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Controlling the Location of Nanoparticles in Polymer Blends by Tuning the Length and End Group of Polymer Brushes | This paper investigates controlling the location of nanoparticles (NPs) in a phase-separated polymer blend of deuterated poly(methyl methyl methacrylate) (dPMMA) and poly(styrene-ran-acrylonitrile) (SAN). Silica NPs are grafted with PMMA brushes having molecular weights of 1800, 21000, and 160000 at fixed grafting density. Using ion beam milling combined with SEM imaging, NP location and morphology are investigated for blends containing 10 wt % NP. With increasing brush length, the NPs are found to segregate to the dPMMA/SAN interface, partition between the interface and dPMMA phase, or locate in the dPMMA phase, respectively. | Abstract This paper presents investigations of the longitudinal radiative force in an electron bunch moving in an undulator (wiggler). An analytical solution is obtained for a Gaussian longitudinal bunch profile. Radiative interaction of the particles in an intense microbunch induces a correlated energy spread in the electron beam. Numerical estimates presented in this paper show that this effect can be important for free electron lasers. | eng_Latn | 10,200 |
An account of the initial integration of photoemission and synchrotron radiation | Abstract The first energy-resolved photoemission experiments which used synchrotron radiation were performed on the Tantalus Storage Ring at the University of Wisconsin. The Ring was the first dedicated light source and during the winter of 1970–1971 D.E. Eastman and the author's groups carried out the initial experiments. Previously UV solid state experiments used the retarding-potential method developed by W.E. [Bill] Spicer at RCA and Stanford Univ. Laboratories. New instrumentation was needed. End stations were designed that utilized the double-pass cylindrical mirror electron energy analyzer [CMA]. A summary discussion of the history of the events that led to the first experiments are presented. | Recent results from CERN experiment NA36 are discussed and compared with models. These results refer to reactions of sulfur and protons of momentum 200 GeV/c per nucleon on a lead target. The [Lambda] spectrum for the sulfur beam was found to peak at mid-rapidity rather than target rapidity as observed in the proton induced reactions. This result indicates different reaction mechanisms are active. We discuss in some detail the analysis methods used. The data are consistent with the assumption of a fireball of high strangeness content being created at mid-rapidity in S [plus] Pb reactions. | eng_Latn | 10,201 |
An experimental study of charge transfer and ionisation in Cs+-Cs+ collisions | Cross sections for Cs2+ production from the combined processes of charge transfer and ionisation in Cs+-Cs+ collisions have been determined at centre-of-mass energies between 40 and 280 keV using an intersecting-beam technique previously developed in this laboratory. Measured cross sections are at least 1.5*10-16 cm2 and the results are directly relevant to proposed schemes for heavy-ion fusion. | Classical contact transformation theory is reconstructed from the concept of explicit rather than implicit transformation equations. This proves the existence of contact transformations from any given Hamiltonian to any prescribed Hamiltonian (with the same number of degrees of freedom). | eng_Latn | 10,202 |
Simulation of Scintillation-Ionization Detector | We have studied and simulated the properties of Scintillation-Ionization Detector (SID), dedicated for the detection of very/super heavy elements (VHE/SHE) that decay by spontaneous fission. The results are presented in this report. | In this paper the shunting inhibitory cellular neural networks (SICNNs) with time-varying delays are considered. Without assuming the global Lipschitz and bounded conditions of activation functions, sufficient conditions for the existence of the almost periodic solutions are established by using a fixed point theorem. The results of this paper are new and complement previously known results. | eng_Latn | 10,203 |
The development of the intense positron beam at Washington State University | Abstract A High Voltage Engineering K-4000 Van de Graaff ion accelerator has been acquired by Washington State University. This accelerator will be used to create a positron source through the 12 C(d, n) 13 N reaction. The accelerator is capable of accelerating protons or deuterons up to 4 MeV with a maximum beam current between 200 and 300 μA. During normal operation, a 3 MeV deuteron beam will impinge on a diamond or graphite target producing ∼3.3 Ci of 13 N from which a ∼1×10 7 s −1 monoenergetic positron beam will be created. In addition to creating positrons, the source will also emit a large number on neutrons (∼1.2×10 11 s −1 ), producing a serious radiation hazard. The development of this 13 N based positron beam is discussed including the expected positron yield and radiation shielding requirements. | The authors gratefully acknowledge the Australian Research ::: Council for financial support and Swinburne University ::: of Technology for Strategic Initiative funding. One of ::: the authors X.W. acknowledges partial financial support of ::: the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation ::: 10364004 and the Yunnan Natural Science Foundation ::: 2003E0013M. | eng_Latn | 10,204 |
New reactive power calculation method for electric arc furnaces | Abstract In this study main reactive power calculation methods are evaluated and compared. Furthermore, a novel simple method that can be used for calculation of reactive power in electric arc furnace (EAF) plants is proposed. The focus here is on their application in the control system of static VAr compensators (SVCs). SVC can compensate only the fundamental harmonic component. So the reactive power signal used in the control system should be sensitive only to the main harmonic component. In addition, the reactive power calculation should be fast enough that SVC can follow the quick changes of the load to mitigate the flicker efficiently. To compare various reactive power calculation methods and to evaluate the proposed method, the simulated known loads are used beside huge amount of practical data recorded in Mobarakeh Steel Company in Isfahan/Iran. Results show the proposed method has the best performance for SVC control system. | We developed a robust and low-cost array of virtual Frisch-grid CdZnTe detectors coupled to a front-end readout application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for spectroscopy and imaging of gamma rays. The array operates as a self-reliant detector module. It is comprised of 36 close-packed 6 × 6 × 15 mm3 detectors grouped into 3 × 3 sub-arrays of 2 × 2 detectors with the common cathodes. The front-end analog ASIC accommodates up to 36 anode and 9 cathode inputs. Several detector modules can be integrated into a single- or multi-layer unit operating as a Compton or a coded-aperture camera. We present the results from testing two fully assembled modules and readout electronics. The further enhancement of the arrays’ performance and reduction of their cost are possible by using position-sensitive virtual Frisch-grid detectors, which allow for accurate corrections of the response of material non-uniformities caused by crystal defects. | eng_Latn | 10,205 |
A study of radiations from W187 | Abstract The decay of 24 h W187 has been studied by means of a six gap beta ray spectrometer, a single gap beta ray spectrometer, scintillation spectrometers, electron-gamma and gamma-gamma coincidence techniques. Beta transitions with end-point energies of 1329±5 keV (18%), 625±10 keV (74%) and 325±20 keV (8%) are found. The high energy group corresponds to a first forbidden transition, the second one to an allowed or first forbidden transition. A number of previously unreported lines belonging to known transitions are measured. Intensities are given for 3 Auger electron groups and for 45 internal conversion electron groups assigned to 15 radiative transitions including a 36 keV transition not previously established. Multipole orders are found according to conversion ratios and absolute conversion coefficients. The LI : LII : LIII conversion electron ratios for the 72 keV delayed E1 transition are shown to be normal. Information on parts of the level scheme is still lacking. | 819Background: Preoperative chemoradiotherapy regimen using S-1 plus Irinotecan is still under clinical investigation. The aim of this study was to investigate the significance and the long-term ou... | eng_Latn | 10,206 |
A single-crystal diffractometry investigation of scandium in β-rhombohedral boron | The structure of a crystal of composition FeB/sub approximately 49/ has been investigated using single-crystal diffractometry. The space group is R3m and the hexagonal cell dimensions are a = 10.951 A and c = 23.861 A. The three-dimensional boron network is essentially equivalent to that found in ..beta..-rhombohedral boron. Two sets of holes in this network are partially occupied by iron atoms. | Abstract : Tomographic images are presented of the spatial distribution of electron density in the sub-auroral ionosphere. The reconstructions have been obtained by inversion of total electron content measurements made at four stations in UK. The images cover the period from early January to mid April 1993 and represent the first set of tomographic reconstructions obtained in monitoring the ionosphere over an extended period. Of particular interest is the spatial development of the main trough in the nighttime ionosphere. The potential of the tomographic method for routine observations of the ionosphere is demonstrated. | eng_Latn | 10,207 |
Pulse width effect in ultrafast laser ionization imaging. | The effects of different laser pulse widths on laser-induced ionization imaging of microstructures embedded in transparent materials are investigated. It is shown that a femtosecond laser-induced ionization probe can detect the variation of elemental composition of the sample materials with a higher contrast ratio, whereas the ionization probe generated by picosecond laser pulses is more sensitive to the structural change inside optical materials, which can be well explained by the different roles of multiphoton ionization and avalanche ionization involved in material breakdown. These results also suggest that an optimum diagnosis could be obtained if well-selected laser parameters are employed in ultrafast laser ionization imaging. | We present X-ray light curves and the energy spectra for two contact binaries SW Lac and W UMa, which are obtained from the ASCA(Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics) observations. We find that both sources show appreciable flux variations during the observatoins, and the variations are erratic and are not orbital-phase dependent. From a spectral analysis, we also find that the W UMa spectrum can be reproduced by a variable-abundance plasma model with a single temperature of , while the SW Lac spectrum requires two different temperatures and . | eng_Latn | 10,208 |
35Cl NQR Study of Cation Polarizability in Metal Salts of Monochloro Acetic Acid | Various metal salts (Na, K, Rb, and NH4) of monochloro acetic acid were prepared and the Cl-35 nuclear quadrupole resonance frequencies were measured at room temperature. A comparative study of nuclear quadrupole resonance frequencies of monochloro acetic acid and its metal salts is carried out. The frequency shifts obtained in the respective metal chloroacetates are used to estimate the changes in the ionicity of C-Cl bond. Further, the changes in the ionicity of C-Cl bond were used to estimate the percentage of intra-molecular charge transfer between respective cation-anion of the metal salts of chloro acetic acid. The nuclear quadrupole resonance frequency is found to decrease with increasing ionicity of the alkali metal ion. | Below laser fluences where a plasma is formed (the so-called plasma or plume formation threshold) a number of fundamental phenomena can occur where particles such as atomic and molecular ions, atoms and molecular neutrals, and electrons can be emitted. An understanding of such processes are necessary to develop predictive models for material removal from laser irradiated surfaces—at the foundation of laser etching, machining, and pulsed laser deposition. We have reported on a number of the mechanisms for such emission processes on wide bandgap materials. Here, due to space limitations, we present a summary of our studies on the formation negative alkali ion emission from single crystal KCl during exposure to pulsed 248-nm radiation at fluences well below the threshold for plasma formation. Despite the high electron affinities of the corresponding halogen atoms, negative halogen ions were not detected. Significantly, the positive and negative alkali ion distributions overlap strongly in time and space, con... | eng_Latn | 10,209 |
Successful application of belimumab in two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus experiencing a flare during tocilizumab treatment | This case report describes two female lupus patients who both received biological treatment with tocilizumab and with belimumab. The disease course was remarkably similar in both cases. Tocilizumab resulted in a transient improvement in pleurisy and arthritis but was then followed by a clinical flare accompanied by an increase in autoantibodies and a drop in complement levels. Alike, both patients experienced a rapid and sustained improvement after institution of belimumab. The clinical benefit obtained is currently stable under ongoing belimumab therapy. | The lithium tokamak experiment (LTX) is a spherical tokamak with R0=0.4m, a=0.26m, BTF∼3.4kG, IP∼400kA, and pulse length ∼0.25s. The goal of LTX is to investigate tokamak plasmas that are almost entirely surrounded by a lithium-coated plasma-facing shell conformal to the last closed magnetic flux surface. Based on previous experimental results and simulation, it is expected that the low-recycling liquid lithium surfaces will result in higher temperatures at the plasma edge, flatter overall temperature profiles, centrally peaked density profiles, and an increased confinement time. To test these predictions, the electron temperature and density profiles in LTX will be measured by a multipoint Thomson scattering system. Initially, TS measurements will be made at up to 12 simultaneous points between the plasma center and plasma edge. Later, high resolution edge measurements will be deployed to study the lithium edge physics in greater detail. Technical challenges to implementing the TS system included limited... | eng_Latn | 10,210 |
