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Which organization claims that private sector employers believe having a diverse workplace is beneficial? | The National Conference of State Legislatures held in Washington D.C. stated in a 2014 overview that many supporters for affirmative action argue that policies stemming from affirmative action help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education. Workplace diversity has become a business management concept in which employers actively seek to promote an inclusive workplace. By valuing diversity, employers have the capacity to create an environment in which there is a culture of respect for individual differences as well as the ability to draw in talent and ideas from all segments of the population. By creating this diverse workforce, these employers and companies gain a competitive advantage in an increasingly global economy. According to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, many private sector employers have concluded that a diverse workforce makes a "company stronger, more profitable, and a better place to work." Therefore, these diversity promoting policies are implemented for competitive reasons rather than as a response to discrimination, but have shown the value in having diversity. | To Secure These Rights also called for desegregation of the Armed Forces. "Prejudice in any area is an ugly, undemocratic phenomenon, but in the armed services, where all men run the risk of death, it is especially repugnant." The rationale was fairness: "When an individual enters the service of the country, he necessarily surrenders some of the rights and privileges which are inherent in American citizenship." In return, the government "undertakes to protect his integrity as an individual." Yet that was not possible in the segregated Army, since "any discrimination which…prevents members of the minority groups from rendering full military service in defense of their country is for them a humiliating badge of inferiority." The report called for an end to "all discrimination and segregation based on race, color, creed, or national origins in…all branches of the Armed Services.":38–39 | eng_Latn | 19,900 |
How much have the domestic televsion rights increased from 2010-12 to 2012-13? | The BBC's highlights package on Saturday and Sunday nights, as well as other evenings when fixtures justify, will run until 2016. Television rights alone for the period 2010 to 2013 have been purchased for £1.782 billion. On 22 June 2009, due to troubles encountered by Setanta Sports after it failed to meet a final deadline over a £30 million payment to the Premier League, ESPN was awarded two packages of UK rights containing a total of 46 matches that were available for the 2009–10 season as well as a package of 23 matches per season from 2010–11 to 2012–13. On 13 June 2012, the Premier League announced that BT had been awarded 38 games a season for the 2013–14 through 2015–16 seasons at £246 million-a-year. The remaining 116 games were retained by Sky who paid £760 million-a-year. The total domestic rights have raised £3.018 billion, an increase of 70.2% over the 2010–11 to 2012–13 rights. The value of the licensing deal rose by another 70.2% in 2015, when Sky and BT paid a total of £5.136 billion to renew their contracts with the Premier League for another three years up to the 2018–19 season. | Following the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hearing of the incident, Truman turned to NAACP leader Walter Francis White and declared, "My God! I had no idea it was as terrible as that. We've got to do something." In 1947 the committee published its findings, To Secure These Rights. The book was widely read, influential, and considered utopian for the times: "In our land men are equal, but they are free to be different. From these very differences among our people has come the great human and national strength of America." The report discussed and demonstrated racial discrimination in basic freedoms, education, public facilities, personal safety, and employment opportunities. The committee was disturbed by the state of race relations, and included the evacuation of Americans of Japanese descent during the war "made without a trial or any sort of hearing…Fundamental to our whole system of law is the belief that guilt is personal and not a matter of heredity or association." The recommendations were radical, calling for federal policies and laws to end racial discrimination and bring about equality: "We can tolerate no restrictions upon the individual which depend upon irrelevant factors such as his race, his color, his religion, or the social position to which he is born." To Secure These Rights set the liberal legislative agenda for the next generation that eventually would be signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson.:35–36 | eng_Latn | 19,901 |
Which school did Brigham Young Acadamy, now BYU, break off from in 1876? | The school broke off from the University of Deseret and became Brigham Young Academy, with classes commencing on January 3, 1876. Warren Dusenberry served as interim principal of the school for several months until April 1876 when Brigham Young's choice for principal arrived—a German immigrant named Karl Maeser. Under Maeser's direction the school educated many luminaries including future U.S. Supreme Court Justice George Sutherland and future U.S. Senator Reed Smoot among others. The school, however, did not become a university until the end of Benjamin Cluff, Jr's term at the helm of the institution. At that time, the school was also still privately supported by members of the community and was not absorbed and sponsored officially by the LDS Church until July 18, 1896. A series of odd managerial decisions by Cluff led to his demotion; however, in his last official act, he proposed to the Board that the Academy be named "Brigham Young University". The suggestion received a large amount of opposition, with many members of the Board saying that the school wasn't large enough to be a university, but the decision ultimately passed. One opponent to the decision, Anthon H. Lund, later said, "I hope their head will grow big enough for their hat." | During the 1988 presidential election, George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Michael Dukakis for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique". When challenged on the distinction between Dukakis's Harvard connection and his own Yale background, he said that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it" and said Yale did not share Harvard's reputation for "liberalism and elitism". In 2004 Howard Dean stated, "In some ways, I consider myself separate from the other three (Yale) candidates of 2004. Yale changed so much between the class of '68 and the class of '71. My class was the first class to have women in it; it was the first class to have a significant effort to recruit African Americans. It was an extraordinary time, and in that span of time is the change of an entire generation". | eng_Latn | 19,902 |
Jesse Jackson Jr. has a masters degree in this from the Chicago Theological Seminary | The Honorable Jesse Jackson, Jr. | The HistoryMakers May 12, 2000 ... Born on March 11, 1965, Congressman Jesse Jackson, Jr. literally ... He later attended the Chicago Theological Seminary, earning his master's degree in ... Jackson has been awarded honorary doctorate degrees from the... | Author Topic: Education of Little Tree Pulled from Oprah Winfrey's ... The AP had inquired last week about "The Education of Little Tree," which was ... of an orphaned boy raised by his Cherokee grandparents; the book became a ... Wallace who wrote Wallace's infamous vow: "Segregation today! ... it is the racial hypocrisy of a white supremacist," says author Sherman Alexie,... | eng_Latn | 19,903 |
Duke University and Shaw University are examples of what type of colleges that are in North Carolina? | North Carolina is also home to many well-known private colleges and universities, including Duke University, Wake Forest University, Pfeiffer University, Lees-McRae College, Davidson College, Barton College, North Carolina Wesleyan College, Elon University, Guilford College, Livingstone College, Salem College, Shaw University (the first historically black college or university in the South), Laurel University, Meredith College, Methodist University, Belmont Abbey College (the only Catholic college in the Carolinas), Campbell University, University of Mount Olive, Montreat College, High Point University, Lenoir-Rhyne University (the only Lutheran university in North Carolina) and Wingate University. | During the 1988 presidential election, George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Michael Dukakis for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique". When challenged on the distinction between Dukakis's Harvard connection and his own Yale background, he said that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it" and said Yale did not share Harvard's reputation for "liberalism and elitism". In 2004 Howard Dean stated, "In some ways, I consider myself separate from the other three (Yale) candidates of 2004. Yale changed so much between the class of '68 and the class of '71. My class was the first class to have women in it; it was the first class to have a significant effort to recruit African Americans. It was an extraordinary time, and in that span of time is the change of an entire generation". | eng_Latn | 19,904 |
The Supreme Court restricted registration of some vehicles with engines of 2000 cc and over until what date? | On December 16, 2015, the Supreme Court of India mandated several restrictions on Delhi's transportation system to curb pollution. Among the measures, the court ordered to stop registrations of diesel cars and sport utility vehicles with an engine capacity of 2,000 cc and over until March 31, 2016. The court also ordered all taxis in the Delhi region to switch to compressed natural gas by March 1, 2016. Transportation vehicles that are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital. | Following the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hearing of the incident, Truman turned to NAACP leader Walter Francis White and declared, "My God! I had no idea it was as terrible as that. We've got to do something." In 1947 the committee published its findings, To Secure These Rights. The book was widely read, influential, and considered utopian for the times: "In our land men are equal, but they are free to be different. From these very differences among our people has come the great human and national strength of America." The report discussed and demonstrated racial discrimination in basic freedoms, education, public facilities, personal safety, and employment opportunities. The committee was disturbed by the state of race relations, and included the evacuation of Americans of Japanese descent during the war "made without a trial or any sort of hearing…Fundamental to our whole system of law is the belief that guilt is personal and not a matter of heredity or association." The recommendations were radical, calling for federal policies and laws to end racial discrimination and bring about equality: "We can tolerate no restrictions upon the individual which depend upon irrelevant factors such as his race, his color, his religion, or the social position to which he is born." To Secure These Rights set the liberal legislative agenda for the next generation that eventually would be signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson.:35–36 | eng_Latn | 19,905 |
How many cultures does the Constitution of Bolivia recognize? | In Bolivia, a 62% majority of residents over the age of 15 self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people, while another 3.7% grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet do not self-identify as indigenous. Including both of these categories, and children under 15, some 66.4% of Bolivia's population was registered as indigenous in the 2001 Census. The largest indigenous ethnic groups are: Quechua, about 2.5 million people; Aymara, 2.0 million; Chiquitano, 181,000; Guaraní, 126,000; and Mojeño, 69,000. Some 124,000 belong to smaller indigenous groups. The Constitution of Bolivia, enacted in 2009, recognizes 36 cultures, each with its own language, as part of a plurinational state. Some groups, including CONAMAQ (the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu) draw ethnic boundaries within the Quechua- and Aymara-speaking population, resulting in a total of fifty indigenous peoples native to Bolivia. | In 1992, the university drafted a new Statement on Academic Freedom, specifying that limitations may be placed upon "expression with students or in public that: (1) contradicts or opposes, rather than analyzes or discusses, fundamental Church doctrine or policy; (2) deliberately attacks or derides the Church or its general leaders; or (3) violates the Honor Code because the expression is dishonest, illegal, unchaste, profane, or unduly disrespectful of others." These restrictions have caused some controversy as several professors have been disciplined according to the new rule. The American Association of University Professors has claimed that "infringements on academic freedom are distressingly common and that the climate for academic freedom is distressingly poor." The new rules have not affected BYU's accreditation, as the university's chosen accrediting body allows "religious colleges and universities to place limitations on academic freedom so long as they publish those limitations candidly", according to associate academic vice president Jim Gordon. The AAUP's concern was not with restrictions on the faculty member's religious expression but with a failure, as alleged by the faculty member and AAUP, that the restrictions had not been adequately specified in advance by BYU: "The AAUP requires that any doctrinal limitations on academic freedom be laid out clearly in writing. We [AAUP] concluded that BYU had failed to do so adequately." | eng_Latn | 19,906 |
What other groups does the FBI Academy train? | The FBI Academy, located in Quantico, Virginia, is home to the communications and computer laboratory the FBI utilizes. It is also where new agents are sent for training to become FBI Special Agents. Going through the 21-week course is required for every Special Agent. First opened for use in 1972, the facility located on 385 acres (1.6 km2) of woodland. The Academy trains state and local law enforcement agencies, which are invited to the law enforcement training center. The FBI units that reside at Quantico are the Field and Police Training Unit, Firearms Training Unit, Forensic Science Research and Training Center, Technology Services Unit (TSU), Investigative Training Unit, Law Enforcement Communication Unit, Leadership and Management Science Units (LSMU), Physical Training Unit, New Agents' Training Unit (NATU), Practical Applications Unit (PAU), the Investigative Computer Training Unit and the "College of Analytical Studies." | Following the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hearing of the incident, Truman turned to NAACP leader Walter Francis White and declared, "My God! I had no idea it was as terrible as that. We've got to do something." In 1947 the committee published its findings, To Secure These Rights. The book was widely read, influential, and considered utopian for the times: "In our land men are equal, but they are free to be different. From these very differences among our people has come the great human and national strength of America." The report discussed and demonstrated racial discrimination in basic freedoms, education, public facilities, personal safety, and employment opportunities. The committee was disturbed by the state of race relations, and included the evacuation of Americans of Japanese descent during the war "made without a trial or any sort of hearing…Fundamental to our whole system of law is the belief that guilt is personal and not a matter of heredity or association." The recommendations were radical, calling for federal policies and laws to end racial discrimination and bring about equality: "We can tolerate no restrictions upon the individual which depend upon irrelevant factors such as his race, his color, his religion, or the social position to which he is born." To Secure These Rights set the liberal legislative agenda for the next generation that eventually would be signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson.:35–36 | eng_Latn | 19,907 |
When was the BYU Honor Code actually created? | All students and faculty, regardless of religion, are required to agree to adhere to an honor code. Early forms of the Church Educational System Honor Code are found as far back as the days of the Brigham Young Academy and early school President Karl G. Maeser. Maeser created the "Domestic Organization", which was a group of teachers who would visit students at their homes to see that they were following the schools moral rules prohibiting obscenity, profanity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. The Honor Code itself was not created until about 1940, and was used mainly for cases of cheating and academic dishonesty. President Wilkinson expanded the Honor Code in 1957 to include other school standards. This led to what the Honor Code represents today: rules regarding chastity, dress, grooming, drugs, and alcohol. A signed commitment to live the honor code is part of the application process, and must be adhered by all students, faculty, and staff. Students and faculty found in violation of standards are either warned or called to meet with representatives of the Honor Council. In certain cases, students and faculty can be expelled from the school or lose tenure. Both LDS and non-LDS students are required to meet annually with a Church leader to receive an ecclesiastical endorsement for both acceptance and continuance. Various LGBT advocacy groups have protested the honor code and criticized it as being anti-gay, and The Princeton Review ranked BYU as the 3rd most LGBT-unfriendly school in the United States. | Burke claimed that Bolingbroke's arguments against revealed religion could apply to all social and civil institutions as well. Lord Chesterfield and Bishop Warburton (and others) initially thought that the work was genuinely by Bolingbroke rather than a satire. All the reviews of the work were positive, with critics especially appreciative of Burke's quality of writing. Some reviewers failed to notice the ironic nature of the book, which led to Burke stating in the preface to the second edition (1757) that it was a satire. | eng_Latn | 19,908 |
What is the permutation when a person lacks exploration and commitment? | A person may display either relative weakness or relative strength in terms of both exploration and commitments. When assigned categories, four possible permutations result: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. Diffusion is when a person lacks both exploration in life and interest in committing even to those unchosen roles that he or she occupies. Foreclosure is when a person has not chosen extensively in the past, but seems willing to commit to some relevant values, goals, or roles in the future. Moratorium is when a person displays a kind of flightiness, ready to make choices but unable to commit to them. Finally, achievement is when a person makes identity choices and commits to them. | In 1992, the university drafted a new Statement on Academic Freedom, specifying that limitations may be placed upon "expression with students or in public that: (1) contradicts or opposes, rather than analyzes or discusses, fundamental Church doctrine or policy; (2) deliberately attacks or derides the Church or its general leaders; or (3) violates the Honor Code because the expression is dishonest, illegal, unchaste, profane, or unduly disrespectful of others." These restrictions have caused some controversy as several professors have been disciplined according to the new rule. The American Association of University Professors has claimed that "infringements on academic freedom are distressingly common and that the climate for academic freedom is distressingly poor." The new rules have not affected BYU's accreditation, as the university's chosen accrediting body allows "religious colleges and universities to place limitations on academic freedom so long as they publish those limitations candidly", according to associate academic vice president Jim Gordon. The AAUP's concern was not with restrictions on the faculty member's religious expression but with a failure, as alleged by the faculty member and AAUP, that the restrictions had not been adequately specified in advance by BYU: "The AAUP requires that any doctrinal limitations on academic freedom be laid out clearly in writing. We [AAUP] concluded that BYU had failed to do so adequately." | eng_Latn | 19,909 |
