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Developing the Literacy Instruction Knowledge Scales (LIKS): A Comprehensive Assessment of Primary Grade Teachers ’ Knowledge of Reading and Writing Instruction | Disciplinary knowledge of K-3 teachers and their knowledge calibration in the domain of early literacy | Toll-Like Receptor Signalling Is Not Involved in Platelet Response to Streptococcus pneumoniae In Vitro or In Vivo | eng_Latn | 21,400 |
The Route to Fractals in Magnetotelluric Exploration of the Crust | © Author(s) 2007. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics Scaling and multifractal fields in the solid earth and topography | Toll-Like Receptor Signalling Is Not Involved in Platelet Response to Streptococcus pneumoniae In Vitro or In Vivo | eng_Latn | 21,401 |
Mental Tasks Classification using EEG signal , Discrete Wavelet Transform and Neural Network | EEG Signal Classification Using Wavelet Feature Extraction and Neural Networks | Toll-Like Receptor Signalling Is Not Involved in Platelet Response to Streptococcus pneumoniae In Vitro or In Vivo | eng_Latn | 21,402 |
Phonemic Awareness: A Step by Step Approach for Success in Early Reading | Language Learning and Literacy Development in the Field | Toll-Like Receptor Signalling Is Not Involved in Platelet Response to Streptococcus pneumoniae In Vitro or In Vivo | eng_Latn | 21,403 |
Multiple instance learning for breast MRI based on generic spatio-temporal features | Contemporary Statistical Models for the Plant and Soil Sciences | Toll-Like Receptor Signalling Is Not Involved in Platelet Response to Streptococcus pneumoniae In Vitro or In Vivo | eng_Latn | 21,404 |
A Comparison of Deaf and Hearing Childrenʼs Reading Comprehension Profiles | Developmental differences in sensitivity to semantic relations among good and poor comprehenders: evidence from semantic priming | Toll-Like Receptor Signalling Is Not Involved in Platelet Response to Streptococcus pneumoniae In Vitro or In Vivo | eng_Latn | 21,405 |
Challenges and Solutions in Teaching Braille in an Online-Education Model | A COMPUTER-BASED PROGRAM TO TEACH BRAILLE READING TO SIGHTED INDIVIDUALS | Toll-Like Receptor Signalling Is Not Involved in Platelet Response to Streptococcus pneumoniae In Vitro or In Vivo | eng_Latn | 21,406 |
streptococcus defined shape is | Medical Definition of Pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae) Pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae): Are Gram-positive bacteria in the shape of a slightly pointed cocci. They are usually found in pairs (diplococci), but are also found singly and in short chains. | Full Definition of STREPTOCOCCUS. : any of a genus (Streptococcus) of spherical or ovoid chiefly nonmotile and parasitic gram-positive bacteria that divide only in one plane, occur in pairs or chains, and include important pathogens of humans and domestic animals; broadly: a coccus occurring in chains. | eng_Latn | 21,407 |
Olfactory feedback in the scent marking behaviour of foraging honeybees at the food source | <5735-703fi»l/$5.00 DOI: 10.1037//0735-7036.115.4351 Early Temperamental Traits in an Octopus (Octopus bimaculoides) | Do Not Turn to the Hypothalamus for Feedback on Stress If You Are Growth Restricted | eng_Latn | 21,408 |
Transfer of learning among motor patterns with different relative timing. | Motor Control And Learning A Behavioral Emphasis | Widespread evidence for horizontal transfer of transposable elements across Drosophilagenomes | eng_Latn | 21,409 |
Robot punch. | Robots can punch. | Robots are programmed not to punch. | vie_Latn | 21,410 |
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN TWO MOTOR LEARNING TASKS UNDER MASSED PRACTICE | Variability of manual dexterity performance in non-human primates () | Motor learning is optimally tuned to the properties of motor noise. | yue_Hant | 21,411 |
Biasing Behavioral Activation with Intent for an Entertainment Robot | Autonomous behavior control architecture of entertainment humanoid robot SDR-4X | Brain Injury Does Not Alter the Intrinsic Differentiation Potential of Adult Neuroblasts | eng_Latn | 21,412 |
THE KHINCHIN–KAHANE INEQUALITY AND BANACH SPACE EMBEDDINGS FOR ABELIAN METRIC GROUPS | A COMPARISON INEQUALITY FOR SUMS OF INDEPENDENT RANDOM VARIABLES | Biologically inspired kinematic synergies enable linear balance control of a humanoid robot | yue_Hant | 21,413 |
Hierarchical Behavioral Repertoires with Unsupervised Descriptors | Evolving non-Trivial Behaviors on Real Robots: an Autonomous Robot that Picks up Objects | The reflexive imperative among high-achieving adolescents | eng_Latn | 21,414 |
Robot-assisted microinjection system on zebrafish embryos: Implementation and experiments | Mechanical property characterization of the zebrafish embryo chorion | Why I have abandoned robot-assisted transaxillary thyroid surgery | eng_Latn | 21,415 |
Intrinsic muscle properties facilitate locomotor control - a computer simulation study. | A bio-robotic platform for integrating internal and external mechanics during muscle-powered swimming | LTP Inhibits LTD in the Hippocampus via Regulation of GSK3β | eng_Latn | 21,416 |
Classifying spaces of monoids and topological categories | Homotopy decomposition of a group of symplectomorphisms | Neophobia does not account for motoric self-regulation performance as measured during the detour-reaching cylinder task | eng_Latn | 21,417 |
Using Embodied Multimodal Fusion to Perform Supportive and Instructive Robot Roles in Human-Robot Interaction | Social roles, social control, and biases in social-perception processes. | SNARE Function Is Not Involved in Early Endosome Docking | eng_Latn | 21,418 |
The anatomical connectivity of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been almost completely described, but determination of the neurophysiological basis of behavior in this system is just beginning. Here we used an optimization algorithm to search for patterns of connectivity sufficient to compute the sensorimotor transformation underlying C. elegans chemotaxis, a simple form of spatial orientation behavior in which turning probability is modulated by the rate of change of chemical concentration. Optimization produced differentiator networks capable of simulating chemotaxis. A surprising feature of these networks was inhibitory feedback connections on all neurons. Further analysis showed that feedback regulates the latency between sensory input and behavior. Common patterns of connectivity between the model and biological networks suggest new functions for previously identified connections in the C. elegans nervous system. | Increased efforts in the assembly and analysis of connectome data are providing new insights into the principles underlying the connectivity of neural circuits. However, despite these considerable advances in connectomics, neuroanatomical data must be integrated with neurophysiological and behavioral data in order to obtain a complete picture of neural function. Due to its nearly complete wiring diagram and large behavioral repertoire, the nematode worm Caenorhaditis elegans is an ideal organism in which to explore in detail this link between neural connectivity and behavior. In this paper, we develop a neuroanatomically-grounded model of salt klinotaxis, a form of chemotaxis in which changes in orientation are directed towards the source through gradual continual adjustments. We identify a minimal klinotaxis circuit by systematically searching the C. elegans connectome for pathways linking chemosensory neurons to neck motor neurons, and prune the resulting network based on both experimental considerations and several simplifying assumptions. We then use an evolutionary algorithm to find possible values for the unknown electrophsyiological parameters in the network such that the behavioral performance of the entire model is optimized to match that of the animal. Multiple runs of the evolutionary algorithm produce an ensemble of such models. We analyze in some detail the mechanisms by which one of the best evolved circuits operates and characterize the similarities and differences between this mechanism and other solutions in the ensemble. Finally, we propose a series of experiments to determine which of these alternatives the worm may be using. | Increased efforts in the assembly and analysis of connectome data are providing new insights into the principles underlying the connectivity of neural circuits. However, despite these considerable advances in connectomics, neuroanatomical data must be integrated with neurophysiological and behavioral data in order to obtain a complete picture of neural function. Due to its nearly complete wiring diagram and large behavioral repertoire, the nematode worm Caenorhaditis elegans is an ideal organism in which to explore in detail this link between neural connectivity and behavior. In this paper, we develop a neuroanatomically-grounded model of salt klinotaxis, a form of chemotaxis in which changes in orientation are directed towards the source through gradual continual adjustments. We identify a minimal klinotaxis circuit by systematically searching the C. elegans connectome for pathways linking chemosensory neurons to neck motor neurons, and prune the resulting network based on both experimental considerations and several simplifying assumptions. We then use an evolutionary algorithm to find possible values for the unknown electrophsyiological parameters in the network such that the behavioral performance of the entire model is optimized to match that of the animal. Multiple runs of the evolutionary algorithm produce an ensemble of such models. We analyze in some detail the mechanisms by which one of the best evolved circuits operates and characterize the similarities and differences between this mechanism and other solutions in the ensemble. Finally, we propose a series of experiments to determine which of these alternatives the worm may be using. | eng_Latn | 21,419 |
Sonic Hedgehog—‘Jack-of-All-Trades’ in Neural Circuit Formation | Sonic Hedgehog Guides Axons through a Noncanonical, Src-Family-Kinase-Dependent Signaling Pathway | Why I have abandoned robot-assisted transaxillary thyroid surgery | yue_Hant | 21,420 |
METHODS OF PRELIMINARY LOCAL PHYSICAL ACTION ON THE WORKABLE SURFACE OF THE BLANK | Dynamic stabilization of technological systems for processing edge cutting through local metastability | Daily behavioral manipulation increases the total immunoreactive serum neurophysin concentrations irrespective of the duration of water deprivation in rats | yue_Hant | 21,421 |
Exploiting loose horizontal coupling in evolutionary swarm robotics | Developing responsible research and innovation for robotics | SNARE Function Is Not Involved in Early Endosome Docking | eng_Latn | 21,422 |
