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PMC11276989_p2
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PMC11276989
|
sec[0]/p[2]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.693359 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
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Selenium nanoparticles enhance the antioxidant capacity mainly by improving the metabolic pathways of glutathione, carbon, and nitrogen, thereby improving various physiological indexes of maize that promote its growth . Nanotechnology increases plant productivity, nutrient absorption, and agronomic soil properties, which result in improved plant growth and productivity . Nanotechnology is widely considered to be on the cutting edge, with the potential to promote plant science research because nanoparticles have unique physicochemical properties compared with bulk particles .
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11276989_p3
|
PMC11276989
|
sec[0]/p[3]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.472656 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
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Melatonin acts as a bio-stimulant of plant development, including germination, photosynthesis, and water utilization . Melatonin is a key molecule in plant immune responses, along with nitric oxide, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid . Melatonin is involved in growth and photosynthetic processes. Melatonin causes multiple changes at the mRNA level and is a multi-regulatory molecule capable of coordinating many aspects of plant development . Melatonin treatments significantly reduce hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, enhance the non-enzymatic antioxidant system’s capacity, and increase CAT, peroxidase (POD), SOD, and APX activity levels . Melatonin enhances the antioxidant capacity of cotton, improves photosynthetic efficiency, reduces chlorophyll degradation and ROS accumulation, inhibits ABA synthesis, and delays the drought-induced senescence of cotton leaves . Strawberries soaked in melatonin maintain fresh weights and fruit firmness, and they have reduced Botrytis cinerea infection levels. Additionally, melatonin treatments increase 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrohydrazyl radical (DPPH) clearance, as well as CAT, SOD, POD, and APX activity levels . The application of melatonin improves the internal nutrition and flavor quality of tomato fruit by regulating the accumulations of primary and secondary metabolites during the ripening process .
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11276989_p4
|
PMC11276989
|
sec[0]/p[4]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.105469 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
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Foliar applications of selenium nanoparticles enhance the antioxidant ability and the cucurbitacin B level of melon . However, there have been no systematic reports on the effects of melatonin or selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination applications on melon. This study aimed to explore the effects of selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination treatments on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of melon plants. We investigated the effects of single applications of selenium nanoparticles and melatonin on plants, and we hypothesized that the combined application of bio-stimulant selenium nanoparticles + melatonin would have a synergistic effect. The goals were to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the rational use of the selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination to regulate the amino acid, carbohydrate, polyamine, and antioxidant capacities of melon.
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11276989_p5
|
PMC11276989
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
2.1. Effects of Selenium Nanoparticles and Melatonin on Plant Biomass
| 4.09375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
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The effects of selenium nanoparticles, melatonin, and their combination on fresh and dry weights, plant heights, and stem diameters are shown in Figure S1 . The independent applications of selenium nanoparticles and melatonin did not have significant effects on melon plant height or stem diameter. Compared with the controls, independent foliar spraying of selenium nanoparticles, melatonin, and selenium nanoparticles + melatonin increased the stem fresh weights of JSG by 23%, 6%, and 6%, respectively, and those of HMC by 9%, 6%, and 10%, respectively. All three treatments increased stem dry weights of JSG by 13–25% and of HMC by 8–19% compared with controls.
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11276989_p6
|
PMC11276989
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
2.2. Lipoxygenase and Plant Hormones after Selenium Nanoparticle and Melatonin Treatments
| 4.089844 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
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The effects of selenium nanoparticles, melatonin, and the selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination on plant hormones in melon are shown in Figure 1 . Compared with controls, melatonin and selenium nanoparticles + melatonin significantly increased the IAA in leaves of JSG and HMC by 291–236% and 41–83%, respectively . The three treatments had no significant effects on JA and SA in leaves of JSG and HMC compared with controls. The effects of selenium nanoparticles, melatonin, and the selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination on lipoxygenase and mRNA levels in melon are shown in Figure 1 D–I. The selenium nanoparticles, melatonin, and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin foliar interventions had no significant effects on LOX activity or the transcription levels in JSG and HMC leaves, except for LOX2 and LOX9 mRNA levels.
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11276989_p7
|
PMC11276989
|
sec[1]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
2.3. Effects of Selenium Nanoparticle and Melatonin Treatments on Amino Acid and Carbohydrate Metabolism
| 4.136719 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
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The effects of selenium nanoparticles, melatonin, and the selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination on amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism in melon leaves are shown in Figure 2 . Compared with controls, melatonin and selenium nanoparticles + melatonin significantly increased the total amino acids of JSG, by 20% and 6%, respectively, and in HMC leaves by 26% and 16%, respectively . The selenium nanoparticles and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination increased glutamate in leaves of JSG by 37% and 42%, respectively, and in HMC by 21% and 26%, respectively, compared with the controls . The effects of the three treatments on the GS activity of JSG leaves were not significant. Compared with controls, the selenium nanoparticles and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination significantly increased the GS activity of HMC leaves, by 19% and 18%, respectively . The three treatments significantly increased the GABA of JSG and HMC leaves by 279–386% and 16–57%, respectively, compared with controls . Compared with controls, the three treatments significantly increased soluble sugars in the two cultivars by 6–63% . The three treatments significantly increased the sucrose contents of the two cultivars by 11–88% compared with controls . Compared with controls, the selenium nanoparticles and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination significantly increased the reducing sugars in JSG leaves by 12–14% and in HMC leaves by 30–36% . The selenium nanoparticle, melatonin, and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination groups significantly increased SS activities in JSG leaves by 19–46% and in HMC leaves by 16–20% compared with controls . The three treatments significantly increased the SPS activities in JSG leaves by 171–237% and in HMC leaves by 46–88% compared with controls .
