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U.S. Forces to Georgia? | The United States may send troops to the former Soviet republic of Georgia to train forces there to fight terrorist groups. The Pentagon has proposed sending between 45 and 200 military trainers. U.S. officials say they have linked Chechen rebels harboring in Georgia to the al Qaeda terrorist network. NPR's Steve Inskeep reports there are some questions about those alleged links. | Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel is on Capitol Hill Wednesday to explain why smaller budgets will require a smaller army — even as tensions with Russia flare anew in the Ukraine. | eng_Latn | 13,800 |
Obama Faces Limited Options In Ukraine | As the situation in Ukraine worsens, many are looking to President Obama to see how he’ll respond. The president’s options are limited and thus far he’s stuck to tough statements and a phone call with Russian president Vladimir Putin. But Obama’s critics are already saying that he’s inept at handling foreign policy issues. NPR’s Ron Elving joins Here & Now’s Jeremy Hobson to discuss Washington’s response and options. Guest
Ron Elving, senior Washington editor for NPR. He tweets @relving.
JEREMY HOBSON, HOST: Well, that's the view from Moscow. Let's get to Washington now, where many are wondering what President Obama will do next. Joining us now is NPR senior Washington editor Ron Elving. And Ron, there's been a lot of talk about potential policy options for the president. What are they? RON ELVING, BYLINE: Yesterday we heard the Secretary of State John Kerry tell a number of different television audiences that, quote, "all options are on the table," unquote. But as a practical matter, if you break them down into the three areas of military reaction, economic sanctions or diplomatic sanctions, it's much more likely that the United States' response will begin with diplomatic, move toward economic and never reach a military response. Most everybody in the administration is throwing cold water on the idea that we would or that we even could play a meaningful military role in the Black Sea area. HOBSON: Well, we heard President Obama talk on Friday night about this. He said Russia would face consequences if they invaded Ukraine. Let's take a listen. PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA: The United States will stand with the international community in affirming that there will be costs for any military intervention in Ukraine. HOBSON: So you mentioned some of that, Ron, but what more do we know about what those costs would be, whether it be on the diplomatic front or the economic front? ELVING: Starting with the economic front for a moment, some costs have already been most definitely felt by Russians, and that would be the drop in the Russian stock market, about nine percent the first day after this action was taken. That would be considered a correction to the U.S. financial markets, and to have it take place all in one day would be a true shock. Now of course markets are down all over the world. Markets at this moment are down in the United States by a couple of points. But that's not anything compared to what's been seen in Russia and in Ukraine, for that matter. And of course the ruble hit an all-time low against the dollar, and that has forced the Russians already to scramble to take extraordinary measures to support their currency. So these are Russian costs already that have taken place in the absence of any policy change by European countries or the United States. It has already incurred these kinds of costs. Now on the diplomatic front, we already see all the other nations in the G8, that's the seven major Western democracies plus Russia, have suspended their preparations to go to Russia, in fact to Sochi where the Olympics were held and which is not terribly far from Crimea on the Black Sea coast. They have suspended their preparations to go to G8 meeting there in June that had been another feather in the cap of Vladimir Putin, like the Olympics. And now they're all saying, well, it looks like we're not so eager to go and be just a few miles away from Crimea. HOBSON: Well, and you talked about the economic costs. We have to say that there would be American companies affected by that, too. I was speaking with someone today at a commodities company in the United States who said he's preparing his staff. He's saying staff, you need to prepare for the possibility of sanctions and what that would do over here. So a lot of questions about the economic costs there. Let's just take a listen to something else that Secretary of State Kerry said on NBC's "Meet the Press." (SOUNDBITE OF TELEVISION PROGRAM, "MEET THE PRESS") SECRETARY JOHN KERRY: You just don't invade another country on phony pretext in order to assert your interests. DAVID GREGORY: Well, but... KERRY: There are ways, there are ways to deal with this, and President Putin knows that. President Obama yesterday offered mediation. There are plenty of ways to protect Russian-speaking people in Crimea or other parts of Ukraine. But, you know, they are really sort of a hidden pretext here trying to possibly annex Crimea. HOBSON: Ron Elving, when you hear Secretary Kerry say you just don't invade another country on phony pretext in order to assert your interests, I wonder what the U.S. experience, especially in Iraq 10 years ago, 11 years ago, how that impacts the arguments that we're able to make. ELVING: That has an impact of course in diplomatic circles. Certainly anyone in the United Nations who was present when we put forward our reasons for invading Iraq remembers what eventually happened to those assertions about | President Barack Obama and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh held a joint news conference at the White House today. Singh is making the first official State visit of a foreign leader since Obama was sworn into office in January. There will be a State Dinner at the White House tonight. While issues related to U.S.-India relations were likely to come up during the news conference, iPresident Obama was also asked about reports that he's planning to announce next Tuesday his decision on how many more U.S. troops will be sent to Afghanistan. We used the box below to live-blog during the news conference. Just click the "play" button and our updates should flow in automatically. If you want to submit a comment, there's a box at the bottom of the player for them: | kor_Hang | 13,801 |
In Europe, Deep Divisions Remain Over Libya | European leaders are meeting in Brussels on Thursday for a summit likely to be dominated by the military action in Libya. The U.S. is anxious to hand over control of the operation to its European allies, but they have failed to agree on how the operation should be controlled. After a stormy meeting at NATO on Monday, it became clear that there were deep disagreements about the organization's role, and a further two days of talks have still failed to reach agreement. | Alex Chadwick speaks with Stephen Beard of <EM>Marketplace</EM> about European Union plans to aid the U.S. clean-up effort in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. | eng_Latn | 13,802 |
Macedonia Closes Border | NPR's Jennifer Glass reports that thousands of ethnic Albanian refugees were stranded across the border in Kosovo today, after Macedonia abruptly closed its frontiers with Yugoslavia. NPR's Wendy Kaufman reports on a new way for students and parents to find out how the students are doing in school. Students grades in the Fife School District in Washington state are posted on the internet. Parents like the idea, and so do students--but not all of them. | Protesters in Belarus accuse the government of shutting down the Internet to interfere with their protest plans. An opposition candidate defeated in weekend elections fled to Lithuania for her safety. | eng_Latn | 13,803 |
Poroshenko Says Ukraine Near To 'Full-Scale War' | Update at 6:55 p.m. ET Ukraine's President Petro Poroshenko has told European Union foreign ministers that his country is "close to a point of no return," over Moscow's support for separatist rebels. "I think that we are very close to the point of no return," he said at an EU meeting in Brussels, where he was invited to speak. "Point of no return is full-scale war," he said. "Any offensive action which would be undertaken [by Russia]... would be a point of no return. And that's why we undertake enormous efforts to stop that," he said, according to the BBC. The Ukrainian leader's comments came as the EU was reportedly hammering out further sanctions against Russia. European Council President Herman Van Rompuy said the EU would have proposals for sanctions within a week, the Associated Press reported Saturday, although it's not clear when those sanctions might be implemented. These potential sanctions would be intended to punish Russia for its incursion into eastern Ukraine, where as many as 5,000 Kremlin troops are said to be fighting alongside pro-Russia separatists. The European foreign minsters have expressed "deep concern" over Moscow's "aggression." NATO has also called on the Kremlin to halt its "illegal military operations" in eastern Ukraine. Meanwhile, pro-Russia separatists have captured the Ukrainian city of Novoazovsk in the southern Donetsk province on the coast of the Sea of Azov. NPR's Soraya Sarhaddi Nelson, who visited Novoazovsk shortly after its capture, tells Weekend Edition Saturday that the city seems calm, but that residents are nervously reticent. In an hour-long visit that was controlled by separatists, Soraya says she spoke to a city administration worker. "She was rather frightened and it took me a while to even get her to give me her first name," Soraya says. "I asked her if she was happy that she'd been liberated and she wouldn't answer." The capture of the city, now part of what the separatists call "the new Russia," came after three days of fighting, according to residents. Soraya tells Weekend Edition Saturday host Scott Simon that it's difficult or impossible to tell whether Russian forces are mixed in with the rebels, as the U.S. and European nations claim. "[There] seems to be a mix of people here, definitely not locals who are here," she says. "But the separatists claim they do not have any Russians fighting among them, that these are Ukrainians fighters who are here ... that all the weapons and tanks here, and we've seen three tanks here, have been confiscated from the Ukrainians." According to the AP: "None of the half-dozen tanks seen by Associated Press reporters in the town of about 12,000 people bore Russian markings, but the packaging on [the fighters'] field rations said they were issued by the Russian army." NATO Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen on Friday referred to Russia's "hollow denials" that its troops and equipment had illegally crossed the border into Ukraine. "This is a blatant violation of Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity. It defies all diplomatic efforts for a peaceful solution," he said. Earlier this week, President Obama said there is "no doubt that this is not a homegrown, indigenous uprising." As EU foreign ministers met, Ukraine's President Petro Poroshenko, who was invited to speak, appealed for them to give an "appropriate response" over Russian forces being brought into Ukraine, his spokesman said in a Twitter post, according to Reuters: "Referring to meetings in Brussels between Poroshenko and EU leaders on Saturday, the spokesman said: 'Poroshenko expressed the hope that the leaders of EU members will give an appropriate response to the act of aggression towards Ukraine. "'The bringing of Russian forces onto Ukrainian territory requires an appropriate response from the EU.'" The high-level discussions came amid reports that a Ukrainian SU-25 had been shot down. Soraya reports: "This has been the third jet that in recent days has been shot down. This time, the Ukrainians say it was some sort of Russian missile launcher that brought it down. There has been no response from the Russian side." | Just mention, "Iraq," on this page and the comments start to fly... stay, go, surge, withdraw, etc, etc. After spending most of the first hour today talking about what life is like in Iraq, we'll step back and talk with Francis Fukuyama here in Washington, D.C. He argued in an op-ed in the Los Angeles Times that, "the surge was the last military card we had to play, and now our bluff will soon be called.... We need to start figuring out how to leave this zombie-like zone." So, is it time to leave Iraq? And, if so, how do you minimize the costs? | kor_Hang | 13,804 |
The Ukrainian Reaction To Secession And Sanctions | Following Sunday's referendum in Crimea, Robert Siegel speaks with the U.S. ambassador to Ukraine, Geoffrey Pyatt, to find out his reaction to the vote in favor of secession. | Alex Chadwick speaks with Stephen Beard of <EM>Marketplace</EM> about European Union plans to aid the U.S. clean-up effort in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. | eng_Latn | 13,805 |