56—The Photoelectric Measurement of the Irregularity and the Hairiness of Worsted Yarn | The effect of the surface hairs upon the measurement of yarn irregularity and diameter by a photometer has been studied. The increase in the measured variation, due to this cause, depends upon the width of the photometer aperture. The effect of surface hairs upon the mean diameter of a worsted yarn measured photometrically may be used to assess the degree of hairiness quantitatively. | Abstract This paper presents investigations of the longitudinal radiative force in an electron bunch moving in an undulator (wiggler). An analytical solution is obtained for a Gaussian longitudinal bunch profile. Radiative interaction of the particles in an intense microbunch induces a correlated energy spread in the electron beam. Numerical estimates presented in this paper show that this effect can be important for free electron lasers. | eng_Latn | 10,211 |
Interstitial Chromium in Silicon on the Micron Scale | Abstract Imaging the Photoluminescence (PL) intensities related to recombination via the two metastable states of chromium in boron doped silicon is a highly sensitive means for measuring the spatially resolved interstitial chromium concentration ( [Cri] ) in silicon. In this work we show that the straightforward combination of this method with a micro PL Spectroscopy (μPLS) setup allows for the detection of [Cri] with micrometre resolution. Measurements performed on a chromium contaminated multicrystalline (mc) silicon wafer show impurity inhomogeneity on the micron scale, yielding a proof of principle and revealing new insight into chromium concentration variations around defects. | Abstract : In this paper, we analyse the radiation on a step discontinuity of a grounded chiral slab, and we show that it can be enhanced due to the effect of chirality. In addition to the surface modes, the continuous spectrum of radiation modes is also taken into account. In fact, it is the coupling between these two types of modes that is responsible for the radiation occurring on the step. We show that chirality may increase such coupling and, therefore, improve radiation. The complete spectral representation includes two subsets of continuous hybrid modes: Incident Transverse Electric (ITE) and Incident Transverse Magnetic (ITM) radiation modes. The scattering matrix of the step is determined by minimizing the boundary residual error in the sense of the least squares. The influence of chirality on the characterization of the step is demonstrated and we show that some control on the radiation pattern is achieved, mainly in the angle and width of the radiation beam. | eng_Latn | 10,212 |
Extreme ultraviolet lasers: principles and potential for next-generation lithography | Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lasers in the wavelength range of ~ 10 to 20 nm have matured to a point where dedicated applications such as at-wavelength inspection of extreme-ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) masks become possible on the laboratory scale. The authors briefly review the principles of plasma-based EUV lasers, the progress made so far, and the output characteristics of interest to the EUVL community. | Abstract : Theoretical calculations on the trajectory of an electron beam of kilovolt energy range in an ionospheric environment have been performed. By means of a succession of orthogonal transformations, the trajectory and luminosity as observed at a photometer with a given angular field of view are obtained. For the purpose of applications on rocket beam experiments, cases of various magnetic field orientations and beam energies have been examined. Singularities of luminosity exist in this model when the magnetic field is perpendicular to the electron velocity resulting in a non-propagation mode. (Author) | eng_Latn | 10,213 |
Thin-walled cylindrical counter for Geiger-Müller counting of low energy beta radiation | A cylindrical thin-walled counter, 22 mm in diameter, 15 cm long, suitable for counting carbon-14 β particles is described. The window thickness is 4.54 mg cm-2, operating voltage 1600 v, plateaux 400 v, slope less than 2%. The efficiency of counting for particles arriving at the counter is 6-8%. | We consider the cross area of the PP_ and PSV_wave window as the best window for joint PP_ and PSV_wave acquisition in VTI media. Within the effective window, the PP_ and PSV_wave's raypathes and phase angles at all reflection points are calculated, and the reflection (or transmission) coefficients' ratios of PSV- to PP_wave solved from Zoeppritz equations are defined as the controlling factor G. Then we use G values as the main controlling parameters of joint PP_ and PSV_wave acquisition design in VTI media, determine the best receiving window of detectors by analyzing G values, and derive the method of optimizing the receiving window for acquisition of multi_component converted seismic data in VTI media. | eng_Latn | 10,214 |
Identification of the υ7/2+[404] band in neutron-rich 109Ru | The high-spin spectroscopy of neutron-rich 109 Ru is studied by measuring the prompt y rays from the spontaneous fission fragments of 252 Cf with 102 Compton-suppressed Ge detectors in the Gammasphere detector array. Previous band structures are confirmed and the ground state band is extended. A positive parity band based on a 332.5 keV level is newly identified. This band is proposed as a single-neutron excitation band built on the 7/2 + [404] Nilsson orbital. Some band structural characteristics are discussed. | The published cross sections of 232Th, 233U, 234U, 235U, 236U, 237Np, 238U, 239Pu, 240Pu, 241Pu, and 242Pu from 1 keV to 10 MeV have been carefully studied to select best cross sections for fast re... | eng_Latn | 10,215 |
Afterglows as Diagnostics of Gamma Ray Burst Beaming | If gamma-ray bursts are highly collimated, radiating into only a small fraction of the sky, the energy requirements of each event may be reduced by several (up to 4–6) orders of magnitude, and the event rate increased correspondingly. The large Lorentz factors (Γ≳100) inferred from GRB spectra imply relativistic beaming of the gamma rays into an angle ∼1/Γ. We are at present ignorant of whether there are ejecta outside this narrow cone./ Afterglows allow empirical tests of whether GRBs are well-collimated jets or spherical fireballs. The bulk Lorentz factor decreases and radiation is beamed into an ever-increasing solid angle as the burst remnant expands. It follows that if gamma-ray bursts are highly collimated, many more optical and radio transients should be observed without associated gamma rays than with them. In addition, a burst whose ejecta are beamed into angle ζm undergoes a qualitative change in evolution when Γζm≲1: Before this, Γ∝r−3/2, while afterwards, Γ∝exp(−r/rr). This change results in a... | Theoretical barograms have been calculated for acoustic-gravity waves ::: generated by underground explosions. Two formulations were used. 1) The ::: thermally modeled gravitating atmosphere is excited by a time varying deformation of the earth's surface. The final deformation is the static ::: surface displacement due to a point pressure source at depth in an elastic ::: half-space. 2) The same atmosphere overlying a multilayered half-space ::: is excited by a point pressure source at depth in the solid medium. | eng_Latn | 10,216 |
Rolling shutter with non-noise flat disc spring driving device | A spring motor having a pot shaped housing in which a flat spiral spring is housed. The flat spiral spring is connected at one outer end to the pot-shaped housing while the inner end is coupled to a shaft or axle. To prevent radial vibrations of individual spring layers when the spring motor is wound or unwound, a damping plate is housed in the pot-shaped housing and held in pressed engagement with a side edge of the flat spiral spring. This spring motor can be combined with the wind-up shaft of roller-blind arrangements for motor vehicles, including fixed roller blinds, storage-area covers, or separating screens. | The soft X ray streak camera is very important detection tool for studying soft ray time characteristics. We calibrated its relative energy response and gain with synchrotron radiation light source on the BSEF. The experimental results agree with those calculated by B.L. Henke. | eng_Latn | 10,217 |
THE DETERMINATION OF THE POWER FACTOR OF A HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE. Final Report | The power factor of a high frequency electrical discharge in air tor a range of 3.5-4.5 mc and 0-250 mm Hg pressure has been measured. A chain mechanism has been proposed to account for the fixation of nitrogen in a high frequency discharge. A biased random walk problem of an electron travelling through a gas in an a-c field has been programmed and solved with an IBM 650 machine calculator. An interpretation of the abnormal distribution of kinetic energies obtained in the random walk problem has been given in terms of nonuniform sampling of the collision population. (auth) | Measurements of astrophysically relevant (n, {gamma}) rates have been significantly improved in the past decade. An appealing complement to the traditional techniques was the development and implementation of a 4{pi} BaF{sub 2} detector with nearly 100% efficiency. This detector proved particularly successful in meeting long-standing challenges in neutron capture nucleosynthesis. Its potentials will be illustrated by the recent measurement on {sup 180}Ta, a case that was hitherto inaccessible because of the very limited purity and mass of the available sample. | yue_Hant | 10,218 |
Production and characterization of ion-beam-sputtered multilayers | We report on the application of low pressure ion beam sputtering combined with simultaneous (neutralized) ion beam polishing to the production of multilayer structures for x-ray optics. Initial examination of these structures by high resolution diffractometry at 0.154 nm indicates that the structures exhibit a high degree of structural perfection.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only. | This paper addresses the problem of channel and propagation delay estimation in asynchronous DS/CDMA systems. We consider the uplink connection in DS/CDMA with long spreading codes. The MIMO stochastic gradient algorithm proposed in [6] is estimating a linear combination of the channel impulse responses and the propagation delays. This estimate suffices for the equalization purposes. The propagation delays are estimated with a simple matching scheme. | eng_Latn | 10,219 |
Rotational bands in the near-drip-line nucleus 128Nd | Abstract:The even-even nucleus 128Nd was studied via in-beam γ-ray spectroscopy using the 40Ca + 82Mo reaction at 190 MeV. Two new bands were observed besides the yrast one, that has been extended up to spin 34+. Configurations were assigned to the three bands by analysing their rotational properties and by comparison with the neighboring even-even nuclei. | When simulating electrically large complex structures such as Drift Tube Linac (DTL) cavities in 3D simulators, it is important to choose a model representation that is a compromise between accuracy and time/resource cost. This paper presents an analytical method, based on Slater perturbation theorem, to control frequency error and obtain a fairly accurate 3D mesh to represent cylindrical structures. | eng_Latn | 10,220 |
Picosecond imaging of low-density plasmas by electron deflectometry | We have imaged optical-field ionized plasmas with electron densities as low as 1013 cm−3 on a picosecond timescale using ultrashort electron pulses. Electric fields generated by the separation of charges are imprinted on a 20 keV probe electron pulse and reveal a cloud of electrons expanding away from a positively charged plasma core. Our method allows for a direct measurement of the electron energy required to escape the plasma and the total charge. Simulations reproduce the main features of the experiment and allow determination of the energy of the electrons. | Abstract The paper presents a novel technique to restore motion blurred images. Motion blur generally appears due to camera shake and exposure time. The blur parameters being the motion blur length and angle are estimated in a fast way using radon transform with less computational time. The image is restored using least squares method with the estimated kernel. The deconvolved image is further passed through an edge preserving deringing filter for removal of ringing artifacts. The method works well for even high blur giving better image restoration with high PSNR and SSIM values. | eng_Latn | 10,221 |
Research Advances in Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-1 and Immune Therapy of Multiple Myeloma | Suppressor of cytokine signaling-1(SOCS1) is produced in cells and identified as a classic negative feedback loop to regulate cytokine signal transduction.SOCS1 may inhibit cytokine signal transduction of some cytokines such as IL-6,IL-12,IL-15,IL-7,interferon and so on.At the same time,it could also inhibit JAK-STAT signal pathway.SOCS1 may also participate in some immune responses by regulating the differentiation,maturation and activation of T cells as well as the maturation and function of DC cells.It has recently been shown that silenced SOCS1 in DC by genetic interfering technology could enhance the effect of anti-tumor immunity,leading to more effective cancer immune therapy,which may be a basic knowledge for the immune therapy of multiple myeloma. | This thesis is devoted to the radiation hardness assurance of several SiGe BiCMOS technologies considered by the ATLAS SiGe group from CERN as candidates to constitute the readout electronics of the strips region of the upgraded silicon tracker and the Liquid Argon calorimeter of the ATLAS Upgrade experiment of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. In addition, it also explores the radiation tolerance of the power devices of a Laterally-Diffused MOS (LDMOS) module implemented in one of the SiGe BiCMOS technologies studied, for its application in the DC-to-DC powering scheme of the strip modules of the silicon tracker of ATLAS. Although the framework of this work is the ATLAS Upgrade experiment, the range of application of the different studies detailed here can be extended to other High Energy Physics (HEP) and space applications. | eng_Latn | 10,222 |
