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39057639_p5
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39057639
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2. Case Presentation
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clinical
|
Clinical case
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Due to the critical state of the patient, preoperative inotropic treatment with Levosimendan was initiated along with anticoagulation with Enoxaparine. After stabilizing the patient, the surgical intervention was performed three days after the presentation. The LCA was re-implanted into the aorta using an aortic flap and a Proxicor patch as an extension of LCA, with further reconstruction of the pulmonary artery with a pericardial patch.
|
[
"Asmaa Carla Hagău",
"Horațiu Suciu",
"Anca Voichița Popoiu",
"Iolanda Muntean"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11070219
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
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2. Case Presentation
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Clinical case
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In the postoperative period, the patient was hospitalized in the ICU for 63 days. In the first three days, sternum closure was delayed to stabilise the patient. Also, during the immediate postoperative care, the patient required aggressive treatment for HF, including the administration of various inotropes such as Adrenaline, Milrinone and Levosimendan. Considering the compromised global contractility with persistent LV dilation and dyskinetic interventricular septum, treatment with Adrenaline was continued and tapered off on day 70 postoperatively. In the first 20 days after surgery, laboratory tests revealed a significant decrease in NT-proBNP values (15,000 pg/mL). Furthermore, transthoracic echocardiography confirmed the patency of the new LCA button, a slightly increased LV EF (25%) and GLS (−10). Additionally, there was an improvement in mitral valve insufficiency from severe to moderate. Compared to the preoperative period, the electrocardiogram still showed a QR pattern in lateral leads, albeit with a reduced q wave amplitude. However, infectious complications such as sepsis with Klebsiella BLSE led to a slight reduction in GLS (−5) and LV EF (20%). Also, in the early postoperative period, the patient developed thrombosis in the left atrium, likely due to decreased LV function. Consequently, a continuous infusion of Heparin was administered, followed by Enoxaparin, resulting in complete thrombus resolution. Additionally, pleural and pericardial effusion necessitated pleural drainage and increased diuretic therapy. In evolution, after the tapering of Adrenaline, a combination therapy for HF comprising a Beta-blocker, ACE inhibitor and aldosterone antagonist was gradually introduced. When the patient was discharged, laboratory tests revealed a significantly lower NT-proBNP value and the speckle-tracking analysis indicated improvement in regional and GLS (−7.9%) compared with the initial measurements, with an LV EF of 30% ( Table 1 ).
|
[
"Asmaa Carla Hagău",
"Horațiu Suciu",
"Anca Voichița Popoiu",
"Iolanda Muntean"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11070219
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
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39057639_p7
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39057639
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2. Case Presentation
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Study
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However, some of the LCA-supplied segments remained impaired .
|
[
"Asmaa Carla Hagău",
"Horațiu Suciu",
"Anca Voichița Popoiu",
"Iolanda Muntean"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11070219
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
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39057639
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3. Discussion
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Review
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Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery is a rare and life-threatening congenital heart defect that leads to DCM and high mortality in patients below one year if surgery is not performed . Neonates with ALCAPA are often asymptomatic. However, after the pulmonary pressures drop, retrograde flow from LCA into the pulmonary artery increases, leading to ischemia in the segments supplied by LCA and subsequent cardiogenic shock . In critically ill infants, diagnosing DCM caused by ALCAPA can present challenges due to symptoms overlapping with other cardiac conditions . While conventional echocardiography is used for diagnosis, regarding the real-time information for monitoring and guiding the management, newer techniques like speckle-tracking echocardiography are gaining traction .
|
[
"Asmaa Carla Hagău",
"Horațiu Suciu",
"Anca Voichița Popoiu",
"Iolanda Muntean"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11070219
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
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3. Discussion
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Study
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However, the application of strain analysis in the paediatric population remains limited. The initial use of speckle-tracking echocardiography in paediatric patients was described in cases of acute HF with septic shock . In the context of intensive care unit patients with HF, strain measurements are significant as they demonstrate increased sensitivity to changes in cardiac loading conditions, surpassing conventional echocardiography in this context. In our case, both the pre-operative ejection fraction and GLS were significantly low, indicating impaired longitudinal strain in the regions supplied by the LCA and RCA. This finding could indicate that chronic hypoperfusion had a transmural effect on the entire myocardium wall.
|
[
"Asmaa Carla Hagău",
"Horațiu Suciu",
"Anca Voichița Popoiu",
"Iolanda Muntean"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11070219
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
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3. Discussion
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Study
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After the surgical repair of ALCAPA, the majority of patients recover in the first year following surgery, with improved LV function. There are some hypotheses regarding the dramatic recovery of LV. On the one hand, cardiomyocyte proliferation can contribute to myocardium regeneration. On the other hand, myocardial tissue can reduce metabolic demands in chronic ischemia, the so-called hibernation state; therefore, hibernating myocardium can recover once blood flow is restored . Collagen tissue, on the other hand, may persist despite corrective surgery, resulting in fibrosis and impaired microcirculation blood flow. These findings suggest that, despite improved blood flow, the myocardium does not fully recover. Standard echocardiography is useful in assessing the patient’s cardiac function and hemodynamic status . In a large retrospective study, Radman et al. analysed one hundred seventy-seven infants that underwent ALCAPA surgery repair, and stated that, in most patients, LV function measured with standard echocardiography, recovered three years after discharge . However, conventional echocardiography may not be sensitive enough to detect subtle changes in cardiac function postoperatively.
|
[
"Asmaa Carla Hagău",
"Horațiu Suciu",
"Anca Voichița Popoiu",
"Iolanda Muntean"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11070219
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
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39057639_p11
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|
3. Discussion
| 4.277344 |
biomedical
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Study
|
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Therefore, to detect myocardial abnormalities, other imagistic techniques were used such as cardiac scintigraphy or cardiac magnetic resonance . However, these methods are challenging to perform in critical infants due to their time-consuming nature and the need for anaesthesia for optimal imaging acquisition. Also, acquiring all the necessary images for speckle-tracking echocardiography can be time-consuming. However, for critically ill patients, efforts can be made to ensure a rapid yet thorough evaluation, balancing the need for detailed imaging with the patient’s stability. Therefore, in our case, we employed speckle tracking in the postoperative period to identify residual coronary disease post-surgery and to detect early subclinical ischemia. We assessed GLS in relation to EF, and both parameters improved simultaneously. Notably, postoperative GLS was normal in the RCA territories but remained impaired in the LCA anterior territories. This persistent impairment of the regional strain in LCA territories suggests a persistent degree of ischemia or fibrosis, despite the improvement of the LV EF measured using standard echocardiography. This finding follows other studies. Castaldi et al. reported that fibrosis persists in the LCA territory after revascularization, and Beyhoff et al. linked subendocardial fibrosis to the decreased longitudinal strain, while transmural fibrosis was associated with decreased GLS . Dabrovska et al. found persistent abnormal GLS in LCA territories in paediatric ALCAPA patients after surgery and Shukla et al. noted that LV function did not show significant improvement in the early postoperative period, suggesting incomplete myocardial recovery despite improved blood flow .
|
[
"Asmaa Carla Hagău",
"Horațiu Suciu",
"Anca Voichița Popoiu",
"Iolanda Muntean"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11070219
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057639_p12
|
39057639
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|
3. Discussion
| 4.109375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
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Therefore, the evaluation of the LV strain may distinguish treatment responsiveness among different clinical phenotypes. Still, the primary limitation of this study lies in the single case study approach which may limit the generalizability of the findings to a broader population of ALCAPA patients. Additionally, a more thorough understanding of treatment efficacy and the persistence of myocardial issues would be gained through long-term patient follow-up. Integrating speckle-tracking echocardiography in both pre- and postoperative assessments of ALCAPA patients can aid in identifying those at a higher risk of residual coronary disease, facilitating timely interventions and enhancing long-term outcomes, even when traditional echocardiography metrics suggest no abnormalities. Further research is needed to validate these findings. Also, even though LV is more often affected in ALCAPA patients, investigating the potential RV involvement using RV speckle tracking may provide a more complete knowledge of the condition and its impact. However, the speckle tracking of the RV is a novel technique with limited research in paediatric populations .
|
[
"Asmaa Carla Hagău",
"Horațiu Suciu",
"Anca Voichița Popoiu",
"Iolanda Muntean"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11070219
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057639_p13
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|
4. Conclusions
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biomedical
|
Clinical case
|
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In conclusion, despite clinical improvement and increased ejection fraction following surgical repair in ALCAPA patients, a short-term follow-up revealed that some regions of LV remained dysfunctional. This case highlights the importance of speckle-tracking echocardiography as a non-invasive tool for detecting myocardial abnormalities in both pre- and postoperative follow-up in ALCAPA patients.
|
[
"Asmaa Carla Hagău",
"Horațiu Suciu",
"Anca Voichița Popoiu",
"Iolanda Muntean"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11070219
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
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39057200
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1. Introduction
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biomedical
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Review
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Biological invasions represent one of the most prominent consequences of globalization as a high number of introduced species have been shown to be harmful to agriculture and native biodiversity in newly invaded regions . Arthropod pests are among the major unintentionally introduced species and their invasion trend is projected to increase over time, especially in Europe, where they cause significant economic losses and ecological disruptions . Although current guidelines promote integrated pest management (IPM) programs that minimize chemical inputs, insecticides represent the main tool approached by farmers to manage invasive pest infestations . This attitude is largely due to the lack of cost-effective control strategies in the invaded regions and the effectiveness of chemical insecticides for a quick reduction in pest populations .
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
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|
1. Introduction
| 4.03125 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
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However, the reliance on chemicals comes at a significant cost to the environment and human economy due to pesticide bioaccumulation, slow degradation, and non-target effects , alongside the low tolerance for pesticide maximum residue limits (MRLs), which strongly affect fruit marketability . Moreover, the limited number of chemical molecules registered for invasive species and their routine applications in the field pose additional challenges related to the development of insecticide resistance and the loss of effectiveness of agrochemicals . In response to these challenges, biopesticides have emerged as eco-friendly and cost-effective tools for suppressing arthropod pests in conventional and organic farms. Indeed, these products, which derive from naturally occurring living organisms, such as plants (namely, plant extracts and essential oils), microbials (i.e., bacteria, viruses, and fungi), and animals (e.g., arthropod toxins), are thought to have a negligible or low risk of resistance phenomena and few MRLs restrictions .
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
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1. Introduction
| 4.054688 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
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The increased interest of the pesticide industry in developing safer and promising alternatives to control key invasive pests has significantly improved the relevance of biopesticides over time . Notable examples include the spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) , and the South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) . These invasive species threaten the worldwide production of soft-skinned fruits and tomato crops, respectively, due to their high reproductive potential and the cryptic nature of their larvae . In particular, D. suzukii oviposits on ripe and healthy fruits , while T. absoluta mainly infests leaves but also the stems and fruits of tomatoes and other solanaceous crops and was recently confirmed to have an epidemiological role in the spread of a tomato virus .
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
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|
1. Introduction
| 4.207031 |
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|
Study
|
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Several bioinsecticides have been tested on D. suzukii and T. absoluta , with spinosad, azadirachtin, and pyrethrins among the most common active ingredients targeting both insect pests. While commonly used bioinsecticides mainly target D. suzukii adults, they can also affect pest immature stages and/or natural enemies because of their broad-spectrum action . Avermectins, essential oils, and microbial-based biopesticides are additional tools for managing T. absoluta in organic contexts . In particular, the use of microbials, such as entomopathogenic bacteria (i.e., Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) var. kurstaki and aizawaii ) and entomopathogenic lepidopteran granuloviruses (i.e., members of the genus Betabaculovirus ), represents a commonly implemented biological control strategy targeting T. absoluta larvae . However, the combined use of biopesticides with macro-biocontrol agents (including parasitoids) needs to be properly assessed to maximize their biocontrol services and the sustainability of IPM programs. In this context, it is worth noting that the origin of a given agrochemical is not always associated with its toxicological features and safety perception .