Although the neural underpinnings of visually guided grasping and reaching have been well delineated within lateral and medial fronto-parietal networks (respectively), the contributions of subcomponents of visuomotor actions have not been explored in detail. Using careful subtraction logic, here we investigated which aspects of grasping, reaching, and pointing movements drive activation across key areas within visuomotor networks implicated in hand actions. For grasping tasks, we find activation differences based on the precision required (fine > coarse grip: anterior intraparietal sulcus, aIPS), the requirement to lift the object (grip + lift > grip: aIPS; dorsal premotor cortex, PMd; and supplementary motor area, SMA), and the number of digits employed (3-/5- vs. 2-digit grasps: ventral premotor cortex, PMv; motor cortex, M1, and somatosensory cortex, S1). For reaching/pointing tasks, we find activation differences based on whether the task required arm transport ((reach-to-point with index finger and reach-to-touch with knuckles) vs. point-without-reach; anterior superior parietal lobule, aSPL) and whether it required pointing to the object centre ((point-without-reach and reach-to-point) vs. reach-to-touch: anterior superior parieto-occipital cortex, aSPOC). For point-without-reach, in which the index finger is oriented towards the object centre but from a distance (point-without-reach > (reach-to-point and reach-to-touch)), we find activation differences that may be related to the communicative nature of the task (temporo-parietal junction, TPJ) and the need to precisely locate the target (lateral occipito-temporal cortex, LOTC). The present findings elucidate the different subcomponents of hand actions and the roles of specific brain regions in their computation. | There is a movement preparation cost for bimanual asymmetric reaching movements compared to bimanual symmetric movements. This is likely caused by the complex spatiotemporal coupling of bimanual asymmetric movements. The spatiotemporal coupling of bimanual reach-to-grasp movements has been investigated, but not the potential movement preparation costs. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between movement preparation costs and spatiotemporal coupling of reach-to-grasp movements. Twenty-four participants made unimanual, bimanual symmetric, and bimanual asymmetric reach-to-grasp movements in four-choice reaction time tasks. There was a movement preparation cost for bimanual symmetric reach-to-grasp movements compared to unimanual movements, which was not previously seen for reaching movements. Coordinating two symmetric grasps probably caused this bimanual symmetric cost, as we have previously shown that there is no bimanual symmetric cost for reaching movements. It was also surprising that the complexity of movement preparation was comparable for bimanual symmetric and asymmetric reach-to-grasp movements. However, the spatial coupling of bimanual asymmetric movements at movement initiation suggested that they were prepared as bimanual symmetric movements. Online control was then used to modify these symmetric reach-to-grasp movements into asymmetric movements. Preparing bimanual symmetric reach-to-grasp movements in advance instead of asymmetric movements likely prevented a bimanual asymmetric cost. | ABSTRACTUNC-45A is an ubiquitously expressed protein highly conserved throughout evolution. Most of what we currently know about UNC-45A pertains to its role as a regulator of the actomyosin system... | eng_Latn | 21,423 |
A novel design concept of expandable robotic arm inspired by plant growth is presented. The robot can construct its own structure by converting a type of fluidized material into a rigid structure at its growing point. The robot can extend its structure in multiple directions, and move through a winding space to reach a point, which is otherwise difficult to access. The robot with the rigid structure can also bear a significant load, has a plate to attach an end-effector, and can transport an object. The robot satisfies three key functional requirements that are characteristic to plant growth. First, the robot is capable of transporting structural materials to its growing point. Second, the robot is capable of transforming the material into a rigid structure. Third, it is capable of steering its growing point so that it is expanded in a desired direction. A proof-of concept prototype is then presented that consists of a special sprocket chain that can be switched between flexible/fluidized and rigid states, a winch that can pull/transport the chain, and a steering system to direct the growing direction. Unlike plants, this growing robot can retract its extended body, and can extend in a different direction. The prototype demonstrates that it meets all the functional requirements, and that it can make sharp turns and move through obstacles. | Especially in robotics, rarely plants have been considered as a model of inspiration for designing and developing new technology. This is probably due to their radically different operational principles compared to animals and the difficulty to study their movements and features. Owing to the sessile nature of their lifestyle, plants have evolved the capability to respond to a wide range of signals and efficiently adapt to changing environmental conditions. Plants in fact are able to show considerable plasticity in their morphology and physiology in response to variability within their environment. This results in movements that are characterized by energy efficiency and high density. Plant materials are optimized to reduce energy consumption during motion and these capabilities offer a plethora of solutions in the artificial world, exploiting approaches that are muscle-free and thus not necessarily animal-like. Plant roots then are excellent natural diggers, and their characteristics such as adaptive growth, low energy consumption movements, and the capability of penetrating soil at any angle are interesting from an engineering perspective. A few examples are described to lay the perspectives of plants in the artificial world. | Background Prior studies have documented biological motion perception deficits in schizophrenia, but it remains unclear whether the impairments arise from poor social cognition, perceptual organization, basic motion processing, or sustained attention/motivation. To address the issue, we had 24 chronic schizophrenia patients and 27 healthy controls perform three tasks: coherent motion, where subjects indicated whether a cloud of dots drifted leftward or rightward; dynamic rigid form, where subjects determined the tilt direction of a translating, point-light rectangle; and biological motion, where subjects judged whether a human point-light figure walked leftward or rightward. Task difficulty was staircase controlled and depended on the directional variability of the background dot motion. Catch trials were added to verify task attentiveness and engagement. Results Patients and controls demonstrated similar performance thresholds and near-ceiling catch trial accuracy for each task (uncorrected ps > 0.1; ds Conclusion Schizophrenia patients have intact perception of motion coherence, dynamic rigid form, and biological motion at least for our sample and set-up. We speculate that previously documented biological motion perception deficits arose from task or stimulus differences or from group differences in IQ, attention, or motivation. | eng_Latn | 21,424 |
Recent behavioural studies have demonstrated that honeybees use visual feedback to stabilize their gaze. However, little is known about the neural circuits that perform the visual motor computations that underlie this ability. We investigated the motor neurons that innervate two neck muscles (m44 and m51), which produce stabilizing yaw movements of the head. Intracellular recordings were made from five (out of eight) identified neuron types in the first cervical nerve (IK1) of honeybees. Two motor neurons that innervate muscle 51 were found to be direction-selective, with a preference for horizontal image motion from the contralateral to the ipsilateral side of the head. Three neurons that innervate muscle 44 were tuned to detect motion in the opposite direction (from ipsilateral to contralateral). These cells were binocularly sensitive and responded optimally to frontal stimulation. By combining the directional tuning of the motor neurons in an opponent manner, the neck motor system would be able to mediate reflexive optomotor head turns in the direction of image motion, thus stabilising the retinal image. When the dorsal ocelli were covered, the spontaneous activity of neck motor neurons increased and visual responses were modified, suggesting an ocellar input in addition to that from the compound eyes. | To elucidate the dynamic information processing in a brain underlying adaptive behavior, it is necessary to understand the behavior and corresponding neural activities. This requires animals which have clear relationships between behavior and corresponding neural activities. Insects are precisely such animals and one of the adaptive behaviors of insects is high-accuracy odor source orientation. The most direct way to know the relationships between neural activity and behavior is by recording neural activities in a brain from freely behaving insects. There is also a method to give stimuli mimicking the natural environment to tethered insects allowing insects to walk or fly at the same position. In addition to these methods an ‘insect–machine hybrid system’ is proposed, which is another experimental system meeting the conditions necessary for approaching the dynamic processing in the brain of insects for generating adaptive behavior. This insect–machine hybrid system is an experimental system which has a mobile robot as its body. The robot is controlled by the insect through its behavior or the neural activities recorded from the brain. As we can arbitrarily control the motor output of the robot, we can intervene at the relationship between the insect and the environmental conditions. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 21,425 |