Russia Aborts Rocket Engine Sales, GPS Cooperation With U.S. | In a tit-for-tat sanctions dispute over the situation in Ukraine, a top Russian official said Tuesday that Moscow would stop supplying the U.S. with rocket engines used in military satellite launches and suspend operation of GPS ground stations in Russian territory. The moves come after Washington banned some high-tech equipment sales to Russia as part of sanctions in response to the annexation of Crimea. Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin, the head of Russia's space program and a target of U.S. sanctions, says Moscow will only supply its powerful RD-180 and NK-33 engines if it is sure they will not be used for military launches. But, he added: "We proceed from the fact that without guarantees that our engines are used for non-military spacecraft launches only, we won't be able to supply them to the U.S." Rogozin also said that beginning June 1, 11 American Global Positioning System (GPS) stations on Russian soil would be shut down. The "differential correction" stations provide a ground-based reference that makes GPS signals more accurate, so shutting them down would presumably affect GPS accuracy in some parts of the globe. Moscow has its own version of GPS, a satellite navigation system known as GLONASS. The two countries had been working toward a reciprocal agreement to allow GLONASS stations on U.S. soil, but the deal has yet to be finalized. The RD-180 is currently used as the first stage for the U.S. Atlas V launch vehicle built by United Launch Alliance, a consortium of Lockheed Martin and Boeing, and a pair of NK-33s — originally developed for Russia's scuttled N1 moon shot rocket — make up the first stage of Orbital Sciences Corp.'s Antares launch vehicle. NPR's Corey Flintoff, reporting from Moscow, says "Rogozin also says Russia will not cooperate with a U.S. request to extend the life of the International Space Station beyond 2020." Last month, Rogozin tweeted a suggestion that the U.S., which relies on Russia's Soyuz system to reach the International Space Station, should launch its astronauts "with a trampoline." | Massive protests in Ukraine continued Wednesday, as demonstrators besieged key government buildings in the capital, Kiev, amid a crisis over President Viktor Yanukovych's rejection of closer ties with the European Union. The government rejected a landmark EU trade pact last month, sparking angry demonstrations that have brought as many as 300,000 people onto the streets. On Tuesday, the opposition lost a bid to unseat the government when a vote of no-confidence failed to win approval in the country's parliament. The Associated Press writes: "The opposition called for the parliamentary vote over Yanukovych's shelving of a long-anticipated agreement to deepen political and economic ties with the European Union and the violent tactics used by police to disperse demonstrators protesting the decision." "Yanukovych has sought to quell public anger by moving to renew [EU trade] talks with Brussels. The government appears to recognize that the police violence may have galvanized long-brewing frustrations rather than stifle protests." "But while Prime Minister Mykola Azarov, attending the parliamentary session with his Cabinet, apologized for the violence, he also made a tough vow." "'We have extended our hand to you, but if we encounter a fist, I will be frank, we have enough force,' he said." On Wednesday, protestors threatened to extend their blockade to the president's office, Reuters says. Yanukovych flew to China on Tuesday, where he hoped to sign bilateral trade deals. Reuters writes that Yanukovych's departure "was a gesture of confidence that order could be maintained at home. " | eng_Latn | 13,806 |
Russia's Energy Giant Turns Up The Heat On Ukraine | If Russia was aiming to target one of Ukraine's vulnerabilities, natural gas would be the bull's-eye. Ukraine gets about 60 percent of its gas from Russia. Clifford Gaddy, a Russia specialist at the Brookings Institution, says as the dispute between the two countries grows, Moscow is more willing to use natural gas as a weapon. "The ways in which Russia can play with this gas lever, how it can use it, these are not things that they just think of from one day to the next," Gaddy says. "They've thought out the scenarios; they've gamed it all; they have fallback options; they're using it very tactically." The largely state-owned Gazprom has been raising the cost of natural gas to Ukraine since February, when former pro-Russian President Viktor Yanukovych fled the country. Back then, it was $268 per 1,000 cubic meters. Now, Ukraine pays $485 for the same amount. That's $100 more than Germany pays for the same unit, and more than any other Gazprom customer, says Kristine Berzina, an energy specialist with the German Marshall Fund in Brussels. Gazprom did not respond to NPR queries about why Ukraine's price has gone up so sharply. Berzina says there is no set price for natural gas. "Russia discounts gas for its friends but doesn't discount it for others. And the price could perhaps indicate how friendly you are with Russia at any given moment," she says. Russia is also increasing the amount Ukraine owes in unpaid bills. In March, the total was put at $2 billion; this month, Gazprom officials say it's more than $3.5 billion. Now, the Russian energy company has handed the Kiev government an additional bill for more than $1.5 billion for natural gas, and has threatened to cut off supplies if Ukraine fails to pay by June 2. David Dalton with the Economist Intelligence Unit in London says what Russia is demanding is a prepayment. "That means any gas Ukrainians want, they will have to pay for before it arrives, which is the equivalent of saying: We're going to cut you off." Dalton says if that happens, then Europe will be cut off, because the Ukrainians certainly will not let the gas pass through their country without keeping some of it. Kiev says it's not willing to pay overdue bills for gas at exorbitant prices. But Berzina says even if there's less demand for natural gas now that the warmer weather is here, Ukraine is still in a precarious situation. She says that next month, Ukraine needs to start filling up its natural gas storage for the winter in order to have the reserves on hand for when the weather actually does get cold later in the year. "It would therefore be risky in many ways for Ukraine to undergo a shutoff or other disturbance already in June," she says. Up to now, Ukraine did not have the money to pay Gazprom. But it did just receive more than $3 billion from the International Monetary Fund, the first installment of a $17 billion loan to help rebuild the economy. Dalton says Moscow may be expecting payment to come from that. "One of the things that might outrage people is some of the money from the IMF is going to be used to pay Gazprom — quite a lot of it," Dalton says. Most of the first installment is going to pay Gazprom, he says. Gaddy says if that happens, Western nations would be seen as sanctioning Russia for its behavior. Gazprom runs a risk if it cuts supplies because energy exports make up half of Russia's revenue. But Gaddy says Moscow isn't thinking about the money right now. "It's part of a bigger conflict. This is not about the specifics of Ukraine's debts to Gazprom or about the terms of the contract or about whether or not the price is fair. This is all being used as pressure in this much bigger standoff between Russia and the West," Gaddy says. He says for that reason, he expects Russia to continue ratcheting up the pressure on Ukraine. MELISSA BLOCK, HOST: Russia's energy giant, Gazprom, is turning up the heat on Ukraine, increasing both the cost of natural gas and the amount Russia is owed in overdue bills. The Kiev government has refused to pay until largely state-owned Gazprom comes up with more reasonable figures. As NPR's Jackie Northam reports, there's concern the increasing bad blood between the two sides could threaten natural gas supplies to Ukraine and the rest of Europe. JACKIE NORTHAM, BYLINE: If Russia was aiming to target one of Ukraine's vulnerabilities, natural gas would be the bulls-eye. Ukraine gets about 60 percent of its gas from Russia. Clifford Gaddy, a Russia specialist at the Brookings Institution, says as the dispute between the two countries grows, Moscow is more willing to use natural gas as a weapon. CLIFFORD GADDY: The ways in which Russia can play with this gas lever, how it can use it, these are not things that they just think of from one day to the next. They've thought out these scenarios, they've gamed it all, they have fall-back options, they're using it very tactically. NORTHAM: The largely state-owned Gazprom has been inflating the cost of natura | California fire investigators have found the state’s largest utility was at fault for two of the most destructive wildfires that swept through Northern California last year. The investigators still haven’t said what caused the biggest and deadliest of the blazes. But the utility PG&E has already set aside $2.5 billion this quarter alone to prepare for the possibility that it could face billions more in fines. Marisa Lagos (@mlagos) from KQED reports. | eng_Latn | 13,807 |
Russia risks being isolated by the West as it introduces visa bans and threatens more sanctions .
But the European Union is reliant on Russia for its energy supplies, and has strong trade links .
Trade is not so important between Russia and U.S., which is becoming energy self-sufficient .
These differences have impacted the economic approaches to Russia amid the crisis in Ukraine . | (CNN) -- U.S. President Barack Obama has warned Russia that targeted sanctions are "ready to go," as the Geneva agreement to de-escalate the crisis falters. Officials have vowed more punitive international actions targeting Russia's economy if Moscow, in their view, continues to aggravate the situation. Key Putin allies, high-profile Russian oligarchs and possibly Russian institutions and companies, will be targeted, CNN has been told. Obama, at a news conference Friday in South Korea, said he would be talking to other European leaders about sanctions against Russia as the Ukraine crisis worsens. The West has already introduced sanctions, imposing financial and visa restrictions on around 30 Russian and Ukrainian officials -- but stopping short of measures that would hit trade. However, the uncertainty has fed capital flight, prompting Standard & Poor's to cut Russia's credit rating to one notch above junk. Hours later Russia raised its interest rates to limit the damage. Ukraine hiked its bank rates on April in an attempts to protect its economy against the turmoil triggered by violent protests and Russia's military intervention in Crimea. Russia is deeply integrated in the global economy, and links with the EU are particularly strong. Here's the background to Russia's relationship with the West. How important is Russia's economy? Russia is the eight biggest economy in the world, with GDP of more than $2 trillion. Its economy -- which is heavily reliant on commodities, particularly oil and gas -- is expected to grow only slightly in 2014 to around $2.4 trillion. Hopes it would be one of the decade's powerhouse economies have faded, with its GDP growing just 1.3% last year compared to 2012, one of the sharpest slowdowns in the emerging markets. Russia boomed in the late 1990s and early 2000s as energy prices rose, then stumbled as demand for commodities contracted. But its energy supplies remain vitally important for the European Union, to which it supplies a third of its natural gas. Germany, the eurozone's biggest economy, imports around 40% of its gas from Russia. With the Ukraine crisis taking its toll, Russia's economy may not grow at all in 2014, some analysts have warned. What is Russia's economic relationship with the U.S? The economic relationship between Russia and the U.S. is unbalanced. Russia is the 20th largest trading partner for the U.S., with $27 billion worth of trade exported across the Atlantic. On the flip-side, the U.S. is Russia's fifth largest partner, with just $11 billion worth of trade. According to Russian Foundation chair David Clark, trade is a "relatively unimportant" component of relations. Energy links are also weakening as the U.S. looks to shale gas for its energy supplies and heads towards self-sufficiency. However, in March the U.S. State Department took its first step on sanctions, imposing a visa ban on Russian and Ukrainian officials and individuals "responsible for, or complicit in threatening the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine." An expansion of the sanctions has been threatened. What is Russia's economic relationship with the EU? The EU is Russia's largest trading partner, and there are deep economic links between the two. Almost half of Russia's exports -- $292 billion worth -- end up in EU countries. Russia, in turn, is the third biggest trading partner for the EU, with $169 billion in imports. The EU initially stepped more cautiously than the U.S. on sanctions. However, earlier this month, the EU said it would reinforce sanctions and target an additional four people in its sanctions. This will bring the total number of people subject to EU asset freezes to 22. Members of the G8 have also said they will not attend a planned summit in Sochi this June, instead meeting in Brussels without Russia. Meanwhile, the West has offered $16 billion in aid for Ukraine, helping the country prop up its ailing finances. The International Monetary Fund has also said Ukraine has $14 billion to $18 billion credit available if required. Why did the U.S. and EU approach Russia differently? The eurozone has only just emerged from its own crisis, and commentators say it could be wary of rapidly cutting ties with such a powerful economic partner. Its reliance on gas out of Russia would also feed caution. In contrast, the U.S. is weaning itself off Russia's energy supplies and its trade relationship is much less intertwined. Map: How Ukraine is divided . CNNMoney's Mark Thompson contributed to this report . | (CNN) -- Sasha drags bulging shopping bags onto a trishaw as he heads back to his hotel, ending another hectic day in Beijing. It's hectic but lucrative. He typifies the transient traders who come to Beijing on shopping expeditions, making hefty profits buying goods and reselling at home. Beijingers used to call them "da daoye" (big traders). Now they are simply "hao pengyou" (good friend) -- favored customers and trading partners. They congregate in Yabaolu, once a quiet Beijing neighborhood of mostly one-story courtyards, now a bustling trading hub dotted with shops and high-rise shopping malls. Much of China-Russia trade is done along their border crossings in northeastern China. In the Chinese capital it all happens in Yabaolu. "Most of the people here are Russians buying clothes, leather, and furs," says a Ukrainian trader nicknamed Alex. "They ship to all Slavic countries and Russia." Here bargaining is tough but business is good. The most successful, traders say, can resell their items for 20 times their investment. Small wonder many Poles, Ukrainians, Yugoslavs and other East European traders make the long trip, too. Local Chinese make money as well. Pedicab drivers, speaking in pidgin Russian, offer to haul the traders for about $2 a ride. Local shop keepers and restaurant owners also make brisk business. The Chocolate -- an over-the-top nightclub that features scantily dressed Russian women dancing burlesque-style and a Russian band singing Russian and Western songs -- attracts a regular stream of Chinese and Russian customers. Over the years, I've observed trading in Yabaolu grow from small to big. Twenty years ago, traders loaded up scores boxes of goods -- mostly cheap clothes -- onto decrepit trailer trucks bound for train stations. Now, they employ shipping companies to move various goods that include silk dresses and shirts, fur jackets, toys and handbags. Vladimir Turkov is the general manager of Express Capital Trading, a company that exports steel from China to Russia. His 5-year-old company now employs 15 people in Yabaolu and has opened a Moscow branch to handle marketing and distribution. "Everyone here got into the business around the same time," Turkov said, "and because of that, we grew in success together. There was a need for products, and there still is." Turkov's success is emblematic of the improved China-Russia ties that over the years have zigzagged between cooperation and conflicts. In the 1950s, China and the former Soviet Union were locked in a bear hug as firm Communist comrades. But in the 1960s, they turned into bitter foes, even fighting over a border dispute in 1969. Ties have since improved and Sino-Russian relations look more promising. They have settled border disputes, struck multi-million-dollar energy deals and have agreed to drop the U.S. dollar in favor of their own currencies to boost bilateral trade. Last year, China overtook Germany as Russia's largest trading partner. On a visit to St. Petersburg last June, Chinese president Hu Jintao told a gathering of business executives that China and Russia now seek to increase bilateral trade to $100 billion by 2015 and $200 billion by 2020. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union twenty years ago, Sino-Russian borders have seen a spike in traffic. Some 3 million people from China and Russia now visit each other's country annually. They include traders like Turkov and Sasha. Turkov attributes his success to good inter-personal relations between Chinese and Russians. "We've all been in China for so many years," he says, "We know how to interact with the Chinese. We may have differences but we also have much in common and have learned to live with our differences." Turkov says he is not deterred by problems of bureaucracy, corruption and business conflicts that sometimes bedevil businessmen in China. "If you play according to the rules, you won't get into trouble," he says. "Many traders are only interested in coming to Beijing, buy products, and then go back to Russia to sell them," says Ekaterina Davydova, marketing manager at Express Capital Trading. But Russians like Turkov, she says, are in China for the long haul. "We are helping the Chinese economy and our success is obviously dependent on the world economy," Turkov says. Will business remain bullish, given the economic downturn in the U.S. and Europe? "Business is good, at least for now," he says, "While you can't always foretell the future, I'm optimistic." With research by Lorenzo Ferrigno. | eng_Latn | 13,808 |
What would happen if Ukraine joins NATO? | What would happen if NATO incorporated Ukraine right now? | What if Taiwan declared independence? | eng_Latn | 13,809 |
Why does the US want to start a war with Russia? | Does the US want to start a war against Russia? | How close are we from WW3/Nuclear war? | eng_Latn | 13,810 |
Is Crimea a part of Russia or Ukraine? | Is Crimea a part of Russia as of 2016? | Today if china will attack on india. which country will support india in war against of china? | eng_Latn | 13,811 |
Why do Poles dislike Russians? | Why do the Poles dislike Russians more than they dislike Germans? | How do the people of England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland and N. Ireland think of each other? | eng_Latn | 13,812 |
Why can't the US and Russia just get along? | Why can't the US and Russia just be friends? | How would World War III play out? | eng_Latn | 13,813 |
What would happen if Russia invaded Finland? | Could Russia invade, defeat, and occupy Finland? | How will the events of WWIII play out? | eng_Latn | 13,814 |
I'm married to a Bulgarian and I want to instill a sense of the Bulgarian culture in our daughter. We speak only Bulgarian to her in the home. | Here is a link to Bulgarian Community Groups.\n\nhttp://www.wineimport.com/Pages/food.htm\n\nHere are some great Bulgarian Recipes!\n\nhttp://www.omda.bg/engl/cook/archive.htm\n\nA Yahoo Group for Bulgarians that live in MN\n\nhttp://groups.yahoo.com/group/BG-MN/ | Theodore Roosevelt on Immigrants and being an AMERICAN\n\n"In the first place we should insist that if the immigrant who comes here in good faith becomes an American and assimilates himself to us, he shall be treated on an exact equality with everyone else, for it is an outrage to discriminate against any such man because of creed, or birthplace, or origin. But this is predicated upon the man's becoming in very fact an American, and nothing but an American...There can be no divided allegiance here. Any man who says he is an American, but something else also, isn't an American at all. We have room for but one flag, the American flag, and this excludes the red flag, which symbolizes all wars against liberty and civilization, just as much as it excludes any foreign flag of a nation to which we are hostile...We have room for but one language here, and that is the English language...and we have room for but one sole loyalty and that is a loyalty to the American people."\n\nTheodore Roosevelt 1907 | eng_Latn | 13,815 |
What are Hillary Clinton's plans regarding Putin and Ukraine? | What would Hillary Clinton’s policy be regarding Ukraine? | What does Russia want with Ukraine? | eng_Latn | 13,816 |
If two countries-members of NATO go to war with each other what will be NATO's position? | What happens if two NATO members start fighting against each other? | What would happen if Russia and the EU declared war on each other? | eng_Latn | 13,817 |
What exactly is the Baluchistan conflict? | What is Baluchistan problems? | What are the biggest problems facing Ukraine? | eng_Latn | 13,818 |
How likely is a war between the U.S and Russia? | How likely is a nuclear war with Russia in the next few years? | Will Russia invade the rest of Ukraine? | eng_Latn | 13,819 |
Will the USA go to war with Russia using nuclear weapons? | Will Russia and U.S. go to war? | Why American goverment being looking for new cold war against with Russia? | eng_Latn | 13,820 |
Is Russia really planning on starting a war with America? | Will there be a war between Russia and America? | What is the main reason behind the rivalry between America and Russia? | eng_Latn | 13,821 |
Will the USA go to war with Russia? | Will the USA go to war with Russia using nuclear weapons? | Is Russia too strong for USA to destroy it? | eng_Latn | 13,822 |
Will the USA go to war with Russia? | Are we going to war with Russia? | How long is there going to be a tension between Russia and NATO? Will it end one day? If yes, when? | eng_Latn | 13,823 |
What Bulgarians think about Indians? | What Bulgarian think about Indians? | What do Russians think of Turks? | eng_Latn | 13,824 |
Who will win between a war between USA and Russia with both parties using conventional weapons? | Who will win if there is non nuclear war between Russia and America? | If Azerbaijan and Armenia went to war, who would win? | eng_Latn | 13,825 |
How likely is it that we are going to go to war with Russia, and what should I do if it where to happen? | Is there going to be war against Russia? | Is Russia considered a western country? | eng_Latn | 13,826 |
Russia is still supporting India? | Why is Russia supporting India? | Will India lose Russia as an ally because of Modi? | eng_Latn | 13,827 |
How likely is it that we are going to go to war with Russia, and what should I do if it where to happen? | All over the news lately they talk about Russia and US on the brink of war. How likely will a war happen? | Will the United States go to war with Iran? | eng_Latn | 13,828 |
What are the chances of a second Cold War with Russia? | Is a second cold war with Russia a real possibility? | How long is there going to be a tension between Russia and NATO? Will it end one day? If yes, when? | eng_Latn | 13,829 |
Why and how Russia possesses such a huge land mass? | How was Russia able to get/capture such a vast land area? | Why didn't Russia blatantly invade the eastern part of Ukraine? | eng_Latn | 13,830 |
where is the place ukraine | Ukrayina ), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east, northeast, and south, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Hungary and Slovakia to the west, Romania, and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. | Ukraine is one of the largest grain exporters in the world As of 2011 Ukraine was the worlds 3rd largest grain exporter. The third most visited McDonald s in the world The third most visited McDonald s in the world is located in Kiev, near the train station.kraine is the largest state in Europe Ukraine, the largest state situated entirely in Europe, appeared on the map of the world in 1991. | eng_Latn | 13,831 |
Greeks and Turks Move Toward a Cyprus Solution | For nearly 25 years, Cyprus has been divided — Greeks in the south and Turks in the north. But leaders on both sides have agreed to open a crossing, which reporter Mike Theodulou says is a step toward reuniting the island. | Crimeans voted overwhelmingly on Sunday to leave Ukraine and join Russia. Morning Edition checks in with NPR's Gregory Warner in Simferopol and Eleanor Beardsley in Kiev for the latest. | eng_Latn | 13,832 |
Where did NATO begin naval operations after 2002? | In the following months, NATO took a wide range of measures to respond to the threat of terrorism. On 22 November 2002, the member states of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) decided on a Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism, which explicitly states, "EAPC States are committed to the protection and promotion of fundamental freedoms and human rights, as well as the rule of law, in combating terrorism." NATO started naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general called Operation Active Endeavour. | The immediate chain of events leading to France and the United Kingdom declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854 came from the ambition of the French emperor Napoleon III to restore the grandeur of France. He wanted Catholic support that would come his way if he attacked Eastern Orthodoxy, as sponsored by Russia.:103 The Marquis Charles de La Valette was a zealous Catholic and a leading member of the "clerical party," which demanded French protection of the Roman Catholic rights to the holy places in Palestine. In May 1851, Napoleon appointed La Valette as his ambassador to the Porte (the Ottoman Empire).:7–9 The appointment was made with the intent of forcing the Ottomans to recognise France as the "sovereign authority" over the Christian population.:19 Russia disputed this attempted change in authority. Pointing to two more treaties, one in 1757 and the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, the Ottomans reversed their earlier decision, renouncing the French treaty and insisting that Russia was the protector of the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire. | eng_Latn | 13,833 |
This Ukranian port was the scene of the Potemkin Mutiny in 1905 | Potemkin | Russian warship | Britannica.com in Odessa (Ukraine) ...second most important port, after St. Petersburg; grain was its principal export. The city was one of the chief centres of the Revolution of 1905 and was the scene of the mutiny on the warship Potemkin; Sergey Eisenstein's... | Jeopary Questions page 1469 - PSYCHO BABBLE - TriviaBistro.com SUBATOMIC PARTICLES: Particle name of a 1984 Pointer Sisters "dance", or a bomb that destroys .... HISTORICAL NOVELS: The 3rd book in James Reasoner's Civil War saga is named for this Maryland battle the Rebels called Sharpsburg. | eng_Latn | 13,834 |
This strategic peninsula became part of Ukraine in 1954 | Crimea - Wikipedia The Crimean Peninsula also known simply as Crimea is a major land mass on the northern coast of the Black Sea that is almost completely surrounded by both the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov to the northeast. The peninsula is located south of the Ukrainian region of Kherson and west .... Crimea became part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in... | Saint Petersburg - Welcome2018.com From its foundation and up until 1914 it has been called St. Petersburg; between 1914 and 1924 its name was Petrograd, then, until 1991 it was called... | eng_Latn | 13,835 |
This Ukranian Black Sea port was the site of a Russian naval victory in 1905 | Black Sea Fleet - Wikipedia The Black Sea Fleet is a large operational-strategic command of the Russian (and formerly ... The crew of the battleship Potemkin revolted in 1905 soon after the Navy's .... The Fleet's main base is still situated in the Crimean port city of Sevastopol. ... Joint exercises of the Ukrainian Navy and the (Russian) Black Sea Fleet... | 2013 topics for the Adhoc Task - INEX I want to know some yoga methods for relaxing after long time work. Thus, lessons of ..... Grozny capital struggle independence 1990s Grozny is the capital city of this region that has waged a struggle for independence since the mid-1990s. | eng_Latn | 13,836 |
This Empress' decree annexing the Crimea was issued on April 8, 1783 | Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire - Wikipedia Encouraged by this news, Empress Catherine issued a formal ... of annexation on 19 April [O.S. 8 April] 1783. | jeopardy/3205_Qs.txt at master jedoublen/jeopardy GitHub MI CASA ES SU CASA | In 1838 a derelict monastery on Majorca was this author's choice to nurse Chopin back to health | George Sand. right: Asad. Wrong:. | eng_Latn | 13,837 |
What did the protesters want Georgia to leave? | On April 7, 1989, Soviet troops and armored personnel carriers were sent to Tbilisi after more than 100,000 people protested in front of Communist Party headquarters with banners calling for Georgia to secede from the Soviet Union and for Abkhazia to be fully integrated into Georgia. On April 9, 1989, troops attacked the demonstrators; some 20 people were killed and more than 200 wounded. This event radicalized Georgian politics, prompting many to conclude that independence was preferable to continued Soviet rule. On April 14, Gorbachev removed Jumber Patiashvili as First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party and replaced him with former Georgian KGB chief Givi Gumbaridze. | Estonia produces about 75% of its consumed electricity. In 2011 about 85% of it was generated with locally mined oil shale. Alternative energy sources such as wood, peat, and biomass make up approximately 9% of primary energy production. Renewable wind energy was about 6% of total consumption in 2009. Estonia imports petroleum products from western Europe and Russia. Oil shale energy, telecommunications, textiles, chemical products, banking, services, food and fishing, timber, shipbuilding, electronics, and transportation are key sectors of the economy. The ice-free port of Muuga, near Tallinn, is a modern facility featuring good transshipment capability, a high-capacity grain elevator, chill/frozen storage, and new oil tanker off-loading capabilities.[citation needed] The railroad serves as a conduit between the West, Russia, and other points to the East.[citation needed] | eng_Latn | 13,838 |