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
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1. Introduction
| 4.5625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
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Various studies have shown the non-target impact of insecticides with different origins and Mechanisms of Action (MoA) towards key natural enemies of D. suzukii and T. absoluta . However, the potential compatibility of biopesticides with Ganaspis kimorum Buffington and Necremnus tutae Ribes & Bernardo (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), which are among the most important larval parasitoids of D. suzukii and T. absoluta , respectively, is still poorly investigated. Quarantine studies showed the koinobiont endoparasitoid G. kimorum , formerly recognized as G . cf. brasiliensis (Ihering), as the most promising natural enemy for the classical biological control of D. suzukii because of its host-specificity . Consequently, field releases of this parasitoid are currently ongoing in Europe and the US in the framework of a classical biological control program . Ganaspis cf. brasiliensis consists of a complex of cryptic species (G1-G5), whose taxonomic identity was recently clarified by Sosa-Calvo et al. , who re-classified the G1 lineage of G. cf brasiliensis as G. kimorum sp. nov. Meanwhile, the idiobiont ectoparasitoid N. tutae is among the most abundant and widespread parasitoids of T. absoluta in Europe and Africa . Native to the Mediterranean region, N. tutae is a host-feeding parasitoid of T. absoluta larvae causing both reproductive and non-reproductive host mortality . These attributes, along with its common occurrence in tomato greenhouses, make this parasitoid one of the most promising biocontrol agents to be integrated into IPM programs .
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
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1. Introduction
| 4.164063 |
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Study
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This study aimed to investigate the non-target effects of field concentrations of three biopesticides (microbials and botanicals) commonly used in organic and/or conventional agroecosystems affected by D. suzukii and T. absoluta and that of an experimental formulation of garlic essential oil (EO) towards G. kimorum and N. tutae . Specifically, we assessed the acute toxicity (lethal effect) on parasitoid adults and the sublethal effects on their reproductive capacity (fertility) when exposed to pesticide-treated and infested blueberries (for D. suzukii / G. kimorum ) or tomato leaves (for T. absoluta / N. tutae ), under laboratory conditions. This allowed the simultaneous testing of the lethal and sublethal effects of insecticide residual contact on parasitoids and the combined effect of the insecticide and parasitoid on host mortality. The information may serve as a basis for the potential integration of biopesticides into current biological control strategies against these invasive pests.
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
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|
2.1. Insects
| 4.1875 |
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A colony of D. suzukii was initiated from field samplings of wild blackberries ( Rubus sp.) in eastern Sicily, Italy (37°39′47.39″ N, 14°54′3.06″ E), in 2015. Adult flies were reared in insect cages (32.5 × 32.5 × 32.5 cm) (BugDorm ® , MegaView, Taichung, Taiwan) under standard laboratory conditions according to Lisi et al. with slight modifications (23 ± 1 °C, 55 ± 10% R.H., 16 h:8 h L:D photoperiod). Plastic Drosophila vials were filled with cornmeal artificial diet prepared according to Dalton et al. and then provided to adult flies inside the rearing cage to allow them to oviposit, with a honey–water (1:1) solution provided as supplemental food for the flies. The initial colony of the larval parasitoid G. kimorum (formerly G1 G. brasiliensis in the previous literature, see Lisi et al. ) originated from individuals collected in their native range and emerged from D. suzukii -infested fruits . A colony of the parasitoid was provided to us through the Sicilian Phytosanitary Service (Regione Siciliana) in 2021, in the context of a classical biological control program . The parasitoid was reared according to Rossi-Stacconi et al. . Briefly, wasps were maintained at 23 ± 1 °C, 60 ± 10% R.H, and a 16 h:8 h L:D photoperiod in a BugDorm ® cage and reared on D. suzukii larvae in infested blueberries. Infested fruits bearing parasitized larvae were incubated for 30 ± 2 days and newly emerged parasitoids were collected for further rearing or experiments.
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057200_p7
|
39057200
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
2.1. Insects
| 4.0625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9970703125,
0.0002751350402832031,
0.00286102294921875
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0006241798400878906,
0.0002636909484863281,
0.00004380941390991211
] |
Laboratory colonies of T. absoluta and the larval parasitoid N. tutae were established with specimens collected from organic tomato greenhouses in Sicily, Italy (36°48′01.8″ N, 14°35′11.0″ E) in 2023 and colonies were maintained at 26 ± 1 °C, 60 ± 10% R.H, and 14:10 L.D. as described by Biondi et al. . Briefly, adult moths were released into oviposition cages (50 × 60 × 60 cm) covered with a fine polyester mesh and maintained on potted tomato plants to allow egg laying. Plants were sprayed with honey–water solution (1:1) to feed the insects.
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057200_p8
|
39057200
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/p[2]
|
2.1. Insects
| 4.03125 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99365234375,
0.0003542900085449219,
0.005779266357421875
] |
[
0.99560546875,
0.003902435302734375,
0.000293731689453125,
0.00007510185241699219
] |
For the rearing of N. tutae , tomato plants infested by larval instars (L2–L3) of T. absoluta were exposed to the parasitoids (ratio: ten larvae for each parasitoid couple) for three days in BugDorm ® cages (MegaView, Taichung, Taiwan), supplied with honey–water solution (1:1). Following the exposure, tomato plants with parasitized larvae were transferred to other rearing cages for 15 ± 3 days until the emergence of adult wasps.
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057200_p9
|
39057200
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
2.2. Insecticides
| 4.160156 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0002944469451904297,
0.0008792877197265625
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00013518333435058594,
0.0004596710205078125,
0.00004017353057861328
] |
Among the tested compounds, three were bioinsecticides commonly used for the conventional and organic management of key pests in agroecosystems affected by D. suzukii and T. absoluta . In particular, these were bioinsecticides of microbiological origin, i.e., B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain EG 2348 (Batkur ® , CBC Europe S.r.l., Grassobbio (BG), Italy), Beauveria bassiana strain ATCC 74040 (Naturalis ® , CBC Europe S.r.l.), and spinosad (Laser ® , Corteva Agriscience Italia S.r.l., Cremona (CR), Italy). Moreover, an experimental formulation of one botanical, i.e., a garlic EO nanoemulsion (GEO-NE), was tested at a 90% lethal concentration (LC 90 , corresponding to 0.772% of garlic EO) obtained for T. absoluta in Ricupero et al. . The effects of these four bioinsecticides were assessed on both host-parasitoid biological models and compared to a conventional insecticide belonging to the diamide chemical class, i.e., chlorantraniliprole (Altacor ® , FMC Agro Italia, Bergamo (BG), Italy) against T. absoluta and cyantraniliprole against D. suzukii . Insecticides were tested at the recommended field doses ( B. thuringiensis : 200 mL/hL; B. bassiana : 100 mL/hL; spinosad: 25 mL/hL; chlorantraniliprole 12 g/hL; cyantraniliprole: 75 mL/hL) and dilutions were performed individually for each treatment using distilled water.
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057200_p10
|
39057200
|
sec[1]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
2.3. Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Insecticides on Ganaspis kimorum
| 4.179688 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0005335807800292969,
0.0005764961242675781
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002294778823852539,
0.00025963783264160156,
0.00005835294723510742
] |
Drosophila suzukii adults were provided with fresh, untreated, and healthy blueberries for 6–8 h to allow them to oviposit (as described above for fly rearing). Then, infested berries were checked under the microscope to select fruits bearing 8 ± 2 eggs. The day after (i.e., following the egg-hatching), fifteen infested fruits were dipped for ten seconds in each insecticide solution and distilled water was used as an untreated control. Then, the fruits were left to dry for 30 min inside a laminar flow hood. For each treatment and replicate, one treated blueberry was offered to a pair of G. kimorum (two- to four-day-old males and females) for 72 h inside an experimental arena (Ø × h: 100 × 50 mm) covered with a mesh net lid to ensure proper ventilation and provided with a foam rubber plug soaked in a honey–water solution (1:1) to feed wasps. Two- to four-day-old parasitoid couples were tested at that age because of their reproductive traits. Ganaspis kimorum is a weakly pro-ovigenic species and reaches a peak of mature egg load three to five days after emergence . In addition, parasitoid couples were kept continuously in the experimental arena together with host larvae for 72 h (becoming five to seven days old at the end of the experiment), allowing them to successfully parasitize their respective host larvae. Overall, 15 parasitoid couples (i.e., 15 males and 15 females) were tested per treatment. During the exposure time, parasitoid survival was checked at 24, 48, and 72 h. Afterward, surviving wasps were individually transferred to similar experimental arenas and provided with a new healthy untreated blueberry and a honey–water solution twice a week. Ganaspis kimorum mortality was monitored daily for 30 consecutive days or until the wasps died following insecticide exposure. This exposure sequence was kept constant and was chosen to reflect a real field scenario where farmers promptly spray insecticides when D. suzukii infestations occur in crops. Notably, this is the same time frame when the inoculative releases of G. kimorum are performed in the field in the framework of the classical biological control program.
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057200_p11
|
39057200
|
sec[1]/sec[2]/p[1]
|
2.3. Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Insecticides on Ganaspis kimorum
| 4.105469 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00029349327087402344,
0.0007581710815429688
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0001499652862548828,
0.0002429485321044922,
0.0000393986701965332
] |
A complementary bioassay consisted of insecticide- and distilled water-treated fruits, without exposure to parasitoids to evaluate the mortality of D. suzukii larvae induced by each tested insecticide. Blueberries of both bioassays (i.e., in the presence and absence of parasitism) were incubated for 30 ± 2 days at 23 ± 1 °C, 60 ± 10% R.H, and 16h:8h L:D photoperiod, and the number of emerged flies and/or parasitoids was counted to assess the G. kimorum apparent parasitism (AP), according to Seehausen et al. . The AP was calculated as the proportion of emerged adult parasitoids among the total number of adult insects that emerged from blueberries . Both the individual and combined effects of insecticide and/or parasitoid on pest mortality were assessed.
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
39057200_p12
|
39057200
|
sec[1]/sec[3]/p[0]
|
2.4. Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Insecticides on Necremnus tutae
| 4.148438 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0004525184631347656,
0.00086212158203125
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00022780895233154297,
0.00017774105072021484,
0.0000445246696472168
] |
For each treatment and replicate, ten second-instar T. absoluta larvae were gently transferred with a soft brush onto a compound tomato leaf consisting of at least five leaflets. The leaf petiole was previously dipped in a vial filled with an agar–water solution at 1% to ensure leaf turgor during the experiments. After all T. absoluta larvae had produced mines in the leaf mesophyll, each infested leaf was dipped into the insecticide solution or distilled water for ten seconds and then left to dry for half an hour inside a laminar flow hood. Each treated leaf was then exposed to a pair of N. tutae (two- to four-day-old males and females) for 72 h inside an arena (length of 130 mm, width of 80 mm, and height of 70 mm) covered with a net lid where the internal surface was sprayed with a honey–water solution (1:1) to provide food for the wasps during the bioassay. The decision to test two- to four-day-old N. tutae pairs was related to the parasitoid reproductive traits. Indeed, this parasitoid species exhibits higher fecundity in its early adult life reaching higher daily mean oviposition rates when five to seven days old . In addition, parasitoid couples were kept continuously in the experimental arena together with T. absoluta larvae for 72 h (becoming five to seven days old at the end of the experiment), allowing them to successfully parasitize their respective host larvae. Overall, 15 N. tutae couples (i.e., 15 females and 15 males) were tested per treatment.
