia , Western Asia , and East Africa from 1405 to 1433 . His larger ships stretched 120 meters or more in length . These carried hundreds of sailors on four tiers of decks .	As a favorite of the Yongle Emperor , whose usurpation he assisted , Zheng rose to the top of the imperial hierarchy and served as commander of the southern capital Nanjing ( the capital was later moved to Beijing by the Yongle Emperor ) . His voyages were long neglected in official Chinese histories but have become well known in China and abroad since the publication of Liang Qichao 's Biography of Our Homeland 's Great Navigator , Zheng He in 1904 . A trilingual stele left by the navigator was discovered on the island of Ceylon shortly thereafter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and family 2 Capture , castration and service 3 Adulthood and military career 4 Death 5 Expeditions 6 Sailing charts 7 Size of the ships 8 Legacy 8.1 Imperial China 8.2 Southeast Asia 8.2. 1 Veneration of Zheng He 8.2. 2 Malacca 8.2. 3 Indonesia 8.3 Modern scholarship 8.4 Cultural influence 8.5 Relics 8.6 Commemoration 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links Early life and family ( edit ) Zheng He was born Ma He ( 馬和 ) to a Muslim family of Kunyang , Kunming , Yunnan , China . He had an older brother and four sisters . Ma He 's religious beliefs became all - embracing and eclectic in his adulthood . According to Dreyer ( 2007 ) , the Liujiagang and Changle inscriptions suggest that Zheng He 's devotion to Tianfei ( the patron goddess of sailors and seafarers ) was the dominant faith to which he adhered , reflecting the goddess ' central role to the treasure fleet . John Guy mentions , `` When Zheng He , the Muslim eunuch leader of the great expeditions to the ' Western Ocean ' ( Indian Ocean ) in the early fifteenth century , embarked on his voyages , it was from the Divine Woman that he sought protection , as well as at the tombs of the Muslim saints on Lingshan Hill , above the city of Quanzhou . '' Zheng He was a great - great - great - grandson of Sayyid Ajjal Shams al - Din Omar , who served in the administration of the Mongol Empire and was the governor of Yunnan during the early Yuan dynasty . His great - grandfather was named Bayan and may have been stationed at a Mongol garrison in Yunnan . Zheng He 's grandfather carried the title hajji , while his father had the sinicized surname Ma and also the title hajji , which suggests that they had made the pilgrimage to Mecca . Peterson ( 1994 ) suggests that the Hajji of both his father and grandfather indicated that Zheng He may have had Mongol - Arab ancestry and that he could speak Arabic . In the autumn of 1381 , a Ming army invaded and conquered Yunnan , which was then ruled by the Mongol prince Basalawarmi , Prince of Liang . In 1381 , Ma Haji ( Zheng He 's father ) died in the fighting between the Ming armies and Mongol forces . Dreyer ( 2007 ) states that Zheng He 's father died at age 39 while resisting the Ming conquest . Levathes ( 1996 ) states Zheng He 's father died at age 37 , but it is unclear if he was helping the Mongol army or just caught in the onslaught of battle . Wenming , the oldest son , buried their father outside of Kunming . In his capacity as Admiral , Zheng He had an epitaph engraved in honor of his father , composed by the Minister of Rites Li Zhigang on the Duanwu Festival of the 3rd year in the Yongle era ( 1 June 1405 ) . Capture , castration and service ( edit ) Ma He was captured by the Ming armies at Yunnan in 1381 . General Fu Youde saw Ma He on a road and approached him in order to inquire about the location of the Mongol pretender . Ma He responded defiantly by saying that the Mongol pretender had jumped into a lake . Afterwards , the general took him prisoner . He was castrated before he , at age 10 , was placed in servitude of the Prince of Yan , but another source indicates that the castration occurred in 1385 . Ma was sent to serve in the household of Zhu Di , the Prince of Yan , who later became the Yongle Emperor . Zhu Di was eleven years older than Ma . Since 1380 , the prince had been governing Beiping ( later Beijing ) , which was located near the northern frontier where the hostile Mongol tribes were situated . Ma would spend his early life as a soldier on the northern frontier . He often participated in Zhu Di 's military campaigns against the Mongols . On 2 March 1390 , Ma accompanied the Prince when he commanded his first expedition , which was a great victory as the Mongol commander Naghachu surrendered as soon as he realized he had fallen for a deception . Ma Hajji , a Yuan Dynasty official in Yunnan ( a descendant of Sayyid Ajjal Shams al - Din Omar ) , and his young son Ma He , future admiral Zheng He , as imagined by a modern Kunyang sculptor . Eventually , he would gain the confidence and trust of the prince . Ma was also known as `` sān bǎo '' during the time of service in the household of the Prince of Yan . This name was a reference to the Three Jewels ( 三寶 , triratna ) in Buddhism . There is also document saying his name could be 三保 ( lit . `` Three Protections '' , also pronounced sān bǎo ) . Ma received a proper education while at Beiping , which he would not have had if he had been placed in the imperial capital Nanjing , as the Hongwu Emperor did not trust eunuchs and believed that it was better to keep them illiterate . Meanwhile , the Hongwu Emperor purged and exterminated many of the original Ming leadership and gave his enfeoffed sons more military authority , especially those in the north like the Prince of Yan . Adulthood and military career ( edit ) Ma He 's appearance as an adult was recorded : he was seven chi . tall , had a waist that was five chi in circumference , cheeks and a forehead that was high , a small nose , glaring eyes , teeth that were white and well - shaped as shells , and a voice that was as loud as a bell . It is also recorded that he had great knowledge about warfare and was well - accustomed to battle . The young eunuch eventually became a trusted adviser to the prince and assisted him when the Jianwen Emperor 's hostility to his uncle 's feudal bases prompted the 1399 -- 1402 Jingnan Campaign which ended with the emperor 's apparent death and the ascension of the Zhu Di , Prince of Yan , as the Yongle Emperor . In 1393 , the Crown Prince had died , thus the deceased prince 's son became the new heir apparent . By the time the emperor died ( 24 June 1398 ) , the Prince of Qin and the Prince of Jin had perished , which left Zhu Di , the Prince of Yan , as the eldest surviving son of the emperor . However , Zhu Di 's nephew succeeded the imperial throne as the Jianwen Emperor . In 1398 , he issued a policy known as xuēfān , or `` reducing the feudatories '' , which entails eliminating all the princes by stripping their power and military forces . In August 1399 , Zhu Di openly rebelled against his nephew . In 1399 , Ma He successfully defended Beiping 's city reservoir Zhenglunba against the imperial armies . In January 1402 , Zhu Di began with his military campaign to capture the imperial capital Nanjing . Zheng He would be one of his commanders during this campaign . In 1402 , Zhu Di 's armies defeated the imperial forces and marched into Nanjing on 13 July 1402 . Zhu Di accepted the elevation to emperor four days later . After ascending the throne as the Yongle Emperor , Zhu Di promoted Ma He as the Grand Director ( 太監 , tài jiàn ) of the Directorate of Palace Servants . During the New Year 's day on 11 February 1404 , the Yongle Emperor conferred the surname `` Zheng '' to Ma He , because he had distinguished himself defending the city reservoir Zhenglunba against imperial forces in the Siege of Beiping of 1399 , Another reason was that the eunuch commander also distinguished himself during the 1402 campaign to capture the capital Nanjing . It is believed that his choice to confer the surname `` Zheng '' was because the eunuch 's horse had been killed during the battle at Zhenglunba near Beiping at the onset of his rebellion . In the new administration , Zheng He served in the highest posts , as Grand Director and later as Chief Envoy ( 正使 , zhèngshǐ ) during his sea voyages . Over the next three decades he conducted seven of these voyages on behalf of the emperor , trading and collecting tribute in the eastern Pacific and Indian Oceans . In 1424 , Admiral Zheng He traveled to Palembang to confer an official seal and letter of appointment upon Shi Jisun , who was placed in the office of Pacification Commissioner . The Taizong Shilu 27 February 1424 entry reports that Shi Jisun had sent Qiu Yancheng as envoy to petition the approval of the succession from his father Shi Jinqing , who was the Pacification Commissioner of Palembang , and was given permission from the Yongle Emperor . On 7 September 1424 , Zhu Gaozhi had inherited the throne as the Hongxi Emperor after the death of the Yongle Emperor on 12 August 1424 . When Zheng He returned from Palembang , he found that the Yongle Emperor had died during his absence . After the ascension of Zhu Di 's son as the Hongxi Emperor , the ocean voyages were discontinued and Zheng He was instead appointed as Defender of Nanjing , the empire 's southern capital . In that post , he was largely responsible for the completion of the Porcelain Tower of Nanjing , an enormous pagoda still described as a wonder of the world as late as the 19th century . On 15 May 1426 , the Xuande Emperor ordered the Directorate of Ceremonial to send a letter to Zheng He to reprimand him for a transgression . Earlier , an official petitioned the emperor to reward workmen who had built temples in Nanjing . The Xuande Emperor responded negatively to the official for placing the costs to the court instead of the monks themselves , but he realized that Zheng He and his associates had instigated the official . Dreyer ( 2007 ) noted that the nature of the emperor 's words indicated that Zheng He 's behaviour in this situation was the last straw , but that there 's too little information about what had transpired beforehand . Nevertheless , the Xuande Emperor would eventually come to trust Zheng He . In 1430 , the new Xuande Emperor appointed Zheng He to command over a seventh and final expedition into the `` Western Ocean '' ( Indian Ocean ) . In 1431 , Zheng He was bestowed with the title `` Sānbǎo Tài Jiàn '' ( 三寶太監 ) , using his informal name Sanbao ( `` Three Treasures '' ) together with the title of Grand Director . Death ( edit ) One theory is that Admiral Zheng He died in 1433 . It may have happened during or shortly after the seventh voyage . Another belief is that Zheng He continued to serve as the defender of Nanjing , dying in 1435 . A tomb was built for Zheng He at the southern slope of Cattle Head Hill , Nanjing . The original tomb was a horseshoe - shaped grave . It is a cenotaph believed to contain his clothes and headgear . In 1985 , the tomb was rebuilt following a Muslim style . He adopted the eldest son of his elder brother , who was awarded a hereditary officer rank in the imperial guard . Expeditions ( edit ) Main article : Ming treasure voyages The Yuan dynasty and expanding Sino - Arab trade during the 14th century had gradually expanded Chinese knowledge of the world : `` universal '' maps previously only displaying China and its surrounding seas began to expand further and further into the southwest with much more accurate depictions of the extent of Arabia and Africa . Between 1405 and 1433 , the Ming government sponsored seven naval expeditions . The Yongle Emperor -- disregarding the Hongwu Emperor 's expressed wishes -- designed them to establish a Chinese presence and impose imperial control over the Indian Ocean trade , impress foreign peoples in the Indian Ocean basin , and extend the empire 's tributary system . It has also been inferred from passages in the History of Ming that the initial voyages were launched as part of the emperor 's attempt to capture his escaped predecessor , which would have made the first voyage the `` largest - scale manhunt on water in the history of China '' . Zheng He was placed as the admiral in control of the huge fleet and armed forces that undertook these expeditions . Wang Jinghong was appointed his second in command . Preparations were thorough and wide - ranging , including the use of such numerous linguists that a foreign language institute was established at Nanjing . Zheng He 's first voyage departed 11 July 1405 , from Suzhou and consisted of a fleet of 317 ships holding almost 28,000 crewmen . Early 17th - century Chinese woodblock print , thought to represent Zheng He 's ships . Zheng He 's fleets visited Brunei , Java , Thailand and Southeast Asia , India , the Horn of Africa , and Arabia , dispensing and receiving goods along the way . Zheng He presented gifts of gold , silver , porcelain , and silk ; in return , China received such novelties as ostriches , zebras , camels , and ivory from the Swahili . The giraffe he brought back from Malindi was considered to be a qilin and taken as proof of the favor of heaven upon the administration . While Zheng He 's fleet was unprecedented , the routes were not . Zheng He 's fleet was following long - established , well - mapped routes of trade between China and the Arabian peninsula employed since at least the Han dynasty . This fact , along with the use of a more than abundant number of crew members that were regular military personnel , leads some to speculate that these expeditions may have been geared at least partially at spreading China 's power through expansion . During the Three Kingdoms Period , the king of Wu sent a twenty year long diplomatic mission led by Zhu Ying and Kang Tai along the coast of Asia , which reached as far as the Eastern Roman Empire . After centuries of disruption , the Song dynasty restored large - scale maritime trade from China in the South Pacific and Indian Oceans , reaching as far as the Arabian peninsula and East Africa . When his fleet first arrived in Malacca , there was already a sizable Chinese community . The General Survey of the Ocean Shores ( 瀛涯勝覽 , Yíngyá Shènglǎn ) composed by the translator Ma Huan in 1416 gave very detailed accounts of his observations of people 's customs and lives in the ports they visited . He referred to the expatriate Chinese as `` Tang '' people ( 唐人 , Tángrén ) . The Kangnido map ( 1402 ) predates Zheng 's voyages and suggests that he had quite detailed geographical information on much of the Old World . Detail of the Fra Mauro map relating the travels of a junk into the Atlantic Ocean in 1420 . The ship also is illustrated above the text . Zheng He generally sought to attain his goals through diplomacy , and his large army awed most would - be enemies into submission . But a contemporary reported that Zheng He `` walked like a tiger '' and did not shrink from violence when he considered it necessary to impress foreign peoples with China 's military might . He ruthlessly suppressed pirates who had long plagued Chinese and southeast Asian waters . For example , he defeated Chen Zuyi , one of the most feared and respected pirate captains , and returned him back to China for execution . He also waged a land war against the Kingdom of Kotte on Ceylon , and he made displays of military force when local officials threatened his fleet in Arabia and East Africa . From his fourth voyage , he brought envoys from thirty states who traveled to China and paid their respects at the Ming court . In 1424 , the Yongle Emperor died . His successor , the Hongxi Emperor ( r . 1424 -- 1425 ) , stopped the voyages during his short reign . Zheng He made one more voyage during the reign of Hongxi 's son , the Xuande Emperor ( r . 1426 -- 1435 ) but , after that , the voyages of the Chinese treasure ship fleets were ended . Xuande believed his father 's decision to halt the voyages had been meritorious and thus `` there would be no need to make a detailed description of his grandfather 's sending Zheng He to the Western Ocean . '' The voyages `` were contrary to the rules stipulated in the Huang Ming Zuxun '' ( 皇明祖訓 ) , the dynastic foundation documents laid down by the Hongwu Emperor : Some far - off countries pay their tribute to me at much expense and through great difficulties , all of which are by no means my own wish . Messages should be forwarded to them to reduce their tribute so as to avoid high and unnecessary expenses on both sides . They further violated longstanding Confucian principles . They were only made possible by ( and therefore continued to represent ) a triumph of the Ming 's eunuch faction over the administration 's scholar - bureaucrats . Upon Zheng He 's death and his faction 's fall from power , his successors sought to minimize him in official accounts , along with continuing attempts to destroy all records related to the Jianwen Emperor or the manhunt to find him . Although unmentioned in the official dynastic histories , Zheng He probably died during the treasure fleet 's last voyage . Although he has a tomb in China , it is empty : he was buried at sea . Order Time Regions along the way 1st voyage 1405 -- 1407 Champa , Java , Palembang , Malacca , Aru , Samudera , Lambri , Ceylon , Qulion ( Kollam ) , Kollam , Cochin , Calicut 2nd voyage 1407 -- 1409 Champa , Java , Siam , Cochin , Ceylon , Calicut 3rd voyage 1409 -- 1411 Champa , Java , Malacca , Semudera , Ceylon , Quilon , Cochin , Calicut , Siam , Lambri , Kayal , Coimbatore , Puttanpur 4th voyage 1413 -- 1415 Champa , Kelantan , Pahang , Java , Palembang , Malacca , Semudera , Lambri , Ceylon , Cochin , Calicut , Kayal , Hormuz , Maldives , Mogadishu , Baraawe , Malindi , Aden , Muscat , Dhofar 5th voyage 1417 -- 1419 Ryukyu , Champa , Pahang , Java , Malacca , Samudera , Lambri , Bengal , Ceylon , Sharwayn , Cochin , Calicut , Hormuz , Maldives , Aden , Mogadishu , Baraawe , the Lamu Islands , and Malindi . 6th voyage 1421 -- 1422 Champa , Bengal , Ceylon , Calicut , Cochin , Maldives , Hormuz , Djofar , Aden , Mogadishu , Baraawe 7th voyage 1430 -- 1433 Champa , Java , Palembang , Malacca , Semudera , Andaman and Nicobar Islands , Bengal , Ceylon , Calicut , Hormuz , Aden , Ganbali ( possibly Coimbatore ) , Bengal , Laccadive and Maldive Islands , Djofar , Lasa , Aden , Mecca , Mogadishu , Baraawe Zheng He led seven expeditions to the `` Western '' or Indian Ocean . Zheng He brought back to China many trophies and envoys from more than thirty kingdoms -- including King Vira Alakeshwara of Ceylon , who came to China as a captive to apologize to the Emperor for offenses against his mission . Zheng himself wrote of his travels : We have traversed more than 100,000 li of immense water spaces and have beheld in the ocean huge waves like mountains rising in the sky , and we have set eyes on barbarian regions far away hidden in a blue transparency of light vapors , while our sails , loftily unfurled like clouds day and night , continued their course ( as rapidly ) as a star , traversing those savage waves as if we were treading a public thoroughfare ... Sailing charts ( edit ) See also : Chinese geography and Mao Kun map One of a set of maps of Zheng He 's missions ( 郑和航海图 ) , also known as the Mao Kun map , 1628 A section of the Wubei Zhi oriented east : India in the upper left , Sri Lanka upper right , and Africa along the bottom . Zheng He 's sailing charts , the Mao Kun map , were published in a book entitled the Wubei Zhi ( A Treatise on Armament Technology ) written in 1621 and published in 1628 but traced back to Zheng He 's and earlier voyages . It was originally a strip map 20.5 cm by 560 cm that could be rolled up , but was divided into 40 pages which vary in scale from 7 miles / inch in the Nanjing area to 215 miles / inch in parts of the African coast . Investigation into folios 19V to 20R of the Mao Kun Map which covers the Indian Ocean including the South India , Sri Lanka , the Maldives , and East Africa suggests that it is a composite of four maps , one for Sri Lanka , one for South India one for the Maldives and one for around 400 km of the East African coast , no further south than 6 degrees south of the Equator . Each of these maps is positioned at a different orientation to fit with the ocean currents and winds required of a sailing chart , rather than a formal map . The analysis also suggests that Arabic - speaking pilots with a detailed knowledge of the African coast were involved in the cartography . There is little attempt to provide an accurate 2 - D representation ; instead the sailing instructions are given using a 24 - point compass system with a Chinese symbol for each point , together with a sailing time or distance , which takes account of the local currents and winds . Sometimes depth soundings are also provided . It also shows bays , estuaries , capes and islands , ports and mountains along the coast , important landmarks such as pagodas and temples , and shoal rocks . Of 300 named places outside China , more than 80 % can be confidently located . There are also fifty observations of stellar altitude . Size of the ships ( edit ) Traditional and popular accounts of Zheng He 's voyages have described a great fleet of gigantic ships , far larger than any other wooden ships in history . Chinese records state that Zheng He 's fleet sailed as far as East Africa . According to medieval Chinese sources , Zheng He commanded seven expeditions . The 1405 expedition consisted of 27,800 men and a fleet of 62 treasure ships supported by approximately 190 smaller ships . The fleet included : `` Chinese treasure ships '' ( 宝船 , Bǎo Chuán ) , used by the commander of the fleet and his deputies ( nine - masted , about 127 metres ( 417 feet ) long and 52 metres ( 171 feet ) wide ) , according to later writers . Equine ships ( 馬船 , Mǎ Chuán ) , carrying horses and tribute goods and repair material for the fleet ( eight - masted , about 103 m ( 338 ft ) long and 42 m ( 138 ft ) wide ) . Supply ships ( 粮船 , Liáng Chuán ) , containing staple for the crew ( seven - masted , about 78 m ( 256 ft ) long and 35 m ( 115 ft ) wide ) . Troop transports ( 兵船 , Bīng Chuán ) , six - masted , about 67 m ( 220 ft ) long and 25 m ( 82 ft ) wide . Fuchuan warships ( 福船 , Fú Chuán ) , five - masted , about 50 m ( 160 ft ) long . Patrol boats ( 坐船 , Zuò Chuán ) , eight - oared , about 37 m ( 121 ft ) long . Water tankers ( 水船 , Shuǐ Chuán ) , with 1 month 's supply of fresh water . Six more expeditions took place , from 1407 to 1433 , with fleets of comparable size . If the accounts can be taken as factual Zheng He 's treasure ships were mammoth ships with nine masts , four decks , and were capable of accommodating more than 500 passengers , as well as a massive amount of cargo . Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta both described multi-masted ships carrying 500 to 1,000 passengers in their translated accounts . Niccolò Da Conti , a contemporary of Zheng He , was also an eyewitness of ships in Southeast Asia , claiming to have seen 5 masted junks weighing about 2,000 tons . There are even some sources that claim some of the treasure ships might have been as long as 600 feet . On the ships were navigators , explorers , sailors , doctors , workers , and soldiers along with the translator and diarist Gong Zhen . The largest ships in the fleet , the Chinese treasure ships described in Chinese chronicles , would have been several times larger than any other wooden ship ever recorded in history , surpassing l'Orient , 65 metres ( 213.3 ft ) long , which was built in the late 18th century . The first ships to attain 126 m ( 413.4 ft ) long were 19th century steamers with iron hulls . Some scholars argue that it is highly unlikely that Zheng He 's ship was 450 feet ( 137.2 m ) in length , some estimating that they were 390 -- 408 feet ( 118.9 -- 124.4 m ) long and 160 -- 166 feet ( 48.8 -- 50.6 m ) wide instead while others put them as small as 200 -- 250 feet ( 61.0 -- 76.2 m ) in length , which would make them smaller than the equine , supply , and troop ships in the fleet . One explanation for the seemingly inefficient size of these colossal ships was that the largest 44 Zhang treasure ships were merely used by the Emperor and imperial bureaucrats to travel along the Yangtze for court business , including reviewing Zheng He 's expedition fleet . The Yangtze river , with its calmer waters , may have been navigable by these treasure ships . Zheng He , a court eunuch , would not have had the privilege in rank to command the largest of these ships , seaworthy or not . The main ships of Zheng He 's fleet were instead 6 masted 2000 - liao ships . Legacy ( edit ) Imperial China ( edit ) The pet giraffe of the Sultan of Bengal , brought from the Somali Ajuran Empire , and later taken to China in the thirteenth year of Yongle ( 1415 ) . In the decades after the last voyage , Imperial officials minimized the importance of Zheng He and his expeditions throughout the many regnal and dynastic histories they compiled . The information in the Yongle and Xuande Emperors ' official annals was incomplete and even erroneous ; other official publications omitted them completely . Although some have seen this as a conspiracy seeking to eliminate memories of the voyages , it is likely that the records were dispersed throughout several departments and the expeditions -- unauthorized by ( and in fact , counter to ) the injunctions of the dynastic founder -- presented a kind of embarrassment to the dynasty . State - sponsored Ming naval efforts declined dramatically after Zheng 's voyages . Starting in the early 15th century , China experienced increasing pressure from the surviving Yuan Mongols from the north . The relocation of the capital north to Beijing exacerbated this threat dramatically . At considerable expense , China launched annual military expeditions from Beijing to weaken the Mongolians . The expenditures necessary for these land campaigns directly competed with the funds necessary to continue naval expeditions . Further , in 1449 , Mongolian cavalry ambushed a land expedition personally led by the Zhengtong Emperor at Tumu Fortress , less than a day 's march from the walls of the capital . The Mongolians wiped out the Chinese army and captured the emperor . This battle had two salient effects . First , it demonstrated the clear threat posed by the northern nomads . Second , the Mongols caused a political crisis in China when they released the emperor after his half - brother had already ascended and declared the new Jingtai era . Not until 1457 and the restoration of the former emperor did political stability return . Upon his return to power , China abandoned the strategy of annual land expeditions and instead embarked upon a massive and expensive expansion of the Great Wall of China . In this environment , funding for naval expeditions simply did not happen . However , missions from Southeast Asia continued to arrive for decades . Depending on local conditions , they could reach such frequency that the court found it necessary to restrict them : the History of Ming records imperial edicts forbidding Java , Champa , and Siam from sending their envoys more often than once every three years . Southeast Asia ( edit ) Veneration of Zheng He ( edit ) The Cakra Donya Bell , a gift from Zheng He to Pasai , now located at the Museum Aceh in Banda Aceh . Among the Chinese diaspora in Southeast Asia , Zheng He became a figure of folk veneration . Even some of his crew members who happened to stay in this or that port sometimes did as well , such as `` Poontaokong '' on Sulu . The temples of this cult -- called after either of his names , Cheng Hoon or Sam Po -- are peculiar to overseas Chinese except for a single temple in Hongjian originally constructed by a returned Filipino Chinese in the Ming dynasty and rebuilt by another Filipino Chinese after the original was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution . ( The same village of Hongjian , in Fujian 's Jiaomei township , is also the ancestral home of Corazon Aquino . ) Malacca ( edit ) The Sam Po Kong Temple in Malacca . The oldest and most important Chinese temple in Malacca is the 17th - century Cheng Hoon Teng , dedicated to Guanyin . During Dutch colonial rule , the head of the Cheng Hoon Temple was appointed chief over the community 's Chinese inhabitants . Following Zheng He 's arrival , the sultan and sultana of Malacca visited China at the head of over 540 of their subjects , bearing ample tribute . Sultan Mansur Shah ( r . 1459 -- 1477 ) later dispatched Tun Perpatih Putih as his envoy to China , carrying a letter from the sultan to the Ming emperor . The letter requested the hand of an imperial daughter in marriage . Malay ( but not Chinese ) annals record that , in the year 1459 , a princess named Hang Li Po or Hang Liu was sent from China to marry the sultan . The princess came with 500 high - ranking young men and a few hundred handmaidens as her entourage . They eventually settled in Bukit Cina . It is believed that a significant number of them married into the local populace , creating the descendants now known as the Peranakan . Owing to this supposed lineage , the Peranakan still use special honorifics : Baba for the men and Nyonya for the women . Indonesia ( edit ) Stamp from Indonesia commemorating Zheng He 's voyages to secure the maritime routes , usher urbanization and assist in creating a common prosperity throughout continents and cultures . The Zheng Hoo Mosque in Surabaya . Indonesian Chinese have established temples to Zheng He in Jakarta , Cirebon , Surabaya , and Semarang . In 1961 , the Indonesian Islamic leader and scholar Hamka credited Zheng He with an important role in the development of Islam in Indonesia . The Brunei Times credits Zheng He with building Chinese Muslim communities in Palembang and along the shores of Java , the Malay Peninsula , and the Philippines . These Muslims allegedly followed the Hanafi school in the Chinese language . This Chinese Muslim community was led by Hajji Yan Ying Yu , who urged his followers to assimilate and take local names . The Chinese trader Sun Long even supposedly adopted the son of the king of Majapahit and his Chinese wife , a son who went on to become Raden Patah . Amid this assimilation ( and loss of contact with China itself ) , the Hanafi Islam became absorbed by the local Shafi'i school and the presence of distinctly ethnic Chinese Muslims dwindled to almost nothing . The Malay Annals also record a number of Hanafi mosques -- in Semarang and Ancol , for instance -- were converted directly into temples of the Zheng He cult during the 1460s and ' 70s . The Sam Poo Kong temple in Semarang was built to commemorate Zheng He 's voyage to Java . Modern scholarship ( edit ) In the 1950s , historians such as John Fairbank and Joseph Needham popularized the idea that after Zheng He 's voyages China turned away from the seas due to the Haijin edict and was isolated from European technological advancements . Modern historians point out that Chinese maritime commerce did not totally stop after Zheng He , that Chinese ships continued to participate in Southeast Asian commerce until the 19th century , and that active Chinese trading with India and East Africa continued long after the time of Zheng . Moreover , revisionist historians such as Jack Goldstone argue that the Zheng He voyages ended for practical reasons that did not reflect the technological level of China . Although the Ming dynasty did ban shipping with the Haijin edict , this was a policy of the Hongwu Emperor that long preceded Zheng He and the ban -- so obviously disregarded by the Yongle Emperor -- was eventually lifted entirely . However , the ban on maritime shipping did force countless numbers of people into smuggling and piracy . Neglect of the imperial navy and Nanjing dockyards after Zheng He 's voyages left the coast highly vulnerable to Japanese Wokou during the 16th century . Richard von Glahn , a UCLA professor of Chinese history , commented that most treatments of Zheng He present him wrongly : they `` offer counterfactual arguments '' and `` emphasize China 's missed opportunity . '' This `` narrative emphasizes the failure '' instead of the accomplishments , despite his assertion that `` Zheng He reshaped Asia . '' Glahn argues that maritime history in the 15th century was essentially the Zheng He story and the effects of his voyages . Cultural influence ( edit ) Despite the official neglect , the adventures of the fleet captured the imagination of some Chinese and novelizations of the voyages occurred , such as the Romance of the Three - Jeweled Eunuch in 1597 . On his travels , Zheng He built mosques while also spreading the worship of Mazu . He apparently never found time for a pilgrimage to Mecca but did send sailors there on his last voyage . He played an important part in developing relations between China and Islamic countries . Zheng He also visited Muslim shrines of Islamic holy men in the Fujian . In modern times , interest in Zheng He revived substantially . In Vernor Vinge 's 1999 science - fiction novel A Deepness in the Sky , an interstellar society of commercial traders in human space are named the Qeng Ho after the admiral . The expeditions featured prominently in Heather Terrell 's 2005 novel The Map Thief . For the 600th anniversary of Zheng He 's voyages in 2005 , the China 's CCTV produced a special television series Zheng He Xia Xiyang , starring Gallen Lo as Zheng He . He is also mentioned in part of the main storyline of the first - person shooter game Far Cry 3 . Relics ( edit ) Nanjing Temple of Mazu Zheng He built the Tianfei Palace ( 天妃宫 , Tiānfēigōng , lit . `` Palace of the Celestial Wife '' ) , a temple in honor of the goddess Mazu , in Nanjing after the fleet returned from its first western voyage in 1407 . Taicang Stele The `` Deed of Foreign Connection and Exchange '' ( 通番事跡 ) or `` Tongfan Deed Stele '' is located in the Tianfei Palace in Liuhe , Taicang , whence the expeditions first departed . The stele was submerged and lost , but has been rebuilt . Nanshan Stele In order to thank the Celestial Wife for her blessings , Zheng He and his colleagues rebuilt the Tianfei Palace in Nanshan , Changle county , in Fujian province as well prior to departing on their last voyage . At the renovated temple , they raised a stele entitled `` A Record of Tianfei Showing Her Presence and Power '' ( 天妃靈應之記 , Tiānfēi Líng Yīng zhī Jì ) , discussing their earlier voyages . Sri Lankan Stele The Galle Trilingual Inscription in Sri Lanka was discovered in the city of Galle in 1911 and is preserved at the National Museum of Colombo . The three languages used in the inscription were Chinese , Tamil and Persian . The inscription praises Buddha and describes the fleet 's donations to the famous Tenavarai Nayanar temple of Tondeswaram frequented by both Hindus and Buddhists . Tomb and Museum Zheng He 's tomb in Nanjing has been repaired and a small museum built next to it , although his body was buried at sea off the Malabar Coast near Calicut in western India . However , his sword and other personal possessions were interred in a Muslim tomb inscribed in Arabic . The tomb of Zheng He 's assistant Hong Bao was recently unearthed in Nanjing , as well . Commemoration ( edit ) In the People 's Republic of China , 11 July is Maritime Day ( 中国航海日 , Zhōngguó Hánghǎi Rì ) and is devoted to the memory of Zheng He 's first voyage . Initially Kunming Changshui International Airport was to be named Zheng He International Airport . In 2015 Emotion Media Factory dedicated a special multimedia show `` Zheng He is coming '' for amusement park Romon U-Park ( Ningbo , China ) . The show became a finalist of the amusement industry prestigious Brass Rings Awards by IAAPA . Gallery ( edit ) Zheng He 's tomb in Nanjing Museum to honor Zheng He , Nanjing Gallery of Admiral Cheng Ho in Malacca Zheng He statue in the Quanzhou Maritime Museum See also ( edit ) China portal Nautical portal Geography portal History portal Biography portal Ming dynasty Ming Shi - lu Galle Trilingual Inscription Chinese exploration Romon U-Park Hui Ma Huan Fei Xin CMA CGM Zheng He Chang Yuchun Hong Bao Zhou Man Zhu Di Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A chi is thought to vary between 10.5 to 12 inches ( Dreyer 2007 , 19 ) . Jump up ^ The Taizong Shilu 27 February 1424 entry reports that Zheng He was sent to deliver the seal , because the old seal was destroyed in a fire . The Xuanzong Shilu 17 September 1425 entry reports that Zhang Funama delivered a seal , because the old seal was destroyed in a fire . The later Mingshi compilers seem to have combined these accounts , remarking that Shi Jisun 's succession was approved in 1424 and that a new seal was delivered in 1425 , suggesting that only one seal was destroyed by fire . ( Dreyer 2007 , 96 ) Jump up ^ Unnamed official who served as a Department Director under the Ministry of Works , who earlier had departed for Nanjing to supervise the renovation of government buildings and to reward the skilled workers ( Dreyer 2007 , 141 ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dreyer 2007 , 11 . Jump up ^ Hoon , H.S ( 2012 ) . Zheng He 's art of collaboration : Understanding the legendary Chinese admiral from a management perspective . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies . pp. 32 , 155 . ^ Jump up to : Dreyer 2007 , 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Pollard , Elizabeth ( 2015 ) . Worlds Together Worlds Apart . New York : W.W. Norton & Co. p. 409 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 91847 - 2 . Jump up ^ Liang Qichao . `` Zuguo Da Hanghaijia Zheng He Zhuan '' . 1904 . ( in Chinese ) ^ Jump up to : Hui Chun Hing . `` Huangming Zuxun and Zheng He 's Voyages to the Western Oceans '' . Journal of Chinese Studies , No. 51 ( July 2010 ) . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mills 1970 , 5 . ^ Jump up to : Ray 1987 , 66 . ^ Jump up to : Dreyer 2007 , 148 . Jump up ^ Levathes 1996 , 61 . ^ Jump up to : Levathes 1996 , 62 . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of China : The Essential Reference to China , Its History and Culture , p. 621 . ( 2000 ) Dorothy Perkins . Roundtable Press , New York . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 2693 - 9 ( hc ) ; ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4374 - 4 ( pbk ) . Jump up ^ Dreyer 2007 , 148 & 150 . `` The inscriptions ( ... ) devotion to Tianfei , the goddess of seafarers , had become the dominant strand in his eclectic religious heritage . '' Jump up ^ Guy , John . `` Quanzhou : Cosmopolitan City of Faiths '' . The World of Khubilai Khan : Chinese Art in the Yuan Dynasty . Yale University Press . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16656 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tsai , Shih - Shan Henry ( 2002 ) . Perpetual Happiness : The Ming Emperor Yongle . University of Washington Press . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98124 - 6 . ( restricted online copy , p. 38 , at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Fu , Chunjiang ; Foo , Choo Yen ; Siew , Yaw Hoong ( 2005 ) . The great explorer Cheng Ho . Ambassador of peace . Asiapac Books Pte Ltd . pp. 7 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 229 - 410 - 4 . ( restricted online copy , p. 8 , at Google Books ) ^ Jump up to : Levathes 1996 , 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Barbara Bennett ( 1994 ) . `` The Ming Voyages of Cheng Ho ( Zheng He ) , 1371 -- 1433 '' . The Great Circle . Australian Association for Maritime History . 16 ( 1 ) : 43 . JSTOR 41562881 . His original family name was Ma , but the first name `` Hajji '' of both his father and grandfather indicate the possibility of Mongol - Arab ancestry , early Islamic faith , and the possibility that he knew Arabic and held an understanding of the Islamic regions which lay further West . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Dreyer 2007 , 12 Jump up ^ Levathes 1996 , 62 -- 63 . ^ Jump up to : Levathes 1996 , 58 . Jump up ^ Dreyer 2007 , 12 & 16 . ^ Jump up to : Dreyer 2007 , 18 . Jump up ^ Dreyer 2007 , 16 . Jump up ^ Levathes 1996 , 64 . Jump up ^ Levathes 1996 , 64 -- 66 . ^ Jump up to : Levathes 1996 , 63 . Jump up ^ Dreyer 2007 , 12 . Jump up ^ Historical documents have both spelling . See e.g. Xiang Da ( 向达 ) , 《关于三宝太监下西洋的几种资料》 ( `` Regarding several kinds of historical materials on the expeditions of Eunuch Grand Director Sanbao to the Western Ocean '' ) , in 《郑和研究百年论文选》 ( 100 Years of Zheng He Studies : Selected Writings , ISBN 7 - 301 - 07154 - X , p. 10 ) . ^ Jump up to : Dreyer 2007 , 19 . Jump up ^ Dreyer 2007 , 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Dreyer 2007 , 20 Jump up ^ Levathes 1996 , 67 . Jump up ^ Dreyer 2007 , 21 . Jump up ^ Levathes 1996 , 72 -- 73 . ^ Jump up to : Levathes 1996 , 70 . ^ Jump up to : Dreyer 2007 , 21 -- 22 . ^ Jump up to : Levathes 1997 , 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Levathes 1996 , 72 . Jump up ^ Levathes 1996 . 61 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Dreyer 2007 , 95 & 136 . Jump up ^ Dreyer 2007 , 95 . Jump up ^ Dreyer 2007 , 136 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Duyvendak 1938 , 388 . Jump up ^ Dreyer 2007 , 95 , 136 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Duyvendak 1938 , 387 . ^ Jump up to : Dreyer 2007 , 141 -- 142 . Jump up ^ Mills 1970 , 6 . Jump up ^ Mills 1970 , 7 . ^ Jump up to : Dreyer 2007 , 165 . Jump up ^ Mills 1970 , 6 . ^ Jump up to : Lin ( Chief Editor ) . Compiled by the Information Office of the People 's Government of Fujian Province , ed. ( 2005 ) . Zheng He 's Voyages Down the Western Seas . China Intercontinental Press . p. 45 . ^ Jump up to : Chang , Kuei - Sheng . `` The Maritime Scene in China at the Dawn of Great European Discoveries '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society , Vol. 94 , No. 3 ( July -- Sept. 1974 ) , pp. 347 -- 59 . Retrieved 8 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hui Chun Hing ( 2010 ) . `` Huangming zuxun and Zheng He 's Voyages to the Western Oceans ( A Summary ) '' . Journal of Chinese Studies . Institute of Chinese Studies . 51 : 85 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Deng 2005 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Shih - Shan Henry Tsai ( 2002 ) . Perpetual Happiness : The Ming Emperor Yongle . University of Washington Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98124 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Archaeological Researches into Zheng He 's Treasure Ships '' . Travel-silkroad.com . Archived from the original on 27 August 2008 . Retrieved 1 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Richard Gunde . `` Zheng He 's Voyages of Discovery '' . UCLA Asia Institute . Archived from the original on 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Tamura , Eileen H. ; Linda K. Mention ; Noren W. Lush ; Francis K.C. Tsui ; Warren Cohen ( 1997 ) . China : Understanding Its Past . University of Hawaii Press . p. 70 . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1923 - 3 . Jump up ^ East Africa and its Invaders p. 37 Jump up ^ Cromer , Alan ( 1995 ) . Uncommon Sense : The Heretical Nature of Science . Oxford University Press US . p. 117 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509636 - 3 . Jump up ^ Evan Hadingham is NOVA 's Senior Science Editor . ( 6 June 1999 ) . `` NOVA Ancient Chinese Explorers '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Duyvendak , J.J.L. ( 1939 ) , `` The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century '' , T'oung Pao , Second Series , 34 ( 5 ) : 402 , JSTOR 4527170 Jump up ^ Graffe , David A. `` Book Review of Zheng He : China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty , 1405 -- 1433 '' . Journal of Military History . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Deng , Gang ( 1997 ) . Chinese Maritime Activities and Socioeconomic Development , C. 2100 BC -- 1900 AD . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 12 . ISBN 9780313292125 . Jump up ^ Deng 2005 Jump up ^ Ma Huan . Ying - yai Sheng - lan : The Overall Survey of the Ocean 's Shores . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jerry H. ; Ziegler , Herbert ( 2007 ) . Traditions and Encounters : A Global Perspective on the Past . McGraw - Hill . p. 586 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 340693 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Shipping News : Zheng He 's Sexcentary '' . China Heritage Newsletter . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Sien , Chia Lin ; Church , Sally K. ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 12 , Clifford J Pereira '' . Zheng He and the Afro - Asian World . Perbadanan Muzium Melaka . p. 265 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 11386 - 0 - 1 . Jump up ^ Yen Ch'ung - chien . Ch'u - yü chou - chih lu , Vol . III , ch. 8 , 25 . National Palace Museum ( Peiping ) , 1930 . Op . cit. in Chang , 1974 . Jump up ^ `` The Seventh and Final Grand Voyage of the Treasure Fleet '' . Mariner.org . Archived from the original on 20 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Chan 1998 , 233 -- 236 . Jump up ^ Sien , Chia Lin ; Church , Sally K. ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 12 , by Clifford J Pereira '' . Zheng He and the Afro - Asian World . Perbadanan Muzium Melaka . pp. 265 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 11386 - 0 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sien , Chia Lin ; Church , Sally K. ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 12 by Clifford J Pereira '' . Zheng He and the Afro - Asian World . Perbadanan Muzium Melaka . p. 272 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 11386 - 0 - 1 . Jump up ^ The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China By Joseph Needham , Colin A. Ronan . Google Books . Jump up ^ Sien , Chia Lin ; Church , Sally K. ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 12 by Clifford J Pereira '' . Zheng He and the Afro - Asian World . Perbadanan Muzium Melaka . pp. 267 -- 69 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 11386 - 0 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sien , Chia Lin ; Church , Sally K. ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 12 by Clifford J Pereira '' . Zheng He and the Afro - Asian World . Perbadanan Muzium Melaka . pp. 264 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 11386 - 0 - 1 . Jump up ^ Imam , Abu ; Ray , Haraprasad ( 2012 ) . `` Chinese Accounts '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Jump up ^ History of Sino - Bengal contacts ^ Jump up to : Dreyer 2007 , 150 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Tablet erected by Zheng He in Changle , Fujian , in 1432 . Louise Levathes . Jump up ^ Mei - Ling Hsu ( 1988 ) . Chinese Marine Cartography : Sea Charts of Pre-Modern China . 40 ( Imago Mundi ed . ) . pp. 96 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Mills , J.V. ( 1970 ) . Ma Huan Ying Yai Sheng Lan : The overall survey of the ocean shores . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Sien , Chia Lin ; Church , Sally K. ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 12 by Clifford J Pereira '' . Zheng He and the Afro - Asian World . Perbadanan Muzium Melaka . pp. 273 -- 77 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 11386 - 0 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dreyer ( 2007 ) : 82 -- 95 Jump up ^ Dreyer ( 2007 ) : 122 -- 24 Jump up ^ `` Briton charts Zheng He 's course across globe '' . Chinaculture.org . Archived from the original on 20 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Dreyer ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Science and Civilization in China , Joseph Needham , Volume 4 , Section 3 , pp. 460 -- 70 Jump up ^ Science and Civilization in China , Joseph Needham , Volume 4 , Section 3 , p. 452 Jump up ^ Taiwan : A New History , Murray A. Rubinstein , p. 49 , M.E. Sharp , 1999 , ISBN 1 - 56324 - 815 - 8 Jump up ^ Chinese discoverers dwarfed European travels , Tony Weaver , IOL , 11 November 2002 . Jump up ^ When China Ruled the Seas , Louise Levathes , p. 80 Jump up ^ Church , Sally K. ( 2005 ) . `` Zheng He : An investigation into the plausibility of 450 - ft treasure ships '' ( PDF ) . Monumenta Serica . LIII : 1 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Xin Yuanou : Guanyu Zheng He baochuan chidu de jishu fenxi ( A Technical Analysis of the Size of Zheng He 's Ships ) . Shanghai 2002 , p. 8 Jump up ^ The Archeological Researches into Zheng He 's Treasure Ships , SilkRoad webpage . Jump up ^ Wilson , Samuel M. `` The Emperor 's Giraffe '' , Natural History Vol. 101 , No. 12 , December 1992 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Rice , Xan ( 25 July 2010 ) . `` Chinese archaeologists ' African quest for sunken ship of Ming admiral '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Could a rusty coin re-write Chinese - African history ? '' . BBC News . 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zheng He 'S Voyages to the Western Oceans 郑和下西洋 '' . People.chinese.cn . Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Blacks in Pre-Modern China , pp. 121 -- 32 . ^ Jump up to : Tan Ta Sen & al. Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies , 2009 . ISBN 9812308377 , ISBN 9789812308375 . Jump up ^ Geoffery Wade lecture Nov , 2012 Jump up ^ Jin , Shaoqing ( 2005 ) . Office of the People 's Goverernment of Fujian Province , ed . Zheng He 's Voyages down the Western Seas . Fujian , China : China Intercontinental Press . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 7 - 5085 - 0708 - 8 . Retrieved 2 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Wang , Rosey Ma . `` Chinese Muslims in Malaysia , History and Development '' . Jump up ^ AQSHA , DARUL ( 13 July 2010 ) . `` Zheng He and Islam in Southeast Asia '' . The Brunei Times . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Li Tong Cai . Indonesia -- Legends and Facts . Op . Cit . `` Wali Songo : The Nine Walis '' . Jump up ^ Suryadinata Leo ( 2005 ) . Admiral Zheng He & Southeast Asia . Singapore Institute of Southeast Asian Studies . ISBN 981 - 230 - 329 - 4 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Goldstone , Jack . `` The Rise of the West -- or Not ? A Revision to Socio - economic History '' . Jump up ^ Yuan - Kang Wang ( 20 August 2013 ) . Harmony and War : Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics . Columbia University Press . p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 52240 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jakub J. Grygiel ( 20 December 2006 ) . Great Powers and Geopolitical Change . JHU Press . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8480 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Zheng He 's Voyages of Discovery -- UCLA center for Chinese Study '' . International.ucla.edu. 20 April 2004 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Tan Ta Sen ( 2009 ) . Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies . p. 171 . ISBN 978 - 9812308375 . Jump up ^ Gunn , Geoffrey C. ( 2011 ) . History Without Borders : The Making of an Asian World Region , 1000 -- 1800 . Hong Kong University Press . p. 117 . ISBN 978 - 9888083343 . Jump up ^ Fish , Robert J. `` Primary Source : Zheng He Inscription '' . Univ. of Minnesota . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Xinhua News Agency . `` A Peaceful Mariner and Diplomat '' . 12 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Association for Asian Studies . Dictionary of Ming Biography , 1368 -- 1644 , Vol . I. Columbia Univ . Press ( New York ) , 1976 . Jump up ^ http://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/china_sri_lanka_trade_and_diplomatic_relations_including_the_voyages_of_cheng_ho.pdf Jump up ^ Levathes , Louise ( 1996 ) . When China Ruled The Seas : The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne 1405 -- 1433 . New York : Oxford Univ . Press . p. 172 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511207 - 5 . Jump up ^ http://www.blooloop.com/news/emotion-media-factory-multimedia-romon-u-park/29189#.VjdwG3rhDIU Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ https://www.eap-magazin.de/48-News/4150,China%3A-Two-New-Multimedia-Shows-at-Romon-U-Park.html Bibliography ( edit ) Library resources about Zheng He Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Chan , Hok - lam ( 1998 ) . `` The Chien - wen , Yung - lo , Hung - hsi , and Hsüan - te reigns , 1399 -- 1435 '' . The Cambridge History of China , Volume 7 : The Ming Dynasty , 1368 -- 1644 , Part 1 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521243322 . Deng , Gang ( 2005 ) . Chinese Maritime Activities and Socioeconomic Development , c. 2100 BC -- 1900 AD . Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29212 - 4 . Sien , Chia Lin ; Church , Sally K. ( 2012 ) . `` 1 A Naval Architectural Analysis of the Plausibility of 450 - ft Treasure Ships by Sally K. Church , John C. Gebhardt & Terry H. Little '' . Zheng He and the Afro - Asian World . Melaka : Perbadanan Muzium . ISBN 978 - 967 - 11386 - 0 - 1 . Sien , Chia Lin ; Church , Sally K. ( 2012 ) . `` 2 A Nautical Perspective on Cheng Ho , Admiral of the Western Oceans Concerning the Ming Voyages by P.J. Rivers '' . Zheng He and the Afro - Asian World . Melaka : Perbadanan Muzium . ISBN 978 - 967 - 11386 - 0 - 1 . Sien , Chia Lin ; Church , Sally K. ( 2012 ) . `` 12 Zheng He and the African Horizon : An Investigative Study into the Chinese Geography of Early Fifteenth - Century Eastern Africa by Clifford J. Pereira '' . Zheng He and the Afro - Asian World . Melaka : Perbadanan Muzium . ISBN 978 - 967 - 11386 - 0 - 1 . Dreyer , Edward L. ( 2007 ) . Zheng He : China and the Oceans in the Early Ming , 1405 -- 1433 . Library of World Biography . Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 08443 - 8 . Duyvendak , J.J.L. ( 1938 ) . `` The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century '' . T'oung Pao. 34 ( 5 ) : 341 -- 413 . doi : 10.1163 / 156853238X00171 . JSTOR 4527170 . Levathes , Louise ( 1996 ) . When China Ruled the Seas : The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne , 1405 -- 1433 . Oxford University Press ISBN 0 - 19 - 511207 - 5 . Mills , J.V.G. ( 1970 ) . Ying - yai Sheng - lan , The Overall Survey of the Ocean 's Shores ( 1433 ) . translated from the Chinese text edited by Feng Ch'eng Chun with introduction , notes and appendices by J.V.G. Mills . White Lotus Press . ISBN 974 - 8496 - 78 - 3 . Ming - Yang , Dr Su. 2004 Seven Epic Voyages of Zheng He in Ming China ( 1405 -- 1433 ) Ray , Haraprasad ( 1987 ) . `` An Analysis of the Chinese Maritime Voyages into the Indian Ocean During Early Ming Dynasty and Their Raison d'Etre '' . China Report . 23 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 87 . doi : 10.1177 / 000944558702300107 . Viviano , Frank ( 2005 ) . `` China 's Great Armada . '' National Geographic , 208 ( 1 ) : 28 -- 53 , July . Shipping News : Zheng He 's Sexcentenary -- China Heritage Newsletter , June 2005 , ISSN 1833 - 8461 . Published by the China Heritage Project of The Australian National University . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zheng He . Zheng He -- The Chinese Muslim Admiral Zheng He 600th Anniversary BBC radio programme `` Swimming Dragons '' . TIME magazine special feature on Zheng He ( August 2001 ) Virtual exhibition from elibraryhub.com Ship imitates ancient vessel navigated by Zheng He at peopledaily.com ( 25 September 2006 ) Kahn , Joseph ( 2005 ) . `` China Has an Ancient Mariner to Tell You About '' . The New York Times . Newsletter , in Chinese , on academic research on the Zheng He voyages Geography and cartography in medieval Islam Geographers 9th century Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al - Khwārizmī Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī Ya'qubi Sulaiman al - Tajir 10th century Ibn Khordadbeh Ahmad ibn Rustah Ahmad ibn Fadlan Abu Zayd al - Balkhi Abū Muhammad al - Hasan al - Hamdānī Al - Masudi Istakhri Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad Ibn Hawqal Ibn al - Faqih Al - Muqaddasi Al - Ramhormuzi 11th century Abū Rayḥān al - Bīrūnī Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī Al - Bakri Mahmud al - Kashgari Domiyat 12th century Al - Zuhri Muhammad al - Idrisi Abu'l Abbas al - Hijazi 13th century Ibn Jubayr Saadi Shirazi Yaqut al - Hamawi Ibn Said al - Maghribi Ibn al - Nafis 14th century Al - Dimashqi Abu'l - Fida Ibn al - Wardi Hamdollah Mostowfi Ibn Battuta Lin Nu 15th century Abd - al - Razzāq Samarqandī Ghiyāth al - dīn Naqqāsh Ahmad ibn Mājid Zheng He Ma Huan Fei Xin 16th century Sulaiman Al Mahri Piri Reis Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi Amīn Rāzī 17th century Evliya Çelebi Works Book of Roads and Kingdoms ( al - Bakrī ) Book of Roads and Kingdoms ( ibn Khordadbeh ) Tabula Rogeriana Kitab al - Rawd al - Mitar Mu'jam Al - Buldan Rihla The Meadows of Gold Piri Reis map Influences Geography ( Ptolemy ) BNF : cb120817039 ( data ) GND : 119209365 ISNI : 0000 0001 1670 1918 LCCN : n81035680 NDL : 00625620 NKC : js20050815004 SELIBR : 327350 SNAC : w6090fnt SUDOC : 029126029 VIAF : 72199054 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&oldid=850558423 '' Categories : 1371 births 1433 deaths 14th - century Chinese people 15th - century Chinese people 15th - century explorers Burials at sea Chinese admirals Ming dynasty diplomats Chinese explorers Chinese Muslims Explorers of China Explorers of Asia Explorers of Africa History of Kerala Hui people Medieval Chinese geographers Medieval Islamic travel writers Ming dynasty eunuchs Naval history of China People from Kunming Scientists from Yunnan Treasure voyages Ming Chengzu 15th - century diplomats Hidden categories : Articles with Chinese - language external links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles containing Chinese - language text CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2012 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2012 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with hCards Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛語客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Ladino Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 111 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 16 : 03 ( UTC ) . 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what is the order of mad max movies	Mad Max is an Australian dystopian action media franchise created by George Miller and Byron Kennedy . It began in 1979 with Mad Max , and was followed by three films : Mad Max 2 ( 1981 ) , Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome ( 1985 ) and Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) . Mel Gibson starred in the first three films and Tom Hardy took over the titular role in the fourth film .	Mad Max\|Mad Max 2 ( 1981 )\|Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome ( 1985 )\|Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 )	Mad Max ( franchise )	mad max ( franchise )	Mad Max is an Australian dystopian action media franchise created by George Miller and Byron Kennedy . It began in 1979 with Mad Max , and was followed by three films : Mad Max 2 ( 1981 ) , Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome ( 1985 ) and Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) . Mel Gibson starred in the first three films and Tom Hardy took over the titular role in the fourth film .	The series follows the adventures of Max Rockatansky , a police officer in a future Australia which is experiencing societal collapse due to war and critical resource shortages . When his wife and child are murdered by a vicious biker gang , Max kills them in revenge and becomes a drifting loner in the Wasteland . As Australia devolves further into barbarity , this skilled warrior of the road finds himself helping pockets of civilisation , initially for his own self - interest , but his motives always drift into more idealistic ones . The series has been well received by critics , with each film marked `` Certified Fresh '' on the film review aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes ; Mad Max 2 and Fury Road in particular have been ranked among the best action films ever made . Furthermore , the series has also had a significant influence on popular culture , most notably apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction , and encompasses works in additional media , including video games and comic books . In 2016 , Fury Road became the first film of the Mad Max franchise to receive Academy Award recognition , being nominated for Best Picture and Best Director for Miller , and winning six of its ten nominations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 Mad Max ( 1979 ) 1.2 Mad Max 2 ( 1981 ) 1.3 Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome ( 1985 ) 1.4 Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) 1.5 Future 2 Cast and crew 2.1 Cast 2.2 Crew 3 Reception 3.1 Box office performance 3.2 Critical response 4 Merchandising 4.1 Video games 4.2 Comic book series 4.3 Soundtracks 5 References 6 See also Films ( edit ) Mad Max ( 1979 ) ( edit ) Main article : Mad Max Mad Max is a 1979 Australian dystopian action film directed by George Miller . Written by Miller and James McCausland from a story by Miller and producer Byron Kennedy , it tells a story of societal breakdown , murder , and revenge . The film , starring the then little - known Mel Gibson , was released internationally in 1980 . It became a top - grossing Australian film , while holding the record in the Guinness Book of Records for decades as the most profitable film ever created , and has been credited for further opening the global market to Australian New Wave films . Mad Max 2 ( 1981 ) ( edit ) Main article : Mad Max 2 Mad Max 2 ( also known as The Road Warrior ) is a 1981 Australian post-apocalyptic dystopian action film directed by George Miller . This sequel to Miller 's Mad Max was a worldwide box office success that further launched the career of Mel Gibson . The film 's tale of a community of settlers moved to defend themselves against a roving band of marauders follows an archetypal `` Western '' frontier movie motif , as does Max 's role as a hardened man who rediscovers his humanity . It also opens with a previously unexplained backstory on the tragic events that led to those in the original film . Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome ( 1985 ) ( edit ) Main article : Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome ( also known as Mad Max 3 : Beyond Thunderdome or simply Mad Max 3 ) is a 1985 film , the third instalment in the dystopian / action movie Mad Max franchise . The film was directed by George Miller and George Ogilvie , and starred Mel Gibson and Tina Turner . The original music score was composed by Maurice Jarre . While Miller initially lost interest in the project after his friend and producer Byron Kennedy was killed in a helicopter crash , he later agreed to move forward with the assistance of Ogilvie . Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Mad Max : Fury Road Mad Max : Fury Road ( also known as Mad Max 4 : Fury Road or simply Mad Max 4 ) , the fourth film and a reboot of the franchise , is a 2015 post-apocalyptic dystopian / action film co-written and directed by George Miller . While location scouting was reported to be underway in May 2009 , production was delayed until June 2012 due to unusually high levels of rain in the Australian desert which detracted from the post-apocalyptic feeling that Miller wanted . Shooting ultimately took place in Namibia the following year . The film was released on 15 May 2015 . It features British actor Tom Hardy as Mad Max and Charlize Theron as Imperator Furiosa . Gibson was originally attached to star in Fury Road during its failed 2003 production attempt . Future ( edit ) Miller and McCarthy found during the writing process for Mad Max : Fury Road that they had enough story material for two additional scripts . One of these , entitled Mad Max : Furiosa , had already been completed , and Miller hoped to film it after the release of Fury Road . In March 2015 , during an interview with Esquire magazine , Hardy revealed that he was attached to star in three more Mad Max films following Fury Road . After the release of Fury Road , Miller announced that he would like to make a follow - up titled Mad Max : The Wasteland , which he later clarified was `` just a working title '' . Miller reaffirmed his intent to continue the franchise after reports to the contrary surfaced following an interview in January 2016 . Cast and crew ( edit ) Cast ( edit ) The series ' protagonist , Max Rockatansky , was portrayed through the first three films by Mel Gibson . Tom Hardy took over the role for 2015 's Fury Road . The series features a few recurring cast members in different roles . Bruce Spence played different aviators in two of the films , first the Gyro Captain in Mad Max 2 and then Jedediah the Pilot in Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome . Hugh Keays - Byrne has taken antagonist roles twice : he played Toecutter in Mad Max and Immortan Joe in Mad Max : Fury Road . Max Fairchild appeared as Benno Swaisey in Mad Max and as `` Broken Victim '' of the Humungus 's gang in Mad Max 2 . Cast and Characters Film Mad Max ( 1979 ) Mad Max 2 ( 1981 ) Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome ( 1985 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) Max Rockatansky Mel Gibson Tom Hardy Toecutter / Immortan Joe Hugh - Keays - Byrne Hugh - Keays - Byrne Gyro Captain / Jedediah the Pilot Bruce Spence Jessie Rockatansky Joanne Samuel Jim Goose Steve Bisley Bubba Zanetti Geoff Parry Johnny the Boy Tim Burns Sprog Rockatansky Brendan Heath May Swaisey Sheila Florence Nightrider Vincent Gil Humungus Kjell Nilsson Wez Vernon Wells The Feral Kid Emil Minty Warrior Woman Virginia Hey Pappagallo Michael Preston Aunty Entity Tina Turner Savannah Nix Helen Buday Jedediah Jr . Adam Cockburn Pig Killer Michael Grubb Ironbar Bassey Angry Anderson Imperator Furiosa Charlize Theron Nux Nicholas Hoult Splendid Angharad Rosie Huntington - Whiteley Capable Riley Keough The Dag Abbey Lee Toast Zoë Kravitz Cheedo Courtney Eaton Rictus Erectus Nathan Jones Slit Josh Helman Crew ( edit ) Crew / Detail Film Mad Max ( 1979 ) Mad Max 2 ( 1981 ) Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome ( 1985 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) Director George Miller George Miller George Ogilvie George Miller Writer ( s ) George Miller Byron Kennedy James McCausland Terry Hayes George Miller Brian Hannant Terry Hayes George Miller George Miller Brendan McCarthy Nico Lathouris Producer ( s ) Byron Kennedy Bill Miller Byron Kennedy Terry Hayes George Miller Doug Mitchell George Miller Doug Mitchell P.J. Voeten Composer Brian May Maurice Jarre ( score ) Lyle / Britten / Knight ( songs ) Tom Holkenborg ( Junkie XL ) Cinematographer David Eggby Dean Semler John Seale Editor ( s ) Cliff Hayes Tony Paterson David Stiven Michael Balson Tim Wellburn Richard Francis - Bruce Margaret Sixel Production Company Kennedy Miller Productions Crossroads Mad Max Films Kennedy Miller Productions Village Roadshow Pictures Kennedy Miller Mitchell RatPac - Dune Entertainment Distributor Roadshow Distributors ( Australia ) American International Pictures ( US ) Warner Bros. Pictures ( International ) Warner Bros. Pictures Roadshow Films ( Australia ) Warner Bros. Pictures ( International ) Release date 12 April 1979 24 December 1981 10 July 1985 15 May 2015 Running time 93 minutes 96 minutes 107 minutes 120 minutes Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article . Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross Budget Ref ( s ) Australia North America Other territories Worldwide Mad Max 12 April 1979 A $5,355,490 $8,750,000 ~ $91,250,000 ~ $100,000,000 A $380,000 Mad Max 2 24 December 1981 A $10,847,491 $23,667,907 N / A N / A A $4.5 million Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome 10 July 1985 A $4,272,802 $36,230,219 N / A N / A A $12 million Mad Max : Fury Road 15 May 2015 A $21,606,347 $153,121,629 $221,100,000 $374,221,629 US $150 million Total A $36,547,536 $221,769,755 N / A N / A US $150 million + A $17 million List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Critical response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Mad Max 90 % ( 58 reviews ) 67 ( 7 reviews ) Mad Max 2 98 % ( 42 reviews ) 76 ( 9 reviews ) Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome 79 % ( 48 reviews ) 80 ( 12 reviews ) Mad Max : Fury Road 97 % ( 355 reviews ) 90 ( 51 reviews ) Merchandising ( edit ) Many licensed products are based on the Mad Max franchise . Products include novels , comic books , video games , and other materials . Novelizations of the first three films have also been published by QB Books . The first two novelisations were written by Terry Hayes , who ended up co-writing the script for the second film after getting along well with Miller . A novelisation for the third film was written by Joan D. Vinge . Video games ( edit ) Main articles : Mad Max ( 1990 video game ) and Mad Max ( 2015 video game ) Mad Max is a 1990 NES game developed and published by Mindscape Inc. based on the film Mad Max 2 . The object of the game is to survive life in the post-apocalyptic world by battling survivalists and collecting resources . The game is similar to Outlander which was released in 1992 for Sega Genesis and SNES . Later , in June 2013 , it was revealed at E3 that developer Avalanche Studios would be developing a video game based on the setting of Mad Max . The game was released in September 2015 for Linux , OS X , PlayStation 4 , Microsoft Windows and Xbox One , with the titular character being voiced by Bren Foster . Comic book series ( edit ) Main article : Mad Max : Fury Road ( comic book ) Mad Max : Fury Road is a limited comic book series created by George Miller , Nico Lathouris , and Mark Sexton . Serving as a prequel to the 2015 film of the same name , the series focuses on several of the film 's characters . It consists of four issues . Beginning in May 2015 , Vertigo published one issue per month , ending in August . A single - volume collection of all of the issues was published on 26 August . Reception of the series has been mixed ; some consider it unnecessary and poorly executed , and many harshly criticised the issue centred on Imperator Furiosa . However , the issue focused on Nux and Immortan Joe and the two issues focused on Max Rockatansky were received more positively . Soundtracks ( edit ) Mad Max ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( 1980 ) Mad Max 2 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( 1982 ) Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1985 ) -- Featuring songs performed by Tina Turner including `` We Do n't Need Another Hero ( Thunderdome ) '' and `` One of the Living '' . Mad Max : Fury Road : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2015 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lyttelton , Oliver . `` 5 Things You Might Not Know About ' Mad Max ' '' . The Playlist . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Formica , Serena ( 1 April 2012 ) . Peter Weir : A Creative Journey from Australia to Hollywood . Bristol : Intellect Ltd. p. 79 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Conterio , Martyn ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` Mad Max : from the Ozploitation wilderness to the mainstream '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Leonard Maltin . Introduction by Leonard Maltin ( Videotape ) . Warner Home Video . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( 23 March 2015 ) . `` SXSW 2015 Interview : George Miller on Mad Max , ' Fury Road ' and the Apocalypse '' . CraveOnline . p. 4 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All revved up for Max 's return '' . Herald Sun . 18 May 2009 . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Steadman , Ian ( 5 March 2013 ) . `` Fragile Namibian deserts ' damaged ' by Mad Max film crew '' . Wired UK . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Vaughan , Owen ( 13 June 2012 ) . `` Charlize Theron shaves it all off for Mad Max 4 '' . News.com.au . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Turner , Brook ( 25 November 2011 ) . `` George Miller 's new script '' . The Australian Financial Review . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Miranda Collinge ( 30 March 2015 ) . `` Tom Hardy Is Esquire 's May Cover Star '' . Esquire . Archived from the original on 31 March 2015 . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` George Miller Promises ' More Max , ' Starting With ' Mad Max : The Wasteland ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 19 May 2015 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No Furiosa in Mad Max Fury Road sequel '' . 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crisis Averted : George Miller Will Return for More ' Mad Max ' '' . 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Returning to the road with Mad Max 's original adventures '' . GamesRadar. 12 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Guerrasio , Jason ( 12 May 2015 ) . `` How this actor ended up playing 2 different villains in the ' Mad Max ' franchise 36 years apart '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 14 May 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Max 2 : The Road Warrior Trivia '' . Fast-Rewind.com . Archived from the original on 26 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film Victoria -- Australian Films at the Australian Box Office '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 February 2014 . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Max ( 1980 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Haenni , Sabine ; Barrow , Sarah ; White , John , eds. ( 2014 ) . `` Mad Max ( 1979 ) '' . The Routledge Encyclopedia of Films . Routledge . pp. 323 -- 326 . ISBN 9781317682615 . Jump up ^ `` The Road Warrior '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crack in the Net -- Facts '' . Mad Maxed . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Max '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Max '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Max 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Road Warrior '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Max : Fury Road '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Max : Fury Road '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Max Memorabilia '' . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Stratton , David ( 1990 ) . The Avocado Plantation : Boom and Bust in the Australian Film Industry . Macmillan Publishers . p. 82 . ISBN 0 - 73 - 2902509 . Jump up ^ Vieth , Errol ; Moran , Albert ( 25 October 2005 ) . Historical Dictionary of Australian and New Zealand Cinema . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . p. 400 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( 10 June 2013 ) . `` E3 2013 : Mad Max Announced for PlayStation 4 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . See also ( edit ) Mad Max series legacy and influence in popular culture ( hide ) Mad Max Films Mad Max Mad Max 2 Beyond Thunderdome Fury Road Music Mad Max Mad Max 2 Beyond Thunderdome `` We Do n't Need Another Hero ( Thunderdome ) '' `` One of the Living '' Fury Road Other media Mad Max ( 1990 video game ) Mad Max ( 2015 video game ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( comic book ) Characters Max Rockatansky Imperator Furiosa Nux Miscellaneous Pursuit Special Legacy and influence Fury Road accolades Wasteland Weekend Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mad_Max_(franchise)&oldid=835577513 '' Categories : Mad Max Action films by series Film series introduced in 1979 Films adapted into video games Post-apocalyptic fiction Science fiction films by series Australian film series Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Português Scots Svenska 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 15 : 02 . 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who got the flag first cuba or puerto rico	Juan de Mata Terreforte , an exiled veteran of `` El Grito de Lares '' and Vice-President of the Cuban Revolutionary Committee , in New York City , adopted the flag of Lares as the flag of Puerto Rico until 1895 , when the current design , modeled after the Cuban flag , was unveiled and adopted by the 59 Puerto Rican exiles of the Cuban Revolutionary committee . The new flag , which consisted of five equal horizontal bands of red ( top and bottom ) alternating with white ; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large , white , five - pointed star in the center , was first flown in Puerto Rico on March 24 , 1897 , during the `` Intentona de Yauco '' revolt . The use and display of the Puerto Rican flag was outlawed and the only flags permitted to be flown in Puerto Rico were the Spanish flag ( 1492 to 1898 ) and the flag of the United States ( 1898 to 1952 ) .		Flag of Puerto Rico	flag of puerto rico	The flag of Puerto Rico represents and symbolizes the island of Puerto Rico and its people .	The origins of the current flag of Puerto Rico , adopted by the commonwealth of Puerto Rico in 1952 , can be traced to 1868 , when the first Puerto Rican flag , `` The Revolutionary Flag of Lares '' , was conceived by Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances and embroidered by Mariana `` Brazos de Oro '' Bracetti . This flag was used in the short - lived Puerto Rican revolt against Spanish rule in the island , known as `` El Grito de Lares '' . Juan de Mata Terreforte , an exiled veteran of `` El Grito de Lares '' and Vice-President of the Cuban Revolutionary Committee , in New York City , adopted the flag of Lares as the flag of Puerto Rico until 1895 , when the current design , modeled after the Cuban flag , was unveiled and adopted by the 59 Puerto Rican exiles of the Cuban Revolutionary committee . The new flag , which consisted of five equal horizontal bands of red ( top and bottom ) alternating with white ; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large , white , five - pointed star in the center , was first flown in Puerto Rico on March 24 , 1897 , during the `` Intentona de Yauco '' revolt . The use and display of the Puerto Rican flag was outlawed and the only flags permitted to be flown in Puerto Rico were the Spanish flag ( 1492 to 1898 ) and the flag of the United States ( 1898 to 1952 ) . In 1952 , the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico adopted the same flag design , which was unveiled in 1895 by the Puerto Rican exiles within the Cuban Revolutionary Committee , as its official standard . The color of the triangle that was used by the administration of Luis Muñoz Marín was the dark blue . In 1995 , the government of Puerto Rico issued a regulation regarding the use of the Puerto Rican flag titled : `` Reglamento sobre el Uso en Puerto Rico de la Bandera del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico '' , in which the government specifies the colors to be used but does not specify any official color tones or shades . Therefore , it is not uncommon to see the flag of Puerto Rico with different shades of blue displayed in the island . Several Puerto Rican flags , with darker shades than sky blue were aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery during its flight into outer space on March 15 , 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Spanish era 1.2 First indigenous design 1.3 Current design 1.4 Outlawing the flag 1.5 Formal adoption 1.6 Symbol of pride , defiance and protest 2 Diplomatic contact regarding similar flags 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Footnotes 5.2 Primary sources 6 External links History Spanish era Captain 's Ensign of Columbus 's Ships . The introduction of a flag in Puerto Rico can be traced to when Christopher Columbus landed on the island 's shore and with the flag appointed to him by the Spanish Crown claimed the island , which he named `` San Juan Bautista '' , in the name of Spain . Columbus wrote in his logbook that on October 12 , 1492 , he used the Royal Flag , and that his captains used two flags which the Admiral carried in all the ships as ensign , each white with a green cross in the middle and an ' F ' and ' Y ' , both green and crowned with golden , open royal crowns , for Ferdinand II of Aragon and Ysabel ( Isabel I ) . The conquistadores under the command of Juan Ponce de León proceeded to conquer and settle the island . They carried as their military standard the `` Spanish Expedition Flag '' . After the island was conquered and colonized , the flag of Spain was used in Puerto Rico , same as it was used in all of its other colonies . Once the Spanish armed forces established themselves on the island they began the construction of military fortifications such as La Fortaleza , Fort San Felipe del Morro , Fort San Cristóbal and San Gerónimo . The Spanish Army designed the `` Cross of Burgundy Flag '' and adopted it as their standard . This flag flew wherever there was a Spanish military installation . First indigenous design A photograph of the Lares revolutionary flag of 1868 , also known as the `` First Puerto Rican Flag '' in Puerto Rico The independence movement in Puerto Rico gained momentum with the liberation successes of Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín in South America . In 1868 , local independence leader Ramón Emeterio Betances urged Mariana Bracetti to knit a revolutionary flag using the flag of the Dominican Republic as an example , promoting the then popular ideal of uniting the three caribbean islands into an Antillean Confederation . The materials for the flag were provided by Eduvigis Beauchamp Sterling , named Treasurer of the revolution by Betances . The flag was divided in the middle by a white Latin cross , the two lower corners were red and the two upper corners were blue with a white star in the upper left blue corner . According to Puerto Rican poet Luis Lloréns Torres the white cross on it stands for the yearning for homeland redemption ; the red squares , the blood poured by the heroes of the rebellion and the white star in the blue solitude square , stands for liberty and freedom . The `` Revolutionary Flag of Lares '' was used in the short - lived rebellion against Spain in what became known as El Grito de Lares ( The Cry of Lares ) . The flag was proclaimed the national flag of the `` Republic of Puerto Rico '' by Francisco Ramírez Medina , who was sworn in as Puerto Rico 's first president , and placed on the high altar of the Catholic Church of Lares , thus becoming the first Puerto Rican Flag . The original Lares flag was taken by a Spanish army officer as a war prize . Many years later it was returned and transferred to the Puerto Rican people . It is now exhibited in the University of Puerto Rico 's Museum . In 1873 , following the abdication of Amadeo I of Spain and with Spain 's change from Kingdom to Republic , the Spanish government issued a new colonial flag for Puerto Rico . The new flag , which was used until 1873 , resembled the flag of Spain , with the difference that it had the coat of arms of Puerto Rico in the middle . Spain 's flag once more flew over Puerto Rico with the restoration of the Spanish kingdom in 1874 , until 1898 the year that the island became a possession of the United States under the terms of the Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) in the aftermath of the Spanish -- American War . Current design Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee ( standing L-R ) Manuel Besosa , Aurelio Méndez Martínez , and Sotero Figueroa ( seated L-R ) Juan de M. Terreforte , D. Jose Julio Henna and Roberto H. Todd Juan de Mata Terreforte , a leader of the Grito de Lares revolt who fought alongside Manuel Rojas , was exiled to New York City . He joined the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee and was named its Vice-President . Terreforte and the members of the Revolutionary committee adopted the Flag of Lares as their standard . In 1892 , the Committee was presented with the design of the current flag of Puerto Rico . The new flag 's design has been attributed to various Puerto Ricans who were members of the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee in New York City . Some sources document Francisco Gonzalo Marín with presenting a Puerto Rican flag prototype in 1895 for adoption by the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee in New York City . Marín has since been credited by some with the flag 's design . There is a letter written by Juan de Mata Terreforte which gives credit to Marin . The original contents of the letter in Spanish are the following : `` La adopción de la bandera cubana con los colores invertidos me fue sugerida por el insigne patriota Francisco Gonzalo Marín en una carta que me escribió desde Jamaica . Yo hice la proposición a los patriotas puertorriqueños que asistieron al mitin de Chimney Hall y fue aprobada unánimemente . '' Which translated in English states the following : The adaptation of the Cuban flag with the colors inverted was suggested by the patriot Francisco Gonzalo Marín in a letter which he wrote from Jamaica . I made the proposition to various Puerto Rican patriots during a meeting at Chimney Hall and it was approved unanimously . According to other accounts on June 12 , 1892 , disputed by scholar Armando Martí , Antonio Vélez Alvarado was at his apartment at 219 Twenty - Third Street in Manhattan , when he stared at a Cuban flag for a few minutes , and then took a look at the blank wall in which it was being displayed . Vélez suddenly perceived an optical illusion , in which he perceived the image of the Cuban flag with the colors in the flag 's triangle and stripes inverted . Almost immediately he visited a nearby merchant , Domingo Peraza , from whom he bought some crepe paper to build a crude prototype . He later displayed his prototype in a dinner meeting at his neighbor 's house , where the owner , Micaela Dalmau vda . de Carreras , had invited José Martí as a guest . Martí was pleasantly impressed by the prototype , and made note of it in a newspaper article published in the Cuban revolutionary newspaper Patria , published on July 2 of that year . Acceptance of the prototype was slow in coming , but grew with time . Francisco Gonzalo Marín , who decided to have a proper flag sewn based on the prototype , presented the new flag 's design in New York 's `` Chimney Corner Hall '' a gathering place of independence advocates two years later . The Puerto Rican Flag ( with the light blue triangle ) soon came to symbolize the ideals of the Puerto Rican independence movement . The flag of Puerto Rico was flown for the first time in the island by Fidel Vélez and his men during the `` Intentona de Yauco '' revolt In a letter written by Maria Manuela ( Mima ) Besosa , the daughter of the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee member Manuel Besosa , she stated that she sewed the flag . This created a belief that her father could have been its designer . In her letter she described the flag as one which consists of five stripes that alternate from red to white . Three of the stripes are red , and the other two are white . To the left of the flag is a light blue triangle that houses one white five - pointed star . Each part of this flag has its own meaning . The three red stripes represent the blood from the brave warriors . The two white stripes represent the victory and peace that they would have after gaining independence . The white star represented the island of Puerto Rico . The blue represents the sky and blue coastal waters . The triangle represents the three branches of government . Finally , it is also believed by some that it was Lola Rodríguez de Tió who suggested that Puerto Ricans use the Cuban flag with its colors reversed as the model for their own standard . The color of the Cuban flag 's blue stripes , however , were a darker shade of blue , according to Professor Martí . Even though the local newspaper `` El Imparcial '' on January 17 , 1948 , that Vélez Alvarado was the `` Prócer Que Creó Bandera Patria '' ( The Father of the Puerto Rican Flag ) it may never be known who really designed the current flag , however what is known is that on December 22 , 1895 , the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee officially adopted the design which represents the current flag . In 1897 , Antonio Mattei Lluberas visited the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee in New York City to plan an uprising in Yauco . He returned to Puerto Rico with a Puerto Rican flag and on March 24 , 1897 , a group of men , led by Fidel Vélez , carried the Puerto Rican flag and attacked the barracks of Spanish Civil Guard of the town Yauco during the revolt against Spanish rule which became known as the `` Intentona de Yauco '' ( Attempted Coup of Yauco ) . The revolt , which was the second and last major attempt against the Spaniards in the island , was the first time that the flag of Puerto Rico was used on Puerto Rican soil . Outlawing the flag The Puerto Rican flag was removed by a soldier during the Jayuya Uprising of October 1950 . From December 10 , 1898 ( the date of the annexation of Puerto Rico by the United States ) up until 1952 , it was considered a felony to display the Puerto Rican flag in public ; the only flag permitted to be flown on the island was the flag of the United States . However , the Puerto Rican flag was often used in the political assemblies of the pro-independence Liberal Party of Puerto Rico and in defiance by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party . In 1932 , the Nationalist Party used the flag as its emblem during the elections and in their parades . The Puerto Rico legislature presided by then President of the Puerto Rican Senate Luis Muñoz Marín , passed