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
PMC11276989_p8
|
PMC11276989
|
sec[1]/sec[3]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
2.4.1. Selenium Nanoparticle and Melatonin Effects on Lignin Synthesis
| 4.09375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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The effects of selenium nanoparticles, melatonin, and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination on lignin synthesis in melon are shown in Figure 3 . Compared with controls, the selenium nanoparticles and selenium nanoparticles + melatonin significantly increased the lignin level in JSG leaves by 22% and 8%, respectively, and in HMC leaves by 18% and 8%, respectively . The three treatments significantly increased the hydroxyproline level by 25–44% in JSG leaves and by 23–30% in HMC leaves compared with controls . Compared with controls, selenium nanoparticles, melatonin, and the selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination significantly increased CAD activities in JSG leaves by 50%, 24%, and 33%, respectively, and in HMC leaves by 40%, 54%, and 30%, respectively . The three treatments significantly increased the CAD mRNA level in JSG leaves by 53–77% compared with controls . The selenium nanoparticle, melatonin, and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination groups had no significant effects on CCR expression in either cultivar’s leaves compared with controls .
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11276989_p9
|
PMC11276989
|
sec[1]/sec[3]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
2.4.2. Polyamine Metabolism after Selenium Nanoparticle and Melatonin Treatments
| 4.171875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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The effects of selenium nanoparticles, melatonin, and selenium nanoparticles + melatonin on polyamine metabolism in melon plants are shown in Figure 4 . Compared with controls, the selenium nanoparticles and melatonin significantly increased PAO activity in JSG leaves by 26% and 23%, respectively, and in HMC leaves by 46% and 51%, respectively. The melatonin and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination treatments significantly increased the PAO mRNA level in JSG leaves by 22–29% and in HMC leaves by 24–23% compared with controls. The three treatments significantly increased the SPD level in JSG leaves by 202–288% and in HMC leaves by 39–80% compared with controls. Compared with controls, the selenium nanoparticle, melatonin, and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination treatments had no significant effects on the expression level of SPD in JSG and HMC leaves. The three treatments significantly increased SPM by 334–538% in JSG leaves and by 39–83% in HMC leaves compared with controls. Compared with controls, the selenium nanoparticle and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination treatments significantly up-regulated the SPM mRNA level in HMC leaves by 41% and 46%, respectively. The three treatments significantly increased PUT by 35–96% in JSG leaves and by 16–53% in HMC leaves compared with controls. The selenium nanoparticle, melatonin, and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination groups significantly increased the SAMDC mRNA level in JSG leaves by 38–180% and in HMC leaves by 64–229% compared with controls. Compared with controls, the three treatments significantly increased the expression level of ADC in HMC by 45–136%. Compared with controls, the selenium nanoparticles and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination significantly increased the ODC transcription level in HMC leaves by 71% and 73%, respectively. The three treatments significantly up-regulated the CPA expression in both cultivars by 31–78% compared with controls.
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11276989_p10
|
PMC11276989
|
sec[1]/sec[3]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
2.4.3. Effects of Selenium Nanoparticles and Melatonin on Phenylpropane Metabolism
| 4.164063 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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The effects of selenium nanoparticles, melatonin, and the selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination on phenylpropane metabolism in melon are shown in Figure 5 . Compared with controls, the three treatments significantly increased total phenols in JSG leaves by 24–51% and in HMC leaves by 10–24% . The selenium nanoparticle, melatonin, and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination groups significantly increased the flavonoid level in both cultivars by 19–64% compared with controls . The three treatments significantly increased the PAL activity in JSG leaves by 31–95% and in HMC leaves by 29–43% compared with controls . Compared with controls, the selenium nanoparticle and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination treatments significantly increased the PAL mRNA level in JSG leaves by 205% and 235%, respectively, and in HMC leaves by 226% and 222%, respectively . The three treatments significantly increased the C4H activity in both cultivars by 32–100% compared with controls . The selenium nanoparticle, melatonin, and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination groups significantly up-regulated the C4H expression in HMC leaves by 111–123% compared with controls . Compared with controls, the melatonin and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination significantly increased 4CL activity by 26% and 26%, respectively, in JSG leaves and by 83% and 113%, respectively, in HMC leaves . The three treatments significantly increased 4CL expression in HMC leaves by 41–102% compared with controls . The selenium nanoparticles, melatonin, and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination had no significant effects on the CHS expression in either cultivar , but the three treatments significantly increased the FLS transcription level by 107–135% in HMC compared with controls . Compared with controls, the selenium nanoparticle and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination groups significantly up-regulated the LDOX expression in HMC leaves by 44% and 75%, respectively .
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11276989_p11
|
PMC11276989
|
sec[1]/sec[4]/p[0]
|
2.5. Effects of Selenium Nanoparticle and Melatonin Treatment on Antioxidant Capacities
| 4.128906 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
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The effects of selenium nanoparticle, melatonin, and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination groups on the antioxidant capacities of melon are shown in Figure 6 . Compared with controls, the SOD activity after the three treatments significantly increased by 43–130% in the two cultivars . The selenium nanoparticle and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination groups significantly increased the SOD mRNA level in JSG leaves by 93–96% and in HMC leaves by 54–71% compared with controls . The three treatments significantly increased the CAT activity in both cultivars by 14–43% compared with controls . Compared with controls, the selenium nanoparticle and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination treatments significantly up-regulated the CAT expression in JSG leaves by 148–128% and in HMC leaves by 51–56% . The three treatments significantly increased the APX activity in both cultivars by 44–79% compared with controls . The selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination group significantly enhanced the APX transcription level in the two cultivars by 14–46% compared with controls . The POD activity after the three treatments increased significantly by 25–149% in the two cultivars compared with controls . Compared with controls, the selenium nanoparticle and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination treatments significantly increased the POD mRNA level in JSG leaves by 46–50% and in HMC leaves by 64–69% .