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057200_p13
|
39057200
|
sec[1]/sec[3]/p[1]
|
2.4. Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Insecticides on Necremnus tutae
| 4.128906 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.000431060791015625,
0.0009713172912597656
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00015437602996826172,
0.00023734569549560547,
0.00004470348358154297
] |
The mortality of the parasitoids was checked at 24, 48, and 72 h. To determine the relative importance of non-reproductive and reproductive effects of N. tutae on its host larvae , exposed T. absoluta larvae were observed under the microscope at the end of the 72 h of exposure to assess the insecticide effect on the parasitoid–host interactions, i.e., the percentages of (i) parasitized host larvae (parasitism); (ii) killed host through host-feeding (i.e., parasitoid feeding on host hemolymph to continue egg production and maturation) and host-killing (i.e., parasitoid lethally stings host larvae without reproductive output), which are both referred as non-reproductive effects. At the end of 72 h of exposure, surviving wasps were individually moved into similar experimental arenas and provided healthy untreated tomato leaves and a honey–water solution twice a week. The wasps were checked daily for 30 consecutive days or until they died to assess the survival time following the exposure to insecticide residues. In order to evaluate the mortality of T. absoluta larvae induced by each insecticide and distilled water in the absence of parasitism, a complementary bioassay was performed without exposing T. absoluta -infested leaves to parasitoids.
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
39057200_p14
|
39057200
|
sec[1]/sec[3]/p[2]
|
2.4. Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Insecticides on Necremnus tutae
| 4.074219 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99560546875,
0.0004611015319824219,
0.003902435302734375
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0003192424774169922,
0.00019860267639160156,
0.000038504600524902344
] |
Tomato leaves from both bioassays (i.e., in the presence and absence of parasitism) were incubated in aerated arenas (same as above) for 15 ± 3 days at 26 ± 1 °C, 60 ± 10% R.H, and 14:10 L.D., to count the number of emerged pest and/or parasitoid adults and evaluate the individual or combined effect of insecticides and parasitoid on pest mortality. The parasitoid juvenile survival was also assessed as the proportion of N. tutae offspring that developed from egg to adult on parasitized host larvae .
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057200_p15
|
39057200
|
sec[1]/sec[4]/p[0]
|
2.5. Data Analysis
| 4.140625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.00040411949157714844,
0.0009732246398925781
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00018262863159179688,
0.00027108192443847656,
0.000042438507080078125
] |
Differences in G. kimorum and N. tutae survival after 24, 48, and 72 h of contact exposure to insecticide residue and differences in pest mortality at the end of the experiment for each tested insecticide were analyzed using the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post-hoc test with Bonferroni-corrected p -values ( p < 0.05) because mortality data did not fulfill the assumptions for the analysis of variance (ANOVA). For each insecticide treatment and tested parasitoid species, differences among treatments in male and female mortality at 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure were analyzed with the Mann–Whitney U test ( p < 0.05). To assess the impact of residual contact exposure to insecticides on the survival of both parasitoid species and estimate median survival times (LT 50 ), time–mortality data were submitted to survival analysis by the Kaplan–Meier log-rank test. Parasitoids alive at the end of the 30-day observations following the insecticide residual contact exposure were treated as censored . Spinosad was excluded from the dataset for N. tutae survival analysis because no parasitoid adult survived after 72 h of residual contact exposure to this insecticide (100% adult mortality). In the case of overall log-rank test significance, a paired comparison of any two survival curves was made using the Holm method ( p < 0.05) .
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057200_p16
|
39057200
|
sec[1]/sec[4]/p[1]
|
2.5. Data Analysis
| 3.824219 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
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] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0008559226989746094,
0.00019061565399169922,
0.000050961971282958984
] |
Data concerning reproductive mortality, non-reproductive mortality, and juvenile survival of N. tutae , as well as those related to G. kimorum apparent parasitism, were analyzed using the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post-hoc test ( p < 0.05).
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057200_p17
|
39057200
|
sec[1]/sec[4]/p[2]
|
2.5. Data Analysis
| 4.027344 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99560546875,
0.0003590583801269531,
0.0040740966796875
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00028228759765625,
0.0002541542053222656,
0.00003463029861450195
] |
To assess the effect of different treatments (i.e., parasitoid and insecticide alone or their combinations) on the mortality of both pests, the obtained data were previously corrected by means of Abbott’s formula using corresponding control mortalities (i.e., pest exposure to distilled water in absence of parasitism) and analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s post-hoc tests ( p < 0.05). In each treatment, the Mann–Whitney U test ( p < 0.05) was also used to investigate differences in host pest mortality between the insecticide alone or in combination with the parasitoid. The non-parametric statistical analyses were conducted using IBM ® SPSS ® Statistics for Macintosh, Version 23.0.0.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057200_p18
|
39057200
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
3.1. Ganaspis kimorum Mortality during Residual Contact Exposure to Insecticides
| 4.121094 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0003380775451660156,
0.0016450881958007812
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00024008750915527344,
0.00018668174743652344,
0.00003987550735473633
] |
Within each treatment, the mortality of G. kimorum adults was not significantly different between male and female wasps after 24, 48, or 72 h of residual exposure to the tested insecticides (Mann–Whitney U test: control, 24 h, U = 112.5; df = 28; p = 1; 48 h, U = 97.5; df = 28; p = 0.539; 72 h, U = 90; df = 28; p = 0.367; B. bassiana , 24 h, U = 112.5; df = 28; p = 1; 48 h, U = 112.5; df = 28; p = 1; 72 h, U = 112.5; df = 28; p = 1; B. thuringiensis , 24 h, U = 105; df = 28; p = 0.775; 48 h, U = 97.5; df = 28; p = 0.539; 72 h, U = 105; df = 28; p = 0.775; cyantraniliprole, 24 h, U = 97.5; df = 28; p = 0.539; 48 h, U = 97.5; df = 28; p = 0.539; 72 h, U = 90; df = 28; p = 0.367; garlic EO, 24 h, U = 105; df = 28; p = 0.775; 48 h, U = 105; df = 28; p = 0.775; 72 h, U = 112.5; df = 28; p = 1; spinosad, 24 h, U = 90; df = 28; p = 0.367; 48 h, U = 75; df = 28; p = 0.126; 72 h, U = 90; df = 28; p = 0.367). Therefore, data on male and female survival were pooled to analyze the differences among insecticides and the pooled results are presented.
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057200_p19
|
39057200
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
3.1. Ganaspis kimorum Mortality during Residual Contact Exposure to Insecticides
| 4.144531 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0003306865692138672,
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] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00012165307998657227,
0.0003056526184082031,
0.000046253204345703125
] |
The mortality of the parasitoid was not significantly different within the first 24 h of exposure to different insecticide residues ( H = 6.060; df = 5; p = 0.300) but was significantly affected by the insecticide treatment after 48 ( H =16.942; df = 5; p = 0.005) and 72 h ( H = 33.099; df = 5; p < 0.001) of insecticide exposure . Among the tested insecticides, only spinosad caused a significant increase in parasitoid mortality over the last two days of exposure. The highest acute toxicity of spinosad was observed following 72 h of exposure (53.3 ± 9.3% mortality), which was not significantly different than the mortality at 48 h (30.0 ± 8.5%) but was significantly higher than that at 24 h (10.0 ± 5.6%) ( H = 13.02; df = 2; p = 0.001) . The other treatments did not show significant effects on the parasitoid mortality over the three days of exposure (control, H = 2.046; df = 2; p = 0.360; B. bassiana , H = 1.011; df = 2; p = 0.603; B. thuringiensis , H = 3.527; df = 2; p = 0.171; cyantraniliprole, H = 0.306; df = 2; p = 0.858; garlic EO, H = 4.228; df = 2; p = 0.121) .
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057200_p20
|
39057200
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
3.2. Necremnus tutae Mortality during Residual Contact Exposure to Insecticides
| 4.121094 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00026702880859375,
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] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0001990795135498047,
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0.000035643577575683594
] |
The mortality of N. tutae adults was not significantly affected by the sex within the 72 h of residual exposure to each of the tested insecticides (Mann–Whitney U test: control, 24 h, U = 120; df = 28; p = 0.775; 48 h, U = 127.5; df = 28; p = 0.539; 72 h, U = 135; df = 28; p = 0.367; B. bassiana , 24, U = 105; df = 28; p = 0.775; 48 h, U = 120; df = 28; p = 0.775; 72 h, U = 112.5; df = 28; p = 1; B. thuringiensis , 24 h, U = 112.5; df = 28; p = 1; 48 and 72 h, U = 120; df = 28; p = 0.775; chlorantraniliprole, 24 h, U = 105; df = 28; p = 0.775; 48 h, U = 120; df = 28; p = 0.775; 72 h, U = 112.5; df = 28; p = 1; garlic EO, 24 and 48 h, U = 112.5; df = 28; p = 1; 72 h, U = 90; df = 28; p = 0.367; spinosad, 24 h, U = 82.5; df = 28; p = 0.217; 48 and 72 h, U = 112.5; df = 28; p = 1). Differences among insecticides were thus analyzed by pooling the data on male and female survival.
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057200_p21
|
39057200
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
3.2. Necremnus tutae Mortality during Residual Contact Exposure to Insecticides
| 4.140625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
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[
0.99951171875,
0.00014388561248779297,
0.0002753734588623047,
0.0000393986701965332
] |
Bioassays showed a significant effect of the insecticide treatment on N. tutae mortality after 24 h ( H = 78.715; df = 5; p < 0.001), 48 h ( H = 108.461; df = 5; p < 0.001), or 72 h ( H = 83.551; df = 5; p < 0.001) of residual exposure . Spinosad was the most toxic compound and significantly killed more wasps than any other treatment and caused 100% mortality after 48 or 72 h of exposure, which was significantly higher than the mortality during the first day of exposure (73.3 ± 8.2%) ( H = 17.366; df = 2; p < 0.001) . In contrast, no significantly different toxicity was found for the other treatments over the three days of exposure (control, H = 1.060; df = 2; p = 0.589; B. bassiana , H = 1.899; df = 2; p = 0.387; B. thuringiensis , H = 1.557; df = 2; p = 0.459; chlorantraniliprole, H = 2.856; df = 2; p = 0.240; garlic EO, H = 2.198; df = 2; p = 0.333) .
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057200_p22
|
39057200
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
3.3. Insecticide Effects on Ganaspis kimorum Parasitism
| 4.113281 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0003495216369628906,
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[
0.99951171875,
0.00016701221466064453,
0.0001571178436279297,
0.00003892183303833008
] |
The apparent parasitism of G. kimorum on D. suzukii was significantly affected by the insecticide treatment ( H = 11.09; df = 5; p = 0.049). Exposure of the parasitoid to untreated blueberries (control) resulted in an apparent parasitism of 23.2 ± 4.4%. Spinosad was the only compound that significantly reduced the parasitism by 3.46-fold when compared to the control treatment, and there was no significant difference among other insecticide treatments .
