pmdlt/MNLP_M2_rag_dataset · Datasets at Hugging Face

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2,249,900	Winged queen ants and males leave their respective colonies in large groups in a flight known as the revoada ("Flock" in English). Each female mates with multiple males to collect the 300 million sperm she needs to set up a colony.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28438686
2,249,901	Harley's major publications treated of the diseases of the liver. Expanding from his thesis M.D. “"Oleum jecoris aselli"” submitted to the University of Edinburgh in 1850, in 1863 he published "Jaundice, its Pathology and Treatment"; this he eventually replaced in 1883 by his book on "Diseases of the Liver,"; it was reprinted in Canada and in America, and was translated into German by Dr. J. Kraus of Carlsbad. In 1885 he published a pamphlet on "Sounding for Gall Stones", and in the following year a work on "Inflammation of the Liver", in which he advocated puncture of the capsule in congestive liver induration, and 'hepatic phlebotomy' for acute hepatitis. In 1868 his old pupil, George T. Brown, brought out a book on "Histology", of demonstrations which Harley had given at University College. The second edition of the book Dr. Harley edited himself.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41998648
2,249,902	At the 2022 World Shotgun Championships, Sophie Herrmann became the first GB Junior Woman to become world champion, with Mitchell Brooker-Smith winning silver in the Junior Men's Skeet. The pair won the Junior Mixed Skeet Pairs event. The Senior Men's team of Nathan Hales, Matthew Coward-Holley and Aaron Heading won Team Trap Gold. Hales won Silver in the Individual Men's Trap (earning an Olympic quota place) and Silver in the Mixed Pairs Trap with Lucy Charlotte Hall.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70258865
2,249,903	For a polymer to exhibit this effect, it must have two components at the molecular level: bonds (chemical or physical) to determine the permanent shape and "trigger" segments with a T to fix the temporary shape.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,904	It was originally published and described as "Iris brandzae" by Iuliu Prodan in "Buletinul Gradinii Botanice si al Muzeului Botanic dela Universitatea din Cluj" (Bul. Grad. Bot. Univ. Cluj) Vol.15 page103 in 1935.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45506644
2,249,905	RUFY2 also has 6 protein kinase C phosphorylation sites that are located mainly within the FYVE domain.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39247049
2,249,906	Roundheaded pine beetle pairs that begin boring into trees in October complete their galleries by December; those that start in November can only partially complete their dwellings by December. For these beetles, cold bark temperatures between December and February limits their gallery tunneling to the few days when the bark is warm enough for activity. Adult roundheaded beetles continue a minor amount of construction in March and April.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57300587
2,249,907	Eventually the queen will land and look for a suitable place to begin the new colony. Only about 2-3% of queens succeed in starting a long-term colony.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28438686
2,249,908	During a long period of rest in dark rooms, after a breakdown of his eyesight, Harley dictated to an amanuensis "The Urine and its Derangements" (1872); this work was reprinted in America and translated into French and Italian. In 1859 he became editor of a new year-book on medicine and surgery, brought out by the New Sydenham Society, and worked for it for some years.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41998648
2,249,909	It should first be noted that the first inelastic mechanism of these polymers is the mobility of the chains and the conformational rearrangement of the groups. Then the effect on semi-crystalline and amorphous polymers must be distinguished. In both cases, anchor points must be created that act as "triggers" for the effect. In the case of amorphous polymers, these will be the knots or "tangles" of the chains, and in the case of semi-crystalline polymers, the crystals themselves will form these anchor points.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,910	It was also published by Czerep, in 1973 Svod Dopolm. Izmen "Flora SSSR" page301 and then by Geiderman in 1975, Opred. Vyssh. Rast. Mold SSR Ed2 page109.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45506644
2,249,911	There are 60 orthologs of RUFY2 that have been identified including mammals, some birds, reptiles and fish. RUFY2 is highly conserved among its orthologs but is not present in plants, bacteria, archea or protist.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39247049
2,249,912	Roundheaded eggs generally hatch between mid-March and late April; the eggs of beetle pairs that colonized pines in October may hatch in the winter, but almost all quickly perish from cold. Though early-hatching eggs die, unhatched beetles are surprisingly resilient against the winter cold, surviving in temperatures as low as -25°F. Young larvae form small feeding galleries in the phloem. After their first molt, the larvae bore outwards, mining the tree's cambium; after their second molt, in the third instar phase, the young roundheaded pine beetles tunnel into the outer bark to complete their development. As they excavate, the beetles broaden a series of feeding channels leading to what will become pupal chambers, laying the groundwork for the pine beetles to more easily pupate into adult form.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57300587
2,249,913	"A. insinuator" follows the general life cycle of ants. They hatch from eggs as larvae that lack both eyes and legs. Depending on whether or not they were fertilized, they will be male or female. With large appetites and the inability to forage for themselves, the larvae are completely reliant on the adult colony to provide them with food. For "A. insinuator", the main source of food for the larvae is the hyphae from the fungal-garden. Due to their large intake of food, larvae grow quickly and molt often.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28438686
2,249,914	Harley contributed to medical journals. He invented a microscope which by a simple adjustment could be transformed from a monocular into a binocular or into a polarising instrument, either of a high or a low power. He wanted to reform English orthography, and published a book entitled "The Simplification of English Spelling" (1877), in which he advocated the omission of unneeded duplicated consonants from all words, except personal names.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41998648
2,249,915	By modifying the shape of the material under minimal critical stress, the chains slide and a metastable structure is created, which increases the organization and order of the chains (lower entropy), when the deformation load is eliminated, the anchor points provide a storage mechanism for macroscopic stresses in the form of small localized stresses and decreasing entropy.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,916	It was later published as "Iris sintenisii Janka subsp. brandzae" (Prod.) D.A. Webb & Chater by D.A. Webb & Chater in the 'Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society' (Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 76.) in 1978. It was thought to have a more limited geographical distribution than "Iris sintenisii", around Romania.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45506644
2,249,917	Certain neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's have been found to have defective endosomal trafficking. Therefore, the involvement of RUFY2 protein domains, RUN and FYVE, may possibly play a role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39247049
2,249,918	The roundheaded larvae rapidly develop through the third instar phase, molting to reach the fourth instar. Fourth-instar larvae mature much more slowly, generally only pupating into adults in late July and early August. In fringe cases, however, beetles may pupate as early as June and as late as mid-September. Once adults, the roundheaded pine beetles remain in their sickening host pine of birth for 2 to 3 months, departing between late September and early November. By late November, adults will have located fresh pines to colonize, mate in, and build an egg gallery, thus restarting the cycle.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57300587
2,249,919	Once the larvae have grown to sufficient size, they undergo metamorphosis to a pupa. During this stage, reorganization takes place in which they develop into a primitive version of their adult form.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28438686
2,249,920	Harley married Emma Jessie, daughter of James Muspratt of Seaforth Hall, near Liverpool. She survived him with three children: Vaughan Harley, M.D. (1863–1923); Ethel Brilliana Tweedie (Mrs. Alec Tweedie), the author; and Olga Harley.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41998648
2,249,921	In the glassy state the rotational motions of the molecules are frozen and impeded, as the temperature increases and the glassy state is reached, these motions thaw and rotations and relaxations occur, the molecules take the form that is entropically most favorable to them, the one with the lowest energy. These movements are called relaxation process and the formation of "random strings" to eliminate stresses is called shape-memory loss.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,922	It stayed like this for many years until the authors of the Romanian flora books ('Flora a Romanie' by Ciocarlan 2009 and 'Plante Vasculare din Romania. Determinator ilustrat de teren (Vascular Plants of Romania. An illustrated field guide)' by Sarbu, Stefan et Oprea 2013) re-classified the taxon as an independent and separate species.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45506644