From what area did the Kushan Empire come? | The Kushan Empire expanded out of what is now Afghanistan into the northwest of the subcontinent under the leadership of their first emperor, Kujula Kadphises, about the middle of the 1st century CE. They came of an Indo-European language speaking Central Asian tribe called the Yuezhi, a branch of which was known as the Kushans. By the time of his grandson, Kanishka, they had conquered most of northern India, at least as far as Saketa and Pataliputra, in the middle Ganges Valley, and probably as far as the Bay of Bengal. | Russia experienced territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of Cossacks. Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities, resembling pirates and pioneers of the New World. In 1648, the peasants of Ukraine joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, because of the social and religious oppression they suffered under Polish rule. In 1654 the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian Tsar, Aleksey I. Aleksey's acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War (1654–1667). Finally, Ukraine was split along the river Dnieper, leaving the western part (or Right-bank Ukraine) under Polish rule and eastern part (Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev) under Russian. Later, in 1670–71 the Don Cossacks led by Stenka Razin initiated a major uprising in the Volga region, but the Tsar's troops were successful in defeating the rebels. In the east, the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of the huge territories of Siberia was led mostly by Cossacks hunting for valuable furs and ivory. Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian river routes, and by the mid-17th century there were Russian settlements in the Eastern Siberia, on the Chukchi Peninsula, along the Amur River, and on the Pacific coast. In 1648 the Bering Strait between Asia and North America was passed for the first time by Fedot Popov and Semyon Dezhnyov. | eng_Latn | 13,839 |
Where does Uzbekistan rank as a cotton exporter? | In addition to concerns over subsidies, the cotton industries of some countries are criticized for employing child labor and damaging workers' health by exposure to pesticides used in production. The Environmental Justice Foundation has campaigned against the prevalent use of forced child and adult labor in cotton production in Uzbekistan, the world's third largest cotton exporter. The international production and trade situation has led to "fair trade" cotton clothing and footwear, joining a rapidly growing market for organic clothing, fair fashion or "ethical fashion". The fair trade system was initiated in 2005 with producers from Cameroon, Mali and Senegal. | As the 10th century progressed, the Khazars were no longer able to command tribute from the Volga Bulgars, and their relationship with the Byzantines deteriorated, as Byzantium increasingly allied with the Pechenegs against them. The Pechenegs were thus secure to raid the lands of the Khazars from their base between the Volga and Don rivers, allowing them to expand to the west. Rus' relations with the Pechenegs were complex, as the groups alternately formed alliances with and against one another. The Pechenegs were nomads roaming the steppe raising livestock which they traded with the Rus' for agricultural goods and other products. The lucrative Rus' trade with the Byzantine Empire had to pass through Pecheneg-controlled territory, so the need for generally peaceful relations was essential. Nevertheless, while the Primary Chronicle reports the Pechenegs entering Rus' territory in 915 and then making peace, they were waging war with one another again in 920. Pechenegs are reported assisting the Rus' in later campaigns against the Byzantines, yet allied with the Byzantines against the Rus' at other times. | eng_Latn | 13,840 |
In 1783, after defeating the Turks, Russia annexed this Ukrainian peninsula | Russo-Turkish wars | Russo-Turkish history | Britannica.com Russo-Turkish wars, series of wars between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the ... In 1710 Turkey entered the Northern War against Russia, and after Peter the Great's ... to expand, and in 1783 Catherine annexed the Crimean Peninsula outright. ... By this treaty Turkey ceded the entire western Ukrainian Black Sea coast... | J! Archive - List Final Jeopardy! clues - Season 16 #3658, aired 2000-06-28, THE PULITZER PRIZES: The first man to win the Pulitzer Prize .... #3627, aired 2000-05-16, WORLD LEADERS: Early in the 20th century, he took ..... #3447, aired 1999-09-07, EMPIRES: In the early 1800s, this man's empire included the duchy of Warsaw, the kingdom of Naples & Spain Napoleon. | eng_Latn | 13,841 |
What percent of Armenia speaks Russian? | In Armenia Russian has no official status, but it's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 15,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1 million active speakers. 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. Russian is spoken by 1.4% of the population according to a 2009 estimate from the World Factbook. | In the west, the Russians were dissuaded from attacking Vidin by the presence of the Austrian forces, which had swelled to 280,000 men. On 28 May 1854 a protocol of the Vienna Conference was signed by Austria and Russia. One of the aims of the Russian advance had been to encourage the Orthodox Christian Serbs and Bulgarians living under Ottoman rule to rebel. However, when the Russian troops actually crossed the River Pruth into Moldavia, the Orthodox Christians still showed no interest in rising up against the Turks.:131, 137 Adding to the worries of Nicholas I was the concern that Austria would enter the war against the Russians and attack his armies on the western flank. Indeed, after attempting to mediate a peaceful settlement between Russia and Turkey, the Austrians entered the war on the side of Turkey with an attack against the Russians in the Principalities which threatened to cut off the Russian supply lines. Accordingly, the Russians were forced to raise the siege of Silistra on 23 June 1854, and begin abandoning the Principalities.:185 The lifting of the siege reduced the threat of a Russian advance into Bulgaria. | eng_Latn | 13,842 |
What well known treaty would eventually would grant West Prussia to Poland? | The Kingdom of Prussia became the leading state of the German Empire after its creation in 1871. However, the Treaty of Versailles following World War I granted West Prussia to Poland and made East Prussia an exclave of Weimar Germany (the new Polish Corridor separating East Prussia from the rest of Germany), while the Memel Territory was detached and was annexed by Lithuania in 1923. Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, war-torn East Prussia was divided at Joseph Stalin's insistence between the Soviet Union (the Kaliningrad Oblast in the Russian SFSR and the constituent counties of the Klaipėda Region in the Lithuanian SSR) and the People's Republic of Poland (the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship). The capital city Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The German population of the province was largely evacuated during the war or expelled shortly thereafter in the expulsion of Germans after World War II. An estimated 300,000 (around one fifth of the population) died either in war time bombings raids or in the battles to defend the province.[citation needed] | Igor returned to Kiev keen for revenge. He assembled a large force of warriors from among neighboring Slavs and Pecheneg allies, and sent for reinforcements of Varangians from “beyond the sea.” In 944 the Rus' force advanced again on the Greeks, by land and sea, and a Byzantine force from Cherson responded. The Emperor sent gifts and offered tribute in lieu of war, and the Rus' accepted. Envoys were sent between the Rus’, the Byzantines, and the Bulgarians in 945, and a peace treaty was completed. The agreement again focused on trade, but this time with terms less favorable to the Rus’, including stringent regulations on the conduct of Rus’ merchants in Cherson and Constantinople and specific punishments for violations of the law. The Byzantines may have been motivated to enter the treaty out of concern of a prolonged alliance of the Rus', Pechenegs, and Bulgarians against them, though the more favorable terms further suggest a shift in power. | eng_Latn | 13,843 |
After the telegraph was extended to the coast of the Black Sea, how long did it take news of the war to reach London? | Notable documentation of the war was provided by William Howard Russell (writing for The Times newspaper) and the photographs of Roger Fenton.:306–309 News from war correspondents reached all nations involved in the war and kept the public citizenry of those nations better informed of the day-to-day events of the war than had been the case in any other war to that date. The British public was very well informed regarding the day-to-day realities of the war in the Crimea. After the French extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea during the winter of 1854, the news reached London in two days. When the British laid an underwater cable to the Crimean peninsula in April 1855, news reached London in a few hours. The daily news reports energised public opinion, which brought down the Aberdeen government and carried Lord Palmerston into office as prime minister.:304–11 | Nicholas began courting Britain by means of conversations with the British ambassador, George Hamilton Seymour, in January and February 1853.:105 Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand Imperial Russia:105 but that he had an obligation to the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire.:105 The Tsar next dispatched a highly abrasive diplomat, Prince Menshikov, on a special mission to the Ottoman Sublime Porte in February 1853. By previous treaties, the sultan was committed "to protect the (Eastern Orthodox) Christian religion and its churches." Menshikov demanded a Russian protectorate over all 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Empire, with control of the Orthodox Church's hierarchy. A compromise was reached regarding Orthodox access to the Holy Land, but the Sultan, strongly supported by the British ambassador, rejected the more sweeping demands. | eng_Latn | 13,844 |
where is lysychansk, ukraine | Lysychansk (Ukrainian: лиÑиÑаÌнÑÑк [lɪsɪËtÍ¡ÊÉɲsʲk]) Russian: лиÑиÑаÌнÑк) is a city in the Luhansk region of Ukraine. It is incorporated as a city of oblast significance and located on the high right bank of the Siverskyi Donets River, approximately 115 km from the oblast capital, Luhansk. Population: 104,314 (2013 est.). | Located in eastern Europe, Ukraine is geographically positioned in the northern and eastern hemispheres. Ukraine is bordered by the countries of Belarus, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, and Slovakia, as well as the Black Sea and Sea of Azov. | eng_Latn | 13,845 |
where is lutsk ukraine | More on Lutsk. Lutsk (Polish Luck), city in Volhynia, Ukraine. Until the end of the 18th century in Poland; under Russia until the end of World War I; between the two world wars again in Poland; and in 1939 taken by the U.S.S.R. Nazi Germany occupied Lutsk in 1941, and after World War II, it became again part of the Soviet Union. | In Ukraine there are two spoken languages: Russian and Ukrainian. In general, in the big eastern cities like Kharkov and Dnepropetrovsk, the people speak primarily Russian.(Because that side of Ukraine borders Russia.) On the west, in smaller cities like Lvov and Lutsk, the spoken language is Ukrainia.krainian is the language of villagers. In general.) Finally, down in the Crimean peninsula, youâll hear Russian exclusively. Cities like Simferopol, Yalta and Sevastopol are essentially Russian cities, despite their geographical location. People often wonder how close Russian and Ukrainian are, linguistically. | eng_Latn | 13,846 |
is ukraine part of europe | Ukraine (/juËËkreɪn/; Ukrainian: ÑкÑаÑна, tr. Ukraina [ukrÉËjinÉ]) is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland and Slovakia to the west, Hungary, Romania, and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. | General scope. Ukraine borders with seven countries: Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Moldova, Russia, and Belarus. The total length of the Ukrainian border is 6,992.98 km (4,345.24 mi). In reality Ukraine does not have real established and ratified borders with Russia, Belarus, and Moldova (republics of the former Soviet Union). | eng_Latn | 13,847 |
what government does russia have | Factbook > Countries > Russia > Government. Government type: semi-presidential federation. Definition: This entry gives the basic form of government. Definitions of the major governmental terms are as follows. (Note that for some countries more than one definition applies.): | Russia (also the Russian Federation) is a country that is mostly in Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It is the largest country in the world by land area. About 142.9 million people live in Russia according to the 2010 census. The official name for Russia in English is the Russian Federation. The capital city of Russia is Moscow. Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. | eng_Latn | 13,848 |
is ukraine a stainless steel producer | Mechelâs steel segment is comprised of metallurgical enterprises in Russia, Ukraine and Lithuania. Mechel is Russiaâs top producer of specialty steels and alloys with the widest product range, and is Russiaâs second largest rolled products manufacturer. Mechel is also Russiaâs leading producer of reinforcement and rolled wire. | Food in Ukraine: National Cuisine and Modern Eating Habits. Ukraine's geography and climate are optimal for the production of many kinds of foods, making it a historical breadbasket of Europe.. Ukraine is a major producer of grains, meat and dairy, eggs, fruits and vegetables, nuts, and vegetable oils. | eng_Latn | 13,849 |
Why isn't Russia a member of NATO? | Russia: Why has Russia never joined NATO? | What was the main reason behind Chernobyl Nuclear disaster? | eng_Latn | 13,850 |
On January 25, 1918, what was the official name given to the Soviet state? | On January 25, 1918, at the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the unrecognized state was renamed the Soviet Russian Republic. On March 3, 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany, in exchange for peace in World War I. On July 10, 1918, the Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. By 1918, during the Russian Civil War, several states within the former Russian Empire had seceded, reducing the size of the country even more. | After reconquering Estonia and Latvia in 1944, the Russian SFSR annexed their easternmost territories around Ivangorod and within the modern Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts in 1944-1945. | eng_Latn | 13,851 |