a bill on May 21 , 1948 , known as Law 53 , making it illegal to display the Puerto Rico Flag , sing a Puerto Rican patriotic song and talk of independence for the islands of Puerto Rico . On June 10 , 1948 , the United States - appointed Governor of Puerto Rico , Jesús T. Piñero , a member of the ruling Popular Democratic Party ( PDP ) , signed the bill which became known as the `` Ley de la Mordaza '' ( Gag Law ) . Later that same year Puerto Ricans were permitted to elect a governor and they elected Luis Muñoz Marín . During the Jayuya Uprising of 1950 against United States rule , members of the Nationalist party placed the Puerto Rican flag on top of the town hall ; the flag was later taken down by a soldier . Formal adoption In 1952 , Governor Luis Muñoz Marín and his administration adopted the Puerto Rican flag which was originally designed in 1892 , and proclaimed it the official flag of Puerto Rico . The official adaptation of the flag has been interpreted by some as a ploy by Muñoz Marin to neutralize the independence movement in his own party . There were some differences between the original flag of 1892 and the one of 1952 and the meaning of the colors was officially changed . Now the white bars stood for the republican form of government , rather than representing the victory and peace that Puerto Ricans were supposed to have after gaining independence . The sky - blue of the triangle in the original flag was changed to dark blue , resembling that of the flag of the United States , to keep it distanced from its revolutionary roots . For nationalist leader Pedro Albizu Campos , having the flag represent the government was a desecration , while the independence party accused the government of `` corrupting beloved symbols '' . In 1995 , the government of Puerto Rico began to use the sky - blue version once more . The government of Puerto Rico issued a regulation in regard to the use of the Puerto Rican flag titled : `` Reglamento sobre el Uso en Puerto Rico de la Bandera del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico ; Reglamento Núm. 5282 . '' ( Regulations in regard to the use in Puerto Rico of the flag of Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ; Regulation No. 5282 ) . In the regulation 's `` Artículo 2 : Definiciones '' and `` Artículo 2 : Descripción y simbolismo '' ( Article 2 : Description and Article 2 : Description and symbolism ) the government specifies the colors to be used but does not specify any official color tones or shades and as such it is not unusual to see the flag with either tone of blue flown in official settings in Puerto Rico . Symbol of pride , defiance and protest Among the many occasions in which the flag has been used as a symbol of pride was when the flag arrived in South Korea during the Korean War . On August 13 , 1952 , while the men of Puerto Rico 's 65th Infantry Regiment ( United States ) were being attacked by enemy forces on Hill 346 , the regiment unfurled the Puerto Rican Flag for the first time in history in a foreign combat zone . During the ceremony Regimental Chaplain Daniel Wilson stated the following : `` Grant us Thy Peace and Power , '' the chaplain prayed for , `` in this conflict against aggression and tyranny . Show us in Thy purpose Peace for all the men in the world . We dedicate this flag of the Associated Free State of Puerto Rico in Thy name . '' The Commanding Officer Colonel Juan César Cordero Dávila was quoted as saying : `` How beautiful is our flag , how it looks next to the stars and the stripes ! Let the communists on the other side of the Yokkok River see it and listen to me those who understand Spanish if these words reach your trenches . '' Two members of the 65th Infantry pose with the flag during the Korean War On various occasions the flag has been used as a symbol of defiance and protest . In the 1954 attack of the United States House of Representatives in a protest against United States rule of the island , Nationalist leader Lolita Lebrón shouted `` ¡ Viva Puerto Rico Libre ! '' ( `` Long live a Free Puerto Rico ! '' ) and unfurled the flag of Puerto Rico . On November 5 , 2000 , Alberto De Jesus Mercado , better known as Tito Kayak , and five other Vieques activists stepped onto the top deck of the Statue of Liberty in New York City , then placed a Puerto Rican flag , with the triangle darker than the light - blue version on the statue 's crown , reenacting an earlier protest in the 1970s asking for the release of Puerto Rican prisoners , this time in protest of the United States Navy usage of the island of Vieques as a bombing range . On March 15 , 2009 , several Puerto Rican flags were aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery during its flight into outer space . Joseph M. Acaba , the first astronaut of Puerto Rican descent , who is assigned to the crew of STS - 119 as a Mission Specialist Educator , carried on his person the flag as a symbol of his Puerto Rican heritage . Acaba presented Governor Luis Fortuño and Secretary of State Kenneth McClintock with two of the flags during his visit in June 2009 . The two flags ' triangles had a darker blue hue . The flag is also the subject of the song `` Que Bonita Bandera '' ( What a beautiful flag ) written in 1968 and made popular by Puerto Rican folksinger Florencio `` Ramito '' Morales Ramos . Astronaut Acaba , requested that the crew be awakened on March 19 , 2009 ( Day 5 ) , with the Puerto Rico folklore song , sung by Jose Gonzalez and Banda Criolla , during their space flight . Diplomatic contact regarding similar flags In the 1950s Puerto Rico contacted Norway 's Foreign Ministry in an attempt to have Norwegian shipping company Norled stop using a flag that has a significant likeness to Puerto Rico 's flag . Norway has not legally challenged the shipping company 's position , that their flag is older than Puerto Rico 's . The shipping company 's flag is still in use , as of 2014 . Gallery Flag of Province of Puerto Rico ( 1873 -- 1898 ) Lares revolutionary flag of 1868 Spanish -- American War flag : flag of the Batallón Provisional No. 3 de Puerto Rico ( 3rd Provisional Battalion of Puerto Rico ) . Flag of Spain ( 1873 -- 1874 ) First Spanish Republic . Original Puerto Rican flag design of 1895 Puerto Rican flag aboard the Discovery Space Shuttle ( March 15 , 2009 ) See also Puerto Rico portal Heraldry portal List of Puerto Rican flags List of municipal flags of Puerto Rico Coat of arms of Puerto Rico Seal of Puerto Rico Estelada Flag of Cuba , a similar flag with the red and blue reversed , and longer length Det Stavangerske Dampskibsselskap - A Norwegian shipping company with a virtually identical flag in its logo References Footnotes ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico '' . flagspot.net . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico - Cinco Siglos de Historia '' ; by : Francisco Sacrano ; publisher : McGraw Hill Interamericana , SA , 1993 ; pag. 533 ^ Jump up to : `` Enciclopedia de Puerto Rico '' . enciclopediapr.org . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Flags of the World ; Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , Flags of the World , Retrieved Feb. 25 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Reglamento sobre el Uso en Puerto Rico de la Bandera del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico ( Spanish ) , Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , Retrieved on Feb. 25 , 2009 ( in Spanish ) ^ Jump up to : `` Boricua a Punto de Abordar El Discovery , Acaba llevara bandera de PR '' - El Nuevo Dia ; By Marcia Dunn Associated Press Archived 2009 - 03 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved March 12 , 2009 ( Spanish ) Jump up ^ `` The Flag of Puerto Rico District of Puerto Rico '' . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Enchanted Learning , Zoom Explorers , Retrieved Feb. 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Christopher Columbus ' Flags 1492 , Flags of the World , Retrieved February 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Spanish Burgundy Flag , University of Georgia , Retrieved Feb. 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Julia Sosa . `` Familia : Brief History on the Beauchamp Origens '' . ancestry.com . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lares -- municipio de Puerto Rico - datos y fotos - videos '' . prfrogui.com . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Peres Moris , José , Historia de la Insurrección de Lares , 1871 ( in Spanish ) , Library of Congress , Retrieved Feb. 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Popular Expression and National Identity in Puerto Rico : The Struggle for Self , Community , and Nation ; by Lillian Guerra ; Pg. 200 ; Publisher : University Press of Florida ; 1st edition ( June 30 , 1998 ) ; ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1594 - 4 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 1594 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Latin America 's Wars Volume I : The Age of the Caudillo , 1791 - 1899 '' ; by Robert L. Scheina ; Pg. 359 ; Publisher : Potomac Books Inc. ; 1 edition ( January 2003 ) ; ISBN 1 - 57488 - 449 - 2 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 449 - 4 ^ Jump up to : `` Vida , pasión y muerte de Francisco Gonzalo Marín ( Pachín ) '' . nireblog.com . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Vargas , Pablo L. Crespo ( 30 November 2016 ) . `` Akelarre : historia y ficción : Sobre las banderas de Cuba y Puerto Rico '' . editorialakelarre.blogspot.com . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Antonio Vélez Alvarado , amigo y colaborador consecuente de Martí y Betances , Author : Dávila , Ovidio ; pp. 11 - 13. ; Publisher : San Juan , P.R. : Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña ( Institute of Puerto Rican Culture ) , 2002 . ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Puerto Rico , Welcome to Puerto Rico , Retrieved Feb. 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Lola Rodríguez de Tió , Library of Congress , Retrieved Feb. 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Muere Antonio Vélez Alvarado , Prócer Que Creó Bandera Patria '' , El Imparcial , January 17 , 1948 , pág . `` B '' Jump up ^ `` Historia militar de Puerto Rico '' ; by Hector Andres Negroni ( Author ) ; Pages : 307 ; Publisher : Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario ( 1992 ) ; Language : Spanish ; ISBN 84 - 7844 - 138 - 7 ; ISBN 978 - 84 - 7844 - 138 - 9 Jump up ^ Sabia Usted ? ( in Spanish ) , Sabana Grande , Retrieved Feb. 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ The Flag , Flags of the World , Retrieved Feb. 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Photos of the Jayuya Uprising , Latin American Studies , Retrieved Feb. 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` History of Puerto Rico - 1900 - 1949 '' . topuertorico.org . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico : Culture , Politics , and Identity '' ; by Nancy Morris , Published by Praeger / Greenwood 1995 ; ISBN 0 - 275 - 95452 - 8 . P. 51 Jump up ^ Flag of Puerto Rico by Martín Espada an authority and professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst Archived 2009 - 04 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , Martín Espada , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Retrieved Feb. 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Luis Muñoz Marín : Puerto Rico 's Democratic Revolution '' Published by Editorial UPR , 2006 ; ISBN 0 - 8477 - 0158 - 1 . P. 90 Jump up ^ Flag of Puerto Rico , Flags of the World , Retrieved Feb. 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Welcome to Puerto Rico - Flag of Puerto Rico , Welcome to Puerto Rico , Retrieved Feb. 25 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Letter Col. Juan C. Cordero to Brig. Gen. Robert M. Bathurst , September 5 , 1952 . '' A transcription of said document is currently available at www.valerosos.com . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Saviors of the Cause The Role of the Puerto Rican Soldier in One Man 's Crusade `` ; by Luis Asencio Camacho '' ( PDF ) . valerosos.com . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2004 - 02 - 29 ) . `` No one expected attack on Congress in 1954 '' . Holland Sentinel . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Puerto Rican Flag On the Statue Of Liberty '' . tlloh.com. 3 September 2012 . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Vieques : A Photographically Illustrated Guide to the Island , Its History and Its Culture ; by Gerald Singer ; page 183 ; Publisher : Sombrero Publishing Company ; ISBN 0 - 9641220 - 4 - 9 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 9641220 - 4 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Visitará la Isla Joseph Acabá '' . El Nuevo Dia . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ El Nuevo Dia Archived January 4 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , ( Spanish newspaper ) Retrieved March 21 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Dette flagget skapte diplomatiske bruduljar '' . Bergens Tidende . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Primary sources Act No. 1 , Approved July 24 , 1952 . Regulations on the Use of the Puerto Rico flag . Núm. 5282 , August 3 , 1995 ( in Spanish ) Mapas , Escudos y Banderas de Puerto Rico ( Actualized ed . ) . Puerto Rico : Láminas Latino . 2007 . ( in Spanish ) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Puerto Rico . Puerto Rico at Flags of the World Puerto Rico flags at Vexilla mundi The Flag of The Jatibonicu Taíno Tribal Nation Academic Study on blue triangle in Puerto Rico flag Flags of the U.S. states , federal district , and other political divisions States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying Islands Johnson Atoll Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Historic CSA Cuba Philippines ( Commonwealth ) California Republic Panama Canal Zone Texas ( Republic ) TTPI USCA Ryukyu Islands Vermont Republic West Florida ( Republic ) Book Portal Flags of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Puerto_Rico&oldid=832437218 '' Categories : Flags introduced in 1995 Flags of the insular areas of the United States National symbols of Puerto Rico History of Puerto Rico Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 00 : 51 . 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who won gold medal in commonwealth games 2018			India at the 2018 Commonwealth Games	india at the 2018 commonwealth games	India competed at the 2018 Commonwealth Games on the Gold Coast , Australia from 4 to 15 April 2018 . It was India 's 18th appearance at the Commonwealth Games . With 26 Gold medals and a total of 66 medals , India finished 3rd for the tournament . It was India 's best position since the 2010 Commonwealth Games .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Competitors 2 Medalists 3 Athletics 4 Badminton 5 Basketball 5.1 Men 's tournament 5.2 Women 's tournament 6 Boxing 7 Cycling 7.1 Track 8 Gymnastics 8.1 Artistic 8.2 Rhythmic 9 Hockey 9.1 Men 's tournament 9.2 Women 's tournament 10 Lawn bowls 11 Powerlifting 12 Shooting 13 Squash 14 Swimming 15 Table tennis 16 Weightlifting 17 Wrestling 18 References Competitors ( edit ) The following is a list of the number of competitors representing India that participated at the Games per India / discipline : Sport Men Women Total Gold Silver Bronze Athletics 14 12 26 Badminton 5 5 10 Basketball 12 12 24 0 0 0 Boxing 8 12 Cycling 5 9 0 0 0 Gymnastics 7 0 0 0 Hockey 18 18 36 0 0 0 Lawn bowls 5 5 10 0 0 0 Parasports 5 8 0 0 Shooting 15 12 27 7 5 Squash 6 0 0 Swimming 5 0 0 0 Table tennis 5 5 10 Weightlifting 8 8 16 5 Wrestling 6 6 12 5 Total 113 103 216 26 20 20 Medalists ( edit ) India was the best nation in 5 disciplines , weightlifting , shooting , wrestling , badminton and table tennis , and the second best nation in boxing . Medal Name Sport Event Date 01 ! Gold Saikhom Mirabai Chanu Weightlifting Women 's 48 kg 5 April 01 ! Gold Khumukcham Sanjita Chanu Weightlifting Women 's 53 kg 6 April 01 ! Gold Sathish Sivalingam Weightlifting Men 's 77 kg 7 April 01 ! Gold Ragala Venkat Rahul Weightlifting Men 's 85 kg 7 April 01 ! Gold Punam Yadav Weightlifting Women 's 69 kg 8 April 01 ! Gold Manu Bhaker Shooting Women 's 10 metre air pistol 8 April 01 ! Gold Manika Batra Mouma Das Sutirtha Mukherjee Madhurika Patkar Pooja Sahasrabudhe Table tennis Women 's team 8 April 01 ! Gold Jitu Rai Shooting Men 's 10 metre air pistol 9 April 01 ! Gold Sharath Achanta Anthony Amalraj Harmeet Desai Sanil Shetty Sathiyan Gnanasekaran Table tennis Men 's team 9 April 01 ! Gold Pranav Chopra Prannoy Kumar Saina Nehwal Ashwini Ponnappa Satwiksairaj Rankireddy Sikki Reddy Chirag Shetty Gadde Ruthvika Shivani PV Sindhu Kidambi Srikanth Badminton Mixed team 9 April 01 ! Gold Heena Sidhu Shooting Women 's 25 metre pistol 10 April 01 ! Gold Shreyasi Singh Shooting Women 's double trap 11 April 01 ! Gold Rahul Aware Wrestling Men 's freestyle 57 kg 12 April 01 ! Gold Sushil Kumar Wrestling Men 's freestyle 74 kg 12 April 01 ! Gold Tejaswini Sawant Shooting Women 's 50m rifle 3 positions 13 April 01 ! Gold Anish Bhanwala Shooting Men 's 25 metre rapid fire pistol 13 April 01 ! Gold Bajrang Punia Wrestling Men 's freestyle 65 kg 13 April 01 ! Gold Mary Kom Boxing Women 's light flyweight 48 kg 14 April 01 ! Gold Sanjeev Rajput Shooting Men 's 50m rifle 3 positions 14 April 01 ! Gold Gaurav Solanki Boxing Men 's flyweight 52 kg 14 April 01 ! Gold Neeraj Chopra Athletics Men 's javelin throw 14 April 01 ! Gold Sumit Malik Wrestling Men 's freestyle 125 kg 14 April 01 ! Gold Vinesh Phogat Wrestling Women 's freestyle 50 kg 14 April 01 ! Gold Manika Batra Table tennis Women 's singles 14 April 01 ! Gold Vikas Krishan Yadav Boxing Men 's middleweight 75 kg 14 April 01 ! Gold Saina Nehwal Badminton Women 's singles 15 April 02 ! Silver Gururaja Poojary Weightlifting Men 's 56 kg . 5 April 02 ! Silver Heena Sidhu Shooting Women 's 10 metre air pistol 8 April 02 ! Silver Pardeep Singh Weightlifting Men 's 105 kg 9 April 02 ! Silver Mehuli Ghosh Shooting Women 's 10 metre air rifle 9 April 02 ! Silver Tejaswini Sawant Shooting Women 's 50 metre rifle prone 12 April 02 ! Silver Babita Kumari Wrestling Women 's freestyle 53 kg 12 April 02 ! Silver Seema Antil Athletics Women 's discus throw 12 April 02 ! Silver Anjum Moudgil Shooting Women 's 50m rifle 3 positions 13 April 02 ! Silver Pooja Dhanda Wrestling Women 's freestyle 57 kg 13 April 02 ! Silver Mausam Khatri Wrestling Men 's freestyle 97 kg 13 April 02 ! Silver Manika Batra Mouma Das Table tennis Women 's doubles 13 April 02 ! Silver Amit Panghal Boxing Men 's light flyweight 49 kg 14 April 02 ! Silver Manish Kaushik Boxing Men 's lightweight 60 kg 14 April 02 ! Silver Dipika Pallikal Karthik Saurav Ghosal Squash Mixed doubles 14 April 02 ! Silver Sharath Achanta Sathiyan Gnanasekaran Table tennis Men 's doubles 14 April 02 ! Silver Satish Kumar Boxing Men 's super heavyweight ( + 91 kg ) 14 April 02 ! Silver P.V. Sindhu Badminton Women 's singles 15 April 02 ! Silver Dipika Pallikal Karthik Joshna Chinappa Squash Women 's doubles 15 April 02 ! Silver Kidambi Srikanth Badminton Men 's singles 15 April 02 ! Silver Satwiksairaj Rankireddy Chirag Shetty Badminton Men 's doubles 15 April 03 ! Bronze Deepak Lather Weightlifting Men 's 69 kg 6 April 03 ! Bronze Ravi Kumar Shooting Men 's 10 metre air rifle 8 April 03 ! Bronze Vikas Thakur Weightlifting Men 's 94 kg 8 April 03 ! Bronze Om Prakash Mitharwal Shooting Men 's 10 metre air pistol 9 April 03 ! Bronze Apurvi Chandela Shooting Women 's 10 metre air rifle 9 April 03 ! Bronze Sachin Chaudhary Powerlifting Men 's heavyweight 10 April 03 ! Bronze Om Prakash Mitharwal Shooting Men 's 50 metre pistol 11 April 03 ! Bronze Ankur Mittal Shooting Men 's double trap 11 April 03 ! Bronze Kiran Bishnoi Wrestling 12 April 03 ! Bronze Navjeet Dhillon Athletics Women 's discus throw 12 April 03 ! Bronze Naman Tanwar Boxing Men 's heavyweight 91 kg 13 April 03 ! Bronze Divya Kakran Wrestling Women 's freestyle 68 kg 13 April 03 ! Bronze Hussamuddin Mohammed Boxing Men 's bantamweight 56 kg 13 April 03 ! Bronze Manoj Kumar Boxing Men 's welterweight 69 kg 13 April 03 ! Bronze Sakshi Malik Wrestling Women 's freestyle 62 kg 14 April 03 ! Bronze Somveer Kadian Wrestling Men 's freestyle 86 kg 14 April 03 ! Bronze Ashwini Ponnappa Sikki Reddy Badminton Women 's doubles 14 April 03 ! Bronze Harmeet Desai Sanil Shetty Table tennis Men 's doubles 14 April 03 ! Bronze Manika Batra Sathiyan Gnanasekaran Table tennis Mixed doubles 15 April 03 ! Bronze Sharath Achanta Table tennis Men 's singles 15 April Medals by sport Sport Total Shooting 7 5 16 Wrestling 5 12 Weightlifting 5 9 Boxing 9 Table tennis 8 Badminton 6 Athletics Squash 0 0 Powerlifting 0 0 Total 26 20 20 66 Medals by gender Gender 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Male 13 9 13 35 Female 12 10 6 28 Mixed Total 26 20 20 66 Medals by date Day Date Total Day 1 5th 0 Day 2 6th 0 Day 3 7th 0 0 Day 4 8th 6 Day 5 9th 7 Day 6 10th 0 Day 7 11th 0 Day 8 12th 7 Day 9 13th 11 Day 10 14th 8 5 17 Day 11 15th 7 Total 26 20 20 66 Athletics ( edit ) Main article : Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Men Track & road events Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Irfan Kolothum Thodi 20 km walk N / A 1 : 27 : 34 13 Manish Singh Rawat N / A 1 : 22 : 22 6 Jinson Johnson 1500 m 3 : 47.04 8 Q N / A 3 : 37.86 NR 5 Dharun Ayyasamy 400 m Hurdles 49.85 12 Did not advance Muhammed Anas Yahiya 400 m 45.96 8 Q 45.44 4 Q 45.31 NR Muhammed Anas Yahiya Dharun Ayyasamy Amoj Jacob Arokia Rajiv Jeevan Karekoppa Suresh * 4 × 400 m relay 3 : 04.05 2 Q N / A DNF * Competed in heats only . Field events Athlete Event Qualification Final Distance Rank Distance Rank Neeraj Chopra Javelin throw 80.42 4 Q 86.47 SB 01 ! Vipin Kasana 78.88 5 Q 77.87 5 Tajinder Pal Singh Toor Shot put 19.10 10 Q 19.42 8 Arpinder Singh Triple jump 16.39 2 Q 16.46 Rakesh Babu AV 15.98 12 Q DQ Tejaswin Shankar High jump 2.21 9 Q 2.24 6 Women Track & road events Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Soumya B 20 kilometers walk N / A DQ Khushbir Kaur N / A 1 : 39 : 21 Hima Das 400 m 52.11 8 Q 51.53 7 Q 51.32 PB 6 M.R. Poovamma 53.72 24 Did not Advance L Suriya 10,000 m N / A 32 : 23.56 PB 13 Hima Das M.R. Poovamma Sonia Baishya Sarita Gayakwad 4 × 400 m relay N / A 3 : 33.61 7 Field events Athlete Event Qualification Final Distance Rank Distance Rank Nayana James Long jump 6.34 9 Q 6.14 12 Neena Pinto 6.24 12 Q 6.19 10 Navjeet Kaur Dhillon Discus throw N / A 57.43 03 ! Seema Antil N / A 60.41 02 ! Combined Events -- Heptathlon Athlete Event 100H HJ SP 200 m LJ JT 800 m Total Rank Purnima Hembram Result 13.56 PB 1.72 PB 11.75 25.12 5.96 41.57 2 : 17.44 5834 PB 7 Points 1041 879 645 876 837 697 859 Badminton ( edit ) Main article : Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games India will be represented by 10 athletes , 5 men and 5 women . Singles Athlete Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Prannoy Kumar Men 's singles BYE Paul ( MRI ) W 2 -- 0 Joe ( AUS ) W 2 -- 0 Karunaratna ( SRI ) W 2 -- 0 Lee CW ( MAS ) L 1 -- 2 Ouseph ( ENG ) L 1 -- 2 Kidambi Srikanth BYE Lubah ( MRI ) W 2 -- 0 Karunaratne ( SRI ) W 2 -- 0 Rei ( SGP ) W 2 -- 0 Ouseph ( ENG ) W 2 -- 0 Lee CW ( MAS ) L 1 -- 2 02 ! Saina Nehwal Women 's singles BYE Villiers ( RSA ) W 2 -- 0 J Li ( IOM ) W 2 -- 0 ( ret. ) Honderich ( CAN ) W 2 -- 0 Gilmour ( SCO ) W 2 -- 1 Sindhu ( IND ) W 2 -- 0 01 ! Gadde Ruthvika Shivani BYE Atipaka ( GHA ) W 2 -- 0 Yeo JM ( SGP ) W 2 -- 1 Gilmour ( SCO ) L 0 -- 0 ( ret. ) Did not advance PV Sindhu BYE Whiteside ( FIJ ) W 2 -- 0 Wendy C H-y ( AUS ) W 2 -- 0 Tam ( CAN ) W 2 -- 0 M Li ( CAN ) W 2 -- 0 Nehwal ( IND ) L 0 -- 2 02 ! Doubles Athlete Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Satwiksairaj Rankireddy Chirag Shetty Men 's doubles N / A BYE Lubah / Paul ( MRI ) W 2 -- 0 Chan PS / Goh SH ( MAS ) W 2 -- 1 Dias / Goonethilleka ( SRI ) W 2 -- 0 Ellis / Langridge ( ENG ) L 0 -- 2 02 ! Ashwini Ponnappa Sikki Reddy Women 's doubles N / A BYE Ong R-N / C Ying ( SGP ) W 2 -- 0 Ambalangodage / Beruwelage ( SRI ) W 2 -- 0 Chow MK / Vivian HM ( MAS ) L 1 -- 2 Mapasa / Somerville ( AUS ) W 2 -- 0 03 ! Ashwini Ponnappa Satwiksairaj Rankireddy Mixed doubles Hardy / Tissier ( GUE ) W 2 -- 0 Lane / Pugh ( ENG ) W 2 -- 0 Tsai / N Yakura ( CAN ) W 2 -- 0 Goh SH / SJ Lai ( MAS ) W 2 -- 0 Ellis / Smith ( ENG ) L 1 -- 2 Chan PS / Goh LY ( MAS ) L 0 -- 2 Sikki Reddy Pranav Chopra BYE Molia / Gibson ( FIJ ) W 2 -- 0 Chrisnanta / C Ying ( SGP ) W 2 -- 0 Chan PS / Goh LY ( MAS ) L 0 -- 2 Did not advance Mixed team Main article : Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Mixed team Summary Team Event Group stage Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank India Mixed team Sri Lanka ( SRI ) W 5 -- 0 Pakistan ( PAK ) W 5 -- 0 Scotland ( SCO ) W 5 -- 0 1 Q Mauritius ( MRI ) W 3 -- 0 Singapore ( SGP ) W 3 -- 1 Malaysia ( MAS ) W 3 -- 1 01 ! Roster Pranav Chopra Prannoy Kumar Saina Nehwal manish kumar Satwiksairaj Rankireddy Sikki Reddy Chirag Shetty Gadde Ruthvika Shivani PV Sindhu Kidambi Srikanth Pool A Pos Team Pld MF MA MD GF GA GD PF PA PD Pts Qualification India 0 15 0 + 15 30 + 29 651 401 + 250 Knockout stage Scotland 9 6 + 3 19 13 + 6 592 476 + 116 Sri Lanka 5 10 − 5 12 21 − 9 526 619 − 93 Pakistan 0 14 − 13 28 − 26 348 621 − 273 0 Source : India 5 Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre , Gold Coast 5 April Sri Lanka 0 Pranav Chopra / Gadde Ruthvika Shivani Sachin Dias / Thilini Hendahewa 21 15 19 21 22 20 Kidambi Srikanth Niluka Karunaratne 21 16 21 10 Satwiksairaj Rankireddy / Chirag Shetty Dinuka Karunaratna / Buwaneka Goonethilleka 21 17 21 14 Saina Nehwal Madushika Beruwelage 21 8 21 5 Ashwini Ponnappa / Sikki Reddy Thilini Hendahewa / Kavidi Sirimannage 21 12 21 14 India 5 Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre , Gold Coast 5 April Pakistan 0 Satwiksairaj Rankireddy / N. Sikki Reddy Muhammad Irfan Saeed Bhatti / Palwasha Bashir 21 10 21 13 Srikanth Kidambi Murad Ali 21 16 22 20 Saina Nehwal Mahoor Shahzad 21 7 21 11 Pranaav Jerry Chopra / Chirag Shetty Muhammad Irfan Saeed Bhatti / Murad Ali 21 9 21 15 5 Ashwini Ponnappa / Gadde Ruthvika Shivani Mahoor Shahzad / Palwasha Bashir 21 6 21 10 India 5 Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre , Gold Coast 6 April Scotland 0 Saina Nehwal Julie MacPherson 21 14 21 12 Srikanth Kidambi Kieran Merrilees 21 18 21 N. Sikki Reddy / Ashwini Ponnappa Kristy Gilmour / Eleanor O'Donnell 21 8 21 12 Satwiksairaj Rankireddy / Chirag Shetty Patrick MacHugh / Adam Hall 21 16 21 19 5 Pranaav Jerry Chopra / N. Sikki Reddy Martin Campbell / Julie MacPherson 21 17 21 15 Quarterfinals India Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre , Gold Coast 7 April Mauritius 0 Satwiksairaj Rankireddy / Chirag Shetty Aatish Lubah / Christopher Paul 21 12 21 Ashwini Ponnappa / N. Sikki Reddy Aurélie Allet / Nicki Chan - Lam 21 8 21 7 Srikanth Kidambi Georges Paul 21 12 21 14 Saina Nehwal Kate Foo Kune not played 5 Satwiksairaj Rankireddy / N. Sikki Reddy Georges Paul / Aurélie Allet not played Semifinals India Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre , Gold Coast 8 April Singapore Satwiksairaj Rankireddy / Ashwini Ponnappa Terry Hee Yong Kai / Crystal Wong Jia Ying 22 20 21 18 Srikanth Kidambi Loh Kean Yew 21 17 21 14 Satwiksairaj Rankireddy / Chirag Shetty Terry Hee Yong Kai / Danny Bawa Chrisnanta 21 17 19 21 12 21 Saina Nehwal Yeo Jia Min 21 8 21 15 5 Ashwini Ponnappa / N. Sikki Reddy Ong Ren - Ne / Crystal Wong Jia Ying not played Final India Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre , Gold Coast 9 April Malaysia Satwiksairaj Rankireddy / Ashwini Ponnappa Chan Peng Soon / Goh Liu Ying 21 14 15 21 21 15 Srikanth Kidambi Lee Chong Wei 21 17 21 14 Satwiksairaj Rankireddy / Chirag Shetty Goh V Shem / Tan Wee Kiong 15 21 20 22 Saina Nehwal Soniia Cheah 21 11 19 21 21 9 5 N. Sikki Reddy / Ashwini Ponnappa Vivian Hoo / Chow Mei Kuan not played Basketball ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games India has qualified a men 's and women 's basketball teams for a total of 24 athletes ( 12 men and 12 women ) . Both teams were invited by FIBA and the CGF . Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Men 's tournament Roster Ravi Bhardwaj Arvind Arumugam Satnam Bhamara Arshpreet Bhullar Aravind Annadurai Akilan Pari Justin Joseph Gnana Selvaraj Jeevanantham Pandi Yadwinder Singh Joginder Singh Amritpal Singh Amjyot Gill Pool B Team PLD PF PA PD Points Scotland 0 237 198 39 6 England 246 186 60 5 Cameroon 202 231 - 29 India 0 222 292 - 70 Qualified for the Qualifying finals 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2018 20 : 00 Boxscore Cameroon 96 -- 87 India Scoring by quarter : 15 -- 27 , 24 -- 36 , 23 -- 13 , 34 -- 11 Pts : Kome 21 Rebs : Tsaace 13 Asts : Ngijol 3 Pts : At . Singh 23 Rebs : Aravind 12 Asts : J. Singh 8 Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre , Townsville Referees : Michael Weiland ( CAN ) , Ryan Jones ( NZL ) 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2018 17 : 30 Boxscore England 100 -- 54 India Scoring by quarter : 19 -- 15 , 27 -- 9 , 29 -- 11 , 25 -- 19 Pts : Thoseby 20 Rebs : Walker 8 Asts : Jones 6 Pts : Aravind 22 Rebs : Y. Singh 7 Asts : At . Singh 5 Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre , Townsville Referees : Takaki Kato ( JPN ) , Ryan Jones ( NZL ) 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 2018 21 : 00 Boxscore India 81 -- 96 Scotland Scoring by quarter : 26 -- 33 , 15 -- 16 , 11 -- 29 , 29 -- 18 Pts : J. Singh 27 Rebs : J. Singh 14 Asts : At . Singh 7 Pts : Collins 16 Rebs : Vigor 12 Asts : Vigor 7 Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre , Townsville Referees : Kingsley Ojeaburu ( NGR ) , Matthew Bathurst ( NZL ) Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Women 's tournament Roster The following is the India roster in the women 's basketball tournament of the 2018 Commonwealth Games . India women 's national basketball team - 2018 Commonwealth Games roster Players Coaches Pos . # Name Age -- Date of birth Ht . Club Ctr . 3.5 ! F Prasannan Geetha , Anjana 7003854800000000000 ♠ 23 -- ( 1994 - 11 - 09 ) 9 November 1994 1.77 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Kerala IND ! 1.5 ! G 5 Sonkar , Barkha 7003777200000000000 ♠ 21 -- ( 1996 - 12 - 24 ) 24 December 1996 1.56 m ( 5 ft 1 in ) Uttar Pradesh IND ! 3.5 ! F 6 Sidhu , Raspreet 7004104880000000000 ♠ 28 -- ( 1989 - 07 - 18 ) 18 July 1989 1.69 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) Delhi IND ! 2.5 ! G / F 8 Merlin Varghese , Grima 7003840800000000000 ♠ 23 -- ( 1995 - 03 - 29 ) 29 March 1995 1.74 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) Kerala IND ! 5.0 ! C 9 Kaur , Anmolpreet 7003670700000000000 ♠ 18 -- ( 1999 - 11 - 24 ) 24 November 1999 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Punjab IND ! 3.5 ! F 10 Pattemane Udayakumar , Navaneetha 7003865200000000000 ♠ 23 -- ( 1994 - 07 - 28 ) 28 July 1994 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Railways IND ! 3.5 ! F 12 Rajaganapathi , Rajapriyadharshini 7003885800000000000 ♠ 24 -- ( 1994 - 01 - 03 ) 3 January 1994 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Railways IND ! 3.5 ! F 13 Palanilkumkalayil Skaria , Jeena 7003885200000000000 ♠ 24 -- ( 1994 - 01 - 09 ) 9 January 1994 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Kerala IND ! 5.0 ! C 14 Limaye , Shireen 7003845200000000000 ♠ 23 -- ( 1995 - 02 - 13 ) 13 February 1995 1.87 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) Maharashtra IND ! 1.5 ! G 15 Menon , Sruthi 7003807900000000000 ♠ 22 -- ( 1996 - 02 - 21 ) 21 February 1996 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) Railways IND ! 1.5 ! G 18 Hemmige Mahesha , Bhandavya 7003729200000000000 ♠ 19 -- ( 1998 - 04 - 18 ) 18 April 1998 1.63 m ( 5 ft 4 in ) Karnataka IND ! 1.5 ! G 19 Kumari , Madhu 7003830600000000000 ♠ 22 -- ( 1995 - 07 - 09 ) 9 July 1995 1.65 m ( 5 ft 5 in ) Railways IND ! Head coach Zoran Višić Assistant coach ( es ) Shiba Maggon Legend ( C ) Team captain Club - describes last club before the tournament Age - describes age on 5 April 2018 Pool B Pos Team Pld PF PA PD Pts Qualification New Zealand 0 256 148 + 108 6 Qualifying finals Jamaica 196 195 + 1 5 Malaysia 187 239 − 52 India 0 184 241 − 57 Source : GC2018 Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Head - to - head results ; 3 ) Points difference ; 4 ) Points scored . 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2018 18 : 30 Boxscore Jamaica 66 -- 57 India Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 14 , 15 -- 13 , 17 -- 16 , 18 -- 14 Pts : George 19 Rebs : George 19 Asts : Dixon 6 Pts : Limaye 18 Rebs : Limaye , Sidhu 5 Asts : Sonkar 4 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Artur Decastro ( MOZ ) , Chris Dodds ( SCO ) , Christine Vuong ( CAN ) 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2018 18 : 30 Boxscore Malaysia 85 -- 72 India Scoring by quarter : 20 -- 25 , 28 -- 12 , 11 -- 18 , 26 -- 17 Pts : Fook Yee Yap 18 Rebs : Chiau Teng Ting 6 Asts : Wei Yin Saw 6 Pts : Skaria 19 Rebs : Skaria 13 Asts : Sonkar 4 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Sarah Carey ( AUS ) , Kate Webb ( ENG ) , Viola Gyorgyi ( NOR ) 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 2018 17 : 30 Boxscore India 55 -- 90 New Zealand Scoring by quarter : 12 -- 31 , 10 -- 23 , 19 -- 19 , 14 -- 17 Pts : Kumari 14 Rebs : Skaria 9 Asts : Sidhu , Limaye 3 Pts : Cocks 21 Rebs : Farnworth 7 Asts : Farnworth 5 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Christine Vuong ( CAN ) , Simon Unsworth ( ENG ) , James Boyer ( AUS ) Boxing ( edit ) Main article : Boxing at the 2018 Commonwealth Games India will be represented by 12 athletes , 8 men and 4 women . Men Athlete Event Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Amit Panghal 49 kg N / A Tetteh ( GHA ) W 5 -- 0 Ahmed ( SCO ) W 4 -- 1 Miiro ( UGA ) W 5 -- 0 Yafai ( ENG ) L 1 -- 3 02 ! Gaurav Solanki 52 kg N / A Ampiah ( GHA ) W 5 -- 0 Keama ( PNG ) W 5 -- 0 Bandara ( SRI ) W 4 -- 0 Irvine ( NIR ) W 4 -- 1 01 ! Mohammed Hussamuddin 56 kg N / A Warawara ( VAN ) W 5 -- 0 Mulenga ( ZAM ) W 5 -- 0 McGrail ( ENG ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance 03 ! Manish Kaushik 60 kg BYE Alexander ( TTO ) W 4 -- 0 French ( ENG ) W 5 -- 0 McGivern ( NIR ) W 4 -- 1 Garside ( AUS ) L 2 -- 3 02 ! Manoj Kumar 69 kg Umeh ( NGR ) W 5 -- 0 Mbundwike ( TAN ) W 5 -- 0 Nickolas ( AUS ) W 4 -- 1 McCormack ( ENG ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance 03 ! Vikas Krishan 75 kg BYE Somerville ( AUS ) W 5 -- 0 Muziyo ( ZAM ) W 5 -- 0 Donnelly ( NIR ) W 5 -- 0 Ntsengue ( CMR ) W 5 -- 0 01 ! Naman Tanwar 91 kg N / A Mhando ( TAN ) W 5 -- 0 Masoe ( SAM ) W 5 -- 0 Whateley ( AUS ) L 0 -- 4 Did not advance 03 ! Satish Kumar + 91 kg N / A BYE Paul ( TTO ) W 4 -- 1 Agnes ( SEY ) W 4 -- 1 Clarke ( ENG ) L 0 -- 5 02 ! Women Athlete Event Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank MC Mary Kom 48 kg N / A Gordon ( SCO ) W 5 -- 0 Koddithuwakku ( SRI ) W 5 -- 0 O'Hara ( NIR ) W 5 -- 0 01 ! Pinki Rani 51 kg N / A Whiteside ( ENG ) L 2 -- 3 Did Not Advance Laishram Sarita Devi 60 kg Gittens ( BAR ) W 5 -- 0 Stridsman ( AUS ) L 0 -- 5 Did Not Advance Lovlina Borgohain 69 kg BYE Ryan ( ENG ) L 2 -- 3 Did Not Advance Cycling ( edit ) Main article : Cycling at the 2018 Commonwealth Games India participated with 9 athletes ( 4 men and 5 women ) . Track ( edit ) Sprint Athlete Event Qualification Round 1 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Time Rank Opposition Time Opposition Time Opposition Time Opposition Time Rank Sahil Kumar Men 's sprint 10.584 22 Did not advance Sanuraj Paul Sanandaraj 10.381 20 Did not advance Ranjit Singh 10.486 21 Did not advance Sahil Kumar Sanuraj Paul Sanandaraj Ranjit Singh Men 's team sprint 46.174 7 N / A Did not advance Deborah Herold Women 's sprint 11.484 Q 13 K McCulloch ( AUS ) L 12.028 Did not advance Aleena Reji 12.207 Q 16 S Morton ( AUS ) L 12.541 Did not advance Deborah Herold Aleena Reji Women 's team sprint 35.309 6 N / A Did not advance Keirin Athlete Event Round 1 Repechage Semifinals Final Rank Rank Rank Rank Sahil Kumar Men 's keirin Did not advance Sanuraj Paul Sanandaraj 5 R Did not advance Ranjit Singh Did not advance Deborah Herold Women 's keirin Did not advance Aleena Reji 5 R Did not advance Time trial Athlete Event Time Rank Sahil Kumar Men 's time trial 1 : 05.538 20 Sanuraj Paul Sanandaraj 1 : 06.097 22 Ranjit Singh 1 : 05.671 21 Deborah Herold Women 's time trial 36.176 13 Aleena Reji 36.308 14 Pursuit Athlete Event Qualification Final Time Rank Opponent Results Rank Manjeet Singh Men 's pursuit 4 : 39.744 24 Did not advance Sonali Mayanglambam Women 's pursuit 3 : 59.028 20 Did not advance Monorama Tongbram 4 : 12.437 22 Did not advance Deborah Herold Amritha Geethakumari Sonali Mayanglambam Aleena Reji Monorama Tongbram Women 's team pursuit 5 : 05.668 7 Did not advance Points race Athlete Event Qualification Final Points Rank Points Rank Manjeet Singh Men 's point race 0 14 Did not advance Sonali Mayanglambam Women 's points race DNS Did not advance Monorama Tongbram DNF Did not advance Scratch race Athlete Event Qualification Final Manjeet Singh Men 's scratch race 13 Did not advance Sonali Mayanglambam Women 's scratch race N / A DNF Monorama Tongbram DNF Gymnastics ( edit ) Main article : Gymnastics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games India will be represented by 7 athletes , 3 men and 4 women . Artistic ( edit ) Men Team Final & Individual Qualification Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank PH V PB HB Ashish Kumar Team 13.050 11.150 11.300 13.150 12.650 10.400 71.700 25 Rakesh Patra - - 13.950 Q - 13.350 - N / A Yogeshwar Singh 12.450 12.750 12.350 13.050 12.300 12.400 75.300 21 Q Total 25.500 23.900 37.600 26.200 38.300 22.800 174.300 9 Individual Finals Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank PH V PB HB Rakesh Patra Rings N / A 12.933 N / A 12.933 8 Yogeshwar Singh All - around 11.400 12.250 12.600 14.100 13.000 12.250 75.600 14 Women Team Final & Individual Qualification Athlete Event Apparatus V UB BB Total Rank Pranati Das Team 12.600 9.750 10.150 11.300 43.800 21 Q Pranati Nayak 13.250 Q 9.775 9.400 10.250 42.675 24 Aruna Reddy 13.200 9.800 10.150 10.350 43.500 22 Q Total 39.050 29.325 29.700 31.900 128.975 7 Individual events Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank V UB BB Pranati Das All - around 12.900 10.050 9.900 11.050 43.900 16 Aruna Reddy 13.650 10.200 9.000 11.550 44.400 14 Pranati Nayak Vault 11.983 N / A 11.983 8 Rhythmic ( edit ) Women Individual Athlete Event Qualification Final Hoop Ball Clubs Ribbon Total Rank Hoop Ball Clubs Ribbon Total Rank Meghana Reddy Gundlapally Individual 9.900 7.300 10.000 7.400 34.600 23 Did Not Advance Hockey ( edit ) Main article : Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games India has qualified a men 's and a women 's team for a total of 36 athletes ( 18 men and 18 women ) based on the FIH World Rankings as of October 31 , 2017 Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Men 's tournament Team Hockey India announced the team of 18 members will be lead by Manpreet Singh . Squad : Goalkeepers : Sreejesh Parattu Raveendran , Suraj Karkera Defenders : Rupinder Pal Singh , Harmanpreet Singh , Varun Kumar , Kothajit Singh , Gurinder Singh , Amit Rohidas Midfielders : Manpreet Singh ( C ) , Chinglensana Singh Kangujam ( VC ) , Sumit , Vivek Sagar Prasad Forwards : Akashdeep Singh , S.V. Sunil , Gurjant Singh , Mandeep Singh , Lalit Upadhyay , Dilpreet Singh Preliminary round Pool B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification India 0 12 9 + 3 10 Advance to Semi-finals England 15 8 + 7 7 Malaysia 5 10 − 5 5th -- 6th place match Pakistan 0 0 6 6 0 7th -- 8th place match 5 Wales 0 6 11 − 5 9th -- 10th place match Source : FIH Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) number of wins ; 3 ) goal difference ; 4 ) goals scored ; 5 ) head - to - head results . 7 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) 14 : 30 India 2 -- 2 Pakistan D. Singh 13 ' H. Singh 20 ' Report Md . Irfan Jr 39 ' Ali 60 ' Umpires : Lim Hong Zhen ( SGP ) David Sweetman ( SCO ) 8 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 19 : 30 India 4 -- 3 Wales D. Singh 16 ' Mand . Singh 28 ' H. Singh 57 ' Sunil 59 ' Report Furlong 17 ' , 45 ' , 58 ' Umpires : David Sweetman ( SCO ) Tyler Klenk ( CAN ) 10 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 09 : 30 India 2 -- 1 Malaysia H. Singh 3 ' , 44 ' Report Saari 16 ' Umpires : Lim Hong Zhen ( SGP ) Tyler Klenk ( CAN ) 11 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 19 : 30 India 4 -- 3 England Manp . Singh 33 ' R.P. Singh 51 ' Kumar 59 ' Mand . Singh 60 ' Report Condon 17 ' Ansell 52 ' Ward 56 ' Umpires : Sean Rapaport ( RSA ) Rawi Anbananthan ( MAS ) Semi-Finals 13 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 21 : 45 India 2 -- 3 New Zealand H. Singh 30 ' , 56 ' Report Inglis 7 ' Jenness 13 ' Child 40 ' Umpires : Lim Hong Zhen ( SGP ) Rawi Anbananthan ( MAS ) Bronze medal match 14 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 14 ) 19 : 00 England 2 -- 1 India Ward 7 ' , 43 ' Report Kumar 27 ' Umpires : Rawi Anbananthan ( MAS ) David Sweetman ( SCO ) Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Women 's tournament Hockey India has announced the team will be lead by Rani Rampal . Squad : Goalkeepers : Savita ( VC ) , Rajani Etimarpu Defenders : Deepika , Sunita Lakra , Deep Grace Ekka , Gurjit Kaur , Sushila Chanu Pukhrambam Midfielders : Monika , Namita Toppo , Nikki Pradhan , Neha Goyal , Lilima Minz Forwards : Rani ( C ) , Vandana Kataria , Lalremsiami , Navjot Kaur , Navneet Kaur , Poonam Rani Preliminary round Pool A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification England 0 11 + 8 9 Advance to Semi-finals India 0 9 5 + 4 9 South Africa − 1 5th -- 6th place match Malaysia 8 − 5 7th -- 8th place match 5 Wales 0 10 − 6 9th -- 10th place match Source : FIH Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) number of wins ; 3 ) goal difference ; 4 ) goals scored ; 5 ) head - to - head results . 