2,249,923	RUFY2 protein has been shown to mainly be expressed in the brain, lung, and testes while microarray expression shows RUFY2 ubiquitous expression.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39247049
2,249,924	By using pine tree's phloem for food, habitat, and egg-laying, roundheaded pine beetles are extremely destructive towards pines, as they sever the tree's circulation, sap it of nutrients, and eliminate its ability to get sugar to where it's needed. The beetles can kill individual trees, clumps of dozens of pines, and even wipe out pines from entire forests. In the US, roundheaded beetles target and kill young, mature, and overmature "Pinus ponderosa" pines. They particularly thrive when pole-sized ponderosa pines are tightly packed together; each tree is large enough to support the beetles, while the pines' close proximity allows the beetles to easily fly from one tree to the next, infecting all.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57300587
2,249,925	Eventually the pupae emerge in their fully-grown adult forms and depending on the amount of food they received and their sex, they will either be designated as a Queen, Female or Male worker.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28438686
2,249,926	A polymer will exhibit the shape-memory effect if it is susceptible to being stabilized in a given state of deformation, preventing the molecules from slipping and regaining their higher entropy (lower energy) form. This can be achieved almost entirely by creating crosslinking or vulcanization, these new bonds act as anchors and prevent the relaxation of the chains, the anchor points can be physical or chemical.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,927	It has not yet been verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service as of February 2015.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45506644
2,249,928	Periodic outbreaks, while brief and infrequent, are devastating to ponderosa pine populations. In 1950, roundheaded pine beetles infested 16,000 pole-sized ponderosa pines near Cloudcroft, New Mexico. In 1971, an even more devastating epidemic occurred, as the species killed 400,000 pole-sized ponderosas in southern New Mexico. In the 1990s, the roundheaded beetles caused similar epidemics of pine tree death in the mountains of southern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57300587
2,249,929	While "A. insinuator" specifically has no direct impact on humans, leaf-cutter ants overall are a significant problem in many areas of the world, but also vital in their ecosystems. As dominant herbivores, some colonies are cutting up to 13% of the standing vegetation in their territory per year. The large size of the ant colonies (30-600m) cause many issues ranging from crop devastation to reducing land surfaces useless as the ground beneath is unstable.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28438686
2,249,930	The unidirectional shape-shape-memory effect was first observed by Chand and Read in 1951 in a Gold-Cadmium alloy and in 1963 Buehler described this effect for nitinol, which is an equiatomic Nickel-Titanium alloy.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,931	The original specimens were found in Romania. It is also found in Moldavia, Bessarabia, Asia Minor, and the Carpathians, (in Central and Eastern Europe).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45506644
2,249,932	In dense clumps, the beetles colonize and kill pines in groups of 3 to 15; in exceptional cases, they wipe out up to 100 trees at a time. Roundheaded pine beetles can kill up to 50% of the trees in pure ponderosa pine stands; even when pines are interspersed with other conifers, roundheaded beetles still eliminate up to 50% of pines, in doing so reshaping forest ecosystems by leaving Douglas firs as the dominant species.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57300587
2,249,933	However, the removal of these ants could significantly disturb local ecosystems due to their importance in soil enrichment, removal of plant material, and stimulation of new plant growth.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28438686
2,249,934	This effect in metals and ceramics is based on a change in the crystal structure, called martensitic phase transition. The disadvantage of these materials is that it is an equiatomic alloy and deviations of 1% in the composition modify the transition temperature by approximately 100 K.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,935	It grows in very different habitats to "Iris sintenisii". It is a (Mesophyte meaning neither dry or wet habitats).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45506644
2,249,936	While attacking ponderosa pines the most, roundheaded pine beetles also colonize and kill the limber pine in the United States. In Mexico and Guatemala, the roundheaded beetle also attacks the Mexican white pine, Chihuahua pine, Montezuma pine, and "Pinus pseudostrobus".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57300587
2,249,937	Like many arthropods, "A. insinuator" are infected with "Wolbachia" bacteria. Notably "A. insinuator" hold additional strains not found in their host. The effects of the "Wolbachia" strains in "A. insinuator" have not been documented.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28438686
2,249,938	Some metals and ceramics present the effect bidirectionally, which means that at a certain temperature there is a shape and this can be changed by changing the temperature, but if the first temperature is recovered, also the first shape is recovered. This is achieved by training the material for each shape at each temperature.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,939	In 2003, it (as "Iris brandzae") was assessed as 'Rare' in the nature reserve of 'Padurea Harboanca' in Romania.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45506644
2,249,940	Roundheaded pine beetles also spreads the fungi "Ophiostoma adjuncti" and "Leptographium pyrinum" as it infects trees. The role these fungi play in benefitting the beetle or killing the pines remains unclear.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57300587
2,249,941	There is still a lot to learn from "A. insinuator" and many questions left to be answered. It is still undetermined how "A. insinuator" infects "A. echinatior" colonies or how deleterious the effects on their host "A. insinuator" are. Also the effect "Wolbachia" bacteria strains that are unique to "A. insinuator" may affect the species in comparison to their close relatives "A. echinatior".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28438686
2,249,942	Metals and ceramics with thermally induced bidirectional shape-memory effect have had great application in medical implants, sensors, transducers, etc. Many present a risk however due to their high toxicity.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,943	"Iris brandzae" is grown in the Botanic Garden of Iasi Iași Botanical Garden, Romania. In the northern part of the garden, called "The Section Moldavia Sylvosteppe", along with other plants such as; "Crambe tataria", "Echium rossicum", "Pulsatilla vulgaris ssp. grandis", "Beta trigyna", "Dianthus capitatus", "Artemisia austriaca", "Achillea setacea", "Astragalus onobrychis", "Hyacinthella leucophaea", "Plantago schwarzenbergiana", "Rumex tuberosus ssp. tuberosus", "Crocus reticulatus", "Galium moldavicum", "Paeonia tenuifolia" and "Amygdalus nana".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45506644
2,249,944	The red-bellied cleric and a predacious beetle "Temnochila virescens" prey on roundheaded beetles, while braconid wasps of the "Coleoides" genus and the nematodes "Parasitylenchus stipatus" and "Parasitylenchus dendroctoni" parasitize roundheaded beetles. The latter two nematode species are used to target egg-laying adult females, as the parasites sap the beetles of resources, halving egg production of invested females. Woodpeckers are also closely associated with roundheaded pine beetles; given that they consume over 90% of other species in the "Dendroctonus" genus on individual trees, they likely also heavily predate on roundheaded beetles.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57300587
2,249,945	To obtain the effect, it is necessary to achieve a phase separation, one of these phases works as the trigger for the temporary form, using a transition temperature that can be Tm or Tg and in this effect is called T. A second phase has the higher transition temperature and above this temperature the polymer melts and is processed by conventional methods.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,946	In 1961, an illustration of "Iris brandzae" was used on a postage stamp in Romania. It was issued on 15 August 1961, as part of the series '100 years of Bucharest Botanical Garden'.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45506644
2,249,947	Given the deleterious effects roundheaded pine beetles have on commercial and wild pine populations, the United States Forest Service recommends combining biological, cultural, and chemical control to mitigate roundheaded populations before the beetles' infestations become epidemic. The Forest Service recommends using natural predators and parasites to control the beetles. Commercial landowners can also culturally adapt to roundheaded pine beetle infestations by thinning their forest stocks and felling and burning infested pines as soon as possible. Chemically controlling roundheaded beetles requires lots of time and resources, so it is generally limited to protect pine trees of the highest value.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57300587