How much money did Estonia receive from European Union Structural Funds between 2007 and 2013? | Between 2007 and 2013, Estonia receives 53.3 billion kroons (3.4 billion euros) from various European Union Structural Funds as direct supports by creating the largest foreign investments into Estonia ever. Majority of the European Union financial aid will be invested into to the following fields: energy economies, entrepreneurship, administrative capability, education, information society, environment protection, regional and local development, research and development activities, healthcare and welfare, transportation and labour market. | The stated clauses of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact were a guarantee of non-belligerence by each party towards the other, and a written commitment that neither party would ally itself to, or aid, an enemy of the other party. In addition to stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol that divided territories of Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland into German and Soviet "spheres of influence", anticipating potential "territorial and political rearrangements" of these countries. Thereafter, Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. After the Soviet–Japanese ceasefire agreement took effect on 16 September, Stalin ordered his own invasion of Poland on 17 September. Part of southeastern (Karelia) and Salla region in Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War. This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertza region). Concern about ethnic Ukrainians and Belarusians had been proffered as justification for the Soviet invasion of Poland. Stalin's invasion of Bukovina in 1940 violated the pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence agreed with the Axis. | eng_Latn | 13,852 |
what did the Soviet Union annex some of it's territory as? | The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied, annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact. The United States and various western European countries began a policy of "containment" of communism and forged myriad alliances to this end, including NATO. Several of these western countries also coordinated efforts regarding the rebuilding of western Europe, including western Germany, which the Soviets opposed. In other regions of the world, such as Latin America and Southeast Asia, the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements, which the United States and many of its allies opposed and, in some cases, attempted to "roll back". Many countries were prompted to align themselves with the nations that would later form either NATO or the Warsaw Pact, though other movements would also emerge. | On October 11, 1944, the Tuvan People's Republic joined the Russian SFSR as the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast, in 1961 becoming an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. | eng_Latn | 13,853 |
When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed? | On January 25, 1918 the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets renamed the unrecognized state the Soviet Russian Republic. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed on March 3, 1918, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany in exchange for peace during the rest of World War I. On July 10, 1918, the Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. By 1918, during the Russian Civil War, several states within the former Russian Empire seceded, reducing the size of the country even more. | After centuries of Danish, Swedish and German rule the native Estonians started to yearn for independence during the period of national awakening while being governed by the Russian Empire. Established on 24 February 1918, the Republic of Estonia came into existence towards the end of World War I. During World War II, Estonia was then occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, then Nazi Germany a year later and again in 1944 establishing the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1988, during the Singing Revolution, the Estonian SSR issued the Estonian Sovereignty Declaration to defy against the illegal Soviet rule. Estonia then restored its independence during the 1991 coup by the Soviets on the night of 20 August 1991. | eng_Latn | 13,854 |
Which Russian rocket carries passengers to and from the International Space Station? | The Russian R-7 rocket family, which launched the first Sputnik at the beginning of the space race, is still in use today. It services the International Space Station (ISS) as the launcher for both the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft. It also ferries both Russian and American crews to and from the station. | Most notably, there was also a secret protocol to the pact, revealed only after Germany's defeat in 1945, although hints about its provisions were leaked much earlier, e.g., to influence Lithuania. According to said protocol Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland were divided into German and Soviet "spheres of influence". In the north, Finland, Estonia and Latvia were assigned to the Soviet sphere. Poland was to be partitioned in the event of its "political rearrangement"—the areas east of the Pisa, Narev, Vistula and San rivers going to the Soviet Union while Germany would occupy the west. Lithuania, adjacent to East Prussia, would be in the German sphere of influence, although a second secret protocol agreed to in September 1939 reassigned the majority of Lithuania to the USSR. According to the secret protocol, Lithuania would be granted the city of Vilnius – its historical capital, which was under Polish control during the inter-war period. Another clause of the treaty was that Germany would not interfere with the Soviet Union's actions towards Bessarabia, then part of Romania; as the result, Bessarabia was joined to the Moldovan ASSR, and become the Moldovan SSR under control of Moscow. | eng_Latn | 13,855 |
On what date was the USSR dissolved? | On December 25, 1991, the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation. On December 26, 1991, the USSR was self-dissolved by the Soviet of Nationalities, which by that time was the only functioning house of the Supreme Soviet (the other house, Soviet of the Union, had already lost the quorum after recall of its members by the union republics). After dissolution of the USSR, Russia declared that it assumed the rights and obligations of the dissolved central Soviet government, including UN membership. | Internationally, in 1920, the RSFSR was recognized as an independent state only by Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Lithuania in the Treaty of Tartu and by the short-lived Irish Republic. | eng_Latn | 13,856 |
After what war did Moscow begin to repress the Ukrainian language? | After World War II, due to Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers in an attempt to gain independence, Moscow changed its policy towards repression of the Ukrainian language. | There have been cases of a variety of speech being deliberately reclassified to serve political purposes. One example is Moldovan. In 1996, the Moldovan parliament, citing fears of "Romanian expansionism", rejected a proposal from President Mircea Snegur to change the name of the language to Romanian, and in 2003 a Moldovan–Romanian dictionary was published, purporting to show that the two countries speak different languages. Linguists of the Romanian Academy reacted by declaring that all the Moldovan words were also Romanian words; while in Moldova, the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Ion Bărbuţă, described the dictionary as a politically motivated "absurdity". | eng_Latn | 13,857 |
In 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as what? | Slavic studies began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise. As early as 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as Indo-European. | On June 12, 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty. On June 12, 1991, Boris Yeltsin was elected the first President. On December 8, 1991, heads of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Belavezha Accords. The agreement declared dissolution of the USSR by its founder states (i.e. denunciation of 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR) and established the CIS. On December 12, the agreement was ratified by the Russian Parliament, therefore Russian SFSR denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and de facto declared Russia's independence from the USSR. | eng_Latn | 13,858 |
Who was the Soviet Union's opponent in the Cold War? | During the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium. Since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, an estimated 600 short tons (540 metric tons) of highly enriched weapons grade uranium (enough to make 40,000 nuclear warheads) have been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the Russian Federation and several other former Soviet states. Police in Asia, Europe, and South America on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have intercepted shipments of smuggled bomb-grade uranium or plutonium, most of which was from ex-Soviet sources. From 1993 to 2005 the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program, operated by the federal government of the United States, spent approximately US $550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia. This money was used for improvements and security enhancements at research and storage facilities. Scientific American reported in February 2006 that in some of the facilities security consisted of chain link fences which were in severe states of disrepair. According to an interview from the article, one facility had been storing samples of enriched (weapons grade) uranium in a broom closet before the improvement project; another had been keeping track of its stock of nuclear warheads using index cards kept in a shoe box. | While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsaw Pact's largest military engagement was Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (with the participation of all Pact nations except Romania and Albania). The Pact failed to function when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Eastern Europe, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its success in June 1989. | eng_Latn | 13,859 |
Dnieper River:This sea | Dnieper River - Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine Image - Beaches along the banks of the Dnieper River in Zaporizhia. ... The Dnieper's role as a unifying force and gateway to the sea was, however, weakened... | The Naval Lessons of the Crimean War | Weapons and Warfare Feb 10, 2016 ... The allied bombardment of Sevastopol in the Crimean War, a misguided ... It was the destruction of the Turkish fleet by Russian shells at Sinope in 1853 that ... After the Peacemaker explosion, the US Navy not only turned... | eng_Latn | 13,860 |
What country has fair dealing laws? | Another example is the practice of compulsory licensing, which is where the law forbids copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses of certain kinds of works, such as compilations and live performances of music. Compulsory licensing laws generally say that for certain uses of certain works, no infringement occurs as long as a royalty, at a rate determined by law rather than private negotiation, is paid to the copyright owner or representative copyright collective. Some fair dealing laws, such as Canada's, include similar royalty requirements. | Most notably, there was also a secret protocol to the pact, revealed only after Germany's defeat in 1945, although hints about its provisions were leaked much earlier, e.g., to influence Lithuania. According to said protocol Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland were divided into German and Soviet "spheres of influence". In the north, Finland, Estonia and Latvia were assigned to the Soviet sphere. Poland was to be partitioned in the event of its "political rearrangement"—the areas east of the Pisa, Narev, Vistula and San rivers going to the Soviet Union while Germany would occupy the west. Lithuania, adjacent to East Prussia, would be in the German sphere of influence, although a second secret protocol agreed to in September 1939 reassigned the majority of Lithuania to the USSR. According to the secret protocol, Lithuania would be granted the city of Vilnius – its historical capital, which was under Polish control during the inter-war period. Another clause of the treaty was that Germany would not interfere with the Soviet Union's actions towards Bessarabia, then part of Romania; as the result, Bessarabia was joined to the Moldovan ASSR, and become the Moldovan SSR under control of Moscow. | eng_Latn | 13,861 |
What was bolstered by the the final downward spiral of the Empire of Trebizond ? | A distinct Greek political identity re-emerged in the 11th century in educated circles and became more forceful after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, so that when the empire was revived in 1261, it became in many ways a Greek national state. That new notion of nationhood engendered a deep interest in the classical past culminating in the ideas of the Neoplatonist philosopher Gemistus Pletho, who abandoned Christianity. However, it was the combination of Orthodox Christianity with a specifically Greek identity that shaped the Greeks' notion of themselves in the empire's twilight years. The interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity, which was reinforced in the late Medieval and Ottoman Greeks' links with their fellow Orthodox Christians in the Russian Empire. These were further strengthened following the fall of the Empire of Trebizond in 1461, after which and until the second Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29 hundreds of thousands of Pontic Greeks fled or migrated from the Pontic Alps and Armenian Highlands to southern Russia and the Russian South Caucasus (see also Greeks in Russia, Greeks in Armenia, Greeks in Georgia, and Caucasian Greeks). | On December 8, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus secretly met in Belavezhskaya Pushcha, in western Belarus, and signed the Belavezha Accords, which proclaimed the Soviet Union had ceased to exist and announced formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as a looser association to take its place. They also invited other republics to join the CIS. Gorbachev called it an unconstitutional coup. However, by this time there was no longer any reasonable doubt that, as the preamble of the Accords put it, "the USSR, as a subject of international law and a geopolitical reality, is ceasing its existence." | eng_Latn | 13,862 |