A wide-range Parallel Radial Mirror Analyzer for scanning electron/ion microscopes | Abstract This paper presents the design of a wide-range Parallel Radial Mirror Analyzer (RMA) for use as an attachment inside the specimen chambers of scanning electron/ion microscopes. The range of energies for the PRMA typically varies by a factor of 50, and it is predicted to have second-order focusing properties for all electrons/ions that are detected. For a polar angular spread of ±3°, the simulated energy resolution at an energy of 100 eV is around 0.65%, and it drops to less than 0.2% for energies between 300 eV and 5000 eV. The PRMA is predicted to have a transmittance of over an order magnitude better than previous wide-range parallel energy analyzer designs. | This paper presents design and characteristics of a compact, highly integrated Ka-band T/R module built by using a miniature magnetron in the transmitter chain. By implementing a solid-state modulator and microstrip design in the microwave part of the receiver, the overall size of the module has been reduced significantly. The module provides capabilities to realize Doppler date processing by using a digital coherent-on-receiver technique. | eng_Latn | 10,223 |
Development of a gamma-camera with a functional collimator | Abstract We propose the novel gamma-camera with a functional collimator, that has detection ability on the collimator wall surface. The gamma-ray detection sensitivity of the proposed gamma-camera is improved by a factor of 70 compared with a conventional one. Through Monte Carlo simulations, the required gamma-ray emissions for image reconstruction is confirmed to dramatically to be reduced by using the information collected on the collimator wall surface. The spatial resolution is estimated to be 10 mm. In addition, we experimentally demonstrate image reconstruction procedure including reading out the collimator wall surface information. We successfully acquire the reconstructed images of a point-like Am-241 gamma-ray source from the projection image of the prototype gamma-camera with the functional collimator. We conclude that a much larger contribution from the gamma-ray emitters than background results in reduction on the lattice-shaped artifact. | Abstract Employing Glauber's approximation and optical potential, the angular distribution and vector and tensor polarization for the scattering of 420 MeV deuterons from carbon are calculated and compared with the experimental data of Button and Mermod. | eng_Latn | 10,224 |
Feasibility survey: Krypton removal at Hanford | Fission-production of krypton-85 in natural uranium piles is substantial and in direct proportion to plutonium production. The known chemical and nuclear properties of krypton are such as to permit its determination in air samples taken at considerable distance from its force and to allow correlation of such measurements with plutonium production. | Abstract We have explored the radiolytic action of the analyzing 15 N beam on thick samples of hydrogenated carbon. The exposure induced a reduction of the Doppler width compatible with the destruction of carbon-hydrogen bonds and the formation of molecular hydrogen. | eng_Latn | 10,225 |
Growth of the energy spread due to the radiative interaction in a short electron bunch moving in an undulator | Abstract This paper presents investigations of the longitudinal radiative force in an electron bunch moving in an undulator (wiggler). An analytical solution is obtained for a Gaussian longitudinal bunch profile. Radiative interaction of the particles in an intense microbunch induces a correlated energy spread in the electron beam. Numerical estimates presented in this paper show that this effect can be important for free electron lasers. | We present a theory of stress relaxation in star polymer melts with no adjustable parameters beyond those measurable in linear melts. We incorporate the effect of higher Rouse modes on star arm retraction and the Colby−Rubinstein scaling of entanglement length within “dynamic dilution”. Our results for G‘‘(ω) compare well with experimental data, with excellent agreement in shape and within a factor of 2 in time and modulus scales. | eng_Latn | 10,226 |
Mouse liver dispersion for the diagnosis of early-stage Fatty liver disease: a 70-sample study. | Abstract The accumulation of fat droplets within the liver is an important marker of liver disease. This study assesses gradations of steatosis in mouse livers using crawling waves, which are interfering patterns of shear waves introduced into the liver by external sources. The crawling waves are detected by Doppler ultrasound imaging techniques, and these are analyzed to estimate the shear wave speed as a function of frequency between 200 and 360 Hz. In a study of 70 mice with progressive increases in steatosis from 0% to >60%, increases in steatosis are found to increase the dispersion, or frequency dependence, of shear wave speed. This finding confirms an earlier, smaller study and points to the potential of a scoring system for steatosis based on shear wave dispersion. | In order to comply with the special challenges (open 4f-shell, configuration mixing) of simulating the spectrum of W23+ an extensive atomic model was implemented using the flexible atomic code (FAC). In detail, the basis functions from 11 configurations were used to model about 12000 levels, which give rise to roughly 60 million transitions including nearly 6 million electric and magnetic dipole transitions. A collisional radiative model has been put together which could handle the size of the input data. The modelled spectra (4-40 nm) show low sensitivity on the electron density, which validates the comparison of EBIT and tokamak spectra. The emissions between 4 and 7 nm are discussed in the context of the observations at fusion plasmas. In this range, the influence of W23+ is limited due to the small contribution to the measurement - however, elements of the presented modelling might explain the second, not understood spectral feature at 6 nm. Further details of the spectra are only briefly discussed as... | eng_Latn | 10,227 |
The effect of the vacuum-plasma transition and an injection angle on electron-bunch injection into a laser wakefield | External injection of an electron bunch in the laser wakefield can result in femtosecond accelerated bunches with relatively low energy spread. In this paper it is shown that the density transition from vacuum to plasma can play an important role in the trapping process. The plasma wavelength in this transition region changes continuously, which means that the injected electrons see an altering wakefield. This can result in strong defocusing of the injected bunch. It is found that the effect becomes stronger for stronger wakefields, longer transition lengths, and lower injection energies. The transition region can be avoided if the bunch is injected into the wakefield at an angle. Injecting the bunch at an angle allows the bunch to be wider and results in more charge being trapped. The dynamics of the bunch in this case are similar to the dynamics of a bunch injected in front of the laser pulse | A discussion of the semiclassical two-channel close-'curve-crossing' S matrix is given, with special reference to Stueckelberg phases as calculated within the non-adiabatic parabolic model. It is shown that the phase Gamma 1, normally associated with elastic adiabatic evolution through the 'curve crossing', is considerably in error when calculated within the Landau-Zener approximation, but shows favourable agreement with earlier numerical evaluations from coupled equations, provided the full Zwaan-Stueckelberg phase-integral interpretation is effected. | eng_Latn | 10,228 |
A review of X-ray spectral evolution in Crab pulsar | Pravdo et al. (1997) claimed that the phase resolved x-ray spectrum in Crab pulsar (PSR B0531+21) shows a spectral hardening at the leading edge of the first peak of its integrated profile (IP); this was a new and unexpected result. This article reanalyzes their data, as well as some other related data, and argues that the spectrum is as likely to be unvarying (i.e., neither hardening nor softening). | We report the arbitrary modulation of chirped ultrashort laser pulses with a 70 GHz bandwidth. In the proof-of-principle experiment, modulation of Ti:sapphire laser emission was performed by the acousto-optic dispersive delay line, and the temporal pulse shape was measured with a picosecond streak camera. | eng_Latn | 10,229 |
Generation and Application of High Quality Photoelectron Beam at Waseda University | Low emittance and ultra-short electron beam is very useful tool in a various research fields, such as the physical chemistry investigation in ionization and excitation processes of various materials. Research of high quality electron beam generation has been started at Waseda University. The high quality electron beam is produced by laser driven RF gun and it will be use to generate high intensity X-ray using Inverse Compton scattering with high brightness short pulse laser beam. In this paper, we report the laser driven RF gun system and the plan of X-ray generation at Waseda University. | With the development of all-optic network, the hotspot of the research is moving from the backbone network to the metropolitan network, and then to the access network. Much attention has been paid on reducing the cost in these networks. One approach is to adopt Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) architectures in an access network. In this paper a solution of EPON of Broadcasting/WDMA architecture is presented, which is based on several low-cost DWDM devices developed newly by authors, including the precise-wavelength DWDM-LD, DWDM demultipler with interleaver, DWDM receiver array, and dual-window broad-band coupler. | eng_Latn | 10,230 |
Monochromator Stabilization System at SPring‐8 | A monochromator stabilization system with a semi‐automatic tuning procedure has been developed. The system comprises an X‐ray beam position/intensity monitor, a control electronics unit, a computer program that operates on a personal computer or workstation, a piezo translator attached to the first crystal of a double crystal monochromator, and a phase‐sensitive detector as an optional component. The system suppressed the fluctuations of the photon beam intensity and the beam position by ∼0.1% and ∼1 μm, respectively, at the sample locations in the beamlines of SPring‐8 with a frequency of less than 10 Hz. The system with the phase‐sensitive detector holds the peak of the rocking curve of the double crystal monochromator, which is effective in reducing the time required to perform the energy scan measurement. | The collective yrast band of the nucleus $^{48}$Cr is studied using the spherical shell model and the HFB method. Both approaches produce basically the same axially symmetric intrinsic state up to the - accurately reproduced - observed backbending. Agreement between both calculations extends to most observables. The only significant discrepancy comes from the static moments of inertia and can be attributed to the need of a more refined treatment of pairing correlations in the HFB calculation. | ind_Latn | 10,231 |
Electron Beam Trajectory in a Photometer Field of View. | Abstract : Theoretical calculations on the trajectory of an electron beam of kilovolt energy range in an ionospheric environment have been performed. By means of a succession of orthogonal transformations, the trajectory and luminosity as observed at a photometer with a given angular field of view are obtained. For the purpose of applications on rocket beam experiments, cases of various magnetic field orientations and beam energies have been examined. Singularities of luminosity exist in this model when the magnetic field is perpendicular to the electron velocity resulting in a non-propagation mode. (Author) | We investigate the utility of correlations between e-test and probe test measurements in predicting yield. Specifically, we first examine whether statistical methods can accurately predict parametric probe test yield as a function of e-test measurements within the same fab. Then, we investigate whether the e-test profile of a destination fab, in conjunction with the e-test and probe test profiles of a source fab, suffice for accurate yield prognosis during fab-to-fab product migration. Results using an industrial dataset of ∼3.5M devices from a 65nm Texas Instruments RF transceiver design fabricated in two different fabs reveal that (i) within-fab yield prediction error is in the range of a few tenths of a percentile point, and (ii) fab-to-fab yield prediction error is in the range of half a percentile point. | eng_Latn | 10,232 |
A Comment on the High-energy Photofission of Uranium | The peak-to-valley ratio in the bremsstrahlung induced fission of 238U has been measured at Emax = 800 MeV. The value obtained, 1.95±0.15, is in good agreement with earlier measurements at this laboratory. Current data on the peak-to-valley ratios at different maximum photon energies are presented and the discrepancies existing above 100 MeV discussed. | Science Foundation Ireland (SFI Grant 07/SRC/I1173: Photonics Integration from Atoms to Systems (PIFAS)) | eng_Latn | 10,233 |
115 GHz Low Noise Cryogenic Receiver for Radioastronomy | This paper describes a cryogenic front-end designed for radioastronomical observations around 115 GHz. The system includes an image-rejection filter, a single ended microstrip mixer, and a 5 GHz IF consisting of a paramp followed by a FET amplifier, all cooled at 20°K and 77°K. The mixer uses state of the art GaAs Pt/Au Schottky diodes. Modular construction using microstrip techniques allows an easy replacement of the diode. Design and construction aspects are discussed, with emphasis on scaling methods and problems associated with cooling. Measurement methods are described. Individual stage and overall performance results are presented. | Abstract A prototype of a new CsI(Tl) telescope, which will be used in the reaction studies of light isotopes with energy of several hundred AMeV, was constructed and tested at the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The telescope has a multi-layer structure, and the range information was obtained to improve the particle identification performance. This prototype has seven layers of different thickness. An energy resolution of 5.0% (FWHM) was obtained for one of the layers in a beam test experiment. Positive improvement for the identification of 14 O and 15 O isotopes was achieved using the range information. | eng_Latn | 10,234 |
The PX-AMS system and its applications at CIAE | Abstract The projectile X-ray detection method (PXD) has been set up in the China Institute of Atomic Energy AMS system. Using this method, the half-life of 79Se and 75Se have been measured, the intensity of 64Cu radioactive nuclear beams have been identified, and the upper limit of transition probability of the first excited state of 64Cu was obtained. | Some problems will be encountered when publishing and exploring multimedia CAI course wares developed with Authorware. We propose some methods to overcome the above problems with the examples of the analytical chemistry experiment multimedia CAI courseware. | eng_Latn | 10,235 |
