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A random spark, like quantum tunneling, could release the potential energy of the Higgs field. | [
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This could happen at any time and without warning. | [
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If at any point in space this so-called vacuum decay starts, there is no turning back. | [
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As the Higgs field crashes into the lower energy state, it releases a massive amount of potential energy. | [
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This energy pushes the space around it over the barrier, which releases more potential energy. | [
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A sphere of the new stable Higgs field or true vacuum grows at the speed of light in all directions. | [
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Imagine it like setting a sea of gasoline the size of the universe on fire. | [
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The sphere is surrounded by a shell of energy that devours everything it comes into contact with. | [
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Whatever it touches is eliminated from existence. | [
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The bubble will continue to grow forever, deleting the universe on its way. | [
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There is no way to be warned, since it's so fast, but there's nothing we could do anyway. | [
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Our destruction would be instant. | [
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In a fraction of a second, Earth would be gone. | [
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But it actually gets worse. | [
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If the energy level of the Higgs field changes, it changes all of physics. | [
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In the true vacuum of the sphere, the standard model will be overthrown, superseded by different physics that we don't know. | [
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How fundamental particles behave, how atoms hold together, how chemicals react. | [
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It will destroy chemistry itself, making life as we know it impossible. | [
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We simply have no idea what it would be like inside. | [
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It might be a shadow of what it is now. | [
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We don't know. | [
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If vacuum decay happens, the outlook is indeed grim. | [
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If you feel slightly worried now, don't be. | [
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It's kind of like using a ruler to measure a continent. | [
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The speed of light is not that fast on the scale of the universe. | [
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So while vacuum decay is fascinatingly scary, right now there are other things we should be more afraid of. | [
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In contrast to vacuum decay, we have the power to prepare for most of them. | [
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Supernovae are the most powerful explosions in the universe, unleashing enough energy to outshine galaxies. | [
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We have no real metaphor for their power. | [
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If the Sun were to magically go supernova, it would feel like you were being hit by the energy of a nuclear explosion every second for weeks. | [
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While supernovae are the engines of creation, forging the elements that enable life, they also burn sterile whole regions of galaxies. | [
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So what would happen if one hit Earth? | [
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There are, roughly speaking, two ways to make a supernova. | [
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Either the core of a massive star implodes, or, less common, a white dwarf gains mass to the point where it ignites explosive nuclear fusion. | [
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The outcome is the same – a supernova explosion. | [
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Amazingly, these supernovae around the solar system have cleared a 1,000 light-year wide pocket of space that's called the local bubble. | [
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In this highly magnetized cloud, we get conditions like in a huge particle accelerator that's accelerating charged particles like protons, nuclei, and electrons to immense speeds. | [
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If a supernova happens too close by, waves of these cosmic rays will wash over the solar system for thousands of years. | [
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We don't know exactly how bad this would be, but a supernova that is close enough may trap our species on Earth for generations, maybe thousands of years. | [
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It only gets worse from here. | [
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Within 100 light-years, things get bad as a supernova disrupts our climate in ways that we don't fully understand yet. | [
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There are a few unpleasant things happening all one after another. | [
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First, the high-energy photons arrive from the explosion, followed by many decades of radiation from the radioactive tsunami, both of which seriously damage the ozone layer, Earth's shield against harmful radiation. | [
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The ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet radiation by breaking apart ozone, O3, into O2 and a free oxygen atom, which later reforms back into another ozone molecule. | [
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Cancer rates would skyrocket, and just going outside during the day could be life-threatening. | [
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The extra radiation would also kill a lot, if not most, of the plankton in the oceans that live near the surface and are the basis for the marine food chains, leading to a mass extinction. | [
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Worse still, supernova radiation would ionize gas in the atmosphere, which means that it would punch through molecules and knock electrons off nuclei, leaving them charged. | [
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These charged nuclei then act as seeds for water vapor to gather and form massive global clouds. | [
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In the worst case, they would reflect enough sunlight to trigger an ice age. | [
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In fact, it's thought that the ice age 2.5 million years ago was caused by a supernova. | [
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Some scientists even think that a supernova about 60 light-years away might have been the cause of the Devonian mass extinction 350 million years ago. | [
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But wait, there's more. | [
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The electrons punched free by the radiation form enormous electric avalanches, or in other words, lightning. | [
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Earth is hit by some of the worst thunderstorms in millions of years. | [
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The intense lightning causes global wildfires that consume forests and crops, devastate cities, disrupt our electrical grids and global supply chains. | [
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All while a decimated ozone layer leaks deadly radiation. | [
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While in the past the ecosystem may have bounced back from a nearby supernova after a few thousand or million years, there's no guarantee modern civilization can take a hit of this magnitude. | [
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We would face food shortages, skyrocketing prices and wars as nations struggle to not be consumed by chaos. | [
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So a supernova this close would at the very least do significant damage for hundreds or thousands of years if not end our modern civilization and with it millions or even billions of lives. | [
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Still, humanity would likely survive and could recover. | [
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A supernova closer than 25 light years means that we're in its kill radius where a mass extinction is all but guaranteed. | [
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Probably about half of the ozone layer would be destroyed and massive climactic disruption on a scale we've never witnessed would ravage Earth. | [
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Entire ecosystems would swiftly be wiped out by radiation as global wildfires envelop the planet. | [
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All the things described before happen but way more intensely and much faster. | [
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A few people might survive for years in bunkers if they have food supplies but the world they return to will be devastated and hostile to life for hundreds of thousands of years. | [
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Human extinction is extremely likely. | [
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Being any closer to a supernova is very unlikely because space is big but the effects would be extreme. | [
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Even from 4 light years away, the distance to Alpha Centauri, a supernova would be almost as bright as the sun in the sky. | [
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While casting two shadows could be fun for a few hours, within days the Earth's surface gets as hot as a sauna, baking the surface for weeks until the explosion fades. | [
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The surface of Earth burns, scoured of life. | [
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