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11276989_p12
|
PMC11276989
|
sec[1]/sec[4]/p[1]
|
2.5. Effects of Selenium Nanoparticle and Melatonin Treatment on Antioxidant Capacities
| 4.105469 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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The effects of selenium nanoparticles, melatonin, and the selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination on ROS and lipid peroxidation in melon are shown in Figure S2 . Compared with controls, the three treatments had no significant effects on the H 2 O 2 and MDA contents in JSG and HMC leaves. The selenium nanoparticles, melatonin, and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination significantly increased GSH by 12–47% in both cultivars compared with controls . The proline level in both cultivars after the three treatments were significantly increased by 18–141% compared with controls . Compared with controls, the scavenging ability of DPPH after the selenium nanoparticle, melatonin, and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination treatments significantly increased by 19–38% in the two cultivars . These results indicated that selenium nanoparticles and melatonin increased the GSH level, proline level, and DPPH scavenging ability, whereas the treatments decreased the ROS level in melon leaves.
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11276989_p13
|
PMC11276989
|
sec[2]/p[0]
|
3. Discussion
| 4.144531 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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Bio-stimulants are used to enhance the growth of plants, whose demand increases 12% per year on the global market . In this study, bio-stimulants had certain promotional effects on the biomasses of melon seedlings, which were related to the increased production of IAA after selenium nanoparticle and melatonin treatments. Exogenous melatonin enhances immunity to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae through SA . It also promotes the production of sugar, resulting in an increasing SA content . Melatonin plays roles in plant innate immunity against pathogens through SA/JA pathways, and the resulting up-regulation of the gene encoding SA biosynthetic heteromeric acid synthetase ( ICS1 ) leads to an increased SA content . The resistance of plants to biological stresses, including crop resistance to fungi, is induced by melatonin through endogenous hormones . After selenium-containing treatments, the level of the defense hormone JA, which induces sulfur assimilation and GSH biosynthesis gene expression, and those of the defense genes related to SA synthesis increase . The selenium nanoparticles and melatonin had no effect on the SA and JA contents in melon seedlings, which was related to the experimental conditions in which melon seedlings were under abiotic stress.
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11276989_p14
|
PMC11276989
|
sec[2]/p[1]
|
3. Discussion
| 4.183594 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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The mechanisms by which selenium nanoparticles and melatonin regulate carbohydrate and polyamine in melon are illustrated in Figure 7 . The external stress increases LOX activity, accelerates the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids catalyzed by LOX, and increases the MDA content . Melatonin inhibits LOX activity and decreases PbLOX1 and PbLOX2 mRNA levels . Proline, sugars, and free amino acids are bio-soluble solutes that protect plants from stress through osmotic regulation, ROS clearance, and plasma membrane integrity, and exogenous melatonin increases the selenium-induced contents of proline, free amino acids, and soluble sugars . This was consistent with the selenium nanoparticle, melatonin, and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination treatments, which increased levels of primary metabolites, such as melon sugars and amino acids, in the present study. Melatonin improves the activities of sucrose-metabolism-related enzymes, hydrolyzing a large amount of sucrose into glucose and fructose. The increased soluble sugar and antioxidant enzyme activities lead to a greater stress resistance in grape seedlings and increase adaptability to environmental changes . These findings are consistent with the results of the present study. The selenium nanoparticles and melatonin, as bio-stimulants, promoted the primary metabolic abilities of soluble sugar and amino acids in melon seedlings, providing a basis for the utilization of selenium nanoparticles and melatonin in melon cultivation.
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11276989_p15
|
PMC11276989
|
sec[2]/p[2]
|
3. Discussion
| 4.191406 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
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Melatonin increases the lignification degree of tea by altering the expression levels of enzymes involved in the lignin synthesis pathway . The hydroxyproline in plant cell walls plays important roles in plant growth, development, and defense . This same trend was shown in the current study, with selenium nanoparticles, melatonin, and selenium nanoparticles + melatonin increasing levels of secondary metabolites, such as lignin and phenylpropane, in melon. Melatonin is involved in signaling in plants through its receptors and downstream signal transduction pathways . The applications of 50 and 100 μmol·L −1 melatonin on leaves have greater effects on fruit quality than on leaf quality, and this significantly increases the phenolic content (including total phenols and flavonoids) . Melatonin mitigates heat stress by increasing levels of soy phenols, flavonoids, prolines, and endogenous melatonin and polyamine . In our study, selenium nanoparticles, melatonin, and selenium nanoparticles + melatonin increased SPM, SPD, PUT, and mRNA levels. Selenite up-regulates the expression of genes related to the biosynthesis of phenylpropane compounds and the activities of related enzymes, such as PAL, C4H, chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, and CAD . Melatonin enhances the postharvest disease resistance of blueberry fruit by regulating phenylpropane metabolism (PAL, C4H, 4CL, and CAD activities) and mRNA levels . This is consistent with the results of selenium nanoparticle, melatonin, and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin treatments used in this study.