Which bill was passed in an attempt to limit or prevent Asian immigration? | Early Asian immigrants experienced prejudice and discrimination in the forms of not having the ability to become naturalized citizens. They also struggled with many of the same school segregation laws that African Americans faced. Particularly, during World War II, Japanese Americans were interned in camps and lost their property, homes, and businesses. Discrimination against Asians began with the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and then continued with the Scott Act of 1888 and the Geary Act of 1892. At the beginning of the 20th century, the United States passed the Immigration Act of 1924 to prevent Asian immigration out of fear that Asians were stealing white jobs and lowering the standard for wages. In addition, whites and non-Asians do not differentiate among the different Asian groups and perpetuate the "model minority" stereotype. According to a 2010 article by Professor Qin Zhang of Fairfield University, Asians are characterized as one dimensional in having great work ethic and valuing education, but lacking in communication skills and personality. A negative outcome of this stereotype is that Asians have been portrayed as having poor leadership and interpersonal skills. This has contributing to the "glass ceiling" phenomenon in which although there are many qualified Asian Americans, they occupy a disproportionately small number of executive positions in businesses. Furthermore, the model minority stereotype has led to resentment of Asian success and several universities and colleges have limited or have been accused of limiting Asian matriculation. | NAACP had many problem's with JFK's "token" proposal. They wanted jobs. One day after the order took effect, NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill filed complaints against the hiring and promoting practices of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. Lockheed was doing business with the Defense Department on the first billion-dollar contract. Due to taxpayer-funding being 90% of Lockheed's business, along with disproportionate hiring practices, black workers charged Lockheed with "overt discrimination." Lockheed signed an agreement with Vice President Johnson that pledged an "aggressive seeking out for more qualified minority candidates for technical and skill positions.:63–64 This agreement was the administration's model for a "plan of progress." Johnson and his assistants soon pressured other defense contractors, including Boeing and General Electric, to sign similar voluntary agreements indicating plans for progress. However, these plans were just that, voluntary. Many corporations in the South, still afflicted with Jim Crow laws, largely ignored the federal recommendations.:63–64 | eng_Latn | 19,910 |
What is one of the types of Authorized Badges in the USAF? | In addition to basic uniform clothing, various badges are used by the USAF to indicate a billet assignment or qualification-level for a given assignment. Badges can also be used as merit-based or service-based awards. Over time, various badges have been discontinued and are no longer distributed. Authorized badges include the Shields of USAF Fire Protection, and Security Forces, and the Missile Badge (or "pocket rocket"), which is earned after working in a missile system maintenance or missile operations capacity for at least one year. | In 1992, the university drafted a new Statement on Academic Freedom, specifying that limitations may be placed upon "expression with students or in public that: (1) contradicts or opposes, rather than analyzes or discusses, fundamental Church doctrine or policy; (2) deliberately attacks or derides the Church or its general leaders; or (3) violates the Honor Code because the expression is dishonest, illegal, unchaste, profane, or unduly disrespectful of others." These restrictions have caused some controversy as several professors have been disciplined according to the new rule. The American Association of University Professors has claimed that "infringements on academic freedom are distressingly common and that the climate for academic freedom is distressingly poor." The new rules have not affected BYU's accreditation, as the university's chosen accrediting body allows "religious colleges and universities to place limitations on academic freedom so long as they publish those limitations candidly", according to associate academic vice president Jim Gordon. The AAUP's concern was not with restrictions on the faculty member's religious expression but with a failure, as alleged by the faculty member and AAUP, that the restrictions had not been adequately specified in advance by BYU: "The AAUP requires that any doctrinal limitations on academic freedom be laid out clearly in writing. We [AAUP] concluded that BYU had failed to do so adequately." | eng_Latn | 19,911 |
When did laws stop banning marriage between whites and asians? | Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s. | One of the first incidents of the book being challenged was in Hanover, Virginia, in 1966: a parent protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral. Johnson cites examples of letters to local newspapers, which ranged from amusement to fury; those letters expressing the most outrage, however, complained about Mayella Ewell's attraction to Tom Robinson over the depictions of rape. Upon learning the school administrators were holding hearings to decide the book's appropriateness for the classroom, Harper Lee sent $10 to The Richmond News Leader suggesting it to be used toward the enrollment of "the Hanover County School Board in any first grade of its choice". The National Education Association in 1968 placed the novel second on a list of books receiving the most complaints from private organizations—after Little Black Sambo. | eng_Latn | 19,912 |
Who must sign a comitment to live by the honor code as part of the application process? | All students and faculty, regardless of religion, are required to agree to adhere to an honor code. Early forms of the Church Educational System Honor Code are found as far back as the days of the Brigham Young Academy and early school President Karl G. Maeser. Maeser created the "Domestic Organization", which was a group of teachers who would visit students at their homes to see that they were following the schools moral rules prohibiting obscenity, profanity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. The Honor Code itself was not created until about 1940, and was used mainly for cases of cheating and academic dishonesty. President Wilkinson expanded the Honor Code in 1957 to include other school standards. This led to what the Honor Code represents today: rules regarding chastity, dress, grooming, drugs, and alcohol. A signed commitment to live the honor code is part of the application process, and must be adhered by all students, faculty, and staff. Students and faculty found in violation of standards are either warned or called to meet with representatives of the Honor Council. In certain cases, students and faculty can be expelled from the school or lose tenure. Both LDS and non-LDS students are required to meet annually with a Church leader to receive an ecclesiastical endorsement for both acceptance and continuance. Various LGBT advocacy groups have protested the honor code and criticized it as being anti-gay, and The Princeton Review ranked BYU as the 3rd most LGBT-unfriendly school in the United States. | "We used a technique of laying our program out in general debate," he said. When we got to the amendment phase, we would offer our program as a substitute for the Johnson proposal. If we lost in the Committee of the Whole, then we would usually offer it as a motion to recommit and get a vote on that. And if we lost on the motion to recommit, our Republican members had a choice: They could vote against the Johnson program and say we did our best to come up with a better alternative. Or they could vote for it and make the same argument. Usually we lost; but when you're only 140 out of 435, you don't expect to win many. | eng_Latn | 19,913 |
What must an operator deviate from to harm the computer? | Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. It includes controlling physical access to the hardware, as well as protecting against harm that may come via network access, data and code injection, and due to malpractice by operators, whether intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked into deviating from secure procedures. | In 1992, the university drafted a new Statement on Academic Freedom, specifying that limitations may be placed upon "expression with students or in public that: (1) contradicts or opposes, rather than analyzes or discusses, fundamental Church doctrine or policy; (2) deliberately attacks or derides the Church or its general leaders; or (3) violates the Honor Code because the expression is dishonest, illegal, unchaste, profane, or unduly disrespectful of others." These restrictions have caused some controversy as several professors have been disciplined according to the new rule. The American Association of University Professors has claimed that "infringements on academic freedom are distressingly common and that the climate for academic freedom is distressingly poor." The new rules have not affected BYU's accreditation, as the university's chosen accrediting body allows "religious colleges and universities to place limitations on academic freedom so long as they publish those limitations candidly", according to associate academic vice president Jim Gordon. The AAUP's concern was not with restrictions on the faculty member's religious expression but with a failure, as alleged by the faculty member and AAUP, that the restrictions had not been adequately specified in advance by BYU: "The AAUP requires that any doctrinal limitations on academic freedom be laid out clearly in writing. We [AAUP] concluded that BYU had failed to do so adequately." | eng_Latn | 19,914 |
What factor did Kanye West accuse of being the reason for his being excluded for the opening of the 2007 VMAs? | On September 9, 2007, West suggested that his race had something to do with his being overlooked for opening the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs) in favor of Britney Spears; he claimed, "Maybe my skin’s not right." West was performing at the event; that night, he lost all five awards that he was nominated for, including Best Male Artist and Video of the Year. After the show, he was visibly upset that he had lost at the VMAs two years in a row, stating that he would not come back to MTV ever again. He also appeared on several radio stations saying that when he made the song "Stronger" that it was his dream to open the VMAs with it. He has also stated that Spears has not had a hit in a long period of time and that MTV exploited her for ratings. | In 2006, Jian Li, a Chinese undergraduate at Yale University, filed a civil rights complaint with the Office for Civil Rights against Princeton University, claiming that his race played a role in their decision to reject his application for admission and seeking the suspension of federal financial assistance to the university until it "discontinues discrimination against Asian Americans in all forms" by eliminating race and legacy preferences. Princeton Dean of Admissions Janet Rapelye responded to the claims in the November 30, 2006, issue of the Daily Princetonian by stating that "the numbers don't indicate [discrimination]." She said that Li was not admitted because "many others had far better qualifications." Li's extracurricular activities were described as "not all that outstanding". Li countered in an email, saying that his placement on the waitlist undermines Rapelye's claim. "Princeton had initially waitlisted my application," Li said. "So if it were not for a yield which was higher than expected, the admissions office very well may have admitted a candidate whose "outside activities were not all that outstanding". | eng_Latn | 19,915 |
At what concentration can yeast no longer survive in alcohol? | The alcohol in beer comes primarily from the metabolism of sugars that are produced during fermentation. The quantity of fermentable sugars in the wort and the variety of yeast used to ferment the wort are the primary factors that determine the amount of alcohol in the final beer. Additional fermentable sugars are sometimes added to increase alcohol content, and enzymes are often added to the wort for certain styles of beer (primarily "light" beers) to convert more complex carbohydrates (starches) to fermentable sugars. Alcohol is a by-product of yeast metabolism and is toxic to the yeast; typical brewing yeast cannot survive at alcohol concentrations above 12% by volume. Low temperatures and too little fermentation time decreases the effectiveness of yeasts and consequently decreases the alcohol content. | In 1992, the university drafted a new Statement on Academic Freedom, specifying that limitations may be placed upon "expression with students or in public that: (1) contradicts or opposes, rather than analyzes or discusses, fundamental Church doctrine or policy; (2) deliberately attacks or derides the Church or its general leaders; or (3) violates the Honor Code because the expression is dishonest, illegal, unchaste, profane, or unduly disrespectful of others." These restrictions have caused some controversy as several professors have been disciplined according to the new rule. The American Association of University Professors has claimed that "infringements on academic freedom are distressingly common and that the climate for academic freedom is distressingly poor." The new rules have not affected BYU's accreditation, as the university's chosen accrediting body allows "religious colleges and universities to place limitations on academic freedom so long as they publish those limitations candidly", according to associate academic vice president Jim Gordon. The AAUP's concern was not with restrictions on the faculty member's religious expression but with a failure, as alleged by the faculty member and AAUP, that the restrictions had not been adequately specified in advance by BYU: "The AAUP requires that any doctrinal limitations on academic freedom be laid out clearly in writing. We [AAUP] concluded that BYU had failed to do so adequately." | eng_Latn | 19,916 |
What did the Indian Vaccination Act of 1832 establish? | Contact with European diseases such as smallpox and measles killed between 50 and 67 per cent of the Aboriginal population of North America in the first hundred years after the arrival of Europeans. Some 90 per cent of the native population near Massachusetts Bay Colony died of smallpox in an epidemic in 1617–1619. In 1633, in Plymouth, the Native Americans there were exposed to smallpox because of contact with Europeans. As it had done elsewhere, the virus wiped out entire population groups of Native Americans. It reached Lake Ontario in 1636, and the lands of the Iroquois by 1679. During the 1770s, smallpox killed at least 30% of the West Coast Native Americans. The 1775–82 North American smallpox epidemic and 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic brought devastation and drastic population depletion among the Plains Indians. In 1832, the federal government of the United States established a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans (The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832). | In June 1963, President Kennedy continued his policy of affirmative action by issuing another mandate, Executive Order 11114. The order supplemented to his previous 1961 executive order declaring it was the "policy of the United States to encourage by affirmative action the elimination of discrimination in employment".:72 Through this order, all federal funds, such as "grants, loans, unions and employers who accepted taxpayer funds, and other forms of financial assistance to state and local governments," were forced to comply to the government's policies on affirmative action in employment practices.:72 | eng_Latn | 19,917 |
What increased the powers of the FBI? | The USA PATRIOT Act increased the powers allotted to the FBI, especially in wiretapping and monitoring of Internet activity. One of the most controversial provisions of the act is the so-called sneak and peek provision, granting the FBI powers to search a house while the residents are away, and not requiring them to notify the residents for several weeks afterwards. Under the PATRIOT Act's provisions, the FBI also resumed inquiring into the library records of those who are suspected of terrorism (something it had supposedly not done since the 1970s). | Following the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hearing of the incident, Truman turned to NAACP leader Walter Francis White and declared, "My God! I had no idea it was as terrible as that. We've got to do something." In 1947 the committee published its findings, To Secure These Rights. The book was widely read, influential, and considered utopian for the times: "In our land men are equal, but they are free to be different. From these very differences among our people has come the great human and national strength of America." The report discussed and demonstrated racial discrimination in basic freedoms, education, public facilities, personal safety, and employment opportunities. The committee was disturbed by the state of race relations, and included the evacuation of Americans of Japanese descent during the war "made without a trial or any sort of hearing…Fundamental to our whole system of law is the belief that guilt is personal and not a matter of heredity or association." The recommendations were radical, calling for federal policies and laws to end racial discrimination and bring about equality: "We can tolerate no restrictions upon the individual which depend upon irrelevant factors such as his race, his color, his religion, or the social position to which he is born." To Secure These Rights set the liberal legislative agenda for the next generation that eventually would be signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson.:35–36 | eng_Latn | 19,918 |
How many of the total bachelor degrees awarded in 1990 went to Latinos? | According to a study by Dr. Paul Brest, Hispanics or "Latinos" include immigrants who are descendants of immigrants from the countries comprising Central and South America. In 1991, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans made up 80% of the Latino population in the United States. Latinos are disadvantaged compared to White Americans and are more likely to live in poverty. They are the least well educated major ethnic group and suffered a 3% drop in high school completion rate while African Americans experienced a 12% increase between 1975-1990. In 1990, they constituted 9% of the population, but only received 3.1% of the bachelors's degrees awarded. At times when it is favorable to lawmakers, Latinos were considered "white" by the Jim Crow laws during the Reconstruction. In other cases, according to Paul Brest, Latinos have been classified as an inferior race and a threat to white purity. Latinos have encountered considerable discrimination in areas such as employment, housing, and education. Brest finds that stereotypes continue to be largely negative and many perceive Latinos as "lazy, unproductive, and on the dole." Furthermore, native-born Latino-Americans and recent immigrants are seen as identical since outsiders tend not to differentiate between Latino groups. | Following the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hearing of the incident, Truman turned to NAACP leader Walter Francis White and declared, "My God! I had no idea it was as terrible as that. We've got to do something." In 1947 the committee published its findings, To Secure These Rights. The book was widely read, influential, and considered utopian for the times: "In our land men are equal, but they are free to be different. From these very differences among our people has come the great human and national strength of America." The report discussed and demonstrated racial discrimination in basic freedoms, education, public facilities, personal safety, and employment opportunities. The committee was disturbed by the state of race relations, and included the evacuation of Americans of Japanese descent during the war "made without a trial or any sort of hearing…Fundamental to our whole system of law is the belief that guilt is personal and not a matter of heredity or association." The recommendations were radical, calling for federal policies and laws to end racial discrimination and bring about equality: "We can tolerate no restrictions upon the individual which depend upon irrelevant factors such as his race, his color, his religion, or the social position to which he is born." To Secure These Rights set the liberal legislative agenda for the next generation that eventually would be signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson.:35–36 | eng_Latn | 19,919 |