Lysates obtained shortly after entry of transforming DNA to Bacillus subtilis contain donor-recipient DNA complexes, in which the donor moiety is associated with the recipient DNA in an unstable way. The complexes could be artificially stabilized by crosslinking with 4,5′,8-trimethylpsoralen. The unstable complexes dissociated upon helix-destabilizing treatments, such as heating at 70°C, and CsCl gradient centrifugation at pH 11.2, but remained stable during CsCl gradient centrifugation at pH 10. Donor-recipient DNA complexes were not formed after entry of heterologous pUB110 DNA. These observations suggest that base-pairing is involved in the unstable association. The donor moiety of the unstable complexes was completely, or almost completely, digestible by nuclease S1, indicating that the donor and recipient base-sequences are only paired over very short distances. | Polyethylene glycol-treated protoplasts of B. subtilis can be transformed by plasmid DNA at very high frequencies (Chang and Cohen 1979). From analysis of plasmid mediated transformation of transformation-deficient mutants it appeared that mutants, reduced in the transformation by plasmid DNA in the competent state, were plasmid transformation-proficient when transformed as protoplasts. By means of CsCl-gradient centrifugation of re-extracted plasmid DNA it could be demonstrated that plasmid DNA enters the protoplasts in the double-stranded form. In addition, sucrose gradient centrifugation of the re-extracted plasmid DNA showed that the entered DNA is predominantly present as covalently closed circular DNA. The efficiency of plasmid transformation in protoplasts was found to be close to one (each plasmid molecule having entered into the protoplasts gives rise to a transformed cell). This is in good agreement with the observation that little, if any, damage is done to this DNA during or after entry into protoplasts. | The skill of rhythmically juggling a ball on a racket was investigated from the viewpoint of nonlinear dynamics. The difference equations that model the dynamical system were analyzed by means of local and nonlocal stability analyses. These analyses showed that the task dynamics offer an economical juggling pattern that is stable even for open-loop actuator motion. For this pattern, two types of predictions were extracted: (a) Stable periodic bouncing is sufficiently characterized by a negative acceleration of the racket at the moment of impact with the ball, and (b) a nonlinear scaling relation maps different juggling trajectories onto one topologically equivalent dynamical system. The relevance of these results for the human control of action was evaluated in an experiment in which subjects (N = 6) performed a comparable task of juggling a ball on a paddle. Task manipulations involved different juggling heights and gravity conditions of the ball. The following predictions were confirmed: (a) For stable rhythmic performance, the paddle's acceleration at impact is negative and fluctuations of the impact acceleration follow predictions from global stability analysis; and (b) for each subject, the realizations of juggling for the different experimental conditions are related by the scaling relation. These results permit one to conclude that humans reliably exploit the stable solutions inherent to the dynamics of the given task and do not overrule these dynamics by other control mechanisms. The dynamical scaling serves as an efficient principle for generating different movement realizations from only a few parameter changes and is discussed as a dynamical formalization of the principle of motor equivalence. | eng_Latn | 21,426 |
In this paper, we propose a new approach to compliant taskspace control for high degree-of-freedom manipulators driven by positioncontrolled actuators. The actuators in our approach are back-drivable and allow to limit the torque used for position control. Traditional approaches frequently achieve compliance through redundancy resolution. Our approach not only allows to adjust compliance in the null-space of the motion but also in the individual dimensions in task-space. From differential inverse kinematics we derive torque limits for each joint by examining the contribution of the joints to the task-space motion. We evaluate our approach in experiments with specific motions. We also report on the application of our approach at RoboCup 2010, where we successfully opened and closed the fridge in the RoboCup@Home finals. | This paper presents theoretical and experimental results of the recent research efforts carried out in the domain of the robot generalized stiffness control. In particular, we are interested in kinematically redundant robotic manipulators and use of their nullspace for kineto-statically consistent control of their compliant behavior in task space. Although the nullspace of redundant robots is deeply studied in the kinematical domain (especially in the context of fusion of primary and secondary tasks, such as singularities or collision avoidance), this is not the case with their compliant behavior. In our research we have discovered that the kinematical redundancy can be very efficiently used to control compliant behavior, i.e., to induce the desired robot TCP generalized stiffness, only by robot internal motion within the nullspace associated to a vector of the robot TCP desired / nominal postion, x0∈R, in its task space. The tool center point (TCP) generalized stiffness of the robot arm with compliant joints and rigid links, which is expressed it the robot task space is defined by the following equation: | Studies in the vertebrates have shown that the time-locking ability of central auditory neurons decreases progressively along the ascending auditory pathway. This decrease is presumably attributed to a progressive reduction in the fidelity of synaptic transmission and an increase in the influence of synaptic inhibition along the cascade. The extent to which neurons' intrinsic biophysical properties contribute to the change in time-locking ability is unclear. We carried out whole-cell patch clamp recordings from the auditory thalamus of leopard frogs and compared their biophysical properties and time-locking abilities (determined by cell's responses to depolarizing pulse trains applied intracellularly) with those of lower auditory brainstem neurons. We found that frog thalamic neurons were homogeneous, exhibiting uniformly sustained, regular firing patterns, but not having low-threshold transient Ca2+ current which mammal thalamic neurons generally possess. Furthermore, intrinsic biophysical properties of the thalamic neurons are such that the time-locking ability of these neurons was very poor. The homogeneity of thalamic auditory neurons is in contrast to the heterogeneity of lower auditory brainstem neurons, with different phenotypes exhibiting different time-locking abilities and with sustained-regular phenotype consistently showing the worst time-locking ability among all biophysical phenotypes. Auditory nuclei along the ascending auditory pathway showed a progressive increase in the population of sustained-regular phenotype-this corresponded to a systematic decrease in the overall time-locking ability, with neurons in the dorsal medullary nucleus showing the best, and thalamic neurons exhibiting the poorest time-locking ability, whereas neurons in the torus semicircularis displayed intermediate time-locking ability. These results suggest that the biophysical characteristics of single neurons also likely play a role in the change in temporal coding ability along the ascending auditory pathway. | eng_Latn | 21,427 |
Artificial creatures need an intelligent behavior selection method to be used as an intermediate interface for natural interaction with users. For this purpose, the mechanisms of thought were proposed based on the probability and the degree of consideration. However, they were time-consuming when applying to an intelligent artificial creature with large numbers of wills, contexts and behaviors. Moreover, since the context-based evaluation only considers the behaviors short-listed by the will-based evaluation, some generated behaviors are inappropriate over the perceived contexts. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a novel behavior selection method for the intelligent artificial creatures using the degree of consideration-based mechanism of thought (DoC-MoT). The behaviors are short-listed by current dominant wills and perceived contexts and then they are globally evaluated by the fuzzy integral of the partial evaluation values of behaviors over artificial creature's wills and external contexts, with respect to the fuzzy measure values representing its degrees of consideration. The effectiveness of the proposed behavior selection method is demonstrated by experiments carried out with a synthetic character “DD” in the 3D virtual environment. The results show that the generated behaviors were appropriate both to the current wills and the perceived contexts. Moreover, the computation time to select a behavior was decreased in the proposed method than the behavior selection methods using the probability-based MoT and DoC-MoT without the behavior short-listing. | Deals with a pet robot with an emotional model. The robot requires several capabilities, such as perceiving, acting, communicating and surviving. Furthermore, it should learn various behaviors through interaction with its owner. This paper focuses on teaching a pet robot tricks or to dance. Basically, the owner can teach these tricks by simple communication based on trial and error. The robot performs the tricks by using a fuzzy controller, and further acquires tricks by a delta rule for online learning and a genetic algorithm for off-line learning. We use "Rag Warrior" as our pet robot. Experimental results show that this robot performs tricks through interaction with its owner. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 21,428 |
During walking, insects must coordinate the movements of their six legs for efficient locomotion. This interleg coordination is speed dependent: fast walking in insects is associated with tripod coordination patterns, whereas slow walking is associated with more variable, tetrapod-like patterns. To date, however, there has been no comprehensive explanation as to why these speed-dependent shifts in interleg coordination should occur in insects. Tripod coordination would be sufficient at low walking speeds. The fact that insects use a different interleg coordination pattern at lower speeds suggests that it is more optimal or advantageous at these speeds. Furthermore, previous studies focused on discrete tripod and tetrapod coordination patterns. Experimental data, however, suggest that changes observed in interleg coordination are part of a speed-dependent spectrum. Here, we explore these issues in relation to static stability as an important aspect for interleg coordination in Drosophila We created a model that uses basic experimentally measured parameters in fruit flies to find the interleg phase relationships that maximize stability for a given walking speed. The model predicted a continuum of interleg coordination patterns spanning the complete range of walking speeds as well as an anteriorly directed swing phase progression. Furthermore, for low walking speeds, the model predicted tetrapod-like patterns to be most stable, whereas at high walking speeds, tripod coordination emerged as most optimal. Finally, we validated the basic assumption of a continuum of interleg coordination patterns in a large set of experimental data from walking fruit flies and compared these data with the model-based predictions. | Control of walking with six or more legs in an unpredictable environment is a challenging task, as many degrees of freedom have to be coordinated. Generally, solutions are proposed that rely on (sensory-modulated) CPGs, mainly based on data from neurophysiological studies. Here, we are introducing a sensor based controller operating on artificial neurons, being applied to a (simulated) hexapod robot with a morphology adapted to Carausius morosus. We show that such a decentralized solution leads to adaptive behavior when facing uncertain environments which we demonstrate for a large range of behaviors – slow and fast walking, forward and backward walking, negotiation of curves and walking on a treadmill with various treatment of individual legs. This approach can as well account for these neurophysiological results without relying on explicit CPG-like structures, but can be complemented with these for very fast walking. | A multivariable self-tuning PID (SPID) controller is introduced to robot manipulator control. The control structure is simple, eliminates interactions quite well, and is easy to implement. | eng_Latn | 21,429 |