Magnetic Focusing of Electron Beams | Electron trajectories for a pencil beam are studied for both uniform and periodic magnetic fields. General equations are given which apply to shielded and unshielded cathodes and all intermediate cases. The balance conditions which yield minimum ripple solutions are presented as a function of magnetic field. It is shown that these conditions require that considerable magnetic flux thread the cathode for magnetic fields in excess of the Brillouin value | Abstract In this paper we present a new correction method of inner filter effects that occurs when measuring fluorescence Excitation–Emission Matrices (EEM) of concentrated solutions. While traditional method requires absorption measurement or sample dilution(s), the Mirrored Cell Approach (MCA) only requires two different EEM of the considered sample: a first one using a traditional cell and a second one using a mirrored cell. The mathematical relationship between both models is originally exploited to obtain a simple numerical correction. Method is validated using a set of known mixtures. In addition we show that advanced multilinear analysis can be efficiently applied on to the corrected EEM. | eng_Latn | 10,236 |
Recent Gamma-ray Results from DAMPE | The Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is a space-borne high-energy charged cosmic ray and gamma-ray detector launched on December 17, 2015. After more than three years of operation in space, about 6 billion events are recorded, including 0.2 million photons above GeV energies. In this talk, we introduce some fundamental works of DAMPE. The preliminary results of the bright source list, the monochromatic gamma-ray line search and the pulsar analysis are also presented. | Many conventional methods to detect propagation losses in optical waveguides, such as Cut-Back Method and Prism-Sliding Method, are either destructive or inconvenient. Here we demonstrated a new method -- CCD camera photographing method. A CCD camera was used to take digital photographs of the light streak in the waveguides and the scattered-light intensity distribution is recorded. After fitting the intensity distribution into an exponential attenuate curve, the propagation loss finally can be calculated from the attenuation coefficient of the curve. Compared with other detecting methods, it is more convenient and accurate. In our experiment, samples of polymer waveguides with propagation losses less than 0.5 dB/cm were fabricated. | eng_Latn | 10,237 |
Anomalous small-angle scattering as a way to solve the Babinet principle problem | X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) have been used to determine the absorption edges of atoms present in a sample under study. A series of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements using different monochromatic X-ray beams at different wavelengths near the absorption edges is performed to solve the Babinet principle problem. The sizes of clusters containing atoms determined by the method of XAS were defined in SAXS experiments. In contrast to differential X-ray porosimetry, anomalous SAXS makes it possible to determine sizes of clusters of different atomic compositions. | Abstract : This thesis presents a study of radiation patterns for low-gain antennas installed on aircraft. With the aid of the computer program APATCH, a simulation of the radian on patterns for a given antenna located at various points on an aircraft structure can he evaluated. The program uses a technique referred. to as Shooting and Bouncing Rays (SBR), which is valid for structures that have typical dimensions of ten wavelengths or more. A Cessna 172 aircraft with a quarter-wavelength monopole antenna and an F-18 aircraft with a telemetry antenna are analyzed. | eng_Latn | 10,238 |
Microstrip microwave induced plasma on a chip for atomic emission spectral analysis | A stable microstrip microwave plasma (MSP) operated at atmospheric pressure with a power of some 10-20 W and at a gas flow of 0.2-0.8 L/min of argon in a resonant structure produced with the aid of microstructuring technology on a 5/spl times/5 cm/sup 2/ quartz wafer provided with a 0.6-mm diameter plasma channel is described. The device is shown to be useful for the excitation of atomic and molecular species and for the atomic emission spectrometric determination of metals and of nonmetals in gases at the trace level, down to the ng/L-level, as shown for the case of sulfur. | In this paper we propose a Gaussian decomposition approach to compute the SPECT imaging system matrix. The flexibility of our method allows the implementation of a wide range of imaging systems. With the system matrix, we predict the variance in reconstructed images using the Fisher information matrix and local block circulant approximation. We present results of noise prediction for 3 multi-pinhole systems and 3 multi-slit slit-slat systems, each of them being designed to be inserted in an MRI system. Results show that for a particular phantom 2×2 multi-pinhole and 2 slits slit-slat systems achieve lowest variance. | eng_Latn | 10,239 |
An automatic DIMM for Dome A, Antarctica | The seeing at Dome A, Antarctica is expected to be similar to the superb seeing at Dome C, a median of about 0:003. However, there has not been direct night seeing measurement yet, because unattended DIMM (Differential Image Motion Monitor) is hard to be operated automatically over the winter at Dome A. To solve this problem, we propose an automatic DIMM for Kunlun Station at Dome A, named KLDIMM. Here we will present the hardware design, software system and results of cold laboratory test. This system will be tested at sites in China and calibrated to other DIMMs, then installed on an 8-m tall customized tower at Dome A in January 2019. | We study the Radiation-Induced Mismatch Enhancement (RIME) in 65 nm CMOS SRAM block designed for space applications. X-ray and heavy ion irradiation increase the number of non-rewriting cells. | war_Latn | 10,240 |
Queyrat's erythroplasia of the penis treated by beta particle irradiation. | This article describes the construction and use of an yttrium 90 applicator in the treatment of a patient with Queyrat's erythroplasia, or Bowen's disease, of the glans penis (Blau and Hyman, 1955). H.B., aged 66, was admitted to The London Hospital in May 1966 complaining of a red area on the glans penis for about four months. There was no pain or irritation; he had been circumcised in childhood. A biopsy was taken from the region of the corona and this was reported as follows: “Inflamed area of irregular epithelial overgrowth rather nearer Erythroplasia of Queyrat than Balanitis Circumscripta of Zoon. The inflammation on the deep surface appears to be related to surface polymorph infiltration and is absent locally. Abnormal epithelial cells are not frequent, although there are many mitoses.” The patient was referred to the radiotherapy department on 2.6.66. On examination there was a scaly red non-indurated plaque 4 × 3 cm on the dorsum of the glans penis extending from the urethral meatus to the post-c... | To satisfy the requirements of surface and atomic physics study in the field of low energy multiple charge state ion incident experiments, a low energy (10eV∕q–20keV∕q) ion beam platform is under design at IMP. A simple test bench has been set up to test the ion beam deceleration systems. Considering virtues such as structure simplicity, easy handling, compactness, cost saving, etc., an all-permanent magnet ECRIS LAPECR1 [Lanzhou all-permanent magnet electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source No. 1] working at 14.5GHz has been adopted to produce intense medium and low charge state ion beams. LAPECR1 source has already been ignited. Some intense low charge state ion beams have been produced on it, but the first test also reveals that many problems are existing on the ion beam transmission line. The ion beam transmission mismatches result in the depressed performance of LAPECR1, which will be discussed in this paper. To obtain ultralow energy ion beam, after being analyzed by a double-focusing analyzer m... | eng_Latn | 10,241 |
During the 1990s , the Cornell Electron Storage Ring , located beneath Alumni Field , was the world 's highest-luminosity electron-positron collider . | During the 1990s , the Cornell Electron Storage Ring , beneath Alumni Field , was the world 's highest-luminosity electron-positron collider . | In contrast with the helium nuclei ( alpha particles ) which are positively charged , and therefore repelled by the strong electrical forces in the nuclei of heavy atoms , this new tool in atomic disintegration need not overcome any electric barrier and is capable of penetrating and splitting the nuclei of even the heaviest elements . | eng_Latn | 10,242 |
A fun kind of question... In 2008, researchers at the UCLA's Department of Physics and Astronomy found that unrolling of scotch tape in a vacuum caused X-rays to be created. First, energetic electrons were produced and then X-rays. The study stated that 300,000 x-ray photons were produced and that they were bright enough to image a finger... As Dr. Putterman stated "kind of a microscopic lighting effect" So why does this happen??? | A couple years ago I ran upon a video demonstrating how researchers used x-rays given off by tearing tape off its spindle in hopes to miniaturized and cheapen future x-ray devices. As of late I have been wondering what interactions are causing this. I understood from the video that the electrons are being ejected due to the added energy to the system (peeling). This instinctively pointed me towards QED where interactions between electrons produce a photon for short periods. 1)Are those same photons from electron interaction the resulting x-rays? 2)Are the frequencies of the photons being limited by the $\Delta$energy$\Delta$time uncertainty, and/or $\Delta$position$\Delta$momentum uncertainty (at the vertex of the ripping tape, where high densities of electrons may accumulate) ? Note: I've also considered that the van der Waals force may come into consideration, not certain though. Looking for a QED based descriptions/answers. Any elementary references to this work is appreciated. | Please use UK pre-uni methods only (at least at first). Thank you. | eng_Latn | 10,243 |
How does my lab's Helium-filled cathode ray tube produce a blue-ish glow? In my university's lab, we have typical "e/m apparatus"'s, i.e. a cathode ray tube nested between a Helmholtz coil. Here is the manual for the device we are using. When operating the device, we typically set the acceleration voltage to around $200 \text{V}-400\text{V}$, so that means the electrons flying in circular trajectories should have kinetic energies around $200 \text{eV}- 400 \text{eV}$. The tube is filled with low-pressure Helium, which gives rise to a blue-ish arc characterizing the electron trajectories. My understanding is that the free electrons elastically scatter with the Helium atoms, mostly ionizing them. An electron will then join back with the ionized Helium atom, producing a photo-emission. Here are some crucial numbers for inert Helium: To excite a single electron by a single level, i.e. $\text{(1s)}^2\rightarrow \text{(1s)(2s)}$: $\color{red}{19.8\,\text{eV}}$. To ionize a single electron, i.e. $\text{(1s)}^2\rightarrow \text{(1s)}$: $\color{red}{24.6\,\text{eV}}$ To ionize two electrons, i.e. $\text{(1s)}^2\rightarrow \text{(no electrons)}$: $\color{red}{79\,\text{eV}}$ None of these energies correspond to wavelengths of visible light (at all!). How then is there a blue-ish glow? Clearly my understanding of what is actually going is flawed. [Sources] [1] Helium energies: [2] Energy to Wavelength converter: [3] Lab Manual: | Which cyan colored line is produced in the Thomson e/m apparatus? Related: After reading Lisa Lee’s OP on an electron deflection tube, although she had some misunderstandings on its operation, I still believe that her question is still relevant. If one looks at the Thomson e/m tube filled with helium gas (made by ), the tracer light is created by de-excited electrons, not by an electron beam interacting with a phosphor as in Lisa Lee's OP. That is, the accelerated electrons scatters off of a low pressure helium gas and emit a tracer line to follow the electrons path, as shown below. Now if you look at the bright line spectrum of helium, One can clearly see that there are two “cyan” color lines around 500 nm. Following in Lisa Lee’s footsteps, there is a series of question one can ask: (1) which line is emitted by the Helium gas atoms? Or are both lines emitted? (2) How can a variable accelerating voltage for the electrons always produce the same tracer line color? In theory, I assume that if I decreased the energy of the electron beam, I could produce red (around 670 nm) or yellow (around 590 nm) tracer lines, but that doesn’t happen. Somehow, it appears to me that the e/m tube is “tuned” just right so that the emitted light is always this “cyan” color. Why? | How is light emitted by an incandescent lamp I am looking for better understanding of how light is produced in an incadescent lamp. More specifically: how is the kinetic energy of electrons converted to light? Are we dealing with interband transitions or with intraband relaxation involving photons? Is this Bremsstrahlung (electrons lose their energy as light when colliding with crystal impurities/defects)? Or is this a thetmal radiation resulting from Joule heating? How is the emission affected by presence of impurities and imperfections of the crystal lattice? Do phonons play a role? What properties make a material more suitable for use as a filament: should it be a metal? Should it have a crystalline structure? Will any metal produce light, if a high current is passed through it in vacuum? Update The term describing the processes in the incadescent lamp is , see the posts on this subject and . | eng_Latn | 10,244 |
