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Moving towards what was good for them, say food, and away from what was less good, say someone else who thought that they were food. | [
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Take Degysia tigrina, a tiny worm known for its funny face. | [
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Sometimes the worm is hungry and sometimes not. | [
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This means that when it moves, the worm self is not simply producing an automatic response to an external stimulus, | [
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but that its actions depend upon its inner physiological state, whether it's hungry or sated. | [
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When it's just eaten, the worm is less energetic, but when starved for a while, it will move itself in the direction of tasty things. | [
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It uses chemoreceptors on its head to smell its environment and guide it in the direction where the scent of food is strongest. | [
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After finding and eating a meal, our worm buddy heads back to a dark, sheltered spot to digest it in safety, until it's hungry again. | [
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They still lack any sense of where they are heading. | [
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With vision comes a sense of the space we and our food exist in. | [
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An optical apparatus like an eye enables us to visualize our goal and lock onto it. | [
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But even at this stage, a self is only able to pursue its food as long as it sees it. | [
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Because of this inner representation of what is relevant in the world, it can remain focused on its food and its desire to get it. | [
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The ability to remember things has emerged. | [
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Thanks to memory, animals can be distracted from a pursuit for a few seconds, but quickly continue their path afterwards. | [
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A related phenomenon is called object permanence. | [
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This cognitive skill is enjoyed by some mammals and birds, and perhaps other animals too. | [
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Human babies tend to develop this ability around the time they turn eight months, while baby chickens show this ability within a day or two of being born. | [
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The capacity to remember a thing in its absence suggests at least a basic sense of time. | [
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Adult chickens, for example, are able to resist a meal put in front of them if they expect to receive a bigger meal as a prize for holding back for a while. | [
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This sort of delayed gratification means there is an ability to visualize a reward that only exists in the future, which can be quite a challenge even for adult humans. | [
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Western scrub jays are experts in delayed gratification. | [
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They show an even more elaborate sense of the future when they hide food in a cache to retrieve it at a later date. | [
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This means that they know that there are other hungry selves out there who are aware and see the world from their own, different perspective. | [
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Crafty scrub jays can sort of read the mind of their fellow birds. | [
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This ability to mind-read is crucial for complex levels of consciousness. | [
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By putting yourself in the position of others, you can outsmart a rich competitor or empathize with a hungry friend. | [
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Words enable us to construct hypotheses about the world, make detailed plans and to communicate them with others. | [
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Words enable us to think about ourselves and our place in the universe, and even about our own consciousness, which is something we'll be doing more in future videos. | [
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It probably began as the directed motion of a hungry self towards a source of food, with the survival benefits this gave it over competitors that moved at random or not at all. | [
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It probably all started with the urge for more food. | [
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it's not surprising that we can't stop thinking about where we'll get our next meal. | [
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Collectively, we've put so much thought and ingenuity into getting food, that we can now just get our food to come to us, with little conscious effort. | [
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This video is part one of a three-part video series relating to big questions of life and the universe, made possible by a grant from the Templeton World Charity Foundation. | [
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If you want to help us make more videos, you can do so on patreon.com or get one of our posters from our shop. | [
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Today, we're doing something different. | [
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Our friend John Green will read a story from his podcast, The Anthropocene Reviewed. | [
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We hope you enjoy it, and we'll be back with a regular video soon. | [
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So if you've ever been or had a child, you will likely already be familiar with hand stencils. | [
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I remember my son's face as he lifted his hand and looked absolutely shocked to see the shape of his hand still on the paper, a semi-permanent record of himself. | [
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I am extremely happy that my children are no longer three, and yet to look at their little hands from those early artworks is to be inundated with a strange, soul-splitting joy. | [
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Those pictures remind me that they are not just growing up, but also growing away from me, running toward their own lives. | [
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But of course, that's meaning I am applying to their hand stencils, and that complicated relationship between art and its viewers is never more fraught than when we are looking deeply into the past. | [
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In September of 1940, an 18-year-old mechanic named Marcel Ravidat was walking his dog, Robot, in the countryside of southwestern France when the dog disappeared down a hole. | [
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And after quite a bit of digging, they discovered a cave with walls covered with paintings, | [
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It would eventually be established that these artworks were at least 17,000 years old. | [
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Two of the boys who visited the cave that day were so profoundly moved by the art they saw that they camped outside the cave to protect it for over a year. | [
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After World War II, the French government took over protection of the site, and the cave was opened to the public in 1948. | [
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When Picasso saw the cave paintings on a visit that year, he reportedly said, We have invented nothing. | [
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There are many mysteries at Lascaux. | [
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Why, for instance, are there no paintings of reindeer, which we know were the primary source of food for the Paleolithic humans who lived in that cave? | [
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while other areas have only a few paintings? | [
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Here is a guide to some of the animals that might kill you. | [
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I'm no Jungian, but it's fascinating and a little strange that so many Paleolithic humans who couldn't possibly have had any contact with each other, | [
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But then again, what the Lascaux art means to me is likely very different from what it meant to the people who made it. | [
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Some academics theorize that the hand stencils were part of hunting rituals. | [
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Then there's always the possibility that the hand was just a convenient model situated at the end of the wrist. | [
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To me though, the hand stencils at Lascaux say, I was here. | [
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They say, you are not new. | [
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And because they are negative prints surrounded by red pigment, they also look to me like something out of a horror movie. | [
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They remind me that, as Alice Walker wrote, all history is current. | [
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The Lascaux cave has been closed to the public for many years now. | [
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Too many contemporary humans breathing inside of it led to the growth of mold and lichens, which has damaged some of the art. | [
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