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11276989_p16
|
PMC11276989
|
sec[2]/p[3]
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3. Discussion
| 4.234375 |
biomedical
|
Study
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0.0006465911865234375,
0.027923583984375,
0.0001266002655029297
] |
Melatonin plays different roles in plants, enhancing the activities of a variety of antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, CAT, and POD, and controlling ROS, as well as other free radicals, present in plant cells . The combination treatment of melatonin and Na 2 SeO 3 enhances the resistance of fruit to gray mold by increasing the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT, as well as the expression levels of disease-related genes . Melatonin–selenium nanoparticles increase the activity levels of antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD, POD, CAT, APX, and GSH, and decrease the contents of MDA and H 2 O 2 . The application of selenium nanoparticles significantly increased the antioxidant capacity and decreased the MDA content. Compared with soil selenium applications, foliar selenium applications are efficient and safe, resulting in the delayed development of plaques on sunflower leaves. The application method leads to the absorption of selenite and efficient conversion to selenomethionine (80%) and selenium-containing proteins, which not only have enzymatic functions but also act as antioxidants through the direct scavenging of free radicals . In future research, the effects of selenium nanoparticles and melatonin on the fruit quality of melon should be determined using carotenoids or other quality indicators. Additionally, the effects of bio-stimulants on the incidence of melon disease under biotic stress should be explored to provide evidence for the safe cultivation of melon.
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11276989_p17
|
PMC11276989
|
sec[3]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
4.1. Experimental Design
| 4.109375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99658203125,
0.0004622936248779297,
0.003143310546875
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00017392635345458984,
0.00013625621795654297,
0.000037610530853271484
] |
JSG and HMC melons were used as the study materials. The seeds of JSG and HMC were provided by the Hami Melon Research Center of the Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Urumqi, China). Full seeds were soaked, germinated, and planted in plastic pots (30 cm × 30 cm), with two plants per pot. The preparation and characterization of selenium nanoparticles has been reported previously . The concentrations of selenium nanoparticles and melatonin used in this study were based on previous studies by our research group. When the seedlings grew to the 3–4 leaf stage, the leaves were spray-treated. Three treatments were established. There was a control (CK), as well as 5 mg·L −1 selenium nanoparticles, 5 mg·L −1 melatonin and 5 mg·L −1 selenium nanoparticles + melatonin combination groups, and each treatment was repeated three times. The water (control), selenium nanoparticles (5.0 mg·L −1 ), melatonin (5.0 mg·L −1 ), and selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination (5.0 mg·L −1 ) were sprayed on the seedling leaves. All the melon seedlings were placed outdoors, at 20 °C to 30 °C. The foliar spraying was carried out from 9:00 to 10:00 AM on windless and sunny days, and the spraying was based on no dripping from the foliar surface. After 7 days, melon leaves were collected, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80 °C. The plant heights and stem diameters of melon seedlings were measured using a ruler and a vernier caliper, respectively. The fresh weights of the stems were measured after the leaves were collected, and the dry weights of the stems were measured after drying.
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11276989_p18
|
PMC11276989
|
sec[3]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
4.2. Determination of Lipid Peroxidation Products
| 4.113281 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002313852310180664,
0.00034046173095703125
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002677440643310547,
0.00038814544677734375,
0.000048100948333740234
] |
The leaves were ground after being frozen in liquid nitrogen. Then, 0.1 g of each powdered sample was placed independently in a tube containing 1 mL extraction solution in accordance with the instructions of the appropriate test kit. Samples were homogenized and centrifuged at 12,000× g at 4 °C for 10 min for H 2 O 2 and DPPH determinations, or at 4000× g at 4 °C for 10 min for MDA, proline, and reducing glutathione determinations. The obtained supernatants were treated using kits for H 2 O 2 (Kit number: A064-1-1), MDA (Kit number: MDA, A003-1-1), proline (Kit number: A107-1-1), and DPPH (Kit number: A153-1-1) from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Reducing glutathione (GSH) was determined using a kit (Kit number: E-BC-K030-M, Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China). The H 2 O 2 , MDA, proline, and DPPH levels were determined using a UV–visible spectrophotometer (Shanghai Shunyu Hengping Instrument Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). GSH was determined using a multi-scan spectroscopic microporous plate spectrophotometer (Bio Tek Instruments Inc., Winooski, VT, USA). Obtained liquid samples were used to measure absorbance at 405 nm for H 2 O 2 , at 517 nm for DPPH, at 532 nm for MDA, at 520 nm for proline, and at 405 nm for GSH. The standard curve values for GSH, proline, and DPPH are shown in Table S1 .
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11276989_p19
|
PMC11276989
|
sec[3]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
4.3. Determinations of Plant Primary and Secondary Metabolites
| 1.262695 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.98095703125,
0.0016231536865234375,
0.0175323486328125
] |
[
0.056976318359375,
0.939453125,
0.0012464523315429688,
0.0020923614501953125
] |
The SOD (Kit number: A001-3), CAT (Kit number: A007-1-1), APX (Kit number: A123-1-1), peroxidase (POD, Kit number: A084-3), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL, Kit number: A137-1-1), glutamine synthetase (GS, Kit number: A047-1-1), total phenols (Kit number: A143-1-1), flavonoids (Kit number: A142-1-1), proteins (Kit number: A045-4), total amino acids (Kit number: A026-1-1), glutamic acid (Kit number: A074-1-1), lipoxygenase (LOX, H550-1), soluble sugar (Kit number: A145-1-1), sucrose (Kit number: A099-1-1), sucrose synthetase (SS, Kit number: A097-1-1), and sucrose phosphate synthetase (SPS, Kit number: A098-1-1) kits were procured from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute. The reducing sugar , trans-cinnamate 4-hydroxylase , co-A ligase , cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase , lignin , and hydroxyproline kits were purchased from Solarbio Science and Technology Company Ltd. (Beijing, China). The polyamine oxidase (PAO) kit was procured from Shanghai Enzyme Linked Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11276989_p20