It is a computer code - program for solving electromagnetic wave propagation | Hope this helps!\ntry digging deeper into this source, or contacting the authors of the article: \nhttp://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PHPAEN000005000012004253000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes\n\nWave propagation and absorption simulations for helicon sources\nY. Mouzouris and J. E. Scharer \nDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706 \n\n(Received 22 June 1998; accepted 16 September 1998) \n\nA two-dimensional (2-D), finite-difference computer code is developed to examine helicon antenna coupling, wave propagation, collisionless Landau, and collisional heating mechanisms. The code calculates the electromagnetic wave fields and power absorption in an inhomogeneous, cold, collisional plasma. The current distribution of the launching antenna, which provides the full antenna spectra, is included in the model. An iterative solution that incorporates warm plasma thermal effects has been added to the code to examine the contribution of collisionless (Landau) wave absorption by electrons. Detailed studies of the wave fields and electron heating profiles at low magnetic fields (B0 < 100 G), where both Trivelpiece–Gould (TG) and helicon (H) modes are present, are discussed. The effects of the applied uniform magnetic field (B0 = 10–1000 G), 2-D (r,z) density profiles (ne0 = 1011–1013 cm–3), neutral gas pressures of 1–10 mTorr and the antenna spectrum on collisional and collisionless wave field solutions and power absorption are investigated. Cases in which the primarily electrostatic (TG) surface wave dominates the heating and the power is absorbed near the edge region and cases in which the propagating helicon wave transports and deposits its energy in the core plasma region are examined. ©1998 American Institute of Physics. \n\n\nPII: S1070-664X(98)04812-5 \ndoi:10.1063/1.873161 \nPACS: 52.35.-g, 52.65.-y, 52.25.Kn Additional Information \n\nView ISI's Web of Science data for this article: [ Source Abstract | Citing Articles web site: http://cel.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?&CustomersID=AIP&Func=Links&ImgLogo=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.isiknowledge.com%2FWoK3%2FImages%2FLinks%2FWOK3%2Ftbretpub.gif&PointOfEntry=CitingArticles&PublisherID=AIP&ReturnLink=http%3A%2F%2Flink.aip.org%2Flink%2F%3FPHP%2F5%2F4253%2F1&ServiceName=TransferToWos&ServiceUser=Links&UT=000077031000019&e=pztPCHcbmv_qbFN_ifMSSbBEWAIv3mBw3LKMQhUlYHFB_dj0fYv3mk7doRbRSgjY | Related Articles web site: http://cel.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?&CustomersID=AIP&Func=Links&ImgLogo=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.isiknowledge.com%2FWoK3%2FImages%2FLinks%2FWOK3%2Ftbretpub.gif&PointOfEntry=RelatedRecords&PublisherID=AIP&ReturnLink=http%3A%2F%2Flink.aip.org%2Flink%2F%3FPHP%2F5%2F4253%2F1&ServiceName=TransferToWos&ServiceUser=Links&UT=000077031000019&e=ZgR.yeikjZepmz3J.e_XVPbuOHSKuX5ZD_8WPite_wec_dKVJZcLVSMLsQ7Qg_Tl ] | Sounds like something to do with a Hewlwtt-Packard DVD drive.\nNevertheless, check the link below.\n\nEDIT: It's a necessary system file for a HP 3900 printer. If you have one of these, don't delete the file. | eng_Latn | 10,245 |
who is discovered x ray | X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3Ã1016 Hz to 3Ã1019 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV. X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays. In many languages, X-radiation is referred to with terms meaning Röntgen radiation, after the German scientist Wilhelm Röntgen, who usually is credited as its discoverer, and who had named it X-radiation to signify an unknown type of radiation. | X rays were discovered in 1895 by W. C. Roentgen, who called them X rays because their nature was at first unknown; they are sometimes also called Roentgen, or Röntgen, rays. X-ray line spectra were used by H. G. J. Moseley in his important work on atomic numbers (1913) and also provided further confirmation of the quantum theory of atomic structure. | eng_Latn | 10,246 |
what is x ray crystallography | X-ray crystallography is a tool used for identifying the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions.-ray crystallography is related to several other methods for determining atomic structures. Similar diffraction patterns can be produced by scattering electrons or neutrons, which are likewise interpreted by Fourier transformation. | X-rays have much shorter wavelength than visible light, which makes it possible to probe structures much smaller than what can be seen using a normal microscope. This can be used in X-ray microscopy to acquire high resolution images, but also in X-ray crystallography to determine the positions of atoms in crystals. | eng_Latn | 10,247 |
what are cathode rays | A beam of cathode rays in a vacuum tube bent into a circle by a magnetic field generated by a Helmholtz coil. Cathode rays are normally invisible; in this tube enough residual gas has been left that the gas atoms glow from fluorescence when struck by the fast moving electrons. Cathode rays (also called an electron beam or e-beam) are streams of electrons observed in vacuum tubes. | X-rays (often written x-rays or xrays) are a type of electromagnetic (EM) radiation. The term X-ray is shorthand for X-radiation, so named simply because it was an unknown form of radiation when discovered. Its discoverer was Wilhelm Röntgen, which is why X-rays are sometimes called Röntgen rays in other parts of the world. | eng_Latn | 10,248 |
Behavior of Slender RC Columns with Inclination | In this paper, the non-linear behaviour of slender reinforced concrete (RC) columns with inclination is investigated. The available studies on inclined columns (not struts) are not sufficient in co... | Abstract A very promising spin physics programme will be soon on the way at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). By studying the spin asymmetries for various processes (single photon, single jet and W ± production), we will compare the different predictions obtained using some sets of polarized parton distributions, available in the recent literature. We will put some emphasise on the analysis of the anticipated errors, given the event rates expected from this high luminosity new machine and the current acceptance for the detector systems at RHIC. | eng_Latn | 10,249 |
Length Scales of Magnetic Correlations in √e¬μ-Co Nanoparticle Assemblies using Small Angle Neutron Scattering | This article presents experiments on the determination of the length scales of magnetic correlation in e-Co nanoparticle assemblies using SANS (small angle neutron scattering). In this experiment a 0.5 nm neutron beam was passed through a sealed sample containing a dense assembly of the nanoparticles, and the scattered intensity was collected with two-dimensional detector. Data were collected with magnetic fields ranging from 0 to 5 T, which were applied perpendicular to the neutron beam. The temperature varied between 5 and 275 K. | The Monte Carlo simulation with CORSIKA is ran to simulate EAS events at the high altitude,make certain the selecting criterion to get EAS events with low first interaction height.The hadronic interaction in the forward region from TeV region can be studied by detecting the EAS core of low first interaction height events.It is confirmed that a perfect information of forward region can be gotten by researching the development of cosmic ray with high energy,the hadronic interaction models in the forward region from TeV region can be discussed effectively. | eng_Latn | 10,250 |
Use of aerogel for imaging Cherenkov counters | Abstract In the past, detectors using silica aerogel as a Cherenkov radiator treated this material as a diffuse source of Cherenkov photons. In this paper we report on measurements made to explore the feasibility of using aerogel for imaging Cherenkov purposes. The results of the measurements are reproduced by a detailed Monte Carlo. This allows us to identify parameters critical for the use of aerogel as a radiator in imaging detectors. We conclude that commercially available aerogel can be used for these purposes. | Abstract Many human operations have created a large population of small orbital debris in near Earth environment. The threat they represent for satellites is a major factor for the preparation of future space missions. Several experiments devoted to the study of this environment, as well as various materials exposed to space, have been retrieved in the past few years. The analysis of the results shows some differences with previous modeling. Comparison with data from LDEF and from EURECA give some insight in the long term evolution of particle size distribution. Chemical identification of particle remnants inside craters is difficult but provides valuable information on the origin of the impactors. Permanent monitoring of environment is obviously needed, especially for the type of orbits where data are presently scarce ie. heliosynchronous and geostationary orbits. | eng_Latn | 10,251 |
A model of quasiperiodic VLF emissions | Abstract A self-consistent quasilinear model of the interaction between VLF emissions and geomagnetic pulsation is set forth. As a result an explicit expression of a modulation frequency dependence can be obtained. | We evaluate the electric quadrupole moments of the ${^1}\!S_0$ and ${^3}\!P_0$ clock states of $^{27}$Al$^+$ and $^{115}$In$^+$. To capture all dominant contributions, our analysis extends through third order of perturbation theory and includes hyperfine coupling of the electrons to both the magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments of the nucleus. For $^{27}$Al$^+$, a fortuitous cancellation leads to a suppressed frequency shift. This should allow for continued improvement of the clock without special techniques to control or cancel the shift, such as the averaging schemes that are critical to other optical ion clocks. | eng_Latn | 10,252 |
Comparative study of single and double ionization of helium by ion impact | We present three-dimensional angular distributions of the sum momentum vector of electrons emitted in double ionization in 6 MeV p + He collisions for fully determined kinematics. The results are directly compared to corresponding data for single ionization. Qualitative similarities between single and double ionization are observed. However, we demonstrate that based on these similarities it cannot be concluded that the collision dynamics underlying both processes are similar as well. Furthermore, we find that the projectile—target nucleus interaction, which we found to be surprisingly important for single ionization earlier, is even more significant for double ionization. | Measurements performed at the Tevatron of both the like-sign dimuon charge asymmetry inBd;s-meson samples and the mixing-induced CP asymmetry inBs! J= depart from their standard model (SM) predictions. This could be an indication for new CP phases in B = 2 transitions, preferentially in Bs{ Bs mixing. The experimental situation, however, remained inconclusive, as it favored values of the element s of the decay matrix in the Bs-meson system that are notably dierent | eng_Latn | 10,253 |
Applied physics in the 21st century | Preface Bose-Einstein Condensation in Nonlinear System New Aspects of Relaxation Processes in Cryogenic Solids Induction Transformer Coupled Discharges: Investigation & Application P-Type InGaAs/AlGaAs Quantum Well Structures for Infrared Photodetection A D-3He Spherical Tokamak Reactor with the Plasma Current Ramp-Up by Vertical Field 5-Dimension Space-Time Field Theory & Realization of Matter Chemical Physics of Phonons & Superconductivity: A Heuristic Approach Description of the Ultraslow Light Phenomenon in Atomic Bose Condensates in the Framework of the Microscopic Approach Energy Decay Mechanism of Quantum Grid Turbulence in He II Below 1 K Dark Matter Haloes as Fruits of Merger Trees in a CDM Garden Application of GEANT4 Code in Gamma Irradiation Processing Stochastic Dynamic Systems with Long-Range Correlations: Basic Notions & Applications Index. | With the rapid proliferation of mobile Internet and mobile terminals to increase the coverage of popular smart mobile devices which triggered rapid growth in the number of Internet users, App application covering the game software and other aspects of normal life try to meet people's needs. Based on the above reasons, and from the App Overview and App features of the journals, the paper discussed the value of the popularization of App application of scientific journals in the mobile internet environment. | eng_Latn | 10,254 |
Polarization physics at Brookhaven | The program of polarization physics at Brookhaven National Laboratory is revewed. Experimental details and results of past and present experiments and descriptions and goals of future experiments are presented. Facilities and beams are also described with an emphasis on potential utility for studies of polarization phenomena. | 4 pages.-- PACS numbers: 05.45.Xt, 87.10.+e.-- ArXiv pre-print: http://arxiv.org/abs/nlin.CD/0512009.-- Final full-text version of the paper available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.73.055202. | eng_Latn | 10,255 |
Field structure of collapsing wave packets in 3D strong Langmuir turbulence. | A simple model is constructed for the electric fields in the collapsing wave packets found in 3D simulations of driven and damped isotropic strong Langmuir turbulence. This model, based on a spherical-harmonic decomposition of the electrostatic potential, accounts for the distribution of wave-packet shapes observed in the simulations, particularly the predominance of oblate wave packets. In contrast with predictions for undamped and undriven subsonic collapse of scalar fields, oblate vector-field wave packets do not flatten during collapse but, instead, remain approximately self-similar and rigid. | Abstract This paper presents investigations of the longitudinal radiative force in an electron bunch moving in an undulator (wiggler). An analytical solution is obtained for a Gaussian longitudinal bunch profile. Radiative interaction of the particles in an intense microbunch induces a correlated energy spread in the electron beam. Numerical estimates presented in this paper show that this effect can be important for free electron lasers. | eng_Latn | 10,256 |
Energy-angle correlation of electrons accelerated by laser beam in vacuum | The correlation between the outgoing energy and the scattering angle of electrons accelerated by a laser beam in vacuum has been investigated. Essentially, the single-valued function of the correlation, derived from classical electrodynamics Compton scattering for a plane wave, is broadened to a band. It means electrons with the same outgoing energy will have an angular spread. An equation to describe this correlation has been derived. Dependence of the spread width of scattering angle on laser beam parameters is examined, and physical explanations of these features are given. The results are found to be consistent with the simulation results for a proposed vacuum laser acceleration scheme: the capture and acceleration scenario. | A new approach of the relativistic motion of a particle in a central field is presented. It is based on a modified form of the Hamilton function of the particle. This form allows us to extend the Bertrand theorem from the non-relativistic classical mechanics to the relativistic classical mechanics. During the motion of the particle, the angular momentum l with respect to the field centre and the energy E are conserved. The conservation law of the angular momentum has two important consequences. Firstly, the trajectory of the particle lies at a plane perpendicular to l. Secondly, the areal velocity of the particle is constant (the Kepler second law). If we choose a system of Cartesian coordinates Oxyz with the origin O at the field centre and with the axis Oz directed along the angular momentum, the motion takes place in the plane xOy. The field symmetry suggests using the polar coordinates (r,') as generalized coordinates in the study of this motion. The Hamilton function of the particle is H = p 2 2m0 + l 2 | eng_Latn | 10,257 |