2,249,948	The ratio of the elements forming the phase separation largely regulates the T transition temperature; this is much easier to control than in metallic alloys.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,949	An example of this is the poly(ethylene oxide-ethylene terephthalate) or EOET copolymer. The polyethylene terephthalate (PET) segment has a relatively high Tg and its Tm is commonly referred to as the "hard" segment, whereas polyethylene ethylene oxide (PEO), has a relatively low Tm and Tg and is referred to as the "soft" segment. In the final polymer these segments separate into two phases in the solid state. PET has a high degree of crystallinity and the formation of these crystals provides for the flow and rearrangement of the PEO chains as they are stretched at temperatures higher than their Tm.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,950	If crosslinking with slight vulcanization is desired, standardized methods for each polymer must be taken into account. In the case of PCO, for example, it is a polymer without shape-shape-memory effect because it does not present a clear "plateau", but the addition of a minimum amount of peroxide (~1%) provides PCO with all the requirements to present this effect.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,951	Some polymers fatigue first, so each system can be evaluated with a simple experiment that consists of programming the system 10 or 20 times in a row and measuring the recovery in % and time.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,952	Polymers that can crystallize are (with the exception of PP) guarantee to obtain this effect, mainly due to their ordering capacity, which is reflected in the crystallinity, the crystals have affinity for their constituent elements and form new bonds these achieve anchoring forces that give stability to the temporary form.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,953	To analyze the behavior of the crystals in this type of polymers, the WAXS and DSC techniques are used; these techniques help to determine what percentage of the polymer are crystals and how they are organized. This is due to the fact that the crystallinity decreases as the crosslinking increases, since the chains lose the ability to arrange themselves and order is essential to achieve crystallinity.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,954	A second problem present when crosslinking molecules is melting, since an excess of crosslinking modifies the molecule in such a way that it stops melting (similar to a thermoset) and therefore the temporary shape cannot be obtained.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,955	The control of curing either by electromagnetic waves or with peroxides is very important since it increases the T and decreases the crystallinity, determining factors in the shape-shape-memory effect.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,956	In the case of biocompatible semicrystalline systems such as poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(n-butyl acrylate), crosslinked by photopolymerization it has been reported that the crystallization behavior is affected by the cooling rate, as in any other semicrystalline polymer, but the heat of crystallization remains independent of the cooling rate.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,957	The influence of the crosslinking of the molecules, the cooling rate and the crystallization behavior are specific to each system and impossible to enumerate since the synthesis possibilities are almost infinite.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,958	Crystallizable polymers such as oligo(ε-caprolactone) can have amorphous segments such as poly(n-butyl acrylate) and the molecular mass ratio of each determine the behavior of the system in programming temporary form and recovery to permanent form.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,959	If the polymeric system is amorphous, then the anchor points of the crystalline structure are not available and the only way to ensure the stability of the temporary shape is through chain entanglements (physical entanglements and not chemical crosslinking), in addition to the possibility of crosslinking.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,960	In the glassy state, the movements of the long chain segments are frozen, the movements of these segments depend on an activation temperature that brings the polymer to a smoothing and elastic state, the rotation on the carbon bonds and the movements of the chains no longer have strong impediments to accommodate and acquire the conformation that requires less energy, the chains then "unravel" forming random strings, without order and therefore with higher entropy.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,961	If a polymer sample is stretched for a short time in the elastic range, when the load is removed, the sample will recover its original shape, but if the load remains for a sufficiently long period, the chains rearrange and the original shape is not recovered, the result is an irreversible deformation, also called relaxation process (in this case: creep).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,962	In order for a polymer to exhibit the thermally induced shape-memory effect, it is necessary to fix the chains with anchor points to avoid these relaxation processes that inelastically modify the system.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,963	Amorphous polymers do not have a crystallization temperature (Tm) like semi-crystalline polymers and have only a glass transition temperature (Tg). This has a decisive influence on the behavior of shape-shape-memory polymer systems.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,964	A crystalline copolymer system alone can result in the crosslinker-treated copolymer losing its crystallinity and becoming practically amorphous.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,965	An amorphous polymer depends on the level of crosslinking or the degree of polymerization to exhibit this effect. In the case of poly(norbornene), which is a linear, amorphous polymer, with a content of 70 to 80% of trans bonds in commercial products, molecular mass of approximately 3x106 g mol and Tg of approximately 35 to 45°C. Because it achieves an unusually high degree of polymerization, chain entanglements can be relied upon as anchor points to achieve the thermally induced shape-memory effect. Therefore, this polymer relies solely on physical anchor points. When heated up to Tg, the material abruptly changes from a rigid state to a tapered state (softens). To achieve the effect, the shape must be changed rapidly to avoid rearrangement of the segments of the polymer chains and immediately cool the material also very rapidly below Tg. Reheating the material back to Tg will show the recovery of the original shape.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,966	In designing copolymers for thermally induced shape-memory effect it is very important to keep in mind that a slight change in chemical structure (cis/trans ratios, tacticity, molecular mass, etc.) produces a significant change in the shape-memory polymer. An example is the copolymer of poly(methylmethacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) or poly(MAA-co-MMA) compared to poly(MAA-co-MMA)-PEG, where PEG is short for poly(ethylene glycol) which forms complexes in the copolymer.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,967	Changes in the morphology of the material including PEG provide shape-memory effect to the copolymer, showing two phases, the three-dimensional network providing a stable phase and the reversible phase formed by the amorphous part of the PEG-PMAA complexes. The complexes show a high modulus storage capacity, so when a PEG of higher molecular mass is introduced into the copolymer, an increase in the elastic modulus, higher modulus in the glassy state and faster recovery are observed.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,968	Its properties can be studied with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) techniques to determine its physicochemical arrangement.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,969	Most of the applications of polymers with this effect are only suggestions for now, many possibilities have been proposed, but so far only a few have been used, the most important being medical devices and automotive elements, although the greatest success has been achieved with heat-shrinkable polyethylene, which is also an exception in the programming step, since it is processed in a different way.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248
2,249,970	SPINE stands for strep–protein interaction experiment. SPINE is a powerful tool to detect protein–protein interactions in vivo. The bait protein has to be expressed with a Strep-tag under the conditions when the potential interaction partners are presumably present in the cells. The addition of formaldehyde links the bait protein to its potential interaction partners. The bait protein together with its potential interaction partners can then be isolated using a Strep-Tactin Sepharose column. The cross-links between the bait protein and the potential interaction partner can be cleaved by heating the samples in Laemmli buffer. Finally, the co-purified interaction partner can be separated by SDS PAGE and identified by mass spectrometry.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15768383
2,249,971	Jerry Goldstein (born 23 December 1970) is a space physicist whose research has focused on the Earth's plasmasphere, a high-altitude extension of the ionized portion of the planet's upper atmosphere. During the years 2002–2005 he published a series of papers (thirteen first-authored, seventeen co-authored) on the density structure and global dynamics of the plasmasphere.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11724891