5 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 09 : 30 India 2 -- 3 Wales Rampal 34 ' Pradhan 41 ' Report Daley 7 ' French 26 ' Marke - Jones 57 ' Umpires : Aleisha Neumann ( AUS ) Jo Cumming ( NZL ) 6 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 14 : 30 India 4 -- 1 Malaysia G. Kaur 6 ' , 39 ' Rampal 56 ' Lalremsiami 59 ' Report Nuraini 38 ' Umpires : Emma Shelbourn ( GBR ) Cookie Tan ( SGP ) 8 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 09 : 30 England 1 -- 2 India Danson 1 ' Report Navn . Kaur 42 ' G. Kaur 48 ' Umpires : Aleisha Neumann ( AUS ) Cookie Tan ( SGP ) 10 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 19 : 30 India 1 -- 0 South Africa Rampal 47 ' Report Umpires : Sarah Wilson ( SCO ) Catherine Wright ( WAL ) Semi-Finals 12 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 21 : 15 Australia 1 -- 0 India Stewart 37 ' Report Umpires : Ayanna McClean ( TTO ) Lelia Sacre ( CAN ) Bronze medal match 14 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 14 ) 10 : 30 England 6 -- 0 India Webb 27 ' Bray 44 ' , 49 ' , 56 ' Unsworth 55 ' Danson 57 ' Report Umpires : Aleisha Neumann ( AUS ) Lelia Sacre ( CAN ) Lawn Bowls ( edit ) Main article : Lawn bowls at the 2018 Commonwealth Games India will be represented by 10 athletes , 5 men and 5 women . Men Athlete Event Group Stage Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Krishna Xalxo Singles Kimani ( KEN ) W 21 -- 12 Paxton ( ENG ) L 19 -- 21 Kumar ( FIJ ) W 21 -- 11 Newell ( JAM ) L 18 -- 21 McIlroy ( NZL ) L 0 -- 21 Did not advance Alok Lakra Krishna Xalxo Pairs Malaysia ( MAS ) L 13 -- 27 Niue ( NIU ) W 29 -- 6 Scotland ( SCO ) L 12 -- 17 Samoa ( SAM ) W 26 -- 4 Norfolk Island ( NFI ) L 7 -- 17 Did not advance Sunil Bahadur Dinesh Kumar Chandan Singh Triples Wales ( WAL ) L 9 -- 23 Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) W 16 -- 11 England ( ENG ) L 14 -- 15 South Africa ( RSA ) W 18 -- 17 N / A Did not advance Sunil Bahadur Dinesh Kumar Alok Lakra Chandan Singh Fours South Africa ( RSA ) W 19 -- 7 Botswana ( BOT ) W 16 -- 9 Australia ( AUS ) W 19 -- 15 Norfolk Island ( NFI ) W 25 -- 7 N / A 1 Q Wales ( WAL ) L 15 -- 17 Did not advance Women Athlete Event Group Stage Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Pinki Singles Edwards ( NZL ) L 16 -- 20 Rednall ( ENG ) L 11 -- 21 Tikoisuva ( FIJ ) L 12 -- 21 Saroji ( MAS ) L 9 -- 21 Blumsky ( NIU ) W 21 -- 9 5 Did not advance Lovely Choubey Rupa Tirkey Pairs Wales ( WAL ) W 20 -- 16 Jersey ( JER ) W 22 -- 12 Northern Ireland ( NIR ) L 14 -- 15 South Africa ( RSA ) L 17 -- 19 N / A 2 Q Malaysia ( MAS ) L 11 -- 17 Did not advance Farzana Khan Pinki Nayanmoni Saikia Triples Fiji ( FIJ ) L 15 -- 23 Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) W 24 -- 6 Australia ( AUS ) L 11 -- 20 Canada ( CAN ) L 10 -- 19 N / A Did not advance Lovely Choubey Farzana Khan Nayanmoni Saikia Rupa Tirkey Fours Northern Ireland ( NIR ) W 18 -- 10 Malta ( MLT ) L 15 -- 20 England ( ENG ) W 21 -- 9 Fiji ( FIJ ) W 24 -- 9 N / A 1 Q Malta ( MLT ) L 11 - 13 Did not advance Powerlifting ( edit ) Main article : Powerlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games India participated with 4 athletes ( 3 men and 1 woman ) . Athlete Event Result Rank Farman Basha Men 's lightweight 169.4 5 Ashok DNF Sachin Chaudhary Men 's heavyweight 181.0 03 ! Sakina Khatun Women 's lightweight 93.2 5 Shooting ( edit ) Main article : Shooting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Men Athlete Event Qualification Final Points Rank Points Rank Deepak Kumar 10m air rifle 627.2 1 Q 162.3 6 Ravi Kumar 626.8 2 Q 224.1 03 ! Jitu Rai 10m air pistol 570 - 15x 4 Q 235.1 GR 01 ! Om Prakash Mitharwal 584 - 26x 1 Q 214.3 03 ! Anish Bhanwala 25m rapid fire pistol 580 - 22x 1 Q 30 GR 01 ! Neeraj Kumar 579 - 14x 2 Q 13 5 Jitu Rai 50m pistol 542 - 8x 6 Q 105.0 8 Om Prakash Mitharwal 549 - 6x 1 Q 201.1 03 ! Sanjeev Rajput 50m rifle 3 positions 1180 - 58x 1 Q QGR 454.5 GR 01 ! Chain Singh 1166 - 50x 2 Q 419.1 5 Chain Singh 50m rifle prone 614.2 6 Q 204.8 Gagan Narang 617 3 Q 142.3 7 Manavjit Singh Sandhu trap 115 8 Did not advance Kynan Chenai 117 ( 3 S - off ) 7 Did not advance Mohammed Asab double trap 137 ( 5 S - off ) 2 Q 43 Ankur Mittal 133 5 Q 53 03 ! Smit Singh skeet 119 ( 1 S - off ) 6 Q 15 6 Sheeraz Sheikh 117 10 Did not advance Women Athlete Event Qualification Final Points Rank Points Rank Apurvi Chandela 10m air rifle 423.2 1 Q QGR 225.3 03 ! Mehuli Ghosh 413.7 5 Q 247.2 ( 9.9 S - off ) 02 ! Manu Bhaker 10m air pistol 338 - 10x 1 Q 240.9 GR 01 ! Heena Sidhu 379 - 6x 2 Q 234.0 02 ! Heena Sidhu 25m pistol 579 - 21x 3 Q 38 GR 01 ! Annu Singh 584 - 13x 2 Q 15 6 Anjum Moudgil 50m rifle 3 positions 589 - 32x 1 Q QGR 455.7 02 ! Tejaswini Sawant 582 - 31x 3 Q 457.9 GR 01 ! Anjum Moudgil 50m rifle prone N / A 602.2 16 Tejaswini Sawant N / A 618.9 02 ! Shreyasi Singh trap 67 ( 3 S - off ) 4 Q 19 5 Seema Tomar 61 11 Did not advance Shreyasi Singh double trap N / A 96 ( 2 S - off ) 01 ! Varsha Varman N / A 86 Saniya Shaikh skeet 71 2 Q 32 Maheshwari Chauhan 68 8 Did not advance Squash ( edit ) Main article : Squash at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Team of 6 athletes will represent India at the squash competition in the 2018 Commonwealth Games . Individual Athlete Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Saurav Ghosal Men 's singles Bye Binnie ( JAM ) L 2 -- 3 Did not advance Harinder Pal Sandhu Stafford ( CAY ) W 3 -- 1 Ivan Y ( MAS ) L 0 -- 3 Did not advance Vikram Malhotra Chilambwe ( ZAM ) W 3 -- 0 Koenig ( MRI ) W 3 -- 0 Matthew ( ENG ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance Joshna Chinappa Women 's singles Bye Vai ( PNG ) W 3 -- 0 Saxby ( AUS ) W 3 -- 0 King ( NZL ) L 0 -- 3 Did not advance Dipika Pallikal Karthik Bye Knaggs ( TRI ) W 3 -- 0 Waters ( ENG ) L 0 -- 3 Did not advance Doubles Athlete Event Group stage Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Vikram Malhotra Ramit Tandon Men 's doubles Creed / Makin ( WAL ) W 2 -- 1 Jombla / Mansaray ( SLE ) W 2 -- 0 ( w / o ) N / A 1 Q Binnie / Walters ( JAM ) W 2 -- 0 James / Willstrop ( ENG ) L 1 -- 2 Did not advance Joshna Chinappa Dipika Pallikal Karthik Women 's doubles F Zafar / M Zafar ( PAK ) W 2 -- 1 Evans / Saffery ( WAL ) W 2 -- 1 Kellas / Sultana ( MLT ) W 2 -- 0 1 Q N / A Cornett / Todd ( CAN ) W 2 -- 1 Massaro / Perry ( ENG ) W 2 -- 0 King / Landers - Murphy ( NZL ) L 0 -- 2 02 ! Joshna Chinappa Harinder Pal Sandhu Mixed doubles Laing / Kelly ( CAY ) W 2 -- 0 Aitken / Moran ( SCO ) W 2 -- 0 N / A 1 Q Landers - Murphy / Millar ( NZL ) W 2 -- 1 King / Coll ( NZL ) L 0 -- 2 Did not advance Dipika Pallikal Karthik Saurav Ghosal Fung - A-Fat / Khalil ( GUY ) W 2 -- 0 M Zafar / Aslam ( PAK ) W 2 -- 0 N / A 1 Q Azman / Singh ( MAS ) W 2 -- 1 Evans / Creed ( WAL ) W 2 -- 0 King / Coll ( NZL ) W 2 -- 1 Urquhart / Pilley ( AUS ) L 0 -- 2 02 ! Swimming ( edit ) Main article : Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Men Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Virdhawal Khade 50 m freestyle 23.11 19 Did not advance 50 m butterfly 24.52 13 Q 24.50 15 Did not advance Sajan Prakash 50 m butterfly 25.11 21 Did not advance 100 m butterfly 54.11 9 Q 54.12 11 Did not advance 200 m butterfly 1 : 58.87 8 Q N / A 1 : 59.05 8 1500 m freestyle N / A 15 : 52.84 7 Srihari Nataraj 50 m backstroke 26.47 9 Q 26.50 9 Did not advance 100 m backstroke 56.71 15 Q 56.65 13 Did not advance 200 m backstroke 2 : 04.75 17 N / A Did not advance Women Athlete Event Heat Final Time Rank Time Rank Vaishnavi Jagtap 50 m freestyle S8 41.63 6 Q 42.03 6 Kiran Tak 100 m freestyle S9 1 : 46.29 7 Q 1 : 47.95 7 Table tennis ( edit ) Main article : Table tennis at the 2018 Commonwealth Games India will be represented by 10 athletes , 5 men and 5 women . Achanta Sharath Kamal , Sathiyan Gnanasekaran , Sanil Shetty , Harmeet Desai and Anthony Amalraj make up the men 's Table Tennis squad . The women 's squad is constituted of Manika Batra , Mouma Das , Sutirtha Mukherjee , Madhurika Patkar and Pooja Sahasrabudhe . Singles Athletes Event Group Stage Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Sharath Achanta Men 's singles Bye Javen C ( MAS ) W 4 -- 3 Hu H ( AUS ) W 4 -- 1 Pitchford ( ENG ) W 4 -- 2 Aruna ( NGR ) L 0 -- 4 Walker ( ENG ) W 4 -- 1 03 ! Harmeet Desai Bye Loi ( PNG ) W 4 -- 0 Leong CF ( MAS ) W 4 -- 1 Aruna ( NGR ) L 0 -- 4 Did not advance Sathiyan Gnanasekaran Bye Rameez ( PAK ) W 4 -- 0 Toriola ( NGR ) W 4 -- 0 ( ret. ) Walker ( ENG ) L 0 -- 4 Did not advance Manika Batra Women 's singles Bye N / A Bye Feng ( AUS ) W 4 -- 1 Zhou Y ( SGP ) W 4 -- 1 Feng T ( SGP ) W 4 -- 3 Yu M ( SGP ) W 4 -- 0 01 ! Mouma Das Bye N / A Kau ( MRI ) W 4 -- 0 Ho ( ENG ) W 4 -- 3 Yu M ( SGP ) L 1 -- 4 Did not advance Madhurika Patkar Bye N / A Chung ( TTO ) W 4 -- 1 Sibley ( ENG ) L 2 -- 4 Did not advance Doubles Athletes Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Sharath Achanta Sathiyan Gnanasekaran Men 's doubles N / A Miita / Takooa ( KIR ) W 3 -- 0 Mudiyanselage / Ranasingha ( SRI ) W 3 -- 0 McBeath / Walker ( ENG ) W 3 -- 0 Yew P / Shao P ( SGP ) W 3 -- 1 Drinkhall / Pitchford ( ENG ) L 2 -- 3 02 ! Harmeet Desai Sanil Shetty N / A Britton / Franklin ( GUY ) W 3 -- 0 McCreery / Robinson ( NIR ) W 3 -- 0 Hu H / Xin Y ( AUS ) W 3 -- 1 Drinkhall / Pitchford ( ENG ) L 0 -- 3 Yew P / Shao P ( SGP ) W 3 -- 0 03 ! Manika Batra Mouma Das Women 's doubles N / A Bye Kapugeekiyana / Madurangi ( SRI ) W 3 -- 0 Ho / Tsaptsinos ( ENG ) W 3 -- 1 Ho Y / Lyne ( MAS ) W 3 -- 0 Feng T / Yu M ( SGP ) L 0 -- 3 02 ! Sutirtha Mukherjee Pooja Sahasrabudhe N / A Kinoo / Ramasawmy ( MRI ) W 3 -- 0 Carey / Thomas ( WAL ) W 3 -- 1 Cote / Zhang M ( CAN ) W 3 -- 0 Feng T / Yu M ( SGP ) L 0 -- 3 Ho Y / Lyne ( MAS ) L 1 -- 3 Pooja Sahasrabudhe Harmeet Desai Mixed doubles Bye Javen C / Lyne ( MAS ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance Manika Batra Sathiyan Gnanasekaran Bye Ho Y / Leong CF ( MAS ) W 3 -- 0 Cote / Medjugorac ( CAN ) W 3 -- 2 Xue JP / Zhou Y ( SGP ) W 3 -- 0 Pitchford / Ho ( ENG ) L 2 -- 3 Achanta / Das ( IND ) W 3 -- 0 03 ! Mouma Das Sharath Achanta Bye Sirisena / Madurangi ( SRI ) W 3 -- 1 McBeath / K Sibley ( ENG ) W 3 -- 0 E Wang / Zhang M ( CAN ) W 3 -- 1 Gao N / Yu M ( SGP ) L 2 -- 3 Gnanasekaran / Batra ( IND ) L 0 -- 3 Madhurika Patkar Sanil Shetty Bye Mudiyanselage / Warusawithana ( SRI ) W 3 -- 0 Kau / Taucoory ( MRI ) W 3 -- 0 Pitchford / Ho ( ENG ) L 2 -- 3 Did not advance Team Athletes Event Group Stage Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Sharath Achanta Anthony Amalraj Harmeet Desai Sanil Shetty Sathiyan Gnanasekaran Men 's team Trinidad and Tobago ( TTO ) W 3 -- 0 Northern Ireland ( NIR ) W 3 -- 0 1 Q Bye Malaysia ( MAS ) W 3 -- 0 Singapore ( SGP ) W 3 -- 2 Nigeria ( NGR ) W 3 -- 0 01 ! Manika Batra Mouma Das Sutirtha Mukherjee Madhurika Patkar Pooja Sahasrabudhe Women 's team Sri Lanka ( SRI ) W 3 -- 0 Wales ( WAL ) W 3 -- 1 1 Q N / A Malaysia ( MAS ) W 3 -- 0 England ( ENG ) W 3 -- 0 Singapore ( SGP ) W 3 -- 1 01 ! Para-sport Athletes Event Group Stage Semifinal Final Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Maitreyee Sarkar Women 's TT6 -- 10 Tapper ( AUS ) L 0 -- 3 Nime ( PNG ) W 3 -- 0 Pickard ( ENG ) L 0 -- 3 Did not advance Vaishnavi Sutar S Chan ( CAN ) L 0 -- 3 Obazuaye ( NGR ) L 0 -- 3 McDonnell ( AUS ) L 0 -- 3 Did not advance Weightlifting ( edit ) Main articles : Weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games and Weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Qualification Men Athlete Event Weight lifted Total Rank Snatch Clean & jerk Gururaja Poojary - 56 kg 111 138 249 02 ! Muthupandi Raja - 62kg 116 150 266 6 Deepak Lather - 69 kg 136 159 295 03 ! Sathish Sivalingam - 77 kg 144 173 317 01 ! Ragala Venkat Rahul - 85 kg 151 187 338 01 ! Vikas Thakur - 94 kg 159 192 351 03 ! Pardeep Singh - 105 kg 152 200 352 02 ! Gurdeep Singh + 105 kg 175 207 382 Women Athlete Event Weight lifted Total Rank Snatch Clean & jerk Saikhom Mirabai Chanu - 48 kg 86 CR / GR 110 CR / GR 196 CR / GR 01 ! Khumukcham Sanjita Chanu - 53 kg 84 GR 108 192 01 ! Saraswati Rout - 58 kg DNF -- -- -- Vandna Gupta - 63 kg 80 100 180 5 Punam Yadav - 69 kg 100 122 222 01 ! Seema - 75 kg 84 105 189 6 Lalchhanhimi - 90 kg 85 109 194 8 Purnima Pandey + 90 kg 94 118 212 6 Wrestling ( edit ) Main article : Wrestling at the 2018 Commonwealth Games India participated with 12 athletes ( 6 men and 6 women ) . Key : VT -- Victory by Fall . PP -- Decision by Points -- the loser with technical points . PO -- Decision by Points -- the loser without technical points . ST -- Technical superiority -- the loser without technical points and a margin of victory of at least 10 points . SP -- Technical superiority -- the loser with technical points and a margin of victory of at least 10 points . VB -- Victory by Injury Repechage Format Athlete Event Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Repechage Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Rahul Aware Men 's freestyle - 57 kg Ramm ( ENG ) W 4 -- 0 Cicchini ( AUS ) W 4 -- 0 Bilal ( PAK ) W 3 -- 1 N / A Takahashi ( CAN ) W 3 -- 1 01 ! Bajrang Punia Men 's freestyle - 65 kg Richards ( NZL ) W 4 -- 0 Daniel ( NGR ) W 4 -- 0 Marinis ( CAN ) W 4 -- 0 N / A Charig ( WAL ) W 4 -- 0 01 ! Sushil Kumar Men 's freestyle - 74 kg Balfour ( CAN ) W 4 -- 0 Butt ( PAK ) W 4 -- 0 Evans ( AUS ) W 5 -- 0 N / A Botha ( RSA ) W 4 -- 0 01 ! Somveer Kadian Men 's freestyle - 86 kg Kookoo ( KIR ) W 5 -- 0 Inam ( PAK ) L 0 -- 4 N / A Lawrence ( AUS ) W 5 -- 0 Moore ( CAN ) W 3 -- 1 03 ! Mausam Khatri Men 's freestyle - 97 kg N / A Kaouslidis ( CYP ) W 4 -- 0 Tamarau ( NGR ) W 3 -- 1 N / A Erasmus ( RSA ) L 1 -- 4 02 ! Kiran Women 's freestyle - 76 kg N / A Guemde ( CMR ) W 4 -- 1 Onyebuchi ( NGR ) L 0 -- 4 N / A Pariadhaven ( MRI ) W 5 -- 0 03 ! Group Stage Format Athlete Event Group Stage Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Pooja Dhanda Women 's freestyle - 57 kg Schaefer ( CAN ) W 3 -- 1 Moceyawa ( NZL ) W 5 -- 0 1 Q Essombe ( CMR ) W 3 -- 1 Adekuoroye ( NGR ) L 1 -- 3 02 ! Divya Kakran Women 's freestyle 68 kg Anzong ( CMR ) W 5 -- 0 Lappage ( CAN ) L 1 -- 4 2 Q Oborududu ( NGR ) L 1 -- 4 Sultana ( BAN ) W 5 -- 0 03 ! Nordic Format Athlete Event Nordic Round Robin Rank Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Sumit Malik Men 's freestyle - 125 kg Mbianga ( CMR ) W 5 -- 0 Jarvis ( CAN ) W 3 -- 1 Raza ( PAK ) W 3 -- 1 Boltic ( NGR ) W 5 -- 0 01 ! Vinesh Phogat Women 's freestyle - 50 kg Genesis ( NGR ) W 3 -- 1 Kaur ( AUS ) W 4 -- 0 MacDonald ( CAN ) W 4 -- 1 N / A 01 ! Babita Kumari Women 's freestyle - 53 kg Samuel ( NGR ) W 3 -- 1 Dilhani ( SRI ) W 5 -- 0 Holland ( AUS ) W 5 -- 0 Weicker ( CAN ) L 1 -- 3 02 ! Sakshi Malik Women 's freestyle - 62 kg Ngolle ( CMR ) W 4 -- 0 Fazzari ( CAN ) L 1 -- 3 Adeniyi ( NGR ) L 1 -- 3 Ford ( NZL ) W 3 -- 1 03 ! References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 70 Nations and Territories. 6 Continents. 2 Billion citizens . 1 commonwealth family '' . Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 16 April 2018 ) . `` Medal Standings - Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . gc2018.com . Ashmore , Queensland : Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation . Archived from the original on 24 April 2018 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Liam ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Gold Coast 2018 reveal list of competing nations in basketball events '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team India Set To Depart For Australia In Preparation For The Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Basketball Federation of India . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ https://results.gc2018.com/en/rhythmic-gymnastics/results-team-final-and-individual-qualification-qual-a0000103.htm Jump up ^ `` Lawn Bowls Draw '' ( PDF ) . gc2018.com . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . India at the Commonwealth Games British Empire Games 1934 1938 1950 British Empire and Commonwealth Games 1954 1958 1962 1966 British Commonwealth Games 1970 Commonwealth Games 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 India hosted the Games in 2010 . Associations at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Africa Botswana Cameroon Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Americas Bahamas Belize Bermuda Canada Falkland Islands Guyana Saint Helena Asia Bangladesh Brunei India Malaysia Pakistan Singapore Sri Lanka Caribbean Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Dominica Grenada Jamaica Montserrat Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Europe Cyprus England Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Malta Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Oceania Australia Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Nauru New Zealand Niue Norfolk Island Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_at_the_2018_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=844501882 '' Categories : India at the Commonwealth Games 2018 in Indian sport Nations at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 10 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%20at%20the%202018%20Commonwealth%20Games	23,376
bob and steve are brothers who have different friends			Stephen Colbert	stephen colbert	Stephen Tyrone Colbert ( / koʊlˈbɛər / , formerly / ˈkoʊlbərt / ; born May 13 , 1964 ) is an American comedian , television host , actor , and writer . He is best known for hosting the satirical Comedy Central program The Colbert Report from 2005 to 2014 , and hosting the CBS talk program The Late Show with Stephen Colbert beginning in September 2015 .	Colbert originally studied to be a dramatic actor , but became interested in improvisational theatre while attending Northwestern University , where he met Second City director Del Close . Colbert first performed professionally as an understudy for Steve Carell at Second City Chicago , where his troupe mates included Paul Dinello and Amy Sedaris , comedians with whom he developed the sketch comedy series , Exit 57 . He wrote and performed on the short - lived Dana Carvey Show before collaborating with Sedaris and Dinello again on the cult television series Strangers with Candy . He gained attention for his role on the latter as closeted gay history teacher Chuck Noblet . Colbert 's work as a correspondent on Comedy Central 's news - parody series The Daily Show gained him wide recognition . In 2005 , he left The Daily Show to host The Colbert Report . Following The Daily Show 's news - parody concept , The Colbert Report was a parody of personality - driven political opinion shows including The O'Reilly Factor , in which he portrayed a caricatured version of conservative political pundits . The series became one of Comedy Central 's highest - rated series , earning Colbert an invitation to perform as featured entertainer at the White House Correspondents ' Association Dinner in 2006 . After ending The Colbert Report , he was hired in 2015 to succeed retiring David Letterman as host of the Late Show on CBS . He hosted the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards in September 2017 . Colbert has won nine Primetime Emmy Awards , two Grammy Awards , and two Peabody Awards . Colbert was named one of Time 's 100 Most Influential People in 2006 , and 2012 . Colbert 's book , I Am America ( And So Can You ! ) , listed # 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list in 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Early career in comedy 3 Television career 3.1 Strangers with Candy 3.2 The Daily Show 3.3 The Colbert Report 3.4 The Late Show 4 Politics 4.1 2006 White House Correspondents ' Association Dinner 4.2 2008 Presidential bid 4.3 2009 solidarity with U.S. troops in Iraq War 4.4 2010 Congressional testimony 4.5 2010 Washington D.C. rallies 4.6 Super PAC and President of the United States of South Carolina 5 Other work 6 Influences 7 Personal life 8 Awards and honors 8.1 Ben & Jerry 's Stephen Colbert 's AmeriCone Dream ice cream 8.2 Species named in honor 8.3 COLBERT Treadmill 9 Filmography 9.1 Television 9.2 Film 9.3 Award shows 9.4 Video games 9.5 Theatre 10 Published works 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Early life Colbert was born in Washington , D.C. , the youngest of 11 children in a Catholic family . He grew up on James Island , South Carolina . Colbert and his siblings , in descending order by age , are James , Edward , Mary , William , Margo , Thomas , Jay , Elizabeth , Paul , Peter , and Stephen . His father , James William Colbert , Jr. , was an immunologist and medical school dean at Yale University , Saint Louis University , and finally at the Medical University of South Carolina where he served as vice president for academic affairs . Stephen 's mother , Lorna Elizabeth Colbert ( née Tuck ) , was a homemaker . In interviews , Colbert has described his parents as devout people who also strongly valued intellectualism and taught their children that it was possible to question the church and still be Catholic . The emphasis his family placed on intelligence and his observation of negative stereotypes of Southerners led Colbert to train himself to suppress his Southern accent while he was still quite young . As a child , he observed that Southerners were often depicted as being less intelligent than other characters on scripted television ; to avoid that stereotype , he taught himself to imitate the speech of American news anchors . While Colbert sometimes comedically claims his surname is French , he is of 15 / 16ths Irish ancestry ( one of his paternal great - great - grandmothers was of German and English descent ) . Many of his ancestors emigrated from Ireland to North America in the 19th century before and during the Great Famine . Originally , his surname was pronounced / ˈkoʊlbərt / KOHL - bərt in English ; Stephen Colbert 's father , James , wanted to pronounce the name / koʊlˈbɛər / kohl - BAIR , but maintained the / ˈkoʊlbərt / pronunciation out of respect for his own father . He offered his children the option to pronounce the name whichever way they preferred . Stephen started using / koʊlˈbɛər / later in life when he transferred to Northwestern University , taking advantage of the opportunity to reinvent himself in a new place where no one knew him . Stephen 's elder brother , Edward , an intellectual property attorney , retained / ˈkoʊlbərt / ; this was shown in a February 12 , 2009 , appearance on The Colbert Report , when his youngest brother asked him , `` / ˈkoʊlbərt / or / koʊlˈbɛər / ? '' Ed responded `` / ˈkoʊlbərt / '' , to which Stephen jokingly replied , `` See you in Hell '' . On September 11 , 1974 , when Colbert was ten years old , his father and two closest male siblings ( by age ) , Peter and Paul , died in the crash of Eastern Air Lines Flight 212 while it was attempting to land in Charlotte , North Carolina . They were en route to enroll the two boys at Canterbury School in New Milford , Connecticut . Lorna Colbert relocated the family downtown to the more urban environment of East Bay Street in Charleston . Colbert found the transition difficult and did not easily make new friends in his new neighborhood . Colbert later described himself during this time as detached , lacking a sense of importance regarding the things with which other children concerned themselves . He developed a love of science fiction and fantasy novels , especially the works of J.R.R. Tolkien , of which he remains an avid fan . During his adolescence , he also developed an intense interest in fantasy role - playing games , especially Dungeons & Dragons , a pastime which he later characterized as an early experience in acting and improvisation . Colbert attended Charleston 's Episcopal Porter - Gaud School , where he participated in several school plays and contributed to the school newspaper but was not highly motivated academically . During his adolescence , he briefly fronted A Shot in the Dark , a Rolling Stones cover band . When he was younger , he had hoped to study marine biology , but surgery intended to repair a severely perforated eardrum caused him inner ear damage . The damage was severe enough that he was unable to pursue a career that would involve scuba diving . The damage also left him deaf in his right ear . For a while , he was uncertain whether he would attend college , but ultimately he applied and was accepted to Hampden -- Sydney College in Virginia , where a friend had also enrolled . Arriving in 1982 , he continued to participate in plays while studying mainly philosophy . He found the curriculum rigorous , but was more focused than he had been in high school and was able to apply himself to his studies . Despite the lack of a significant theater community at Hampden -- Sydney , Colbert 's interest in acting escalated during this time . After two years , he transferred in 1984 to Northwestern University as a theater major to study performance , emboldened by the realization that he loved performing , even when no one was coming to shows . He graduated from Northwestern 's School of Communication in 1986 . Early career in Comedy Stephen Colbert and his wife Evelyn McGee - Colbert at the 2006 Time 100 While at Northwestern , Colbert studied with the intent of becoming a dramatic actor ; mostly he performed in experimental plays and was uninterested in comedy . He began performing improvisation while in college , both in the campus improv team No Fun Mud Piranhas and at the Annoyance Theatre in Chicago as a part of Del Close 's ImprovOlympic at a time when the project was focused on competitive , long - form improvisation , rather than improvisational comedy . `` I was n't gon na do Second City '' , Colbert later recalled , `` because those Annoyance people looked down on Second City because they thought it was n't pure improv -- there was a slightly snobby , mystical quality to the Annoyance people '' . After Colbert graduated in 1986 , however , he was in need of a job . A friend who was employed at Second City 's box office offered him work answering phones and selling souvenirs . Colbert accepted and discovered that Second City employees were entitled to take classes at their training center for free . Despite his earlier aversion to the comedy group , he signed up for improvisation classes and enjoyed the experience greatly . Shortly thereafter , he was hired to perform with Second City 's touring company , initially as an understudy for Steve Carell . It was there he met Amy Sedaris and Paul Dinello , with whom he often collaborated later in his career . By their retelling , the three comedians did not get along at first -- Dinello thought Colbert was uptight , pretentious and cold , while Colbert thought of Dinello as `` an illiterate thug '' -- but the trio became close friends while touring together , discovering that they shared a similar comic sensibility . When Sedaris and Dinello were offered the opportunity to create a television series for HBO Downtown Productions , Colbert left The Second City and relocated to New York to work with them on the sketch comedy show Exit 57 . The series debuted on Comedy Central in 1995 and aired through 1996 . Although it lasted for only 12 episodes , the show received favorable reviews and was nominated for five CableACE Awards in 1995 , in categories including best writing , performance , and comedy series . Following the cancelation of Exit 57 , Colbert worked for six months as a cast member and writer on The Dana Carvey Show , alongside former Second City castmate Steve Carell , and also Robert Smigel , Charlie Kaufman , Louis C.K. , and Dino Stamatopoulos , among others . The series , described by one reviewer as `` kamikaze satire '' in `` borderline - questionable taste '' , had sponsors pull out after its first episode aired and was cancelled after seven episodes . Colbert then worked briefly as a freelance writer for Saturday Night Live with Robert Smigel . Smigel brought his animated sketch , The Ambiguously Gay Duo , to SNL from The Dana Carvey Show ; Colbert provided the voice of Ace on both series , opposite Steve Carell as Gary . Needing money , he also worked as a script consultant for VH1 and MTV , before taking a job filming humorous correspondent segments for Good Morning America . Only two of the segments he proposed were ever produced and only one aired , but the job led his agent to refer him to The Daily Show 's then - producer , Madeline Smithberg , who hired Colbert on a trial basis in 1997 . Television career Strangers with Candy Main article : Strangers with Candy During the same period , Colbert worked again with Sedaris and Dinello to develop a new comedy series for Comedy Central , Strangers with Candy . Comedy Central picked up the series in 1998 after Colbert had already begun working on The Daily Show . As a result , he accepted a reduced role , filming only around 20 Daily Show segments a year while he worked on the new series . Strangers with Candy was conceived of as a parody of after school specials , following the life of Jerri Blank , a 46 - year - old dropout who returns to finish high school after 32 years of life on the street . Most noted by critics for its use of offensive humor , it concluded each episode by delivering to the audience a skewed , politically incorrect moral lesson . Colbert served as a main writer alongside Sedaris and Dinello , and portrayed Jerri 's strict but uninformed history teacher , Chuck Noblet , seen throughout the series dispensing inaccurate information to his classes . Colbert has likened this to the character he played on The Daily Show and later The Colbert Report , claiming that he has a very specific niche in portraying `` poorly informed , high - status idiot '' characters . Another running joke throughout the series was that Noblet , a closeted homosexual , was having a `` secret '' affair with fellow teacher Geoffrey Jellineck , despite the fact that their relationship was apparent to everyone around them . This obliviousness also appears in Colbert 's Daily Show and Colbert Report character . Thirty episodes of Strangers with Candy were made , which aired on Comedy Central in 1999 and 2000 . Though its ratings were not remarkable during its initial run , it has been characterized as a cult show with a small but dedicated audience . Colbert reprised his role for a film adaptation , which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in 2005 and had a limited release in 2006 . The film received mixed reviews . Colbert also co-wrote the screenplay with Sedaris and Dinello . The Daily Show Main article : The Daily Show Colbert joined the cast of Comedy Central 's parody - news series The Daily Show in 1997 , when the show was in its second season . Originally one of four correspondents who filmed segments from remote locations in the style of network news field reporters , Colbert was referred to as `` the new guy '' on - air for his first two years on the show , during which time Craig Kilborn served as host . When Kilborn left the show prior to the 1999 season , Jon Stewart took over hosting duties , also serving as a writer and co-executive producer . From this point , the series gradually began to take on a more political tone and increase in popularity , particularly in the latter part of the 2000 U.S. presidential election season . The roles of the show 's correspondents were expanded to include more in - studio segments and international reports , which were almost always done in the studio with the aid of a greenscreen . Unlike Stewart , who essentially hosted The Daily Show as himself , Colbert developed a correspondent character for his pieces on the series . Colbert has described his correspondent character as `` a fool who has spent a lot of his life playing not the fool -- one who is able to cover it at least well enough to deal with the subjects that he deals with '' . Colbert was frequently pitted against knowledgeable interview subjects , or against Stewart in scripted exchanges , with the resultant dialogue demonstrating the character 's lack of knowledge of whatever subject he is discussing . Colbert also made generous use of humorous fallacies of logic in explaining his point of view on any topic . Other Daily Show correspondents have adopted a similar style ; former correspondent Rob Corddry recalls that when he and Ed Helms first joined the show 's cast in 2002 , they `` just imitated Stephen Colbert for a year or two '' . Correspondent Aasif Mandvi has stated `` I just decided I was going to do my best Stephen Colbert impression '' . Colbert appeared in several recurring segments for The Daily Show , including `` Even Stevphen '' with Steve Carell , in which both characters were expected to debate a selected topic but instead would unleash their anger at one another . Colbert commonly hosted `` This Week in God '' , a report on topics in the news pertaining to religion , presented with the help of the `` God Machine '' . Colbert filed reports from the floor of the Democratic National Convention and the Republican National Convention as a part of The Daily Show 's award - winning coverage of the 2000 and 2004 U.S. Presidential elections ; many from the latter were included as part of their The Daily Show : Indecision 2004 DVD release . Other pieces that have been named as his signature segments include `` Grouse Hunting in Shropshire '' , in which he reported on the `` gayness '' of British aristocracy , his mock lionization of a smoking - rights activist and apparent chain - smoker , and his cameo appearances during his faux campaign for President . In several episodes of The Daily Show , Colbert filled in as anchor in the absence of Jon Stewart , including the full week of March 3 , 2002 , when Stewart was scheduled to host Saturday Night Live . After Colbert left the show , Rob Corddry took over `` This Week in God '' segments , although a recorded sample of Colbert 's voice is still used as the sound effect for the God Machine . Later episodes of The Daily Show have reused older Colbert segments under the label `` Klassic Kolbert '' . Colbert won three Emmys as a writer of The Daily Show in 2004 , 2005 , and 2006 . The Colbert Report Main articles : The Colbert Report and Stephen Colbert ( character ) Colbert , in his television series persona , prepares to interview Michelle Obama . The set of The Colbert Report satirized cable - personality political talk shows . Colbert hosted his own television show , The Colbert Report , from October 17 , 2005 , through December 18 , 2014 . The Colbert Report was a Daily Show spin - off that parodied the conventions of television news broadcasting , particularly cable - personality political talk shows like The O'Reilly Factor , Hannity , and Glenn Beck . Colbert hosted the show in - character as a blustery right - wing pundit , generally considered to be an extension of his character on The Daily Show . Conceived by co-creators Stewart , Colbert , and Ben Karlin in part as an opportunity to explore `` the character - driven news '' , the series focused less on the day - to - day news style of the Daily Show , instead frequently concentrating on the foibles of the host - character himself . The concept for The Report was first seen in a series of Daily Show segments which advertised the then - fictional series as a joke . It was later developed by Stewart 's Busboy Productions and pitched to Comedy Central , which green - lighted the program ; Comedy Central had already been searching for a way to extend the successful Daily Show franchise beyond a half - hour . The series opened to strong ratings , averaging 1.2 million viewers nightly during its first week on the air . Comedy Central signed a long - term contract for The Colbert Report within its first month on the air , when it immediately established itself among the network 's highest - rated shows . Much of Colbert 's personal life was reflected in his character on The Colbert Report . With the extended exposure of the character on the show , he often referenced his interest in and knowledge of Catholicism , science fiction , and The Lord of the Rings , as well as using real facts to create his character 's history . His alternate persona was also raised in South Carolina , is the youngest of 11 siblings and is married . The actual Colbert 's career history in acting and comedy , however , was often downplayed or even denied outright , and he frequently referred to having attended Dartmouth College ( which was at the forefront of the conservative campus movement in the 1980s ) rather than his actual alma mater , Northwestern . In July 2012 , Colbert added two years to his contract with Comedy Central , extending the run of The Colbert Report until the end of 2014 . The final episode on December 18 , 2014 , featured a rendition of `` We 'll Meet Again '' and appearances from former guests of the show , including Jon Stewart , Randy Newman , Bryan Cranston , Willie Nelson , Yo - Yo Ma , Mandy Patinkin , Neil deGrasse Tyson , Tom Brokaw , David Gregory , J.J. Abrams , Big Bird , Gloria Steinem , Ken Burns , James Franco , Barry Manilow , Bob Costas , Jeff Daniels , Sam Waterston , Bill de Blasio , Katie Couric , Patrick Stewart , George Lucas , Henry Kissinger , Cookie Monster , Alan Alda , Eliot Spitzer , Vince Gilligan , Paul Krugman , and a text from Bill Clinton , and appearances by Alex Trebek , U.S. and coalition Afghanistan forces , and further characters ( a space station astronaut , Santa , Abraham Lincoln , etc . ) . The Late Show Main article : The Late Show with Stephen Colbert On April 10 , 2014 , CBS announced in a press release that Colbert `` will succeed David Letterman as the host of The Late Show , effective when Mr. Letterman retires from the broadcast . '' On January 12 , 2015 , CBS announced that Colbert would premiere as the Late Show host on Tuesday , September 8 , 2015 . The first guest of the new Late Show was George Clooney . The show has a much more political focus than David Letterman 's Late Show . During his tenure as the host of The Late Show , Colbert hosted the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , broadcast on CBS on September 17 , 2017 . Politics 2006 White House Correspondents ' Association Dinner Main article : Stephen Colbert at the 2006 White House Correspondents ' Association Dinner On Saturday , April 29 , 2006 , Colbert was the featured entertainer for the 2006 White House Correspondents ' Association Dinner . Standing a few yards from U.S. President George W. Bush -- in front of an audience the Associated Press called a `` Who 's Who of power and celebrity '' -- Colbert delivered a searing routine targeting the president and the media . In his politically conservative character from The Colbert Report , Colbert satirized the George W. Bush Administration and the White House Press Corps with such lines as : I stand by this man . I stand by this man because he stands for things . Not only for things , he stands on things . Things like aircraft carriers and rubble and recently flooded city squares . And that sends a strong message , that no matter what happens to America , she will always rebound -- with the most powerfully staged photo ops in the world . Colbert received a chilly response from the audience . His jokes were often met with silence and muttering , apart from the enthusiastic laughter of a few in the audience . The major media outlets paid little attention to it initially . Washington Post columnist Dan Froomkin and Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism professor Todd Gitlin claimed that this was because Colbert 's routine was as critical of the media as it was of Bush . Richard Cohen , also writing for The Washington Post , responded that the routine was not funny . The video of Colbert 's performance became an internet and media sensation , while , in the week following the speech , ratings for The Colbert Report rose by 37 % to average just under 1.5 million total viewers per episode . In Time magazine James Poniewozik called it `` the political - cultural touchstone issue of 2006 '' . Writing six months later , New York Times columnist Frank Rich referred to Colbert 's speech as a `` cultural primary '' and called it the `` defining moment '' of the 2006 midterm elections . 2008 Presidential bid Main article : Stephen Colbert presidential campaign , 2008 Wikinews has related news : Colbert officially withdraws Presidential bid ; Obama supporters pressured South Carolina Under his fictional persona in The Colbert Report , Colbert dropped hints of a potential presidential run throughout 2007 , with speculation intensifying following the release of his book , I Am America ( And So Can You ! ) , which was rumored to be a sign that he was indeed testing the waters for a future bid for the White House . On October 16 , 2007 , he announced his candidacy on his show , stating his intention to run both on the Republican and Democratic platforms , but only as a `` favorite son '' in his native South Carolina . He later abandoned plans to run as a Republican due to the $35,000 fee required to file for the South Carolina primary , however he continued to seek a place on the Democratic ballot and on October 28 , 2007 , campaigned in the South Carolina state capital of Columbia , where he was presented with the key to the city by Mayor Bob Coble . After announcing his presidential ticket , he asked his viewers to cast their votes by donating to Donorschoose.org , an online charity connecting individuals to classrooms in need . Colbert 's promotion inspired $68,000 in donations to South Carolina classrooms , which benefited over 14,000 low - income students . Colbert teamed up with Donorschoose.org again in 2008 by asking supporters of Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton to do the same . As a lead - up to the Pennsylvania primary , he created a `` straw poll that makes a difference '' , where people could donate to Pennsylvania classroom projects in honor of their favorite candidate . Colbert viewers donated $185,000 to projects reaching 43,000 students in Pennsylvania public schools . On November 1 , 2007 , the South Carolina Democratic Party executive council voted 13 -- 3 to refuse Colbert 's application onto the ballot . `` The general sense of the council was that he was n't a serious candidate and that was why he was n't selected to be on the ballot '' , stated John Werner , the party 's director . In addition , he was declared `` not viable '' , as he was running in only one state . Several days later he announced that he was dropping out of the race , saying that he did not wish to put the country through an agonizing Supreme Court battle . CNN has reported that Obama supporters pressured the South Carolina Democratic Executive Council to keep Colbert off the ballot . One anonymous member of the council told CNN that former State Superintendent of Education Inez Tenenbaum had placed pressure on them to refuse Colbert 's application despite his steady rise in polls . Though Colbert 's real - life presidential campaign had ended , Marvel Comics editor - in - chief Joe Quesada established in an interview on The Colbert Report that Colbert 's campaign was still going strong in the fictional Marvel Universe , citing the cover art of a then - recent issue of The Amazing Spider - Man which featured a Colbert campaign billboard in the background . Background appearances of Colbert campaign ads continued to appear in Marvel Comics publications , as late as August 2008 's Secret Invasion No. 5 ( which also features a cameo of an alien Skrull posing as Colbert ) . In October 2008 , Colbert made an extended 8 - page appearance webslinging with Spider - Man in The Amazing Spider - Man issue No. 573 . Colbert voiced the president of the U.S. in the 2009 film Monsters vs. Aliens . 2009 solidarity with U.S. troops in Iraq war Stephen Colbert greets troops and civilians at Al Faw Palace at Camp Victory in Baghdad , Iraq , June 5 , as part of his `` Operation Iraqi Stephen : Going Commando '' tour Stephen Colbert arrived in Baghdad , Iraq , on June 5 , 2009 , to film a week of shows called `` Operation Iraqi Stephen : Going Commando '' sponsored by the USO ( United Service Organizations ) . Colbert had a suit tailored for him in the Army Combat Uniform pattern . During the first episode ( which featured a cameo appearance from U.S. president Barack Obama ) , Colbert had his hair cropped in a military style to show his solidarity with the troops . One Army major said that `` shaving of the hair is an amazing show of support '' that was `` very touching . '' USO Senior Vice President John Hanson said the shows are an important diversion for the troops . 2010 Congressional testimony On September 24 , 2010 , Colbert testified in character before the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration , Citizenship , and Border Security . He was invited by committee chairwoman Zoe Lofgren to describe his experience participating in the United Farm Workers ' `` Take Our Jobs '' program , where he spent a day working alongside migrant workers in upstate New York . At the end of his often - humorous testimony , Colbert broke character in responding to a question from Rep. Judy Chu , D - CA , and explained his purpose for being at the hearing : I like talking about people who do n't have any power , and this seems like one of the least powerful people in the United States are migrant workers who come and do our work , but do n't have any rights as a result . And yet we still invite them to come here and at the same time ask them to leave . And that 's an interesting contradiction to me . And , you know , ' Whatsoever you do for the least of my brothers , ' and these seem like the least of our brothers right now ... Migrant workers suffer and have no rights . Democratic committee member John Conyers questioned whether it was appropriate for the comedian to appear before Congress and asked him to leave the hearing . Though Colbert offered to depart at the direction of the committee chairwoman , Lofgren requested that he stay at least until all opening testimony had been completed , whereupon Conyers withdrew his request . Conservative pundits took aim at Colbert 's Congress testimony not long after . ' Painfully awkward and pointless , it made the committee 's majority members look ridiculous . Colbert can be very funny , but his kind of sarcasm only works in some contexts , and a House committee hearing room does not appear to be one of them . ' -- Yuval Levin , The Corner ' As John Conyers notes , the media and spectators turned out to see whether Colbert would address the panel seriously as an expert on immigration and make the panel a joke , or stay in character and make the panel a bigger joke , ' -- Ed Morrissey , Hot Air . 