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057200_p23
|
39057200
|
sec[2]/sec[3]/p[0]
|
3.4. Insecticide Effects on Necremnus tutae Parasitism and Host Killing
| 4.179688 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00035953521728515625,
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[
0.99951171875,
0.00014388561248779297,
0.0002582073211669922,
0.000049054622650146484
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The non-reproductive mortality (host feeding + host killing) caused by N. tutae on T. absoluta larvae was significantly affected by the treatment ( H = 56.190; df = 5; p < 0.001) ( Table 1 ). In particular, it was significantly higher for parasitoids exposed to distilled water (control), B. thuringiensis , and B. bassiana , when compared to the other three treatments, accounting for a high proportion of total host mortality ( Table 1 ). The percentage of T. absoluta larvae killed due to the parasitoid’s non-reproductive activity greatly decreased by 2.76-fold, 6.27-fold, and 17.25-fold for chlorantraniliprole, garlic EO, and spinosad, respectively, compared to the untreated control. Similarly, the proportion of parasitized host larvae (reproductive mortality) significantly differed among treatments ( H = 41.050; df = 5; p < 0.001). The highest reduction in parasitized T. absoluta larvae occurred when N. tutae was exposed to spinosad (11.50-fold) and garlic EO (4.93-fold) ( Table 1 ). The proportion of N. tutae eggs developed into adults (parasitoid juvenile survival) was also significantly affected by the treatment ( H = 23.400; df = 5; p < 0.001) ( Table 1 ). In particular, chlorantraniliprole and garlic EO reduced N. tutae juvenile survival by almost half, while spinosad treatment resulted in no survival of the parasitoid offspring ( Table 1 ).
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
39057200_p24
|
39057200
|
sec[2]/sec[4]/p[0]
|
3.5. Ganaspis kimorum Survival after Residual Contact Exposure to Insecticides
| 4.128906 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0003540515899658203,
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[
0.99951171875,
0.00014483928680419922,
0.00023829936981201172,
0.000047266483306884766
] |
No significant differences among treatments were found for the survival rates of both G. kimorum males and females after insecticide residual contact exposure (log-rank test: males: χ 2 = 2.990, df = 5, p = 0.702; females: χ 2 = 5.980, df = 5, p = 0.308). The lowest LT 50 values for G. kimorum females after insecticide exposure were observed for cyantraniliprole (16.5 ± 2.4 days) and garlic EO (16.9 ± 1.9 days) treatments, while the highest mean survival of parasitoid females was observed for the control group (23.6 ± 1.8 days) . The estimated LT 50 values of parasitoid males ranged from 13.8 ± 1.6 days after residual exposure to B. bassiana to 17.6 ± 1.5 days after residual exposure to the garlic EO residue, while it was 15.5 ± 1.40 days for parasitoid males from the control group .
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057200_p25
|
39057200
|
sec[2]/sec[5]/p[0]
|
3.6. Necremnus tutae Survival after Residual Contact Exposure to Insecticides
| 4.136719 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0003745555877685547,
0.0005846023559570312
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[
0.99951171875,
0.00014340877532958984,
0.0002880096435546875,
0.00004965066909790039
] |
The survival analysis of N. tutae females after residual contact exposure to insecticides revealed significant differences between treatments (log-rank test: χ 2 = 14.005, df = 4, p = 0.007), with only garlic EO significantly reducing the parasitoid’s mean survival time (8.3 ± 1.2 days) compared to that of the control (14.7 ± 1.0 days) (Holm comparison method: p = 0.024) . The mean LT 50 values for N. tutae adult females exposed to the other treatments were not significantly different from the control, ranging from 11.8 ± 1.5 days to 13.2 ± 1.4 days and 14.1 ± 1.3 days, for chlorantraniliprole, B. thuringiensis , and B. bassiana , respectively. No significant difference was found in the survival rates of N. tutae males exposed to different insecticides (log-rank test: χ 2 = 2.302, df = 4, p = 0.680). However, mean LT 50 values ranged from 9 to 11 days for all treatments except for garlic EO, which showed the lowest LT 50 (7.36 ± 1.53 days) .
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057200_p26
|
39057200
|
sec[2]/sec[6]/p[0]
|
3.7. Individual and Combined Insecticide-Ganaspis kimorum Impact on Pest Mortality
| 4.140625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
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[
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0.00003808736801147461
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Ganaspis kimorum , tested insecticides, and their combination significantly affected D. suzukii mortality ( H = 74.35; df = 10; p < 0.001). Ganaspis kimorum alone caused 24.4 ± 4.4% of host mortality. For each insecticide, the D. suzukii mortality increased in combination with G. kimorum , although not significantly according to the Mann–Whitney U test ( B. bassiana , U = 156.5; df = 28; p = 0.067; B. thuringiensis , U = 154.5; df = 28; p = 0.081; cyantraniliprole, U = 135; df = 28; p = 0.367; garlic EO, U = 144.5; df = 28; p = 0.187; spinosad, U = 122; df = 28; p = 0.713). However, G. kimorum in combination with B. bassiana and B. thuringiensis increased D. suzukii mortality by 1.87 and 1.74 times compared to the microbials alone. Spinosad and cyantraniliprole alone caused higher pest mortalities (86.4 ± 4.9 and 62.7 ± 7.8%, respectively) among the tested insecticides, and in both cases, G. kimorum contributed to the lowest host mortalities, equal to 3.9 and 13.9% more D. suzukii deaths than individual pesticide applications, respectively .
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057200_p27
|
39057200
|
sec[2]/sec[7]/p[0]
|
3.8. Individual and Combined Insecticide–Necremnus tutae Impact on Pest Mortality
| 4.191406 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0003781318664550781,
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[
0.99951171875,
0.0001436471939086914,
0.0003287792205810547,
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Necremnus tutae alone killed 83.1 ± 3.0% of T. absoluta larvae and significantly increased host mortality in combination with tested insecticides ( H = 108.92; df = 10; p < 0.001). In particular, N. tutae increased the pest mortality by 14.1 times, when compared to the mortality caused by B. bassiana alone (U = 225; df = 28; p < 0.001). Chlorantraniliprole and B. thuringiensis alone caused similar mortalities (51.5 ± 3.4 and 61.8 ± 2.8%, respectively), but in combination with the parasitoid, the pest mortalities (88.2 ± 2.7 and 87.5 ± 3.0%, respectively) significantly increased by 1.7 (U = 218; df = 28; p < 0.001) and 1.4 (U = 202; df = 28; p < 0.001) times, respectively. Host mortality caused by garlic EO alone was 83.1 ± 3.9%, which significantly increased up to 94.9 ± 1.8% in combination with N. tutae (U = 166.5; df = 28; p < 0.023). In contrast, spinosad was the most toxic compound toward T. absoluta larvae (95.6 ± 1.8%), and N. tutae did not provide any statistically significant additive impact on pest mortality (U = 122; df = 28; p = 0.713) .
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057200_p28
|
39057200
|
sec[3]/p[0]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.175781 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
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[
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In this study, we evaluated the impact of four bioinsecticides compared to a synthetic one on two invasive pests, D. suzukii and T. absoluta , and their major larval parasitoids, G. kimorum and N. tutae , respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the non-target impact and compatibility of B. thuringiensis , B. bassiana, and garlic EO with both parasitoid species. Moreover, we provide the first data on the lethal and sublethal effects of spinosad and chlorantraniliprole on N. tutae . In the current study, the effect of the parasitoids on host mortality results from the survival rate of adult wasps within the 72 h contact exposure to insecticide residues and the sublethal effects of this exposure on their reproductive behaviors. In addition, parasitoid performance will be also affected by the availability of host larvae following insecticide treatment. In the longer term, the survival of juvenile parasitoids will also have an impact on natural enemy populations. Overall, our results revealed different compatibilities of the tested insecticides with both parasitoids in terms of the non-target effects on the parasitoids and their combined effects on host mortality.
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057200_p29
|
39057200
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sec[3]/p[1]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.109375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
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Insecticides alone significantly reduced D. suzukii larvae survival. We found that the combinations of tested insecticides with G. kimorum increased the overall host mortalities by 3.4% to 19.9%, but this result was not statistically significant. The parasitoid contributed more to D. suzukii mortality in combination with the insecticides (both tested microbials and the garlic EO) that had no or the least toxicity to adult wasps during the 72 h of residual exposure. The low contribution by G. kimorum may be due to the low parasitism (24.4%) even on untreated blueberries. In contrast, N. tutae significantly increased the total host mortality in combination with most of the tested insecticides, except for spinosad, which killed all adult wasps after 48 h of exposure.
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057200_p30
|
39057200
|
sec[3]/p[2]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.089844 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
0.99951171875,
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Necremnus tutae was very effective on T. absoluta, parasitizing and/or killing a high proportion of host larvae on untreated host leaves, causing approximately 82% of pest mortality. The parasitoid killed more hosts by host-feeding or host-killing activity than parasitism when it was tested alone (control group) ( Table 1 ). These results corroborate those reported in previous studies on N. tutae behavioral shift and life history traits and also indicated a higher proportion of killed (non-reproductive effects) than parasitized (reproductive effects) T. absoluta host larvae .
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057200_p31
|
39057200
|
sec[3]/p[3]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.230469 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
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] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0001513957977294922,
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0.00005733966827392578
] |
The two entomopathogens ( B. bassiana and B. thuringiensis ) can be considered safe and compatible with both G. kimorum and N. tutae due to their lack of non-target effects and higher host mortality observed in all microbial–parasitoid combinations compared to the scenario in which they are used alone. Indeed, N. tutae combined with B. bassiana and B. thuringiensis increased T. absoluta mortality by 75.1% and 25.7% , respectively, while G. kimorum increased D. suzukii mortality by 19.9% and 14.6%, respectively, although not significantly . Indeed, both B. bassiana and B. thuringiensis are characterized by poor or low penetration rates into fruits and may have no or minimal toxicity toward immature D. suzukii and developing parasitoid offspring in the host larvae. Indeed, this study showed no effects of the two microbials on the offspring survival of G. kimorum . However, B. thuringiensis was found to impair the fly larval endoparasitoid Leptopilina spp. developing in contaminated Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) larvae, which typically breed on rotten fruits that could be susceptible to insecticide spray drifts . This situation would be unlikely to occur for G. kimorum because it parasitizes only D. suzukii larvae developing within fresh fruits on the plant canopy . Because B. bassiana exhibits endophytic and epiphytic activity against T. absoluta in tomato crops and B. thuringiensis targets moth larvae, non-target effects would be expected on the survival of immature parasitoids indirectly through affected host larvae. However, no harmful effect of both microbials was found on N. tutae juvenile survival in this study ( Table 1 ).
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057200_p32
|
39057200
|
sec[3]/p[4]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.34375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
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[
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The selectivity of the two microbial insecticides strongly depends on their main mechanisms of action. Indeed, B. bassiana infects insects percutaneously and conidia germination is typically completed around 20 h after contact. This process is strongly influenced by insect cuticular lipids, which possess antimicrobial properties affecting the attachment of the spores to the cuticle and their germination and penetration into the insect body, where the fungus will also need to overcome the host immune defenses . Therefore, B. bassiana was reported to have a minimal or absent impact on non-target organisms , especially on adult parasitoids . In addition, the host-specificity of B. bassiana is a strain-specific trait, and insects that are infected in the laboratory may not necessarily be infected in nature or under field conditions . The effect of B. thuringiensis on natural enemies has been proven to be minimal because of the inadequate midgut environment for successful intoxication . In support of these considerations, different studies showed that the integration of B. thuringiensis with Trichogramma spp. egg parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) significantly decreased T. absoluta infestations in field conditions .
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057200_p33
|
39057200
|
sec[3]/p[5]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.179688 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00030803680419921875,
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[
0.99853515625,
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0.00005644559860229492
] |
Garlic EO was safe for G. kimorum but caused sublethal toxicity to N. tutae . Garlic EO is a promising botanical compound against both T. absoluta and D. suzukii . The current study showed the compatibility of garlic EO with G. kimorum for the first time, as well as the sublethal toxicity of N. tutae . This botanical insecticide impaired adult N. tutae reproductive and non-reproductive behaviors, as well as the survival of immature ( Table 1 ) and adult female wasps following residual exposure . Similarly, Passos et al. and Ricupero et al. found that garlic EO inhibited the behavior and fertility of a key predator of T. absoluta , i.e., Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae). However, more studies are needed to draw definitive conclusions on the impact of garlic EO on parasitoids. Giunti et al. recently reviewed the non-target impact of essential oil-based biopesticides on natural enemies and showed that their toxicity assessment needs multiple factors including the plant origin, application methods, host and parasitoid species, and stages, as they can affect the results of toxicity assessment of oil-based biopesticides.