Many species of fish and birds travel in groups, yet the role of fluid-mediated interactions in schools and flocks is not fully understood. Previous fluid-dynamical models of these collective behaviors assume that all individuals flap identically, whereas animal groups involve variations across members as well as active modifications of wing or fin motions. To study the roles of flapping kinematics and flow interactions, we design a minimal robotic “school” of two hydrofoils swimming in tandem. The flapping kinematics of each foil are independently prescribed and systematically varied, while the forward swimming motions are free and result from the fluid forces. Surprisingly, a pair of uncoordinated foils with dissimilar kinematics can swim together cohesively—without separating or colliding—due to the interaction of the follower with the wake left by the leader. For equal flapping frequencies, the follower experiences stable positions in the leader’s wake, with locations that can be controlled by flapping amplitude and phase. Further, a follower with lower flapping speed can defy expectation and keep up with the leader, whereas a faster-flapping follower can be buffered from collision and oscillate in the leader’s wake. We formulate a reduced-order model which produces remarkable agreement with all experimentally observed modes by relating the follower’s thrust to its flapping speed relative to the wake flow. These results show how flapping kinematics can be used to control locomotion within wakes, and that flow interactions provide a mechanism which promotes group cohesion. | Fish schools and bird flocks are fascinating examples of collective behaviours in which many individuals generate and interact with complex flows. Motivated by animal groups on the move, here we explore how the locomotion of many bodies emerges from their flow-mediated interactions. Through experiments and simulations of arrays of flapping wings that propel within a collective wake, we discover distinct modes characterized by the group swimming speed and the spatial phase shift between trajectories of neighbouring wings. For identical flapping motions, slow and fast modes coexist and correspond to constructive and destructive wing–wake interactions. Simulations show that swimming in a group can enhance speed and save power, and we capture the key phenomena in a mathematical model based on memory or the storage and recollection of information in the flow field. These results also show that fluid dynamic interactions alone are sufficient to generate coherent collective locomotion, and thus might suggest new ways to characterize the role of flows in animal groups. | Fish schools and bird flocks are fascinating examples of collective behaviours in which many individuals generate and interact with complex flows. Motivated by animal groups on the move, here we explore how the locomotion of many bodies emerges from their flow-mediated interactions. Through experiments and simulations of arrays of flapping wings that propel within a collective wake, we discover distinct modes characterized by the group swimming speed and the spatial phase shift between trajectories of neighbouring wings. For identical flapping motions, slow and fast modes coexist and correspond to constructive and destructive wing–wake interactions. Simulations show that swimming in a group can enhance speed and save power, and we capture the key phenomena in a mathematical model based on memory or the storage and recollection of information in the flow field. These results also show that fluid dynamic interactions alone are sufficient to generate coherent collective locomotion, and thus might suggest new ways to characterize the role of flows in animal groups. | eng_Latn | 21,430 |
Animals have for long been recognized as being a positive force in healing processes (Baun et al., 1984). In recent years, animal-assisted therapy (AAT), which makes use of the healing effects of animals has attracted attention (Fine, 2006). Examples of the expected results of this type of therapy are buffering actions for stress, improvement of sociability and shortening of the medical treatment period through mental healing. Thus, the introduction of AAT is being considered in hospitals and health facilities. However, it is difficult to employ AAT in such facilities because of the risks of the spread of infection from animals to patients and the necessity of proper animal training. Robot-assisted therapy (RAT), in which robots resembling animals are used instead of real animals, is important for patient safety (Shibata et al., 2005). Pet robots resembling various animals, such as the dog robot “AIBO”, seal robot “Paro”, etc., are used in this type of therapy. Banks et al. reported no difference between the effectiveness of a living dog and an AIBO robotic dog in reducing loneliness (Banks et al., 2008). Shibata et al. applied a mental commit robot, Paro, to RAT, and they verified that the interaction with Paro has psychological, physiological and social effects on people (Shibata et al., 2004; Wada et al., 2005). In these applications, it is important that the robot imitates the motions of living animal, especially essential motions, such as walking, running, etc. However, it is difficult for the robot to walk and run like an animal because it is affected by various types of dynamic noise in the real world, in contrast to the ideal world. In recent years, many researchers have studied gait generation methods for various types of robots (Estremera & Santos, 2005; Kimura et al., 2005). A legged robot in the real world will have nDOF (degrees of freedom) for movement, and it is difficult to solve the optimization problem in n-dimensional continuous state/action space to generate an adequate gait (Kimura et al., 2001). Therefore, evolutionary approaches, such as use of fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, neural networks, or various hybrid systems, are employed for gait learning and parameter optimization (Inada & Ishii, 2003; Son et al., 2002). For example, Chernova et al. generated fast forward gaits using an evolutionary approach for quadruped robots (Chernova & Velosa, 2004). However, these gait generation methods for legged robots did not evaluate the degree to which the robot's movement approximated that of a living animal, because they were not designed for enhancement of the effects of RAT. 16 | Loneliness is a common problem in long-term care facilities (LTCF) and previous work has shown that animal-assisted therapy (AAT) can to some degree reverse loneliness. Here, we compared the ability of a living dog (Dog) and a robotic dog (AIBO) to treat loneliness in elderly patients living in LTCF. In comparison with a control group not receiving AAT, both the Dog and AIBO groups had statistically significant improvements in their levels of loneliness. As measured by a modified Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale (MLAPS), residents showed high levels of attachment to both the dog and AIBO. Subscale analysis showed that the AIBO group scored lower than the living dog on "animal rights/animal welfare" but not on "general attachment" or "people substituting." However, MLAPS measures did not correlate with changes in loneliness, showing that attachment was not the mechanism by which AAT decreases loneliness. We conclude that interactive robotic dogs can reduce loneliness in residents of LTCF and that residents become attached to these robots. However, level of attachment does not explain the decrease in loneliness associated with AAT conducted with either a living or robotic dog. | ABSTRACTUNC-45A is an ubiquitously expressed protein highly conserved throughout evolution. Most of what we currently know about UNC-45A pertains to its role as a regulator of the actomyosin system... | eng_Latn | 21,431 |
The urogenital system of squamate reptiles is represented by separate, bilaterally symmetrical tracts. Males alternate in their use of the right and left hemipenes. Sensory feedback from the hemipenis and, to a lesser extent, from the ipsilateral testis is important in determining which hemipenis the male will use for mating. | Male Iberian rock lizards (Lacerta monticola) produce copulatory plugs that adhere firmly inside the female cloaca and occlude both oviducts. These plugs do not prevent rival male insemination, as they neither reduce female attractiveness or receptivity to rival males nor do they function as “chastity belts”. Prior to copulation, males bite various regions of the female body, including the cloacal region. A previous plug in the female cloaca is expelled only after rival male intromission. We hypothesized that: (1) such male pre-copulatory behaviours function to loosen plug adherence to the female cloaca, thereby facilitating intromission, and that (2) the hemipenis plays a role in displacing a previous plug prior to the delivery of a new plug. Neither of these hypotheses was supported. Instead, our results indicate that rival males can intromit the hemipenis past a previous plug in the female cloaca and deliver their own plug underneath it. Consequently, previous plugs are pushed away from the oviductal openings and even dislodged from the female cloaca. Copulation duration was determined both by the time used by males to deliver a plug and by the fact that males prolonged copulation beyond plug delivery. There seemed to be sexual conflict over prolonged copulation, which was resolved by the male/female head-length ratio. The adaptive value of Iberian rock lizard copulatory plugs and prolonged copulation in Iberian rock lizards is discussed in the context of sperm competition. | This paper presents a set of development tools for model-based automatic generation of Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) for embedded systems. Two main tools are described: one allowing the definition of the graphical characteristics of the synoptic, named as ldquoAnimatorrdquo, and the second one responsible for the embedded control execution part, named as ldquoSynopticrdquo, and integrating real-time up-dating of the graphical user interface (the synoptic part). In this sense, the embedded system is seen as an ordinary embedded control system integrating the associated graphical user interface, reacting as a SCADA (Supervisory, Control, and Data Acquisition) system (even not supporting the distributed nature of SCADA systems). The behavioral model of the system is specified through a IOPT model (Input-Output Place-Transition Petri nets model), which is represented using a PNML (Petri net Markup Language) notation. An automatic code generator from PNML to C will provide the specific code to be linked with the core code of the graphical user interface. The Petri net model behavior exhibits static and dynamic characteristics, which are associated with the graphical characteristics of the synoptic through a set of dedicated rules. The application of the tools to a simple embedded system for a parking lot control is presented. | eng_Latn | 21,432 |