2010 Washington D.C. rallies Main article : Rally to Restore Sanity and / or Fear In September 2010 , following Glenn Beck 's Restoring Honor rally , a campaign developed that called for Colbert to hold his own rally at the Lincoln Memorial . On the September 10 , 2010 , episode of the Daily Show and The Colbert Report , Stewart and Colbert made preannouncements of a future event . On September 16 , 2010 , Stewart and Colbert announced competing rallies on the Washington , DC , Mall on October 30 , 2010 , Stewart 's `` Rally to Restore Sanity '' , and Colbert 's `` March to Keep Fear Alive '' . Both were eventually merged into the Rally to Restore Sanity and / or Fear . Super PAC and President of the United States of South Carolina Main article : Colbert Super PAC See also : South Carolina Republican primary , 2012 In May 2011 , Colbert filed a request with the Federal Election Commission ( FEC ) asking for a media exemption for coverage of his political action committee , ColbertPAC , on The Colbert Report . In June 2011 , during a public meeting , the FEC voted 5 -- 1 to grant The Colbert Report a limited media exemption . The exemption allows unlimited donations of airtime and show resources to promote the Colbert Super PAC without requiring disclosure to the FEC , but only for ads appearing on The Colbert Report . Following the hearing , Colbert formally filed paperwork for the creation of his Super PAC with the FEC secretary . After the 2012 New Hampshire primary , a poll for the subsequent South Carolina primary taken by Public Policy Polling ( of 1,112 likely GOP voters , Jan 5 -- 7 , 2012 ) was reported to place Colbert at 5 % , one point ahead of Jon Huntsman polling at 4 % , in spite of the fact that Colbert was not on the ballot . This poll showed Colbert to be closely behind Rick Perry 's 7 % and Ron Paul 's 8 % ( with Romney at 27 % , Gingrich 23 % and Santorum at 18 % ) . On the January 11 episode of The Colbert Report , Colbert asked his audience if he should run for President in South Carolina , to which he received strong applause . He then stated that he would be making a `` Major Announcement '' during the next day 's show . On January 12 , Colbert started his show by discussing his role in the Presidential campaign , then addressed the law preventing him from being a Presidential candidate while running his Super PAC . With the help of his lawyer Trevor Potter , he then signed over control of his Super PAC to Jon Stewart , with the organization title then being referred to as `` The Definitely Not Coordinating With Stephen Colbert Super PAC '' . Immediately after this legal block was out of the way , Colbert announced , `` I am forming an exploratory committee to lay the groundwork for my possible candidacy for the President of the United States of South Carolina . I 'm doin ' it ! '' He reiterated in the interview portion of that show that `` I 'm still in the exploratory phase '' of his Presidential campaign . On the January 16 , 2012 , episode , Colbert encouraged his viewers to vote for Herman Cain in the South Carolina primary . As Cain was still on the ballot , despite having recently dropped out of the race , Colbert announced that he would consider any votes cast for Cain to be in direct support of his own possible candidacy . Other work Colbert is co-author of the satirical text - and - picture novel Wigfield : The Can Do Town That Just May Not , which was published in 2003 by Hyperion Books . The novel was a collaboration between Colbert , Amy Sedaris , and Paul Dinello , and tells the story of a small town threatened by the impending destruction of a massive dam . The narrative is presented as a series of fictional interviews with the town 's residents , accompanied by photos . The three authors toured performing an adaptation of Wigfield on stage the same year the book was released . Colbert during an appearance at Florida State University Colbert appeared in a small supporting role in the 2005 film adaptation of Bewitched . He has made guest appearances on the television series Curb Your Enthusiasm , Spin City , and Law & Order : Criminal Intent , and on the first season of the US improvisational comedy show Whose Line Is It Anyway ? . He voiced the characters of Reducto and Phil Ken Sebben in the Adult Swim 's Harvey Birdman , Attorney at Law , but left the show in 2005 to work on The Colbert Report . His characters were both killed , though he returned to voice Phil for the series finale . Colbert also has provided voices for Cartoon Network 's The Venture Bros. , Comedy Central 's Crank Yankers , and American Dad ! , and for Canadian animated comedy series The Wrong Coast . He appeared as Homer Simpson 's life coach , Colby Krause , in The Simpsons episode `` He Loves to Fly and He D'ohs '' . Colbert at the launch of his show 's book , I Am America ( And So Can You ! ) Colbert filled in for Sam Seder on the second episode of The Majority Report on Air America Radio , and has also done reports for The Al Franken Show . He appeared on a track on Wig in a Box , a tribute album for Hedwig and the Angry Inch . Colbert read the part of Leopold Bloom in Bloomsday on Broadway XXIV : Love Literature Language Lust : Leopold 's Women Bloom on June 16 , 2005 , at Symphony Space in New York City . He appeared in a series of TV commercials for General Motors , as a not - too - bright investigator searching for the elusive ( and non-existent in real life ) `` Mr. Goodwrench '' . He also portrayed the letter Z in Sesame Street : All - Star Alphabet , a 2005 video release . Colbert is a producer of The 1 Second Film , the world 's largest nonprofit collaborative art film . His video request that IMDb list his credit for The 1 Second Film ( `` it is as valid as most of my credits '' ) enabled thousands of the film 's producers to be listed in the massive movie database until they were removed in early 2007 . Colbert has released one book associated with The Colbert Report , I Am America ( And So Can You ! ) . It was released on October 7 , 2007 , by Grand Central Publishing . Grand Central Publishing is the successor to Warner Books , which published America ( The Book ) , written by The Daily Show staff . The book contains similar political satire , but was written primarily by Colbert himself rather than as a collaboration with his Colbert Report writing staff . On November 23 , 2008 , his Christmas special , A Colbert Christmas : The Greatest Gift of All ! , aired on Comedy Central . It was released on DVD in November 2008 . In January 2010 , Colbert was named the assistant sports psychologist for the US Olympic speed skating team at the 2010 Winter Olympics . He was also invited to be part of NBC 's 2010 Winter Olympics coverage team by Dick Ebersol , chairman of NBC Universal Sports . In April 2011 , Colbert performed as Harry in the concert - style revival of Stephen Sondheim 's musical Company , presented by the New York Philharmonic at the Lincoln Center . The show , featuring Neil Patrick Harris in the starring role , ran for four nights and was filmed for later showings in movie theaters , which began June 15 . In May 2011 , Colbert joined the Charleston to Bermuda Race yachting race , as captain of the ship `` the Spirit of Juno '' . He finished second , five miles behind leaders `` Tucana '' . After the resignation of South Carolina Senator Jim DeMint to run Heritage Foundation , Colbert was named a possible candidate for appointment to the seat being vacated by DeMint , which would have triggered a special election in 2014 to finish out DeMint 's term . Although Governor Nikki Haley announced promptly that she had no intention to nominate Colbert to the Senate , a poll showed Colbert as a favorite among South Carolina voters . Colbert guest - hosted Only in Monroe , a public access television show in Monroe , Michigan , for an episode that aired July 1 , 2015 . He interviewed the program 's regular hosts , and also the rapper Eminem ( whom he pretended never to have heard of ) , and put a humorous slant on the local news and community calendar . On July 17 , 2016 , Colbert hijacked the 2016 Republican National Convention in Cleveland , Ohio , while dressed as Caesar Flickerman from The Hunger Games series . After he was taken down from the stage , he commented , `` Look , I know I am not supposed to be up here but let 's be honest , neither is Donald Trump . '' Colbert also dressed as Flickerman on his show , prior to the stunt , to announce the candidates who had ended their runs in the 2016 election . Aside from hosting his talk shows , Colbert has gone on to host other types of shows . Since 2014 , Colbert has hosted the Kennedy Center Honors for three consecutive years . In 2017 , Colbert will host the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards . Influences Colbert has said his comedy influences include : Don Novello , Maurice Sendak , Bill Cosby , George Carlin , Dean Martin , Jon Stewart , Monty Python , Steve Martin , and David Letterman . Among comedians who say they were influenced by Colbert are Rob Corddry , Ed Helms , Aasif Mandvi , Nathan Fielder , Mindy Kaling , Billy Eichner , and James Corden . Personal life Colbert with his sons , Peter and John , at the Tribeca Film Festival in 2008 Although , by his own account , he was not particularly political before joining the cast of The Daily Show , Colbert has described himself as a Democrat according to a 2004 interview . In an interview at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard Institute of Politics , he stated that he has `` no problems with Republicans , just Republican policies '' . Colbert is a practicing Roman Catholic and used to teach Sunday school . He is an ordained minister with the Universal Life Church Monastery . Colbert has been married to Evelyn `` Evie '' McGee - Colbert since 1993 . She is the daughter of prominent Charleston civil litigator Joseph McGee , of the firm Buist Moore Smythe McGee . His wife appeared with him in an episode of Strangers with Candy as his mother . She also had an uncredited cameo as a nurse in the series pilot and a credited one ( as his wife , Clair ) in the film . McGee - Colbert actually met Jon Stewart before she met her future husband in 1990 . They met at the world premiere of Hydrogen Jukebox at the Spoleto Festival USA in Charleston . Colbert later described the first moment he met Evie as being a love at first sight encounter ; however , moments after they met , they both realized they had grown up together in Charleston and had many mutual friends . The couple has three children , Madeleine ( born 1995 ) , Peter ( 1998 ) , and John ( 2002 ) , and live in Montclair , New Jersey . Colbert preferred that his children not watch his show The Colbert Report , saying that `` kids ca n't understand irony or sarcasm , and I do n't want them to perceive me as insincere . '' Colbert took the Myers Briggs personality test during a segment of his The Late Show which resulted in him being an INFP . Colbert 's mother died at the age of 92 on June 12 , 2013 , after a period of ill health . Awards and Honors Further information : List of awards and nominations received by Stephen Colbert In 2000 , Colbert and the other Daily Show writers were the recipients of three Emmy Awards as writers for The Daily Show and again in 2005 and 2006 . In 2005 he was nominated for a Satellite Award for his performance on The Colbert Report and again in 2006 . He was also nominated for three Emmys for The Colbert Report in 2006 , including Best Performance in a Variety , Musical Program or Special , which he lost to Barry Manilow . Manilow and Colbert would go on to jokingly sign and notarize a revolving biannual custody agreement for the Emmy on The Colbert Report episode aired on October 30 , 2006 . He lost the same category to Tony Bennett in 2007 and Don Rickles in 2008 . In January 2006 , the American Dialect Society named truthiness , which Colbert coined on the premiere episode of The Colbert Report , as its 2005 Word of the Year . Colbert devoted time on five successive episodes to bemoaning the failure of the Associated Press to mention his role in popularizing the word truthiness in its news coverage of the Word of the Year . On December 9 , 2006 , Merriam - Webster also announced that it selected truthiness as its Word of the Year for 2006 . Votes were accepted on their website , and according to poll results , `` truthiness '' won by a five - to - one margin . Colbert at Knox College In June 2006 , after speaking at the school 's commencement ceremony , Colbert received an honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts degree from Knox College . Time named Stephen Colbert as one of the 100 most influential people in 2006 and 2012 and in May 2006 , New York magazine listed Colbert ( and Jon Stewart ) as one of its top dozen influential persons in media . Colbert was named Person of the Year by the U.S. Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen , Colorado on March 3 , 2007 and was also given the Speaker of the Year Award by The Cross Examination Debate Association ( CEDA ) on March 24 , 2007 for his `` drive to expose the rhetorical shortcomings of contemporary political discourse '' . Colbert was named the 2nd Sexiest TV News Anchor in September 2006 by Maxim Online , next to Mélissa Theuriau of France and was the only man featured on the list . In November 2006 , he was named a `` sexy surprise '' by People in the Sexiest Man Alive honors and in the December 2006 issue of GQ he was named one of GQ 's `` Men of the Year '' . In 2012 , he was listed as No. 69 on Maxim Magazine 's Hot 100 , becoming the first man to be included on the list . Colbert has been nominated for five TCA Awards for The Colbert Report by the Television Critics Association . He has also received two Peabody Awards . After the Saginaw Spirit defeated the Oshawa Generals in Ontario Junior League Hockey , Oshawa Mayor John Gray declared March 20 , 2007 ( the mayor 's own birthday ) , Stephen Colbert Day , honoring a previous bet with Stephen . At the event , Mayor Gray referred to the publicity the bet brought the city , remarking , `` This is the way to lose a bet '' . Colbert was honored for the Gutsiest Move on the Spike TV Guys ' Choice Awards on June 13 , 2007 , for his performance at the 2006 White House Correspondents ' Association Dinner . In August 2007 , Virgin America named an airplane . `` Air Colbert '' , in his honor . On October 28 , 2007 , Colbert received the key to the city of Columbia , South Carolina from Mayor Bob Coble . Colbert with his Peabody Award , May 2012 On December 20 , 2007 , Colbert was named Celebrity of the Year by The Associated Press . On April 2 , 2008 , he received a Peabody Award for The Colbert Report , saying in response , `` I proudly accept this award and begrudgingly forgive the Peabody Committee for taking three years to recognize greatness '' . In 2008 , Colbert won the Emmy Award for writing again , this time as a writer for The Colbert Report . Colbert delivered the Class Day address to the graduating class of Princeton University on June 2 , 2008 , and accepted the Class of 2008 Understandable Vanity Award , consisting of a sketch of Colbert and a mirror . He also has been announced as the Person of the Year for the 12th annual Webby Awards . In January 2010 , Colbert received the Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album for his album A Colbert Christmas : The Greatest Gift of All ! . He also announced the nominees for Song of the Year while toting a pre-released Apple iPad . Colbert was the 2011 commencement speaker for Northwestern University , and received an honorary degree . In 2013 , Colbert again won the Emmy award for writing for The Colbert Report . In 2014 , Colbert won the 2014 Best Spoken Word Album for his audiobook America Again : Re-becoming The Greatness We Never Were n't . In December 2014 , Paste named his Twitter one of `` The 75 Best Twitter Accounts of 2014 '' ranking it at # 7 . Colbert received an honorary degree from Wake Forest University as the 2015 commencement speaker . In 2015 , Colbert was awarded the third highest honor within the Department of the Army Civilian Awards , the Outstanding Civilian Service Award , for substantial contributions to the U.S. Army community . Ben & Jerry 's Stephen Colbert 's AmeriCone Dream ice cream In February 2007 , Ben & Jerry 's unveiled a new ice cream flavor in honor of Colbert , named Stephen Colbert 's AmeriCone Dream . Colbert waited until Easter to sample the ice cream because he `` gave up sweets for Lent '' . Colbert will donate all proceeds to charity through the new Stephen Colbert AmeriCone Dream Fund , which will distribute the money to various causes . Species named in honor Aleiodes colberti lays eggs inside caterpillars . At least five species have been given scientific names honoring Colbert . In 2008 a species of California trapdoor spider was named Aptostichus stephencolberti . The spider was named for Colbert after he reported on his television series that Jason Bond , a professor of biology at East Carolina University , had named a different species of spider Myrmekiaphila neilyoungi after the Canadian rock star Neil Young , and began to appeal for a species of animal to be named after him . On a later edition of The Colbert Report , Colbert revealed that Bond would name a spider after him , with Colbert claiming , `` And all I had to do was shamelessly beg on national television . '' Other species named for Colbert include a species of Venezuelan diving beetle named Agaporomorphus colberti and a Chilean stonefly named Diamphipnoa colberti , both formally described in 2008 . On his 45th birthday , Colbert was sent a framed print of his eponymous beetle by the biologists who named it . In 2014 , a species of parasitic wasp from Ecuador , Aleiodes colberti , was named for Colbert , along with newly described species named for celebrities Jon Stewart , Jimmy Fallon , Ellen DeGeneres , and Shakira , and in 2016 a rove beetle , Sonoma colberti , was named after Colbert 's on - screen persona . Colbert treadmill Main article : Treadmill with Vibration Isolation Stabilization Wikinews has related news : Comedian Stephen Colbert wins NASA space station name contest In 2009 , NASA engineered a new treadmill for the International Space Station . It was brought to the ISS by the Space Shuttle Discovery during the STS - 128 mission in August 2009 . The complex machine is now used eight hours daily by astronauts and cosmonauts aboard the space station in order to maintain their muscle mass and bone density while spending long periods of time in a zero - gravity environment . While engineers at NASA were constructing this treadmill , it was simply called T - 2 for more than two years . However , on April 14 , 2009 , NASA renamed it the `` Combined Operational Load - Bearing External Resistance Treadmill '' , or COLBERT . NASA named the treadmill after Colbert , who took an interest during the Node 3 naming census for the ISS module , Tranquility . Colbert urged his followers to post the name `` Colbert '' , which upon completion of the census received the most entries totaling 230,539 , some 40,000 votes more than the second - place choice , Serenity . The COLBERT is expected to last the life of the ISS and will have seen about 38,000 miles of running when the Space Station is retired in 2020 but was also built with 150,000 - mile lifespan if needed till 2028 or longer . Colbert realized he was the recipient of an extremely rare honor when astronaut Suni Williams came on The Colbert Report to announce that NASA had named the treadmill after him . Despite being a backronym , the COLBERT is the only piece of NASA - engineered equipment in space that is named after a living human being . C.O.L.B.E.R.T. logo being applied to the Combined Operational Load - Bearing External Resistance Treadmill at NASA before Launch Launch of Discovery Mission STS - 128 , which delivered the COLBERT to the ISS Cosmonaut Alexander Skvortsov exercises on COLBERT in the Harmony Node of the International Space Station . The crew who delivered Stephen Colbert 's honorary space treadmill Filmography Television Year Title Role Notes Missing Persons Chet Davies Episode : `` Cabe ... What Kind of Name Is That ? 1995 -- 96 Exit 57 Various 12 episodes ; also co-creator , writer The Dana Carvey Show Various 8 episodes ; also writer Spin City Frank Episode : `` The Competition '' 1996 -- 2011 Saturday Night Live Ace , Dr. Brainio ( voice ) 14 episodes ; also writer 1997 Apartment 2F Various Episode : `` 1.6 '' The Chris Rock Show Announcer ( voice ) Episode : `` 1.5 '' 1997 -- 2005 The Daily Show Stephen Colbert ( correspondent ) 1,316 episodes ; also writer 1999 Late Night with Conan O'Brien Violin Player Episode : `` 1,144 '' Random Play Various 2 episodes 1999 -- 2000 Strangers with Candy Chuck Noblet 30 episodes ; also co-creator , executive producer , writer 2001 -- 07 Harvey Birdman , Attorney at Law Phil Ken Sebben , Myron Reducto , Various voices 34 episodes 2002 Crank Yankers Rob ( voice ) Episode : `` 1.1 '' Curb Your Enthusiasm Tourist Man Episode : `` Opening Night '' Law & Order : Criminal Intent James Bennett Episode : `` The Saint '' The Wrong Coast Additional voices 2 episodes 2004 -- 15 The Venture Bros . Professor Richard Impossible ( voice ) 3 episodes 2005 American Dad ! Dr. Dandliker ( voice ) Episode : `` All About Steve '' All - Star Alphabet The letter ' Z ' Sesame Street special 2005 -- 14 The Colbert Report Stephen Colbert ( host ) 1,447 episodes ; also co-creator , executive producer , writer 2006 White House Correspondents ' Dinner Stephen Colbert ( host ) TV special 2007 The Simpsons Colby Krause ( voice ) Episode : `` He Loves to Fly and He D'ohs '' 2008 A Colbert Christmas : The Greatest Gift of All ! Stephen Colbert TV special Rally to Restore Sanity and / or Fear Stephen Colbert ( host ) TV special 2012 The Office Broccoli Rob Episode `` Here Comes Treble '' 2013 Alpha House Stephen Colbert Episode : `` Pilot '' 2014 @ midnight Stephen Colbert Episode : `` 156 '' 2014 -- 15 BoJack Horseman Mr. Witherspoon ( voice ) 2 episodes 2015 House of Cards Stephen Colbert Episode : `` Chapter 27 '' The Mindy Project Father Michael O'Donnell Episode : `` Confessions of a Catho - holic '' Rick and Morty Zeep Xanflorp ( voice ) Episode : `` The Ricks Must Be Crazy '' 2015 -- present The Late Show with Stephen Colbert Himself ( host ) Also executive producer , writer Film Year Title Role Notes 1997 Shock Asylum Dr. Dewalt Short film 2003 Nobody Knows Anything ! TV Newsman 2005 The Great New Wonderful Mr. Peersall Bewitched Stu Robison 2006 Strangers with Candy Chuck Noblet Also writer , producer 2008 The Love Guru Jay Kell ( Hockey Announcer ) 2009 Monsters vs. Aliens The President ( voice ) 2013 The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Lake - town spy Cameo 2014 Mr. Peabody & Sherman Paul Peterson ( voice ) Award shows Year Title Role Notes 2014 37th Kennedy Center Honors Himself ( host ) TV special 2015 38th Kennedy Center Honors Himself ( host ) TV special 2016 39th Kennedy Center Honors Himself ( host ) TV special 2017 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Himself ( host ) TV special Video games Year Title Role Notes 2005 Outlaw Tennis Announcer ( voice ) Video game Theatre Year Title Role Notes 2011 Company Harry Published works Colbert , Dinello , Sedaris . Wigfield : The Can - Do Town That Just May Not ( Hyperion , May 19 , 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8696 - X America ( The Book ) : A Citizen 's Guide to Democracy Inaction ( Warner Books ; September 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 446 - 53268 - 1 I Am America ( And So Can You ! ) ( Grand Central Publishing ; October 9 , 2007 ) ISBN 0 - 446 - 58050 - 3 America Again : Re-becoming the Greatness We Never Were n't ( Grand Central Publishing ; October 2 , 2012 ) ISBN 0 - 446 - 58397 - 9 I Am a Pole ( And So Can You ! ) ( Grand Central Publishing ; May 8 , 2012 ) ISBN 1 - 455 - 52342 - 9 References Jump up ^ Daly , Steven ( May 18 , 2008 ) . `` Stephen Colbert : The Second Most Powerful Idiot in America '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Dowd , Maureen ( November 16 , 2006 ) . `` America 's Anchors '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2006 . Retrieved December 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor '' . 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Time . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Bruce ( May 21 , 2011 ) . `` TV 's Colbert Joining Charleston to Bermuda Race '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Colbert in second -- and reports ' smelling wonderful ' '' . The Royal Gazette . Bermuda . May 23 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Poll : Colbert favored among SC voters for DeMint 's Senate seat '' . WACH Fox News Center . December 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Catalina , Camia ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` Campaign launched to draft Colbert for Senate '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barsanti , Sam ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen Colbert tests his hosting skills on Michigan public access '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert hijacked a Michigan public access station and interviewed Eminem '' . MLive.com . July 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mike ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Watch as Stephen Colbert hijacks the RNC stage '' . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sottek , T.C. ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen Colbert steals stage at Republican convention to mock Donald Trump '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anzuoni , Mario ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Colbert Hijacks RNC : ' I 'm Not Meant to Be Up Here But Neither Is Trump ' '' . sputniknews.com . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen Colbert gives a hilarious farewell to Bernie Sanders ' long presidential run '' . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGlone , Peggy . `` Stephen Colbert will host 37th annual Kennedy Center Honors '' Washington Post , November 19 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert Back As Host Of CBS ' ' Kennedy Center Honors ' Broadcast '' . Deadline . November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert Returns to Host 2016 Kennedy Center Honors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grant , Sarah ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Colbert to Host 2017 Emmys '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wald , Kristin ( December 10 , 2012 ) . `` Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert Find a Human Moment for Montclair Film Festival Fundraiser '' . Baristanet . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rabin , Nathan ( January 25 , 2006 ) . `` Stephen Colbert '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2006 . Retrieved June 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Katz , Paul , Kaz , Dan ( March 21 , 2005 ) . `` Stars describe Monty Python 's influence '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ King , Larry . `` Interview with Stephen Colbert '' . Larry King Live . October 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert to Replace David Letterman on The Late Show : Celebs React on Twitter E ! Online UK '' . E !. April 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2014 . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ @ nathanfielder ( 19 December 2014 ) . `` I 'm endlessly floored and inspired by Colbert . What an amazing run . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 10 May 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mindy Kaling Drops Hints About The ' Oceans 8 ' Movie on YouTube Jump up ^ Billy Eichner ( @ billyeichner ) ( 25 January 2017 ) . `` When I pitched Billy on the St 6 yrs ago I talked a lot about Colbert Report as an influence . Means the world to have him on the show tonite '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 10 May 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert scares James Corden '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kurtz , Howard ( October 10 , 2005 ) . `` TV 's Newest Anchor : A Smirk in Progress '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( July 22 , 2006 ) . `` '' Show '' Off `` . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2007 . Retrieved July 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` A Conversation With Stephen Colbert '' . Harvard Institute of Politics . October 1 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2007 . Retrieved June 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert Gets Ordained Online '' . Universal Life Church Monastery Blog . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Interview with Stephen Colbert on Late Night with Conan O'Brien . NBC ( June 14 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Ambinder , Marc ( March 3 , 2006 ) . `` Colbert Seeks Rapport With GOPers '' . The Hotline . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2009 . Retrieved August 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , James ( October 23 , 2007 ) . `` If you are laughing , you ca n't be afraid '' . Parade Magazine . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Megan ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen Colbert 's Story About Meeting His Wife Makes Every Other Man on Earth Look Terrible '' . Esquire . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Colbert Will Host ' Late Show , ' Playing Himself for a Change '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2014 . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Row , Jessica ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` The beautiful story of how Stephen Colbert met his wife '' . The Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The story of how Colbert met his wife '' . facebook . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Milanese , Marisa ( March 2004 ) . `` The King of Comedy '' . Child . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2008 . Retrieved August 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert INFP Personality '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hilary Lewis ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` Stephen Colbert 's Mother Dies at 92 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2014 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PODCAST : Stephen Colbert gives Jon Stewart the big kiss - off in their Emmy smackdown Gold Derby '' . Los Angeles Times . August 7 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Truthiness Voted 2005 Word of the Year '' ( PDF ) . American Dialect Society . January 6 , 2006 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peyser , Marc ( February 16 , 2006 ) . `` The Truthiness Teller '' . Newsweek . MSNBC . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2006 . Retrieved February 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' Truthiness ' Pronounced 2006 Word of the Year '' . Fox News Channel . Associated Press . December 8 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2007 . Retrieved May 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McAndrew , Francis ( June 3 , 2006 ) . Stephen Colbert Honorary Degree ( Speech ) . Knox College . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Influentials : Media '' . New York . May 15 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2007 . Retrieved April 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Osberger , Madeleine ( March 4 , 2007 ) . `` Comedy Fest Names Colbert Person of Year '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert To Be Presented With Speaker of the Year Award by the Cross Examination Debate Association '' . prfree.com . March 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved March 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` TV 's Sexiest News Anchors '' . Maxim . September 2006 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2008 . Retrieved November 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` George Clooney Named ' Sexiest Man Alive ' '' . CBS News . November 15 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2007 . Retrieved November 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Men of the Year 2006 '' . GQ . Style.com . November 13 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved November 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert Makes Maxim 's Hot 100 List of Most Beautiful Women '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oshawa Pays Its Debt To Tv Host Stephen Colbert '' . oshawa.ca . March 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2007 . Retrieved April 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Casey ( June 11 , 2007 ) . `` Spike TV Holds First Annual Guys Choice Awards Show '' . All Headline News . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2008 . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bay City News Service ( August 8 , 2007 ) . `` Virgin America 's first flights set to land in San Francisco today '' . San Jose Mercury News . Jump up ^ Cummins , Sydney ( October 28 , 2007 ) . `` Stephen Colbert Receives Key To City of Columbia '' . WLTX . Retrieved October 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Colbert Chosen AP Celebrity of the Year Archived February 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , December 20 , 2007 , Jake Coyle , The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Eggerton , John ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` Peabody Awards Winners Announced '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2010 . Retrieved August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lack , Kelly ( June 2 , 2008 ) . `` Colbert to Class of 2008 : Do n't change the world '' . The Daily Princetonian . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Webby Awards '' . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jason D. O'Grady ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Colbert rocks an iPad at the Grammys '' . ZDNet . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2010 . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert , receives honorary degrees '' . Northwestern University NEWSCENTER . June 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Meredith Blake ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Stephen Colbert celebrates Emmy win by picking fight with Jon Stewart '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steven Zeitchik ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Emmys 2013 : Stephen Colbert provides some variety '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys 2013 : ' The Colbert Report ' Ends ' The Daily Show 's ' 10 - Year Winning Streak '' . The Hollywood Reporter . September 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert Congratulates Himself on His Grammy Award '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 27 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert to replace David Letterman on The Late Show '' . National Post . April 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2014 . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hongo , Hudson ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` The 75 Best Twitter Accounts of 2014 : : Comedy : : Lists : : Paste '' . Paste . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2014 . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 : Honorary degrees '' . Wake Forest University Commencement News . May 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Freydkin , Donna ( March 6 , 2007 ) . `` As AmeriCone as Ice Cream '' . USA TODAY . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2007 . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry 's Names New Flavor for Colbert '' . MSNBC , USA . Associated Press , USA . February 15 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2007 . Retrieved March 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert 's AmeriCone Dream Ice Cream '' . Ben & Jerry 's . January 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bond , Jason . `` How to Name a Species -- Taxonomy and Why it is Important '' . East Carolina University . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bond , Jason ; Stockman , Amy ( 2008 ) . `` An Integrative Method for Delimiting Cohesion Species : Finding the Population - Species Interface in a Group of Californian Trapdoor Spiders with Extreme Genetic Divergence and Geographic Structuring '' . Systematic Biology . 57 ( 4 ) : 628 -- 646 . PMID 18686196 . doi : 10.1080 / 10635150802302443 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . The specific epithet is a patronym , named in honor of Mr. Stephen Colbert . Mr. Colbert is a fellow citizen who truly has the courage of his convictions and is willing to undertake the very difficult and sometimes unpopular work of speaking out against those who have done irreparable harm to our country and the world through both action and inaction . He will be especially remembered by many of Jason Bond 's generation for his speech at the 2006 White House Correspondents Dinner Jump up ^ Melago , Carrie ( August 1 , 2008 ) . `` California spider named for Stephen Colbert '' . The New York Daily News . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2008 . Retrieved August 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` May 14 , 2008 : Who 's NOT Honoring Me Now '' . The Colbert Report . Season 4 . 2008 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` July 29 , 2008 '' . The Colbert Report . Season 4 . 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Miller , Kelly B. ; Wheeler , Quentin D. ( 2008 ) . `` A new species of Agaporomorphus Zimmermann from Venezuela , and a review of the A. knischi species group ( Coleoptera : Dytiscidae : Copelatinae ) '' ( PDF ) . Zootaxa. 1859 : 63 -- 68 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 4 , 2016 . This species is named to honor comedian and author , Stephen T. Colbert . Jump up ^ Stark , B.P. ( 2008 ) . `` Diamphipnoa colberti , a new stonefly species from Chile , and the possible female of Diamphipnopsis beschi Illies ( Plecoptera : Diamphipnoidae ) '' ( PDF ) . Illiesia. 4 ( 4 ) : 55 -- 58 . I am pleased to honor an entertaining , provocative , former American presidential candidate , Stephen Colbert , of The Colbert Report with this patronym . Jump up ^ Harper , Jennifer ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Colbert namesake for Venezuelan beetle '' . The Washington Times . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shimbori , Eduardo Mitio ; Shaw , Scott Richard ( 2014 ) . `` Twenty - four new species of Aleiodes Wesmael from the eastern Andes of Ecuador with associated biological information ( Hymenoptera , Braconidae , Rogadinae ) . '' . ZooKeys. 405 : 1 -- 81 . PMC 4023268 . PMID 24843275 . doi : 10.3897 / zookeys. 405.7402 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2014 . This species is named after Stephen Tyrone Colbert , an American comedian , political satirist , writer , actor , and host of The Colbert Report . Jump up ^ Arnold , Carrie ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` 24 New Wasp Species Mummify Their Prey '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ferro , Michael L. ( 2016 ) . `` Fourteen new species of Sonoma Casey ( Coleoptera : Staphylinidae : Pselaphinae ) with a key to species from western North America '' . Insecta Mundi ( 472 ) : 1 -- 57 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- COLBERT Ready for Serious Exercise '' . Nasa.gov . October 23 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oops : Colbert wins space station name contest - Technology & science - Space - Human spaceflight '' . MSNBC . March 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Name the NASA Module After Stephen '' . colbertnation.com . March 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Help NASA Name Node 3 ! '' . Nasa.gov . January 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stephen Colbert to Make ' Hobbit ' Cameo Archived October 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Hollywood Reporter . ( October 20 , 2012 ) . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Further reading Rogak , Lisa ( October 11 , 2011 ) . And Nothing but the Truthiness : The Rise ( and Further Rise ) of Stephen Colbert . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 61610 - 6 . LCCN 2011024856 . OCLC 707969298 . OL 25162157M . Watson , Bruce ( May 29 , 2014 ) . Stephen Colbert : Beyond Truthiness . New Word City . ASIN B00HYY3I18 . ISBN 9781612307572 . OCLC 870136575 . External links Find more aboutStephen Colbertat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Stephen Colbert on IMDb Works by or about Stephen Colbert in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) `` Stephen Colbert collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . Audio / video Stephen Colbert on National Public Radio Stephen Colbert on Charlie Rose Appearances on C - SPAN Colbert interview transcript , 60 Minutes . ( April 30 , 2006 ) Colbert in an open , hour - long interview and Q & A session arranged by Harvard 's Institute of Politics . He speaks about the nature of his TV - show character and the interplay between wearing the mask and using it to make political points . Colbert Roasts President Bush -- 2006 White House Correspondents Dinner Stephen Colbert 2006 Knox College Commencement Address Stephen Colbert Awards and nominations Television Exit 57 ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Strangers with Candy ( 1999 -- 2000 ) The Colbert Report ( 2005 -- 2014 ) The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( 2015 -- ) Film Strangers with Candy ( 2006 ) Books I Am America ( And So Can You ! ) ( 2007 ) America Again ( 2012 ) Related James William Colbert Jr . Elizabeth Colbert Busch Stephen Colbert ( character ) Truthiness Aptostichus stephencolberti Treadmill with Vibration Isolation Stabilization Stephen Colbert 's AmeriCone Dream `` Stephen , Stephen '' 2006 White House Correspondents ' Dinner Presidential campaign , 2008 Rally to Restore Sanity and / or Fear ( 2010 ) Colbert Super PAC ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Awards for Stephen Colbert Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Eddie Izzard ( 2000 ) Eric Drysdale , Jim Earl , Dan Goor , Charlie Grandy , J.R. Havlan , Tom Johnson , Kent Jones , Paul Mecurio , Chris Regan , Allison Silverman and Jon Stewart ( 2001 ) Doug Abeles , James Anderson , Max Brooks , James Downey , Tina Fey , Hugh Fink , Charlie Grandy , Jack Handey , Steve Higgins , Erik Kenward , Dennis McNicholas , Lorne Michaels , Matt Murray , Paula Pell , Matt Piedmont , Ken Scarborough , Michael Schur , Frank Sebastiano , T. Sean Shannon , Robert Smigel , Emily Spivey , Andrew Steele and Scott Wainio ( 2002 ) Rich Blomquist , Steve Bodow , Eric Drysdale , J.R. Havlan , Scott Jacobson , David Javerbaum , Tom Johnson , Ben Karlin , Rob Kutner , Chris Regan , Jason Reich , Jason Ross and Jon Stewart ( 2003 ) Rich Blomquist , Steve Bodow , Tim Carvell , Stephen Colbert , Eric Drysdale , J.R. Havlan , Scott Jacobson , David Javerbaum , Ben Karlin , Chris Regan , Jason Reich , Jason Ross and Jon Stewart ( 2004 ) Rich Blomquist , Steve Bodow , Tim Carvell , Stephen Colbert , Eric Drysdale , J.R. Havlan , Scott Jacobson , David Javerbaum , Ben Karlin , Rob Kutner , Chris Regan , Jason Reich , Jason Ross and Jon Stewart ( 2005 ) Rich Blomquist , Steve Bodow , Rachel Axler , Kevin Bleyer , Tim Carvell , Stephen Colbert , Eric Drysdale , J.R. Havlan , Scott Jacobson , David Javerbaum , Ben Karlin , Rob Kutner , Sam Means , Chris Regan , Jason Reich , Jason Ross and Jon Stewart ( 2006 ) Chris Albers , Jose Arroyo , Dan Cronin , Kevin Dorff , Dan Goor , Michael Gordon , Berkley Johnson , Brian Kiley , Michael Koman , Tim Harrod , Brian McCann , Guy Nicolucci , Conan O'Brien , Brian Stack , Mike Sweeney and Andrew Weinberg ( 2007 ) Bryan Adams , Michael Brumm , Stephen Colbert , Richard Dahm , Eric Drysdale , Rob Dubbin , Glenn Eichler , Peter Grosz , Peter Gwinn , Barry Julien , Laura Krafft , Jay Katsir , Frank Lesser , Tom Purcell , Meredith Scardino and Allison Silverman ( 2008 ) Rory Albanese , Rachel Axler , Kevin Bleyer , Rich Blomquist , Steve Bodow , Tim Carvell , Wyatt Cenac , J.R. Havlan , David Javerbaum , Elliott Kalan , Rob Kutner , Josh Lieb , Sam Means , John Oliver , Jason Ross and Jon Stewart ( 2009 ) Complete list ( 1957 -- 1969 ) ( 1970 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1989 ) ( 1990 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Barry Julien , Stephen Colbert , Allison Silverman , Tom Purcell , Rich Dahm , Michael Brumm , Rob Dubbin , Opus Moreschi , Peter Gwinn , Jay Katsir , Frank Lesser , Glenn Eichler , Peter Grosz , Meredith Scardino , Max Werner and Eric Drysdale ( 2010 ) Rory Albanese , Kevin Bleyer , Rich Blomquist , Steve Bodow , Tim Carvell , Wyatt Cenac , Hallie Haglund , J.R. Havlan , Elliott Kalan , Josh Lieb , Sam Means , Jo Miller , John Oliver , Daniel Radosh , Jason Ross and Jon Stewart ( 2011 ) Rory Albanese , Kevin Bleyer , Rich Blomquist , Steve Bodow , Tim Carvell , Wyatt Cenac , Hallie Haglund , J.R. Havlan , Elliott Kalan , Dan McCoy , Jo Miller , John Oliver , Zhubin Parang , Daniel Radosh , Jason Ross and Jon Stewart ( 2012 ) Opus Moreschi , Stephen Colbert , Tom Purcell , Rich Dahm , Barry Julien , Michael Brumm , Rob Dubbin , Jay Katsir , Frank Lesser , Glenn Eichler , Meredith Scardino , Max Werner , Eric Drysdale , Dan Guterman , Paul Dinello , Nate Charny , and Bobby Mort ( 2013 ) Michael Brumm , Nate Charny , Aaron Cohen , Stephen Colbert , Richard Dahm , Paul Dinello , Eric Drysdale , Rob Dubbin , Glenn Eichler , Gabe Gronli , Barry Julien , Jay Katsir , Sam Kim , Matthew Lappin , Frank Lesser , Opus Moreschi , Tom Purcell , Meredith Scardino , and Max Werner ( 2014 ) Dan Amira , Steve Bodow , Travon Free , Hallie Haglund , Elliott Kalan , Matt Koff , Adam Lowitt , Dan McCoy , Jo Miller , Zhubin Parang , Owen Parsons , Daniel Radosh , Lauren Sarver , Jon Stewart , and Delaney Yeager ( 2015 ) Kevin Avery , Tim Carvell , Josh Gondelman , Dan Gurewitch , Geoff Haggerty , Jeff Maurer , John Oliver , Scott Sherman , Will Tracy , Jill Twiss , and Juli Weiner ( 2016 ) Complete list ( 1957 -- 1969 ) ( 1970 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1989 ) ( 1990 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album ( 2010s ) Michael J. Fox - Always Looking Up 2011 Jon Stewart - The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents Earth ( The Audiobook ) 2012 Betty White - If You Ask Me ( And Of Course You Wo n't ) 2013 Janis Ian - Society 's Child 2014 Stephen Colbert - America Again : Re-becoming The Greatness We Never Were n't 2015 Joan Rivers - Diary of a Mad Diva 2016 Jimmy Carter - A Full Life : Reflections at 90 2017 Carol Burnett - In Such Good Company : Eleven Years of Laughter , Mayhem , and Fun in the Sandbox Complete list ( 1959 & 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy John Lithgow ( 1996 ) Kelsey Grammer ( 1997 ) Drew Carey ( 1998 ) Jay Mohr ( 1999 ) Frankie Muniz ( 2000 ) Kelsey Grammer ( 2001 ) Bernie Mac ( 2002 ) Bernie Mac ( 2003 ) Jason Bateman ( 2004 ) Jason Bateman ( 2005 ) James Spader ( 2006 ) Stephen Colbert ( 2007 ) Justin Kirk ( 2008 ) Matthew Morrison ( 2009 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2010 ) Louis C.K. ( 2011 ) Johnny Galecki ( 2012 ) John Goodman ( 2013 ) Jeffrey Tambor ( 2014 ) Jeffrey Tambor ( 2015 ) William H. Macy ( 2016 ) Biography portal Comedy portal South Carolina portal Television in the United States portal VIAF : 1829775 LCCN : n2002046749 ISNI : 0000 0001 2117 7057 GND : 1045855685 BNF : cb16522370r ( data ) MusicBrainz : 5b7c47b7 - fcad - 450f - bf63 - 48e2c43fc4e2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Colbert&oldid=803799307 '' Categories : Stephen Colbert 1964 births 20th - century American comedians 21st - century American comedians 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors 21st - century American novelists 21st - century American writers American comedy writers American male comedians American male film actors American male novelists American male stage actors American male television actors American male voice actors American media critics American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American political pundits American Roman Catholics American satirists American television producers American television talk show hosts American television writers Audio book narrators Grammy Award winners Hampden -- Sydney College alumni Late night television talk show hosts Living people Male actors from Washington , D.C. 