|
PMC11276989
|
sec[3]/sec[2]/p[1]
|
4.3. Determinations of Plant Primary and Secondary Metabolites
| 4.191406 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.00027441978454589844,
0.0009927749633789062
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0004277229309082031,
0.0004253387451171875,
0.000045180320739746094
] |
The main steps for determining plant primary and secondary metabolite levels were as follows: melon leaves were ground with a pestle and a mortar containing liquid nitrogen. In total, 0.1 g of each powdered sample was placed in a tube containing 1 mL of the appropriate extraction solution in accordance with the instructions of an appropriate kit. Then, samples were homogenized and centrifuged at 800× g at 4 °C for 10 min for SOD, CAT, and POD; at 10,000× g at 4 °C for 10 min for APX and flavonoids, at 12,000× g at 4 °C for 10 min for PAL, at 4000× g at 4 °C for 10 min for GS and total phenols, at 2500× g at 4 °C for 10 min for proteins, at 3500× g at 4 °C for 10 min for total amino acids, at 2500× g at 4 °C for 10 min for glutamic acid, at 2000× g at 4 °C for 20 min for LOX, at 4000× g at 4 °C for 10 min for soluble sugar, at 8000× g at 4 °C for 10 min for SS and SPS, at 8000× g at 4 °C for 10 min for reducing sugar, at 8000× g for 10 min for lignin, at 16,000× g for 5 min for hydroxyproline, at 12,000× g at 4 °C for 10 min for C4H, at 8000× g at 4 °C for 10 min for 4CL, at 10,000× g at 4 °C for 10 min for CAD, and at 10,000× g at 4 °C for 10 min for PAO. The SOD, CAT, POD, LOX, reducing sugar, and PAO levels were determined from obtained supernatants using the appropriate kit and a multi-scan spectrum microplate spectrophotometer, and APX, PAL, SS, SPS, flavonoids, GS, total phenols, proteins, total amino acids, glutamic acid, soluble sugar, reducing sugar, lignin, hydroxyproline, C4H, 4CL, and CAD levels were obtained using appropriate kits and a UV–vis spectrophotometer (Shanghai Shunyu Hengping Instruments Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Obtained liquid samples were used to measure absorbance at 450 nm for SOD, at 405 nm for CAT, at 420 nm for POD, at 290 nm for APX and PAL, at 540 nm for GS, at 760 nm for total phenols, at 502 nm for flavonoids, at 562 nm for proteins, at 650 nm for total amino acids, at 340 nm for glutamic acid, at 450 nm for LOX, at 620 nm for soluble sugar, at 480 nm for SS and SPS, at 540 nm for reducing sugar, at 280 nm for lignin, at 560 nm for hydroxyproline, at 340 nm for C4H, at 333 nm for 4CL, at 340 nm for CAD, and at 450 nm for PAO. The standard curve values for POD, total phenols, flavonoids, total amino acids, glutamic acid, LOX, soluble sugar, SS, SPS, reducing sugar, and PAO are shown in Table S1 .
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11276989_p21
|
PMC11276989
|
sec[3]/sec[3]/p[0]
|
4.4. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) Analyses of Polyamines, γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA), and Plant Hormones
| 4.253906 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0003261566162109375,
0.0002110004425048828
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.00039267539978027344,
0.0003731250762939453,
0.00008845329284667969
] |
The samples were homogenized in 3.0 mL acetonitrile solution (8:2, v / v ) and centrifuged at 4500× g at 4 °C for 10 min. The detection conditions for polyamines were as follows: HILIC column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm), mobile phase: (A) 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate acetonitrile solution and (B) 0.1% formic acid solution; gradient elution: 0–1.0 min, 80% A; 1.0–1.5 min, 80–40% A; 1.5–6.0 min, 40% A; 6.0–6.5 min, 40–80% A; 6.5–9.5 min, 80% A; injection volume: 2 µL; flow rate: 0.3 mL/min; column temperature: 30 °C. In positive ion mode, the ion source temperature was 150 °C, and the solvent temperature was 350 °C. The N 2 flow rate of the cone hole was 650 L/h, and the N 2 flow rate was 250 L/h. The mass spectrum conditions of putrescine (PUT), spermine (SPM), spermidine (SPD), GABA, jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and indoleacetic acid (IAA) are shown in Table S2 . The samples were homogenized in 1.0 mL methanol/water/formic acid (15:4:1, v / v / v ) and centrifuged at 4 °C for 5 min at 16,000× g . The chromatographic conditions of the three plant hormones have been published previously . The chromatographic conditions for melatonin were as follows: chromatographic column: ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (1.7 μm, 2.1 mm × 100 mm); mobile phase A: 0.1% ( v / v ) formic acid aqueous solution; mobile phase B: acetonitrile; injection volume 1 μL; flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The mass spectrometry conditions were as follows: electrospray ionization (ESI + ); multiple reaction monitoring mode detection; detected ion pair: m / z 233→174. The other mass spectrometry tuning parameters were the same as those for plant hormones. The standard curve of melatonin was y = 318917x + 914976, R 2 = 0.9967. The mass spectra of the standard for melatonin is shown in Figure S3 .
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999994 |
PMC11276989_p22
|
PMC11276989
|
sec[3]/sec[4]/p[0]
|
4.5. RT-qPCR Analysis
| 3.896484 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00011587142944335938,
0.0002605915069580078
] |
[
0.9970703125,
0.00225067138671875,
0.0003609657287597656,
0.00008970499038696289
] |
Total RNA was extracted using kits and reverse-transcribed into cDNA (Transgen Biotech Company Ltd., Beijing, China). The cDNA synthesis system is shown in Table S3 . Primer sequences for target and actin control genes are shown in Table S4 . Relative mRNA levels were calculated using 2 −ΔΔCt .
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11276989_p23
|
PMC11276989
|
sec[3]/sec[5]/p[0]
|
4.6. Statistical Analyses
| 1.987305 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99072265625,
0.0006794929504394531,
0.008453369140625
] |
[
0.449951171875,
0.546875,
0.0018177032470703125,
0.0013065338134765625
] |
SPSS (version 26 SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Tukey’s tests were used for multiple comparisons to determine significant differences ( p < 0.05). Graph Pad Prism software (version 8.02; San Diego, CA, USA) was used to calculate data statistics.