What is the benefit of yolk-rich eggs? | However, the lifecycles of most living polychaetes, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25% of the 300+ species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern. About 14% use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton, or eggs from which miniature adults emerge rather than larvae. The rest care for the fertilized eggs until they hatch – some by producing jelly-covered masses of eggs which they tend, some by attaching the eggs to their bodies and a few species by keeping the eggs within their bodies until they hatch. These species use a variety of methods for sperm transfer; for example, in some the females collect sperm released into the water, while in others the males have a penis that inject sperm into the female. There is no guarantee that this is a representative sample of polychaetes' reproductive patterns, and it simply reflects scientists' current knowledge. | During the 1988 presidential election, George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Michael Dukakis for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique". When challenged on the distinction between Dukakis's Harvard connection and his own Yale background, he said that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it" and said Yale did not share Harvard's reputation for "liberalism and elitism". In 2004 Howard Dean stated, "In some ways, I consider myself separate from the other three (Yale) candidates of 2004. Yale changed so much between the class of '68 and the class of '71. My class was the first class to have women in it; it was the first class to have a significant effort to recruit African Americans. It was an extraordinary time, and in that span of time is the change of an entire generation". | eng_Latn | 19,920 |
In what year was a new interdisciplinary management program launched at KU's School of Business? | KU's School of Business launched interdisciplinary management science graduate studies in operations research during Fall Semester 1965. The program provided the foundation for decision science applications supporting NASA Project Apollo Command Capsule Recovery Operations. | All students and faculty, regardless of religion, are required to agree to adhere to an honor code. Early forms of the Church Educational System Honor Code are found as far back as the days of the Brigham Young Academy and early school President Karl G. Maeser. Maeser created the "Domestic Organization", which was a group of teachers who would visit students at their homes to see that they were following the schools moral rules prohibiting obscenity, profanity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. The Honor Code itself was not created until about 1940, and was used mainly for cases of cheating and academic dishonesty. President Wilkinson expanded the Honor Code in 1957 to include other school standards. This led to what the Honor Code represents today: rules regarding chastity, dress, grooming, drugs, and alcohol. A signed commitment to live the honor code is part of the application process, and must be adhered by all students, faculty, and staff. Students and faculty found in violation of standards are either warned or called to meet with representatives of the Honor Council. In certain cases, students and faculty can be expelled from the school or lose tenure. Both LDS and non-LDS students are required to meet annually with a Church leader to receive an ecclesiastical endorsement for both acceptance and continuance. Various LGBT advocacy groups have protested the honor code and criticized it as being anti-gay, and The Princeton Review ranked BYU as the 3rd most LGBT-unfriendly school in the United States. | eng_Latn | 19,921 |
What did President Salovey believe would happen if Calhoun's name was removed from the college? | In the wake of the racially-motivated" church shooting in Charleston, South Carolina, Yale was under criticism again in the summer of 2015 for Calhoun College, one of 12 residential colleges, which was named after John C. Calhoun, a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century. In July 2015 students signed a petition calling for the name change. They argued in the petition that—while Calhoun was respected in the 19th century as an "extraordinary American statesman"—he was "one of the most prolific defenders of slavery and white supremacy" in the history of the United States. In August 2015 Yale President Peter Salovey addressed the Freshman Class of 2019 in which he responded to the racial tensions but explained why the college would not be renamed. He described Calhoun as a "a notable political theorist, a vice president to two different U.S. presidents, a secretary of war and of state, and a congressman and senator representing South Carolina." He acknowledged that Calhoun also "believed that the highest forms of civilization depend on involuntary servitude. Not only that, but he also believed that the races he thought to be inferior, black people in particular, ought to be subjected to it for the sake of their own best interests." Racial tensions increased in the fall of 2015 centering on comments by Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika regarding freedom of speech. In April 2016 Salovey announced that "despite decades of vigorous alumni and student protests," Calhoun's name will remain on the Yale residential college explaining that it is preferable for Yale students to live in Calhoun's "shadow" so they will be "better prepared to rise to the challenges of the present and the future." He claimed that if they removed Calhoun's name, it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it." "Yale is part of that history" and "We cannot erase American history, but we can confront it, teach it and learn from it." One change that will be issued is the title of “master” for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to “head of college” due to its connotation of slavery. | The Tito-Stalin split had large ramifications for countries outside the USSR and Yugoslavia. It has, for example, been given as one of the reasons for the Slánský trial in Czechoslovakia, in which 14 high-level Communist officials were purged, with 11 of them being executed. Stalin put pressure on Czechoslovakia to conduct purges in order to discourage the spread of the idea of a "national path to socialism," which Tito espoused. | eng_Latn | 19,922 |
What did Hayek serve on after his initial rejection? | In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicago faculty over departmental autonomy and control, and Hayek got caught in the middle of that battle. Hutchins had been attempting to force all departments to adopt the neo-Thomist Great Books program of Mortimer Adler, and the U. of Chicago economists were sick of Hutchins' meddling. As the result the Economics department rejected Hutchins' pressure to hire Hayek, and Hayek became a part of the new Committee on Social Thought. | During the 1988 presidential election, George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Michael Dukakis for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique". When challenged on the distinction between Dukakis's Harvard connection and his own Yale background, he said that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it" and said Yale did not share Harvard's reputation for "liberalism and elitism". In 2004 Howard Dean stated, "In some ways, I consider myself separate from the other three (Yale) candidates of 2004. Yale changed so much between the class of '68 and the class of '71. My class was the first class to have women in it; it was the first class to have a significant effort to recruit African Americans. It was an extraordinary time, and in that span of time is the change of an entire generation". | eng_Latn | 19,923 |
Who could be an air traffic controller irrespective of experience now because of the rule change? | In 2014, the FAA changed a long-standing approach to air traffic control candidates that eliminated preferences based on training and experience at flight schools in favor of a personality test open to anyone irrespective of experience. The move was made to increase flight traffic controller racial diversity. Before the change, candidates who had completed coursework at participating colleges and universities could be "fast-tracked" for consideration. The agency eliminated that program and instead switched to an open system to the general public, with no need for any experience or even a college degree. Instead, applicants could take "a biographical questionnaire" that many applicants found baffling. | It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds, for example in re-introduction schemes. After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis, microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana. | eng_Latn | 19,924 |
Where does the Washington University School of Medicine rank in student selectivity? | The Washington University School of Medicine, founded in 1891, is highly regarded as one of the world's leading centers for medical research and training. The School ranks first in the nation in student selectivity. Among its many recent initiatives, The Genome Center at Washington University (directed by Richard K. Wilson) played a leading role in the Human Genome Project, having contributed 25% of the finished sequence. The School pioneered bedside teaching and led in the transformation of empirical knowledge into scientific medicine. The medical school partners with St. Louis Children's Hospital and Barnes-Jewish Hospital (part of BJC HealthCare), where all physicians are members of the school's faculty. | In 2006, Jian Li, a Chinese undergraduate at Yale University, filed a civil rights complaint with the Office for Civil Rights against Princeton University, claiming that his race played a role in their decision to reject his application for admission and seeking the suspension of federal financial assistance to the university until it "discontinues discrimination against Asian Americans in all forms" by eliminating race and legacy preferences. Princeton Dean of Admissions Janet Rapelye responded to the claims in the November 30, 2006, issue of the Daily Princetonian by stating that "the numbers don't indicate [discrimination]." She said that Li was not admitted because "many others had far better qualifications." Li's extracurricular activities were described as "not all that outstanding". Li countered in an email, saying that his placement on the waitlist undermines Rapelye's claim. "Princeton had initially waitlisted my application," Li said. "So if it were not for a yield which was higher than expected, the admissions office very well may have admitted a candidate whose "outside activities were not all that outstanding". | eng_Latn | 19,925 |
Welcoming certain groups to apply I am applying for jobs and certain job postings specifically "welcome applications from" certain groups that "contribute to diversification." I am in one of these groups that they state, but you have to get to page 4 of my CV or page 2 of my teaching statement to find out. Why are they especially welcoming these groups? Is there part of their evaluation criteria that considers this diversification? Should I make the committee more aware of my belonging to such a group? If so, how? [Nota bene: This is a North American job.] | Is it considered normal to publish job offers inviting candidates to apply based on their gender and/or race in academia? I was browsing PhD position offers in Europe on different websites and I was quite surprised to find that several offers contained sentences such as University of X value equality and diversity. We strongly encourage women and BAME applicants for this position. where BAME stands for Black, Asian and Minority Ethnicities; or The research group aims to increase the number of women in scientific positions. Female candidates are therefore encouraged to apply. Is it considered normal in the academic environment to discriminate between candidates according to their race and/or gender for "egalitarian" reasons? How is the choice of a candidate based on their gender and/or race considered "egalitarian"? | What corrections can you make on galley proofs? When I receive galley proofs of a paper, I look at possible errors introduced by the copy-editing team. But while I proofread the article, there are sometimes small mistakes I'd like to fix, which were not introduced by them (i.e. they were already present in the accepted version of the manuscript). Usually, the proofs are accompanied by instructions saying that extensive changes should not be introduced at that time, and any such changes would have to be approved by the editor (hence, I suppose, delaying publication). However, the limit is not very clear to me. What is considered extensive changes? In particular, what do you think of the following items (from my experience): Slight changes in wording, to improve clarity Updating a citation, because an “in press” or “ASAP” article now has page numbers Adding an important (but not crucial) citation one had missed, in the introduction Adding a citation to a paper that has been published since the manuscript was submitted; possibly adding a short sentence to the text What I have done so far is change everything that I think should be changed to improve the paper (including all the above items), and let the typesetter decide whether he wanted to send it back to the editor. I never received any complaint or comment on my changes, which could indicate that it was the correct course of action. | eng_Latn | 19,926 |
Sue for Gender Discrimination | In the employment context, both state and federal laws prohibit gender discrimination. If you're being harmed or treated differently because of your gender and want to file a lawsuit, you must act quickly to protect your rights. | Do you want to dress as that school girl from Kill Bill at the next "con"? Read this! | eng_Latn | 19,927 |
A student from Bristol is taking legal action after a picture of her friend was "misrepresented" by an Italian political party campaigning against transgender education in schools. | Rose Morelli, 17, said it was "hugely distressing" to see the photo of Alex Elliot on the leaflet by the right-wing Fratelli d'Italia.
Gay rights activist group Arcigay alerted her after she posted it online.
Fratelli d'Italia tweeted an apology for its "improper" use of the photo.
Ms Morelli took the photo as part of an art project. She and Alex Elliot chose the image after being moved by the case of US teenager Leelah Alcorn who took her own life in December. Leelah was born a boy but wanted to live her life as a girl.
She is now taking legal action after her lawyer said Alex's image had been "misrepresented" and may have breached copyright issues.
Mr Elliot, 17, said: "After the tragedy of Leelah Alcorn we wanted to get out the message, 'that can't happen again', and that what happened, was in my opinion, so horribly grotesquely moving."
Ms Morelli said: "It struck me as hugely ironic at first but after I got over that initial sense of irony, it was hugely distressing.
"The last thing we ever wanted to do was inflict harm on the members of the LGBT community.
"To find out it was being used against them in such a malicious way was horrible."
Italian law does not currently legislate against crimes motivated by the sexual orientation or gender identity of the victims.
On its website, the Trentino branch of the Italian gay rights group, Arcigay, described Fratelli d'Italia's use of Ms Morelli's photo as "an insult".
Ms Morelli's Italian lawyer, Alexander Schuster, said he planned to bring a civil action against Fratelli d'Italia and claim for damages.
In a message on Twitter, Fratelli d'Italia said the use of the photo had been "improper".
It said: "We did not want to offend the memory of Leelah."
However, the party maintained that "it is right to campaign against gender teaching in school".
Fratelli d'Italia (Brothers of Italy) is currently opposing a civil partnership bill being debated by the Italian parliament. It is also known for its anti-immigration stance. | Only 10% of boys from the poorest fifth of areas enter higher education, official statistics show.
Universities Minister Jo Johnson said too many students were missing out and universities needed to do more.
Director of Fair Access Professor Les Ebdon said no one with the potential to go to university should be deterred from going because of their background.
However, poor white boys are also among the lowest achievers at school and are less likely to take A-levels than richer pupils.
The guidance comes just weeks after the Prime Minister announced universities would have to publish data on the backgrounds of their applicants.
All universities which charge more than £6,000 a year for tuition fees are required to draw up an agreement showing how they will improve access for disadvantaged groups.
Under these new plans, they will have to set themselves specific targets for recruiting such under-represented groups. These will then have to be agreed by the Office of Fair Access in the usual way.
Mr Johnson said: "We are asking universities to go further and faster than ever before, especially the most selective institutions.
"This guidance for the first time identifies the groups of students where most attention is needed, such as white boys from the poorest homes and students with specific learning difficulties.
"We want to see smarter spending from universities, with more outreach into neighbourhoods with low university entry rates, and much deeper partnerships with local schools."
Universities will also be required to: | eng_Latn | 19,928 |
Google collects schoolchildren's personal data, including internet searches, a civil liberties group says. | In a complaint to the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC), the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) said the alleged practice broke both Google promises and trade rules.
It said Google products used in schools sent data to the company without first seeking parental permission.
Google said its tools complied with the law.
Google provides schools with Chromebooks and its Google Apps for Education (GAFE) products - a suite of cloud-based productivity tools.
It promises not to serve adverts on the apps and says that "users own their data, not Google".
The products are designed to be a safe place for students to learn.
No adverts appear on the core apps in the suite:
According to the EFF, the Chromebooks are enabled by default with a feature to synchronise the Chrome browsers installed on them.
No express consent was sought, it alleged.
"This allows Google to track, store on its servers, and data mine for non-advertising purposes records of every internet site students visit, every search term they use, the results they click on, videos they look for and watch on YouTube, and their saved passwords," it said in a statement.
In its complaint to the FTC, the EFF added that Google "uses [the data] for its own purposes such as improving Google products". And it said Google used the data it collected to target adverts on the non-core apps.
EFF lawyer Nate Cardozo said the alleged practice contradicted the Student Privacy Pledge, to which Google is a signatory, and, therefore, represented a "violation of FTC rules against unfair and deceptive business practices".
He said: "Minors shouldn't be tracked or used as guinea pigs, with their data treated as a profit centre. If Google wants to use students' data to 'improve Google products,' then it needs to get express consent from parents."
The EFF added Google had told it it would "soon disable a setting on school Chromebooks that allows Chrome Sync data, such as browsing history, to be shared with other Google services".
It said: "While that is a small step in the right direction, it doesn't go nearly far enough to correct the violations of the Student Privacy Pledge currently inherent in Chromebooks being distributed to schools.
"EFF's filing with the FTC also reveals that the administrative settings Google provides to schools allow student personal information to be shared with third-party websites in violation of the Student Privacy Pledge.
"The ability to collect and potentially share student information follows children whenever they use Chrome to log into their Google accounts, whether on a parents' Apple iPad, friend's smartphone or home computer."
A Google spokeswoman said: "Our services enable students everywhere to learn and keep their information private and secure.
"While we appreciate EFF's focus on student privacy, we are confident that these tools comply with both the law and our promises, including the Student Privacy Pledge."
An FTC spokesman has not responded to a request for comment. | Janet Garner, 62, claimed the General Teaching Council for Scotland acted illegally when it banned her from teaching, accusing it of bias.
The body acted after hearing how the former Alva Academy and Alloa Academy teacher once saw her entire top-set maths class fail their exams.
Judges at the Court of Session backed the decision of the GTCS.
Mrs Garner was dismissed by Clackmannanshire Council in August 2007, following complaints and parental dissatisfaction about her teaching skills, treatment of individual pupils, pupil attainment and her relationship with colleagues.
The former mathematician and statistician was struck off the teaching register in 2011, but that decision was overturned when a court found the GTCS had not properly considered the allegations.