Accurate 238U neutron capture rate determinations | Abstract Accurate techniques for the measurements of 238U neutron-capture rates in metallic samples using Ge(Li) detector and the 24Am calibration method are described. Uncertainties of ⩽ 1% were achieved by using three different experimental determinations of gamma absorption and sum-coincidence effects. Verification of the 243Am calibration method was obtained with a calibration based upon the well known thermal-neutron cross sections of gold and 238U. Emphasis method was on consistency of 238U capture rate measurements in cross-section experiments and fission-reactor applications. | Uncertainties in neutrino interaction cross-sections affect modern long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments like NOvA. Detailed within is how NOvA handles these uncertainties, especially for 2p2h interactions, how the effects of these cross-section uncertainties are quantified, and how NOvA’s cross-section simulation is tuned to better match data. | eng_Latn | 10,258 |
Rarefaction velocities in shocked lead | By use of the optical analyzer technique, the bulk sound velocity in shocked lead has been measured at nine points along its Hugoniot in the pressure range 54.5 to 380 GPa. The lowest-pressure points exhibit no sign of solid behavior. The bulk sound velocity is essentially linear with respect to density, and the Gruneisen parameter, ..gamma.., fails to follow a constant p..gamma.. model. Results are consistent with zero-pressure values. | We argue that in the measured $p_T$ domain of RHIC, collisional rather than the radiative energy loss is the dominant mechanism for jet quenching. Accordingly we calculate nuclear suppression factor for light hadrons by taking only the elastic energy loss in sharp contrast with the previous calculations where only the radiative loss are considered. | eng_Latn | 10,259 |
Excitations in the electron liquid | Starting from Mori’s formalism, an expression for the dynamical structure factor for the electron liquid is derived. The memory function is calculated such that no phenomenological collision rates have to be introduced. Using simple approximations for some static correlation functions, good agreement with inelastic x-ray experiments is obtained. | The Extreme Energy Events Project is an experiment for the detection of Extensive Air Showers which exploits the Multigap Resistive Plate Chamber technology. At the moment 40 EEE muon telescopes, distributed all over the Italian territory, are taking data, allowing the relative analysis to produce the first interesting results, which are reported here. Moreover, this Project has a strong added value thanks to its effectiveness in terms of scientific communication, which derives from the peculiar way it was planned and carried on. | eng_Latn | 10,260 |
A new electro-produced pulsed slow positron facility | A new electro-produced pulsed slow positron facility is now in operation at the Institute for Storage Ring Facilities at Aarhus (ISA). Around 30,000 positrons/pulse are routinely produced at a frequency of 12 Hz. With the use of a buncher a pulse length of around 10 ns has been obtained. A program of positron trapping and cooling is in progress with the possibility to efficiently produce a slow positron microbeam. | We present an asymptotic form of the Boussinesq equations in the limit of small P ´ eclet numbers i.e. when the time scale of motions is much larger than the time scale of ther- mal diffusion. We find that, in this limit, the effects of thermal diffusion and stable stratification combine in a single physical process. This process is an anisotropic dissipation (not effective for horizontal motions) which acts primarily on large scale mo- tions. The small-P´ eclet-number approximation presents also the great practical interest to avoid the numerical difficulty induced by the huge separation between the diffusive and dynamical time scales. The relevance of this approximation to study the flow dynamics within the stellar radiative zones is considered. | eng_Latn | 10,261 |
The KATRIN Pre-Spectrometer at reduced Filter Energy | The KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino experiment, KATRIN, will determine the mass of the electron neutrino with a sensitivity of 0.2 eV (90% C.L.) via a measurement of the beta-spectrum of gaseous tritium near its endpoint of E_0 =18.57 keV. An ultra-low background of about b = 10 mHz is among the requirements to reach this sensitivity. In the KATRIN main beam-line two spectrometers of MAC-E filter type are used in a tandem configuration. This setup, however, produces a Penning trap which could lead to increased background. We have performed test measurements showing that the filter energy of the pre-spectrometer can be reduced by several keV in order to diminish this trap. These measurements were analyzed with the help of a complex computer simulation, modeling multiple electron reflections both from the detector and the photoelectric electron source used in our test setup. | This study investigates the effects of Pierson-Moskowitz, Jonswap spectrum that are typical irregular wave spectrums for wind turbine system with jacket support structure. Also various offshore environmental parameters based on korean local condition were used in our study. The loads acting on the system was considered by referring to the Design Load Case from IEC guide line. And improved von Karman model was used as a turbulence model. As a result, various significant wave height and peak spectral period cause noticeable difference of extreme and fatigue loads prediction. | eng_Latn | 10,262 |
Results from the NA36 on Strangeness Production in 200 GeV/c per Nucleon S + Pb and p + Pb Reactions | Recent results from CERN experiment NA36 are discussed and compared with models. These results refer to reactions of sulfur and protons of momentum 200 GeV/c per nucleon on a lead target. The [Lambda] spectrum for the sulfur beam was found to peak at mid-rapidity rather than target rapidity as observed in the proton induced reactions. This result indicates different reaction mechanisms are active. We discuss in some detail the analysis methods used. The data are consistent with the assumption of a fireball of high strangeness content being created at mid-rapidity in S [plus] Pb reactions. | A hydrodynamic investigation of three geometries of string pellet reactors filled with spheres was conducted. Two geometries were circular spiral channels, while the third was a straight horizontal square channel. Stimulus-response experiments provided data for residence time distribution analysis from which Pe numbers and liquid holdup were deduced. Flow regimes and transitions were determined from visual observations through the transparent tube wall. For the whole range of the experimental conditions applied in this work and for all reactors, the ratio of gas to liquid velocities, Vg/Vl, is a controlling parameter for Pe number, holdup, and pressure drop. | eng_Latn | 10,263 |
Thermal Detection of Dark Matter | Bolometers operating at low temperature are discussed as detectors of heavy particles which have been recently considered as constituents of Cosmic Dark Matter. The study of the heat leak in a cascade refrigerator operating underground is suggested for the indirect detection of Weak Interacting Massive Particles. | We have investigated the effects of carrier diffusion on the impulse response of a resonant-cavity enhanced photodetector using our analytic expression for a short-circuit current. Our theoretical results indicate that diffusion introduces a significant tail in the temporal response of photodetectors. We show that the influence of diffusion becomes significant as the absorption width decreases. A discrepancy in bandwidth as high as 35% between our results and previous theoretical predictions is observed. | eng_Latn | 10,264 |
Effects of accelerated crucible rotation on segregation and interface morphology for vertical Bridgman crystal growth: Visualization and simulation | Abstract The effects of accelerated crucible rotation technique (ACRT) on the segregation, interface shape, and morphological instability during vertical Bridgman (VB) crystal growth of succinonitrile (SCN) containing 0.064 wt% acetone were investigated by visualization experiments and computer simulation. It was found that ACRT was effective in reducing time-averaged constitutional supercooling and thus the morphological instability. However, at low rotation amplitudes, the morphology was less stable and the breakdown area was found to be wider as a result of flow transition. The simulated interface shapes were in good agreement with the observed ones. In addition, the onset of morphological breakdown was consistent with the numerical prediction based on the time-averaged constitutional supercooling. | Abstract A very promising spin physics programme will be soon on the way at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). By studying the spin asymmetries for various processes (single photon, single jet and W ± production), we will compare the different predictions obtained using some sets of polarized parton distributions, available in the recent literature. We will put some emphasise on the analysis of the anticipated errors, given the event rates expected from this high luminosity new machine and the current acceptance for the detector systems at RHIC. | eng_Latn | 10,265 |
Wave mixing and beam profile control in a photorefractive waveguide | Photorefractive wave mixing in a waveguide geometry with nonguided external pumps has been studied experimentally and theoretically. Guided beam amplification has been obtained in an iron-doped lithium niobate waveguide. Additionally, photorefractive grating couplers that allow the transverse profile of the decoupled guided beam to be controlled are demonstrated. | Abstract A very promising spin physics programme will be soon on the way at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). By studying the spin asymmetries for various processes (single photon, single jet and W ± production), we will compare the different predictions obtained using some sets of polarized parton distributions, available in the recent literature. We will put some emphasise on the analysis of the anticipated errors, given the event rates expected from this high luminosity new machine and the current acceptance for the detector systems at RHIC. | eng_Latn | 10,266 |
Introduction To Radioanalytical Physics | Thank you very much for downloading introduction to radioanalytical physics. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search hundreds times for their chosen novels like this introduction to radioanalytical physics, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some infectious virus inside their desktop computer. introduction to radioanalytical physics is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly. Our books collection saves in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the introduction to radioanalytical physics is universally compatible with any devices to read. | We argue that in the measured $p_T$ domain of RHIC, collisional rather than the radiative energy loss is the dominant mechanism for jet quenching. Accordingly we calculate nuclear suppression factor for light hadrons by taking only the elastic energy loss in sharp contrast with the previous calculations where only the radiative loss are considered. | yue_Hant | 10,267 |
Circular-viewing rainbow holography | Completely differ to common plate rainbow holography, a circular-viewing rainbow holography which is viewed in the direction approximately parallel to the holographic plate is elaborated. The viewing-angle of this rainbow hologram made by this technique is 360°. The experimental result and its analysis are presented. | Abstract A very promising spin physics programme will be soon on the way at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). By studying the spin asymmetries for various processes (single photon, single jet and W ± production), we will compare the different predictions obtained using some sets of polarized parton distributions, available in the recent literature. We will put some emphasise on the analysis of the anticipated errors, given the event rates expected from this high luminosity new machine and the current acceptance for the detector systems at RHIC. | eng_Latn | 10,268 |
Pressure Broadening of UV Lines | Most of the lines in the UV spectra are lines of ions which are formed in high temperature regions where the pressure broadening is caused by electrons and protons. This is the case in O and B type stars for which the theoretical calculation of the width of all the strong UV lines is important in determining both the blanketing effect and the abundances of the elements. | We apply a polarization Wigner formalism to the propagation of polarization in a Young interferometer within paraxial approximation. With a very simple ray picture, we obtain complete and rigorous information about polarization evolution via the superposition of the spatial-angular Stokes parameters associated with three light rays. We compare the degree of polarization in the interference region with several measures of the degree of coherence for vectorial fields. | eng_Latn | 10,269 |
Fourier spectroscopy study of Josephson junction own radiation | The frequency characteristics of Josephson own radiation have been studied by means of Fourier spectroscopy. The FIR measurements were performed with the help of Fourier spectrometer coupled with the Nb Josephson junction. The main feature of this technique is that one Josephson junction operates as both generator and detector of own radiation at the same time. The spectrometer operates either in double-beam mode with resolution /spl sim/2 GHz or in multi-beam mode with resolution /spl sim/1 GHz. > | Abstract We present a convenient analytical parametrization, in both configuration and momentum spaces, of the deuteron wave-function calculated with the Paris potential. | eng_Latn | 10,270 |