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057200_p34
|
39057200
|
sec[3]/p[6]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.175781 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.00031828880310058594,
0.0012712478637695312
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00016188621520996094,
0.00023818016052246094,
0.00004208087921142578
] |
In contrast to B. bassiana and B. thuringiensis (which are commonly used) and garlic EO (which is under evaluation for use in the tomato and soft-skinned fruit agroecosystems against other pests), cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole are commonly used synthetic insecticides for the conventional management of D. suzukii and T. absoluta , respectively . Therefore, the impacts of these two synthetic insecticides on G. kimorum and N. tutae would be highly expected in the field. Cyantraniliprole affected D. suzukii larvae in the fruit and the key physiological traits of D. suzukii larvae at sublethal doses in the rearing diet . It is, thus, very effective for the control of D. suzukii but has been considered a low-risk insecticide for non-target species . The current study also showed that cyantraniliprole was effective (alone killed 62.7% of D. suzukii larvae) and had no effect on G. kimorum . Our complementary study indicated that cyantraniliprole LC 50 on G. kimorum was higher than the recommended field dose against D. suzukii and that this synthetic insecticide did not impair the parasitoid survival .
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057200_p35
|
39057200
|
sec[3]/p[7]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.101563 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99560546875,
0.0003294944763183594,
0.003936767578125
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.000270843505859375,
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0.000039577484130859375
] |
Chlorantraniliprole was widely reported to be highly effective against T. absoluta larvae . The 51.8% of host mortality found in the current study using the recommended label rate could be related to the widespread resistance of this pest to chlorantraniliprole across the Mediterranean region , including Italy where the pest colony used in this study was initiated. Although chlorantraniliprole is generally considered harmless to natural enemies , several studies also showed negative effects on the parasitoid’s reproduction and offspring emergence . In this study, chlorantraniliprole was also found to moderately impair the reproductive and non-reproductive behavioral traits of N. tutae , as well as its offspring survival ( Table 1 ). Although the combination of chlorantraniliprole with N. tutae determined a significantly higher host mortality (88.2%) than the insecticide alone , it is not recommended for the combination use of this insecticide with the parasitoid. Still, chlorantraniliprole can be used as part of IPM approaches as this insecticide could also target other key pests in a given crop.
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057200_p36
|
39057200
|
sec[3]/p[8]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.136719 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99755859375,
0.00035071372985839844,
0.00225067138671875
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0001819133758544922,
0.0002448558807373047,
0.000037789344787597656
] |
Lastly, spinosad was the most effective insecticide against T. absoluta and D. suzukii but also had the most detrimental effect on N. tutae and G. kimorum . As a consequence, both parasitoids contributed least to their host mortality (4.4% and 2.9%, respectively) in combination with spinosad. Spinosad can be absorbed into the fruit tissues through the oviposition holes made by flies . The mortality of immature D. suzukii ranged from 80-90% under laboratory bioassays (e.g., fruit dipping in insecticide solution) and field spray applications . This study showed that spinosad alone killed 86.4% of D. suzukii in the fruits . Spinosad is one of the main tools for the conventional and organic management of T. absoluta due to its high effectiveness in killing larvae in the leaf mines . It alone killed 95.6% of T. absoluta larvae in the present study .
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057200_p37
|
39057200
|
sec[3]/p[9]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.289063 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0003497600555419922,
0.0008454322814941406
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0001825094223022461,
0.0007386207580566406,
0.00006198883056640625
] |
Spinosad has been classified as moderately harmful or harmful (IOBC classes 3 and 4, respectively) to hymenopteran parasitoids, and thus is questionable regarding its potential compatibility with key biological control agents . High acute toxicity of spinosad at label field rates was reported on more than 20 parasitoid species more than a decade ago . Not surprisingly, spinosad was found to impair the survival of juvenile and adult G. kimorum in this study . Even doses more than 10,000 times lower than the label rate against D. suzukii were found to affect this parasitoid’s life-history traits . Thus, spinosad should not be considered compatible with G. kimorum , as it is with other key D. suzukii parasitoids, such as Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), Trichopria drosophilae (Perkins), and T. anastrephae Lima (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) . Spinosad was extremely toxic to N. tutae , resulting in 100% adult mortality after 48 h of exposure to treated leaves, and significantly impaired the parasitoid’s reproductive ability and no offspring could survive ( Table 1 ). Other studies also showed that spinosad impaired the effectiveness of T. absoluta parasitoids , particularly that of the larval ectoparasitoid Bracon nigricans Szépligeti (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), which is among the major natural enemies of T. absoluta in the Mediterranean area , together with N. tutae . However, some studies suggested that parasitoid releases combined with this bioinsecticide have the potential to control T. absoluta infestations in tomato crops in the fields . Further studies are needed to confirm the impact of this insecticide, as well as of the other tested bioinsecticides, on N. tutae under field conditions.
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057200_p38
|
39057200
|
sec[4]/p[0]
|
5. Conclusions
| 4.230469 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.00044035911560058594,
0.0008859634399414062
] |
[
0.9970703125,
0.0002872943878173828,
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0.00007849931716918945
] |
Ganaspis kimorum did not significantly increase host mortality in combination with tested insecticides and this was likely due to the low parasitism under the current experimental setting, while N. tutae significantly showed an additive effect on host mortality. The two tested entomopathogens can be considered compatible with both parasitoids, and in particular, B. thuringiensis is the most promising biocontrol agent for use in combination with N. tutae due to its importance for the organic management of T. absoluta . Garlic EO is a promising insecticide for controlling both pests, but its use is recommended mainly with G. kimorum because of its non-target effect on N. tutae , as also observed for chlorantraniliprole. Moreover, cyantraniliprole is currently one of the main options for the conventional management of D. suzukii, and our results suggest its suitability for integration with G. kimorum because it did not affect the parasitoid’s fitness but provided successful control of D. suzukii larvae in the fruits. Although spinosad is a mainstay of the conventional and organic management of both D. suzukii and T. absoluta , the origin of a given compound does not guarantee its safety and its combination with G. kimorum and N. tutae should be avoided due to the impactful non-target toxicity on both parasitoids. These results provide practical insights into biological control-centered IPM packages targeting these two major invasive pests worldwide.
|
[
"Fabrizio Lisi",
"Carmelo Cavallaro",
"Maria Flavia Pitruzzello",
"Judit Arnó",
"Nicolas Desneux",
"Peng Han",
"Xingeng Wang",
"Lucia Zappalà",
"Antonio Biondi",
"Antonio Gugliuzzo"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057216_p0
|
39057216
|
sec[0]/p[0]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.830078 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.845703125,
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0.153076171875
] |
[
0.1826171875,
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Agrotis ipsilon , the black cutworm, is a globally recognized insect pest of significant agricultural concern. Its impact is notable, particularly in Egypt, where it has garnered substantial research interest due to the extensive damage it inflicts on a variety of such crucial vegetable and field crops as corn, cotton, soybeans, beans, potatoes, clover, and tomatoes . Historically, the management of this pest has been heavily reliant on the use of insecticides . However, the exclusive dependence on insecticides as a rapid solution for pest eradication poses such challenges as resistance, secondary pest outbreaks, and health and environmental issues . These challenges have sparked interest in exploring naturally occurring compounds as alternatives for pest management . Recent studies have provided evidence that plant EOs could serve as an effective tool in managing this destructive pest . This shift towards more natural pest control represents a significant advancement in our approach to sustainable agriculture.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057216_p1
|
39057216
|
sec[0]/p[1]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.390625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0004227161407470703,
0.0006623268127441406
] |
[
0.9150390625,
0.000652313232421875,
0.0841064453125,
0.0002956390380859375
] |
Plant EOs are produced as secondary metabolites within the secretory structures of plant organs. Based on their synthesis, these metabolites are classified into two chemical groups (i) terpenoids, and (ii) phenylpropanoids . Both groups have exhibited enormous potential as acute or chronic insecticides , insect growth regulators , or antifeedants against a variety of insect species. Such effects may be correlated with the magnitude of biochemical changes in the test species. For example, revealed that Lavandula multifida EO affected the detoxification enzymes α-esterase and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) of A. ipsilon and Spodoptera littoralis at 96 h post-treatment. Study also reported that Cymbopogon citratus EOs inhibited the carboxylesterases (CarEs) and GST enzymes of A. ipsilon larvae. Study reported that Arisaema fargesii EOs significantly affected the α -esterase, β -esterase, p-nitrophenyl acetate (p-NPA) esterase, and GST of Aedes aegypti larvae. Furthermore, numerous studies have validated the inhibitory potential of EOs on insect cytochrome P450s, CarEs, and GSTs establishing these enzymes as prospective target sites in insects . Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms underlying the enzyme inhibition by EOs remain unclear .
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057216_p2
|
39057216
|
sec[0]/p[2]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.167969 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00015497207641601562,
0.00028228759765625
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.0002803802490234375,
0.0010480880737304688,
0.000056624412536621094
] |
Adenosine triphosphate-hydrolyzing enzymes (ATPases) are transmembrane proteins that play a key role in a varied array of cellular functions across all kingdoms of life . These dynamic proteins transport solutes across membranes and act as molecular motors that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to conduct such mechanical works as ion pumping, cellular metabolism, muscle movement, protein trafficking, unfolding, replication, and transcription . These transmembrane proteins were reported to be target sites for insecticides such as DDT, chlorpyrifos, beta cypermethrin, abamectin, thiamethoxam, and diafenthiuron . In addition, some reports have revealed that some plant compounds have insecticidal effects due to their inhibition of ATPases . However, to our knowledge, little or no data are available on the effect of Origanum majorana and Rosmarinus officinalis EOs on the activities of ATPases such as Na + /K + -ATPase (Na + /K + -pump), Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ -ATPase, and Ca 2+ -ATPase (Ca 2+ pump) in A. ipsilon .
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057216_p3
|
39057216
|
sec[0]/p[3]
|
1. Introduction
| 2.410156 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9462890625,
0.000499725341796875,
0.053009033203125
] |
[
0.96630859375,
0.03271484375,
0.0006299018859863281,
0.00027942657470703125
] |
Marjoram ( O. majorana ) and rosemary (R. officinalis ) are perennial aromatic herbs (family Lamiaceae) native to the Mediterranean regions . Numerous studies have confirmed the toxicity of O. majorana EOs and R. officinalis EOs to various pests. However, the effect of these EOs on α-esterase and GST activity in A. ipsilon has not been well investigated.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057216_p4
|
39057216
|
sec[0]/p[4]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.042969 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0009632110595703125,
0.000972747802734375
] |
[
0.10064697265625,
0.035308837890625,
0.86328125,
0.0009255409240722656
] |
In the realm of drug discovery, in silico methods play a pivotal role by enabling the virtual screening of millions of compounds within a short timeframe . This approach significantly reduces the initial costs associated with compound identification and enhances the likelihood of identifying promising drug candidates. Currently, a diverse array of molecular modeling techniques exists to facilitate drug discovery. These methods are primarily categorized based on their structural and ligand-based approaches and one of the widely used techniques is molecular docking , which predicts the molecular orientation of a ligand within the receptor. Subsequently, the replacement of the ligand in the receptor is estimated using a scoring function .