2,249,972	The A B Wood Medal is a prize awarded annually by the Institute of Acoustics for "distinguished contributions to the application of underwater acoustics". The prize, named after Albert Beaumont Wood, is presented in alternate years to European and North American scientists.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11506718
2,249,973	A terminal access controller (TAC) is a host computer that accepts terminal connections, usually from dial-up lines, and that allows the user to invoke Internet remote log-on procedures, such as Telnet.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2893447
2,249,974	Rhys Davies is a British slalom canoeist who competed at the international level from 2008 to 2015 in the C2 class with Matthew Lister.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33440154
2,249,975	Christian College of Nursing is a South Korean technical college specialized in training for the nursing profession. The campus is located in the country's southwest, in the metropolitan city of Gwangju. The current president is Myeung-sook Koh. It enrolls about 360 students and is affiliated with the Gwangju Christian Hospital.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1325384
2,249,976	He attended George Watson's Boys School, Edinburgh, and then the University of Edinburgh, where he obtained his MB ChB with Honours in 1951. He subsequently undertook an MSc in Anatomy at the University of Wisconsin.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54455744
2,249,977	Steiner was born on 1 February 1918 in Prague. When he was three, his family moved to Vienna. He escaped from Austria shortly after the Anschluss, first to Dublin and then during World War II, to the United Kingdom.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54326190
2,249,978	Howell was born in Swansea on 1 August 1926, the son of Hilda Mary Howell née Hill, and David John Howell, an architect. He qualified at the Middlesex Hospital in 1950 and in 1957–1958 was granted a Medical Research Council Fellowship at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54293899
2,249,979	Amphidromus roseolabiatus is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Camaenidae.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54500032
2,249,980	The team eventing at the 1968 Summer Olympics took place between 18 and 21 October. The event was open to men and women.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63648139
2,249,981	The Council of European Aerospace Societies was formed in 1993 as the Confederation of European Aerospace Societies in recognition of the increasingly international nature of aerospace business. The transition from Confederation to Council took place in 2003 with the intention of providing improved collaboration, legal status and use of the resources of the constituent societies.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13918413
2,249,982	The Faculty of Agronomic and Veterinary Science (FSAV) at Loyola University of Congo dates back to Agro-Veterinary Higher Institute founded by the Society of Jesus in Kinshasa in 1994. The purpose of its founding was to further ecologically sound and sustainable food development in the central African region.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55562359
2,249,983	Paraburkholderia bryophila is a Gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming, and nonmotile bacterium of the genus "Paraburkholderia" and the family Burkholderiaceae. Research has shown that "P. bryophila" demonstrates anti-fungal activity against phytopathogens and the growth of plant-associated properties.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39575439
2,249,984	The 2010 IIHF World U18 Championship Division III was an international under-18 ice hockey competition organised by the International Ice Hockey Federation. Both Division III tournaments made up the fourth level of the IIHF World U18 Championships. The Group A tournament was played in Erzurum, Turkey, and the Group B tournament was played in Monterrey, Mexico. China and New Zealand won the Group A and B tournaments respectively and gained promotion to the Division II of the 2011 IIHF World U18 Championships.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39691644
2,249,985	20th Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Coimbra, Portugal from June 14 to June 17, 2006.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19314545
2,249,986	The Laboratory of Nano and Quantum Engineering (LNQE) is an interdisciplinary research center for nanotechnology of the Leibniz University Hannover in Germany.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19553124
2,249,987	The chemical companies of the large-scale chemical synthesis in Poland () at the beginning of the 21st century underwent the a process of intensive reorganization.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51243993
2,249,988	Smith Observatory was an observatory at Beloit College in Beloit, Wisconsin. Completed in 1882, the observatory was funded by Janette S. Herrick and named in memory of her brother, John F. Smith. It served the campus from 1882 until the 1950s. In 1967, it was used as a coffee house before being torn down in 1969. It was replaced by the Thompson Observatory.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7040778
2,249,989	Sir Frank George Young FRS (25 March 1908 – 20 September 1988) was a distinguished biochemist, noted for his work on diabetes, and the first Master of Darwin College, Cambridge.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18072879
2,249,990	The Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management is a biannual peer-reviewed open access scientific journal that covers research on all aspects of industrial engineering and management. It was established in 2008. It is a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17855073
2,249,991	MGS (a General Model of Simulation) is a domain-specific language used for specification and simulation of dynamical systems with dynamical structure, developed at IBISC (Computer Science, Integrative Biology and Complex Systems) at "Université d'Évry Val-d'Essonne" (University of Évry). MGS is particularly aimed at modelling biological systems.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1590226
2,249,992	The New Journal of Botany was a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the native flora of Northern and Western Europe, including population and conservation biology, ecological genetics, autecological, physiological, and phenological studies, plant/animal interactions, and plant biochemistry. It was established in 1949 as Watsonia, with the subtitle "Journal & Proceedings of the Botanical Society of the British Isles". It was named after the eighteenth-century British botanist Hewett Watson. The journal was renamed "New Journal of Botany" in 2011 with volume numbering restarting at 1. It was discontinued in 2017. The journal was published by Maney Publishing on behalf of the Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. It was abstracted and indexed in AGRICOLA, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, and Scopus.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29303698
2,249,993	Penicillium tardochrysogenum is a filamentous species of fungus in the genus "Penicillium" which produces penicillin, secalonic acids D and secalonic acids F.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47788644
2,249,994	This genus is known in the fossil records of the Carboniferous period of United States and United Kinhgdom (age range: from 345.3 to 314.6 million years ago).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48010127
2,249,995	This genus is known in the fossil records of the Carboniferous period of United States and Canada (age range: 353.8 to 318.1 million years ago).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47992325
2,249,996	Top-level rugby league in 2014 centred on Australasia's 2014 NRL Auckland Nines, 2014 NRL season and the Super League XIX. High-profile representative competitions included the 2014 Rugby League Four Nations (held in Australia and New Zealand) and the 2014 State of Origin series.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47650267
2,249,997	Catherine Anderson is a Canadian scientist. She researched pre-eclampsia, a potentially fatal disease that can impact pregnant women, at BC Children's and Women's Hospital and the University of Nottingham. She currently serves as Clinical Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Medicine at University of British Columbia and runs the Future Science Leaders program at Science World. "Maclean's" described her as a "nationally renowned science educator."	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50661027
2,249,998	Rhizobium viscosum is a bacterium species from the genus "Rhizobium" which has been isolated from soil from the city airport in Guatemala. "Rhizobium viscosum" produces exopolysaccharide.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50611696
2,249,999	The International Society for Biocuration (ISB) is a non-profit organisation that promotes the field of biocuration and was founded in early 2009. It provides a forum for information exchange through meetings and workshops. The society's conference, the International Biocuration Conference, has been held in Pacific Grove, California (2005), San José, CA (2007), Berlin (2009), Tokyo, Japan (2010), Washington, DC (2012), Cambridge, UK (2013), Toronto, Canada (2014), Beijing, China (2015) and Geneva, Switzerland (2016). The meeting in 2017 will be held in Stanford, California.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50140110