During the cold war, what European powers rebuilt their ecomonies? | During the Cold War, the Asian power of Japan and the European powers of the United Kingdom, France, and West Germany rebuilt their economies. France and the United Kingdom maintained technologically advanced armed forces with power projection capabilities and maintain large defence budgets to this day. Yet, as the Cold War continued, authorities began to question if France and the United Kingdom could retain their long-held statuses as great powers. China, with the world's largest population, has slowly risen to great power status, with large growth in economic and military power in the post-war period. After 1949, the Republic of China began to lose its recognition as the sole legitimate government of China by the other great powers, in favour of the People's Republic of China. Subsequently, in 1971, it lost its permanent seat at the UN Security Council to the People's Republic of China. | On December 8, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus secretly met in Belavezhskaya Pushcha, in western Belarus, and signed the Belavezha Accords, which proclaimed the Soviet Union had ceased to exist and announced formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as a looser association to take its place. They also invited other republics to join the CIS. Gorbachev called it an unconstitutional coup. However, by this time there was no longer any reasonable doubt that, as the preamble of the Accords put it, "the USSR, as a subject of international law and a geopolitical reality, is ceasing its existence." | eng_Latn | 13,863 |
When did Armenia remove its peacekeepers from Iraq? | Armenia is member of Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) along with Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It participates in NATO's Partnership for Peace (PiP) program and is in a NATO organisation called Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC). Armenia has engaged in a peacekeeping mission in Kosovo as part of non-NATO KFOR troops under Greek command. Armenia also had 46 members of its military peacekeeping forces as a part of the Coalition Forces in Iraq War until October 2008. | Carpet-weaving is historically a major traditional profession for the majority of Armenian women, including many Armenian families. Prominent Karabakh carpet weavers there were men too. The oldest extant Armenian carpet from the region, referred to as Artsakh (see also Karabakh carpet) during the medieval era, is from the village of Banants (near Gandzak) and dates to the early 13th century. The first time that the Armenian word for carpet, gorg, was used in historical sources was in a 1242–1243 Armenian inscription on the wall of the Kaptavan Church in Artsakh. | eng_Latn | 13,864 |
What game did Valve develop for the PlayStation 3 console? | Developers also found the machine difficult to program for. In 2007, Gabe Newell of Valve said "The PS3 is a total disaster on so many levels, I think it's really clear that Sony lost track of what customers and what developers wanted". He continued "I'd say, even at this late date, they should just cancel it and do a do over. Just say, 'This was a horrible disaster and we're sorry and we're going to stop selling this and stop trying to convince people to develop for it'". Doug Lombardi VP of Marketing for Valve has since stated that they are interested in developing for the console and are looking to hire talented PS3 programmers for future projects. He later restated Valve's position, "Until we have the ability to get a PS3 team together, until we find the people who want to come to Valve or who are at Valve who want to work on that, I don't really see us moving to that platform". At Sony's E3 2010 press conference, Newell made a live appearance to recant his previous statements, citing Sony's move to make the system more developer friendly, and to announce that Valve would be developing Portal 2 for the system. He also claimed that the inclusion of Steamworks (Valve's system to automatically update their software independently) would help to make the PS3 version of Portal 2 the best console version on the market. | Most notably, there was also a secret protocol to the pact, revealed only after Germany's defeat in 1945, although hints about its provisions were leaked much earlier, e.g., to influence Lithuania. According to said protocol Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland were divided into German and Soviet "spheres of influence". In the north, Finland, Estonia and Latvia were assigned to the Soviet sphere. Poland was to be partitioned in the event of its "political rearrangement"—the areas east of the Pisa, Narev, Vistula and San rivers going to the Soviet Union while Germany would occupy the west. Lithuania, adjacent to East Prussia, would be in the German sphere of influence, although a second secret protocol agreed to in September 1939 reassigned the majority of Lithuania to the USSR. According to the secret protocol, Lithuania would be granted the city of Vilnius – its historical capital, which was under Polish control during the inter-war period. Another clause of the treaty was that Germany would not interfere with the Soviet Union's actions towards Bessarabia, then part of Romania; as the result, Bessarabia was joined to the Moldovan ASSR, and become the Moldovan SSR under control of Moscow. | eng_Latn | 13,865 |
What country borders Russia on the west? | The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west; Norway and Finland on the northwest; and to its southeast were the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China. Within the Soviet Union, the RSFSR bordered the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs to its west and Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs to the south. | Relations between the Rus' and Byzantines became more complex after Oleg took control over Kiev, reflecting commercial, cultural, and military concerns. The wealth and income of the Rus' depended heavily upon trade with Byzantium. Constantine Porphyrogenitus described the annual course of the princes of Kiev, collecting tribute from client tribes, assembling the product into a flotilla of hundreds of boats, conducting them down the Dnieper to the Black Sea, and sailing to the estuary of the Dniester, the Danube delta, and on to Constantinople. On their return trip they would carry silk fabrics, spices, wine, and fruit. The importance of this trade relationship led to military action when disputes arose. The Primary Chronicle reports that the Rus' attacked Constantinople again in 907, probably to secure trade access. The Chronicle glorifies the military prowess and shrewdness of Oleg, an account imbued with legendary detail. Byzantine sources do not mention the attack, but a pair of treaties in 907 and 911 set forth a trade agreement with the Rus', the terms suggesting pressure on the Byzantines, who granted the Rus' quarters and supplies for their merchants and tax-free trading privileges in Constantinople. | eng_Latn | 13,866 |
WWII types of these included the German Panther & Tiger, the Soviet T-34 & the U.S. Sherman | Military Tanks of World War II - CHUCKHAWKS.COM Chuck Hawks writes about the best military tanks of World War II. ... The Panther, T-34, Tiger, Mk. IV Panzer, and Sherman ... The German King Tiger, for instance, was not included as it was unreliable, slow, and only 484 were produced. .... The difference between a 75mm American or 76mm Russian main gun and a... | One life in a series of lives # Quiz # Question - YouTube Jun 27, 2016 ... Not Rommel's but Ruppell's sand fox lives in this desert # Quiz # Question ... This ethnic group lives in the Pyrenees & speaks Euskera # Quiz #... | eng_Latn | 13,867 |
In 1991 the 6 members agreed to dissolve this military alliance of the eastern bloc | Warsaw Treaty Organization facts, information, pictures ... The organization was used to suppress dissent in Eastern Europe through military action. It never enlarged beyond its original membership, and was dissolved in 1991, prior to ... NATO, the Warsaw Pact served to maintain cohesion in the Soviet bloc. ... Though the alliance was renewed in 1985, as required by the treaty,... | Jeopary Questions page 1816 - GEOGRAPHICAL EXTREMES ... TRAVEL WARNINGS: With tensions between Ethiopia & this country ... BACK IN 1906: In September the Platt Amendment was invoked, allowing U.S. ... BACK IN 1906: Burned in 1864, this city was placed under martial law following racial... | eng_Latn | 13,868 |
In August 1939 Germany & this country secretly agreed to divide Poland | German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact | Germany-Union of Soviet ... (August 23, 1939), nonaggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union ... Nonaggression Pact were briefly as follows: the two countries agreed not to ... was appended a secret protocol, also reached on August 23, 1939, which divided ... The Soviet Union's borders with Poland and Romania that were established... | J! Archive - Show #3632, aired 2000-05-23 Seen here, it's named for a peninsula shared by Quebec & .... In November 1998 Daimler-Benz-AG parked this American automaker in its... | eng_Latn | 13,869 |
In which year did Slovakia join NATO? | On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009. | The most extreme case was the Soviet Union, and this model may still be followed in some countries: it was a separate service, on a par with the navy or ground force. In the Soviet Union this was called Voyska PVO, and had both fighter aircraft and ground-based systems. This was divided into two arms, PVO Strany, the Strategic Air defence Service responsible for Air Defence of the Homeland, created in 1941 and becoming an independent service in 1954, and PVO SV, Air Defence of the Ground Forces. Subsequently these became part of the air force and ground forces respectively | eng_Latn | 13,870 |
Which former Eastern Bloc country was the latest to join NATO? | On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009. | On the other hand, I2a1b1 (P41.2) is typical of the South Slavic populations, being highest in Bosnia-Herzegovina (>50%). Haplogroup I2a2 is also commonly found in north-eastern Italians. There is also a high concentration of I2a2a in the Moldavian region of Romania, Moldova and western Ukraine. According to original studies, Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen in the west Balkans sometime after the LGM, subsequently spreading from the Balkans through Central Russian Plain. Recently, Ken Nordtvedt has split I2a2 into two clades – N (northern) and S (southern), in relation where they arose compared to Danube river. He proposes that N is slightly older than S. He recalculated the age of I2a2 to be ~ 2550 years and proposed that the current distribution is explained by a Slavic expansion from the area north-east of the Carpathians. | eng_Latn | 13,871 |
What countries did Kievan Rus' become? | Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus trace their origins, established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language. It was soon followed by the adoption of Christianity in 988 and the introduction of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and official language. Borrowings and calques from Byzantine Greek began to enter the Old East Slavic and spoken dialects at this time, which in their turn modified the Old Church Slavonic as well. | In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin, when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR. | eng_Latn | 13,872 |
What did the territory the Soviet Union maintained as satellite states, later became known as? | The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied, annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact. The United States and various western European countries began a policy of "containment" of communism and forged myriad alliances to this end, including NATO. Several of these western countries also coordinated efforts regarding the rebuilding of western Europe, including western Germany, which the Soviets opposed. In other regions of the world, such as Latin America and Southeast Asia, the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements, which the United States and many of its allies opposed and, in some cases, attempted to "roll back". Many countries were prompted to align themselves with the nations that would later form either NATO or the Warsaw Pact, though other movements would also emerge. | The term "Kievan Rus'" (Ки́евская Русь Kievskaya Rus’) was coined in the 19th century in Russian historiography to refer to the period when the centre was in Kiev. In English, the term was introduced in the early 20th century, when it was found in the 1913 English translation of Vasily Klyuchevsky's A History of Russia, to distinguish the early polity from successor states, which were also named Rus. Later, the Russian term was rendered into Belarusian and Ukrainian as Кіеўская Русь Kijeŭskaja Rus’ and Ки́ївська Русь Kyivs'ka Rus’, respectively. | eng_Latn | 13,873 |
During what time was the cold war close to happening? | The Cold War drew to a close in the late 1980s and the early 1990s. The United States under President Ronald Reagan increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressure on the Soviet Union, which was already suffering from severe economic stagnation. In the second half of the 1980s, newly appointed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, leaving the United States as the dominant military power, though Russia retained much of the massive Soviet nuclear arsenal. | In 1808, Napoleon and Czar Alexander met at the Congress of Erfurt to preserve the Russo-French alliance. The leaders had a friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807. By 1811, however, tensions had increased and Alexander was under pressure from the Russian nobility to break off the alliance. A major strain on the relationship between the two nations became the regular violations of the Continental System by the Russians, which led Napoleon to threaten Alexander with serious consequences if he formed an alliance with Britain. | eng_Latn | 13,874 |