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
39057216_p5
|
39057216
|
sec[0]/p[5]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.179688 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00031685829162597656,
0.00030994415283203125
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00014793872833251953,
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] |
The current study investigated the chemical composition of O. majorana and R. officinalis EOs and their insecticidal activity on A. ipsilon larvae. The primary objective is to delve into the effects of O. majorana and R. officinalis EOs on the ATPases, namely Na + /K + -ATPase, Ca 2+ -ATPase, and Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ -ATPase, to elucidate whether these enzymes are a possible target site for these EOs. Furthermore, our research aims to gain a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical repercussions of these EOs on A. ipsilon with a specific focus on the modulation of detoxifying enzyme activity, namely α-esterase and GST. Additionally, we performed a molecular docking analysis to recognize the amino acids’ interactions, the lengths of hydrogen bonds (Å), the affinity (Kcal/mol), and the docking energy score of the major constituents of O. majorana and R. officinalis Eos, i.e., terpinene-4-ol and α-pinene, against the active site of α-esterase enzyme, compared to the co-crystallized ligand of this enzyme, DPF (diethyl hydrogen phosphate).
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057216_p6
|
39057216
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
2.1. Insect
| 4.105469 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
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] |
[
0.99853515625,
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] |
A strain of Agrotis ipsilon was reared in the laboratory (26 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5% RH, 16:8 [L:D] h) , away from any insecticide exposure. The newly hatched larvae were placed in a clean glass jar (1 L) covered with muslin and secured with a rubber band. They were daily fed fresh castor bean ( Ricinus communis L.) leaves until they reached the third larval instar . To avoid excessive cannibalism, the larvae were individually placed in small plastic cups (7.0 cm in diameter, 3.5 cm in height) with fresh castor bean leaves at the beginning of the fourth instar . The pupae were kept surrounded with paper towels in glass jars until they matured. The adult moths were transferred to larger jars supplied with hung pieces of cotton moistened with 10% sugar solution and covered with black muslin strips for egg deposition . The eggs were collected daily and transferred to new jars, and the neonates were fed castor bean leaves as described above.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057216_p7
|
39057216
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
2.2. Chemicals
| 1.624023 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9931640625,
0.0007305145263671875,
0.00606536865234375
] |
[
0.40771484375,
0.58837890625,
0.0019969940185546875,
0.0019397735595703125
] |
The following chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA): Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), ouabain, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), L-glutathione reduced (GSH), 1-chloro-2,4 dinitrobenzene (CDNB), α-naphthyl acetate, and α-naphthol. All chemicals were of the highest grade.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057216_p8
|
39057216
|
sec[1]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
2.3. Essential Oils Preparation and GC-Mass Analysis
| 3.478516 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00016951560974121094,
0.0008845329284667969
] |
[
0.998046875,
0.0018301010131835938,
0.00023233890533447266,
0.0000833272933959961
] |
The EOs of Origanum majorana and Rosmarinus officinalis were extracted from fresh leaves as described by . The chemical composition of the EOs was identified using a GC Ultra-ISQ mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, Austin, TX, USA) ( Table S1 in the Supplementary File ).
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057216_p9
|
39057216
|
sec[1]/sec[3]/p[0]
|
2.4. Insect Susceptibility Assay
| 4.113281 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00035881996154785156,
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] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00013184547424316406,
0.00029349327087402344,
0.00004553794860839844
] |
The EOs of O. majorana and R. officinalis were examined for their bioactivity on the 2nd instar larvae (24 h old) of A. ipsilon . The castor bean leaf dipping method was used with five concentrations of the EOs: 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg mL −1 . Three replicates (10 larvae/replicate) were prepared for each concentration. Water stock solutions of EOs were mixed in cups with Tween-20 (0.05%), as an emulsifying agent. In the control cups, the EO was replaced with water. The experiment was kept under the same insect-rearing conditions. After 24 h of larval feeding, the live larvae were transferred to clean jars and the treated castor bean leaves were replaced with untreated ones. Mortalities of larvae were recorded at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h post-treatment. The sublethal and lethal concentrations (LC 10 , LC 20 , LC 30 , and LC 70 ) of the EOs at 96 h post-treatment were calculated using probit analysis .
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057216_p10
|
39057216
|
sec[1]/sec[4]/sec[0]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
Preparation of Insect’s Homogenate
| 4.117188 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00026154518127441406,
0.00030517578125
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002868175506591797,
0.0002410411834716797,
0.00005364418029785156
] |
One thousand five hundred 2nd instar larvae of A. ipsilon in triplicate were treated with the LC 20 (0.25 and 1.85 mg mL −1 ) and LC 70 (0.49 and 4.41 mg mL −1 ) of O. majorana and Rosmarinus officinalis , respectively. Additionally, there were more than two hundred untreated larvae that were allowed to feed on untreated castor bean leaves. Forty-five live larvae were collected every 24, 48, 72, and 96 h post-treatment to determine the activity of Na + /K + -, Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ -, and Ca 2+ -ATPases in triplicate for each assay. They were weighed, rinsed, and homogenized in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7) containing 1 mM EDTA and 0.32 M Sucrose. The homogenate was then centrifuged at 4 °C at 2500× g for 10 min and the supernatant was centrifuged again at 22,000× g for 30 min. The supernatant was discarded, and the sediments were resuspended in Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4) containing 1 mM EDTA . The samples were kept frozen at −20 °C until used for ATPase assays.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057216_p11
|
39057216
|
sec[1]/sec[4]/sec[0]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
Na + /K + -ATPase
| 4.140625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00025153160095214844,
0.00018775463104248047
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0005693435668945312,
0.0003485679626464844,
0.00007349252700805664
] |
The activity of Na + /K + -ATPase was determined using three groups of reaction systems containing 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7), 5 mM MgCl 2 , and sample enzyme source according to the method described by . Reaction system 1 contained 150 mM NaCl, and 20 mM KCl; reaction system 2 contained 1 mM ouabain in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7); and reaction system 3 was considered as control (contained 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7), 5 mM MgCl 2 , and sample enzyme source). These reaction systems were repeated three times (1 mL per system). All reaction systems were incubated for 5 min at 37 °C, and then 1.5 mM of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was added. Reaction systems were incubated again for 15 min at 37 °C before reaction systems 1 and 2 were terminated by adding 15% of ice-cold trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Reaction systems were mixed by inversion, and then the phosphorous stain (1% ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate in 0.5 N sulfuric acid) and 1% freshly prepared ascorbic acid were added. The absorbance was read at 625 nm after the systems were incubated for 30 min at 25 °C.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057216_p12
|
39057216
|
sec[1]/sec[4]/sec[0]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ - and Ca 2+ -ATPases
| 4.132813 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00019979476928710938,
0.0002237558364868164
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0005497932434082031,
0.0003044605255126953,
0.00005620718002319336
] |
Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ -ATPase and Ca 2+ -ATPase activities were assayed using two groups of reaction systems according to the method of with some modifications . In the Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ -ATPase assay determination, the two reaction systems (1 mL per system, with three replicates) contained 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7), 1 mM MgCl 2 , 0.1 mM CaCl 2 , 10 mM KCl, 1 mM ouabain, and sample enzyme source. In the Ca 2+ -ATPase assay determination, the two reaction systems (1 mL per system, with three replicates) contained 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4), 5 mM CaCl 2 , and 1 mM ouabain. Reaction system 1 in both determinations contained 1.5 mM ATP substrate while reaction system 2 contained 15% ice-cold trichloroacetic acid and 1.5 mM ATP substrate. Before adding the ATP substrate in both determinations, the two reaction systems were placed in a dry bath incubator at 37 °C. Reaction system 1 in both determinations was terminated by adding 15% of ice-cold trichloroacetic acid after 5 min. The phosphorous stain was added to the two reaction systems in both determinations before reading the absorbance at 625 nm.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057216_p13
|
39057216
|
sec[1]/sec[4]/sec[0]/sec[2]/p[1]
|
Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ - and Ca 2+ -ATPases
| 3.914063 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00020182132720947266,
0.00035834312438964844
] |
[
0.99609375,
0.00339508056640625,
0.0005192756652832031,
0.00012195110321044922
] |
ATPases were determined as described by and the absorbance level was compared to a standard absorbance curve for known inorganic phosphate concentrations.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057216_p14
|
39057216
|
sec[1]/sec[4]/sec[1]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
α-Esterase Activity Assay
| 4.09375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002579689025878906,
0.00025463104248046875
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002703666687011719,
0.0002694129943847656,
0.00005602836608886719
] |
Three hundred 2nd instar larvae of A. ipsilon in triplicate were treated with the LC 10 (131 and 399 mg/L) and LC 30 (242 and 818 mg/L) of O. majorana and Rosmarinus officinalis , respectively. At 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, fifteen live larvae of the treatment or control groups were weighed, rinsed with distilled water, and homogenized in 40 mM potassium phosphate buffer containing 1 mM EDTA at pH 7. The homogenates were then centrifuged for 10 min at 14,000× g . The activity of α-esterase was determined in the supernatants according to with small modifications . The absorbance levels were compared to a standard curve of absorbance obtained from known concentrations of α-naphthol (50 mM methanolic stock solution). The specific activities of α-esterase were reported as μ moles of α-naphthol formed min −1 mg −1 protein.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999994 |
39057216_p15
|
39057216
|
sec[1]/sec[4]/sec[1]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
Glutathione-S-Transferase Activity Assay
| 4.113281 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00022995471954345703,
0.00025200843811035156
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002560615539550781,
0.0002486705780029297,
0.00005441904067993164
] |
The GST enzyme activity was assayed using 1-chloro-2,4 dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as a substrate, based on the method of . Three hundred 2nd instar larvae of A. ipsilon in triplicate were treated with the LC 10 (131 and 399 mg/L) and LC 30 (242 and 818 mg/L) of O. majorana and R. officinalis , respectively. At 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, fifteen live larvae of the treatment or control groups were weighed, rinsed with distilled water, and homogenized in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer containing 1 mM EDTA at pH 6.5. The homogenates were then centrifuged at 10,000× g for 10 min. The GST activity was determined in the supernatant as described by . The GST-specific activities were expressed as nmols min −1 mg −1 protein. Three replicates from the treated and untreated (control) groups were used for all enzyme assays and correction for non-enzymatic conjugation in the samples was made.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
39057216_p16
|
39057216
|
sec[1]/sec[4]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
2.5.3. Protein Assay
| 3.298828 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.00023567676544189453,
0.0011606216430664062
] |
[
0.935546875,
0.06219482421875,
0.00164794921875,
0.0004649162292480469
] |
Protein concentration (mg protein/mL homogenates) was determined according to and was used for standardization.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057216_p17
|
39057216
|
sec[1]/sec[5]/p[0]
|
2.6. Molecular Docking
| 4.109375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00016498565673828125,
0.0002582073211669922
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00039458274841308594,
0.0002237558364868164,
0.00004965066909790039
] |
The structure of terpinene-4-ol and α-pinene, the major constituents of O. majorana and Rosmarinus officinalis , respectively, were created in the PDB file format using the Gaussian 09 software outputs. α-esterase crystal structure (PDB ID: 4FNM) was downloaded from the protein data bank . The molecular docking studies were performed using the MOE 2015 software. The co-crystallized ligand was re-docked in its original enzyme structure using the default parameters.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057216_p18
|
39057216
|
sec[1]/sec[6]/p[0]
|
2.7. Statistical Analysis
| 4.078125 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00021946430206298828,
0.00030517578125
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002536773681640625,
0.00027632713317871094,
0.00004756450653076172
] |
The data underwent assessment to ensure that they met the assumptions required for parametric tests. Continuous variables were evaluated for normality using both the Shapiro–Wilk and Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests. The lethal and sublethal concentrations of the EOs were estimated by probit analysis utilizing the Log Dose Probit line ® software . Effects of EO treatments, and time post-treatment on the ATPase and detoxification enzymes (α-esterase, and GST) were subjected to ANOVA (Type II) using the generalized linear method (GLM) procedure, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test to compare the significance level between every two groups ( p ≤ 0.05). This analysis and data representation as figures were conducted using GraphPad Prism, version 9.3.1 (GraphPad Software LLC, San Diego, CA, USA). The EO treatments and times post-treatment were considered fixed factors while the enzyme activity was treated as a random factor. Within the same day, the means of enzyme activities were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test ( p ≤ 0.05) (SPSS, V. 19.0, IBM Corporation, New York, NY, USA).