Inelastic diffraction and equivalence of states | Abstract A new approach to diffraction, based on the concept of equivalent states, is applied to the inclusive inelastic scattering. Differences from the classical description of Good and Walker are pointed out. | We argue that in the measured $p_T$ domain of RHIC, collisional rather than the radiative energy loss is the dominant mechanism for jet quenching. Accordingly we calculate nuclear suppression factor for light hadrons by taking only the elastic energy loss in sharp contrast with the previous calculations where only the radiative loss are considered. | eng_Latn | 10,271 |
Scientists report back from Fukushima exclusion zone | Survey provides accurate data on extent of damage caused by killer wave. | Starting from 2.5D MHD modelling of solar flares on a global scale we calculate (using the PIC and test-particle simulations) the radio and X-ray emissions generated in solar flare reconnection. Our results – the radio and X-ray spectra and brightness distributions, and their dynamics – are directly comparable with observations providing thus a test of particle acceleration models as well as of the ‘standard’ global flare scenario. | eng_Latn | 10,272 |
Beam intensity and brightness in H[sup [minus]] and D[sup [minus]] hybrid sources: Measurement of basic parameters | The photodetachment technique developed for measuring negative ion density and temperature has been used to study the difference between hydrogen and deuterium operation of the hybrid source. It was found that the negative ion temperature scales linearly with the electron temperature in both hydrogen and deuterium, but is higher in hydrogen than in deuterium for the same electron temperature. This dependence is affected by the volume of the source chamber. Recent progress in the photodetachment diagnostics of negative ions is reported. The presence of a capacitive component was observed in the photodetachment signal recorded using conventional, conductive probes. Capacitive probes have been constructed and tested. A bare probe at floating potential leads to workable signals. Experiments proving that the capacitive signal is proportional to the negative ion density are described. | The $\Lambda\Lambda$-$\Xi N$-$\Sigma\Sigma$ coupling in $^{~6}_{\Lambda\Lambda}$He is studied with the [$\alpha$ + $\Lambda$ + $\Lambda$] + [$\alpha$ + $\Xi$ + $N$] + [$\alpha$ + $\Sigma$ + $\Sigma$] model, where the $\alpha$ particle is assumed as a frozen core. We use the Nijmegen soft-core potentials, NSC97e and NSC97f, for the valence baryon-baryon part, and the phenomenological potentials for the $\alpha-B$ parts ($B$=$N$, $\Lambda$, $\Xi$ and $\Sigma$). We find that the calculated $\Delta B_{\Lambda\Lambda}$ of $^{~6}_{\Lambda\Lambda}$He for NSC97e and NSC97f are, respectively, 0.6 and 0.4 MeV in the full coupled-channel calculation, the results of which are about half in comparison with the experimental data, $\Delta B^{exp}_{\Lambda\Lambda}=1.01\pm0.20^{+0.18}_{-0.11}$ MeV. Characteristics of the $S=-2$ sector in the NSC97 potentials are discussed in detail. | eng_Latn | 10,273 |
Onboard prestack WEM on WAZ data – A new breakthrough | The past couple of years have seen a tremendous increase in the acquisition of wide azimuth (WAZ) surveys that provide improved subsalt imaging. These surveys can acquire data three times faster than conventional narrow azimuth (NAZ) surveys and at the same time increase the fold of the data by a factor of five. Therefore we are looking at processing fifteen times more data while the need for fast delivery of imaged data is accelerating due to lease expiry, lease sales, drilling decisions and other financial conditions. | The latest results from ATLAS and CMS on single top quark production and rare production channels of top quarks at the LHC are presented. | kor_Hang | 10,274 |
Measurements of solar radiation at Mauna Loa Observatory, 1978-1985, with emphasis on the effects of the eruption of El Chichon. Data report | Results from three different projects that involved either absolute or relative measurement of solar radiation at the NOAA Mauna Loa Observatory are reported. Included are measurements, in summary form, of broadband solar irradiance, spectral aerosol optical depth, and spectral diffuse-sky irradiance. Each data set includes the influence of the stratospheric debris from the eruption of El Chichon. Procedures that were used to acquire and finalize the observational records are documented. | The key LHC operating parameters and their impact on potential performance are recalled and a brief summary of the 2010 beam commissioning program is presented. Progress in 2011 has been good and the present performance is discussed. The short and medium term plans and their potential are outlined. | eng_Latn | 10,275 |
The unusual X-ray pulse timing of AE Aquarii | The novalike variable AE Aquarii exhibits emission and absorption lines of which the radial velocities are antiphased by 180° and both describe a circular orbit with a period of 9.88 hr. There is therefore good reason to believe that the emission-line orbit describes the true orbit of the white dwarf. The system also emits coherent pulsed optical light with a period of 33 s .0767 and the corresponding timing delays describe a distorted orbit which is shifted by 60° relative to the emission-line orbit. | This report provides a detailed presentation and critique of a model used to characterize the surface ground motion following a contained, spalling underground nuclear explosion intended for calculation of the resulting atmospheric acoustic pulse. Some examples of its use are included. Some discussion of the general approach of ground motion model parameter extraction, not dependent on the specific model, is also presented. | eng_Latn | 10,276 |
The nuclear frontier; Cornell's program of basic and applied research | This paper discusses the Program in Nuclear Science and Engineering at Cornell, an interdisciplinary field that encompasses a wide range of research. Some faculty members and graduate students are working on the basic physics of nuclei, plasmas, and atoms, while other are investigating the interaction of radiation with matter and the basic mechanisms of radiation-induced failure in microelectronic devices. Some are developing new research techniques based on nuclear and atomic interactions, and others are adapting nuclear methods such as activation analysis to research in geology, biology, and archaeology. Some are investigating advanced types of ion and electron beams, while yet others are improving the generation of power from fission and seeking to generate it from fusion. | Abstract : Experimentation Data Process: *Lockheed Martin experimentation at the Center for Innovation, -Constructive Simulations, -Human-in-the-Loop Simulation; *Two main issues; -Data Extraction/Storage, -Data Manipulation/Reduction; *Early Experimentation (2006 Processes), -Post Run extraction, -Manual reduction/consolidation; *Current Experimentation (2007 Processes), -Real-Time and Post Run extraction, -Hyperion Intelligence for Data reduction | eng_Latn | 10,277 |
Sound Propagation through the Atmosphere | The propagation of sound from an airborne source to the ground has been studied. The source was a propeller type airplane flown at altitudes up to 4800 ft and distances up to 9600 ft. Angles of elevation of the source with respect to the earth's surface were 2°, 5°, 15°, 30°, and 90°. The weather varied to include typical year‐round conditions in the Chicago, Illinois, area and winter in Phoenix, Arizona. The noise propagated to the earth was analyzed to determine the variation in attenuation as a function of frequency and the relative position of the noise source. A statistical analysis was made to determine the effects of various weather parameters on propagation of the sound. Average values of sound attenuation were obtained. In addition, the effects of temperature, temperature gradient, humidity, wind, and wind gradient are given in an empirical formula. Propagation does not vary significantly for elevation angles between 5° and 90°, but for the 2° angle there is evidence of ground surface effects. Th... | In a previous paper [Schmidt et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, 080701 (2014)], we presented the first results on beam–matter interaction experiments that were carried out at the High Radiation Materials test facility at CERN. In these experiments, extended cylindrical targets of solid copper were irradiated with beam of 440 GeV protons delivered by the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). The beam comprised of a large number of high intensity proton bunches, each bunch having a length of 0.5 ns with a 50 ns gap between two neighboring bunches, while the length of this entire bunch train was about 7 μs. These experiments established the existence of the hydrodynamic tunneling phenomenon the first time. Detailed numerical simulations of these experiments were also carried out which were reported in detail in another paper [Tahir et al., Phys. Rev. E 90, 063112 (2014)]. Excellent agreement was found between the experimental measurements and the simulation results that validate our previous simulations done using the Larg... | eng_Latn | 10,278 |
Crusader explores lithium potential | Crusader Resources Ltd remains focused on developing the Juruena gold project in Brazil despite signing a MoU to explore opportunities in the booming lithium sector elsewhere in the country. | The LHC experiments ATLAS and CMS have measured V+jets and ttbar+jets final states over a large energy range in data collected between 2010 and 2012 at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV and sqrt(s) = 8 TeV. The results have been compared to pQCD calculations at NLO and have been used to validate novel Monte Carlo techniques. | eng_Latn | 10,279 |
Evaluation standard and improvement method for multi-column envelope profile in single screw compressors: | Multi-column envelope profile is the newly proposed engagement pair’s profile for single screw compressors. Based on hydrodynamic lubrication theory, a calculation model of the oil film moments for... | The Monte Carlo simulation with CORSIKA is ran to simulate EAS events at the high altitude,make certain the selecting criterion to get EAS events with low first interaction height.The hadronic interaction in the forward region from TeV region can be studied by detecting the EAS core of low first interaction height events.It is confirmed that a perfect information of forward region can be gotten by researching the development of cosmic ray with high energy,the hadronic interaction models in the forward region from TeV region can be discussed effectively. | eng_Latn | 10,280 |
Simulation study on high energy electron and gamma-ray detection with CALET | High energy electron detection is very important to understand the cosmic ray origin, acceleration, and propagation. Until now only several electrons above 1 TeV have been observed. The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) will perform a direct measurement of electrons and gamma rays up to 10 TeV. Its advanced design employs both an imaging calorimeter (IMC) and a total absorption calorimeter (TASC). The proton rejection power for electrons is nearly 10(6) with the absorber thickness 36 r.l. By using the shower difference in development between electrons and hadrons, it is enough to observe electron up to 10 TeV with high precision. In this work, we present the Monte Carlo simulation results on high energy electron and gamma-ray detection with CALET. | Abstract In this paper, identification of the joint probability dentisity function (PDF) from missing data is considered. The model of PDF is Gaussian mixture. It is well known that the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is useful for the identification of Gaussian mixture. Here it is extended to the case of missing elements of the observations. It will be shown that, after identifying the PDF model, it is easy to estimate the missing elements as well as the system output variable. | eng_Latn | 10,281 |
Relativistic two-photon emission: Lifetime of the 2 1S0 state of helium-like Kr34+ | The two-photon (2E1) decay 2 /sup 1/S/sub 0/-1 /sup 1/S/sub 0/ in the heliumlike ion Kr/sup 34 +/ has been observed and the lifetime measured. Departures are measured for the first time from the predictions of the nonrelativistic theory, and are sensitive to relativistic effects on the transition-matrix elements. The measured lifetime is tau(measured) = 34.08(0.34) x 10/sup -12/ s compared to tau(nonrelativistic) = 31.94(0.01) x 10 /sup -12/ s. | 4 pages.-- PACS numbers: 05.45.Xt, 87.10.+e.-- ArXiv pre-print: http://arxiv.org/abs/nlin.CD/0512009.-- Final full-text version of the paper available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.73.055202. | eng_Latn | 10,282 |
Nuclear structure studies by the scattering of medium-energy electrons: Progress report, September 1, 1986-June 30, 1987 | This paper discusses the experimental electron scattering studies at SLAC and Bates Accelerator Center. Some theoretical work on nucleon-nucleon interactions, electromagnetic interactions, weak interactions and nuclear structure are also discussed. (LSP) | Originally published Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53: 751–757, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53: 1685, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26162 ::: ::: ::: ::: (Original article DOI 10.1002/mop.25828) | eng_Latn | 10,283 |
Ion‐acoustic waves in a bounded plasma | A systematic study was made of some of the oscillatory phenomena which are found to occur in bounded dc discharge plasmas. The nature of the oscillator patterns was explored over a pressure interval (0.01≤P≤1.5 Torr), a current interval (0.5≤I≤10 mA), and a discharge‐voltage interval (0.8≤V≤3.5 kV) in order to establish the conditions for onset of oscillatory modes within the plasma. An rf pickup coil, to detect the oscillations, was placed such that it contained the plasma filament coaxially. Signals having a frequency range of 20–200 kHz were observed to be coming from the plasma. These frequencies were found to be sensitive to pressure, current, and discharge voltages for a given geometry tube. The gases considered in this investigation were N2, O2, CO2, air (atmospheric), H2, D2, He, and argon. Electron densities calculated from the ``resonant'' conditions for the ions are presented. | We discuss some recent phenomenological models for strong interactions based on the idea of gauge/string duality. A very good estimate for hadronic masses can be found by placing an infrared cut off in AdS space. Considering static strings in this geometry one can also reproduce the phenomenological Cornell potential for a quark anti-quark potential at zero temperature. Placing static strings in an AdS Schwarzschild space with an infrared cut off one finds a transition from a confining to a deconfining phase at some critical horizon radius (associated with temperature). | eng_Latn | 10,284 |