This is the first of two papers dealing with the structural solution of physical systems based on infinite periodic minimal surfaces (IPMS), such as surfactant, lipid-water, and block copolymer systems. In the first paper, the mathematics of minimal surfaces is briefly reviewed and details of the construction of the associate D, P, and G IPMS are described. Electron density models of lipid-water systems based on these IPMS are then constructed. The resulting models are then Fourier transformed to calculate the amplitudes of the first few Fourier terms. These amplitudes are then used to reconstruct the electron density which is examined and discussed. The subsequent paper will utilize the modeling results to aid in solving the structure of several real physical systems based on the D surface. | The conserved tridisulfide array of the α-defensin family imposes a common triple-stranded β-sheet topology on peptides that may have highly diverse primary structures, resulting in differential outcomes after targeted mutagenesis. In mouse cryptdin-4 (Crp4) and rhesus myeloid α-defensin-4 (RMAD4), complete substitutions of Arg with Lys affect bactericidal peptide activity very differently. Lys-for-Arg mutagenesis attenuates Crp4, but RMAD4 activity remains mostly unchanged. Here, we show that the differential biological effect of Lys-for-Arg replacements can be understood by the distinct phase behavior of the experimental peptide-lipid system. In Crp4, small-angle x-ray scattering analyses showed that Arg-to-Lys replacements shifted the induced nanoporous phases to a different range of lipid compositions compared with the Arg-rich native peptide, consistent with the attenuation of bactericidal activity by Lys-for-Arg mutations. In contrast, such phases generated by RMAD4 were largely unchanged. The concordance between small-angle x-ray scattering measurements and biological activity provides evidence that specific types of α-defensin-induced membrane curvature-generating tendencies correspond directly to bactericidal activity via membrane destabilization. | The purpose of our study was to clarify whether an inhibitory strategy is used for reprogramming of movement timing by experts in fast-ball sports when they correct their movement timing due to unexpected environmental changes. We evaluated the influence of disruption of inhibitory function of the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) on reprogramming of movement timing of experts and non-experts in fast-ball sports. The task was to manually press a button to coincide with the arrival of a moving target. The target moved at a constant velocity, and its velocity was suddenly either increased or decreased in some trials. The task was performed either with or without transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which was delivered to the region of the rIFG. Under velocity change conditions without TMS, the experts showed significantly smaller timing errors and a higher rate of reprogramming of movement timing than the non-experts. Moreover, TMS application during the task significantly diminished the expert group’s performance, but not the control group, particularly in the condition where the target velocity decreases. These results suggest that experts use an inhibitory strategy for reprogramming of movement timing. In addition, the rIFG inhibitory function contributes to the superior movement correction of experts in fast-ball sports. | eng_Latn | 21,433 |
Arthropods exhibit highly efficient solutions to sensorimotor navigation problems. They thus provide a source of inspiration and ideas to robotics researchers. At the same time, attempting to re-engineer these mechanisms in robot hardware and software provides useful insights into how the natural systems might work. This paper reviews three examples of arthropod sensorimotor control systems that have been implemented and tested on robots. First we discuss visual control mechanisms of flies, such as the optomotor reflex and collision avoidance, that have been replicated in analog VLSI (very large scale integration) hardware and used to produce corrective behavior in robot vehicles. Then, we present a robot model of auditory localization in the cricket; and discuss integration of this behavior with the optomotor behavior previously described. Finally we present a model of olfactory search in the moth, which makes use of several sensory cues, and has also been tested using robot hardware. We discuss some of the similarities and differences of the solutions obtained. | A male silk moth (Bombyx mori) pursues a female by following a pheromone, called Bombycol. This action is caused by only a few molecules of pheromone which arrive at the antenna of a male silk moth. The antenna has very sharp sensitivity and specificity. In this paper, the use of a biological sensor is discussed as a new type of sensor, in other words "living sensors". The electrical activity of a silk moth antenna, called the electroantennogram (EAG) was obtained using self-made electrodes and amplifier. Two pheromone sensors were attached to a simple mobile robot to determine the direction of a pheromone trace. From this information, we were able to control the direction of the robot. The robot followed the pheromone trace just like a real male silk moth. | Challenging the views of human rights activists, Stoll argues that the Ixils who supported Guatemalan rebels in the early 1980's did so because they were caught in the crossfire between the guerillas and the army, not because revolutionary violence expressed community aspirations. | eng_Latn | 21,434 |
Some are much firmer-fleshed than others , and some have yellow , white , green or red flesh , with equally varying skin colour . | Some are much firmer-fleshed than others , and some have yellow , white , green or red flesh , with equally varying skin color . | It is assumed ( and often implied ) that there are still human parts beneath their suits , meaning they are actually cyborgs , not robots : in The Tenth Planet , a Cyberman tells a group of humans that `` our brains are just like yours '' , although by the time of Attack of the Cybermen , their brains seem to have been replaced with electronics . | eng_Latn | 21,435 |
Robo-salamander's evolution clues | A Franco-Swiss team uses a robot amphibian to study how the first land animals on Earth might have walked. | Japan is pretty serious about robotics. If the droids are going to fit in, they probably need to learn the Japanese custom of serving tea. | fra_Latn | 21,436 |
Cerebellar learning of accurate predictive control for fast-reaching movements | Neuronal population coding of movement direction. | Normal penile, scrotal, and perineal anatomy with reconstructive considerations. | eng_Latn | 21,437 |
Learning Without Memorizing | Learning without Forgetting | Comparative proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) posterior silk gland under high temperature treatment | eng_Latn | 21,438 |
Control strategies in object manipulation tasks | Eye movements in natural behavior | Angle Class III malocclusion with anteroposterior and vertical discrepancy in the final stage of growth. | eng_Latn | 21,439 |
what is an paramecium method of locomotion | See also: Videos of Paramecium. Paramecium is a ciliate protozoan. Ciliatesâ bodies are covered with fine cytoplasmic hair-like structures called cilia. Flickering movements of the cilia propel the organism through the water and also create feeding currents. Paramecium is a ciliate.In describing its structure, comparisons will be made with amoeba. It is suggested, therefore, that amoeba is studied first.lickering movements of the cilia propel the organism through the water and also create feeding currents. Paramecium is a ciliate. In describing its structure, comparisons will be made with amoeba. | They move with the help of microscopic hair-like structures called cilia, which act like oars to push them through the water. They swim by rotating slowly and changing directions often. If the Paramecium comes upon an obstacle, it stops, swims backwards, and then angles itself forward on a slightly different course.he paramecium uses cilia, which are tiny hair-like structures, for locomotion. on the other hand, amoeba uses pseudopodia, which are extensions of the cell's cytoplasm, to mo ⦠ve. | eng_Latn | 21,440 |
Why does octopus squirt ink? | Why does an octopus squirt inq? | Why does an octopus squirt inq? | eng_Latn | 21,441 |
True or false this Amoeba has an uniqe method of locomotion called what movment? | What is amoeba form of locomotion? | Japanese americans were forced to move to internment camps? | eng_Latn | 21,442 |
Unlike most modern cephalopods , most ancient varieties had protective shells . | Most ancient varieties had protective shells . | It is assumed ( and often implied ) that there are still human parts beneath their suits , meaning they are actually cyborgs , not robots : in The Tenth Planet , a Cyberman tells a group of humans that `` our brains are just like yours '' , although by the time of Attack of the Cybermen , their brains seem to have been replaced with electronics . | eng_Latn | 21,443 |
With the exception of the Nautilidae and the species of octopus belonging to the suborder Cirrina , all known cephalopods have an ink sac , which can be used to expel a cloud of dark ink to confuse predators . | With the exception of the Nautilidae and the species of octopus of the suborder Cirrina , all known cephalopods have an ink sac , which can be used to push out a cloud of dark ink to confuse predators . | The pincer movement can be used when opposing forces towards the center of an army . That army responds by moving its outside forces to the enemy 's flanks to surround it . | eng_Latn | 21,444 |
Structural classification is determined by how the bones connect to each other , while functional classification is determined by the degree of movement between the articulating bones . | Structural classification is how the bones connect to each other ; function is the degree of movement between the articulating bones . | A 2005 study by Sankar Chatterjee suggested that the wings of Microraptor functioned like a split-level `` biplane '' , and that it likely employed a style of gliding , in which it would launch from a perch and swoop downward in a ` U ' shaped curve , then lift again to land on another tree , with the tail and hind wings helping to control its position and speed . | eng_Latn | 21,445 |
Biologists at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel used high speed videos of octopuses crawling over objects to study how the animals move .