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11276989_p24
|
PMC11276989
|
sec[4]/p[0]
|
5. Conclusions
| 4.101563 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99658203125,
0.00032782554626464844,
0.0029773712158203125
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00023126602172851562,
0.000347137451171875,
0.00003606081008911133
] |
Selenium nanoparticle and melatonin foliar treatments facilitated melon seedling growth by regulating primary, secondary, and oxidative-stress metabolism. Independent applications of 5 mg·L −1 selenium nanoparticles, melatonin, and the selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination increased stem dry weights of the JSG and HMC melon cultivars. Compared with control, selenium nanoparticles, melatonin, and the selenium nanoparticle + melatonin combination increased soluble sugar, sucrose, and SPS contents. Additionally, selenium nanoparticles, melatonin, and selenium nanoparticles + melatonin enhanced GABA, hydroxyproline, SPM, SPD, PUT, total phenols, flavonoids, GSH, and proline contents, as well as PAL, C4H, SOD, CAT, APX, and POD activities.
|
[
"Lu Kang",
"Yujiao Jia",
"Yangliu Wu",
"Hejiang Liu",
"Duoyong Zhao",
"Yanjun Ju",
"Canping Pan",
"Jiefei Mao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147830
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057242_p0
|
39057242
|
sec[0]/p[0]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.546875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002689361572265625,
0.0003485679626464844
] |
[
0.9970703125,
0.0012578964233398438,
0.0014314651489257812,
0.0001519918441772461
] |
Sugar primarily provides energy and carbon skeletons for multicellular organisms . Phloem-feeding insects mainly feed on phloem sap that contains high concentrations of sucrose (a disaccharide sugar comprising glucose and fructose) . However, the ingested sucrose cannot be directly absorbed through the gut epithelium and must first be hydrolyzed into glucose and fructose . The transportation of glucose, fructose, and trehalose (the primary circulating sugar in insect blood or hemolymph) across the gut epithelium is facilitated by sugar transporters (STs) . For example, in Polypedilum vanderplanki , TRET1 (a trehalose transporter gene) is responsible for the release of trehalose from the fat body and the incorporation of trehalose into other tissues that require a carbon source, thereby regulating trehalose levels in the hemolymph . The enhanced gut expression of ApST4 and the transport specificity of its product are consistent with ApST4 functioning as a gut glucose/fructose transporter in Acyrthosiphon pisum . In addition, STs can remove monosaccharides (mainly glucose) from the gut lumen to cells, thereby regulating the high osmotic pressure caused by phloem sap entering the gut .
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057242_p1
|
39057242
|
sec[0]/p[1]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.335938 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00025463104248046875,
0.0003814697265625
] |
[
0.9580078125,
0.00124359130859375,
0.040618896484375,
0.00023233890533447266
] |
In addition to their basic transport functions, sugar transporters take the form of receptors on the surface of the cell membrane and may act as receptors for virus entry. These transporters are used for the transport of sugar molecules, which in turn makes them potential targets for viruses to enter host cells . In the susceptible Bombyx mori race, there is constitutive expression of sugar transporter genes, causing the host to succumb to viral infection . In Laodelphax striatellus , LsST6 can mediate viral entry into midgut epithelial cells and lead to successful transmission . Additionally, sugar transporters have been demonstrated to be involved in plant–insect interactions. PaGTRs enable leaf beetles to accumulate plant defense compounds . In a recent report, a cluster of Bombycidae-specific sugar transporter duplicates with complementary temporal expression synergistically facilitated the uptake of flavonoids, thus determining the development of the green cocoon . There are eight families of sugar transporters present in plants , but the classification of sugar transporters in insects remain poorly understood.
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057242_p2
|
39057242
|
sec[0]/p[2]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.21875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00012123584747314453,
0.00022292137145996094
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.000568389892578125,
0.0009484291076660156,
0.00006723403930664062
] |
Sequencing is a dedicated technology for genome analysis that enriches the information of genome sequences and provides insights into genome organization, genetic variation, and gene expression . With the advent of whole-genome sequencing, more gene families have been identified in insects , including sugar transporters. A total of 19 sugar transporters (STs) were identified in the Acyrthosiphon pisum genome . A genome-wide annotation of the silkworm B. mori revealed the existence of 100 putative sugar transporter (BmST) genes . Moreover, 137 sugar transporters were identified based on an analysis of the genome and transcriptome of Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 .
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057242_p3
|
39057242
|
sec[0]/p[3]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.289063 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99755859375,
0.0003261566162109375,
0.002288818359375
] |
[
0.998046875,
0.0003714561462402344,
0.0014142990112304688,
0.00006467103958129883
] |
The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål, is a monophagous rice herbivore and the most notorious pest of rice ( Oryza sativa ) . It sucks the sap from the rice phloem using its stylet, causing direct damage. It is also a vector of viral diseases that cause secondary damage to rice . The sugar in phloem sap is regarded as a major energy source in the brown planthopper . Elucidating the mechanisms of sugar uptake in the gut and hemolymph is important for understanding the energy acquisition of plant-feeding insects and identifying new targets for controlling these pests. Several previous studies have reported on STs in the brown planthopper. In this species, NlHT1 ( N. lugens hexose transporter 1) is likely to play an important role in glucose transport from the gut and in carbon nutrition in vivo . In another study, 18 putative sugar transporter genes were identified from a brown planthopper EST (expressed sequence tags) database . NlST6 is a facilitative glucose/fructose transporter that mediates sugar uptake from rice phloem sap in the N. lugens midgut . Nlst6 knockdown significantly affected oviposition development and decreased the fat body and ovarian protein content in the brown planthoppers. Nlst6 plays an important role in N . lugens growth and fecundity, and it has potential as a novel target gene for the control of phloem-feeding pest insects .