2,249,900

Winged queen ants and males leave their respective colonies in large groups in a flight known as the revoada ("Flock" in English). Each female mates with multiple males to collect the 300 million sperm she needs to set up a colony.

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Harley's major publications treated of the diseases of the liver. Expanding from his thesis M.D. “"Oleum jecoris aselli"” submitted to the University of Edinburgh in 1850, in 1863 he published "Jaundice, its Pathology and Treatment"; this he eventually replaced in 1883 by his book on "Diseases of the Liver,"; it was reprinted in Canada and in America, and was translated into German by Dr. J. Kraus of Carlsbad. In 1885 he published a pamphlet on "Sounding for Gall Stones", and in the following year a work on "Inflammation of the Liver", in which he advocated puncture of the capsule in congestive liver induration, and 'hepatic phlebotomy' for acute hepatitis. In 1868 his old pupil, George T. Brown, brought out a book on "Histology", of demonstrations which Harley had given at University College. The second edition of the book Dr. Harley edited himself.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41998648

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At the 2022 World Shotgun Championships, Sophie Herrmann became the first GB Junior Woman to become world champion, with Mitchell Brooker-Smith winning silver in the Junior Men's Skeet. The pair won the Junior Mixed Skeet Pairs event. The Senior Men's team of Nathan Hales, Matthew Coward-Holley and Aaron Heading won Team Trap Gold. Hales won Silver in the Individual Men's Trap (earning an Olympic quota place) and Silver in the Mixed Pairs Trap with Lucy Charlotte Hall.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70258865

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For a polymer to exhibit this effect, it must have two components at the molecular level: bonds (chemical or physical) to determine the permanent shape and "trigger" segments with a T to fix the temporary shape.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

2,249,904

It was originally published and described as "Iris brandzae" by Iuliu Prodan in "Buletinul Gradinii Botanice si al Muzeului Botanic dela Universitatea din Cluj" (Bul. Grad. Bot. Univ. Cluj) Vol.15 page103 in 1935.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45506644

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RUFY2 also has 6 protein kinase C phosphorylation sites that are located mainly within the FYVE domain.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39247049

2,249,906

Roundheaded pine beetle pairs that begin boring into trees in October complete their galleries by December; those that start in November can only partially complete their dwellings by December. For these beetles, cold bark temperatures between December and February limits their gallery tunneling to the few days when the bark is warm enough for activity. Adult roundheaded beetles continue a minor amount of construction in March and April.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57300587

2,249,907

Eventually the queen will land and look for a suitable place to begin the new colony. Only about 2-3% of queens succeed in starting a long-term colony.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28438686

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During a long period of rest in dark rooms, after a breakdown of his eyesight, Harley dictated to an amanuensis "The Urine and its Derangements" (1872); this work was reprinted in America and translated into French and Italian. In 1859 he became editor of a new year-book on medicine and surgery, brought out by the New Sydenham Society, and worked for it for some years.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41998648

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It should first be noted that the first inelastic mechanism of these polymers is the mobility of the chains and the conformational rearrangement of the groups. Then the effect on semi-crystalline and amorphous polymers must be distinguished. In both cases, anchor points must be created that act as "triggers" for the effect. In the case of amorphous polymers, these will be the knots or "tangles" of the chains, and in the case of semi-crystalline polymers, the crystals themselves will form these anchor points.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

2,249,910

It was also published by Czerep, in 1973 Svod Dopolm. Izmen "Flora SSSR" page301 and then by Geiderman in 1975, Opred. Vyssh. Rast. Mold SSR Ed2 page109.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45506644

2,249,911

There are 60 orthologs of RUFY2 that have been identified including mammals, some birds, reptiles and fish. RUFY2 is highly conserved among its orthologs but is not present in plants, bacteria, archea or protist.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39247049

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Roundheaded eggs generally hatch between mid-March and late April; the eggs of beetle pairs that colonized pines in October may hatch in the winter, but almost all quickly perish from cold. Though early-hatching eggs die, unhatched beetles are surprisingly resilient against the winter cold, surviving in temperatures as low as -25°F. Young larvae form small feeding galleries in the phloem. After their first molt, the larvae bore outwards, mining the tree's cambium; after their second molt, in the third instar phase, the young roundheaded pine beetles tunnel into the outer bark to complete their development. As they excavate, the beetles broaden a series of feeding channels leading to what will become pupal chambers, laying the groundwork for the pine beetles to more easily pupate into adult form.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57300587

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"A. insinuator" follows the general life cycle of ants. They hatch from eggs as larvae that lack both eyes and legs. Depending on whether or not they were fertilized, they will be male or female. With large appetites and the inability to forage for themselves, the larvae are completely reliant on the adult colony to provide them with food. For "A. insinuator", the main source of food for the larvae is the hyphae from the fungal-garden. Due to their large intake of food, larvae grow quickly and molt often.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28438686

2,249,914

Harley contributed to medical journals. He invented a microscope which by a simple adjustment could be transformed from a monocular into a binocular or into a polarising instrument, either of a high or a low power. He wanted to reform English orthography, and published a book entitled "The Simplification of English Spelling" (1877), in which he advocated the omission of unneeded duplicated consonants from all words, except personal names.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41998648

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By modifying the shape of the material under minimal critical stress, the chains slide and a metastable structure is created, which increases the organization and order of the chains (lower entropy), when the deformation load is eliminated, the anchor points provide a storage mechanism for macroscopic stresses in the form of small localized stresses and decreasing entropy.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

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It was later published as "Iris sintenisii Janka subsp. brandzae" (Prod.) D.A. Webb & Chater by D.A. Webb & Chater in the 'Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society' (Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 76.) in 1978. It was thought to have a more limited geographical distribution than "Iris sintenisii", around Romania.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45506644

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Certain neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's have been found to have defective endosomal trafficking. Therefore, the involvement of RUFY2 protein domains, RUN and FYVE, may possibly play a role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39247049

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The roundheaded larvae rapidly develop through the third instar phase, molting to reach the fourth instar. Fourth-instar larvae mature much more slowly, generally only pupating into adults in late July and early August. In fringe cases, however, beetles may pupate as early as June and as late as mid-September. Once adults, the roundheaded pine beetles remain in their sickening host pine of birth for 2 to 3 months, departing between late September and early November. By late November, adults will have located fresh pines to colonize, mate in, and build an egg gallery, thus restarting the cycle.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57300587

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Once the larvae have grown to sufficient size, they undergo metamorphosis to a pupa. During this stage, reorganization takes place in which they develop into a primitive version of their adult form.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28438686

2,249,920

Harley married Emma Jessie, daughter of James Muspratt of Seaforth Hall, near Liverpool. She survived him with three children: Vaughan Harley, M.D. (1863–1923); Ethel Brilliana Tweedie (Mrs. Alec Tweedie), the author; and Olga Harley.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41998648