A new panel then looked at the case, and struck Mrs Garner off again in November 2013, stating that she had "fallen significantly short of the standards expected of a registered teacher".
Mrs Garner took the case to the Court of Session, arguing that the second panel had acted illegally and was biased against her.
Civil judges ruled that the panel had acted correctly, with Lady Paton stating: "We have found nothing to suggest that the panel demonstrated actual or apparent bias."
The GTCS welcomed the ruling, but noted that it had been a "lengthy and costly" process, with the case costing in excess of £210,000 to fight.
The body is insured for the costs of the appeal process, after deduction of an excess, but could potentially pursue Mrs Garner for remuneration. | eng_Latn | 19,929 |
which law would you like to see repealed? | The Blue laws! (ones stating that certain businesses can't be open on Sunday etc.) | they ask people to remove crosses at BA but it is racist to ask a teacher to remove her veil, sounds kind of two faced to me. | eng_Latn | 19,930 |
who started the tuskegee syphilis study | As Allan Brandt suggests, the Tuskegee study must be understood as a result of enduring American racism. In 1932 the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) initiated an experiment in Macon County, Alabama, to determine the natural course of untreated, latent syphilis in black males. | The Tuskegee Syphilis Study and Its Legacy at the University of Virginia. Following that, interested parties formed the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Legacy Committee to develop ideas that had arisen at the symposium. | eng_Latn | 19,931 |
harvard racial bias | Asian-American groups accuse Harvard of racial bias in admissions. A coalition of Asian-American groups filed a federal complaint against Harvard University on Friday alleging the school engaged in systemic and continuous discrimination against Asian Americans during its admissions process. | Obama Says Police 'Acted Stupidly' in Arresting Harvard Professor. President Obama said during a news conference this evening that a police officer in Cambridge, Mass., had acted stupidly last week when he arrested a prominent Harvard professor, Henry Louis Gates Jr., in his own home after Mr. Gates angrily accused him of racism. | por_Latn | 19,932 |
what conventions revised the ffa creed | The Creed was written by E. M Tiffany and adopted at the 3rd National Convention of the FFA. Revised at the 38th and 63rd National FFA Conventions. | The Jim Graham Creed Speaking Career Development Event is named for the late Jim Graham, who served the citizens of North Carolina for 36 years as our Commissioner of Agriculture. This event provides 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th grade FFA members the opportunity to present the five legendary paragraphs of the FFA Creed. Students are evaluated based on presentation and accuracy. ! Sponsor! The Jim Graham FFA Creed CDE is sponsored by the Law Offices of James R. Ansley in memory of the late Commissioner Jim Graham. the top. For female members: black skirt, white | eng_Latn | 19,933 |
what did the supreme court decision in brown v board of education bring to a end | The U.S. Supreme Courtâs decision in Brown v. Board of Education marked a turning point in the history of race relations in the United States. On May 17, 1954, the Court stripped away constitutional sanctions for segregation by race, and made equal opportunity in education the law of the land. Brown v. Board of Education reached the Supreme Court through the fearless efforts of lawyers, community activists, parents, and students. Their struggle to fulfill the American dream set in motion sweeping changes in American society, and redefined the nationâs ideals. | After making its way through the District Courts, the Brown case went to the Supreme Court. In 1954, sixty years after Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Brown v. Board of Education that âseparate but equalâ was unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. | eng_Latn | 19,934 |
what constitutes as civil disobedience | Wiley College vs. Harvard University. Resolved: Civil Disobedience is a Moral Weapon in the Fight for Justice. Audio mp3 of Debate. Harvard Dean: On this historic occasion, we welcome the distinguished team from Wiley College, our illustrious judges, you, the audience, and through the wonder of radio, the nation. | In a word: Versatile. In a sentence: Civil Disobedience is a tool of social movements used by an individual or group to protest a law or common practice, and can change over the course of the movement from a spark of ignition to a unifying action. | eng_Latn | 19,935 |
can an eagle scout award be revoked | Re: A stain on BSA. Having worked for the BSA, yes they can revoke an Eagle Scout Award. It is very rare indeed and usually only if the person is still of Scouting age and active in the program when they commit some dastardly crime. Case in point, Ted Bundy. Eagle Scout, honors student, serial killer. No award revoked. | In some ways the Gold Award is more difficult award to earn than Eagle Rank. Like the Eagle Scout, a Gold Awardee must earn a progression of awards first, which are designed to increase a girl's abilities, confidence, and knowledge so that she can take on a Gold Award Project. | eng_Latn | 19,936 |
what was the final decision in the brown vs board | 1-The final decisionn of Brown v. Board of Education was that Schools shall no longer remain segragated because it was a violation of the 14th Amendment. 2-No, Blacks did not get equal rights as the whites. Everything else in society remained segragated EX: water fountains, bathrooms, restraunts, etc.... 3-NO, After the decision at Brown v. The Board of Education tensions between whites and blacks rose. there was more lynching and hate crimes going around than before. Many school closed down because they refused to let blacks plague their education systems and teachers all over began quitting. | âNo decision since Brown v. Board of Education has been as important as Fisher will prove to be in the long history of racial inclusion and educational diversity,â said Laurence H. Tribe, a law professor at Harvard, referring to the Supreme Courtâs 1954 decision striking down segregated public schools. | eng_Latn | 19,937 |
Black Women's Groups Meet With NFL On Domestic Violence | The beginning of the NFL's 2014 season has been marked by scandals around players' off-field behavior. But each time the league mustered an official response, it seemed to invite even more criticism — especially in the case of Ray Rice, the former Baltimore Ravens running back who was seen on surveillance video punching his then-fiancee and knocking her unconscious. In late August, Roger Goodell, the football league's commissioner, announced several programs meant to reduce domestic violence in the NFL and nationally. But on Sept. 16, the Black Women's Roundtable, a group made up of black women who are civic leaders, requested what they called an emergency meeting with Goodell. They wrote that they were outraged about the recent news surrounding domestic violence and the NFL, but just as concerned about who was left out of the league's plans to tackle it: "The Black Women's Roundtable appreciates the fact that the NFL has established an advisory group of women to assist in 'development and implementation of the league's policies, resources and outreach on issues of domestic violence and sexual assault.' However, your lack of inclusion of women of color, especially Black women who are disproportionately impacted by domestic violence and sexual assault; and the fact that over 66% of the NFL players are made up of African Americans is unacceptable." Last Wednesday, several women from African-American women's organizations met with NFL officials for several hours to discuss. "I think it was a good first step, allowing us to come and share our perspectives," Stephanie Hightower, who heads the Columbus Urban League and attended the meeting, told me. The Roundtable members asked for a follow-up meeting with Goodell in the next few weeks. The larger issue, Hightower said, is cultural competence. "A lot of these groups [the NFL is consulting] are organizations that women of color aren't engaged in," she said. She said groups like the Urban League should have been consulted because they have more infrastructure in those communities. "This coalition is [made up of] different disciplines and subject matter experts, so we're here to offer our help," she said. Hightower cited statistics from the Bureau of Justice showing that black women, who make up only 8 percent of the population, made up 22 percent of all the homicides that resulted from domestic violence in 2005. Meanwhile, there remains substantial argument over whether domestic violence prevention programs like the one put in place by the NFL might even work. NBC News' Tony Dokoupil recently spoke to psychologists and sociologists who said domestic violence prevention programs yield decidedly mixed results. " 'The technical social science term for this is: Oy,' said Michael Kimmel, a sociologist at Stony Brook University, where he directs the Center for the Study of Men and Masculinities. 'There is very little reliable evidence that says that these programs are uniformly or even partially successful.' ... "In 2003, for example, the National Institute of Justice, the research arm of the federal Justice Department, found that intervention programs have 'little to no impact on reoffending.' They also 'do not change batterers' attitudes.' Even worse, according to an NIJ update in 2009, some programs actually seem to make abusers more likely to abuse." Still, Hightower said the NFL's outsize profile and the attention paid to the Ray Rice scandal could help change the conversation about intimate partner violence. "We all know that communities set high standards for being a high-profile athlete — it comes with the territory," she said, noting that she has never seen this much attention or action around the issue. "It's not the NFL's problem, but this issue has risen to the top [because of the NFL]." | News Headlines: Sept. 28, 2007Baltimore Sun: At GOP Debate on Minority Issues, Absent Candidates Incur Resentment -- "Outside the debate hall at Morgan State University, African-Americans across the political spectrum used the phrase "slap in the face" when expressing their frustration at the decision of four leading Republican presidential candidates to skip last night's debate." More: Homeland Colors live blogged the event and asked questions of the candidates in attendance. Check out the open thread comments about the Republican snub. More Headlines:CNN: Mychal Bell of 'Jena 6' Released on Bail AP: Spain Fights Migration Via Senegal Ads ABC News: Judge Strikes Down Patriot Act Provisions Fox News: Oprah TV's Top Earner, Followed by Jerry Seinfeld The New York Times: McNabb: "Somebody Has to Speak About It" U.S. News & World Report: Like Other Schools, HBCUs Must Compete for Students | The New Affirmative Action Chicago Tribune: African-American Museum Opens Online RTE: Pregnant Halle Berry Receives Death Threats | eng_Latn | 19,938 |
Abortion rate at lowest level since Roe v. Wade case .
Decline attributed to use of contraception by teens of both genders .
Abortion rate among black teens remains four times higher than that of white teens . | By . Reuters Reporter . UPDATED: . 17:46 EST, 8 February 2012 . Birth and abortion rates among U.S. teens fell to record lows in 2008 as increased use of contraceptives sent the overall teen pregnancy rate to its lowest level since at least 1972, a study showed today. But disparities among racial and ethnic groups continued to persist, with black and Hispanic teens experiencing pregnancy and abortion rates two to four times higher than their white peers, the Guttmacher Institute, the nonprofit sexual health research group that conducted the analysis, said. The Guttmacher researchers looked at government statistics on teenage sex, pregnancies and births, as well as the institute's own data on abortions for 2008, the most recent year the numbers were available. Historic low: Birth and abortion rates among American teens has fallen to record lows . They found that nearly 750,000 women under age of 20 were pregnant in 2008 - nearly 98 per cent of them between the ages of 15 and 19. That translated into a pregnancy rate of 67.8 pregnancies per 1,000 women aged 15 to 19, the researchers said, the lowest pregnancy rate seen since 1972, the year before the Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade that established a woman's right to an abortion. It was also down 42 percent from 1990, when teen pregnancies in the U.S. peaked at 116.9 per 1,000 teen girls and women. The teen abortion rate in 2008 dropped to the lowest rate seen since 1972 at 17.8 per 1,000 teen girls and women, the analysis found, and was down 59 per cent from 1988 when the abortion rate peaked at 43.5 per 1,000 teen women. Televised: Popular reality shows like Teen Mom, which doesn't glamourise pregnancy, may also play a factor in declining teen pregnancy rates . The Guttmacher researchers said the decline in teen birthrates was largely attributable to increased contraceptive use by teens of both genders. 'Teens are also using more effective forms of contraception,' said Kathryn Kost, a demographer with the Guttmacher Institute who co-authored the analysis. Among women aged 15 to 17, about a quarter of the long-term decline in pregnancies, births and abortions could be attributable to reduced sexual activity, the researchers said. But pregnancy, birth and abortion rates remained much higher for teens who belonged to minority groups, even though their overall rates have fallen over the past four decades. Debate: The newest figures show the lowest pregnancy rate since 1972, the year before Roe v. Wade established a woman's right to an abortion . Birth rates for black and Hispanic teens were more than twice those of their white peers in 2008, the researchers found. The abortion rate among black teens, meanwhile, was four times higher than the rate for their Caucasian counterparts. Abortion rates for Hispanic teens were twice as high as for their white peers. The Guttmacher study was funded with grants from The California Wellness Foundation, The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, The David and Lucile Packard Foundation and the Ford Foundation. | A series of emails have exposed how University of North Carolina teachers would fake the grades of student athletes so they could stay at school. More than 3,100 students - nearly half of them athletes - were allowed to receive top grades in classes they never attended and only had to write one paper for. An email exchange between African and Afro-American Studies administrator, Deborah Crowder, and basketball counselor, Jan Boxill, in September 2008 revealed how teachers would inflate grades. Scroll down for video . An email exchange between the African and Afro-American Studies administrator and women's basketball counselor Jan Boxill (pictured) at the University of North Carolina revealed how teachers would inflate grades . Ms Crowder said: 'As long as I am here I will try to accommodate as many favors as possible. Did you say a D will do for [basketball player]?' Ms Boxill replies saying: 'Yes, a D will be fine; that's all she needs. I didn't look at the paper but figured it was a recycled one as well, but I couldn't figure from where! Thanks for whatever you can do.' At the time of these emails Boxill was the director of undergraduate studies for the Department of Philosophy, as well as the director of the UNC Parr Center for Ethics. And Crowder was the administrator of UNC's African and Afro-American Studies department. A report released on Wednesday revealed the extent to which academic and athletic staff members routinely ignored university rules in order to ensure the success of UNC student athletes. More than 3,100 University of North Carolina students, nearly half of whom were athletes, received artificially high grades through a 'shadow curriculum' which operated at the school, according to a report . University Chancellor Carol Folt keeps her head down as she prepares to address members of the media about the academic irregularities on October 22 . Here is the email exchange between the administrator for the UNC's African and Afro-American Studies department, Deborah Crowder, and the women's basketball academic counselor, Jan Boxill, in September 2008: . Crowder: 'As long as I am here I will try to accommodate as many favors as possible. Did you say a D will do for [basketball player]? I'm only asking that because 1. no sources, 2. it has absolutely nothing to do with the assignments for that class and 3. it seems to me to be a recycled paper. She took AFRI in spring of 2007 and that was likely for that class.' Boxill: 'Yes, a D will be fine; that's all she needs. I didn't look at the paper but figured it was a recycled one as well, but I couldn't figure from where! Thanks for whatever you can do.' Led by former high-ranking U.S. Justice Department official Kenneth Wainstein, the report found more far-reaching academic fraud than previous investigations by the school and the NCAA. Many at the university hoped Wainstein's investigation would bring some closure to the long-running scandal, which is rooted in an NCAA investigation focused on improper benefits within the football program in 2010. Instead, findings of a systemic problem in the former African and Afro-American Studies department could lead to NCAA sanctions and possible dismissal of additional UNC staff. Evidence: Kenneth Wainstein lead the investigation into claims the staff designed classes to keep certain students, like athletes, from flunking out. Pictured above at a news conference announcing the report on Wednesday . 'I think it's very clear that this is an academic, an athletic and a university problem,' chancellor Carol Folt said. The report outlined courses in the former African and Afro-American Studies department that required only a research paper that was often scanned quickly and given an A or B regardless of the quality of work. The school's board of trustees and the panel that oversees the state's university system reviewed Wainstein's findings during a closed-door meeting earlier Wednesday. A half-dozen officials and UNC Athletics Director Bubba Cunningham declined to say whether anyone would lose their job. The NCAA hit the football program in 2012 with scholarship reductions and a postseason ban, though the academic violations focused mainly on a tutor providing improper help to players on papers. The NCAA said it reopened its investigation in June because new information was available. Wainstein's staff has briefed NCAA investigators at least three times, plans another briefing on the final report and has 'enjoyed a strong cooperative relationship,' according to the report. The report outlined how the fraud ran unchecked for so long, as well as how faculty and administration officials missed or looked past red flags such as unusually high numbers of independent study course enrollments. It said athletics staffers steered athletes to classes that also became popular with fraternities and other everyday students looking for an easy grade. 'By the mid-2000s, these classes had become a primary — if not the primary — way that struggling athletes kept themselves from having eligibility problems,' the report said. UNC President Tom Ross shares a private conversation with Cancellor Folt at a meeting on the investigation Wednesday . The school hired Wainstein in February. Unlike previous inquiries by former Gov. Jim Martin and the school, Wainstein had the cooperation of former department chairman Julius Nyang'oro and retired office administrator Deborah Crowder — the two people blamed for the irregularities. Nyang'oro was indicted in December on a felony fraud charge, though it was dropped after he agreed to cooperate with Wainstein's probe. Crowder was never charged. It was Crowder who started the paper classes as a way to help struggling students with 'watered-down requirements' not long after Nyang'oro became chairman of the curriculum in 1992, according to the report. Though not a faculty member, she managed the courses by registering students, assigning them topics and then handing out high grades regardless of the work. By 1999, in an apparent effort to work around the number of independent studies students could take, Crowder began offering lecture classes that didn't meet and were instead paper classes. After her retirement in 2009, Nyang'oro graded papers 'with an eye to boosting' a student's grade-point average, even asking Crowder's successor to look up GPAs before he'd issue a grade for a course, according to the report. Nyang'oro stepped down in 2011 as chairman after accusations of undetected plagiarism surfaced against a former football player. In all, athletes made up about 47 percent of the enrollments in the 188 lecture-classified paper classes. Of that group, 51 percent were football players. Wainstein's staff reviewed records dating to the 1980s and interviewed 126 people, including men's basketball coach Roy Williams, who said he trusted the school 'to put on legitimate classes,' according to the report. Former basketball player Rashad McCants, who told ESPN in June that tutors wrote research papers for him and that Williams was aware that of no-show classes, didn't respond to numerous requests for interviews, according to the report. | eng_Latn | 19,939 |