Rather than pulling themselves along they use their legs to push instead .
They can move in one direction while their bodies face a different direction .
The findings could help scientists develop new types of rescue robots . | Sometimes walking in a straight line without tripping over with just two feet is enough of a challenge. So imagine the kind of coordination it would require if you had eight legs. Now scientists have unraveled how octopuses manage to keep track of all of their flailing limbs as they crawl over objects. The video above, recorded by researchers at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, shows how that despite its body orientation (green arrow) the octopus can crawl in any direction (blue arrow) thanks to its flexible arms . Using high speed videos of octopuses as they negotiated obstacles, biologists at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel studied the cephlopods movement. They found that the orientation of the creature's body and the crawling direction are controlled independently in the brain. Male octopuses have a long, detachable penis in order to mate with females that are five times bigger than itself. When a female swims by, the male Argonaut sends his penis off to swim to the female and mate with her. In fact, the penis is a ball of sperm in a tentacle called a hectocotylus and females can be fertilised by more than one, by storing them in the mantle cavity. The male dies soon after his unique ordeal, whereas the female can mate several times and even store multiple hectocotyli in a special cavity until they’re needed. In the past, scientists that caught female specimens confused the attached penises for parasitic worms. The male mollusc won almost a third of votes in a survey set up by the Society of Biology to identify the strangest animal sex. The thrust comes from arms that push by elongation rather than arms that pull. This combined with they symmetrical arrangement of the arms around the body helps to give the marine creatures their extraordinary maneuverability. It is the first time scientists have been able to fully understand how octopuses are able to control their movements without a rigid skeleton. The findings may help scientists develop new ways for soft robots to move around and can also shed some light on how octopuses evolved in the first place. Professor Binyamin Hochner, who led the research, said: 'Octopuses use unique locomotion strategies that are different from those found in other animals. 'This is most likely due to their soft molluscan body that led to the evolution of 'strange' morphology, enabling efficient locomotion control without a rigid skeleton.' Octopuses are thought to have evolved from clam-like creatures in the mollusc family. But as they lost their hard protective shell, they seem to have evolved to move far faster than other members of the mollusc family like slugs or snails. The octopus was found to move by pushing with its legs rather than pulling while it could move in any direction regardless of the position of its body - something that humans find extremely difficult to do without falling over . Dr Guy Levy, a neurobiologist who also took part in the research at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, said: 'During evolution, octopuses lost their heavy protective shells and became more maneuverable on the one hand, but also more vulnerable on the other hand. 'Their locomotory abilities evolved to be much faster than those of typical molluscs, probably to compensate for the lack of shell.' The researchers, whose work is published in the journal Current Biology, found that despite their large number of arms, octopuses do not move them in any rhythmical pattern like insects and millipedes do, for example. Speaking to the BBC, Dr Levy said the findings could help develop robots that can squeeze into difficult to reach spaces. He said: 'People want to build soft robots for medical purposes and rescue operations.' | LONDON, England (CNN) -- Imagine living inside a cramped, rolling and swaying 70 foot yacht for 40 days non-stop. Jerry Kirby (l) and Ken Read (r) speak with CNN from aboard the Puma Racing Volvo Ocean Race boat . That's exactly what 55 sailors across five teams competing in the grueling Volvo Ocean Race have just done. Sailing from Qingdao, China all the way to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the teams crossed 12,500 nautical miles as they journeyed along the fifth leg of the round-the-world race. During the journey, the skipper of Puma Racing, Ken Read, and the boat's bowman, Jerry Kirby, spoke with MainSail's Shirley Robertson via a video link from aboard the boat. Read told CNN MainSail, "We are about 1,400 miles from our final destination, Rio, and we can't wait to get there ... it has been a long time." Via the video link, the skipper and his team-mates showed Shirley Robertson around the boat -- including the sleeping quarters, the navigation technology, the technical equipment on deck, and the food. Could you cope for 40 days in the challenging conditions of a round-the-world yacht? Tell us below in the SoundOff box . Watch the tour of the Puma Racing boat » . The Puma boat and all of the other boats in the race are in constant contact with the Volvo Ocean Race headquarters in the United Kingdom. Chief executive of the Volvo Ocean Race, Knut Frostad, told CNN the technology means the position of the boats is updated every 15 seconds, and it is possible to speak with the sailors instantly. Despite this technology being helpful for safety purposes, he said it is important not too overuse the resource. "Some of the fascinating stories with this race are from the mystery. In the old days, before the 1990s, no-one knew what had happened before the boats arrived in port. "I think there's a great balance we need to take care of there. It's not always about 'more is better,'" he said. | eng_Latn | 21,446 |
How do you care for a hatchling (baby) snapping turtle? | How can I take care of a small snapping turtle? | What are some easy ways to learn telekinesis? I'm a novice.? | eng_Latn | 21,447 |
Getting A Handle On Octopuses' Dominant Arms | Some people are righties and some are lefties. But what about octopuses? Do they have a dominant tentacle, or are they, shall we say, octidextrous? Researchers have actually been trying to answer that question — by getting octopuses to play with Rubik's Cubes. Octopuses are highly intelligent creatures, says Claire Little, a marine biologist at the Weymouth Sealife Center in southwest England. "They're probably the most intelligent invertebrate that we're aware of," she says. "They are classed as intelligent as the general home pet dog." "Though," she adds, "it depends on how clever your dog is, really." Octopuses apparently become interested in the plastic moving parts of the Rubik's Cube. Little says she knew one that took apart a Mr. Potato Head and put it back together, though he didn't necessarily put the pieces in the correct holes. She says they can stick Lego bricks together as well. Can your dog do that? The Weymouth center is currently trying to expand on tentacle research done by the University of Vienna."The study in Vienna showed that only 49 different combinations of tentacles were used rather than the possible 448," says Little, "so they did favor some particular combinations." So far, the octopus Little is working with has not shown any preferences. "At the moment, the octopus that we have on site is more interested in the fact that we've given her a toy that she's not played with before," Little says. (Soundbite of music) Unidentified Man: (Singing) Henry, wave for you. Henry, wave for me. He's got so many hands waving... PESCA: That is a song about an octopus, I think. You know. Unidentified Man: (Singing) All the time... PESCA: Some humans are left-handed. Others are right-handed. Inuits say all polar bears are left-handed, but science doesn't back that up. Thus does the unsteady interplay between the Inuit and the scientist continue apace. But today that is not our concern. No, as the song may have indicated, today, we speak of octopus. When you have eight tentacles, or arms, to choose from, how do you decide which one to use? Do you tend to favor one or several over the others? Or are you oct-i-dextrous (ph)? Well, a group of researchers in England is out to get an answer. They're giving these many-armed creatures Rubik's cubes, I kid you not, to see whether they favor certain arms while playing with the cubes. Joining us now is Claire Little. She's a marine biologist at the Weymouth Sea Life Centre in southwest England, where she is - the research is taking place there. Hello, Claire. Ms. CLAIRE LITTLE (Marine Biologist, Weymouth Sea Life Center, England): Hello there. PESCA: So, are these arms, not tentacles, I have been told? (Soundbite of laughter) Ms. LITTLE: Yeah, it completely depends on what you wish to call them and how technical you really want to be. PESCA: How technical with the tentacle? Why wouldn't it be - technically, why wouldn't it be a tentacle? Ms. LITTLE: Because they're an extension of the body, and they use them just like we use our arms. So, we do tend to use the name of arms instead of tentacles for them. PESCA: OK. That makes sense. And then the other big question is octopuses or octopi, what do you think? Ms. LITTLE: The most commonly used phrase now - or term, sorry, is octopuses. Octopi is now actually frowned upon, mainly. PESCA: Not the animal, just the pluralization? Ms. LITTLE: Just the plural of the name. PESCA: People love the animal. So, you know, I guess the big question is - well there are two big questions. Why research and how research? So let's get to the why first. Why are you doing this research? Ms. LITTLE: Well, we're doing this research