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057216_p19
|
39057216
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
3.1. Chemical Composition of Origanum majorana and Rosmarinus officinalis Essential Oils
| 4.0625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00018548965454101562,
0.0006837844848632812
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.000457763671875,
0.00015354156494140625,
0.00004416704177856445
] |
Our results indicated that the major components of O. majorana EO were terpinene-4-ol (39.35%), (z)-sabinene hydrate (cis-4-thujanol) (18.40%), and o-cymene (11.72%), and the major constituents of R. officinalis EO were α-pinene (34.29%) and eucalyptol (29.70%) .
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057216_p20
|
39057216
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
3.2. Toxicity of the Tested EOs to A. ipsilon Larvae
| 4.109375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00025391578674316406,
0.0009088516235351562
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00018990039825439453,
0.00020372867584228516,
0.00003838539123535156
] |
The insecticidal activity of O. majorana and R. officinalis EOs on A. ipsilon larvae was evaluated using the leaf dipping technique and data are shown in Table 1 . The LC 10 , LC 20, LC 30 , and LC 70 (mg mL −1 ) were 0.13, 0.25, 0.39, and 1.85 mg mL −1 for O. majorana and 0.24, 0.49, 0.82, and 4.41 mg mL −1 for R. officinalis , respectively.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057216_p21
|
39057216
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
3.3.1. ATPase Assays
| 4.082031 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00023627281188964844,
0.00045561790466308594
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0001519918441772461,
0.00020372867584228516,
0.00004357099533081055
] |
Effects of the EOs at LC 20 and LC 70 at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h post-treatment on the Na + /K + -, Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ -, and Ca 2+ -ATPases of the A. ipsilon 2nd instar larvae were studied . Two-way ANOVA (GLM) and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test were utilized to compare the treatments with the control. Additionally, both tested EOs were compared with each other at different time intervals ( Table 2 ).
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057216_p22
|
39057216
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/sec[0]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
Na + /K + -ATPase
| 4.140625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00027942657470703125,
0.0007476806640625
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0001481771469116211,
0.00023412704467773438,
0.00003838539123535156
] |
At LC 20 , a significant difference was found among treatments (F (2,6) = 290.4, p ≤ 0.05) at different time intervals (F (3,8) = 17.02, p ≤ 0.05), and among the interaction between treatments and time (F (6,18) = 28.14, p ≤ 0.05) in the specific activity of Na + /K + -ATPases. Similar results were found for LC 70 of the same EO, and the corresponding values were (F (2,6) = 41.83, p ≤ 0.05) for treatments, (F (3,18) = 58.35, p ≤ 0.05) for time, and (F (6,18) = 7.030, p ≤ 0.05) for the interaction between treatments and time. On the other hand, at LC 20 Tukey’s multiple comparisons displayed a significant ( p ≤ 0.05) difference between the control and O. majorana , the control and R. officinalis , and O. majorana versus R. officinalis at all time intervals, except for the control and R. officinalis at 96 h post-treatment. Similarly, at LC 70 of both EOs, Tukey’s multiple comparisons indicated a significant difference ( p ≤ 0.05) between the control and O. majorana , the control and R. officinalis , and O. majorana versus R. officinalis at all time intervals, except for the control and R. officinalis at 24 and 72 h post-treatment.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057216_p23
|
39057216
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/sec[0]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
Na + /K + -ATPase
| 4.125 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00018155574798583984,
0.0004138946533203125
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00029015541076660156,
0.0002646446228027344,
0.000044345855712890625
] |
Overall, O. majorana showed a contrasting effect to Na + /K + -ATPase, as the LC 20 significantly inhibited the Na+-K+ pump activity at 48 and 72 h after-treatment although it activated it at 24 and 96 h after-treatment. In addition, the LC 70 of the same EO inhibited this activity at 24 and 72 h post-treatment but activated it at 24 h post-treatment. However, R. officinalis suppressed the Na + /K + pump across all time intervals.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057216_p24
|
39057216
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/sec[0]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ -ATPases
| 4.128906 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0002168416976928711,
0.0007791519165039062
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00014913082122802734,
0.0002033710479736328,
0.00003331899642944336
] |
At LC 20 , discernible variations were observed in the effects of the EOs on Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ -ATPases across treatments. These distinctions were evident in treatment (F (2,6) = 75.07, p ≤ 0.05), time (F (2,8) = 20.45, p ≤ 0.05), and interaction between treatment and time (F (6,18) = 44.97, p ≤ 0.05). Similarly, at LC 70 of the same EOs, the corresponding values were (F (2,6) = 68.27, p ≤ 0.05) for treatment, (F (2,8) = 70.03, p ≤ 0.05) for time, and (F (6,18) = 33.02, p ≤ 0.05) for the interaction between treatments and time.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057216_p25
|
39057216
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/sec[0]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ -ATPases
| 4.078125 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0002551078796386719,
0.0016412734985351562
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002148151397705078,
0.00018405914306640625,
0.000030934810638427734
] |
On the other hand, at LC 20 , Tukey’s test displayed a significant difference ( p ≤ 0.05) between the control and O. majorana at all time intervals. Additionally, distinctions were noted between the control and R. officinalis at 24 and 96 h, as well as between O. majorana and R. officinalis at 48 and 72 h. Similarly, at LC 70 of both EOs, Tukey’s test revealed significant ( p ≤ 0.05) differences between the control and O. majorana at 24, 72, and 96 h. Moreover, distinctions were observed between the control and R. officinalis at 24 and 96 h, and between O. majorana and R. officinalis at 24 and 72 h post-treatment.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057216_p26
|
39057216
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/sec[0]/sec[1]/p[2]
|
Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ -ATPases
| 4.113281 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00022590160369873047,
0.0005345344543457031
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00027751922607421875,
0.00023365020751953125,
0.00004380941390991211
] |
Overall, similar to the Na+-K+ pump, O. majorana exhibited the same trend between activation and inhibition of Mg 2+/ Ca 2+ -ATPase at different time intervals in response to LC 20 and LC 70 . However, both tested concentrations of R. officinalis , LC 20 and LC 70 , significantly inhibited the activity of Ca 2+ Mg 2+ -ATPase at 96 h post-treatment.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057216_p27
|
39057216
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/sec[0]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
Ca 2+ -ATPases
| 4.128906 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00020968914031982422,
0.0009160041809082031
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0001571178436279297,
0.00019216537475585938,
0.000031828880310058594
] |
At LC 20 , notable distinctions were observed in the impact of EOs on Ca 2+ -ATPases across various treatments. These distinctions were evident in treatment (F (2,6) = 12.24, p ≤ 0.05), time (F (2,8) = 17.34, p ≤ 0.05), and the interaction between treatments and time (F (6,18) = 15.20, p ≤ 0.05). Similarly, at LC 70 of the same EOs, the corresponding values were (F (2,6) = 62.49, p ≤ 0.05) for treatment, (F (2,8) = 47.45, p ≤ 0.05) for time, and (F (6,18) = 70.72, p ≤ 0.05 for the interaction between treatments and time.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057216_p28
|
39057216
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/sec[0]/sec[2]/p[1]
|
Ca 2+ -ATPases
| 4.078125 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.00024890899658203125,
0.0014600753784179688
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002410411834716797,
0.00019180774688720703,
0.0000311732292175293
] |
On the other hand, at LC 20 , Tukey’s test displayed a significant ( p ≤ 0.05) difference between the control and O. majorana at 24 and 72 h, and between the control and R. officinalis at 24, 72, and 96 h. Additionally, a distinction was observed between O. majorana and R. officinalis at 96 h. Similarly, at LC 70 of both EOs, Tukey’s test uncovered significant ( p ≤ 0.05) differences between the control and O. majorana at 48, 72, and 96 h, the control and R. officinalis at 24, 72, and 96 h, and O. majorana and R. officinalis at 24, 48, and 72 h post-treatment.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057216_p29
|
39057216
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/sec[0]/sec[2]/p[2]
|
Ca 2+ -ATPases
| 3.914063 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.00020766258239746094,
0.0010919570922851562
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.0009636878967285156,
0.00027298927307128906,
0.00005984306335449219
] |
Overall, the Ca 2+ -ATPases were significantly inhibited at 96 h post-treatment with LC 70 of both O. majorana and R. officinalis and with LC 20 of R. officinalis only.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057216_p30
|
39057216
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
3.3.2. Detoxification Enzymes Assay
| 4.078125 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0002734661102294922,
0.0007219314575195312
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00013577938079833984,
0.00019073486328125,
0.000039637088775634766
] |
The effects of LC 20 and LC 70 of the EOs on carboxylesterase and GST activities in the A. ipsilon 2nd instar larvae at different time intervals (24, 48, 72, and 96 h) post-treatments are presented in Figure 3 . Two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test were used to compare the treatments with the control. Additionally, both tested EOs were compared with each other at different time intervals ( Table 3 ).
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057216_p31
|
39057216
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
α-Esterase
| 3.935547 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00018322467803955078,
0.0007977485656738281
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0006685256958007812,
0.00020766258239746094,
0.00005078315734863281
] |
The LC 10 of O. majorana EO significantly inhibited the α-esterase activity at 96 h post-treatment. Additionally, the LC 30 of the same EO significantly increased the activity of α-esterase at 96 h post-treatment, while it inhibited the activity of α-esterase at 72 h post-treatment.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057216_p32
|
39057216
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
α-Esterase
| 3.785156 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.00021886825561523438,
0.0010833740234375
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.0009589195251464844,
0.0002543926239013672,
0.00006443262100219727
] |
The LC 10 of R. officinalis significantly increased the activity of α-esterase at 48 h post-treatment. In addition, the LC 30 of the same EO significantly inhibited the activity of α-esterase at 48, 72, and 96 h post-treatment.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 1 |
39057216_p33
|
39057216
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST)
| 4.054688 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0001722574234008789,
0.0005407333374023438
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00032806396484375,
0.0002340078353881836,
0.00003987550735473633
] |
Overall, the LC 10 of O. majorana EO significantly increased the GST activity at 24 h post-treatment but inhibited the activity of GST at 72 and 96 h post-treatment. Additionally, the LC 30 of the same EO significantly increased the activity of GST at 24 h post-treatment, while it significantly inhibited the activity of GST at 96 h post-treatment.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057216_p34
|
39057216
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST)
| 3.927734 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00018477439880371094,
0.0007762908935546875
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.000701904296875,
0.0002263784408569336,
0.00005239248275756836
] |
The LC 10 of R. officinalis significantly inhibited the activity of GST at 72 and 96 h post-treatment. In addition, the LC 30 of the same EO significantly increased the activity of GST at 48 and 72 h post-treatment but inhibited the activity of GST at 96 h post-treatment.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
39057216_p35
|
39057216
|
sec[2]/sec[3]/p[0]
|
3.4. Molecular Docking
| 4.144531 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002486705780029297,
0.0003046989440917969
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00018155574798583984,
0.0002434253692626953,
0.000053048133850097656
] |
Molecular docking was performed for terpinene-4-ol and α-pinene, the major constituents of O. majorana and R. officinalis EOs, respectively, against the active site of α-esterase enzyme (PDB ID: 4FNM). The binding and interactions with the significant amino acids were carried out by docking studies. The docking process was validated using the co-crystallized ligand DPF (diethyl hydrogen phosphate). Interactions of amino acids, lengths of hydrogen bonds (A°), affinity (Kcal/mol), and docking energy score are shown in Table 4 .