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In the glassy state the rotational motions of the molecules are frozen and impeded, as the temperature increases and the glassy state is reached, these motions thaw and rotations and relaxations occur, the molecules take the form that is entropically most favorable to them, the one with the lowest energy. These movements are called relaxation process and the formation of "random strings" to eliminate stresses is called shape-memory loss.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

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It stayed like this for many years until the authors of the Romanian flora books ('Flora a Romanie' by Ciocarlan 2009 and 'Plante Vasculare din Romania. Determinator ilustrat de teren (Vascular Plants of Romania. An illustrated field guide)' by Sarbu, Stefan et Oprea 2013) re-classified the taxon as an independent and separate species.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45506644

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RUFY2 protein has been shown to mainly be expressed in the brain, lung, and testes while microarray expression shows RUFY2 ubiquitous expression.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39247049

2,249,924

By using pine tree's phloem for food, habitat, and egg-laying, roundheaded pine beetles are extremely destructive towards pines, as they sever the tree's circulation, sap it of nutrients, and eliminate its ability to get sugar to where it's needed. The beetles can kill individual trees, clumps of dozens of pines, and even wipe out pines from entire forests. In the US, roundheaded beetles target and kill young, mature, and overmature "Pinus ponderosa" pines. They particularly thrive when pole-sized ponderosa pines are tightly packed together; each tree is large enough to support the beetles, while the pines' close proximity allows the beetles to easily fly from one tree to the next, infecting all.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57300587

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Eventually the pupae emerge in their fully-grown adult forms and depending on the amount of food they received and their sex, they will either be designated as a Queen, Female or Male worker.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28438686

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A polymer will exhibit the shape-memory effect if it is susceptible to being stabilized in a given state of deformation, preventing the molecules from slipping and regaining their higher entropy (lower energy) form. This can be achieved almost entirely by creating crosslinking or vulcanization, these new bonds act as anchors and prevent the relaxation of the chains, the anchor points can be physical or chemical.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

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It has not yet been verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service as of February 2015.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45506644

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Periodic outbreaks, while brief and infrequent, are devastating to ponderosa pine populations. In 1950, roundheaded pine beetles infested 16,000 pole-sized ponderosa pines near Cloudcroft, New Mexico. In 1971, an even more devastating epidemic occurred, as the species killed 400,000 pole-sized ponderosas in southern New Mexico. In the 1990s, the roundheaded beetles caused similar epidemics of pine tree death in the mountains of southern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57300587

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While "A. insinuator" specifically has no direct impact on humans, leaf-cutter ants overall are a significant problem in many areas of the world, but also vital in their ecosystems. As dominant herbivores, some colonies are cutting up to 13% of the standing vegetation in their territory per year. The large size of the ant colonies (30-600m) cause many issues ranging from crop devastation to reducing land surfaces useless as the ground beneath is unstable.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28438686

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The unidirectional shape-shape-memory effect was first observed by Chand and Read in 1951 in a Gold-Cadmium alloy and in 1963 Buehler described this effect for nitinol, which is an equiatomic Nickel-Titanium alloy.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

2,249,931

The original specimens were found in Romania. It is also found in Moldavia, Bessarabia, Asia Minor, and the Carpathians, (in Central and Eastern Europe).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45506644

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In dense clumps, the beetles colonize and kill pines in groups of 3 to 15; in exceptional cases, they wipe out up to 100 trees at a time. Roundheaded pine beetles can kill up to 50% of the trees in pure ponderosa pine stands; even when pines are interspersed with other conifers, roundheaded beetles still eliminate up to 50% of pines, in doing so reshaping forest ecosystems by leaving Douglas firs as the dominant species.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57300587

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However, the removal of these ants could significantly disturb local ecosystems due to their importance in soil enrichment, removal of plant material, and stimulation of new plant growth.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28438686

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This effect in metals and ceramics is based on a change in the crystal structure, called martensitic phase transition. The disadvantage of these materials is that it is an equiatomic alloy and deviations of 1% in the composition modify the transition temperature by approximately 100 K.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

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It grows in very different habitats to "Iris sintenisii". It is a (Mesophyte meaning neither dry or wet habitats).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45506644

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While attacking ponderosa pines the most, roundheaded pine beetles also colonize and kill the limber pine in the United States. In Mexico and Guatemala, the roundheaded beetle also attacks the Mexican white pine, Chihuahua pine, Montezuma pine, and "Pinus pseudostrobus".

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57300587

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Like many arthropods, "A. insinuator" are infected with "Wolbachia" bacteria. Notably "A. insinuator" hold additional strains not found in their host. The effects of the "Wolbachia" strains in "A. insinuator" have not been documented.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28438686

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Some metals and ceramics present the effect bidirectionally, which means that at a certain temperature there is a shape and this can be changed by changing the temperature, but if the first temperature is recovered, also the first shape is recovered. This is achieved by training the material for each shape at each temperature.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

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In 2003, it (as "Iris brandzae") was assessed as 'Rare' in the nature reserve of 'Padurea Harboanca' in Romania.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45506644

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Roundheaded pine beetles also spreads the fungi "Ophiostoma adjuncti" and "Leptographium pyrinum" as it infects trees. The role these fungi play in benefitting the beetle or killing the pines remains unclear.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57300587

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There is still a lot to learn from "A. insinuator" and many questions left to be answered. It is still undetermined how "A. insinuator" infects "A. echinatior" colonies or how deleterious the effects on their host "A. insinuator" are. Also the effect "Wolbachia" bacteria strains that are unique to "A. insinuator" may affect the species in comparison to their close relatives "A. echinatior".

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28438686

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Metals and ceramics with thermally induced bidirectional shape-memory effect have had great application in medical implants, sensors, transducers, etc. Many present a risk however due to their high toxicity.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

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"Iris brandzae" is grown in the Botanic Garden of Iasi Iași Botanical Garden, Romania. In the northern part of the garden, called "The Section Moldavia Sylvosteppe", along with other plants such as; "Crambe tataria", "Echium rossicum", "Pulsatilla vulgaris ssp. grandis", "Beta trigyna", "Dianthus capitatus", "Artemisia austriaca", "Achillea setacea", "Astragalus onobrychis", "Hyacinthella leucophaea", "Plantago schwarzenbergiana", "Rumex tuberosus ssp. tuberosus", "Crocus reticulatus", "Galium moldavicum", "Paeonia tenuifolia" and "Amygdalus nana".