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057242_p4
|
39057242
|
sec[0]/p[4]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.109375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00026345252990722656,
0.0008826255798339844
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0001742839813232422,
0.00023818016052246094,
0.0000432133674621582
] |
Although several sugar transporters have been studied in N. lugens , genome-wide identification and systematic study of the STs family are still limited. In the current study, genome-wide identification and expression analyses of sugar transporters were conducted based on the genome and transcriptome of the brown planthopper. The transcriptomic data were used to mine for highly expressed NlST genes in the gut and to screen for candidate NlST genes responsible for transporting glucose and fructose. The overall goal was to increase our understanding of these STs and to identify those that might serve as targets for controlling the brown planthopper.
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057242_p5
|
39057242
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
2.1. Brown Planthopper Rearing and Growth Conditions
| 3.394531 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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The brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens Stål) biotype 1, which does not contain any N. lugens resistance gene, was originally obtained from the Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences in Shanghai, China. The N. lugens were reared on 1-month-old plants of the susceptible rice varieties Taichung Native 1 under controlled environmental conditions (26 °C ± 2 °C, 16 h light/8 h dark cycle) in Zhoukou, China. These insects were transferred to fresh rice seedlings every 14 days to ensure adequate nutrition.
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057242_p6
|
39057242
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
2.2. De novo Identification of Sugar Transporters in Brown Planthopper
| 4.257813 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
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The current version of the genome of N. lugens ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/taxonomy/108931/ ) was annotated through a homolog search and de novo predicting. The current version contains 18,160 protein models. Putative N. lugens sugar transporters matching the TIGRFAM sugar porter (SP) family motif were identified using the hmmsearch program, which is part of the HMMER package (version 3.0) . All identified sugar porter family transporters had a hmmsearch sequence score of >237.80 (trusted cutoff) . Subsequently, domain sequences with e-values greater than 1.2 × 10 −22 were screened to construct species-specific sugar transport protein gene family domains of the brown planthopper. The family members retrieved were submitted to the SMART, CDD, and Pfam databases for further domain confirmation, and 34 sugar transporter gene family members were finally retained. Bioperl was used to calculate the physicochemical property of NlSTs, including theoretical isoelectric point, instability index, aliphatic index, and grand average of hydropathicity.
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057242_p7
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sec[1]/sec[2]/p[0]
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2.3. Conservation Motif and Gene Structure Analysis of NlST Genes in N. lugens
| 4.066406 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
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[
0.99951171875,
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] |
The protein sequences of brown planthopper were downloaded from NCBI. For comparison, the protein sequences of sugar porter family transporters in whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci ) and pea aphid ( Acyrthosiphon pisum ) were used . A phylogenetic tree was then constructed using the maximum likelihood (ML) method with 1000 guided replications in MEGA-CC 7.0 .
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057242_p8
|
39057242
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sec[1]/sec[2]/p[1]
|
2.3. Conservation Motif and Gene Structure Analysis of NlST Genes in N. lugens
| 4.125 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00019478797912597656,
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[
0.9990234375,
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0.0003666877746582031,
0.00007027387619018555
] |
To search for conservative motifs, the online tool MEME ( http://meme-suite.org/ ) was used with optimization parameters set to a maximum of 10 conserved domains in each gene, with a minimum and maximum width of each motif of 15–38 amino acid sequences. The gene structure of the NlSTs was predicted using the online tool GSDS 2.0 ( http://gsds.gao-lab.org/ ) . Finally, TBtools v. 2.019 was used to visualize the results of the conserved motif analysis, genome annotation, motif information, and the constructed evolutionary tree.
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057242_p9
|
39057242
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sec[1]/sec[3]/p[0]
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2.4. Chromosomal Localization Analysis of NlSTs in N. lugens
| 3.121094 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9970703125,
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[
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The chromosomal distribution information of the NlSTs was obtained from the reference N. lugens database, and the distribution of NlSTs on the chromosomes was visualized using TBtools and plotted on the chromosome location images using MapChart .
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057242_p10
|
39057242
|
sec[1]/sec[4]/p[0]
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2.5. Expression Analysis of NlSTs in N. lugens
| 4.019531 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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The RNA-seq raw data from different developmental stages and various tissues were derived from NCBI . The expression level of NlST genes was calculated as reads per kilobase exon model per million mapped reads (RPKM). The expression data were hierarchically clustered with average linkage and displayed in the Tutools platform ( http://www.cloudtutu.com ) .
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057242_p11
|
39057242
|
sec[1]/sec[4]/p[1]
|
2.5. Expression Analysis of NlSTs in N. lugens
| 4.113281 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00021731853485107422,
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[
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] |
The primers for all genes involved in the experiment were designed for RT-qPCR using Primer3 software ( Table S1 ). The spatial gene expression of the NlSTs were investigated using RT-qPCR as follows: ovary, salivary glands, antenna, gut, head, and integument were dissected from 3 d females of N. lugens using a stereomicroscope. Total RNA was isolated from each type of tissue using RNAiso Plus . First-strand cDNA was obtained from all samples through reverse transcription using the PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (Takara, Dalian, Liaoning, China, Cat no. RR047A) according to the manufacturer’s instructions, followed by amplification with qPCR using the Bio-Rad CFX-96 Real-Time PCR system with the iTaq Universal SYBR Green Supermix Kit . As an endogenous control to normalize expression levels with average threshold cycle numbers, a partial fragment of the N. lugens actin gene was amplified with primers qNlActin-F and qNlActin-R ( Table S1 ). A relative quantitative method (2 −ΔΔCt ) was applied to evaluate the variation in expression among samples .