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what was the population of germany in 1944			Census in Germany	census in germany	A national census in Germany ( German : Volkszählung ) was held every five years from 1875 to 1910 . After the World Wars only a few full population censuses have been held , the last in 1987 . The most recent census , though not a national census , was the 2011 European Union census .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 2 1834 - 1867 German Zollverein 3 1871 - 1945 German Empire 3.1 Ethnic minorities in 1900 4 1949 - 1990 East Germany 5 Since 1949 Federal Republic of Germany ( formerly known as West Germany ) 6 See also 7 Literature 8 References 9 External links Early history ( edit ) Nuremberg in 1471 held a census , to be prepared in case of a siege . Brandenburg - Prussia in 1683 began to count its rural population . The first systematic population survey on the European continent was taken in 1719 in the Mark Brandenburg of the Kingdom of Prussia , in order to prepare the first general census of 1725 . In Habsburg ruled Austria , a population count had been introduced in 1754 , but due to resistance by nobility and clerics , no full census was held after 1769 . A century and many political changes later , census resumed in 1869 , and were held also in 1880 , 1890 , 1900 , 1910 , in the same years as the German Empire census . Between the wars , census were held in 1920 , 1923 , 1934 and 1939 , to be resumed in 1951 with a ten - year occurrence . For 1806 , a population of 24,241,000 for several Imperial Circles is quoted in the `` Statistik des deutschen Reiches '' , even though the old Holy Roman Empire had fallen apart , and a new German Empire did not exist yet as a political entity . By 1821 , the population within the newly founded German Confederation had grown to over 30 million . 1834 - 1867 German Zollverein ( edit ) Zollverein and German Unification When the German Confederation had been founded in 1815 , some states had been anxious to prove they had a small population in order to contribute fewer soldiers to the Federal Army . On the other hand , when the first custom union between southern states were formed , they wanted to show they had a large population in order to claim a larger share of the custom revenue . The German Customs Union , the Zollverein , conducted population counts from 1834 to 1867 , every three years on 3 December , in order to share its revenue among the member states accordingly . The date of 3 December was chosen as most people of the `` Zollabrechnungsbevölkerung `` , the custom accounting population , were expected to be at home then . The Eastern parts of Prussia remained outside of the Confederation for most of the time , but the whole of Prussia was part of the Zollverein . While most states joined the Zollverein sooner or later , the Austrian Empire never did until the German Confederation and the Zollverein broke up in the civil war of 1866 . The Zollverein regrouped and held another census in 1867 , but the census of 1870 was postponed due to the ongoing Franco - German War and the foundation of the German Empire . Date Area in km2 Population Pop . per km2 Area changes 3 December 1834 420,301 23,478,120 56 3 December 1837 439,420 26,008,973 59 since 1835 including Land Baden and Herzogtum Nassau , since 1836 including Freie Stadt Frankfurt 3 December 1840 439,420 27,142,116 62 3 December 1843 447,507 28,498,136 64 since 1841 including Herzogtum Braunschweig , since 1842 including Luxembourg 3 December 1846 447,507 29,461,381 66 3 December 1849 447,507 29.800 , 063 67 3 December 1852 447,507 30,492,792 68 3 December 1855 492,621 32,721,344 66 since 1854 including Königreich Hannover , Großherzogtum Oldenburg and Schaumburg - Lippe 3 December 1858 492,621 33,542,352 68 3 December 1861 492,621 34,670,277 70 3 December 1864 492,621 35,886,302 73 3 December 1867 510,628 37,512,005 73 since 1867 including Fürstentum Lübeck , Mecklenburg - Schwerin and Mecklenburg - Strelitz 1871 - 1945 German Empire ( edit ) Starting in 1871 , the census resumed in the newly united German Empire , continuing every five years from 1875 to 1910 . The first large - scale census in the German Empire took place in 1895 ( see German census of 1895 ) . The last pre-war census was held on 1 December 1910 , the 1915 census was canceled , but two war censuses were held on 5 December 1916 and 1917 to organize the sharing of food . On 8 October 1919 and 16 June 1925 , regular census resumed . The 1930 census was delayed by the Depression until 1933 , and another one was carried out in 1939 , both were affected by the bias of the Nazi government . Initially planned for 1937 , the 1939 census now also included the areas of Austria , Sudetenland and Memelland . About 750,000 counters covered 22 million households and roughly 80 million inhabitants . Made in atmosphere of terror , attacks on members of Polish minority , and demolishing of Polish shops and libraries , the census resulted in many Poles living in Germany giving their nationality as German out of fear of losing life or well - being of their families . After the Second World War the occupying powers started to count the population in their zones , first the Soviets on 1 December 1945 , then the French on 26 January 1946 . On 29 October 1946 , a census was held in all four zones . Population of Germany by аge and sex ( demographic pyramid ) as of June , 16 , 1933 Population of Germany ( includes Austria ) by age and sex ( demographic pyramid ) as on May , 17 , 1939 Population of Germany ( excludes Saar ) by аge and sex ( demographic pyramid ) as on October , 29 , 1946 . Many former German soldiers did n't participate Population of Germany by аge and sex ( demographic pyramid ) as of December , 31 , 1950 Date Area in km2 Pop . Pop . per km2 Area changes 1 December 1871 541,561 41,058,792 76 1 December 1875 539,829 42,727,360 79 1 December 1880 540,522 45,234,061 84 1 December 1885 540,597 46,855,704 87 1 December 1890 540,504 49,428,470 91 2 December 1895 540,658 52,279,901 97 1 December 1900 540,743 56,367,178 104 1 December 1905 540,778 60,641,489 112 1 December 1910 540,858 64,925,993 120 1 December 1916 540,858 62,272,185 115 5 December 1917 540,858 62,615,275 116 8 October 1919 474,304 60,898,584 128 since 1919 without Elsaß - Lothringen , Provinz Posen and Westpreußen 16 June 1925 468,718 62,410,619 133 since 1920 without Memelland , Nordschleswig , Ostbelgien and Saargebiet , since 1922 without Ostoberschlesien 16 June 1933 468,787 65,362,115 139 17 May 1939 583,370 79,375,281 136 since 1935 with Saargebiet , since 1938 with Ostmark and Sudetenland , since March 1939 with Memelland 27 May 1942 1 March 1943 29 October 1946 353,460 65,137,274 184 since 1945 without Ostgebiete des Deutschen Reiches , since 1946 without Saarland Ethnic minorities in 1900 ( edit ) According to the census of 1900 , among the total population of 56.367. 178 there were 51.883. 131 with German language as their first and only language , plus 252.918 bilingual Germans . The largest minority was the Polish , with 3.086. 489 ( not including 142.049 Masurians and 100.213 Cassubians ) . The census results also listed the districts with a minority larger than 5 % , including many districts in which German speakers were a minority . 1949 - 1990 East Germany ( edit ) The German Democratic Republic held four census during its existence , of which only the 1964 results were published in full . Unlike most European countries , which saw a significant growth of their populations , the GDR suffered a drop . Until the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 , over three million Germans had defected from the GDR to West Germany . As many young adults had chosen to leave , this also affected the numbers of babies born in the following decades . Date Area in km2 Pop . Pop . per km2 31 August 1950 107,862 18,388,172 170 31 December 1964 108,304 17,003,655 157 1 January 1971 108,178 17,068,318 158 31 December 1981 108,333 16,705,635 154 Since 1949 Federal Republic of Germany ( formerly known as West Germany ) ( edit ) Date Area in km2 Pop . Pop . per km2 Area changes 13 September 1950 245,770 49,842,624 203 since 1949 without East Germany , East Berlin and Saarland , with West Berlin 25 September 1956 245,860 52,195,100 212 6 June 1961 248,456 56,174,826 226 since 1957 with Saarland 27 May 1970 248,469 60,650,584 244 25 May 1987 248,626 61,077,042 246 9 May 2011 357,168 80,200,000 225 since 1990 with East Germany and East Berlin In the 1980s , attempts at introducing a census in West Germany sparked strong popular resentment since some felt that the questions to be asked were quite personal . Comparisons to Orwell 's 1984 were drawn . Some campaigned for a boycott , or for intentional false statements . The Constitutional Court stopped the census in 1983 , and required a revision of the process . The modified census was eventually held in 1987 . For 1991 a concurrent census in both West and East Germany had been planned , but it was canceled due to reunification , and replaced by a `` micro census '' population sample among 1 percent of house holds . Due to reunification and immigration from former Eastern Bloc states and the war - torn Balkans , the population has grown to c. 82 million in the 1990s , but no census was held since 1987 . The CIA Factbook estimates the population at 82,329,758 ( as of July 2009 ) , and ranks Germany as 17th in the world ( including the EU as third ) . Former population censuses in Germany were complete enumerations obtained directly from the entire population in personal interviews or by questionnaire . For the 1987 population census , some 500 000 enumerators were required and for 2011 , a change in methodology was planned , and the costs of the largely register - based census were expected to be only about one third of the expenditure of a traditional population census . Mainly the data already stored in the registers of the administrative authorities , in the population registers of the municipalities and the registers of the Federal Employment Agency was used . Additional data , like information on education , training and occupation , would be collected by an interview - based sample survey . The data on buildings and dwellings , for which there are no registers in Germany , would be collected by mail from all owners . See also ( edit ) Statistisches Bundesamt ( Destatis ) Demographics of Germany German census of 1895 Judenzählung Literature ( edit ) Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt ( Hrsg . ) : Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich , 1880 -- 1918 Statistisches Reichsamt ( Hrsg . ) : Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich , 1919 - 1941 / 42 Statistisches Bundesamt ( Hrsg . ) : Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland , 1952 ff . Staatliche Zentralverwaltung für Statistik ( Hrsg . ) : Statistisches Jahrbuch der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik , 1955 -- 1989 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kersten Krüger : Historische Statistik , in : Formung der frühen Moderne - Ausgewählte Aufsätze , LIT Verlag Berlin - Hamburg - Münster , 2005 ISBN 3 - 8258 - 8873 - 8 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8258 - 8873 - 2 p. 272 Jump up ^ Prof. Conrad Mannert : Statistik des deutschen Reiches , Bamberg and Würzburg , 1806 , p. 48 Jump up ^ Johann Daniel Albrecht Höck : Handbuch einer Statistik der deutschen Bundesstaaten , C. Cnobloch , 1821 p. 28 Jump up ^ William Otto Henderson : The Zollverein Routledge , 1984 ISBN 0 - 7146 - 1322 - 3 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 1322 - 2 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Polska i Polacy w propagandzie narodowego socjalizmu w Niemczech 1919 - 1945 Eugeniusz Cezary Król , page 216 , Instytut Studiów Politycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . , only in Lithuanian areas . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Statistik des Deutschen Reichs . Band 150 : Die Volkszählung am 1 . Dezember 1900 im Deutschen Reich . Berlin , 1903 , according to Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte 1871 - 1990 © 2006 by Dr. Michael Rademacher M.A. , http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/fremdsprachen.html Jump up ^ http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/fremdspr_krei.html Jump up ^ Mueller , Ulrich ; Nauck , Bernhard & Andreas , Diekmann ( April 2000 ) . `` 30 '' . Handbuch der Demographie : Anwendungen ( Handbook of Demography : Applications ) ( in German ) ( 1 ed . ) . Springer . p. 1221 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 66108 - 5 . Jump up ^ http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/new-census-finds-smaller-population-and-fewer-foreigners-in-germany-a-903083.html Jump up ^ http://www.heise.de/newsticker/Vor-20-Jahren-10-Minuten-die-allen-helfen-Update--/meldung/90205 Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html?countryName=Germany&countryCode=GM&regionCode=eu#GM Jump up ^ Federal Statistical Office Archived June 19 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Destatis zum nächsten Zensus 2011 Historisch - Geographisches Informationssystem ( HGIS ) Historical facts about the German Minority Census of 1939 GeoHive mit Daten und Resultaten von Volkszählungen weltweit Transkription der Volkszählungen in Schleswig - Holstein 1769 bis 1864 Volkszählung vom 3.12. 1852 im Kgr . Hannover ( hide ) Census in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Census_in_Germany&oldid=793455682 '' Categories : Censuses in Germany Government of Germany Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing German - language text Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2017 , at 21 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census%20in%20Germany	108,007
my name is sue how do you do now you're gonna die			A Boy Named Sue	a boy named sue	`` A Boy Named Sue '' is a song written by humorist and poet Shel Silverstein and made popular by Johnny Cash . Cash recorded the song live in concert on February 24 , 1969 at California 's San Quentin State Prison for his At San Quentin album . Cash also performed the song ( with comical variations on the original performance ) in December 1969 at Madison Square Garden . The live San Quentin version of the song became Cash 's biggest hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and his only top ten single there , spending three weeks at No. 2 in 1969 , held out of the top spot by `` Honky Tonk Women '' by The Rolling Stones . The track also topped the Billboard Hot Country Songs and Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts that same year and was certified Gold on August 14 , 1969 , by the RIAA .	Silverstein 's own recording was released the same year as `` Boy Named Sue '' , a single on the album Boy Named Sue ( and His Other Country Songs ) , produced by Chet Atkins and Felton Jarvis . Contents 1 Content 2 Structure 3 Censorship 4 Inspiration 5 Chart performance ( Johnny Cash version ) 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Impact on popular culture 7 References Content ( edit ) The song tells the tale of a young man 's quest for revenge on a father who abandoned him at three years of age and whose only contribution to his entire life was naming him Sue , commonly a feminine name , which results in the young man suffering from ridicule and harassment by everyone he meets in his travels . Because of this , Sue grows up tough and mean , and smartens up very quickly , though he frequently relocates due to the shame his name gives him . Angered by the embarrassment and abuse that he endures in his life , he swears that he will find and kill his father for giving him `` that awful name '' . Sue later locates his father at a tavern in Gatlinburg , Tennessee , during the middle of a summer season , and confronts him by saying , `` My name is Sue ! How do you do ? Now you 're gon na die ! '' This results in a vicious brawl that spills outdoors into a muddy street . After the two have beaten each other almost senseless , Sue 's father admits that he is the `` heartless hound '' ( `` son of a bitch '' in the Johnny Cash version ) that named him Sue and explains that the name was given as an act of love . Because Sue 's father knew that he would not be there for his son , he gave him the name , believing ( correctly ) that the ensuing ridicule would force him to `` get tough or die '' . Learning this , Sue makes peace with his father and they reconcile . With his lesson learned , Sue closes the song with a promise to name his son `` Bill or George , anything but Sue '' . Structure ( edit ) The song has an unusual AABCCB rhyme scheme , broken only to mark the midpoint and ending . The song is performed mostly in the speech - like style of talking blues rather than conventional singing . Censorship ( edit ) The term `` son of a bitch '' in the line `` I 'm the son of a bitch that named you Sue ! '' was bleeped out in the Johnny Cash version both on the single and the At San Quentin album , and the final line was also edited to remove the word `` damn '' . Both the edited and unedited versions are available on various albums and compilations . The term `` son of a bitch '' was edited to `` son of a gun '' or altogether bleeped out in some versions . When performing the song live in later performances ( such as in April 1970 at the White House and in 1994 at the Glastonbury Festival , for example ) , Cash would himself utter a bleep - censor sound in lieu of the word . The unedited version of the original San Quentin performance is included on later reissues of the At San Quentin album and on Cash 's posthumous The Legend of Johnny Cash album . Silverstein , for his part , does not utter any profanity in his original version , with Sue 's father instead identifying himself as the `` heartless hound '' that named him Sue . Inspiration ( edit ) The core story of the song was inspired by humorist Jean Shepherd , a close friend of Silverstein , who was often taunted as a child because of his feminine - sounding name . The title might also have been inspired by the male attorney Sue K. Hicks of Madisonville , Tennessee , a friend of John Scopes who agreed to be a prosecutor in what was to become known as the `` Scopes Monkey Trial '' . Hicks was named after his mother who died after giving birth to him . In his autobiography , Cash wrote that he had just received the song and only read over it a couple of times . It was included in that concert to try it out -- he did not know the words and on the filmed recording he can be seen regularly referring to a piece of paper . Cash was surprised at how well the song went over with the audience . The rough , spontaneous performance with sparse accompaniment was included in the Johnny Cash At San Quentin album , ultimately becoming one of Cash 's biggest hits . According to Cash biographer Robert Hilburn , neither the British TV crew filming the concert nor his band knew he planned to perform the song ; he used a lyric sheet on stage while Perkins and the band improvised the backing on the spot . While another song , `` San Quentin '' , was expected to be the major new song featured in the concert and subsequent album ( so much so the album includes two performances of `` San Quentin '' ) , `` A Boy Named Sue '' ended up being the concert 's major find . Cash also performed it on his own musical variety show , ending the song with the line , `` And if I ever have a son , I think I 'm gon na name him ... John Carter Cash '' , referring to his newborn son . Cash also performed this variant at the White House in April 1970 ; in later years , however , he would restore the original `` any name but Sue '' ending , but change the wording to `` if I ever have another son '' . When Cash performed with The Highwaymen in the 1980s and 1990s , he would end the song by saying `` if I ever have another boy , I think I 'm gon na name him Waylon , or Willie , or Kris . '' referring to fellow bandmates Waylon Jennings , Willie Nelson , and Kris Kristofferson According to Shel Silverstein 's biographer Mitch Myers , it was June Carter Cash who encouraged her husband to perform the song . Silverstein introduced it to them at what they called a `` Guitar Pull , '' where musicians would pass a guitar around and play their songs . Silverstein later wrote a follow - up named `` The Father of a Boy Named Sue '' on his 1978 Songs and Stories in which he tells the old man 's point of view of the story . The only known recording of the song by a major artist is by Shel Silverstein himself . Various cover artists have covered this song since then . Chart performance ( Johnny Cash version ) ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Top Singles Canadian RPM Country Tracks Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks Irish Singles Chart Netherlands 13 South Africa 13 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot Country Singles US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Canada 49 US Billboard Hot 100 36 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 40 US Cash Box 34 Impact on popular culture ( edit ) MAD Magazine issue No. 137 ( September 1970 ) included a parody titled A Boy Dog Named Lassie , based on the fact that the Lassie movies and TV series employed male Collies in the female title role . On an episode of The Partridge Family , a part Native American character introduces himself as `` Sioux '' causing a reaction from the family members , `` A boy name Sioux ? '' The gender - bending implications of the title have been adapted to explore issues of sex and gender , another use of the popular song title that goes beyond its original scope . The 2001 documentary A Boy Named Sue features a transgender protagonist and uses the song in the soundtrack . A Boy Named Sue : Gender and Country Music is the title of a 2004 book about the role of the gender in American country music . In the film Swingers , one of the male characters is named Sue . The name is explained by another character by saying , `` his dad was a big Johnny Cash fan . '' `` A Boy Named Sue '' is referenced in the Red Hot Chili Peppers songs `` One Big Mob '' and `` Save This Lady . '' In the Dexter 's Laboratory episode ' `` A Boy Named Sue '' , Mandark recalls through his infancy and early childhood when his Hippie parents named him Susan and how he discovered his manhood by science . The Stone Temple Pilots ' song `` Crackerman '' references `` A Boy Named Sue '' in the second verse . Wyrd Miniatures a hobby company , produces a male Outcast model named Sue for their Malifaux miniature skirmish game . Chad Stokes Urmston references `` A Boy Named Sue '' in his 2014 song `` Our Lives , Our Time '' . He sings : `` At least we got our bodies , we all a boy named Sue . '' The Proclaimers reference `` A Boy Named Sue '' in `` Hate My Love '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boy Named Sue ( and His Other Country Songs ) at Discogs ( 1969 Shel Silverstein album ) Jump up ^ `` Shel Silverstein Discography '' . Dmdb.org . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ A Boy Named Sue , YouTube.com Jump up ^ Bergmann , Eugene B. : Excelsior , You Fathead ! The Art and Enigma of Jean Shepherd , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Cash Is Indebted to a Judge Named Sue '' . The New York Times , July 12 , 1970 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Cash , Johnny : Cash : The Autobiography , 1997 Jump up ^ Robert Hilburn , Johnny Cash : The Life ( New York : Little , Brown , 2013 ) , p. 353 - 355 ; 363 Jump up ^ http://www.rock.co.za/files/sa_charts_1969_1989_songs_(A-B).html Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 75 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Cash Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 49 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 9 / 06 / 69 '' . tropicalglen.com . Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6104&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1969 / Top 100 Songs of 1969 '' . www.musicoutfitters.com . Jump up ^ Top Records on 1969 ( Based on Billboard Charts ) `` , Billboard , December 27 , 1969 . pp. 16 - 17 . Accessed December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1969 '' . tropicalglen.com . Jump up ^ Kristine M. McCusker , Diane Pecknold ( 2004 ) A Boy Named Sue : Gender and Country Music , University Press of Mississippi , ISBN 1 - 57806 - 678 - 6 Jump up ^ http://www.songlyrics.com/the-proclaimers/hate-my-love-lyrics/ Johnny Cash Studio albums With His Hot and Blue Guitar Sings the Songs That Made Him Famous The Fabulous Johnny Cash Greatest ! Songs of Our Soil Sings Hank Williams Now , There Was a Song ! Now Here 's Johnny Cash The Sound of Johnny Cash All Aboard the Blue Train Ring of Fire : The Best of Johnny Cash The Original Sun Sound of Johnny Cash I Walk the Line Orange Blossom Special Everybody Loves a Nut Happiness Is You Old Golden Throat More of Old Golden Throat Hello , I 'm Johnny Cash The World of Johnny Cash Man in Black A Thing Called Love Any Old Wind That Blows Ragged Old Flag The Junkie and the Juicehead Minus Me John R. Cash Look at Them Beans One Piece at a Time The Last Gunfighter Ballad I Would Like to See You Again Gone Girl Silver Rockabilly Blues The Baron The Adventures of Johnny Cash Johnny 99 Rainbow Johnny Cash Is Coming to Town Classic Cash : Hall of Fame Series Water from the Wells of Home Boom Chicka Boom The Mystery of Life American Recordings Unchained American III : Solitary Man American IV : The Man Comes Around Personal File American V : A Hundred Highways American VI : Ai n't No Grave Out Among the Stars Concept albums Ride This Train Blood , Sweat and Tears Bitter Tears : Ballads of the American Indian Sings the Ballads of the True West From Sea to Shining Sea America : A 200 - Year Salute in Story and Song The Johnny Cash Children 's Album The Rambler Gospel albums Hymns by Johnny Cash Hymns from the Heart The Holy Land The Gospel Road Sings Precious Memories A Believer Sings the Truth Believe in Him Return to the Promised Land My Mother 's Hymn Book Christmas albums The Christmas Spirit The Johnny Cash Family Christmas Classic Christmas Johnny Cash Country Christmas Collaborations The Lure of the Grand Canyon Carryin ' On with Johnny Cash and June Carter Johnny Cash and His Woman The Legend of Jesse James Million Dollar Quartet The Survivors Live Highwayman Class of ' 55 Heroes Highwayman 2 The Road Goes on Forever VH1 Storytellers Live albums At Folsom Prison At San Quentin The Johnny Cash Show På Österåker Strawberry Cake Koncert v Praze ( In Prague -- Live ) At Madison Square Garden A Concert Behind Prison Walls Non-gospel soundtracks I Walk the Line Little Fauss and Big Halsy Compilations Greatest Hits , Vol. 1 Heart of Cash Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 Sunday Morning Coming Down International Superstar Five Feet High and Rising Destination Victoria Station Greatest Hits , Vol. 3 The Unissued Johnny Cash Johnny & June Tall Man Encore Biggest Hits The Man in Black 1954 -- 1958 The Man in Black 1959 -- 1962 Come Along and Ride This Train The Essential Johnny Cash ( 1992 ) Wanted Man The Man in Black 1963 -- 1969 The Man in Black -- His Greatest Hits 16 Biggest Hits Love , God , Murder The Essential Johnny Cash ( 2002 ) Unearthed The Legend The Legend of Johnny Cash Johnny Cash : Patriot 16 Biggest Hits : Johnny Cash & June Carter Cash The Legend of Johnny Cash Vol. II The Complete Columbia Album Collection Songs `` 25 Minutes to Go '' `` Seasons of My Heart '' `` Any Old Wind That Blows '' `` A Wonderful Time Up There '' `` The Ballad of Boot Hill '' `` The Ballad of Ira Hayes '' `` Ballad of a Teenage Queen '' `` Big River '' `` Blistered '' `` A Boy Named Sue '' `` Busted '' `` Cat 's in the Cradle '' `` Cocaine Blues '' `` Cry ! Cry ! Cry ! '' `` Daddy Sang Bass '' `` Dark as a Dungeon '' `` Do n't Take Your Guns to Town '' `` Engine 143 '' `` Flesh and Blood '' `` The Folk Singer '' `` Folsom Prison Blues '' `` Forty Shades of Green '' `` Get Rhythm '' `` Give My Love to Rose '' `` Goodnight , Irene '' `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' `` Greystone Chapel '' `` Guess Things Happen That Way '' `` Hey , Porter '' `` Home of the Blues '' `` Hurt '' `` I Could n't Keep from Crying '' `` I Love You Because '' `` I Still Miss Someone '' `` I Walk the Line '' `` If I Had a Hammer '' `` If I Were a Carpenter '' `` In My Life '' `` In the Jailhouse Now '' `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' `` Jackson '' `` Kate '' `` The Man Comes Around '' `` Man in Black '' `` The Matador '' `` Oh Lonesome Me '' `` One Piece at a Time '' `` Oney '' `` Orange Blossom Special '' `` The One on the Right Is on the Left '' `` Remember the Alamo '' `` ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky '' `` Ring of Fire '' `` Rock Island Line '' `` So Doggone Lonesome '' `` Sunday Mornin ' Comin ' Down '' `` Tennessee Flat Top Box '' `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' `` A Thing Called Love '' `` Understand Your Man '' `` What Is Truth '' `` What 'd I Say '' Television The Johnny Cash Show Family June Carter Cash John Carter Cash Rosanne Cash Carlene Carter Tommy Cash Carter Family Related Albums discography Singles discography Sun Records discography The Highwaymen Carter Family Fold Man in Black : His Own Story in His Own Words Cash : The Autobiography Johnny Cash ! The Man , His World , His Music Walk the Line We Walk the Line : A Celebration of the Music of Johnny Cash Ring of Fire ( 2013 film ) Ring of Fire ( musical ) My Father and the Man in Black Forever Words Dyess , Arkansas The Tennessee Three Book Shel Silverstein Books Uncle Shelby 's ABZ Book Lafcadio : The Lion Who Shot Back The Giving Tree Do n't Bump the Glump ! : and Other Fantasies The Missing Piece Runny Babbit Poem collections Where the Sidewalk Ends A Light in the Attic Falling Up Every Thing on It Albums Freakin ' at the Freakers Ball Inside Folk Songs Twistable Turnable Man Where the Sidewalk Ends A Light in the Attic Songs `` 25 Minutes to Go '' `` The Ballad of Lucy Jordan '' `` Big Four Poster Bed '' `` A Boy Named Sue '' `` The Cover of Rolling Stone '' `` Marie Laveau '' `` The Mermaid '' `` One 's on the Way '' `` Sylvia 's Mother '' `` The Unicorn '' `` Wrong Ideas '' Film soundtracks Ned Kelly ( 1970 ) Who Is Harry Kellerman and Why Is He Saying Those Terrible Things About Me ? ( 1971 ) Screenplays Things Change ( 1988 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Boy_Named_Sue&oldid=863459202 '' Categories : Songs about parenthood Shel Silverstein songs 1969 singles Live singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Johnny Cash songs Songs written by Shel Silverstein Song recordings produced by Chet Atkins Song recordings produced by Bob Johnston RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Columbia Records singles RCA Records singles Novelty songs 1969 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Русский Simple English Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2018 , at 22 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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character sketch of charlie from charlie and the chocolate factory			List of Charlie and the Chocolate factory characters	list of charlie and the chocolate factory characters	The following is a list of characters in the Roald Dahl book Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , and the former 's film adaptations , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory .	Contents 1 Willy Wonka 2 Charlie Bucket 3 Grandpa Joe 4 Augustus Gloop 5 Violet Beauregarde 6 Veruca Salt 7 Mike Teavee 8 Arthur Slugworth 9 Mr. Turkentine 10 Prince Pondicherry 11 Oompa - Loompas 12 Vermicious Knids 13 Other characters 13.1 Portrayed in other media 14 References Willy Wonka ( edit ) Willy Wonka First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Gene Wilder ( 1971 ) Johnny Depp ( 2005 ) Voiced by James Arnold Taylor ( 2005 video game ) JP Karliak ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Main article : Willy Wonka In the novels and films , Willy Wonka is the odd owner of an extremely prosperous chocolates factory . The inciting action of the story occurs when Wonka holds a contest , hiding five Golden Tickets within the wrappers of confectionery bars , promising their discoverers a tour of his factory and a lifelong supply of his creations . Implications stand in all three versions that he allows four of his five finalists to disgrace themselves , in hope that one does not . In the book , Wonka is described by Roald Dahl as having a goatee and `` marvelously '' bright eyes , a high and `` flutey '' voice , a face `` alight of fun and laughter '' , and quick little jerky movements `` like a squirrel '' . He is enthusiastic , eccentric , charming , talkative , and friendly , but at times insensitive , and has been given to glossing criticisms of himself . In the 1971 film Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory , he is portrayed by Gene Wilder . While his personality remains generally the same as in the original , he is more melancholy here , and frequently quotes books and poems , including William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet ( `` Is it my soul that calls upon my name ? '' ) or John Masefield 's `` Sea Fever '' ( `` All I ask is a tall ship and a star to steer her by '' ) , and the famous `` Candy is dandy , but liquor is quicker '' from `` Reflections on Ice Breaking '' by Ogden Nash , among many others . Toward the end of the film , he tests protagonist Charlie 's conscience by pretending to deny him any reward , but assumes an almost paternal role when Charlie proves honest . And as Charlie places the gobstopper on Wonka 's desk , Wonka declares Charlie the winner and apologies for his anger and tell him to meet his assistant Mr. Wilkinson ( known earlier as `` Slugworth '' ) . He explains they had to test him and Charlie passed . As they go to the Wonkavator , Wonka tells Charlie that the real grand prize is the entire chocolate factory and makes Charlie Bucket the new owner of the Willy Wonka Chocolate factory ( as Willy Wonka retires ) , and the entire family can move in and live there . Wonka also reminds Charlie not to forget about the man who suddenly gets everything he ever wanted : he lives happily ever after . In the 2005 film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , he is portrayed by Johnny Depp . In this version , a back - story was added that Willy Wonka 's father ( being a dentist ) would not let him eat sweets because of the potential risk to his teeth , and that the young Wonka left home to become a chocolatier . The conflict was so bad on young Wonka ( portrayed by Blair Dunlop ) , that he took no interest in the kids when they arrived and could n't even say the word `` parent '' . He later gains a soft spot for Charlie and offers him a spoon from the chocolate river . Toward the end of the film , Charlie reconciles the two . Charlie Bucket ( edit ) Charlie Bucket Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Peter Ostrum ( 1971 ) Freddie Highmore ( 2005 ) Voiced by Freddie Highmore ( 2005 video game ) Lincoln Melcher ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Family Joe Bucket ( grandfather ) Josephine Bucket ( grandmother ) Nathan Bucket ( father ) Hellen Bucket ( mother ) George Bucket ( grandfather ) Georgina Bucket ( grandmother ) Charlie Bucket is a title character and the protagonist of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , its sequel Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , and the film adaptations of these books . He is depicted as a kind - hearted , nice , selfless , sweet , brave , but poor boy that lives with his mother , father and his four grandparents . In 1971 , he has a newspaper route after school . He and his family follow the progress of the hunt for the Golden Tickets in newspapers , in films , and on television . Unlike the first four finalists , Charlie is honest and generous . In the 1971 film , Charlie was portrayed by Peter Ostrum , in his only film appearance . His nationality is never explicitly stated , but in the 1971 film , he speaks with an American accent , and in the 2005 film , he speaks with an English accent . The filmmakers have stated that it was their intention that Charlie 's hometown be kept ambiguous . In the novel , at the end of the tour , Wonka declares Charlie heir to the factory for his refusal of vice , and Charlie 's family are permitted to move into the factory . In the 1971 film , Charlie wins the factory when he returns an Everlasting Gobstopper given to him by Wonka , thereby passing Wonka 's moral test . In the 2005 film , Wonka initially refuses to allow Charlie 's family to join them in the factory , and Charlie rejects Wonka 's offer . When Charlie helps Wonka reconcile with his father , the family move into the factory and Charlie becomes Wonka 's partner . Grandpa Joe ( edit ) Grandpa Joe Bucket Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Jack Albertson ( 1971 ) David Kelly ( 2005 ) Nigel Planer , Barry James ( 2013 ) John Rubinstein ( 2017 ) Voiced by David Kelly ( 2005 video game ) Jess Harnell ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Family Josephine Bucket ( wife ) Nathan Bucket ( son ) Hellen Bucket ( daughter - in - law ) Charlie Bucket ( grandson ) Grandpa Joe is one of Charlie 's four bed - ridden grandparents . He is usually stubborn , senile , and paranoid , but still kind , caring , grandfatherly , excitable , and supportive . He tells Charlie ( and the reader ) the story of Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory and the mystery of the secret workers . When Charlie finds the Golden Ticket , Grandpa Joe leaps out of bed in joy , and later accompanies Charlie on the factory tour . In the sequel book , Grandpa Joe accompanies Charlie , Willy Wonka , and all members of Charlie 's family in the Great Glass Elevator and assists the rescue of the Commuter Capsule from the Vermicious Knids . Grandpa Joe 's age is given as `` ninety - six and a half '' in `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory '' , making him the eldest of Charlie 's grandparents , but in the musical , it is stated he is almost ninety and a half . The character was played by Jack Albertson in the 1971 film adaptation Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . In this film , he is often excitable , paranoid , stubborn and appears anxious that Charlie won the contest , and becomes angry when Charlie is dismissed without reward , despite the fact that they both violated the rules by stealing Fizzy Lifting Drinks and not following the tour , which indicated that Charlie violated the contract , unaware that Wonka had found out what they had done . He tells Charlie that he expects him to find all five Golden Tickets and most certainly expects Charlie to find one when he receives a Wonka Bar for his birthday . The character was played by David Kelly in the 2005 film adaptation , Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Veteran actor Gregory Peck was originally selected to play the role , but he died in 2003 before filming began . This version of the character is written as more calm than the 1971 version . An original backstory to Grandpa Joe 's past was added to Tim Burton 's film , wherein it is said that Joe worked for Wonka until the latter fired all his workers from his factory due to constant corporate espionage by rival confectionery manufacturers . When he returns to the factory with Charlie for the tour , Wonka asks if he was a spy working for a competing factory before he humbly welcomes him back . Augustus Gloop ( edit ) Augustus Gloop Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Michael Bollner ( 1971 ) Philip Wiegratz ( 2005 ) Voiced by Philip Wiegratz ( 2005 video game ) Rachel Butera ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Family Gretta Gloop ( mother ) Harold Gloop ( father ) Nationality German Augustus Gloop , also known as ' Cody G ' is an obese , greedy , gluttonous boy , the first person to find a Golden Ticket and one of the four main antagonists of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . He hails from fictitious Dusselheim , Germany in the 1971 film , and Düsseldorf , Germany in the 2005 film . His mother takes great pride in his gluttonous eating and seems to enjoy the attention of the media . In the novel and both films , he is portrayed as `` enormously fat '' . Augustus is the first to be removed from the tour : while drinking from the Chocolate Room 's Chocolate River , he accidentally falls into the river and is drawn through a pipe to the factory 's Fudge Room . His parents are summoned to retrieve him from the mixing - machine . In the book , he is depicted leaving the factory , having lost most of his weight , and covered in melted chocolate . In the 1971 film , despite eating constantly , he has decent table manners , is not as obese as he is in the book , and is polite to Charlie and the other finalists . He is portrayed by Michael Bollner in this film . Since Bollner could not speak fluent English at the time of the film 's production , the 1971 Augustus has fewer lines and less screen time . In the 2005 film , Augustus is always shown consuming chocolate . He has a binge eating disorder and often has food smeared on his face . He is a bully towards Charlie in the one instance when they interact , as Augustus offers Charlie a bite of his Wonka Bar and then retracts it , saying Charlie should have brought some himself . As in the book , he is shown leaving the factory toward the end of the story ; but in this version , he is his normal size , licking his fingers to remove the adherent chocolate he is still coated in . The actor , Philip Wiegratz , wore a fat suit for the production . In the book , both of Augustus 's parents accompany him to the factory . Both film versions contradict this , however , and have only his mother go with him . In the 2013 London musical , Augustus Gloop is known as `` the Bavarian Beefcake '' in his Alpine community . His mother and father indulge his eating habits with sweets and pieces of sausage of which they ( and sometimes Augustus ) butcher themselves . In his number , `` More of Him to Love '' , Frau Gloop reveals that she had vital organs removed to retrieve Augustus from the womb . They arrive at the factory wearing traditional Eastern European clothing , with Augustus in a red , argyle sweater and green shorts . When Augustus falls into the chocolate river Wonka summons the diversionary pumping system to divert the flow , while Oompa Loompas dressed in red boiler suits sing , `` Auf Wiedersehen Augustus Gloop '' , as they prepare the chocolate , while Augustus travels through the main industrial pipe , occasionally getting stuck . Violet Beauregarde ( edit ) Violet Beauregarde Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Denise Nickerson ( 1971 ) AnnaSophia Robb ( 2005 ) Voiced by AnnaSophia Robb ( 2005 video game ) Dallas Lovato ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Female Family Scarlett Beauregarde ( mother ) Sam Beauregarde ( father ) Nationality American Violet Beauregarde is the third person to find a Golden Ticket , and one of the four main antagonists of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . She is the vain , self - centered , snobby , and gum - obsessed child . Violet chews gum obsessively and boasts that she has been chewing the same piece `` for three months solid '' , a world record which Violet proclaims was previously held by her best friend Cornelia Prinzmetel . She is also aggressively competitive , prideful and has won trophies for gum chewing . In the 1971 film , she is shown to be from Miles City , Montana , while in the 2005 film , she is from Atlanta , Georgia . When Wonka shows the group around the Inventing Room , he stops to display a new type of gum he is working on . The gum doubles as a three - course meal which is composed of tomato soup , roast beef and baked potato , and blueberry pie and ice cream . Violet is intrigued and , despite Wonka 's protests , snatches and chews the gum . She is delighted by its effects but , when she reaches the dessert , blueberry pie , her skin starts turning a somewhat blue color and her body begins to swell up , filling with juice . Eventually , Violet 's head , legs , and arms get sucked into her gigantic body , but she is still mobile and is able to waddle . When her swelling stops , she resembles a round blueberry , causing Wonka to have the Oompa - Loompas roll her to the Juicing Room to have the juice squeezed out of her in fear she may explode . She is last seen leaving the factory with the other children , restored to her normal size but with indigo skin like of a blueberry . Wonka says there is nothing that can be done to change Violet 's skin back to its original pigment . In the 1971 film , Violet is impatient , arrogant , self - centered , vain , and impulsive . She is accompanied by her father , Sam Beauregarde , a fast - talking car salesman who tries to advertise his business during Violet 's television interview . She demeans Cornelia Prinzmetel more than she did in the book . She was polite to everyone , except for Veruca . She has a notable rivalry with Veruca Salt , with whom she persistently argues . Her blueberry form is relatively small , and her hair color remains unchanged . Violet is informed that she must be juiced immediately before she explodes and is last seen en route to the Juicing Room , with her father following her . In the 2005 film , Violet has a rude , impatient and competitive personality . Aside from gum - chewing , she also has many other interests that reflect her obsession with always winning , such as karate . She is accompanied by her single mother , Scarlett Beauregarde ( a former baton champion herself ) whose own competitive personality appears to have had an influence on her daughter , as Scarlett expresses pride over Violet 's 263 trophies and medals . Cornelia Prinzmetel was not mentioned in this film . Violet is also shown to be anti-social and bullying when she briefly insults Charlie , snatching a piece of confectionery from his hand and calling him a loser when he tries to interact with her . She turns blue , although her lips remain red , and swells up into a 10 - foot blueberry before being rolled off to the Juicing Room by the Oompa Loompas to prevent her from bursting . Violet is shown leaving the factory gymnastically cartwheeling as a consequence of her increased flexibility , which she is actually happy about , although her mother is less than pleased with her daughter 's permanently indigo color . In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical , Violet Beauregarde is portrayed as an African - American , Californian fame - hungry wan na - be , with her agent / father Eugene Beauregarde parlaying her mundane talent of gum chewing into celebrity status , with multitude of endorsements including her own TV show , line of perfume , and a clothing boutique franchise . Her theme is called `` The Double - Bubble Duchess '' . It is revealed that Violet 's chewing `` skill '' was picked up when she was a baby and her mom tried to get her to stop talking all the time . Violet and her father are escorted by an entourage to the factory entrance . Violet comes dressed in a sparkly purple and pink disco jumper and a pink backpack . Upon swelling in the influence of the experimental gum ( which consisted of tomato soup , roast chicken , potatoes and gravy , Fizzy Orange , cheese and crackers and blueberry pie ) , she panics and runs away as the Oompa Loompas break into a disco number , `` Juicy '' , and roller skate along the stage as Violet lifts into the air , resembling a giant purple disco - ball . Mr. Beauregarde phones his lawyer excitedly , with intent to profit from Violet 's new size , until Violet explodes . Wonka 's only reassurance of her survival is the prospect of rescuing the pieces and de-juicing them . In the Broadway version , the song `` Juicy '' is cut out ( the only child - exit song to be cut from the London version ) , and Violet instead becomes a blueberry and explodes in the background while Wonka explains how he met the Ooompa - Loompas to the group . Veruca Salt ( edit ) Veruca Salt Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Julie Dawn Cole ( 1971 ) Julia Winter ( 2005 ) Voiced by Julia Winter ( 2005 video game ) Emily O'Brien ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Female Family Diane Salt ( mother ) Robert Salt ( father ) Nationality British Veruca Salt is a greedy , demanding , manipulative and stingy brat and one of the four main antagonists of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . She demands every single thing she wants ( and more ) , the second person to find a Golden Ticket , the third eliminated from the tour . A selfish , rotten brat who shows her wealthy family no mercy and has absolutely no regard for other people 's property , Veruca frequently pesters her parents to purchase a variety of different objects for her . In the 2005 film , it is revealed that she owns a pony , two dogs , four cats , six rabbits , two parakeets , three canaries , a parrot , a turtle , and a hamster , totalling up to 21 pets . But when she interferes with the trained squirrels used by Willy Wonka to select the best nuts to bake into chocolate bars , she is judged as a `` bad nut '' by the squirrels and discarded into the adjacent ' garbage chute ' and her parents follow . All three are later seen leaving the factory `` covered in garbage '' . Her nationality was never specified in Dahl 's novel , but she hails from an upper - class family in the United Kingdom in both films . In the 1971 film adaptation , Veruca has a fiery temper , rudely demands various desires nonstop , brags about her wealth , and chastises anyone who questions her . In this film it is not squirrels but geese that lay special golden chocolate - filled eggs for Easter , one of which she demands as a new pet . She and Violet , in this film , bicker on two occasions . Veruca is eliminated at the end of her musical number in the film ( `` I Want it Now '' ) after climbing a machine designed to tell whether or not the geese 's eggs are `` good '' or `` bad '' eggs , and it judges her as a bad one . Her father then follows and is also deemed bad . In the Tom and Jerry version of the 1971 film , Veruca and her father manage to escape the furnace right before it ignites while trapping Tom inside . Veruca demands to be taken home and have her father make her a different chocolate factory , but Mr. Salt , having had enough of Veruca 's spoiled and selfish behavior , finally decides to discipline her as the near - death experience seems to have finally gotten to him . In the 2005 film adaptation , Veruca 's elimination remains virtually the same as in the book , with only a few changes made . Her demeanor is less vehement , but more obnoxious , compared to the 1971 version . When she leaves the factory ( covered in trash ) , she demands a facsimile of the Great Glass Elevator . However , her father , having learned a good parenting lesson from the Oompa - Loompas and finally realizing how much he has spoiled her , sternly tells her that she will only be getting a bath that day instead , and shoots her a fierce glare for trying to argue any further . In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical , Veruca Salt is a British billionaire 's daughter , dressed in a pink ballerina tutu and baby seal fur coat - `` clubbed and tickled pink '' . Her father , Sir Robert Salt , is portrayed as a spineless dolt for giving his daughter her wishes . In the Nut Sorting Room , Veruca runs foul of the nut - testing squirrels who deem her a ' bad nut ' when she tries to steal one . This summons oversized squirrels with Oompa Loompas riding on their backs . They sing a nightmarish ballet `` Veruca 's Nutcracker Sweet '' that concludes with Veruca and her father sent down the garbage chute . In the Broadway version , Veruca 's nationality is changed to Russian , and the squirrels tear her apart limb by limb , but Wonka assures the group that the Ooompa - Loompas will be able to put her back together . Mike Teavee ( edit ) Mike Teavee Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Paris Themmen ( 1971 ) Jordan Fry ( 2005 ) Voiced by Jordan Fry ( 2005 video game ) Lauren Weisman ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Family Paloma Teavee ( mother ) Norman Teavee ( father ) Nationality American Mike Teavee , a boy that does nothing but watch television , the fourth Golden Ticket finder , and one of the four main antagonists of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . He was described as adorned with eighteen toy pistols that he ' fires ' while watching gangsters on TV . He is bad - tempered , slothful but also intelligent . How he found his Golden Ticket is never explained in the book or 1971 film as he is too absorbed in his television viewing to talk to the press about it . In the 2005 film , he does have an explanation on how he found the Golden Ticket : he used an algorithm to find it as an intellectual exercise . In the book , both of Mike 's parents tour the factory with him . During a display of miniaturization technology , used to transport chocolate , Mike shrinks himself to a tiny size , Willy Wonka has an Oompa - Loompa take the Teavee family to the Gum - Stretcher Room to get Mike stretched back to normal . Mike is last seen exiting the factory , now 10 ft ( 3 m ) tall because the Oompa - Loompas overstretched him . After he got shrunk when his parents lament that he wo n't be able to attend school , Mike happily says he can continue watching TV . His angry father then blames the TV for Mike 's poor behavior and decides to unplug it and throw it out the window when they get home , much to Mike 's displeasure . In the 1971 film , Mike is played by Paris Themmen and his surname is spelled `` Teevee '' in the credits . Mike is nine years old and accompanied to the factory by his high - strung mother . He is from Arizona , enjoys Western films and wears cowboy attire . He makes constant references to television shows throughout the factory tour and comes across as somewhat of a know - it - all . Although easily annoyed , he does not have any major anger issues and gets along relatively well with the other kids . In the 2005 film , 13 - year - old Mike is ( portrayed by Jordan Fry ) interests are updated to the Internet and video games ( especially gory first - person shooters ) , in addition to television viewing . In this version , he is from Denver , Colorado , and is portrayed as more disrespectful . Whenever he says something critical of Wonka 's company , or his ideas , Wonka reacts as if Mike is mumbling , even though he does not . He is able to find the Golden Ticket by using math and logic , though he admits he does not even like chocolate . When Mike demands to know why candy is pointless , Charlie tries to reason with him , saying candy does n't have to have a point . When they arrive in the Television Chocolate Room , Mike points that Wonka could use his teleportation device to revolutionize mankind , as opposed to distributing his products . When Mr. Teavee tries to reason with Mike , the boy insults Wonka . After the incident in the Television Chocolate room , Willy Wonka has an Oompa - Loompa take Mr. Teavee and Mike to the Taffy - Puller Room to have Mike stretched back to normal . When Mike and his father are later seen leaving the factory , Mike is 10 ft ( 3 m ) tall as well as incredibly thin and flat . In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical , Mike Teavee ( now age 10 ) lives in a suburban neighborhood with his disinterested father Norman Teavee and neurotic , alcoholic mother , Doris Teavee . Their opening number , `` It 's Teavee Time ! '' has Mrs. Teavee presenting her family as a normal , functioning household , downplaying Mike 's violent tendencies like setting a cat on fire , chloroforming a nurse , and stealing a German tank . In the Department of the Future , where Wonka transmits chocolate by television , Mike anxiously jumps into the machine and transmits himself , much to his mother 's horror . Wonka summons the monitors to see on which channel Mike has ended , as the Oompa Loompas rave around the room , singing , ' Vidiots ' . Near the end , Mrs. Teavee joins the rave , as they conclude that Mike still has a future on ' Mike.com ' . When Mike is shrunk as a result of the transporter , Mrs. Teavee happily takes him home as he can no longer cause trouble and she can take care of him like when he was a baby . In the Broadway version of the musical , lyrics in Mike 's song and some of Mike 's mannerisms reference president Donald Trump . Arthur Slugworth ( edit ) Arthur Slugworth Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Günter Meisner ( 1971 ) Phil Philmar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Mick Wingert ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male In the book , Arthur Slugworth is one of Willy Wonka 's rival chocolatiers . Slugworth , along with Wonka 's other rivals Mr. Fickelgruber and Mr. Prodnose , sent in spies to steal the secret recipes to Wonka 's treats , which he plagiarized , nearly ruining Wonka 's factory . After Wonka re-opens his factory ( operated exclusively by Oompa - Loompas ) , Slugworth is never heard from again , but it is stated that Fickelgruber would give each of his front teeth to enter Wonka 's inventing room ( laboratory / chocolate room in the book ) for three minutes . Slugworth has a much larger role as an enigmatic villain in the 1971 film . Inside Bill 's Candy Shop , Wonka 's products and signs are the most visible ; but Slugworth 's Sizzlers are also prominent , and one is even sold to a child . Also seen are signs for Fickelgruber 's candy . Grandpa Joe describes Slugworth as the worst of Wonka 's rivals . As each Golden Ticket is found , a sinister man approaches the finder and whispers something into his or her ear . After Charlie finds the last ticket , the same man approaches Charlie as well , introduces himself as Arthur Slugworth , and bribes the child to bring him one piece of the newly invented ' Everlasting Gobstopper ' , allowing him to plagiarize the formula and prevent the future invention from ruining his business . Two of the children ( Veruca and Mike ) respond to Slugworth 's bribe ; but Charlie , when tempted , returns the Everlasting Gobstopper to Wonka . Wonka eventually reveals that the tempter is not Slugworth , but his own employee Mr. Wilkinson , and that his offer was a moral test of character . Slugworth / Wilkinson was played by Günter Meisner , a West German actor . Slugworth only makes a split - second appearance in Tim Burton 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory where he alongside Mr. Ficklegruber and Mr. Prodnose are sending spies to steal ingredients from Wonka 's factory . He is here played by Philip Philmar . In the Tom and Jerry version of the 1971 film , Slugworth is the main antagonist , instead of an enigmatic villain . When he first meets Charlie , he sings a cover of Veruca 's song , `` I Want it Now ! '' and also sings it as a duet with Veruca during her downfall . He teams up with Spike to steal a Gobstopper from the factory , but the two are thwarted by Charlie , Tom , and Jerry . Despite being more emphasized as a villain , he is still revealed to be Wonka 's employee Mr. Wilkinson much to Tom & Jerry 's dismay . Nevertheless , the cat and mouse get the last word on Slugworth / Wilkinson ( and Spike ) by shrinking them with the Wonkavision tech . Mr. Turkentine ( edit ) Mr. Turkentine is Charlie Bucket 's school teacher and appears in the first film in 1971 , but not in the book or the 2005 film . He has an odd sense of humor , which he uses to express knowledge . He asks Charlie to assist him in making a medicine using several scientific elements for the class but the project is interrupted due to the frantic golden ticket search for Willy Wonka . Mr. Turkentine when hearing the news about the golden tickets during the project dismisses the class and runs out . Later when it is revealed that all the tickets have supposedly been found ending with a Paraguayan millionaire he decides to use Wonka bars as an example to teach his class about percentages . He uses a few students as examples for the class , including Charlie . Charlie however reveals that he only opened two Wonka bars during the search and so to help make it easier for his class , he decides to pretend Charlie opened 200 . Mr. Turkentine is played by British actor David Battley . Prince Pondicherry ( edit ) Prince Pondicherry Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Nitin Ganatra ( 2005 ) Information Gender Male Prince Pondicherry is a prince who lives in India . He appears in the third chapter of the novel when Grandpa Joe is telling Charlie a story . In the story , Willy Wonka makes him a chocolate palace in India , that melts in the hot weather , as he had rejected Willy Wonka 's advice to eat it before it melted in the heat . His name derives from the city of Pondicherry ( officially spelled Puducherry since 2006 ) in southeastern India . He is absent from the 1971 film version , but makes a brief appearance in Tim Burton 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , where he is played by Nitin Ganatra . His story here matches that in the book , except in depicting his wife ( Shelley Conn ) and stating that the Prince demanded a second palace , but was refused . Oompa - Loompas ( edit ) Oompa - Loompas are small humans who would end up being preyed upon by the various predators that also reside in Loompaland before Wonka invited them to work at his factory . They are paid in their favorite food , cocoa beans , which were extremely rare on their island . The Oompa - Loompas are also mischievous , loving practical jokes and singing songs which , according to Wonka , they are very good at improvising . They sing at the end of each child 's demise . In early editions of the novel , the Oompa - Loompas ( originally called `` Whipple - Scrumpets '' before publication ) are shown as African pygmies before Dahl rewrote them to be white - skinned and golden haired . In both editions , despite working in the factory , Oompa - Loompas insist on maintaining their native clothing : men wear skins , women wear leaves , and children wear nothing . In the 1971 film , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory , they were written to be played by actors with dwarfism and are portrayed as orange - skinned , green - haired men in striped shirts and baggy lederhosen - like pants . Prominent portrayers included Angelo Muscat , Rusty Goffe , George Claydon , Rudy Borgstaller , Jo Kilkenny , Andy Wilday , Malcolm Dixon , Ismed Hassan , Norman Mcglen , Pepe Poupee , Marcus Powell , and Albert Wilkinson . In the 2005 film , the Oompa - Loompas are all played by Deep Roy and are virtually identical . They wear their tribal clothing during their time in Loompaland , and typical factory worker uniforms in Wonka 's Factory . Some of the female Oompa - Loompas , like Doris , work in the administration offices . Vermicious Knids ( edit ) Vermicious Knids are a fictional species of amorphous aliens that invade the Space Hotel `` U.S.A. '' in Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator . They are also mentioned in the 1971 feature film adaptation , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory , but here are mentioned only as predators of the Oompa - Loompas . In the book , Vermicious Knids are huge , dark , egg - shaped predators who swallow their victims whole , and are capable of surviving , operating , and traveling faster than light , in the vacuum of space . Although normally oviform , they can assume any shape at will , while retaining their native texture and features . They originate ( according to Mr. Wonka ) on the planet Vermes , a fictional planet located ( in dialogue ) 184,270,000,000 miles ( 2.9655 × 10 kilometres ) from Earth ( 52 times Pluto 's distance ) . In the presence of victims , they can not resist shaping themselves to spell the word `` SCRAM '' ( the only word they know ) before they attack . In Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , a swarm of Knids take possession of the new Space Hotel `` U.S.A. '' . When the transport capsule brings the staff to the Space Hotel , the Knids consume some of the staff , and the survivors retreat to the capsule . There , the Knids bludgeon the capsule with their own bodies , until its retro - rockets are useless ; whereupon Wonka , Charlie , and Grandpa Joe connect the capsule to the Elevator , in hope of towing it to Earth , and one Knid wraps itself around the Elevator while the others form a chain , intending to draw the Elevator and capsule to their home planet . The Elevator then returns to Earth , and the Knids are incinerated in Earth 's atmosphere . When Nestlé created its interpretation of Wonka 's world to sell chocolate bars under the name `` Wonka '' , they released a number of downloadable flash games , wherein Knids seemed to have entered the factory and had the appearance of flying green blobs with single red eyes . The etymology of the name was not provided by Dahl . Pronunciation of Knid is said in the book to approximate adding a schwa between the `` K '' and `` nid '' , or in Dahl 's words , `` K'nid '' . Cnidaria is the name of the taxonomic phylum containing stinging aquatic invertebrates such as jellyfish and coral , itself derived from the classical Greek word for nettle , κνίδη . Vermicious is a real word , meaning `` worm like '' . The Vermicious Knids are also mentioned in other Dahl stories , including James and the Giant Peach ( where the New York Police Department misidentify Miss Spider as one ) and The Minpins . Other characters ( edit ) Portrayed in other media ( edit ) Name 1971 film 2005 film Mrs. ( Hellen ) Bucket Diana Sowle Helena Bonham Carter Mr. ( Nathan ) Bucket Deceased Noah Taylor Mrs. ( Gretta ) Gloop Ursula Reit Franziska Troegner Mr. ( Harold ) Gloop Kurt Großkurth ( uncredited ) Harry Taylor Mrs. ( Paloma ) Teavee Dodo Denney Cameo ( uncredited ) Mr. ( Norman ) Teavee Michael Goodliffe Adam Godley Mrs. ( Scarlett ) Beauregarde Cameo ( uncredited ) Missi Pyle Mr. ( Sam ) Beauregarde Leonard Stone Absent Mrs. ( Diane ) Salt Pat Coombs ( uncredited ) Francesca Hunt Mr. ( Robert ) Salt Roy Kinnear James Fox Grandma Josephine Franziska Liebing ( uncredited ) Eileen Essell Grandma Georgina Dora Altmann ( uncredited ) Liz Smith Grandpa George Ernst Ziegler ( uncredited ) David Morris ( Bill ) Shopkeeper Aubrey Woods Oscar James Dr. Wilbur Wonka Absent Christopher Lee Winkelmann Peter Stuart Absent Newscaster Steve Dunne ( uncredited ) Todd Boyce Tinker Peter Capell Absent Mr. Joepack Werner Heyking Absent Computer Scientist Tim Brooke - Taylor ( uncredited ) Absent Auctioneer Frank Delfino ( uncredited ) Absent Prodnose Absent Criss Cresswell Ficklegruber Absent Tony Kirwood Young Willy Wonka Absent Blair Dunlop Princess Pondicherry Absent Shelley Conn Narrator Absent ... Geoffrey Holder References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Siddique , Haroon ( 13 September 2017 ) . `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory hero ' was originally black ' '' . Theguardian.com . Jump up ^ Kelly , Helen ( 25 January 2016 ) . `` You wo n't believe what Charlie and the Chocolate Factory 's Mike Teavee looks like now ... '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Chryl Corbin . `` Deconstructing Willy Wonka 's Chocolate Factory : Race , Labor , and the Changing Depictions of the Oompa - Loompas '' ( PDF ) . Ourenvironment , berkely.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Hephzibah . `` The dark side of Roald Dahl '' . Bbc.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Slate , Jeff . `` CHARLIE AND THE CHOCOLATE FACTORY 50 YEARS LATER '' . Esquire . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Goffe , Rusty ( 27 July 2005 ) . `` My life as an Oompa Loompa : ' Willy Wonka was my first and favourite film ' '' . Theguardian.com . hide Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Books Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator Films Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Chocolate Factory soundtrack Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Characters Willy Wonka Theater Roald Dahl 's Willy Wonka ( 2004 musical ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 musical ) The Golden Ticket Music Charlie and the Chocolate Factory : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' Miscellaneous The Ride Video games Wonka Bar Everlasting Gobstopper Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble The Willy Wonka Candy Company Charlie Bucket , Grandpa Joe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory_characters&oldid=853682519 '' Categories : Willy Wonka characters Lists of literary characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from September 2016 All articles needing rewrite Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 09 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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night of the chicken dead full movie free download			Poultrygeist : Night of the chicken Dead	poultrygeist : night of the chicken dead	Poultrygeist : Night of the Chicken Dead is a 2006 black comedy musical - horror film from Troma Entertainment , directed by Lloyd Kaufman and co-directed by former long - time Troma editor Gabriel Friedman from a screenplay by Friedman and Daniel Bova . Poultrygeist : Night of the Chicken Dead was released in 2006 in theaters and in 2008 on DVD .	Contents 1 Plot synopsis 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 4 Release and reception 4.1 Promotion 4.2 Theatrical release 4.3 Critical response 5 Connections with previous Troma films 6 Soundtrack 7 DVD release 8 DVD switch controversy 9 References 10 External links Plot synopsis ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Poultrygeist follows a group of consumers and ordinary citizens who are trapped inside a New Jersey fried chicken fast food restaurant -- the American Chicken Bunker -- which is being attacked by a chicken - possessed zombie demonic alien spirit because the building is erected on top of a sacred Native American burial ground . The protagonist is Arbie ( Jason Yachanin ) , an ACB employee trying to win back the heart of his ex-girlfriend Wendy ( Kate Graham ) , an activist protesting against the restaurant , who has left Arbie for another woman . High school sweethearts Arbie and Wendy meet the day before Wendy 's departure to college to consummate their relationship in the Tromahawk Indigenous peoples of the Americas burial ground , promising to each other that no matter what happens , they will always stay faithful to each other . She is grossed out after finding a man jacking off to their lovemaking , but he 's later killed by zombie hands spouting from the ground which tear through his system and out of his mouth , grabbing Arbie 's underwear that he was masturbating with . One college semester later , when Arbie returns to the spot of his one and only sexual encounter , he is shocked to discover two unsettling realities : not only has the burial ground been bulldozed and replaced by an American Chicken Bunker , a mega-conglomerate fast food franchise , but college has turned his dear Wendy into a `` leftist , lipstick lesbo liberal '' , protesting the construction of the fried chicken menace with her activist girlfriend Micki ( Allyson Sereboff ) . Disillusioned and out for revenge , Arbie decides to get a job at the American Chicken Bunker . Under the supervision of paranoid manager Denny , Arbie is thrust into the monotony of minimum wage with a variety of colorful co-workers : the effeminate Mexican Paco Bell ( Khalid Rivera ) , the animal - loving redneck Carl Jr . ( Caleb Emerson ) , the burqa - clad Muslim Hummus ( Rose Ghavami ) and a mysterious 60 - year - old man in the restaurant 's basement who has worked as the restaurant 's costumed mascot all his life and has a virtually identical background to Arbie . However , strange things are afoot at the American Chicken Bunker . While grinding meat , Paco is pushed into the meat grinder by an uncooked chicken . General Lee Roy decides not to do anything , and lets Paco get turned into sloppy jose . Arbie begins to unravel a sinister plot involving the spirits of disenfranchised Native Americans and the billions of slaughtered chickens sent to the `` concentration coops '' who plan on exacting their revenge in the most gruesome ways possible , after being told so by Paco ( who is reanimated as a sloppy jose ) . Carl Jr , who is having intercourse with an uncooked chicken in the storage room , fights the uncooked chicken when it starts biting his penis . Hummus manages to kill the uncooked chicken by shoving a broom up Carl 's backside , though it tears off his penis . General Lee Roy tells them not to take him to a hospital . He instead tells them to give the chicken ( which has been sprayed with blood and green ichor ) to the protester outside . Carl Jr. is killed when Arbie gives him alcohol to drink . After Mickie tells the protesters that the chicken tastes good , the protesters go inside the restaurant to eat chicken . Wendy finds out that Mickie has been paid by General Lee Roy to say that the chicken tastes good ; she breaks up with Mickie and returns to Arbie . General Lee Roy gets diarrhea after being force - fed eating a piece of chicken . General Lee Roy lays an egg in the bathroom and is attacked by the chicken that hatches from the egg . He rips off the chicken 's head with his teeth and is sprayed with green blood . He becomes a giant egg and hatches into a chicken zombie . He then decapitates Denny ( who is telling a story about the first time he encountered a chicken ) . The customers , workers , and protesters then all turn into zombie chickens . The mascot ( Lloyd Kaufman ) shoots all the chicken zombies inside with an M - 16 machine gun . The General Lee Roy zombie returns , but is shot down by the mascot . As the old man approaches the General , he gets his nose ripped off by a now zombie chicken Denny . Arbie then shoots and kills Denny . Wendy turns the open / closed sign to `` closed '' , which keeps the chicken zombies at bay . The mascot , who is still alive , tells Arbie that he is his future self . He then turns into a chicken zombie . Mickie , who attempts to escape , is turned into a zombie chicken . She and the Mascot chicken zombie chase after Arbie and Wendy . Hummus drinks meat steroid in an attempt to save them and accidentally kills herself in the process . Arbie and Wendy realize that beer kills the chicken zombies and then kill the Mickie and mascot zombie . They run out of beer and are saved by Hummus ( who is still alive , despite having exploded a few minutes earlier ) . They find a child hiding in the storage room and are attacked once again by the General Lee Roy chicken . It is then killed by the Paco sandwich . Hummus is then shown to have C - 4 strapped to her body and tells them that she will sacrifice herself . Wendy , Arbie , and the little girl escape as the building explodes . While being driven home in a car , the child experiences stomach cramps after drinking a can of beer and eventually starts clucking like a chicken thus laying an egg , frightening her , Arbie , and Wendy . The guys eventually lose control and crash , resulting in the car back - flipping before landing on the ground and exploding , thus killing all inside . In a post-credits scene , the zombified chickens are shown dancing as a reprise of the Poultrygeist theme song plays . Cast and characters ( edit ) Jason Yachanin as Arbie , the film 's dimwitted protagonist who joins the American Chicken Bunker in an act of spite against his ex-girlfriend , though he is still deeply in love with her . Kate Graham as Wendy , Arbie 's bisexual ex-girlfriend reluctantly participating in a protest rally against the ACB . Allyson Sereboff as Micki , Wendy 's girlfriend who leads the protest . She is actually one of Gen. Lee Roy 's accomplices who is not only faking her vegetarianism but also her lesbianism . Robin Watkins as Gen. Lee Roy , the antagonistic villainous founder of the American Chicken Bunker , modeled after Colonel Sanders . He apparently has a diaper fetish . Joshua Olatunde as Denny , the paranoid manager of American Chicken Bunker . Rose Ghavami as Hummus , a Burqa - wearing Muslim line cook . Caleb Emerson as Carl Jr , a redneck fry cook with a sexual fetish for uncooked chicken carcasses . Lloyd Kaufman as Old Arbie , Arbie 's future self . Khalid Rivera as Paco Bell , a gay Mexican ACB employee . Joe Fleishaker as Jared ( credited as `` Mega Herz '' ) , a beloved national spokesman for a submarine sandwich diet . Brian Cheverie as Father O'Houlihan , an Irish priest patron of the ACB who helps fight against the zombies . Ron Jeremy as Crazy Ron , a local eccentric who warns the ACB employees that they 're all `` doomed '' . He is a parody of Crazy Ralph from Friday the 13th . Debbie Rochon as Actress Hit with Beer . Keith White Jr. as Citizen of Tromaville / Chicken Zombie Ruth Phelps as Red Lobster Production ( edit ) Taking six years from script to screen , Poultrygeist was officially released on DVD in 2008 following a limited theatrical run . Poultrygeist first began as a spec script of the same title submitted to Troma Entertainment by Daniel Bova around 2002 . After a number of re-writes at the hands of several Troma employees , the script reached a final draft in 2004 , completed by long - time Troma editor Gabriel Friedman . Then given the title Poultrygeist : Attack of the Chicken Zombies , Troma heavily promoted the film in the mid-2000s in an attempt to gain funding , though ultimately failed to secure adequate financing . The crew of Poultrygeist stands before the `` American Chicken Bunker '' . Director Lloyd Kaufman is on the far left . The budget for Poultrygeist was roughly around $500,000 , a typical budget for a Troma film . A large part of the film 's financing came out - of - pocket from Lloyd Kaufman and Michael Herz , while Kaufman and his wife , Patricia Swinney Kaufman , dipped into their personal retirement savings to help fund the film . Much of Poultrygeist 's crew was made up entirely of volunteers who had answered advertisements posted by Troma on such websites as Craigslist and horror - based message boards looking for available crew members . According to Fangoria , hundreds of people applied , and volunteers traveled from as far as Sweden , Germany , Australia and numerous parts of the United States to work on the film , serving in various crew positions or as production assistants . Duggie Banas , who composed the movie 's musical numbers , became attached to the film after answering an online ad looking for composers who 'd be willing to work on a film for free . Many of the props and masks featured in the film were donations from special effects studios from around the world . Shot on 35 mm film by long - time Troma cinematographer Brendan C. Flynt , principal photography for Poultrygeist took place during the summer of 2005 at an abandoned McDonald 's in the Bailey - Kensington neighborhood of Buffalo , New York . Over 80 crew members and 300 unpaid extras worked on the film . A nearby abandoned church was rented out by Troma , where over 70 cast and crew members resided for the duration of the shoot , despite only housing one working bathroom . As chronicled in Poultrygeist 's making - of documentary Poultry in Motion : Truth Is Stranger Than Chicken , the production was plagued with numerous problems , including malfunctioning special effects , delayed and over-scheduled filming , pay disputes with the actors and even the restaurant set being prematurely deconstructed on the last day of shooting . Despite the production hardships , Poultrygeist managed to successfully complete its principal photography by August 2005 . Release and reception ( edit ) Promotion ( edit ) `` Colonel Kluck '' protests on behalf of Poultrygeist at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival . Press coverage of Poultrygeist began even in the earliest stages of the film 's production . British publication Hotdog Magazine covered the film in 2005 while filming was still in progress , while Ai n't It Cool News , Attack of the Show and Fangoria reported on the film throughout the stages of its post-production , with the latter giving Poultrygeist a full four - page feature in mid-2007 . Poultrygeist received some media attention when Troma picketed the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival held at Manhattan 's Village East Cinema , where Poultrygeist 's premiere was to be held the following month . Tribeca , who was renting out the venue for the festival , forced the theater to stop playing the film 's trailers and remove its posters . In response , a number of Troma employees , including one in a chicken costume , stood outside the Village East Cinema during the days of the festival , brandishing posters , sandwich boards and giveaways in promotion of the film . Theatrical release ( edit ) Poultrygeist grossed $22,623 . The film made its first premiere at the Brussels International Festival of Fantasy Film on April 14 , 2007 , and spent the remainder of 2007 playing international engagements in Amsterdam , Tel Aviv , Spain , and film festivals including the Toronto After Dark Film Festival , the Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival and the Calgary International Film Festival . The film began playing throughout the United States in early 2008 , making its official cast and crew - attended premiere in New York City on May 9 , 2008 . Poultrygeist played in New York through July 3 , followed by two - week long run at the Laemmle Sunset in Los Angeles on June 14 . The film continued to make sporadic theatrical engagements throughout the United States up to and even after its official DVD release . On April 17 , 2009 , Poultrygeist had a wide release in the Midwest , opening simultaneously in 11 theaters in eight states , including two screens each in Wisconsin and Indiana . Critical response ( edit ) The film has a certified `` fresh '' rating of 64 % on Rotten Tomatoes , with the general critical consensus being that it `` may be relentlessly tasteless and juvenile , but it 's also a lively slice of schlocky fun '' . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly awarded the film a B+ rating , calling it `` an exploitation movie with soul '' and noting `` it 's genuine sick fun , and there is n't a boring moment in it '' . Nathan Lee of The New York Times spoke of the film as being `` as perfect as a film predicated on the joys of projectile vomiting and explosive diarrhea can be '' , describing it as `` liberating '' in a `` lowbrow way '' . On the negative end of the critical spectrum , Roger Moore of the Orlando Sentinel felt the film `` wears out its joke , like all Troma films , long before that last 50 - gallon keg of fake blood is tapped ... it 's a 40 - minute short struggling to escape a 103 - minute feature '' , giving it a rating of two out of five stars . Time Out New York gave the film two out of six stars , claiming its `` half - funny '' `` trashiness '' only appeals to horror fans , while Slant Magazine was considerably harsher , rating the film half a star out of four , calling it `` superficially turgid '' and that its `` strangely impressive originality does n't even close to compensating for its everything - plus - the - kitchen - sink midnight - movie awfulness '' . The New York Post , however , while criticizing the film 's poor taste , acting and pacing , described the satire as `` wicked '' and predicted that its flaws would not stop it from becoming an `` underground cult hit '' . Connections with previous Troma films ( edit ) In contrast to Kaufman 's previous films , Terror Firmer and Citizen Toxie : The Toxic Avenger IV , which heavily referenced and relied on the audience 's familiarity of Troma films , Poultrygeist is only loosely connected with the `` Tromaverse '' yet makes numerous background references to their previous films . Arbie can be seen wearing an `` I Love the Monster Hero '' shirt from The Toxic Avenger in an early scene , posters of Tromeo and Juliet and When Nature Calls adorn the walls of Wendy 's bedroom , and DVD copies of Tales from the Crapper can be seen stuffed in a dumpster . Most notably , Poultrygeist features the infamous car flip stunt that was originally filmed in 1991 for Sgt . Kabukiman N.Y.P.D. and has been recycled for comic effect in every Kaufman - directed film since . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Poultrygeist ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack album for Poultrygeist was released on October 3 , 2006 , through Troma Entertainment , featuring the film 's musical segments composed by Duggie Banas , snippets of film dialogue and a selection of punk rock songs from bands including The Dwarves , Zombina and the Skeletones , Scatterbox and Potshot . All copies of the soundtrack came with a bonus DVD featuring numerous special features including trailers and the first five minutes of the movie . DVD release ( edit ) Poultrygeist received its DVD release on October 28 , 2008 , in an `` Eggs - clusive 3 - Disc Collector 's Edition '' , which featured the following bonus material : Poultry in Motion : Truth is Stranger than Chicken -- a feature - length ( 82 minutes ) behind - the - scenes documentary on the production of Poultrygeist , directed by the film 's producer Andy Deemer and line producer Jason Foulke . Deleted scenes , including an alternate ending with Ron Jeremy . Audio commentary from Lloyd Kaufman and Gabriel Friedman . Footage of Poultrygeist 's NYC premiere . Seven behind - the - scenes featurettes , including `` Recording the Songs '' , `` Designing the Monsters '' , `` Filming the Meat Grinder '' and `` Joe Fleishaker Gets a Head Mold '' . The third disc was a `` Kara - Yolk - E '' supplement , featuring all of the film 's musical numbers with an optional karaoke track added on . On March 31 , 2009 , a two - disc `` Special Egg - Dition '' was released , omitting the karaoke disc . On February 23 , 2010 , the film was issued on Blu - ray . DVD switch controversy ( edit ) Poultrygeist made national news on January 7 , 2011 , when Sidney Klawitter from Orland , California , purchased a DVD cleaning kit from a local retailer , only to later discover the cleaner disc was a disguised copy of the film Poultrygeist . Klawitter was deeply offended by the film 's content , noting `` it was horrifying '' , calling it `` a Triple - X rated movie '' . According to the owner of the store the cleaner kit was purchased from , the item had come pre-packaged from a warehouse distributor in Oakland , California . No charges were filed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Poultrygeist : Night of the Chicken Dead at Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Poultrygeist : Night of the Chicken Dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ IMDB.com ^ Jump up to : `` Poultrygeist on Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Deemer , Andy ; Walker , Kiel ( 2005 -- 2008 ) . Poultry in Motion : Truth is Stranger than Chicken ( Making - of documentary film ) . Poultrygeist : Night of the Chicken Dead DVD : Troma Entertainment . Jump up ^ Harley , David ( 2008 ) . `` Poultrygeist : Director / Troma Founder Lloyd Kaufman '' . Bloody-Disgusting.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2008 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Colby , Christine ( May 2007 ) . `` Murder Most Fowl '' ( 283 ) . Fangoria . Jump up ^ Lloyd Kaufman & Gabriel Friedman . Poultrygeist DVD audio commentary . Jump up ^ Watch Troma 's Poultrygeist Online Now for Free ! Jump up ^ Barter , Pavel ( October 2005 ) . `` Fowl Play '' . Hotdog Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Clucking Picket '' . New York Post . May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=poultrygeist.htm Jump up ^ `` Poultrygeist Clucks Into Theaters All Over The Midwest Starting April 17th '' . www.poultrygeistmovie.com. April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` Poultrygeist : Night of the Chicken Dead review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Lee , Nathan ( May 9 , 2008 ) . `` Movie Review -- Poultrygeist : Night of the Chicken Dead '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( February 22 , 2008 ) . `` Movie Review : Poultrygeist '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ Rothkopf , Joshua ( May 2008 ) . `` Poultrygeist : Night of the Chicken Dead Movie Review '' . Time Out New York . Jump up ^ Humanick , Rob ( May 6 , 2008 ) . `` Poultrygeist : Night of the Chicken Dead review '' . Slant Magazine . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( May 9 , 2008 ) . `` Poultrygeist : Night of the Chicken Dead '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Saam , Kelli ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Customer Shocked To Discover X-Rated Movie On His DVD Cleaning Disc '' . KRCR - TV . External links ( edit ) Official website Production journals from the Making of Poultrygeist Poultrygeist : Night of the Chicken Dead on IMDb Poultrygeist : Night of the Chicken Dead at AllMovie Poultrygeist : Night of the Chicken Dead at Box Office Mojo Poultrygeist : Night of the Chicken Dead at Rotten Tomatoes Poultrygeist : Night of the Chicken Dead -- at the Troma Entertainment movie database Films directed by Lloyd Kaufman The Girl Who Returned ( 1969 ) The Battle of Love 's Return ( 1971 ) Big Gus , What 's the Fuss ? ( 1973 ) Squeeze Play ! ( 1979 ) Waitress ! ( 1981 ) Stuck on You ! ( 1982 ) The First Turn - On ! ( 1983 ) The Toxic Avenger ( 1984 ) Class of Nuke ' Em High ( 1986 ) Troma 's War ( 1988 ) The Toxic Avenger Part II ( 1989 ) The Toxic Avenger Part III : The Last Temptation of Toxie ( 1989 ) Sgt . Kabukiman N.Y.P.D. ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Terror Firmer ( 1999 ) Citizen Toxie : The Toxic Avenger IV ( 2000 ) All the Love You Cannes ! ( 2002 ) Tales from the Crapper ( 2004 ) Make Your Own Damn Movie ! ( 2005 ) Poultrygeist : Night of the Chicken Dead ( 2006 ) Return to Nuke ' Em High Volume 1 ( 2013 ) Living Dead films Romero 's Dead series Night of the Living Dead ( 1968 ) Dawn of the Dead ( 1978 ) Day of the Dead ( 1985 ) Land of the Dead ( 2005 ) Diary of the Dead ( 2007 ) Survival of the Dead ( 2009 ) Dead series remakes Night of the Living Dead ( 1990 ) Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) Night of the Living Dead 3D ( 2006 ) Day of the Dead ( 2008 ) Day of the Dead : Bloodline ( 2018 ) Other official sequels Night of the Living Dead 3D : Re-Animation ( 2012 ) Return of the Living Dead series The Return of the Living Dead ( 1985 ) Return of the Living Dead Part II ( 1988 ) Return of the Living Dead 3 ( 1993 ) Return of the Living Dead : Necropolis ( 2005 ) Return of the Living Dead : Rave to the Grave ( 2005 ) Unofficial sequels Zombi series Zombi 2 ( 1979 ) Zombi 3 ( 1988 ) Zombi 4 : After Death ( 1989 ) Zombi 5 : Killing Birds ( 1988 ) Other unofficial sequels Children of the Living Dead ( 2001 ) Day of the Dead 2 : Contagium ( 2005 ) Night of the Living Dead : Darkest Dawn ( 2015 ) Parodies Night of the Living Bread ( 1990 ) Poultrygeist : Night of the Chicken Dead ( 2006 ) Night of the Living Carrots ( 2011 ) Homages Flesheater ( 1988 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) Fido ( 2006 ) Flight of the Living Dead : Outbreak on a Plane ( 2007 ) Dance of the Dead ( 2008 ) Zone of the Dead ( 2009 ) Juan of the Dead ( 2011 ) Mimesis : Night of the Living Dead ( 2011 ) Related topics Dawn of the Dead in popular culture Dawn of the Dead ( soundtracks ) `` Night of the Living Dead '' ( 1979 song ) Document of the Dead ( 1979 / 1989 / 2012 documentary ) Escape of the Living Dead ( 2005 comic book ) Land of the Dead : Road to Fiddler 's Green ( 2005 video game ) City of the Dead ( cancelled video game ) Birth of the Living Dead ( 2012 documentary ) Empire of the Dead ( 2014 -- 2015 comic book ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poultrygeist:_Night_of_the_Chicken_Dead&oldid=841263206 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films 2000s comedy horror films 2006 horror films 2000s musical films American films American black comedy films American comedy horror films American musical comedy films American satirical films Bisexuality - related films Fictional chickens Horror films about birds 2000s monster movies American zombie films American splatter films LGBT - related horror films LGBT - related musical films Troma Entertainment films Films directed by Lloyd Kaufman Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from February 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 20 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultrygeist%3A%20Night%20of%20the%20Chicken%20Dead	108,008