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45506644

2,249,944

The red-bellied cleric and a predacious beetle "Temnochila virescens" prey on roundheaded beetles, while braconid wasps of the "Coleoides" genus and the nematodes "Parasitylenchus stipatus" and "Parasitylenchus dendroctoni" parasitize roundheaded beetles. The latter two nematode species are used to target egg-laying adult females, as the parasites sap the beetles of resources, halving egg production of invested females. Woodpeckers are also closely associated with roundheaded pine beetles; given that they consume over 90% of other species in the "Dendroctonus" genus on individual trees, they likely also heavily predate on roundheaded beetles.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57300587

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To obtain the effect, it is necessary to achieve a phase separation, one of these phases works as the trigger for the temporary form, using a transition temperature that can be Tm or Tg and in this effect is called T. A second phase has the higher transition temperature and above this temperature the polymer melts and is processed by conventional methods.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

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In 1961, an illustration of "Iris brandzae" was used on a postage stamp in Romania. It was issued on 15 August 1961, as part of the series '100 years of Bucharest Botanical Garden'.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45506644

2,249,947

Given the deleterious effects roundheaded pine beetles have on commercial and wild pine populations, the United States Forest Service recommends combining biological, cultural, and chemical control to mitigate roundheaded populations before the beetles' infestations become epidemic. The Forest Service recommends using natural predators and parasites to control the beetles. Commercial landowners can also culturally adapt to roundheaded pine beetle infestations by thinning their forest stocks and felling and burning infested pines as soon as possible. Chemically controlling roundheaded beetles requires lots of time and resources, so it is generally limited to protect pine trees of the highest value.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57300587

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The ratio of the elements forming the phase separation largely regulates the T transition temperature; this is much easier to control than in metallic alloys.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

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An example of this is the poly(ethylene oxide-ethylene terephthalate) or EOET copolymer. The polyethylene terephthalate (PET) segment has a relatively high Tg and its Tm is commonly referred to as the "hard" segment, whereas polyethylene ethylene oxide (PEO), has a relatively low Tm and Tg and is referred to as the "soft" segment. In the final polymer these segments separate into two phases in the solid state. PET has a high degree of crystallinity and the formation of these crystals provides for the flow and rearrangement of the PEO chains as they are stretched at temperatures higher than their Tm.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

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If crosslinking with slight vulcanization is desired, standardized methods for each polymer must be taken into account. In the case of PCO, for example, it is a polymer without shape-shape-memory effect because it does not present a clear "plateau", but the addition of a minimum amount of peroxide (~1%) provides PCO with all the requirements to present this effect.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

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Some polymers fatigue first, so each system can be evaluated with a simple experiment that consists of programming the system 10 or 20 times in a row and measuring the recovery in % and time.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

2,249,952

Polymers that can crystallize are (with the exception of PP) guarantee to obtain this effect, mainly due to their ordering capacity, which is reflected in the crystallinity, the crystals have affinity for their constituent elements and form new bonds these achieve anchoring forces that give stability to the temporary form.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

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To analyze the behavior of the crystals in this type of polymers, the WAXS and DSC techniques are used; these techniques help to determine what percentage of the polymer are crystals and how they are organized. This is due to the fact that the crystallinity decreases as the crosslinking increases, since the chains lose the ability to arrange themselves and order is essential to achieve crystallinity.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

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A second problem present when crosslinking molecules is melting, since an excess of crosslinking modifies the molecule in such a way that it stops melting (similar to a thermoset) and therefore the temporary shape cannot be obtained.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

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The control of curing either by electromagnetic waves or with peroxides is very important since it increases the T and decreases the crystallinity, determining factors in the shape-shape-memory effect.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

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In the case of biocompatible semicrystalline systems such as poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(n-butyl acrylate), crosslinked by photopolymerization it has been reported that the crystallization behavior is affected by the cooling rate, as in any other semicrystalline polymer, but the heat of crystallization remains independent of the cooling rate.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

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The influence of the crosslinking of the molecules, the cooling rate and the crystallization behavior are specific to each system and impossible to enumerate since the synthesis possibilities are almost infinite.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

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Crystallizable polymers such as oligo(ε-caprolactone) can have amorphous segments such as poly(n-butyl acrylate) and the molecular mass ratio of each determine the behavior of the system in programming temporary form and recovery to permanent form.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

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If the polymeric system is amorphous, then the anchor points of the crystalline structure are not available and the only way to ensure the stability of the temporary shape is through chain entanglements (physical entanglements and not chemical crosslinking), in addition to the possibility of crosslinking.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

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In the glassy state, the movements of the long chain segments are frozen, the movements of these segments depend on an activation temperature that brings the polymer to a smoothing and elastic state, the rotation on the carbon bonds and the movements of the chains no longer have strong impediments to accommodate and acquire the conformation that requires less energy, the chains then "unravel" forming random strings, without order and therefore with higher entropy.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

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If a polymer sample is stretched for a short time in the elastic range, when the load is removed, the sample will recover its original shape, but if the load remains for a sufficiently long period, the chains rearrange and the original shape is not recovered, the result is an irreversible deformation, also called relaxation process (in this case: creep).

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In order for a polymer to exhibit the thermally induced shape-memory effect, it is necessary to fix the chains with anchor points to avoid these relaxation processes that inelastically modify the system.

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Amorphous polymers do not have a crystallization temperature (Tm) like semi-crystalline polymers and have only a glass transition temperature (Tg). This has a decisive influence on the behavior of shape-shape-memory polymer systems.

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A crystalline copolymer system alone can result in the crosslinker-treated copolymer losing its crystallinity and becoming practically amorphous.

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An amorphous polymer depends on the level of crosslinking or the degree of polymerization to exhibit this effect. In the case of poly(norbornene), which is a linear, amorphous polymer, with a content of 70 to 80% of trans bonds in commercial products, molecular mass of approximately 3x106 g mol and Tg of approximately 35 to 45°C. Because it achieves an unusually high degree of polymerization, chain entanglements can be relied upon as anchor points to achieve the thermally induced shape-memory effect. Therefore, this polymer relies solely on physical anchor points. When heated up to Tg, the material abruptly changes from a rigid state to a tapered state (softens). To achieve the effect, the shape must be changed rapidly to avoid rearrangement of the segments of the polymer chains and immediately cool the material also very rapidly below Tg. Reheating the material back to Tg will show the recovery of the original shape.

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In designing copolymers for thermally induced shape-memory effect it is very important to keep in mind that a slight change in chemical structure (cis/trans ratios, tacticity, molecular mass, etc.) produces a significant change in the shape-memory polymer. An example is the copolymer of poly(methylmethacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) or poly(MAA-co-MMA) compared to poly(MAA-co-MMA)-PEG, where PEG is short for poly(ethylene glycol) which forms complexes in the copolymer.

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Changes in the morphology of the material including PEG provide shape-memory effect to the copolymer, showing two phases, the three-dimensional network providing a stable phase and the reversible phase formed by the amorphous part of the PEG-PMAA complexes. The complexes show a high modulus storage capacity, so when a PEG of higher molecular mass is introduced into the copolymer, an increase in the elastic modulus, higher modulus in the glassy state and faster recovery are observed.

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Its properties can be studied with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) techniques to determine its physicochemical arrangement.