Could a club appeal a requirement? | In response to concerns that clubs were increasingly passing over young English players in favour of foreign players, in 1999, the Home Office tightened its rules for granting work permits to players from countries outside of the European Union. A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his country in at least 75 per cent of its competitive 'A' team matches for which he was available for selection during the previous two years, and his country must have averaged at least 70th place in the official FIFA world rankings over the previous two years. If a player does not meet those criteria, the club wishing to sign him may appeal. | In 2014, the FAA changed a long-standing approach to air traffic control candidates that eliminated preferences based on training and experience at flight schools in favor of a personality test open to anyone irrespective of experience. The move was made to increase flight traffic controller racial diversity. Before the change, candidates who had completed coursework at participating colleges and universities could be "fast-tracked" for consideration. The agency eliminated that program and instead switched to an open system to the general public, with no need for any experience or even a college degree. Instead, applicants could take "a biographical questionnaire" that many applicants found baffling. | eng_Latn | 19,940 |
When MIchelle Kwan missed the olympic trials due to injury, why didn't the U.S. choose three competitors? | She petitioned the committee before the Olympic trials. She had to prove she was healthy enough. No one else could have done that. | Bad jury. End of subject.\n\nI lied, there's more. The liberal media fed us daily assessments of Marcia Clark's hair, wardrobe and personal life.\n\nPC probably played a part. Wouldn't it be politically incorrect to hang a black male for killing a white woman?\n\nDon't think it was the jury, pull the transcript. I cut my law teeth on this case, as I was in law school at the time. The evidence was there to convict. | eng_Latn | 19,941 |
5 Inmate Deaths Cast New Shadow On Mississippi's Prison System | Two inmates who escaped a Mississippi prison last week have been apprehended. The two fled the Mississippi State Penitentiary in Parchman, the same prison where last week three prisoners were found dead following what officials are calling “disturbances.” Two other inmates died at other Mississippi correctional facilities. Investigative reporter Alissa Zhu (@alissazhu) writes for the Clarion Ledger and tells host Tonya Mosley that the latest deaths reflect the systemic problems with Mississippi’s prison system. This article was originally published on WBUR.org. | News Headlines: Sept. 28, 2007Baltimore Sun: At GOP Debate on Minority Issues, Absent Candidates Incur Resentment -- "Outside the debate hall at Morgan State University, African-Americans across the political spectrum used the phrase "slap in the face" when expressing their frustration at the decision of four leading Republican presidential candidates to skip last night's debate." More: Homeland Colors live blogged the event and asked questions of the candidates in attendance. Check out the open thread comments about the Republican snub. More Headlines:CNN: Mychal Bell of 'Jena 6' Released on Bail AP: Spain Fights Migration Via Senegal Ads ABC News: Judge Strikes Down Patriot Act Provisions Fox News: Oprah TV's Top Earner, Followed by Jerry Seinfeld The New York Times: McNabb: "Somebody Has to Speak About It" U.S. News & World Report: Like Other Schools, HBCUs Must Compete for Students | The New Affirmative Action Chicago Tribune: African-American Museum Opens Online RTE: Pregnant Halle Berry Receives Death Threats | eng_Latn | 19,942 |
Black Leaders In Georgia Say Corporate Backlash To Voting Law Is Too Late | Black religious and community leaders in Georgia are protesting new restrictive voting changes by calling for a boycott of Georgia's most prominent businesses if they don't help to force change. | Florida apologized last month for the state's role in slavery -- a history the legislature called, "shameful." Marvin Dunn's grandmother's father was a slave in Florida, and he's left wondering why he doesn't feel any better, given the apology: Maybe it's because the apology is a meaningless act that only a dolt or outright racist would oppose. It cost the state nothing and of course, there was not a word about the thorny question of reparations. As one of the African Americans to whom the apology was aimed, it was not enough. Dunn wrote an op-ed in Sunday's Miami Herald, laying out four specific steps that he believes would make the apology meaningful. What do you think? Does an apology make any difference? Should states go further? | eng_Latn | 19,943 |
VMI Superintendent Steps Down Amid Allegations Of 'Structural Racism' | One week after Virginia Gov. Ralph Northam opened an investigation into systemic racism at the Virginia Military Institute, the college's superintendent has submitted his resignation. On Friday, "the Governor's Chief of Staff conveyed that the Governor and certain legislative leaders had lost confidence in my leadership as Superintendent of the Virginia Military Institute and desired my resignation," retired U.S. Army General J.H. Binford Peay III, 80, wrote to the school's Board of Visitors. "Therefore, effective today ... I hereby resign." Peay, who was superintendent of the public college for 17 years, told The Washington Post earlier this month that "there is no place for racism or discrimination at VMI." Black students make up about 8% of the school's 1,700 enrollment. In Northam's Oct. 19 letter, the governor expressed his "deep concerns about the clear and appalling culture of ongoing structural racism" at the school. "Black cadets at VMI have long faced repeated instances of racism on campus, including horrifying new revelations of threats about lynching, vicious attacks on social media, and even a professor who spoke fondly of her family's history in the Ku Klux Klan — to say nothing of inconsistent application of the Institute's Honor Code." Northam also expressed outrage at the environment in which VMI cadets are educated, which "honors the Confederacy and celebrates an inaccurate and dangerous 'Lost Cause' version of Virginia's history," the letter said, adding that Virginians expect universities to "eschew outdated traditions that glamorize a history rooted in rebellion against the United States." Noting that "internal action alone is no longer sufficient" to fix VMI's culture, Northam directed an independent, third-party review of the school's culture and policies. Northam's letter was signed by several top state officials, including Lt. Gov. Justin Fairfax, Attorney General Mark Herring and Eileen Filler-Corn, speaker of the House of Delegates. The call for an investigation came after reports surfaced that Black cadets continue to experience racism more than 50 years after the institute became the last four-year public college in the state to accept Black students. That integration only came after the federal government threatened to withhold funds from the state if all public schools didn't comply. A Washington Post investigation this month described an "atmosphere of hostility and cultural insensitivity" toward today's Black cadets, who were said to endure endless racism. "I wake up every day wondering, 'Why am I still here?' " 20-year-old William Bunton told The Post. Racist incidents allegedly included a white professor who reminisced about her father's membership in the Ku Klux Klan; a Black freshman threatened with lynching during so-called Hell Week; and open hostility toward a Black student who didn't want an image of Confederate Gen. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson incorporated into the design of a class ring. In response to the state's call for an investigation, VMI President John Boland argued that "systemic racism does not exist here and a fair and independent review will find that to be true." Many of the incidents in the Post investigation happened years ago, Boland wrote in his letter to Northam, arguing they "had more to do with an individual's lapse of judgment than they do with the culture of the Institute." The new acting superintendent is Brig. Gen. Robert "Bob" Moreschi, a 16-year member of the VMI faculty, who also is dean of the faculty. According to a VMI spokesman, Moreschi will be the acting superintendent while the Board of Visitors searches for a replacement. | Remember this horrible story, about the gang rape of a 16-year-old girl outside the Richmond High School Homecoming dance? As many as 20 people witnessed the brutality, but the 911 call didn't come in till two hours later. NPR's Richard Gonzales grew up in Richmond, though he went to a different high school. He went back to his hometown to see how the locals are coping with the aftermath of the tragedy. He also asked this question of Rhonda James, who runs the rape crisis center there: How could this have happened? JAMES: We have to realize that we have failed our boy and our girls and I think you see that really strongly in an under-resourced community. GONZALES: There's got to be a lot of people out there who say, what's that got to do with this barbarity? Why are you making excuses? JAMES: Poverty. Nothing excuses the behavior of these young men. Nothing. I think its easy to start seeing your self other than the person you're abusing. It's easy to otherize, if you have been otherized. We see it where men gather. We see it where men gather. Where poverty reigns, empathy can be an unfortunate casualty. In other words, Gonzales concludes, "it could have happened anywhere." | eng_Latn | 19,944 |
Is It Time to End Affirmative Action? | In recent years, one focus of the debate over affirmative action in the United States has been its use in education, especially race-based admissions policies at universities. In a 2003 ruling involving the University of Michigan, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a limited consideration of race in admissions to allow colleges to create a diverse student body. However, voters in Michigan have since passed an amendment to the state constitution that bans the use of affirmative action in the public arena. Two other states, California and Washington, had already taken similar steps. So is it time to get rid of affirmative action? A panel of six experts faced off on that topic Nov. 13, in an Oxford-style debate as part of the Intelligence Squared U.S. series. The program is modeled after one that started in London in 2002. Three experts argued in favor of the formal proposition, "It's Time to End Affirmative Action," and three argued against. The debate took place at the Asia Society and Museum in New York City. It was moderated by Robert Siegel, senior host of National Public Radio's All Things Considered and the radio host of the Intelligence Squared series. In a vote before the debate, 44 percent of audience members opposed the motion, "It's Time to End Affirmative Action," and 34 percent supported it; 22 percent were undecided. After the debate, 55 percent were against it, 39 percent supported it and 6 percent were still undecided. Highlights from the debate: | In Kentucky, a high school newspaper uncovered a disturbing story. For years, the State Police had used a training manual with quotations from Adolf Hitler. On today’s show, we spoke with the student journalists who discovered the story. We also spoke with Sadiqa Reynolds, president and CEO of the Louisville Urban League. At first, Sadiqa says she couldn’t believe the story was real. “I was absolutely shocked,” she said on today’s show. “What they have uncovered is the problem of America,” she added. “We have got to be honest about the fact that racism and hatred, they continue because these things are still being … daily taught to people who are in charge of serving and protecting.” In this web exclusive, Meghna Chakrabarti follows up with Sadiqa for an extended interview about policing, racism and what this reporting says about America. In this web extra … we hear from: Sadiqa Reynolds, president and CEO of the Louisville Urban League. Former judge. (@SadiqaReynolds) This article was originally published on WBUR.org. | eng_Latn | 19,945 |
University of Calif. Admission Policies Debate | Karen Grigsby Bates continues the discussion of the 'life challenges' credit with Marco Antonio Firebaugh, a California assembly member, and Harold Johnson, an attorney with the Pacific Legal Foundation. | The Supreme Court's 5-4 ruling today that it was wrong of the city of New Haven to throw out a promotion exam because white firefighters did much better on it than minorities is getting a great deal of attention because the court reversed a decision that nominee Sonia Sotomayor had endorsed at the appeals court level. But on Talk of the Nation a short while ago, Los Angeles Times legal correspondent David Savage told host Neal Conan that Sotomayor had been doing what appeals court judges typically do -- following the precedent of decisions made in her circuit and by the Supreme Court. Savage also said it's not clear how much of an impact today's decision will have on other cities or government agencies because it is "hard to believe anyone could bungle" promotion exams "the way New Haven managed to bungle this." The New Haven Register has substantial coverage of the case from its beginning through today. It summarizes the case this way: Read More >> The city in 2004 decided to scrap two promotional exams because no African Americans and two Hispanic firefighters would have been eligible to vie for 15 vacancies in the ranks of captains and lieutenants. The city argued that the results had a disparate impact on minorities and could have opened up the city to a lawsuit by black firefighters under the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The 20 firefighters and their lawyer argued that the city violated their equal protection rights and the disparate treatment provision of the landmark Civil Rights Act by discriminating against them because they are white. Today, the Register reports: Fire Lt. Matt Marcarelli, a plaintiff who scored first on the captain's test, said he felt "humbled...elated...and proud," Monday. | eng_Latn | 19,946 |
Civil Rights Era Almost Split CBS News Operation | Walter Cronkite recalls CBS-TV coverage of civil rights in the 1950s, and how it threatened to divide the news department from network management. | Fifty years ago, a multi-racial coalition of students shut down the campus of San Francisco State College demanding a curriculum that reflected their history. | eng_Latn | 19,947 |
Offered Special Treatment, Medal Of Honor Winner Dakota Meyer Declines | Dakota Meyer, the Marine sergeant who received the Medal of Honor this month from President Obama at the White House, has turned down an opportunity to apply to be a New York City firefighter. The city's application deadline expired on Sept. 19 and Meyer — who was honored at the White House on Sept. 15 — missed the deadline. His attorney asked whether New York could briefly re-open the application process and a federal judge agreed — but only if Meyer was the sole applicant. That's why Meyer said no thanks. "Unless the filing period is open to everyone, I can not morally accept it," he said in a statement obtained by CNN. Meyer had sought a one-day extension to the deadline that would be open to anyone. But the fire department's hiring practices are under legal scrutiny while New York struggles to beef up its small number of minority firefighters, as AP points out. Thus, Meyer's request went to U.S. District Judge Nicholas Garufis, who agreed to a 24-hour application extension — but for Meyer only. The New York Times (paywall) reports Judge Garufis ruled a one-day program opened to everyone would negatively affect minority representation in the pool of potential fire department recruits. He wrote that an outreach program for potential applicants would be needed to address the diversity concerns. Complicating matters, the application program opens only once every four years. Meyer's lawyer says his client can't accept the special circumstance and asked New York to "go back to the drawing board." Speaking to ABC, Keith Sullivan said "the city's burden pales in comparison to the burdens and compromises Sgt. Meyer has made for this country." Sgt. Meyer was decorated for his extraordinary and heroic actions two years ago in Afghanistan. He and another Marine disobeyed orders and spent six hours exposed to enemy fire to save many stranded fellow troops who were pinned down. They recovered the bodies of four slain Marines. NPR's Tom Bowman has more about the first living Marine to receive the Medal of Honor since the Vietnam War. Meyer is now in the Marine Corps Reserve. Maxim Magazine has just announced he'll work with them as a military adviser. And he's already an instructor for the company's Maximum Warrior competition which tracks a group of civilians and troops as their knowledge and endurance is tested. | News Headlines: Sept. 28, 2007Baltimore Sun: At GOP Debate on Minority Issues, Absent Candidates Incur Resentment -- "Outside the debate hall at Morgan State University, African-Americans across the political spectrum used the phrase "slap in the face" when expressing their frustration at the decision of four leading Republican presidential candidates to skip last night's debate." More: Homeland Colors live blogged the event and asked questions of the candidates in attendance. Check out the open thread comments about the Republican snub. More Headlines:CNN: Mychal Bell of 'Jena 6' Released on Bail AP: Spain Fights Migration Via Senegal Ads ABC News: Judge Strikes Down Patriot Act Provisions Fox News: Oprah TV's Top Earner, Followed by Jerry Seinfeld The New York Times: McNabb: "Somebody Has to Speak About It" U.S. News & World Report: Like Other Schools, HBCUs Must Compete for Students | The New Affirmative Action Chicago Tribune: African-American Museum Opens Online RTE: Pregnant Halle Berry Receives Death Threats | kor_Hang | 19,948 |
Fraternities And Sororities | GUESTS: Walter Kimbrough Director of Student Activities and Leadership, Old Dominion University Adjunct Professor of Educational Leadership and Counseling, Old Dominion University Ron Binder Director for Greek Affairs, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Inventor of the Hazing Hotline Maureen Syring Former National President of Delta Gamma Fraternity Executive Committee Member, National Panhellenic Conference Fraternity and sorority membership in college can enhance a student's social and academic life. But in recent years there has been national alarm over binge drinking in the Greek system and abusive hazing practices during fraternity and sorority rush. College officials have tried to address these problems but many are finding it difficult to enforce new rules. Join Ray Suarez and guests for a look at the pros and cons of Greek life on college campuses. | Fifty years ago, a multi-racial coalition of students shut down the campus of San Francisco State College demanding a curriculum that reflected their history. | eng_Latn | 19,949 |