mrs frisby and the rats of nimh ending	Once Timothy recovers , Mrs. Frisby and her family move to their summer home , and Martin makes plans to visit the rats when they return to their winter home again .		Mrs. Frisby and the rats of NIMH	mrs. frisby and the rats of nimh	Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH is a 1971 children 's book by Robert C. O'Brien , with illustrations by Zena Bernstein . The winner of the 1972 Newbery Medal , the story was adapted for film in 1982 as The Secret of NIMH .	The novel relates the plight of a widowed field mouse , Mrs. Frisby , who seeks the aid of a group of former laboratory rats and mice in rescuing her home from destruction by a farmer 's plow , saving Timothy from pneumonia , and of the history of the rats ' escape from the laboratory and development of a literate and technological society . The work was inspired by the research of Dr. John B. Calhoun on mice and rat population dynamics at the National Institute of Mental Health from the 1940s to the 1960s . Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Related works 3 Adaptations 4 References 5 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Mrs. Frisby is the head of a family of field mice . Her son Timothy is ill with pneumonia just as the farmer Mr. Fitzgibbon begins preparation for spring plowing in the garden where the Frisby family lives . Normally she would move her family , but Timothy would not survive the cold trip to their summer home . Mrs. Frisby obtains medicine from her friend Mr. Ages , an older white mouse . On the return journey , she saves the life of Jeremy , a young crow , from Dragon , the farmer 's cat - the same cat who killed her husband , Jonathan . Jeremy suggests she seek help in moving Timothy from an owl who dwells in the forest . Jeremy flies Mrs. Frisby to the owl 's tree , but the owl says he can not help until he finds out that she is the widow of Jonathan Frisby . He suggests that Mrs. Frisby seek help from the rats who live in a rosebush near her . Mrs. Frisby discovers the rats have a literate and mechanized society . They have technology such as elevators , have tapped the electricity grid to provide lighting and heating , and have acquired other human skills , such as storing food for the winter . Their leader , Nicodemus , tells Mrs. Frisby of the rats ' capture by scientists working for a laboratory located at the National Institute of Mental Health ( NIMH ) and the subsequent experiments that the humans performed on the rats , which increased the rats ' intelligence to the point of being able to read , write , and operate complicated machines , as well as enhancing their longevity and strength . This increased intelligence and strength allowed them to escape from the NIMH laboratories and migrate to their present location . Jonathan Frisby and Mr. Ages were the only two survivors of a group of eight mice who had been part of the experiments at NIMH , and made the rats ' escape possible . Out of their respect and unending gratitude for Jonathan , the rats agree to move Mrs. Frisby 's house to a location safe from the plow . Nicodemus also tells Mrs. Frisby about `` The Plan '' , which is to abandon their lifestyle of dependence on humans , which some rats regard as theft , for a new , independent farming colony . One rat , Jenner , disagreed vehemently with The Plan and left the colony with a group of followers at some point prior to Mrs. Frisby 's arrival . To move the Frisby home , the rats have to drug Dragon , as it is too dangerous to work in the open with the cat wandering nearby . However , Mr. Ages has a broken leg and can not dash to Dragon 's bowl to put in the drug . Since the other rats are too big to fit into the hole in the wall to enter the house , Mrs. Frisby volunteers to go . Unfortunately , she is caught by the family 's son , Billy , who puts her in a cage . While captured , Mrs. Frisby overhears the Fitzgibbons discussing an incident at a nearby hardware store in which a group of rats were electrocuted after seemingly attempting to steal a small motor . This has attracted the attention of a group of men ( who never identify themselves ) who have offered to exterminate the rat colony on Fitzgibbon 's land free of charge for him . At night , the rat Justin comes to save Mrs. Frisby and manages to get her out of the cage . Mrs. Frisby warns Justin of what she learned while captured ; they assume that the rats at the hardware store were all from Jenner 's group and that the group of men were from NIMH and are looking for them specifically . The successful house move allows the mouse family to remain while Timothy recovers before moving to their summer home . Although the rats have not yet had time to move everything they needed for The Plan , they manage to destroy their underground rooms , and create the illusion that they are just regular rats by placing rubbish in the remaining rooms . As the others move , ten rats stay behind so the exterminators would not think the rat hole has been abandoned . When the exterminators fill the rat hole with poisonous gas , eight of the ten rats manage to escape , while two rats die in the hole . It is not revealed exactly who these two are . Once Timothy recovers , Mrs. Frisby and her family move to their summer home , and Martin makes plans to visit the rats when they return to their winter home again . Related works ( edit ) After his death , O'Brien's daughter , Jane Leslie Conly , wrote two other novels based on the rats of NIMH . Racso and the Rats of NIMH tells the story of a city rat who runs away to join the new colony , befriending Timothy , while saving the colony from a flood along the way . In R-T , Margaret , and the Rats of NIMH , the rats rescue two lost human children who in turn help to save the colony before winter . Adaptations ( edit ) In 1982 , the animated film The Secret of NIMH was released , directed by Don Bluth . The film adds a mystical element completely absent from the novel , with Nicodemus portrayed as a wise , bearded old wizard with magic powers and an enchanted amulet , rather than an equal of the other rats . The character of Jenner is made a villain who is still present with the rats , rather than having left them before the story begins . The crow Jeremy has much greater prominence as comic relief in the film than he has in the book . Additionally , the Frisby family name was changed to `` Brisby '' to avoid trademark infringement with the Frisbee . In July 2009 , Paramount Pictures set Neil Burger to write the script and Cary Granat to produce the film based on the book . On March 4 , 2015 , MGM , which had released the 1982 film , acquired the rights to the book to adapt it into the live - action / animated film . Michael Berg was set to adapt it , while Daniel Bobker and Ehren Kruger would produce . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mrs. Frisby and the rats of Nimh '' . LC Online Catalog . Library of Congress ( lccn.loc.gov ) . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Fountain , Henry , `` J.B. Calhoun , 78 , Researcher On Effects of Overpopulation '' , New York Times , September 29 , 1995 . Jump up ^ Rovner , Sandy , `` Rats ! The Real Secret of NIMH '' , Washington Post , July 21 , 1982 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Giaimo , Cara , `` The Doomed Mouse Utopia That Inspired the ' Rats of NIMH ' '' , atlasobscura.com , September 14 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cawley , John ( October 1991 ) . `` The Secret of N.I.M.H. '' . The Animated Films of Don Bluth . Image Pub of New York . ISBN 0 - 685 - 50334 - 8 . Jump up ^ O. , Courtney ( July 28 , 2009 ) . `` Paramount Set for ' Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH ' '' . movieweb.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` MGM Options ' Mrs. Frisby & The Rats Of Nimh ' , Sets ' Ice Age 's Michael Berg To Hatch Family Franchise '' . deadline.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Speculative fiction portal Robert C. O'Brien at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Awards Preceded by Summer of the Swans Newbery Medal recipient 1972 Succeeded by Julie of the Wolves Preceded by Sounder Mark Twain Award 1973 Succeeded by It 's a Mile from Here to Glory Preceded by The Trumpet of the Swan Joint winner of the William Allen White Children 's Book Award with The Headless Cupid Succeeded by Dominic Rats of NIMH Novels Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH Racso and the Rats of NIMH R-T , Margaret , and the Rats of NIMH Films The Secret of NIMH The Secret of NIMH 2 : Timmy to the Rescue Creators Robert C. O'Brien Jane Leslie Conly Don Bluth Dick Sebast See also National Institute of Mental Health Jerry Goldsmith Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mrs._Frisby_and_the_Rats_of_NIMH&oldid=846935260 '' Categories : 1971 American novels 1971 children 's books Newbery Medal - winning works American children 's novels American fantasy novels American science fiction novels Children 's science fiction novels Children 's novels about animals Fictional mice and rats Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters American fantasy novels adapted into films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2014 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 21 June 2018 , at 20 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs.%20Frisby%20and%20the%20Rats%20of%20NIMH	86,496
where are they building the new raider stadium	Las Vegas Stadium is the working name for a domed stadium under construction in Paradise , Nevada for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League ( NFL ) and the UNLV Rebels football team of the University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) . It is located on about 62 acres west of Mandalay Bay at Russell Road and Hacienda Avenue and between Polaris Avenue and Dean Martin Drive , just west of Interstate 15 . Construction of the $1.8 billion stadium began in September 2017 and is expected to be completed in time for the 2020 NFL season .	Paradise , Nevada	Las Vegas stadium	las vegas stadium	Las Vegas Stadium is the working name for a domed stadium under construction in Paradise , Nevada for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League ( NFL ) and the UNLV Rebels football team of the University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) . It is located on about 62 acres west of Mandalay Bay at Russell Road and Hacienda Avenue and between Polaris Avenue and Dean Martin Drive , just west of Interstate 15 . Construction of the $1.8 billion stadium began in September 2017 and is expected to be completed in time for the 2020 NFL season .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2016 1.2 2017 1.3 2018 2 Financing 3 Design 4 Tenants and events 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) 2016 ( edit ) In January 2016 , reports emerged that Las Vegas Sands was considering developing a stadium in conjunction with Majestic Realty and UNLV , on a 42 - acre site on Tropicana Avenue owned by UNLV . UNLV had been in the market for a new stadium to replace Sam Boyd Stadium since at least 2011 . Raiders owner Mark Davis visited Las Vegas on January 29 to tour the site and meet with Sands chairman Sheldon Adelson and other local figures . The Raiders , who had been trying to get a new stadium built for the team since the 1980s , had just missed out on relocating to Los Angeles that same month and were at an impasse in Oakland . In order for the team to relocate to Las Vegas , a new stadium was required , since Sam Boyd Stadium was undersized for the NFL and there were no other professional - caliber stadiums in Nevada . On March 21 , 2016 , when asked about Las Vegas , Davis said , `` I think the Raiders like the Las Vegas plan , '' and `` it 's a very very very intriguing and exciting plan . '' Davis also met with Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval about the stadium plan . On April 1 , 2016 , Davis met with UNLV officials and toured Sam Boyd Stadium to evaluate whether it could serve as a temporary home for the team . On April 28 , 2016 , Davis said he wanted to move the Raiders to Las Vegas and pledged $500 million toward the construction of the proposed $2.4 - billion domed stadium . `` Together we can turn the Silver State into the silver and black state , '' Davis said . In the spring of 2016 , the board of directors of Las Vegas Sands rejected Adelson 's stadium proposal . Adelson decided to move ahead with the stadium as an individual investment , pledging $650 million of his personal wealth to the project . The viability of the Tropicana Avenue site was called into serious question in June 2016 , when Southwest Airlines objected to the location because its proximity to the northern end of one of McCarran Airport 's runways could negatively affect the safety and capacity of air traffic at the airport . The list of potential locations soon expanded to nine candidates , including the sites of the Wild Wild West casino , the Wynn golf course , the Riviera casino , the Las Vegas Festival Grounds , and Cashman Center . By September , the list was narrowed to two possibilities : the Bali Hai Golf Club , south of Mandalay Bay , and a vacant lot on Russell Road , just west of Interstate 15 . On August 25 , 2016 , the Raiders filed a trademark application for `` Las Vegas Raiders '' on the same day renderings of a proposed stadium design were released . On September 15 , 2016 , the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee unanimously voted to recommend and approve $750 million for the Las Vegas stadium plan . Majestic Realty revealed in October 2016 that it had withdrawn from the stadium project . Sandoval called a special session of the Nevada Legislature to consider the stadium and other tourism - related proposals in October 2016 . The funding bill for the stadium was approved by a 16 -- 5 vote in the Senate and by 28 -- 13 in the Assembly , and was signed into law by Sandoval on October 17 . The bill allowed Clark County to increase its hotel tax to raise the $750 million in funding . 2017 ( edit ) 2015 view of the stadium site , adjacent to Mandalay Bay and Interstate 15 The Raiders filed relocation papers on January 19 to move from Oakland to Las Vegas . On January 26 , 2017 , the Raiders submitted a proposed lease agreement for the stadium . It was reported that the Raiders had selected the Russell Road site as the stadium location , the team would pay one dollar in rent , and that they could control the naming rights for both the stadium and plaza and in addition keep signage sponsorship revenue . Days after the Raiders ' announced proposal , Adelson dropped out of the stadium project , pulling his proposed $650 million contribution Shortly after this announcement , Goldman Sachs , which had planned to finance part of the project , withdrew as well . As a result , the Raiders were expected to increase their contribution from $500 million to $1.15 billion . On March 6 , the Raiders revealed Bank of America would lend $650 million to replace the Adelson portion of the funding . NFL owners voted to approve the move by a margin of 31 to 1 on March 27 . The next day , the Raiders and the Las Vegas Stadium Authority began accepting deposits for season tickets for the new stadium . The Raiders announced that they planned to remain in Oakland until the stadium was complete . The Raiders closed the purchase of the land for the stadium at the Russell Road site on May 1 . The purchase price was reported at $77.5 million . On May 11 , it was announced that in a joint venture Mortenson Construction and McCarthy Construction would be the developers for the stadium . Mortenson previously worked on U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis . The stadium authority approved a stadium lease with the Raiders on May 18 . The lease was to be for 30 years with four successive extension options of five years each . On September 18 , construction activity began on the stadium site with site preparation . A groundbreaking ceremony was held on November 13 . The ceremony featured NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell , Raiders owner Mark Davis , his mother Carol Davis , various Raiders legends including Howie Long , Jim Plunkett , Tom Flores , and Ray Guy , Las Vegas and Nevada politicians such as Governor Brian Sandoval , Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn Goodman , Clark County Commissioner Steve Sisolak and stadium authority head Steve Hill . The event was hosted by George Lopez and included other celebrities like Carlos Santana , longtime Vegas icon Wayne Newton , and Howie D. and Nick Carter of the Backstreet Boys . There was also a tribute to the victims of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting that happened nearby with Judith Hill and the Las Vegas House of Blues Gospel Choir performing ' Rise up ' while 58 beams of light symbolizing the 58 victims were lit . 2018 ( edit ) In January , construction crews began blasting caliche rock with dynamite to excavate and create the stadium bowl . On February 3 , the Raiders opened a 7,500 - square - foot stadium preview center at Town Square , located a few miles from the stadium site , featuring interactive exhibits and team memorabilia , with plans for simulations of views from individual seats and a large - scale stadium model . Financing ( edit ) The budget for development of the stadium is estimated at $1.8 billion . Of this , $78 million was spent to purchase the land , $1.33 billion is estimated to be spent on construction , $123 million on furniture , fixtures , and equipment , $234 million on design and engineering , and $31 million on utilities and infrastructure . Some reports gave a budget of $1.9 billion , which also included $100 million to build a separate Raiders practice facility . The financing for the project is expected to come in the form of $750 million in public funding and $1.1 billion from the Raiders . The public portion of the funding will come from municipal bonds issued by Clark County , backed by the proceeds of a special tax on hotel rooms in the Las Vegas area , which took effect in March 2017 . The Raiders ' contribution was expected to include a $650 million loan from Bank of America , $200 million from the NFL 's stadium loan program , and $300 million from sales of personal seat licenses at the stadium , naming rights for the stadium , and sponsorships . Local government can not receive any rent or revenue sharing from the stadium , because such an arrangement would not be compatible with the tax - exempt status of the bonds . Proponents instead argued that the public financing would be justified by increased economic activity and tax revenue related to the stadium . Critics have argued that the economic projections were based on overly optimistic assumptions . A total of $645 million in construction bonds sold out in 90 minutes in April 2018 , representing Clark County 's contribution to the project beyond room taxes already collected . Design ( edit ) For Las Vegas Stadium , Mark Davis retained the same architecture firm , MANICA Architecture , that had designed the previously proposed Carson Stadium near Los Angeles . Davis retained much the look from the Carson stadium because he `` fell in love with the overall design of it '' . The stadium will be a 10 level domed stadium with a clear ETFE roof , silver and black exterior and large retractable curtain - like side windows facing the Las Vegas Strip . The design includes a large torch in one end that will house a flame in honor of Al Davis , the late long - time owner of the Raiders . Updated renderings released after the relocation vote passed show the stadium with a roll - in natural grass field similar to the one at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona . In an August 17 , 2017 Las Vegas Stadium Authority meeting it was revealed that the stadium will have a designated pickup / drop off loop for ride sharing services such as Uber and Lyft , a first for a stadium in the NFL . Tenants and events ( edit ) The stadium will replace Sam Boyd Stadium and will serve as the home of both the Raiders and the UNLV Rebels football program . In addition , it will host the annual Las Vegas Bowl . Stadium backers project 20 to 25 additional events per year , with plausible possibilities including the Super Bowl , the Pro Bowl , the NFL Draft , the NCAA Final Four , the USA Sevens rugby tournament , the Monster Jam World Finals , boxing matches , Ultimate Fighting Championship events , the Pac - 12 Football Championship Game , neutral - site college football games , international soccer matches , concerts , and corporate shows . David Beckham visited Las Vegas in 2016 to advocate for the stadium as a possible home for his Major League Soccer expansion team , although he ultimately announced the launch of the team with a stadium in Miami . In August 2017 , the Raiders , along with the city and the state , submitted a bid to the Canada - Mexico - United States World Cup bid committee to be considered as a site for the 2026 FIFA World Cup . If the three nations are chosen to host the World Cup , the stadium would be in the running to be one of at least 12 venues for the tournament . See also ( edit ) National Football League portal College Football portal Las Vegas portal Las Vegas Ballpark Sports in the Las Vegas metropolitan area T - Mobile Arena Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Stadium Proposal '' ( PDF ) . Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final cost of Raiders stadium in Las Vegas pegged at $1.8 billion '' . LasVegasSun.com. 2018 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Clark County Stadium Authority Financing Plan Discussion Materials '' ( PDF ) . Las Vegas Stadium Authority . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Stadium Procurement Package 1a & 1b '' ( PDF ) . July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Stadium Procurement Package 2a '' ( PDF ) . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halter , Nick ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Report : Mortenson will build football stadium for Raiders in Las Vegas ( slideshow ) '' . Minneapolis -- St. Paul Business Journal . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Howard ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Las Vegas Sands proposes $1 B domed stadium ; Adelson to meet with Raiders owner '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bleakley , Caroline ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Details of New UNLV Stadium Project Released '' . LASVEGASNOW . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis says ' brand would do well ' in Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raiders owner willing to give $20 M toward Las Vegas stadium '' . National Football League . Associated Press . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis says he wants to move team to Las Vegas '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders owner willing to spend $500 million to move team to Vegas '' . Fox News Channel . Associated Press . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` Adelson commits personal wealth to back stadium plan '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rindels , Michelle ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Southwest Airlines does n't want stadium next to airport '' . Las Vegas Sun . Associated Press . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , J.D. ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Scouting report : Examining the pros , cons of potential NFL stadium sites '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Valley , Jackie ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` As Las Vegas ' NFL stadium marches toward reality , burning questions remain '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Oakland Raiders file to trademark ' Las Vegas Raiders ' name '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium plan to lure Raiders to Las Vegas passes vote '' . National Football League . Associated Press . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Majestic Realty bows out of Las Vegas stadium development team '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Special session kicks off to consider NFL stadium funding '' . Las Vegas Sun . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chereb , Sandra ; Whaley , Sean ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders stadium project for Las Vegas clears Nevada Senate in 16 - 5 vote '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas stadium plan gains approval from Nevada Legislature '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada governor signs bill to approve Las Vegas stadium plan '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spousta , Tom ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Gov. Brian Sandoval signs Raiders stadium bill -- VIDEO '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hickey , John ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tax increases designed to lure Raiders to Las Vegas go through '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Around the NFL staff ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Oakland Raiders file Las Vegas relocation paperwork '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damien , Levi ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas stadium proposal details revealed : Raiders get naming rights , one dollar rent , pick preferred site , more '' . Silver and Black Pride . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Adelsons withdraw investment from proposed Raiders stadium in Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders boost Vegas commitment to $1.2 billion , operations , risk '' . espn.com . ESPN . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraceno , Jon ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' Las Vegas Stadium Gets Boost from Bank of America '' . Las Vegas Review Journal . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL team owners approve Raiders ' move to Las Vegas '' . National Football League . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raiders Media Relations ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders Receive NFL Approval For Las Vegas Relocation '' . Oakland Raiders . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael David Smith ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' move to Las Vegas approved '' . Profootballtalk.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders already taking deposits for season tickets in Las Vegas '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders close purchase on 62 - acre stadium site in Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polacek , Scott ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' Vegas Lease Agreement Unanimously Approved by Stadium Authority Board '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium Lease Agreement between Clark County Stadium Authority and ( Raiders Stadium Events Company ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Construction activity begins at Las Vegas Raiders stadium site -- VIDEO '' . 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders breaking ground on new Las Vegas stadium -- LIVESTREAM '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . 2017 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders break ground on new stadium in Las Vegas '' . NFL . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Davis plays ceremonial shovel like guitar , other highlights , quotes , pics from Raiders Las Vegas stadium ground breaking '' . Silver And Black Pride . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sapienza , Vince . `` Rock blasting begins on Raiders stadium site '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Silver and black history : Stadium preview center in Vegas filled with Raiders memorabilia '' . LasVegasSun.com. 2018 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Pro Forma Stadium Project Budget Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Las Vegas Stadium Authority . March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Becker , Jon ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders purchase land for new Las Vegas stadium '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Akers , Mick ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Final cost of Raiders stadium in Las Vegas pegged at $1.8 billion '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Revenue from Las Vegas room taxes surges in January '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Candee , Adam ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Room - tax money for NFL stadium starts to flow before Raiders ' move finalized '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Candee , Adam ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` What that $100 Raiders deposit actually gets you '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Details of lease agreement between Las Vegas officials , Raiders emerging '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Messerly , Megan ; Valley , Jackie ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Digging into economic projections tied to a Raiders move to Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hobson , Will ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` To lure Raiders , Nevada officials willing to bet big -- with public money '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nocera , Joe ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` N.F.L. Stadium in Las Vegas May Be an Ego Boost , but Not an Economic One '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All bonds for Las Vegas Raiders stadium sold in 90 minutes '' . 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Nusca , Andrew . `` This Is the Stunning $2 Billion Stadium Where the Las Vegas Raiders Will Play '' . Fortune.com . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Frank ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders apply for ' Las Vegas Raiders ' trademark ; stadium renderings '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Davis on taking the new stadium plans from Carson to Las Vegas # Raiders '' . Vic Tafur on Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard ( 15 August 2017 ) . `` First look at details of new Raiders stadium in Las Vegas may answer questions '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders pitch a $1.9 billion Las Vegas stadium - Archpaper.com '' . archpaper.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damien , Levi ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` New video , pics of Raiders Las Vegas stadium renderings '' . Silver and Black Pride . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bonagura , Kyle ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Can Las Vegas become a new destination in college football ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Candee , Adam ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Beyond the pigskin : What events are needed for stadium 's long - term viability '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weissberg , Brad ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders brand , Vegas brand unite '' . Venues Today . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bonagura , Kyle ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Can Las Vegas become a new destination in college football ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Straus , Brian ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Time ticking on Beckham 's Miami MLS team amid deadline , Las Vegas speculation '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Madigan , Nick ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` For David Beckham and M.L.S. , a Miami Marriage at Last '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Prince , Todd ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Raiders stadium considered for 2026 FIFA World Cup '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Las Vegas Stadium . Official website Proposed Las Vegas Stadium Virtual Tour from the National Football League ( NFL ) 's official YouTube channel Construction page for stadium from Mortenson McCarthy Las Vegas Stadium Authority Stadium webcam Preceded by Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Home of the Las Vegas Raiders 2020 -- future Succeeded by none Preceded by Sam Boyd Stadium Home of UNLV Rebels football 2020 -- future Succeeded by none Preceded by Sam Boyd Stadium Host of Las Vegas Bowl 2020 -- future Succeeded by none Oakland Raiders Founded in 1960 Played in Los Angeles ( 1982 -- 94 ) Based in Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California Franchise History in Los Angeles relocation to Las Vegas Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Head coaches Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Frank Youell Field Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Las Vegas Stadium Key personnel Owner / CEO : Mark Davis President : Marc Badain General manager : Reggie McKenzie Head coach : Jon Gruden Culture Oakland Raiderettes Raider Nation The Autumn Wind Mount Davis Ricky 's Sports Theatre and Grill Straight Outta L.A. In the House Lore Heidi Game Immaculate Reception The Sea of Hands Ghost to the Post Holy Roller Red Right 88 Tuck Rule Game Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Pittsburgh Steelers San Francisco 49ers Media Broadcasters Television : NBC Sports California NBC Sports Bay Area KTVU KVVU Radio : KGMZ - FM KBLX KUFX KCYE KDWN Other : Compass Media Networks The Raider Cast Personalities : Bill King Greg Papa J.T. the Brick Wild card berths ( 6 ) 1977 1980 1984 1991 1993 2016 Division championships ( 15 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1985 1990 2000 2001 2002 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1976 1980 2002 League championships ( 3 ) 1976 ( XI ) 1980 ( XV ) 1983 ( XVIII ) does not include 1967 AFL championship Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 59 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold UNLV Rebels football Venues Cashman Field ( old ) ( 1968 ) Butcher Field ( 1971 ) Sam Boyd Stadium ( 1971 -- 2019 ) Las Vegas Stadium ( 2020 -- future ) Bowl games & rivalries Bowl games Hawaii ( Island Showdown ) Nevada ( Fremont Cannon ) Culture & lore Hey Reb ! Win with the Rebels Star of Nevada People Head coaches Statistical leaders NFL draftees Seasons 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Las Vegas Bowl History & tie - ins History California Bowl Broadcasters Mountain West Conference Pac - 12 Conference Las Vegas Bowl Champion seasons Venues Sam Boyd Stadium ( 1992 -- 2019 ) Las Vegas Stadium ( 2020 -- future ) Games 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Las Vegas Valley Las Vegas -- Paradise , NV MSA State of Nevada Transportation Airports McCarran International Airport North Las Vegas Airport Henderson Executive Airport Las Vegas Monorail RTC Transit Amtrak station ( defunct ) Arts and museums 18b The Las Vegas Arts District Southern Nevada Zoological - Botanical Park Symphony Park Smith Center for the Performing Arts Huntridge Theater Lance Burton Theatre Las Vegas Little Theater Smith Center for the Performing Arts The AXIS Museums in Clark County , Nevada Active Boulder City / Hoover Dam Museum Burlesque Hall of Fame Clark County Museum Discovery Children 's Museum Erotic Heritage Museum Howard W. Cannon Aviation Museum Imperial Palace Auto Collection Las Vegas Gambling Museum Las Vegas Historical Society Las Vegas Natural History Museum Lost City Museum Madame Tussauds Marjorie Barrick Museum of Art Mob Museum National Atomic Testing Museum Neon Museum Nevada State Museum Nevada Southern Railroad Museum Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park Pinball Hall of Fame Shelby Museum Southern Nevada Museum of Fine Art Thunderbirds Museum Previous Elvis - A-Rama Museum Guinness World of Records Guggenheim Hermitage Museum History of the Future Museum Hollywood Movie Museum Las Vegas Art Museum Liberace Museum Star Trek : The Experience Sports T - Mobile Arena Sam Boyd Stadium Cashman Field Thomas & Mack Center Darling Tennis Center Bettye Wilson Soccer Complex Las Vegas Motor Speedway Las Vegas Stadium Las Vegas Ballpark Mandalay Bay Events Center All Net Resort and Arena Government Las Vegas City Hall Clark County Government Center Lloyd D. George Federal Courthouse Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Communities Cities Henderson Las Vegas North Las Vegas Census - designated places Blue Diamond Enterprise Paradise Spring Valley Summerlin South Sunrise Manor Whitney Winchester Neighborhoods Aliante Anthem / Anthem Country Club Chinatown Downtown Las Vegas Green Valley Lake Las Vegas Las Vegas Country Club MacDonald Highlands Mountain 's Edge Paradise Palms Queensridge / One Queensridge Place Seven Hills Southern Highlands Summerlin Summerlin South The Lakes The Ridges West Las Vegas Research and education University of Nevada , Las Vegas University of Nevada Medical School Nevada State College National University Touro University Nevada College of Southern Nevada Roseman University of Health Sciences Parks and public spaces Acacia Demonstration Gardens Clark County Shooting Complex Clark County Wetlands Park Floyd Lamb Park at Tule Springs Lake Mead National Recreation Area Springs Preserve Mount Charleston Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area Spring Mountains National Recreation Area Sunset Park Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument Valley of Fire State Park Area shopping Bonanza Gift Shop The Boulevard Mall The Shops at Crystals Downtown Summerlin Galleria at Sunset Grand Canal Shoppes Fantastic Indoor Swap Meet Fashion Outlets of Las Vegas Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops at Caesars Las Vegas Premium Outlets North Meadows Mall Miracle Mile Shops Stratosphere Tower Shops Studio Walk at MGM Grand Downtown Summerlin The Shoppes at the Palazzo Tivoli Village Town Square Other Architecture History Timeline Landmarks Skyscrapers Las Vegas Strip WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Las_Vegas_Stadium&oldid=841327405 '' Categories : Las Vegas Bowl Las Vegas Raiders stadiums UNLV Rebels football venues American football venues in Nevada Paradise , Nevada Stadiums under construction in the United States Sports venues in Las Vegas National Football League venues College football venues Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 04 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las%20Vegas%20Stadium	13,355

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