because we are quite a large company, and we have the largest number of octopuses on display, and well aware of in Europe particularly, and we are wanting to make sure that we maintain a happy and healthy environment for the octopus, or octopuses, at all times. So, we want to make sure that if there's anything we can do to make their stay with us a little bit healthier for them, and a little bit stress-free, and a little bit more enjoyable, that we're making sure we do that. PESCA: Well, on the one hand, that seems interesting, but on the other hand, it seems, you know, also laudable, but on the third hand, it seems that, you know, maybe there are better uses for your money. And on the fourth hand, it seems like, well, maybe the government is paying, but on the fifth hand - I could go on. (Soundbite of laughter) PESCA: To eight hands, but I will ask this. How do you decide to figure out right-handedness or left-handedness with the armedness (ph) with the octopi, octopuses? Ms. LITTLE: The reason we've taken the study on is because there was a much smaller preliminary study done at the University of Vienna a few years ago, which came up with some relatively conclusive answers. But their sample size was very small, and they weren't doing it exactly the same way that we are doing it. So, we | The Army is paying for investigations on the physics of elephant trunks — and researchers say these versatile appendages may hold clues for designing better soft-bodied robots. | eng_Latn | 21,448 |
This animal used in bathtubs doesn't have a nervous system | The Nervous System - Shmoop Biology Most animals have a nervous system, although it looks much different in a jellyfish ... "Sympathetic" doesn't have the "r," and it's responsible for the "fight and flight" ... enteric system to take a break and halt digestion so the energy used to break down .... But if you favor hot tubs and relaxation, you'll learn to love acetylcholine... | Jeopary Questions page 2042 - TRUSTY SIDEKICKS - TriviaBistro ... HOLLYWOOD SQUARES: In "The Incredible Mr. Limpet" this man played a nebbish-turned-fish who befuddled the Nazis THE DATING GAME: U.S. runners... | eng_Latn | 21,449 |
How does peristalsis work? | Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled "balloon". However, the septa are often incomplete in annelids that are semi-sessile or that do not move by peristalsis or by movements of parapodia – for example some move by whipping movements of the body, some small marine species move by means of cilia (fine muscle-powered hairs) and some burrowers turn their pharynges (throats) inside out to penetrate the sea-floor and drag themselves into it. | After the Incheon landing, the 1st Cavalry Division began its northward advance from the Pusan Perimeter. "Task Force Lynch" (after Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch), 3rd Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment, and two 70th Tank Battalion units (Charlie Company and the Intelligence–Reconnaissance Platoon) effected the "Pusan Perimeter Breakout" through 106.4 miles (171.2 km) of enemy territory to join the 7th Infantry Division at Osan. The X Corps rapidly defeated the KPA defenders around Seoul, thus threatening to trap the main KPA force in Southern Korea. | eng_Latn | 21,450 |
An octopus has this many arms (or is it legs?) | Octopus - Wikipedia The octopus is a cephalopod mollusc of the order Octopoda. It has two eyes and four pairs of arms and, like other cephalopods, it is bilaterally symmetric. It has a beak, with its mouth at the center point of the arms. .... Octopuses have several secondary defenses (defenses they use once they have been seen by a predator). | 'Countdown with Keith Olbermann' for Oct. 7th - msnbc - Countdown ... Oct 9, 2005 ... ALEX WITT, GUEST HOST: Which of these stories will you be talking ... Sure, the International Atomic Energy agency won the Nobel Peace Prize. But they didn't invent prosthetic dog testicles. ... UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: After a point, it's to scare us. .... WITT: OK, so does this all work in the president's favor? | eng_Latn | 21,451 |
You know the drill -- it's a species of this, as is the mandrill | Baboons, Drills And Mandrills - IPPL baboon; the western baboon; the olive baboon; (known to the ancient ... Depending on the species, baboons measure between 20 and 45 inches in body. | jeopardy/2682_Qs.txt at master jedoublen/jeopardy GitHub FITNESS | "White crane spreads wings" & "step back & repulse monkey" are postures in this smooth martial art | tai chi. right: Ken. Wrong: Value: DD: $2,500. | eng_Latn | 21,452 |
Insects are also known as what kind of vertebra? | Insects are the only invertebrates to have developed active flight capability, and this has played an important role in their success.:186 Their muscles are able to contract multiple times for each single nerve impulse, allowing the wings to beat faster than would ordinarily be possible. Having their muscles attached to their exoskeletons is more efficient and allows more muscle connections; crustaceans also use the same method, though all spiders use hydraulic pressure to extend their legs, a system inherited from their pre-arthropod ancestors. Unlike insects, though, most aquatic crustaceans are biomineralized with calcium carbonate extracted from the water. | There are several invertebrate species whose brains have been studied intensively because they have properties that make them convenient for experimental work: | eng_Latn | 21,453 |
On the 3D re-release , Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly wrote that its emotional power was deepened by `` the dimensionality of the oceanic deep '' where `` the spatial mysteries of watery currents and floating worlds are exactly where 3D explorers were born to boldly go '' . | On the 3-D re-release , Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly wrote that its emotional power was deepened by `` the dimensionality of the oceanic deep '' where `` the spatial mysteries of watery currents and floating worlds are exactly where 3-D explorers were born to boldly go . '' | It is assumed ( and often implied ) that there are still human parts beneath their suits , meaning they are actually cyborgs , not robots : in The Tenth Planet , a Cyberman tells a group of humans that `` our brains are just like yours '' , although by the time of Attack of the Cybermen , their brains seem to have been replaced with electronics . | eng_Latn | 21,454 |
The greater flamingo feeds with its head down and its upper jaw is movable and not rigidly fixed to its skull . | The greater flamingo feeds with its head down . Its upper jaw is movable and not rigidly fixed to its skull . | `` But Reynolds worked from abstract principles of design rather than observation of nature , '' the National Gallery of Art writes , `` One of his conceptions for Grand Manner likenesses was : `` Each person should have the expression which men of his rank generally exhibit . '' | eng_Latn | 21,455 |
3D multi-function bio-sphere Drosophila behavior platform | This study presents a novel "3D multi-function bio-sphere Drosophila (fruit fly) behavior platform" implemented by Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) and flexible electronics technology. The 3D multi-function bio-sphere behavior platform has three merits: (1) The 3D MEMS bio-sphere provides a natural like testing environment (sphere space) for fly's behavior observation, (2) The integration of micro transducers (i.e. electric shock punisher, thermal punisher, and position sensor) enables various bio-experiments and the future potential of automatic training and recording, and (3) The transparent bio-sphere enhances the flexibility of bio-experiments through adding external visual learning targets and behavior monitoring camera. This is the first 3D Drosophila behavior training and recording platform for brain (learning and memory) experiments. | A webpage describing the project supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grant can be found with the following link: http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~biocog/content/en/third-party-projects/koselleck. | eng_Latn | 21,456 |
Effects of prefrontal lesions on left leg-right leg differentiation in dogs. | Twenty five animals trained in the left leg-right leg differentiation were given orbital, proreal or medial precruciate lesions. Pure cortical ablations did not affect the task whereas these deep lesions involving the bundle of fibers inside the prefrontal region caused severe deficit. The medial lesions (superficial and deep) produced disinhibition of the intertrial reactions. The nature of the deficit in the differentiation and the relation between this deficit and the disinhibition is discussed. | This paper describes our experiments with autonomous robots, in which we use neural networks to generate and control stable gaits of simulated legged robots into a physically based simulation environment. In our approach, the gait is accomplished using an Elman network trained using a gradient descend method, more specifically, the RPROP algorithm, a improvement of the traditional Back-propagation. The model validation was performed by several experiments realized with a simulated four legged robot using the ODE physical simulation engine. The results showed that it is possible to generate stable gaits using neural networks in an efficient manner. | eng_Latn | 21,457 |
The biological principles of swarm intelligence | la reconstruction du nid et les coordinations interindividuelles chezbellicositermes natalensis etcubitermes sp . la theorie de la stigmergie : essai d ' interpretation du comportement des termites constructeurs . | Computer-based assessment: a versatile educational tool | eng_Latn | 21,458 |