Fla. Court To Rule: Can A Lawyer Be Undocumented? | It sounds like a typical American success story: A young boy becomes an academic standout, an Eagle Scout and high school valedictorian. Later, he attends college and then law school, all on full scholarships. But Jose Godinez-Samperio's story is not typical. He's an undocumented immigrant from Mexico — and now he's fighting to be admitted to the Florida bar. Godinez-Samperio was just 9 years old when he came to the U.S. with his parents. They entered the country legally, but overstayed their visas and settled in the Tampa area. They didn't have legal papers, but Godinez-Samperio says his parents soon found work and he started going to school. "After the first year or so, I was doing pretty well, and I got put into advanced classes very quickly," he says. "By the time I was in middle school, I was already in honors classes." In high school, Godinez-Samperio excelled in his advanced placement classes. Then he began considering what would come next. Pursuing Law, With Private Scholarships "It started to hit me, 'Oh wait, but I might not be able to go to college as easily as I thought,'" Godinez-Samperio recalls thinking. "So that played a big role in me thinking about what I needed to do." That was when he decided to become a lawyer, Godinez-Samperio says. Because he is an undocumented immigrant, Godinez-Samperio was unable to apply for financial aid. But he attended New College of Florida and Florida State University College of Law on privately funded scholarships. At Florida State, Godinez-Samperio began to study under Talbot D'Alemberte, the university's former president, past president of the American Bar Association, and one of the state's most distinguished law professors. D'Alemberte says Godinez-Samperio overcame many obstacles throughout his education. And through it all, he says, Godinez-Samperio was always honest — never misrepresenting his undocumented status. "Isn't that the kind of person we want to be a citizen?" D'Alemberte asks. "And isn't that the kind of person we want to be a lawyer? ... I'm very lucky in having a client who is really such a fine young man." State Supreme Court To Decide D'Alemberte is now representing Godinez-Samperio in a case before Florida's Supreme Court. The Florida Board of Bar Examiners adopted a policy in 2008 that requires all applicants to offer valid citizenship or immigration papers. Now 25, Godinez-Samperio received a waiver from the state Board of Bar Examiners to take the bar exam and passed. But after several months of consideration, the board declined to admit him — instead referring the case to the state Supreme Court. D'Alemberte argues that the Supreme Court, not the Board of Bar Examiners, determines who qualifies for the bar in Florida, and the court has never ruled on the issue. "[Godinez-Samperio] complied with all the valid rules," D'Alemberte says. "He should simply be admitted. And if the court decides to adopt a rule, they ought not to apply it retrospectively against Jose." Several organizations and individuals, including three former presidents of the American Bar Association, have filed briefs supporting Godinez-Samperio's bid to be admitted to the bar. A Divisive Issue Thus far, no briefs have been filed by outside groups opposing Godinez-Samperio's request. But that doesn't mean anti-illegal immigration activists have been silent on the issue. William Gheen, president of the group Americans for Legal Immigration, sees the challenge to Florida's bar admission requirements as part of a larger movement. "Illegal immigrants are in Americans' faces all over the place, saying, 'I'm going to do this, I'm going to do that, and you're not going to stop me,' " Gheen says. "And that's what this guy [Godinez-Samperio] is doing. He's just the latest — much like the Dream Act amnesty kids who are in the streets blocking traffic," says Gheen. Godinez-Samperio supports the Dream Act. He decided while still in high school to become a lawyer, he says, so he could work to change the country's immigration policies. But when he began his quest to pass the bar, he says, he never expected to become a test case. "But now that it happened, I'm actually very glad, because I know this case will impact a lot of people," Godinez-Samperio says. "They say bad cases make bad law. And I think I have a very good case, so I hope it will make good law." While Godinez-Samperio is seeking to be admitted to the Florida bar, two other Mexican immigrants — one in New York and another in California — are pursuing similar cases. DAVID GREENE, HOST: This is MORNING EDITION from NPR News. Good morning. I'm David Greene. STEVE INSKEEP, HOST: And I'm Steve Inskeep. We're about to tell you what sounds like a typical American success story. A boy becomes an academic standout, an Eagle Scout and high school valedictorian. Later, he attends college, and then law school, on full scholarships. What makes the case unusual is that the young man is an undocumented immigrant from Mexico and he | When skilled professionals arrive in the U.S. as immigrants, refugees, or asylum seekers, many of them face barriers to re-entering their field of expertise. It’s a story of countless personal challenges, but it also has consequences for entire state economies. A new law in Maine aims to close that gap. Maine Public Radio’s Ari Snider reports. This article was originally published on WBUR.org. | eng_Latn | 19,950 |
Muslim-Jewish Advisory Council Bridges Religious Lines To Fight Discrimination | NPR's Ari Shapiro asks Farooq Kathwari and Robert Silverman why they have come together to create a new group, the Muslim-Jewish Advisory Council. | NPR's Ari Shapiro talks with Ashley Tabaddor of the National Association of Immigration Judges, which has struggled with burnout. The union is arguing for courts independent of the Justice Department. | eng_Latn | 19,951 |
What was the complaint of the editors of Broad Recognition? | A decade into co-education, rampant student assault and harassment by faculty became the impetus for the trailblazing lawsuit Alexander v. Yale. While unsuccessful in the courts, the legal reasoning behind the case changed the landscape of sex discrimination law and resulted in the establishment of Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center. In March 2011 a Title IX complaint was filed against Yale by students and recent graduates, including editors of Yale's feminist magazine Broad Recognition, alleging that the university had a hostile sexual climate. In response, the university formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct. | Pitt's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company's powers were nebulous and highly subjective. The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British-occupied territories. Edmund Burke, a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat, was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783. The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill's recommendations for the appointment of councillors. | eng_Latn | 19,952 |
Who joined the finalists, making it a Top 25? | Season 11 premiered on January 18, 2012. On February 23, it was announced that one more finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25, and that was Jermaine Jones. However, on March 14, Jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants. Jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests. | In 2006, Jian Li, a Chinese undergraduate at Yale University, filed a civil rights complaint with the Office for Civil Rights against Princeton University, claiming that his race played a role in their decision to reject his application for admission and seeking the suspension of federal financial assistance to the university until it "discontinues discrimination against Asian Americans in all forms" by eliminating race and legacy preferences. Princeton Dean of Admissions Janet Rapelye responded to the claims in the November 30, 2006, issue of the Daily Princetonian by stating that "the numbers don't indicate [discrimination]." She said that Li was not admitted because "many others had far better qualifications." Li's extracurricular activities were described as "not all that outstanding". Li countered in an email, saying that his placement on the waitlist undermines Rapelye's claim. "Princeton had initially waitlisted my application," Li said. "So if it were not for a yield which was higher than expected, the admissions office very well may have admitted a candidate whose "outside activities were not all that outstanding". | eng_Latn | 19,953 |
Only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics according to what rules? | According to FIG rules, only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics. This is a sport that combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation. The sport involves the performance of five separate routines with the use of five apparatus; ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope—on a floor area, with a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic. There are also group routines consisting of 5 gymnasts and 5 apparatuses of their choice. Rhythmic routines are scored out of a possible 30 points; the score for artistry (choreography and music) is averaged with the score for difficulty of the moves and then added to the score for execution. | Debate remained limited, and major decisions regarding the economy and defence were avoided or dealt with cursorily; the GPC largely remained "a rubber stamp" for Gaddafi's policies. On rare occasions, the GPC opposed Gaddafi's suggestions, sometimes successfully; notably, when Gaddafi called on primary schools to be abolished, believing that home schooling was healthier for children, the GPC rejected the idea. In other instances, Gaddafi pushed through laws without the GPC's support, such as when he desired to allow women into the armed forces. Gaddafi proclaimed that the People's Congresses provided for Libya's every political need, rendering other political organizations unnecessary; all non-authorized groups, including political parties, professional associations, independent trade unions and women's groups, were banned. | eng_Latn | 19,954 |
Of her role in the Clarence Thomas hearings, she said, "I had to tell the truth" | Confirmation: Clarence Thomas v. Anita Hill - National Review Apr 15, 2016 ... The new movie about the Clarence ThomasAnita Hill hearings turns ... Her statements, I don't want it to appear that I had a political agenda and I had to tell the truth. ... and yet it never translates into believability (except for her role in .... Even Suze Orman said she tried to get money education into the... | jeopardy/2119_Qs.txt at master jedoublen/jeopardy GitHub HINTS FROM HELOISE | Heloise suggests squeezing lemons with this device found in the name of a Tchaikovsky ballet | Nutcracker. right: Mary. Wrong:. | eng_Latn | 19,955 |
Which two contestants were removed from the show for accusations of identity theft? | Season five began on January 17, 2006. It remains the highest-rated season in the show's run so far. Two of the more prominent contestants during the Hollywood round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft. | In 2006, Jian Li, a Chinese undergraduate at Yale University, filed a civil rights complaint with the Office for Civil Rights against Princeton University, claiming that his race played a role in their decision to reject his application for admission and seeking the suspension of federal financial assistance to the university until it "discontinues discrimination against Asian Americans in all forms" by eliminating race and legacy preferences. Princeton Dean of Admissions Janet Rapelye responded to the claims in the November 30, 2006, issue of the Daily Princetonian by stating that "the numbers don't indicate [discrimination]." She said that Li was not admitted because "many others had far better qualifications." Li's extracurricular activities were described as "not all that outstanding". Li countered in an email, saying that his placement on the waitlist undermines Rapelye's claim. "Princeton had initially waitlisted my application," Li said. "So if it were not for a yield which was higher than expected, the admissions office very well may have admitted a candidate whose "outside activities were not all that outstanding". | eng_Latn | 19,956 |
Who is Gerry Philpott? | According to Forbes' Most Influential Celebrities 2014 list, Spielberg was listed as the most influential celebrity in America. The annual list is conducted by E-Poll Market Research and it gave more than 6,600 celebrities on 46 different personality attributes a score representing "how that person is perceived as influencing the public, their peers, or both." Spielberg received a score of 47, meaning 47% of the US believes he is influential. Gerry Philpott, president of E-Poll Market Research, supported Spielberg's score by stating, "If anyone doubts that Steven Spielberg has greatly influenced the public, think about how many will think for a second before going into the water this summer." | Debate remained limited, and major decisions regarding the economy and defence were avoided or dealt with cursorily; the GPC largely remained "a rubber stamp" for Gaddafi's policies. On rare occasions, the GPC opposed Gaddafi's suggestions, sometimes successfully; notably, when Gaddafi called on primary schools to be abolished, believing that home schooling was healthier for children, the GPC rejected the idea. In other instances, Gaddafi pushed through laws without the GPC's support, such as when he desired to allow women into the armed forces. Gaddafi proclaimed that the People's Congresses provided for Libya's every political need, rendering other political organizations unnecessary; all non-authorized groups, including political parties, professional associations, independent trade unions and women's groups, were banned. | eng_Latn | 19,957 |
What effect does race have in the lives of people? | When people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs. These constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts, and may be the effect, rather than the cause, of major social situations. While race is understood to be a social construct by many, most scholars agree that race has real material effects in the lives of people through institutionalized practices of preference and discrimination. | In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no blacks scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. On 29 June 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the firefighters, agreeing that they were improperly denied promotion because of their race. The case, Ricci v. DeStefano, became highly publicized and brought national attention to New Haven politics due to the involvement of then-Supreme Court nominee (and Yale Law School graduate) Sonia Sotomayor in a lower court decision. | eng_Latn | 19,958 |
What did two prominent black professors point out at the panel discussion? | During a panel discussion at Harvard University's reunion for African American alumni during the 2003–04 academic year, two prominent black professors at the institution—Lani Guinier and Henry Louis Gates—pointed out an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard. They stated that only about a third of black Harvard undergraduates were from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community. The majority of black students at Harvard were Caribbean and African immigrants or their children, with some others the mixed-race children of biracial couples. One Harvard student, born in the South Bronx to a black family whose ancestors have been in the United States for multiple generations, said that there were so few Harvard students from the historic African American community that they took to calling themselves "the descendants" (i.e., descendants of American slaves). The reasons for this underrepresentation of historic African Americans, and possible remedies, remain a subject of debate. | During the early 20th century, northerners were attracted to the city, and Miami prospered during the 1920s with an increase in population and infrastructure. The legacy of Jim Crow was embedded in these developments. Miami's chief of police, H. Leslie Quigg, did not hide the fact that he, like many other white Miami police officers, was a member of the Ku Klux Klan. Unsurprisingly, these officers enforced social codes far beyond the written law. Quigg, for example, "personally and publicly beat a colored bellboy to death for speaking directly to a white woman." | eng_Latn | 19,959 |
What improvements did the Super Game Boy have over the Game Boy? | While Nintendo never released an adapter for playing NES games on the SNES (though the instructions included a way to connect both consoles to the same TV by either daisy chaining the RF switches or using AV outputs for one or both systems), the Super Game Boy adapter cartridge allows games designed for Nintendo's portable Game Boy system to be played on the SNES. The Super Game Boy touted several feature enhancements over the Game Boy, including palette substitution, custom screen borders, and (for specially enhanced games) access to the SNES console. Japan also saw the release of the Super Game Boy 2, which added a communication port to enable a second Game Boy to connect for multiplayer games. | Debate remained limited, and major decisions regarding the economy and defence were avoided or dealt with cursorily; the GPC largely remained "a rubber stamp" for Gaddafi's policies. On rare occasions, the GPC opposed Gaddafi's suggestions, sometimes successfully; notably, when Gaddafi called on primary schools to be abolished, believing that home schooling was healthier for children, the GPC rejected the idea. In other instances, Gaddafi pushed through laws without the GPC's support, such as when he desired to allow women into the armed forces. Gaddafi proclaimed that the People's Congresses provided for Libya's every political need, rendering other political organizations unnecessary; all non-authorized groups, including political parties, professional associations, independent trade unions and women's groups, were banned. | eng_Latn | 19,960 |
How were enumerators instructed to classify residents? | In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States. Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other." Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850. Native Americans were included among "Other;" in later censuses, they were included as "Free people of color" if they were not living on Indian reservations. Slaves were counted separately from free persons in all the censuses until the Civil War and end of slavery. In later censuses, people of African descent were classified by appearance as mulatto (which recognized visible European ancestry in addition to African) or black. | Though government support for universities declined in the 1970s and 1980s, President Arnold R. Weber was able to stabilize university finances, leading to a revitalization of the campuses. As admissions to colleges and universities grew increasingly competitive in the 1990s and 2000s, President Henry S. Bienen's tenure saw a notable increase in the number and quality of undergraduate applicants, continued expansion of the facilities and faculty, and renewed athletic competitiveness. In 1999, Northwestern student journalists uncovered information exonerating Illinois death row inmate Anthony Porter two days before his scheduled execution, and the Innocence Project has since exonerated 10 more men. On January 11, 2003, in a speech at Northwestern School of Law's Lincoln Hall, then Governor of Illinois George Ryan announced that he would commute the sentences of more than 150 death row inmates. | eng_Latn | 19,961 |
What was said must represent usage by that administration? | Much of the colonial administration belonged to this club, which had been formed by the Duke of Wellington. Meadows' terminology must represent usage by that administration. If not the first use of the terms, the letter to the Times was certainly one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary to the general public. They became immediately popular, supplanting "Levant" and "East Indies," which gradually receded to minor usages and then began to change meaning. | Though government support for universities declined in the 1970s and 1980s, President Arnold R. Weber was able to stabilize university finances, leading to a revitalization of the campuses. As admissions to colleges and universities grew increasingly competitive in the 1990s and 2000s, President Henry S. Bienen's tenure saw a notable increase in the number and quality of undergraduate applicants, continued expansion of the facilities and faculty, and renewed athletic competitiveness. In 1999, Northwestern student journalists uncovered information exonerating Illinois death row inmate Anthony Porter two days before his scheduled execution, and the Innocence Project has since exonerated 10 more men. On January 11, 2003, in a speech at Northwestern School of Law's Lincoln Hall, then Governor of Illinois George Ryan announced that he would commute the sentences of more than 150 death row inmates. | eng_Latn | 19,962 |
Some federal and state statutes remain on the books for how long after they are ruled unconstitutional? | Notably, a statute does not disappear automatically merely because it has been found unconstitutional; it must be deleted by a subsequent statute. Many federal and state statutes have remained on the books for decades after they were ruled to be unconstitutional. However, under the principle of stare decisis, no sensible lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute, and any court that does so will be reversed by the Supreme Court. Conversely, any court that refuses to enforce a constitutional statute (where such constitutionality has been expressly established in prior cases) will risk reversal by the Supreme Court. | Ricci v. DeStefano was heard by the United States Supreme Court in 2009. The case concerns White and Hispanic firefighters in New Haven, Connecticut, who upon passing their test for promotions to management were denied the promotions, allegedly because of a discriminatory or at least questionable test. The test gave 17 whites and two Hispanics the possibility of immediate promotion. Although 23% of those taking the test were African American, none scored high enough to qualify. Because of the possibility the tests were biased in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, no candidates were promoted pending outcome of the controversy. In a split 5-4 vote, the Supreme Court ruled that New Haven had engaged in impermissible racial discrimination against the White and Hispanic majority. | eng_Latn | 19,963 |
US coffee chain firm Starbucks will pay college fees for US workers to complete a bachelor's degree online in a tie-up with Arizona State University. | US employees of the firm who work at least 20 hours a week are eligible for the Starbucks College Achievement Plan.
