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On a societal level, this is dissolving the social glue that's the foundation of our democracies.
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If we think our neighbors are evil, how can we live together?
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This is especially bad in the US, where the two-party system makes it extra easy to think of people in terms of teams.
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Negative opinion about the other party has reached record highs.
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Okay, is there something we can learn from this?
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Is there something we can do?
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In the end, it's important to be aware of what social media does to your brain.
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It's easier to change yourself than to change the world,
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so you can self-examine why you believe the things you believe, and whether you dismiss or believe information based on who the person is who is stating that information.
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The internet comes with a lot of upsets, and downs,
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and just like we had to adapt from living in small tribes to living in cities, we need to adapt to the information age where we have access to billions of people.
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Evolution is too slow, so we need to find models that work with what our brains are able to tolerate.
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One model that seemed to work well was the pre-social media internet old people might remember.
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The main difference to today was twofold.
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For one, there were no algorithms fighting to keep you online at any time.
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At some point, you were done with the internet for the day, as mind-blowing as this may sound.
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But more importantly, the old internet was very fractured, split into thousands of different communities, like small villages gathering around shared beliefs and interests.
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These villages were separated from each other by digital rivers or mountains.
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These communities worked because they mirrored real life much more than social media.
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Each village had its own culture and set of rules.
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Maybe one community was into rough humor and soft moderation, another had strict rules and banned easily.
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If you didn't play by the village rules, you'd be banned.
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Or you could just go and move to another village that suited you better.
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So instead of all of us gathering in one place, overwhelming our brains at a town square that in the end just leads us to going insane, one solution to achieve less social sorting may be extremely simple.
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Go back to smaller online communities.
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Because what our stupid brains don't realize, is that we are actually all on the same team.
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We are all in this together.
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But until our brains adjust to being able to deal with that, we might be better off being a tiny bit separated.
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One of the worst things about the media we consume is that most news organizations tend to cater to one team, making you feel you're on the correct side.
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Ground News, the sponsor of this video, is trying to make these biases more transparent by giving you tools that help you think critically about the information you consume, a mission we wholeheartedly support.
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Ground News gathers related articles from around the world in one place, so you can compare how different outlets and sites cover them.
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They provide context about the source of the information, if they have a political bias, how reliable their reporting is, and who owns them.
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This makes the news less stressful and makes you understand the world much better.
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If you want to check them out, go to ground.news.nutshell.
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If you sign up through this link, you'll get 30% off their unlimited access plan.
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A subscription supports Kurzgesagt and Ground News, so they can continue to build more media literacy tools.
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Our favorite tool has a personal background.
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In 2018, Kurzgesagt founder Philip, who wrote this video, was going through chemotherapy and was intensely bored,
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so he ended up reading all the big German newspapers, even the ones he hated, front to back, every single day.
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Aside from the obvious biases, what was the most shocking were the stories each side did not talk about.
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Both sides ignored things that are inconvenient to their world views.
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The Ground News Blind Spot feed highlights this exact thing, showing you news stories that are heavily covered by one side of the political spectrum and ignored by the other.
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So check them out at ground.news.nutshell to make sure you're seeing the full picture.
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The largest things in the universe are black holes.
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In contrast to things like planets or stars, they have no physical size limit and can literally grow endlessly.
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Although in reality, specific things need to happen to create different kinds of black holes, from really tiny ones to the largest single things in the universe.
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So how do black holes grow?
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And how large is the largest of them all?
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This video will not discuss how black holes work or how they form, since we've looked at that in detail in our Black Hole and Neutron Star series.
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You can check them out afterwards.
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For now, we're interested in finding the largest thing in the universe.
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Let's start really, really small.
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If they do, they're probably the oldest objects in the universe, older even than atoms.
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They would have formed just after the Big Bang,
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when the universe was so dense with violent energy that any tiny pocket that was just slightly more dense than its neighbors could produce a black hole.
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The smallest primordial black hole that could still be around would be a trillion kilograms or so, the mass of a big mountain.
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And yet, they would be no bigger than a proton.
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A primordial black hole with the mass of Earth would barely be larger than a coin.
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This makes them very hard to find, so we haven't actually observed any yet.
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If they exist, they may even be the mysterious dark matter that holds galaxies together.
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Let's move on to the kinds of black holes that we know for sure are out there.
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To make a black hole, we need to compress enough matter so that it collapses into itself.
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After that, the more mass we throw at it, the larger it becomes.
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In today's universe, only the most violent cosmic events can create the necessary conditions,
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To have a unit to work with here, we'll use the mass of our Sun, about 2 million trillion trillion kilograms.
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The smallest known black hole has 2.7 times the mass of the Sun, which works out as a sphere around 16 kilometers in diameter, large enough to cover Paris.
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Another lightweight black hole is the companion to the V723 Mon red giant star.
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This star is 24 times larger than our Sun, 30 million kilometers in diameter.
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And yet, it's thrown around by a tiny black hole just 17.2 kilometers wide.
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This tiny thing bullying the star is so much smaller that we can barely even show them in comparison.
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One of the largest known stellar black holes is M33X7.
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It currently spends its time eating a 70 solar mass blue giant bit by bit.
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As all that stolen matter circles towards the black hole, like water going down a drain,
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friction heats it up to temperatures high enough to shine 500,000 times brighter than our Sun.
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And yet, X7 is only 15.65 solar masses and 92 kilometers wide, just big enough to cast a shadow on Corsica.
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To grow much larger, black holes have to either devour a lot of stars, or better, merge with one another.
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The instruments that make it possible to detect these mergers are very new, so we're currently discovering a lot of exciting things.
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As they spun around each other violently, they released more energy in the form of gravitational waves than the combined light from all the stars in the Milky Way in 4,400 years.
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The new black hole they formed is about the size of Germany and is 142 solar masses.
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And here, we hit a curious gap in scale.
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There are lots of black holes up to 150 solar masses, and then, there's nothing for a long time.
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Until we suddenly hit black holes that are millions of times more massive.
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But for the most massive black holes, this process is not fast enough to explain their existence today.
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The universe is simply not old enough for these supermassive black holes to have formed by eating stars and merging with each other.
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Something else must have happened.
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To explain how we got the largest black holes in the universe, we might need the largest stars that ever existed.
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To get a sense of scale, we can compare them to the largest stars that exist today.
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Our Sun is like a grain of sand next to them.
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We don't know if quasi-stars actually existed, but they're an interesting concept when it comes to supercharging black hole development.
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The idea is that the matter in the early universe was so dense that quasi-stars could grow to thousands of times the mass of our Sun.
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The cores of these stars might have been crushed by their own weight so much to actually collapse into black holes while the star was still forming.
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In contrast to stars today that would destroy themselves in the process, inside quasi-stars, a deadly balance could emerge.
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Gravity pressed the supermassive star together, feeding the black hole and heating the material falling in to such a degree that the radiation pressure kept the star stable.
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And so these quickly growing black holes might have been able to consume the quasi-star for millions of years and grow far bigger than any modern stellar black hole.
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These black holes might have become the seeds for supermassive black holes.
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So now we arrive at the kings of our universe, the largest single bodies in existence.
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The centers of most galaxies contain a supermassive black hole and they are monstrous.
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In the Milky Way we have Sagittarius A star, a supermassive black hole with about 4 million solar masses that is calm and collected and just does its thing.
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We know it sits there because we can see a number of stars being thrown around by a seemingly empty spot.
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And despite its incredible mass, its radius is still only 17 times our Sun.
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