Design, fabrication and analysis of a body-caudal fin propulsion system for a microrobotic fish | Development and initial experiment of modular undulating fin for untethered biorobotic AUVs | the 2018 pirm challenge on perceptual image super - resolution . | eng_Latn | 21,459 |
Suction helps in a pinch: Improving underwater manipulation with gentle suction flow | On grasp choice, grasp models, and the design of hands for manufacturing tasks | Compilation of a preliminary checklist for the differential diagnosis of neurogenic stuttering | eng_Latn | 21,460 |
Soft Inflatable Sensing Modules for Safe and Interactive Robots | Modeling of Soft Fiber-Reinforced Bending Actuators | Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures | eng_Latn | 21,461 |
evolution of a performance metric for urban search and rescue robots ( 2003 ) . | Awareness in human-robot interactions | Cloning, sequencing and production of the lantibiotic mersacidin. | eng_Latn | 21,462 |
Modeling and simulation of porpoising for a multilink dolphin robot | Mechanical design and motion control of a biomimetic robotic dolphin | Evolutionary Algorithms in Aircraft Trim Optimization | eng_Latn | 21,463 |
Climbing Strategy for a Flexible Tree Climbing Robot—Treebot | Smooth Vertical Surface Climbing With Directional Adhesion | Remembering pictures: Pleasure and arousal in memory. | kor_Hang | 21,464 |
Modeling and simulation of Electrostatic Adhesion for Wall Climbing Robot | Gecko inspired micro-fibrillar adhesives for wall climbing robots on micro/nanoscale rough surfaces | A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks | eng_Latn | 21,465 |
Informatic parcellation of the network involved in the computation of subjective value | A framework for studying the neurobiology of value-based decision making | McKibben artificial muscle can be in accordance with the Hill skeletal muscle model | eng_Latn | 21,466 |
An Inchworm-inspired Rigid-reinforced Soft Robot with Combined Functions of Locomotion and Manipulation | JSEL: Jamming Skin Enabled Locomotion | Concepts of Economic Growth and Development . Challenges of Crisis and of Knowledge | eng_Latn | 21,467 |
Learning with social robots — The World Robot Summit's approach | Storytelling with robots: Learning companions for preschool children's language development | Treatment of multiple gingival recession defects using periosteal pedicle graft: a case series. | eng_Latn | 21,468 |
Materials that couple sensing, actuation, computation, and communication | Hydraulic Autonomous Soft Robotic Fish for 3D Swimming | Fucoidan as a Potential Therapeutic for Major Blinding Diseases—A Hypothesis | eng_Latn | 21,469 |
Stair descent in the simple hexapod 'RHex' | Similarity in multilegged locomotion: Bouncing like a monopode | [Chronic or recurrent ulceration of the tongue]. | eng_Latn | 21,470 |
An adjustable scotch yoke mechanism for robotic dolphin | Modeling, simulation, and development of a robotic dolphin prototype | Active learning from noisy and abstention feedback | eng_Latn | 21,471 |
Neural-body coupling for emergent locomotion: A musculoskeletal quadruped robot with spinobulbar model | Measurement And Modeling of McKibben Pneumatic Artificial Muscles | Is there chaos in the brain? II. Experimental evidence and related models | eng_Latn | 21,472 |
Autonomous decentralized control for soft-bodied caterpillar-like modular robot exploiting large and continuum deformation | Soft robotics: a bioinspired evolution in robotics. | Security Games Applied to Real-World: Research Contributions and Challenges | eng_Latn | 21,473 |
SWARM: An Actuated Wearable for Mediating Affect | Microcontrollers as material: crafting circuits with paper, conductive ink, electronic components, and an "untoolkit" | ship identification using probabilistic neural networks ( pnn ) . | eng_Latn | 21,474 |
Integration of Robotic Technologies for Rapidly Deployable Robots | Humanoid Multimodal Tactile-Sensing Modules | FMRP Stalls Ribosomal Translocation on mRNAs Linked to Synaptic Function and Autism | eng_Latn | 21,475 |
Resilient Robots: Concept, Review, and Future Directions | M-TRAN: self-reconfigurable modular robotic system | Treatment of Nevus of Ota with 1064 nm Q-Switched Nd : YAG | eng_Latn | 21,476 |
Rhythmic Continuous-Time Coding in the Songbird Analog of Vocal Motor Cortex | Singing-Related Activity of Identified HVC Neurons in the Zebra Finch | Analysis of End-Effector position and orientation for 2P-3R Planer Pneumatic Robotic Arm | eng_Latn | 21,477 |
Robots, Pancakes, and Computer Games: Designing Serious Games for Robot Imitation Learning | Development and evaluation of interactive humanoid robots | Inductively-Coupled Miniaturized-Element Frequency Selective Surfaces With Narrowband, High-Order Bandpass Responses | eng_Latn | 21,478 |
Neuromechanical models for insect locomotion: Stability, maneuverability, and proprioceptive feedback | A hexapedal jointed-leg model for insect locomotion in the horizontal plane | RHex: A Biologically Inspired Hexapod Runner | eng_Latn | 21,479 |
Waalbot: An Agile Small-Scale Wall Climbing Robot Utilizing Pressure Sensitive Adhesives | Gecko Inspired Surface Climbing Robots | SanssouciDB: An In-Memory Database for Processing Enterprise Workloads. | kor_Hang | 21,480 |
Corrigendum: Identifying a set of influential spreaders in complex networks | Temporal Networks | Design of Frictional 2D-Anisotropy Surface for Wriggle Locomotion of Printable Soft-Bodied Robots | eng_Latn | 21,481 |
Cooperative behavior control of robot group using stress antibody allotment reward | Hierarchical Learning in Stochastic Domains: Preliminary Results | A planetary gear based underactuated self-adaptive robotic finger | eng_Latn | 21,482 |
A body joint improves vertical to horizontal transitions of a wall-climbing robot | SpinybotII: climbing hard walls with compliant microspines | Learning complex cell invariance from natural videos: A plausibility proof | eng_Latn | 21,483 |
An Insight into the Action Potential Generation in the Hodgkin-Huxley model | Theoretical Neuroscience : Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems | Variable stiffness fabrics with embedded shape memory materials for wearable applications | eng_Latn | 21,484 |
A move-and-hold pneumatic actuator enabled by self-softening variable stiffness materials | An octopus-bioinspired solution to movement and manipulation for soft robots. | A study on tinea capitis in the pre school and school going children | eng_Latn | 21,485 |
Symbol Emergence in Robotics: A Survey | Symbolic Models and Emergent Models: A Review | Movement-produced stimulation in the development of visuallyguided behavior | kor_Hang | 21,486 |
Claw-Wheel: A transformable robot for search and investigation in amphibious environment | The AmphiHex: A novel amphibious robot with transformable leg-flipper composite propulsion mechanism | Spontaneous rectus sheath hematoma. | eng_Latn | 21,487 |
Development of quadruped robot with locomotion rhythm generator using pulse-type hardware neural networks | Biologically-inspired locomotion of a 2g hexapod robot | Performance Error Detection and Post-Processing for Fast and Accurate Symbolic Music Alignment | eng_Latn | 21,488 |
Cooperative gestures: effective signaling for humanoid robots | Matching robot appearance and behavior to tasks to improve human-robot cooperation | A nanophotonic interconnect for high-performance many-core computation | eng_Latn | 21,489 |
Analyzing Social and Communication Network Structures of Social Bots and Humans | Fast unfolding of communities in large networks | Bio-inspired mechanisms for inclined locomotion in a legged insect-scale robot | eng_Latn | 21,490 |
Biomimetics: its practice and theory | New neural circuits for robot phonotaxis | Spatial Organization of Chromatic Pathways in the Mouse Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus. | eng_Latn | 21,491 |
“ Affetto ” : towards a design of robots who can physically interact with people , which biases the perception of affinity ( beyond “ uncanny ” ) * | The Mirror Neuron System | Learning When Training Data are Costly: The Effect of Class Distribution on Tree Induction | eng_Latn | 21,492 |
Stair descent in the simple hexapod 'RHex' | Similarity in multilegged locomotion: Bouncing like a monopode | Deep Density Clustering of Unconstrained Faces | eng_Latn | 21,493 |
Development of a docking mechanism for self-reconfigurable modular robots | Sambot: A self-assembly modular robot for swarm robot | explaining neural networks semantically . | eng_Latn | 21,494 |
Towards autonomous collision avoidance in surgical robots using image segmentation and genetic algorithms | Evolution of Subsumption Using Genetic Programming | Neuromuscular adaptations to plyometric training: depth jump vs. countermovement jump on sand | eng_Latn | 21,495 |
Compliance-based dynamic steering for hexapods | Automated gait adaptation for legged robots | Imbalanced Protein Data Classification Using Ensemble FTM-SVM. | eng_Latn | 21,496 |
Simox: A Robotics Toolbox for Simulation, Motion and Grasp Planning | The iCub humanoid robot: an open platform for research in embodied cognition | Differentially private subspace clustering | eng_Latn | 21,497 |
Jumping robots: a biomimetic solution to locomotion across rough terrain | An innovative Space Rover with Extended Climbing Abilities | Genetic variation, morphology and pathogenicity of Ceratocystis fimbriata on Hevea brasiliensis in Brazil | eng_Latn | 21,498 |
2 experiment 1 : traditional neat control 2 . 1 motivation and procedure . | Compositional pattern producing networks: A novel abstraction of development | Walking Robots and the Central and Peripheral Control of Locomotion in Insects | eng_Latn | 21,499 |
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