Starbucks staff who are successfully enrolled will receive partial tuition for the first two years, and full tuition for their final two years.
The annual fee for online courses at the university can exceed $10,000.
After they've completed their bachelor's degree, the employees are not obligated to return to employment with Starbucks.
Starbucks staff looking to attend college online at Arizona State University (ASU) can choose from about 40 programmes including business, engineering, education and retail management.
In a statement posted on its website, the university said the initiative was designed to 'support the nearly 50% of college students in the United States today who fail to complete their degrees due to mounting debt, a tenuous work-life balance and a lack of support.'
In that same statement, Howard Schultz, chairman and president at Starbucks said: "There's no doubt, the inequality within the country has created a situation where many Americans are being left behind. The question for all of us is, should we accept that, or should we try and do something about it.
Supporting our partners' ambitions is the very best investment Starbucks can make. Everyone who works as hard as our partners do should have the opportunity to complete college, while balancing work, school and their personal lives."
In addition to the financial aid, students who are admitted under the college plan will also have a dedicated enrolment coach, financial aid counsellor and academic advisor to support them through graduation.
Michael M. Crow, President at the Arizona State University said that Starbucks was "establishing a new precedent for the responsibility and role of a public company that leads through the lens of humanity and supports its partners' life goals with access to education."
The collaboration comes one week after a White House report showed student debt loan balance in the US had jumped to $1.1tn early this year, when compared to $250bn in 2003.
Last week US President Barack Obama signed an executive order allowing millions of student-loan borrowers to cap their payments at 10% of their monthly income. | Covertly recorded film reveals an officer attempting to persuade an activist to become an informant in return for money, the newspaper said.
Cambridgeshire Police said it used covert tactics legally.
Cambridge University Students' Union said it was "absurd" that its members were a focus for the police.
The officer wanted the activist to name students attending protests and list vehicles they travelled in.
The Guardian reported that the unnamed police officer wanted the activist - who wished to remain anonymous - to also identify leaders of protests and to search on Facebook for the latest information about protests being planned.
The activist, who is in his 20s, wore a hidden camera to record the meeting with the officer, who is part of a covert unit.
He was asked to target "student-union type stuff" that would be of interest because "the things they discuss can have an impact on community issues".
Other surveillance targets proposed included campaign group UK Uncut, Unite Against Fascism, environmentalists and the group Cambridge Defend Education, the newspaper reported.
Cambridgeshire Police did not deny the facts of the Guardian's story, but said in a statement: "Officers use covert tactics to gather intelligence, in accordance with the law, to assist in the prevention and detection of criminal activity."
The Guardian journalist who reported the story, Rob Evans, told BBC Radio Cambridgeshire the officer "was not rogue".
"He was working for Cambridgeshire Police and he's working for a unit which the Cambridge Police don't want to specify, but essentially he is there monitoring political campaigners and he wants to recruit informants to do that."
Mr Evans said there were a total of two meetings between the officer and the activist that took place in October.
Cambridge University declined to comment on the Guardian article, saying it is "a matter for the police".
But Cambridge University Students' Union (CUSU) said it was alarmed that its members were under police surveillance.
The union said in a statement: "CUSU has always constructively engaged with the police when planning or supporting protests and demonstrations.
"Tactics such as these are not only intrusive, they also waste time targeting groups which are involved in making important and positive change in our society."
The Guardian reported that the activist had been called by the police because he had been active in environmental and nuclear groups and had been arrested three times at demonstrations without being charged.
He was not a student at the university but had lived in Cambridge for many years and had friends who attended the university.
Isabella Sankey, director of policy for human rights campaigners Liberty, said: "That any group which dares to dissent is apparently fair game should alarm anyone committed to proportionate policing and democracy itself.
"Proper judicial checks on police surveillance are badly overdue - Parliament must take responsibility and act." | eng_Latn | 19,964 |
of criminal investigations? | If the investigation was about your daughter getting raped, or your family member dying in the twin tower collapse, or any other criminal investigation, no. Free speech is great, at a cost of a life, or for money isn't. I hate to tell you the paper only covers it to make money, with no remorse to the repercussions it may have. | I remember Finance 101. How I miss it. Systematic risk - fun stuff. Fortunately, CAPM, Black Sholes, and other financial models are something that only get heavily used at the college level. When you join the workforce, the best thing to learn is how to kiss butt. | eng_Latn | 19,965 |
wat do you think about survey on college going girls of chandigarh? | I think all the Girls not 33% of colledge going girl of Chandigarh is too" HARAMI'\nas there is the list of chandigarg girls who flirt my Friends | Here in Tennessee, we're pretty big! Almost as big as our football! Go Vols!\n\nI'm pretty sure that ad didn't have a thing to do with it. The rest of the country is sure gullible if they vote based on tv ads!\n\nEDIT: I doubt anyone will think of us as redneck and racist who didn't already! Ironically, no one seemed to get the point about the Playboy Club. Would it have been less racist to use a black woman? Confusing... | eng_Latn | 19,966 |
Accuracy and Racial Biases of Recidivism Prediction Instruments | False Positives, False Negatives, and False Analyses: A Rejoinder to "Machine Bias: There's Software Used across the Country to Predict Future Criminals. and It's Biased against Blacks" | Physical Layer Time Interleaving for the ATSC 3.0 System | eng_Latn | 19,967 |
what is a teacher barred list check | The Childrenâs Barred List (formerly List 99) Check allows educational establishments to check against a database to see if there is a possible match for a person included in the childrenâs barred list. If a person is included in the childrenâs barred list, employment by the educational establishment is prohibited. | check. The employer gets an application form from DBS or an umbrella body (a registered body that gives access to. checks). The employer gives the applicant the form to fill in and return to them along with documents proving their identity.The employer sends the completed application form to. or their umbrella body.nhanced with list checks (£44). This is like the enhanced check, but includes a check of the. barred lists. An employer can only ask for a barred list check for specific roles. Itâs a criminal offence to ask for a check for any other roles. | eng_Latn | 19,968 |
what is the leahy law | What is the Leahy Law? The Leahy Law (also known as the Leahy Amendment) prohibits most types of U.S. foreign aid and Defense Department training programs from going to foreign security, military and police units credibly alleged to have committed human rights violations. | Open Society Foundations. What the Leahy Law Means for Human Rights. Stopping aid from going to a âdirtyâ unit is only part of the lawâs function. The âLeahy Lawâ is a U.S. human rights law named for its primary sponsor, Senator Patrick Leahy (D-Vt.). | eng_Latn | 19,969 |
Who is the author of "The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness"? | Mass incarceration in the United States disproportionately impacts African American and Latino communities. Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (2010), argues that mass incarceration is best understood as not only a system of overcrowded prisons. Mass incarceration is also, "the larger web of laws, rules, policies, and customs that control those labeled criminals both in and out of prison." She defines it further as "a system that locks people not only behind actual bars in actual prisons, but also behind virtual bars and virtual walls", illustrating the second-class citizenship that is imposed on a disproportionate number of people of color, specifically African-Americans. She compares mass incarceration to Jim Crow laws, stating that both work as racial caste systems. | Rep. Christopher H. Smith (R-NJ), criticized the State Department investigation, saying the investigators were shown "Potemkin Villages" where residents had been intimidated into lying about the family-planning program. Dr. Nafis Sadik, former director of UNFPA said her agency had been pivotal in reversing China's coercive population control methods, but a 2005 report by Amnesty International and a separate report by the United States State Department found that coercive techniques were still regularly employed by the Chinese, casting doubt upon Sadik's statements. | eng_Latn | 19,970 |
disparate treatment employment discrimination occurs: | Disparate Treatment Discrimination occurs when an employer intentionally discriminates against a specific individual because of his or her race, color, national origin, sex,or religion Negative behavior towards a group and it's members. Generally associated with an of power presumed to be held by the majority group. | Disability discrimination also occurs when a covered employer or other entity treats an applicant or employee less favorably because she has a history of a disability (such as cancer that is controlled or in remission) or because she is believed to have a physical or mental impairment that is not transitory (lasting or expected to last six months or less) and minor (even if she does not have such an impairment). | eng_Latn | 19,971 |
define sped, special education program | Due Process: Special education term used to describe the process where parents may disagree with the program recommendations of the school district. The notice must be given in writing within 30 days. IDEA provides two methods for resolving disputes, mediation or fair hearing. | Special education in the United States. Special education programs in the United States were made mandatory in 1975 when the United States Congress passed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) in response to discriminatory treatment by public educational agencies against students with disabilities. | eng_Latn | 19,972 |
He started suddenly showing an unusual sex drive, quick erections and he ejaculates with such force and depth . Is this a physical or mental state, and what could be the cause of this, knowing that he is 45 years old.He's been in this unusual situation for nearly 9 months. He is also in contact with many different females . I would like to know what could have caused this situation and if there is anything that can be done to mke him regain his senses and his normal self and attitude .He is also so scared of growing old and loosing his charm with women . | just have sex with him alot. | Free advice being worth what you pay for it, I would definitely leave the race issue out of it if it were me. After all, is it really a race issue or an issue of gender and hostility in the work environment? That has nothing to do with race; it has to do with unethical people. I'm not implying that you are, in any way, unaware of the role of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, but the emphasis is on Equal Opportunity; it is not meant to be only for race related issues.\n\nWere it me, I would definitely contact the EEOC; they will take your report. When I did it, i believe I had to speak to someone along the lines of an intake coordinator, *briefly* describing what my issues were and they gave me a case number and told me i would be contacted by a case coordinator as soon as my complaint had been reviewed.\n\nGender discrimination and hostile work environment are two very valid EEOC areas of investigation and that sounds like what you are dealing with. Also, if you happen to be older than the Union President (especially considerably so; example: you're in your late 40's and he's in his early 30's), you could file charges of age discrimination, as well.\n\nIt sounds like you have very legitimate grounds for going to the EEOC and at least starting the process.\n\nGood luck; it sure sounds like they are doing everything they can to force you to quit! | eng_Latn | 19,973 |
This is what I was told. Can anyone explain this law, or is it just an urban legend? | Urban Legend. I am an immigrant and I started my own business, and I NEVER heard of that. It's just hate speech to make you hate immigrants for being hard-working and successful. Before I was naturalized, I had to pay even more taxes than now, and I had to pay social security even though I was not entitled to collect it. | Make an anonymous call to you city councilman\nor state legislator to check it out. You may also\nmake an anonymous call to O.S.H.A. the \nOccupational Safety and Health Administration.\n(Fed gov't) If your school receives any federal\nmoney they may have juristiction. Finally call\na newspaper or tv reporter to check it out- they love to investigate and report that stuff. Always\ncall from a pay phone and say that you wish to\nremain anonymous, because if you use your real name, you might lose your job! | eng_Latn | 19,974 |
How did we do in the state of Michigan? | Affirmative Action (Proposal 2) passed in Michigan. | You're right on the final score.\n\nClick on the link below for the complete Play-by-Play. | eng_Latn | 19,975 |
Why is this still ok? I can see why it was neccessary in the '60s and '70s but black people are no longer segregated or oppressed. If someone started a United Caucation College Fund, black people would trip the f*** out and call us all racist crackers. Where is the fairness in this? | Oh, thank you. I'm so glad this ticks other people off, too. I'd like to smack the next person I hear use the term "reverse racism". Racism is racism regardless of the color of the person experiencing discrimination. And I believe that white people are really getting the short end of the stick. \n\n(I don't appriciate the term Caucasian - it means white people from the Meditterranian - with dark hair and eyes, an olive complection and oval eyes - but whites are all grouped together, and since "black" isn't PC, then they don't want to say "white", and you can't say European, because not all whites are from Europe.)\n\nWhen I went to college, I had a 3.8 GPA, I was in clubs and activities (even founded my school's debate club), I volunteered in community service, and had been a foreign exchange student. My mother was a widow with two younger children still in the home, and an income under $20,000 a year. And I wasn't eligable for anything. A few thousand dollars for educational grants, a dozen $50-$500 scholarships that I had spent a whole year applying for with every group I could find. (I worked in the Financial Aid office, I had govt. loans - bbut we're taking scholarships and grants now.) It was a drop in the bucket of a $17,000/year tuition. \n\nI think it comes from the racist belief that all white people are rich. \n\nEver since I started taking the PSATs in 9th grade, there have been boxes to check off. If you're even 1/8 Black, Hispanic, Native American or anything else they'll send you forms to get scholarships. There are "black" collages, latino fraternities, scholarships based on races other than white.\n\nThen you get older and you start checking "decline" on job application race questions, because companies that have government regulations imposed on them will hire a slightly inferior "minority" before a fully qualified white.\n\nThen it goes higher up. The state of Illinois just got pressured into awarding billions of dollars to just a handful of communities because their elected representatives bound together on race lines. The long-debated budget was up for a final vote, when the hispanic representatives stood up and announced that, unless the money was given to those couple of neighborhoods (who's officials were hispanic), then ALL of the hispanic representitives would withhold their votes, and the budget (which didn't include those billions of dollars) wouldn't pass.\n\nWhites could never do that. We'd be torn to threads. The public wouldn't stand for any of it. The politicians would be ousted. Just like a college claiming to be "white" would be forced to admit minorities, as would white fraternities. And could you imagine a white pride day? Or a European Day parade?\n\nBut if this racism continues, and I ever become rich, I plan to start the United White College Fund. Look for us in 20 years and make a donation. | They are rip offs. Save your money and simply go to the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA) http://www.cfda.gov and Grants.gov http://www.grants.gov - these are two sites created by the federal government to provide transparency and information on grants. Browse through the listings and see if you can find any grant that would support a for-profit venture.\n\nEven if you buy books on "how to get grants" or list that supposedly has information on grants -- all of them are mere rehash of what CFDA has, albeit packaged differently. \n\nNote however that these grants generally support non-profit organizations, intermediary lending institutions, and state and local governments. Unlike what Lesko preaches that there are grants for any type of need, that is simply NOT TRUE (he makes money by preparing applications for grants and you pay something like $5,000 - not caring whether you actually stand a chance to get the grant or not).\n\nMost of the federal grants are given to specific target groups with specific requirements (e.g. minority business owners involved in transportation related contracts emanating from DOT - Grant#20.905 Disadvantaged Business Enterprises Short Term Lending Program \n\nGrants are also often given to non profit groups or organizations involved in training or other similar activities (grant 59.043 Women's Business Ownership Assistance that are given to those who will create women's business center that will train women entrepreneurs | eng_Latn | 19,976 |
Homosexual discrimination.? | "Is it considered discrimination when homosexuals do not have the same rights as heterosexuals." [?]\n\nThat depends on who you ask. "Considered" by whom?\n\nOne of the vaguest laws in America is the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. If you want to learn a lot about how confused and confusing that Clause is, I suggest you read a book called "The Constitutional Underclass: Gays, Lesbians, and the Failure of Class-Based Equal Protection," by Evan Gerstmann, published in 1999. | why you will think like this?i also a staff kid too,same like you i also get special treatment at my school but i didn't care anything they do with me because they are idiot.so you never feel sad or unglad. | eng_Latn | 19,977 |
What does "affirmative action" mean? | That a white person will not get the job, qualified or not. | www.google.com and www.altavista.com will give you all the information you need. Go look it up... | eng_Latn | 19,978 |
Why are 55 and older communities not considered age discrimination?? | A little common sense comes into play.\n\nDo you think it is sex discrimination to have a ladies room?\n\nIs it age discrimination to not allow a 12 year old to drink in a bar? | i don't know its ironic though i have experienced this my self they can type in a link to kkk it goes through but you cant type in a link to aztlan and it blocks it? that's probably a good thing in long run ,lol . i think also they run ramp-id with the report abuse button i guess it bother' s them more what people think | eng_Latn | 19,979 |
While I believe in discrimination, I certainly can't believe what is in this book. It is an unsubstantiated smear campaign to rally the troups in higher ed to claw again for the preservation of academic freedom- a rally which falls flat.