Monte Carlo Simulation of Thermionic Low Pressure Discharge Plasma | Nonlinear dynamical behaviors in thermionic low pressure discharge are investigated using a particle-in-cell(PIC) simulation. An electrostatic PIC code is developed to model the plasma discharge system including the kinetic effects. The elastic collision, excitation collision, ionization collision, and electron-ion recombination collision are considered in this code. The generated electrons and ions are traced to analyze physical characteristics of the plasma. The simulation results show that the nonlinear oscillation structures are observed for cold plasma in the system and the similar structures are observed for warm plasma with a shift in values of the bifurcation parameter. The detailed oscillation process can be subdivided into three distinct mode; anode-glow, temperature-limited, and double-layer modes. | The dependence of the differential cross section ${\mathrm{d}\sigma}/{\mathrm{d}p_{\perp}}$ of inclusive heavy quark production in pp and $\bar{\mathrm{p}}$p collisions on the renormalization and factorization scales is investigated. The implications of our results for experiments at TEVATRON and LHC are discussed. In particular, it is shown that the NLO QCD predictions for $\bar{t}t$ production at the LHC based on the Principle of Minimal Sensitivity are by 30-50% higher than the standard ones. | eng_Latn | 10,285 |
Which is the second lightest element in the universe? | Where is Helium Found - Universe Today Universe Today by Tega Jessa [/caption] Helium is the second lightest element in the known universe. It is also the second most abundant. According to some estimates helium accounts for as much as 24 percent of the Universe’s mass. This element is also plentiful since it is a prime product of fusion nuclear reactions involving hydrogen. So if it is so plentiful where is Helium found? The problem is that just because an element is common in the universe at large does not mean that it is common on Earth. Helium is an element that fits this scenario. Helium only accounts for 0.00052% of the Earth’s atmosphere and the majority of the helium harvested comes from beneath the ground being extracted from minerals or tapped gas deposits. This makes it one of the rarest elements of any form on the planet. Like mentioned before Helium is rare on Earth but there are places where it is readily found. If you look at space the majority of helium is in stars and the interstellar medium. This is due to the fusion reaction that powers most stars fusing single hydrogen atoms to create helium atoms. This process balanced with a star’s gravity is what helps it to stay stable for billions of years. On Earth the majority of helium found comes from radioactive decay. This is the opposite nuclear reaction called fission that splits atoms. For this reason radioactive minerals in the lithosphere like uranium are prime sources for helium. On Earth there are key locations where concentrated helium can be harvested. The United States produces the majority of the world’s helium supply at 78%. The rest of the world’s helium is harvested in North Africa, The Middle East, and Russia. The interesting thing is that thanks to these deposits the world’s demand for helium is being met regularly. Also unlike petroleum which can decades to form from organic material, 3000 metric tons of Hydrogen is produced yearly. Until helium demand reaches at least the same level of demand as petroleum there it little chance of that demand outpacing supply. Helium is looking to be a major player in the near future. Governments are looking into using the gas as source of hydrogen for fuel cells and other transportation technologies. At the moment the promise is still tentative but at least with better surveying and knowledge of gas deposits there will be a supply waiting if becomes the next major element to power human civilization. In the meanwhile ours is still a planet beholden to carbon. We have written many articles about Helium for Universe Today. Here’s an article about the discovery of Helium , and here’s an article about composition of the Sun . If you’d like more info about helium on Earth, check out NASA’s Solar System Exploration Guide on Earth . And here’s a link to NASA’s Earth Observatory . We’ve also recorded an episode of Astronomy Cast all about planet Earth. Listen here, Episode 51: Earth . | E. V. Appleton | Article about E. V. Appleton by The Free Dictionary E. V. Appleton | Article about E. V. Appleton by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/E.+V.+Appleton (redirected from E. V. Appleton) Also found in: Wikipedia . Appleton, Edward Victor Born Sept. 6, 1892, in Bradford, Yorkshire; died Apr. 21, 1965, in Edinburgh. British physicist. Fellow of the Royal Society of London (1927). Appleton graduated from Cambridge University in 1914. He was a professor at the University of London from 1924 to 1936 and at Cambridge University from 1936 to 1939. From 1939 to 1949, he was the permanent secretary of Great Britain’s Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. In 1949 he was appointed principal and vice-chancellor of the University of Edinburgh. Appleton’s main works dealt with radio physics and geophysics. In 1924, simultaneously with the American physicist S. Barnett, Appleton discovered experimentally a conducting layer of the ionosphere that reflects radio waves and whose existence had been predicted earlier by A. E. Kennelly and O. Heaviside; the layer is now known as the E layer, or Heaviside layer. In 1927, Appleton discovered a second, higher reflecting layer, which was first named the Appleton layer but later called the F1 and F2 layers; the F2 layer is now also referred to as the Appleton layer. Appleton showed that radio waves reflected by the Heaviside and Appleton layers are elliptically polarized; he calculated the reflection coefficient and electron density in the layers. He developed a theory of ionospheric dispersion and birefringence and showed that both auroras and the conductivity of the upper layers of the ionosphere are associated with solar activity. He also wrote works on radar. In 1947, Appleton received a Nobel Prize for his work in the study of the ionosphere. REFERENCES | eng_Latn | 10,286 |
Particle collider edges forward | Physicists take a key decision on the technology to be used in the International Linear Collider, one of the grand scientific projects of the 21st Century. | Call for end to 'death ray myth' A Pentagon science-advisory panel's report on the near-term prospects for American raygun weapons has declared that energy-beam blasters would be pretty handy but difficult to make.⦠| eng_Latn | 10,287 |
Among the several different types of emission nebulae are H II regions , in which star formation is taking place and young , massive stars are the source of the ionizing photons ; and planetary nebulae , in which a dying star has thrown off its outer layers , with the exposed hot core then ionizing them . | Planetary nebulae are made when where a dying star has thrown off its outer layers . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 10,288 |
Synchrotron radiation also has a wide range of applications ( see synchrotron light ) and many 2nd and 3rd generation synchrotrons have been built especially to harness it . | However , synchrotron radiation also has a wide range of applications ( see synchrotron light ) and many 2nd and 3rd generation synchrotrons have been built especially to harness it . | D.S. Halacy 's `` Cyborg : evolution of the superman '' in 1965 spoke of a `` new frontier '' that was `` not merely space , but more profoundly the relationship between ` inner space ' to ` outer space ' -- a bridge ... between mind and matter '' . | eng_Latn | 10,289 |
Electrons emitted in this manner can be called `` photoelectrons '' . | The emitted electrons are called photoelectrons . | The following names will be used for named storms that form in East Pacific in 2010 . | eng_Latn | 10,290 |
Sparsely Aggregated Convolutional Networks | Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition | Explosive Emission Properties of Cathode Materials in Relativistic Electron Beam Generation | eng_Latn | 10,291 |
A ray that divides a segment it midpoint? | Line that goes through the midmoint of a segment? | Why won't neon argon kryton xeon and radon combine with other elements? | eng_Latn | 10,292 |
I have started studying radioactive decay. When I studied alpha-particle emission from an unstable nucleus I wondered why should there be emission of helium nucleus only(alpha particle) and why not lithium nucleus or of any other element. Is there any explanation as to why emission of helium nucleus is favourable and quite common? | It is said in many textbooks that alpha decay involves emitting alpha particles, which are very stable. Indeed, the binding energy () is higher than for $Z$-neighboring stable isotopes. But the binding energy is lower than, for example, ${}^9\mathrm{Be}$ (). My question is why aren't other nuclear compounds ejected from heavy nuclei, e.g. ${}^9\mathrm{Be}$? The $$e^{-\frac{4\pi}{\hbar}\frac{Ze^2}{4\pi\epsilon_0}\frac{1}{v_\alpha}}$$ decreases exponentially in $Z$, so it explains intuitively why lower-$Z$ particles would tunnel more often. Specifically, it would explain why we would see ${}^9\mathrm{Be}$ emission ${e^{-2}}\simeq 0.14$ times as often compared to ${}^4\mathrm{He}$ emission. Also, the particles need to form in the nucleus prior emissions; but with a similar binding energy per nucleon (~7.08 MeV for ${}^4\mathrm{He}$ vs. 6.47 MeV for ${}^9\mathrm{Be}$) and higher total binding energy for the ${}^9\mathrm{Be}$ nucleus, I would expect that its formation in the same order of prevalence as the alpha particle (according to Ohanian, between 0.1 and 1 alpha particles are in existence at any moment in time). Can anyone explain this? A reference to an article/textbook would be preferable. EDIT Same goes for ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}$ which is also a double magic isotope, as 'anna v' pointed out. For it, the Gamow factor is smaller by $e^{-4}\simeq 0.02$, and emission should still be viable. | The new Top-Bar does not show reputation changes from Area 51. | eng_Latn | 10,293 |
This group gained their superpowers after being exposed to cosmic radiation during a space flight | Why radiation can't give you superpowers | PBS NewsHour Aug 10, 2015 ... In Marvel's comic book Fantastic Four, a radiation blast yields ... Typically in comic books, the transition to superhuman power involves exposure to radiation. ... like gamma rays created by solar wind or cosmic rays from other galaxies. .... just aren't a practical issue for manned spaceflight of the durations we... | Jeopary Questions page 795 - GUILTY PLEASURES - TriviaBistro.com PEN NAMES: (Sarah of the Clue Crew) Appropriately, the name of this kind of pen is from .... ART: (Cheryl of the Clue Crew at Rembrandt's house in Amsterdam) ... Clue Crew at Rembrandt's house in Amsterdam) Rembrandt did much of his work in this studio, including this philosopher "Contemplating the Bust of Homer". | eng_Latn | 10,294 |
How do conversion factors compare in "low-field" and "high-field" methods of measuring the gyromagnetic ratio? | A further complication is that the measurement of γ′p involves the measurement of an electric current: this is invariably measured in conventional amperes rather than in SI amperes, so a conversion factor is required. The symbol Γ′p-90 is used for the measured gyromagnetic ratio using conventional electrical units. In addition, there are two methods of measuring the value, a "low-field" method and a "high-field" method, and the conversion factors are different in the two cases. Only the high-field value Γ′p-90(hi) is of interest in determining the Planck constant. | From the German point of view, March 1941 saw an improvement. The Luftwaffe flew 4,000 sorties that month, including 12 major and three heavy attacks. The electronic war intensified but the Luftwaffe flew major inland missions only on moonlit nights. Ports were easier to find and made better targets. To confuse the British, radio silence was observed until the bombs fell. X- and Y-Gerät beams were placed over false targets and switched only at the last minute. Rapid frequency changes were introduced for X-Gerät, whose wider band of frequencies and greater tactical flexibility ensured it remained effective at a time when British selective jamming was degrading the effectiveness of Y-Gerät. | eng_Latn | 10,295 |
Difference between electron affinity and electron gain enthalpy? | What are the differences between Electron Affinity and Electron Gain Enthalpy? | Why is the uplink frequency greater than download frequency in satellite communication? | eng_Latn | 10,296 |
How do you find a wavelength emission of an atom in the CRC book? | In the 76th edition it is Chapter 10 of the CRC - "Line Spectra of the Elements". You may need to convert the numbers given to the units you desire. | http://www.cwo.com/~lunarlab/ this is a "moon" site.Too many questions there in your question. | eng_Latn | 10,297 |
How does a electron revolve in Rutherford's model? | Why don't electrons crash into the nuclei they "orbit"? | Bohr's model of an atom doesn't seem to have overcome the drawback of Rutherford's model | eng_Latn | 10,298 |
elements which gives out emission spectrum? | As far as I know, all of them. Emission spectra are caused by electrons absorbing energy and moving to a higher energy orbit or state (in the case of visible light it is a higher orbit) then when the electron goes back down to the lower state that it usually inhabits, it gives off a photon of an energy equal to the change in the energy level of the electron. All elements can have excited electrons, and all electrons give off photons when they return to ground state, so all electrons give off emission spectra.\nIf you know of some element out there that doesn't I would be really interested to know what's going on with it. | Because the las energy lawyer is complete. The octet rule says that the last energy lawyer must be complete or have 8 electrons to be inreactive. | eng_Latn | 10,299 |
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