Along with Serbian, with what language is Macedonian mutually intelligible? | Similar examples abound. Macedonian, although mutually intelligible with Bulgarian, certain dialects of Serbian and to a lesser extent the rest of the South Slavic dialect continuum, is considered by Bulgarian linguists to be a Bulgarian dialect, in contrast with the contemporary international view and the view in the Republic of Macedonia, which regards it as a language in its own right. Nevertheless, before the establishment of a literary standard of Macedonian in 1944, in most sources in and out of Bulgaria before the Second World War, the southern Slavonic dialect continuum covering the area of today's Republic of Macedonia were referred to as Bulgarian dialects. | Beginning in February 1988, the Democratic Movement of Moldova (formerly Moldavia) organized public meetings, demonstrations, and song festivals, which gradually grew in size and intensity. In the streets, the center of public manifestations was the Stephen the Great Monument in Chişinău, and the adjacent park harboring Aleea Clasicilor (The "Alee of the Classics [of the Literature]"). On January 15, 1988, in a tribute to Mihai Eminescu at his bust on the Aleea Clasicilor, Anatol Şalaru submitted a proposal to continue the meetings. In the public discourse, the movement called for national awakening, freedom of speech, revival of Moldavian traditions, and for attainment of official status for the Romanian language and return to the Latin alphabet. The transition from "movement" (an informal association) to "front" (a formal association) was seen as a natural "upgrade" once a movement gained momentum with the public, and the Soviet authorities no longer dared to crack down on it. | eng_Latn | 13,875 |
Where did Russian explorers first reach North America? | The language was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 1700s. Although most colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left. Sizable Russian-speaking communities also exist in North America, especially in large urban centers of the U.S. and Canada, such as New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, Los Angeles, Nashville, San Francisco, Seattle, Spokane, Toronto, Baltimore, Miami, Chicago, Denver and Cleveland. In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, and live in ethnic enclaves (especially the generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early 1960s). Only about 25% of them are ethnic Russians, however. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the overwhelming majority of Russophones in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. According to the United States Census, in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States. | Due to the expansion of trade and its geographical proximity, Kiev became the most important trade centre and chief among the communes; therefore the leader of Kiev gained political "control" over the surrounding areas. This princedom emerged from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes banded together in an effort to increase the applicable workforce and expand the productivity of the land. This union developed the first major cities in the Rus' and was the first notable form of self-government. As these communes became larger, the emphasis was taken off the family holdings and placed on the territory that surrounded. This shift in ideology became known as the verv'. | eng_Latn | 13,876 |
Who broke the agreement with the invasion of Bukovina? | The stated clauses of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact were a guarantee of non-belligerence by each party towards the other, and a written commitment that neither party would ally itself to, or aid, an enemy of the other party. In addition to stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol that divided territories of Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland into German and Soviet "spheres of influence", anticipating potential "territorial and political rearrangements" of these countries. Thereafter, Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. After the Soviet–Japanese ceasefire agreement took effect on 16 September, Stalin ordered his own invasion of Poland on 17 September. Part of southeastern (Karelia) and Salla region in Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War. This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertza region). Concern about ethnic Ukrainians and Belarusians had been proffered as justification for the Soviet invasion of Poland. Stalin's invasion of Bukovina in 1940 violated the pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence agreed with the Axis. | The decline of Constantinople – a main trading partner of Kievan Rus' – played a significant role in the decline of the Kievan Rus'. The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, along which the goods were moving from the Black Sea (mainly Byzantine) through eastern Europe to the Baltic, was a cornerstone of Kiev wealth and prosperity. Kiev was the main power and initiator in this relationship, once the Byzantine Empire fell into turmoil and the supplies became erratic, profits dried out, and Kiev lost its appeal.[citation needed] | eng_Latn | 13,877 |
Who believed Britain was following a strategy when trying to destroy Russian Navy? | This view of 'diplomatic drift' as the cause of the war was first popularised by A. W, Kinglake, who portrayed the British as victims of newspaper sensationalism and duplicitous French and Ottoman diplomacy. More recently, the historians Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart have argued that, first, Britain was following a geopolitical strategy in aiming to destroy a fledgling Russian Navy which might challenge the Royal Navy for control of the seas, and second that the war was a joint European response to a century of Russian expansion not just southwards but also into western Europe. | In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine – a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s – which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed] | eng_Latn | 13,878 |
Who invaded Poland after the Nazi’s? | The stated clauses of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact were a guarantee of non-belligerence by each party towards the other, and a written commitment that neither party would ally itself to, or aid, an enemy of the other party. In addition to stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol that divided territories of Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland into German and Soviet "spheres of influence", anticipating potential "territorial and political rearrangements" of these countries. Thereafter, Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. After the Soviet–Japanese ceasefire agreement took effect on 16 September, Stalin ordered his own invasion of Poland on 17 September. Part of southeastern (Karelia) and Salla region in Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War. This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertza region). Concern about ethnic Ukrainians and Belarusians had been proffered as justification for the Soviet invasion of Poland. Stalin's invasion of Bukovina in 1940 violated the pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence agreed with the Axis. | By the end of May, drafts were formally presented. In mid-June, the main Tripartite negotiations started. The discussion was focused on potential guarantees to central and east European countries should a German aggression arise. The USSR proposed to consider that a political turn towards Germany by the Baltic states would constitute an "indirect aggression" towards the Soviet Union. Britain opposed such proposals, because they feared the Soviets' proposed language could justify a Soviet intervention in Finland and the Baltic states, or push those countries to seek closer relations with Germany. The discussion about a definition of "indirect aggression" became one of the sticking points between the parties, and by mid-July, the tripartite political negotiations effectively stalled, while the parties agreed to start negotiations on a military agreement, which the Soviets insisted must be entered into simultaneously with any political agreement. | eng_Latn | 13,879 |
How long was the state of the Soviet regime unrecognized by other countries? | The Soviet regime first came to power on November 7, 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown in the October Revolution. The state it governed, which did not have an official name, would be unrecognized by neighboring countries for another five months. | The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west; Norway and Finland on the northwest; and to its southeast were the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China. Within the Soviet Union, the RSFSR bordered the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs to its west and Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs to the south. | eng_Latn | 13,880 |
Along with Estonia, what country was taken over by the Russian SFSR in 1944? | After reconquering Estonia and Latvia in 1944, the Russian SFSR annexed their easternmost territories around Ivangorod and within the modern Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts in 1944-1945. | At the end of World War II Soviet troops occupied southern Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands, making them part of the RSFSR. The status of the southernmost Kurils remains in dispute with Japan. | eng_Latn | 13,881 |
Which countries did the RSFSR border on the northwest? | The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west; Norway and Finland on the northwest; and to its southeast were the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China. Within the Soviet Union, the RSFSR bordered the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs to its west and Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs to the south. | More radical reformists were increasingly convinced that a rapid transition to a market economy was required, even if the eventual outcome meant the disintegration of the Soviet Union into several independent states. Independence also accorded with Yeltsin's desires as president of the Russian Federation, as well as those of regional and local authorities to get rid of Moscow’s pervasive control. In contrast to the reformers' lukewarm response to the treaty, the conservatives, "patriots," and Russian nationalists of the USSR – still strong within the CPSU and the military – were opposed to weakening the Soviet state and its centralized power structure. | eng_Latn | 13,882 |
On what date was the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR adopted? | On June 12, 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR, which was the beginning of the "War of Laws", pitting the Soviet Union against the Russian Federation and other constituent republics. | The most extreme case was the Soviet Union, and this model may still be followed in some countries: it was a separate service, on a par with the navy or ground force. In the Soviet Union this was called Voyska PVO, and had both fighter aircraft and ground-based systems. This was divided into two arms, PVO Strany, the Strategic Air defence Service responsible for Air Defence of the Homeland, created in 1941 and becoming an independent service in 1954, and PVO SV, Air Defence of the Ground Forces. Subsequently these became part of the air force and ground forces respectively | eng_Latn | 13,883 |
A new modern rail connection has been made between which two cities? | Railway connections play a somewhat lesser role in Greece than in many other European countries, but they too have also been expanded, with new suburban/commuter rail connections, serviced by Proastiakos around Athens, towards its airport, Kiato and Chalkida; around Thessaloniki, towards the cities of Larissa and Edessa; and around Patras. A modern intercity rail connection between Athens and Thessaloniki has also been established, while an upgrade to double lines in many parts of the 2,500 km (1,600 mi) network is underway. International railway lines connect Greek cities with the rest of Europe, the Balkans and Turkey. | Energy sources unsuitable for mobile power plants, such as nuclear power, renewable hydroelectricity, or wind power can be used. According to widely accepted global energy reserve statistics, the reserves of liquid fuel are much less than gas and coal (at 42, 167 and 416 years respectively). Most countries with large rail networks do not have significant oil reserves and those that did, like the United States and Britain, have exhausted much of their reserves and have suffered declining oil output for decades. Therefore, there is also a strong economic incentive to substitute other fuels for oil. Rail electrification is often considered an important route towards consumption pattern reform. However, there are no reliable, peer-reviewed studies available to assist in rational public debate on this critical issue, although there are untranslated Soviet studies from the 1980s. | eng_Latn | 13,884 |
With what accent did Tito speak German according to a biographer? | As regards knowledge of languages, Tito replied that he spoke Serbo-Croatian, German, Russian, and some English. A biographer also stated that he spoke "Serbo-Croatian ... Russian, Czech, Slovenian ... German (with a Viennese accent) ... understands and reads French and Italian ... [and] also speaks Kirghiz." | By the end of May, drafts were formally presented. In mid-June, the main Tripartite negotiations started. The discussion was focused on potential guarantees to central and east European countries should a German aggression arise. The USSR proposed to consider that a political turn towards Germany by the Baltic states would constitute an "indirect aggression" towards the Soviet Union. Britain opposed such proposals, because they feared the Soviets' proposed language could justify a Soviet intervention in Finland and the Baltic states, or push those countries to seek closer relations with Germany. The discussion about a definition of "indirect aggression" became one of the sticking points between the parties, and by mid-July, the tripartite political negotiations effectively stalled, while the parties agreed to start negotiations on a military agreement, which the Soviets insisted must be entered into simultaneously with any political agreement. | eng_Latn | 13,885 |