| This is propaganda, not an economics lesson. The book is full of faulty logic apparently spewed to promote a libertarian agenda. I couldn't be less happy with this purchase.
| While I believe in discrimination, I certainly can't believe what is in this book. It is an unsubstantiated smear campaign to rally the troups in higher ed to claw again for the preservation of academic freedom- a rally which falls flat.
| eng_Latn | 19,980 |
What are the consequences of lying about your ethnicity on your college applications? | Can I lie about my ethnicity to top college admissions? | Do I have a strong chance of being accepted to elite colleges? | eng_Latn | 19,981 |
As usual you've proved yourself a complete idiot, with tenure to a minor university that hires left overs | as usual your an idiot again | Furthermore, I like how the professor is de-legitimatizing Asian staff at the university. Are Asians not the RIGHT color? Shall Asians quit as they are taking up too much space? | eng_Latn | 19,982 |
Go Trump!!!
I was always against school's affirmative-action biases.
I am NOT White either.
In California, Orientals (Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, etc.) who scored high were denied acceptance into UC-Berkeley to make room for Blacks and Latinos.
Entry should be based on test-scores. | Hawaii, with its large Asian population, should be particularly invested in supporting this action. The statement that affirmative action is deemed to discriminate against white students totally ignores those students most discriminated against: Asians. | MaraudingMidget,
Aussie Universities are literally full of students with Asian and Indian backgrounds and The Hard Sciences are full to the brim with Indian and Asian kids.
I wonder if our 'stupid beyond measure Professor' would like to take a guess as to the ethnic mix of our Mathematics classes at University.
...Whether measured by NAPLAN results, entry to selective schools or Year 12 Study Scores, the reality is that students from Asian and Indian backgrounds, often with migrant parents unable to speak English, achieve the strongest results...Results in Victoria are mirrored in NSW where Asian and Indian students are the top performers in subjects like Maths Extension 2, Chemistry and English Extension 1.
So all the Indian and Chinese kids are running flat out to study a Racist subject at which they excel!!!!! | eng_Latn | 19,983 |
Boasberg has been an unparalleled train wreck as Superintendent. The fact that Boasberg doesn't even live in Denver would speak volumes. Boasberg's stated intentions to bring back forced busing to "racially balance" all of DPS is lunacy of the first-order. Under Boasberg, DPS is openly hostile to Christians. For example, at Denver Green School, Christmas can't be mentioned in any publication. Children are forbidden to sing Christmas Carols or utter the word Christmas. Christians are consigned to the Catacombs under Boasberg's insidious campaign against Christians. Denver Green School is a microcosm of the open hostility towards Christian students in DPS.
Conversely, illegal foreigners are embraced by DPS under Boasberg. At Denver Green School, Kwanzaa is celebrated. Likewise, Jewish and Muslim Holidays are embraced by the faculty and staff. Christmas and Easter are openly disdained. Even a mundane holiday like Halloween is strictly forbotten at Denver Green School. Boasberg's legacy. | Even with special needs faculty support there will still be disruptions when a student needs to be removed from the classroom. It will be every other student's focus instead of academics. Disruptions due to behavioral issues taxes an ASD faculty that are already teaching everything under the sun with a poor student/teacher ratio now. More stress and the rest of the class suffers. It is a proven fact that focused students, without interruptions, learn at a better and smoother pace. Is it fair to handicap the rest of the students at these four schools? I think the pressure on the special needs children will also be extremely difficult. Their environment will no longer be set up in the best manner for their needs. This move helps none of the children that ASD is supposed to be doing their best for. | Political correct bigots are not only teaching our children bald face pathological lies, but they are now indoctrinating our children with racist stereotyping of us Native Americans.
Not one white mascot was banned. In singling out Native Americans PC liberals shamelessly lie and claim there are no other mascots of race. Reference the David Douglas Scots, white guy in a kilt holding bagpipes, and these pathological liars claim this is culture not race. The political correct pathological liar then claims, in staggering hypocrisy, that the tomahawk is not culture, it's "racist."
When it comes to electing a President political correct bigots want to kill the electoral college, claiming Hillary gained 3 million more votes than Trump, and should have won. 90% of us Native Americans overwhelmingly support our mascots, and yet PC liberals think 5% should win. They are shameless staggering hypocrites. They are shameless pathological liars promoting racist bigotry. | eng_Latn | 19,984 |
is the ada a federal civil rights law | The ADA is one of America's most comprehensive pieces of civil rights legislation that prohibits discrimination and guarantees that people with disabilities have the same opportunities as everyone else to participate in the mainstream of American life -- to enjoy employment opportunities, to purchase goods and services, and to participate in State ... | Pursuant to Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), ADOT does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, sex or disability. Persons that require a reasonable accommodation based on language or disability should contact ADOTâs Civil Rights Office at [email protected]. Requests should be made as early as possible to ensure the State has an opportunity to address the accommodation. | eng_Latn | 19,985 |
age discrimination law was passed in what year? | The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) protects certain applicants and employees 40 years of age and older from discrimination on the basis of age in hiring, promotion, discharge, compensation, or terms, conditions or privileges of employment. The ADEA is enforced by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). | The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) protects certain applicants and employees 40 years of age and older from discrimination on the basis of age in hiring, promotion, discharge, compensation, or terms, conditions or privileges of employment. The ADEA is enforced by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). | eng_Latn | 19,986 |
what year was linda brown born | Linda Brown was born on February 20, 1942, in Topeka, Kansas, to Leola and Oliver Brown. Though she and her two younger sisters grew up in an ethnically diverse neighborhood, Linda was forced to walk across railroad tracks and take a bus to grade school despite there being a school four blocks away from her home. | The case was brought on behalf of Linda Brown, a young black girl from Topeka, Kansas, who had been denied admission to her local elementary school on the basis of her skin color. At the time, public facilities were segregated based on the justification that a 1896 Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. | eng_Latn | 19,987 |
how many protected classes are there under the federal fair housing act? | The seven protected classes under the Federal Fair Housing Act are: 1 Race. 2 Color. 3 Religion. 4 Sex. 5 National Origin. 6 Disability (added in 1988) 7 Familial Status (having children under 18 in a household, including pregnant women) (added in 1988) | You asked for a summary of the federal Fair Housing Act (FHA) (42 USC § 3601 et seq.). You also asked for a brief description of (1) how the FHA affects municipal land use regulation and (2) the state's Discriminatory Housing Practices Act (DHPA) (CGS § 46a-64c, see also §§ 8-37ee and 46a-81e). SUMMARY. | eng_Latn | 19,988 |
what is title ix | Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 is a federal law that states: No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.. | Contemporary definitions for Title IX. noun. a part of the 1972 Education Act (U.S.) stating that no person could be denied the benefits of a federally funded educational program or activity on the basis of their gender; also called [Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972] | eng_Latn | 19,989 |
what employers do to to prevent discrimination | Enter Your Zip Code to Connect with a Lawyer Serving Your Area. Employers are legally obligated to take steps to prevent discrimination and harassment -- and to investigate and act quickly if a complaint is made. Learn more about common discrimination and harassment claims and what to do if your company has a problem. | Employment discrimination laws generally protect not only present employees, but also former employees and some people, like applicants for jobs, who never have been employees. 1 Some of the federal anti-discrimination laws are: 1 42 U.S.C. section 1981, a federal law that was originally passed after the Civil War, prohibits race discrimination in all contracts, which not only includes employment but also all other types of contracts as well. | eng_Latn | 19,990 |
advocacy groups civil justice system | Advocate for the Civil Justice System. The American Association for Justice (AAJ) is committed to advocating for the civil justice system, whether that means taking on powerful corporate interests, opposing unconstitutional attacks on the civil justice system or fighting harmful legislation that limits Americansâ access to the courts. | An advocacy group is a group or an organization which tries to influence the government but does not hold power in the government. A single-issue group may form in response to a particular issue area sometimes in response to a single event or threat. The Human Rights Campaign, an LGBT civil rights advocacy and lobbying organization seeking to advance the cause of LGBT rights in America. 2 National Rifle Association, an organization that formed in New York in 1871 to protect the rights of gun-owners. | eng_Latn | 19,991 |
what is the civil rights act title vii 1964 reasonable accommodation | Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII) prohibits federal agencies from discriminating against employees or applicants for employment because of their religious beliefs in hiring, firing and other terms and conditions of employment.itle VII requires federal agencies, upon notice of a request, to reasonably accommodate employees whose sincerely held religious beliefs, practices or observances conflict with work requirements, unless the accommodation would create an undue hardship. | The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 necessity. (C) The demonstration referred to by subparagraph (A)(ii) shall be in accordance with the law as it existed on June 4, 1989, with respect to the concept of ``alternative employment practice''.he U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Employment Opportunity Commission, which shall be composed of five members, not more than three of whom shall be members of the same political party. | eng_Latn | 19,992 |
what was an effect of the termination policy? | However, with the new termination policy, most of them were rendered ineligible, and were left with no access to hospitals, clinics or health care in general. The health of Native Americans dropped far below that of white Americans. | Effect of Termination. Once the termination order becomes final, whether after a full contested trial or with the parent's consent, the terminated parent generally has no further rights with respect to the child. In an open adoption, the adoptive parents agree to specific rights that the biological parent may retain. | eng_Latn | 19,993 |
age discrimination pa | Age Discrimination. Andrew Abramson is a Philadelphia age discrimination lawyer who represents employees in age discrimination cases. In Pennsylvania, an employer, cannot terminate, refuse to hire, or otherwise discriminate against an employee in any respect because of an employee's age. | Age Discrimination. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) protects individuals who are 40 years of age or older from employment discrimination based on age. The ADEA's protections apply to both employees and job applicants. | eng_Latn | 19,994 |
was was brown vs the board of education unconstitutional | Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. On May 17, 1954, by unanimous vote, the U.S. Supreme Court declared that separate but equal education facilities are inherently unequal, and that segregation in the schools is, therefore, unconstitutional. | Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483, was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. The decision effectively overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation, insofar as it applied to public education. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous decision stated that separate educational facili | eng_Latn | 19,995 |
meaning of fisher versus university of texas ruling | Fisher v. University of Texas. Fisher v. University of Texas (2013) (alternatively called Fisher I), 570 U.S. ____ (2013), a case which ruled that strict scrutiny should be applied to determine the constitutionality of a race-sensitive admissions policy. | Supreme Court upholds University of Texas affirmative-action admissions On June 23, the Supreme Court voted 4 to 3 to uphold an affirmative-action ruling in a surprising win for affirmative-action advocates. | eng_Latn | 19,996 |
what is the purpose of the equal opportunity act | Last updated on 3 August, 2012 - 12:25. The purpose of the Equal Opportunity Act 1984 (SA) is to promote equality of opportunity for all South Australians. It aims to prevent discrimination against people and to give them a fair chance to take part in economic and community life. | The aim of the Employment Equity Act is: 1 To promote equal opportunities and fair treatment to all in the workplace by eliminating unfair discrimination; and. 2 To implement Affirmative Action (AA) measures to redress the disadvantages in employment experienced in the past by members from designated groups. | eng_Latn | 19,997 |
what was established by mclaurin v. oklahoma state regents? | She went on to become one of the first African American women to sit on the board of regents of Oklahoma State University. The photograph shows Marshall and Sipuel in 1948, with J. E. Fellows and Amos T. Hall. Sweatt v. Painter (1950) and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950) Rather than admit Heman Sweatt to its law school, the state of Texas offered to create a separate program for African Americans. | In Furman v. Georgia (1972), the U.S. Supreme Court found that the death penalty, which was applied capriciously and on a racially discriminatory basis, violated the Eighth Amendment. | eng_Latn | 19,998 |
what began sessions affirmative action | United States History. Affirmative Action. Affirmative Action began as a plan to equalize the educational, employment, and contracting opportunities for minorities and women with opportunities given to their white, male counterparts. | Affirmative action programs have played a critical role in opening up opportunities for women and minorities to begin to take their rightful place in our society. But equal opportunity for women is still a long way off. | eng_Latn | 19,999 |
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