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057216_p36
|
39057216
|
sec[2]/sec[3]/p[1]
|
3.4. Molecular Docking
| 4.265625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.000286102294921875,
0.00039267539978027344
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0004107952117919922,
0.00022029876708984375,
0.0000737905502319336
] |
Terpinene-4-ol and α-pinene gave energy scores (S) of −4.51 and −4.29 Kcal/mol, respectively. The binding pattern of terpinene-4-ol showed two hydrogen bonds with the amino acid residue PHE 3 . The interaction between α-pinene and α-esterase protein was stabilized through one H-arene contact with PHE 3 . Finally, DPF had an energy score (S) of −4.67 kcal/mol and produced two H-bonds with ASN 2 and PHE 3 amino acids .
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057216_p37
|
39057216
|
sec[3]/p[0]
|
4. Discussion
| 1.442383 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.134033203125,
0.0012264251708984375,
0.86474609375
] |
[
0.004215240478515625,
0.9951171875,
0.0005440711975097656,
0.0002262592315673828
] |
Egypt’s fertile agricultural terrain provides an ideal environment for cultivating aromatic plants like rosemary and marjoram . These perennials offer economic benefits as they regrow after harvest, thereby eliminating the need for labor-intensive annual replanting . Egypt’s climate further supports its growth across diverse regions . Leveraging the plentiful availability of these plants in Egypt to produce these EOs and their application in pest management aligns with the principles of sustainable agriculture, providing a safe and effective solution.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057216_p38
|
39057216
|
sec[3]/p[1]
|
4. Discussion
| 2.880859 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.98095703125,
0.0003409385681152344,
0.0186004638671875
] |
[
0.9609375,
0.037994384765625,
0.0009584426879882812,
0.0002357959747314453
] |
Furthermore, the EOs derived from these plants are multifunctional as they possess medicinal properties and are used as flavorings . In comparison to chemical insecticides, these EOs present a safer alternative. Our research highlights the potent insecticidal properties of marjoram and rosemary EOs against Agrotis ipsilon larvae, a notably invasive and harmful pest.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057216_p39
|
39057216
|
sec[3]/p[2]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.046875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.00019884109497070312,
0.0010986328125
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0003986358642578125,
0.0001627206802368164,
0.0000368952751159668
] |
The GC/MS analysis of the tested EOs revealed that the major constituents of O. majorana EO are terpinen-4-ol (39.35), sabinene hydrate (cis-4-thujanol) (18.40), and o-cymene (11.72). These findings align with numerous studies that have identified these constituents as the primary components of O. majorana EO .
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057216_p40
|
39057216
|
sec[3]/p[3]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.128906 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0002474784851074219,
0.0008134841918945312
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00020372867584228516,
0.00019872188568115234,
0.0000388026237487793
] |
Similarly, the analysis showed that the hydrocarbon monoterpene, α-pinene (34.29), and the oxygenated monoterpene, eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) (29.70), are the main components of R. officinalis EO. These findings align with many studies that have reported eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) and α-pinene as the major constituents of R. officinalis EO . However, the compositional profile of R. officinalis EO exhibits significant variability, with geographical origin emerging as a key influencing factor . The three primary constituents, 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol), camphor, and α-pinene, associate the observed chemotype of rosemary EO profile with the Mediterranean coastal region .
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057216_p41
|
39057216
|
sec[3]/p[4]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.019531 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.00010794401168823242,
0.0012273788452148438
] |
[
0.9833984375,
0.0017290115356445312,
0.0146636962890625,
0.00008881092071533203
] |
Furthermore, several studies have demonstrated the pesticide action of eucalyptol, which is identified in various EOs , on different insect species such as Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) , Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) , Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae), Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) , and Acanthoscelides obtectus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) . Moreover, o-cymene from O. majorana and eucalyptol from R. officinalis EOs have shown various levels of toxicity and repellence against Liposcelis bostrychophila and Tribolium castaneum .
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057216_p42
|
39057216
|
sec[3]/p[5]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.046875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.000217437744140625,
0.0015039443969726562
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00021064281463623047,
0.00020182132720947266,
0.000033974647521972656
] |
The potential insecticidal activity of the EOs from O. majorana (marjoram) and R. officinalis (rosemary) against various species has been investigated by a plethora of studies and pilot tests . Our research corroborated these findings, demonstrating significant insecticidal activity of these EOs against A. ipsilon larvae. Notably, while O. majorana oil exhibited higher toxicity than R. officinalis against the 2nd instar larvae of A. ipsilon , the latter showed considerable toxicity, compared to the control.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057216_p43
|
39057216
|
sec[3]/p[6]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.912109 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.00018644332885742188,
0.0011510848999023438
] |
[
0.452880859375,
0.48486328125,
0.06146240234375,
0.0008726119995117188
] |
The existence or absence of the phosphate group distinguishes four types of ATPases: P, V, F, and ABC ATPases . The P-type is found in all living cells, regulating the transport of ions across membranes. It transports ions like protons, sodium, potassium, calcium, and heavy metals across diverse biological membrane systems . Different types of P-type ATPases were found to be the target site of insect management tools like pesticides, i.e., chlorinated hydrocarbons and pyrethroids or their bio-alternative, i.e., plant EOs .
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057216_p44
|
39057216
|
sec[3]/p[7]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.09375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00023448467254638672,
0.0004830360412597656
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0001379251480102539,
0.0001863241195678711,
0.00004315376281738281
] |
In the current study, we determined the specific activity of three types of P-type ATPases, Na + /K + -ATPase, Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ -ATPase, and Ca 2+ -ATPase, at different time intervals post-treatment with lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of O. majorana and R. officinalis . This was based on the hypothesis that these ATPases might affect the tested EO toxicity to A. ipsilon larvae. Surprisingly, significant effects of these ATPases were observed for different concentrations of the tested EOs. Additionally, an interaction between time and treatment was also recorded.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057216_p45
|
39057216
|
sec[3]/p[8]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.097656 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0001766681671142578,
0.0005254745483398438
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00043582916259765625,
0.00023305416107177734,
0.00004589557647705078
] |
O. majorana showed a contrasting effect on the Na + /K + -ATPase or Na + -K + pumps. This contrasting effect between activation and inhibition might indicate that the Na + -K + pump is not the main target site of this EO. On the contrary, R. officinalis inhibited the Na + -K + pump activity at both tested concentrations, LC 20 and LC 70 , at almost all-time intervals post-treatment, except for at 96 h post-treatment of the LC 20 .
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057216_p46
|
39057216
|
sec[3]/p[9]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.246094 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0002206563949584961,
0.0006322860717773438
] |
[
0.88427734375,
0.040496826171875,
0.07464599609375,
0.0004949569702148438
] |
The Na + -K + pump exists in the plasma membrane of almost all animal cells, and functions as an antiporter, actively pumping Na + out of the cell and pumping K + in, thereby maintaining the cell’s equilibrium and the cell’s ability to generate electrical impulses . The main difference between this pump and voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) lies in their function and mechanism of action. The former is an active pump that uses energy to maintain ion gradients, while the latter are passive channels that respond to changes in membrane potential to generate action potentials. Their roles in the action of pyrethroids also differ, with the VGSCs being the primary target of these insecticides .
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057216_p47
|
39057216
|
sec[3]/p[10]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.148438 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0001722574234008789,
0.00030231475830078125
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002715587615966797,
0.0002237558364868164,
0.00004982948303222656
] |
The suppression of this pump observed in the current study following exposure to R. officinalis across all time intervals suggests that this pump is a potential target for this EO. This suppression might elevate the concentration of Na + ions, triggering heightened neuronal excitation, and ultimately causing a knockdown effect and death. In harmony with this, a dose–response and time-course study conducted by reported that the Na + -K + pump inhibition is related to the knockdown effect of the decalesides, a novel category of bio-insecticides. However, an electrophysiology study, using the patch clamp technique, is needed to confirm this hypothesized mode of action of R. officinalis .
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999994 |
39057216_p48
|
39057216
|
sec[3]/p[11]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.132813 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.000148773193359375,
0.0004181861877441406
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00039386749267578125,
0.00016176700592041016,
0.00004416704177856445
] |
The Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ -ATPase, which shows the same mechanism as the Na + /K + -ATPase, can pump calcium ions against a concentration gradient. The calcium gradients made by this enzyme are critical to muscle relaxation . In the current work, O. majorana showed the same trend, as shown in the Na + -K + pump, between activation and inhibition of Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ -ATPase at different time intervals in response to LC 20 and LC 70 . The LC 20 of this EO inhibited the activity of the Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ -ATPase at 96 h post-treatment. This might indicate that the Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ -ATPase target site is one of the target sites of O. majorana but not the major one.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
39057216_p49
|
39057216
|
sec[3]/p[12]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.132813 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002294778823852539,
0.0004992485046386719
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002237558364868164,
0.0001766681671142578,
0.0000413060188293457
] |
On the contrary, both tested concentrations of R. officinalis , LC 20 and LC 70 , significantly inhibited the activity of Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ -ATPase at 96 h post-treatment, the time at which we recorded the highest mortality rate in A. ipsilon larvae in the concentration gradient bioassay. This inhibition of the Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ -ATPase leads to inhibition in muscle relaxation, which might be a response to the long-lasting inhibition in the Na + -K + pump due to treatment with the two tested concentrations of R. officinalis recorded in the current work.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
39057216_p50
|
39057216
|
sec[3]/p[13]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.195313 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00016701221466064453,
0.00033402442932128906
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0003094673156738281,
0.00021517276763916016,
0.00004851818084716797
] |
Ca 2+ -ATPase, or the Ca 2+ pump, exists in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane of skeletal muscle cells and is responsible for about 90% of the organelle membrane protein. This pump serves as an intracellular store of Ca 2+ and accounts for moving Ca 2+ from the cytosol to the sarcoplasmic reticulum . As reported by , the regulation of Ca 2+ inner or outer nerve membranes is chiefly performed by Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ -ATPase and Ca 2+ -ATPase. In the current work, the Ca 2+ pump was significantly inhibited at 96 h post-treatment with LC 70 of both O. majorana and R. officinalis and with LC 20 of R. officinalis only. This finding supports our hypothesis that Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ -ATPase and Ca 2+ -ATPase are target sites for O. marjoram and might be a major target for R. officinalis.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057216_p51
|
39057216
|
sec[3]/p[14]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.148438 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00021564960479736328,
0.00033926963806152344
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00014734268188476562,
0.0002942085266113281,
0.000044345855712890625
] |
The activities of α-esterase, mixed-function oxidase, and Glutathione S-transferase (GST) have been the subject of extensive research, particularly on insects’ exposure to xenobiotics . These detoxification enzymes serve as potent biological indicators due to their sensitivity in signaling exposure to chemicals . However, their activity after xenobiotic exposure has been reported to show a varied level of activity between activation and inhibition in different insects after exposure to various chemicals . Hence, the activity of these detoxifying enzymes does not directly reveal the target site of a compound. Instead, it provides insights into how the insect’s enzymatic system interacts with these xenobiotic substances, essentially shedding light on the compound’s mode of action. In our research, we assessed the α-esterase and GST activities as an indicator of the detoxification process of the EOs in A. ipsilon larvae. While cytochrome P450s are undoubtedly important in detoxification processes, our previous findings suggested that GST and esterases may play a more direct role in mediating the effects of our tested EOs.
|
[
"Fatma S. Ahmed",
"Walid S. Helmy",
"Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid",
"Moataz A. M. Moustafa"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070483
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
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