Which fleet joined the Baltic attack? | The Baltic was[when?] a forgotten theatre of the Crimean War. Popularisation of events elsewhere overshadowed the significance of this theatre, which was close to Saint Petersburg, the Russian capital. In April 1854 an Anglo-French fleet entered the Baltic to attack the Russian naval base of Kronstadt and the Russian fleet stationed there. In August 1854 the combined British and French fleet returned to Kronstadt for another attempt. The outnumbered Russian Baltic Fleet confined its movements to the areas around its fortifications. At the same time, the British and French commanders Sir Charles Napier and Alexandre Ferdinand Parseval-Deschenes—although they led the largest fleet assembled since the Napoleonic Wars—considered the Sveaborg fortress too well-defended to engage. Thus, shelling of the Russian batteries was limited to two attempts in the summers of 1854 and 1855, and initially, the attacking fleets limited their actions to blockading Russian trade in the Gulf of Finland. Naval attacks on other ports, such as the ones in the island of Hogland in the Gulf of Finland, proved more successful. Additionally, allies conducted raids on less fortified sections of the Finnish coast. These battles are known in Finland as the Åland war. | Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated and the 12,000-strong Italian community expelled from Libya alongside a smaller number of Jews. The day became a national holiday. Aiming to reduce NATO power in the Mediterranean, in 1971 Libya requested that Malta cease to allow NATO to use its land for a military base, in turn offering them foreign aid. Compromising, Malta's government continued allowing NATO use of the island, but only on the condition that they would not use it for launching attacks on Arab territory. Orchestrating a military build-up, the RCC began purchasing weapons from France and the Soviet Union. The commercial relationship with the latter led to an increasingly strained relationship with the U.S., who were then engaged in the Cold War with the Soviets. | eng_Latn | 13,886 |
Which countries were taken over by the Soviets? | The stated clauses of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact were a guarantee of non-belligerence by each party towards the other, and a written commitment that neither party would ally itself to, or aid, an enemy of the other party. In addition to stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol that divided territories of Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland into German and Soviet "spheres of influence", anticipating potential "territorial and political rearrangements" of these countries. Thereafter, Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. After the Soviet–Japanese ceasefire agreement took effect on 16 September, Stalin ordered his own invasion of Poland on 17 September. Part of southeastern (Karelia) and Salla region in Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War. This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertza region). Concern about ethnic Ukrainians and Belarusians had been proffered as justification for the Soviet invasion of Poland. Stalin's invasion of Bukovina in 1940 violated the pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence agreed with the Axis. | After reconquering Estonia and Latvia in 1944, the Russian SFSR annexed their easternmost territories around Ivangorod and within the modern Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts in 1944-1945. | eng_Latn | 13,887 |
When was The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society made official? | In mid-November The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society was officially registered. On November 19, 1989, a public gathering in Kiev attracted thousands of mourners, friends and family to the reburial in Ukraine of three inmates of the infamous Gulag Camp No. 36 in Perm in the Ural Mountains: human-rights activists Vasyl Stus, Oleksiy Tykhy, and Yuriy Lytvyn. Their remains were reinterred in Baikove Cemetery. On November 26, 1989, a day of prayer and fasting was proclaimed by Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky, thousands of faithful in western Ukraine participated in religious services on the eve of a meeting between Pope John Paul II and Soviet President Gorbachev. On November 28, 1989, the Ukrainian SSR's Council for Religious Affairs issued a decree allowing Ukrainian Catholic congregations to register as legal organizations. The decree was proclaimed on December 1, coinciding with a meeting at the Vatican between the pope and the Soviet president. | The most extreme case was the Soviet Union, and this model may still be followed in some countries: it was a separate service, on a par with the navy or ground force. In the Soviet Union this was called Voyska PVO, and had both fighter aircraft and ground-based systems. This was divided into two arms, PVO Strany, the Strategic Air defence Service responsible for Air Defence of the Homeland, created in 1941 and becoming an independent service in 1954, and PVO SV, Air Defence of the Ground Forces. Subsequently these became part of the air force and ground forces respectively | eng_Latn | 13,888 |
When did the TSFSR break up into three parts? | The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it was divided up into three separate entities (Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR). Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability under Soviet rule. They received medicine, food, and other provisions from Moscow, and communist rule proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire. The situation was difficult for the church, which struggled under Soviet rule. After the death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin took the reins of power and began an era of renewed fear and terror for Armenians. | By the end of May, drafts were formally presented. In mid-June, the main Tripartite negotiations started. The discussion was focused on potential guarantees to central and east European countries should a German aggression arise. The USSR proposed to consider that a political turn towards Germany by the Baltic states would constitute an "indirect aggression" towards the Soviet Union. Britain opposed such proposals, because they feared the Soviets' proposed language could justify a Soviet intervention in Finland and the Baltic states, or push those countries to seek closer relations with Germany. The discussion about a definition of "indirect aggression" became one of the sticking points between the parties, and by mid-July, the tripartite political negotiations effectively stalled, while the parties agreed to start negotiations on a military agreement, which the Soviets insisted must be entered into simultaneously with any political agreement. | eng_Latn | 13,889 |
Technically, what type of state was Russia? | For most of the Soviet Union's existence, it was commonly referred to as "Russia," even though technically "Russia" was only one republic within the larger union—albeit by far the largest, most powerful and most highly developed. | Due to the expansion of trade and its geographical proximity, Kiev became the most important trade centre and chief among the communes; therefore the leader of Kiev gained political "control" over the surrounding areas. This princedom emerged from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes banded together in an effort to increase the applicable workforce and expand the productivity of the land. This union developed the first major cities in the Rus' and was the first notable form of self-government. As these communes became larger, the emphasis was taken off the family holdings and placed on the territory that surrounded. This shift in ideology became known as the verv'. | eng_Latn | 13,890 |
Why did nuclear arms negotiations with Russia fail prior to 1955? | In 1955 American nuclear arms policy became one aimed primarily at arms control as opposed to disarmament. The failure of negotiations over arms until 1955 was due mainly to the refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections. In talks located in London that year, they expressed a willingness to discuss inspections; the tables were then turned on Eisenhower, when he responded with an unwillingness on the part of the U.S. to permit inspections. In May of that year the Russians agreed to sign a treaty giving independence to Austria, and paved the way for a Geneva summit with the U.S., U.K. and France. At the Geneva Conference Eisenhower presented a proposal called "Open Skies" to facilitate disarmament, which included plans for Russia and the U.S. to provide mutual access to each other's skies for open surveillance of military infrastructure. Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev dismissed the proposal out of hand. | Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated and the 12,000-strong Italian community expelled from Libya alongside a smaller number of Jews. The day became a national holiday. Aiming to reduce NATO power in the Mediterranean, in 1971 Libya requested that Malta cease to allow NATO to use its land for a military base, in turn offering them foreign aid. Compromising, Malta's government continued allowing NATO use of the island, but only on the condition that they would not use it for launching attacks on Arab territory. Orchestrating a military build-up, the RCC began purchasing weapons from France and the Soviet Union. The commercial relationship with the latter led to an increasingly strained relationship with the U.S., who were then engaged in the Cold War with the Soviets. | eng_Latn | 13,891 |
Who else joins Armenia in the CSTO? | Armenia is member of Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) along with Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It participates in NATO's Partnership for Peace (PiP) program and is in a NATO organisation called Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC). Armenia has engaged in a peacekeeping mission in Kosovo as part of non-NATO KFOR troops under Greek command. Armenia also had 46 members of its military peacekeeping forces as a part of the Coalition Forces in Iraq War until October 2008. | In the immediate aftermath of World War II, there occurred several armed incidents between Yugoslavia and the Western Allies. Following the war, Yugoslavia acquired the Italian territory of Istria as well as the cities of Zadar and Rijeka. Yugoslav leadership was looking to incorporate Trieste into the country as well, which was opposed by the Western Allies. This led to several armed incidents, notably attacks by Yugoslav fighter planes on US transport aircraft, causing bitter criticism from the west. From 1945 to 1948, at least four US aircraft were shot down.[better source needed] Stalin was opposed to these provocations, as he felt the USSR unready to face the West in open war so soon after the losses of World War II and at the time when US had operational nuclear weapons whereas USSR had yet to conduct its first test. In addition, Tito was openly supportive of the Communist side in the Greek Civil War, while Stalin kept his distance, having agreed with Churchill not to pursue Soviet interests there, although he did support the Greek communist struggle politically, as demonstrated in several assemblies of the UN Security Council. In 1948, motivated by the desire to create a strong independent economy, Tito modeled his economic development plan independently from Moscow, which resulted in a diplomatic escalation followed by a bitter exchange of letters in which Tito affirmed that | eng_Latn | 13,892 |
Which Soviet leader formed doctrine aimed at keeping socialist satellite nations in line? | The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the global socialist movement. A corollary to this idea was the necessity of intervention if a country appeared to be violating core socialist ideas and Communist Party functions, which was explicitly stated in the Brezhnev Doctrine. Geostrategic principles also drove the Soviet Union to prevent invasion of its territory by Western European powers. | After reconquering Estonia and Latvia in 1944, the Russian SFSR annexed their easternmost territories around Ivangorod and within the modern Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts in 1944-1945. | eng_Latn | 13,893 |
'Travel company' for Russian tourism visa | Do you need to submit an itinerary to get a Russian visa? And do you have to stick to it? | Visiting Russia as an Arab. Am I going to be hassled? | eng_Latn | 13,894 |
Why isn't Russia a member of NATO? | Why does Russia not join NATO? | Will Spain lose one of its real ally Russia because of NATO and European Union? | eng_Latn | 13,895 |
Why is NATO building up its forces along Russia's Baltic borders? | Why did NATO & the US build up their armed forces around the Russian borders, especially in the Baltic states? | When The Soviet Union defeated Nazi Germany, why didn't they invade its lands and claim it their own? | eng_Latn | 13,896 |
Will NATO be disbanded? | Should NATO be disbanded? Why? | What is NATO? | kor_Hang | 13,897 |
what is the language in ukraine? | Ukrainian /juËËkreɪniÉn/ (ÑкÑаÑнÑÑка мова ukrajinÅka mova) is an East Slavic language. It is the official state language of Ukraine and first of two principal languages of Ukrainians; it is one of the three official languages in the unrecognized state of Transnistria, the other two being Romanian and Russian. Written Ukrainian uses a variant of the Cyrillic script (see Ukrainian alphabet). | Which language do people speak in Ukraine - Russian or Ukrainian? Though official language of Ukraine is Ukrainian, more than 60% of its population speak Russian, because of long lasted and close bonds between Russian and Ukrainian people. For more than 300 years Ukraine was a part of Russia, and lately USSR. Last generations of Ukrainian people generally learned in school and spoke Russian in everyday life. In 1991 Ukraine one more time became independent. | eng_Latn | 13,898 |
when did russia sign an armistice with germany | In December 1917, Germany agreed to an armistice and peace talks with Russia, and Lenin sent Leon Trotsky to Brest-Litovsk in Belarus to negotiate a treaty. The talks broke off after Germany demanded independence for Russian holdings in Eastern Europe, and in February 1918 fighting resumed on the eastern front. With German troops advancing on St. Petersburg, Lenin authorized the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on March 3, 1918. | The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I.he treaty was effectively terminated in November 1918, when Germany surrendered to the Allies. However, it did provide some relief to the Bolsheviks, already fighting the Russian Civil War, by renouncing Russia's claims on Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine and Lithuania. | eng_Latn | 13,899 |
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