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Most of the applications of polymers with this effect are only suggestions for now, many possibilities have been proposed, but so far only a few have been used, the most important being medical devices and automotive elements, although the greatest success has been achieved with heat-shrinkable polyethylene, which is also an exception in the programming step, since it is processed in a different way.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70631248

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SPINE stands for strep–protein interaction experiment. SPINE is a powerful tool to detect protein–protein interactions in vivo. The bait protein has to be expressed with a Strep-tag under the conditions when the potential interaction partners are presumably present in the cells. The addition of formaldehyde links the bait protein to its potential interaction partners. The bait protein together with its potential interaction partners can then be isolated using a Strep-Tactin Sepharose column. The cross-links between the bait protein and the potential interaction partner can be cleaved by heating the samples in Laemmli buffer. Finally, the co-purified interaction partner can be separated by SDS PAGE and identified by mass spectrometry.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15768383

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Jerry Goldstein (born 23 December 1970) is a space physicist whose research has focused on the Earth's plasmasphere, a high-altitude extension of the ionized portion of the planet's upper atmosphere. During the years 2002–2005 he published a series of papers (thirteen first-authored, seventeen co-authored) on the density structure and global dynamics of the plasmasphere.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11724891

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The A B Wood Medal is a prize awarded annually by the Institute of Acoustics for "distinguished contributions to the application of underwater acoustics". The prize, named after Albert Beaumont Wood, is presented in alternate years to European and North American scientists.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11506718

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A terminal access controller (TAC) is a host computer that accepts terminal connections, usually from dial-up lines, and that allows the user to invoke Internet remote log-on procedures, such as Telnet.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2893447

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Rhys Davies is a British slalom canoeist who competed at the international level from 2008 to 2015 in the C2 class with Matthew Lister.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33440154

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Christian College of Nursing is a South Korean technical college specialized in training for the nursing profession. The campus is located in the country's southwest, in the metropolitan city of Gwangju. The current president is Myeung-sook Koh. It enrolls about 360 students and is affiliated with the Gwangju Christian Hospital.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1325384

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He attended George Watson's Boys School, Edinburgh, and then the University of Edinburgh, where he obtained his MB ChB with Honours in 1951. He subsequently undertook an MSc in Anatomy at the University of Wisconsin.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54455744

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Steiner was born on 1 February 1918 in Prague. When he was three, his family moved to Vienna. He escaped from Austria shortly after the Anschluss, first to Dublin and then during World War II, to the United Kingdom.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54326190

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Howell was born in Swansea on 1 August 1926, the son of Hilda Mary Howell née Hill, and David John Howell, an architect. He qualified at the Middlesex Hospital in 1950 and in 1957–1958 was granted a Medical Research Council Fellowship at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54293899

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Amphidromus roseolabiatus is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Camaenidae.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54500032

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The team eventing at the 1968 Summer Olympics took place between 18 and 21 October. The event was open to men and women.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63648139

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The Council of European Aerospace Societies was formed in 1993 as the Confederation of European Aerospace Societies in recognition of the increasingly international nature of aerospace business. The transition from Confederation to Council took place in 2003 with the intention of providing improved collaboration, legal status and use of the resources of the constituent societies.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13918413

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The Faculty of Agronomic and Veterinary Science (FSAV) at Loyola University of Congo dates back to Agro-Veterinary Higher Institute founded by the Society of Jesus in Kinshasa in 1994. The purpose of its founding was to further ecologically sound and sustainable food development in the central African region.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55562359

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Paraburkholderia bryophila is a Gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming, and nonmotile bacterium of the genus "Paraburkholderia" and the family Burkholderiaceae. Research has shown that "P. bryophila" demonstrates anti-fungal activity against phytopathogens and the growth of plant-associated properties.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39575439

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The 2010 IIHF World U18 Championship Division III was an international under-18 ice hockey competition organised by the International Ice Hockey Federation. Both Division III tournaments made up the fourth level of the IIHF World U18 Championships. The Group A tournament was played in Erzurum, Turkey, and the Group B tournament was played in Monterrey, Mexico. China and New Zealand won the Group A and B tournaments respectively and gained promotion to the Division II of the 2011 IIHF World U18 Championships.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39691644

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20th Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Coimbra, Portugal from June 14 to June 17, 2006.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19314545

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The Laboratory of Nano and Quantum Engineering (LNQE) is an interdisciplinary research center for nanotechnology of the Leibniz University Hannover in Germany.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19553124

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The chemical companies of the large-scale chemical synthesis in Poland () at the beginning of the 21st century underwent the a process of intensive reorganization.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51243993

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Smith Observatory was an observatory at Beloit College in Beloit, Wisconsin. Completed in 1882, the observatory was funded by Janette S. Herrick and named in memory of her brother, John F. Smith. It served the campus from 1882 until the 1950s. In 1967, it was used as a coffee house before being torn down in 1969. It was replaced by the Thompson Observatory.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7040778

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Sir Frank George Young FRS (25 March 1908 – 20 September 1988) was a distinguished biochemist, noted for his work on diabetes, and the first Master of Darwin College, Cambridge.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18072879

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The Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management is a biannual peer-reviewed open access scientific journal that covers research on all aspects of industrial engineering and management. It was established in 2008. It is a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17855073

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MGS (a General Model of Simulation) is a domain-specific language used for specification and simulation of dynamical systems with dynamical structure, developed at IBISC (Computer Science, Integrative Biology and Complex Systems) at "Université d'Évry Val-d'Essonne" (University of Évry). MGS is particularly aimed at modelling biological systems.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1590226

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The New Journal of Botany was a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the native flora of Northern and Western Europe, including population and conservation biology, ecological genetics, autecological, physiological, and phenological studies, plant/animal interactions, and plant biochemistry. It was established in 1949 as Watsonia, with the subtitle "Journal & Proceedings of the Botanical Society of the British Isles". It was named after the eighteenth-century British botanist Hewett Watson. The journal was renamed "New Journal of Botany" in 2011 with volume numbering restarting at 1. It was discontinued in 2017. The journal was published by Maney Publishing on behalf of the Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. It was abstracted and indexed in AGRICOLA, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, and Scopus.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29303698

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Penicillium tardochrysogenum is a filamentous species of fungus in the genus "Penicillium" which produces penicillin, secalonic acids D and secalonic acids F.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47788644

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This genus is known in the fossil records of the Carboniferous period of United States and United Kinhgdom (age range: from 345.3 to 314.6 million years ago).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48010127

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This genus is known in the fossil records of the Carboniferous period of United States and Canada (age range: 353.8 to 318.1 million years ago).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47992325

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Top-level rugby league in 2014 centred on Australasia's 2014 NRL Auckland Nines, 2014 NRL season and the Super League XIX. High-profile representative competitions included the 2014 Rugby League Four Nations (held in Australia and New Zealand) and the 2014 State of Origin series.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47650267

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Catherine Anderson is a Canadian scientist. She researched pre-eclampsia, a potentially fatal disease that can impact pregnant women, at BC Children's and Women's Hospital and the University of Nottingham. She currently serves as Clinical Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Medicine at University of British Columbia and runs the Future Science Leaders program at Science World. "Maclean's" described her as a "nationally renowned science educator."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50661027

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Rhizobium viscosum is a bacterium species from the genus "Rhizobium" which has been isolated from soil from the city airport in Guatemala. "Rhizobium viscosum" produces exopolysaccharide.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50611696

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The International Society for Biocuration (ISB) is a non-profit organisation that promotes the field of biocuration and was founded in early 2009. It provides a forum for information exchange through meetings and workshops. The society's conference, the International Biocuration Conference, has been held in Pacific Grove, California (2005), San José, CA (2007), Berlin (2009), Tokyo, Japan (2010), Washington, DC (2012), Cambridge, UK (2013), Toronto, Canada (2014), Beijing, China (2015) and Geneva, Switzerland (2016). The meeting in 2017 will be held in Stanford, California.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50140110