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057242_p12
|
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sec[1]/sec[5]/p[0]
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2.6. NlST Expression Constructs and Yeast Transformation
| 4.171875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
0.99951171875,
0.00030350685119628906,
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0.00008153915405273438
] |
Full-length coding sequences for the gut-expressed sugar transporters NlST2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 20 , 27 , 28 , and NlST31 were amplified from N. lugens cDNA using KOD Plus Neo polymerase (TOYOBO, Osaka, Japan, Cat no. KOD-201). The PCR primers used contained a 5′ BamHI site and a 3′ EcoRI site (primer sequences are shown in Table S1 ). The DNA was cloned into the pDRTXa vector using a ClonExpress II One Step Cloning Kit (Vazyme, Nanjing, China, Cat no. C112-01). NlST expression constructs were fully sequenced and used to transform Saccharomyces cerevisiae hexose transporter deletion mutant EBY.VW4000 using the lithium acetate/PEG method . Due to the deletion of at least 20 hexose transporters, EBY.VW4000 has very low hexose transport activity and is unable to grow on minimal medium plates containing hexose sugars as the sole carbon source . Transformants were selected on synthetic complete (SC) media, pH 5.6 (0.67% yeast nitrogen base, 2% maltose, 1% agar supplemented with uracil drop-out mix), at 30 °C for 3–4 days. Positive transformants were replica-plated on SC media lacking maltose but containing 60 mM glucose, fructose, galactose, or mannose. The recovery of EBY.W4000 growth was assessed after 3 days at 30 °C.
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057242_p13
|
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3.1. Identification and Related Information of the Sugar Transporter Gene Family in Nilaparvata lugens
| 4.183594 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
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[
0.99951171875,
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A total of 34 genes encoding STs were identified through the sugar porter family motif analysis and homology search from the N. lugens genome and were named NlST1-34 based on their location on the chromosome. Table 1 provides details of the gene ID number, genomic length, cDNA length, protein length, molecular weight (MW), isoelectric point (pI), and other properties of the identified NlST family proteins. The proteins encoded by the 34 genes showed different physicochemical properties, with protein length varying from 450 (NlST25) to 824 (NlST22) amino acids, a molecular size between 49.317 kDa and 91.969 kDa, and theoretical isoelectric points between 4.97 and 9.41. Sequence analyses revealed that the number of transmembrane domains ranged from seven to twelve, with most containing twelve.
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057242_p14
|
39057242
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sec[2]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
3.2. Conserved Motifs and Exon–Intron Organization of Sugar Transporter Genes
| 4.226563 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
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[
0.99951171875,
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] |
To gain further insight into the structural characteristics of the NlSTs in N. lugens , we employed the MEME server to identify ten conserved motifs . We observed variations in the number of motifs, ranging from seven to eleven. Notably, motifs 2, 3, and 4 were identified within the functional domains of all 34 NlST proteins, suggesting their significance for these proteins in N. lugens . Interestingly, motif 4 was present twice in most NlST proteins, except NlST6, NlST7, NlST10, NlST15, and NlST30, indicating that it plays a vital role . Most members had all 11 motifs, such as NlST31. Some members lacked motifs, for example, NlST27 lacked motif 8, and NlST5 lacked motifs 6 and 1. NlST22, NlST18, and NlST23 only had eight motifs, lacking motifs 7, 8, and 9. We also analyzed the distribution of conserved motifs on the transmembrane helices in NlST7, NlST31, NlST27, NlST5, NlST17, and NlST22 .
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057242_p15
|
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sec[2]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
3.2. Conserved Motifs and Exon–Intron Organization of Sugar Transporter Genes
| 4.082031 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
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[
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To better comprehend the structure of NlSTs , the exon and intron boundaries were analyzed. Exon–intron borders are very often conserved over long evolutionary distances , and structure determines function , so they play significant roles in the evolution of gene families. The results revealed that different NlSTs contained different exon numbers, ranging from 2 to 20 . The gene NlST22 contained the greatest number of exons (20), whereas NlST16 and NlST21 only contained two.
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
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3.3. Phylogenic Analysis and Classification
| 4.191406 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
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To characterize the evolutionary relationships of the ST gene family, a maximum likelihood tree was created . A phylogenetic tree was constructed by iqtree2 for the 34 NlST proteins, 137 B. tabaci sugar transporter proteins (BtSTs), and 18 A. pisum sugar transporter proteins (ApSTs) after performing multiple sequence alignments. Their protein sequence data are shown as Table S2 . According to the topology of the ML phylogenetic tree, the sugar transporter genes of N. lugens , whitefly ( B. tabaci ), and pea aphid ( A. pisum ) could be divided into three major groups and eleven subgroups. Three major groups, namely, I, II, and III, contain 29, 4, and 1 NlST proteins, respectively. Group I marked in yellow is the largest subfamily, which contains 29 NlST proteins and all 18 of the ApST proteins. Most homologous genes from the same species are clustered in different subgroups.
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057242_p17
|
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3.4. Chromosomal Localization
| 4.167969 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0003285408020019531,
0.0009984970092773438
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[
0.99951171875,
0.00017368793487548828,
0.0001430511474609375,
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The NlST genes are not distributed on all sixteen chromosomes and were found only on nine N. lugens chromosomes, presenting an unbalanced distribution . The number of NlST genes on the nine chromosomes ranged from one to eight, with the largest number of FtTH genes, which was eight on the first chromosome. Fifteen NlST genes were concentrated on chromosome 1, while a range from one to five genes was found on eight chromosomes ( Table 1 ). Subsequently, gene cluster expansion events of NlSTs in the N. lugens genome were analyzed. In terms of the sequence similarity analysis and phylogenetic relationship, we identified three groups (e.g., NlST9 and NlST10 on chromosome 1; NlST25 , NlST26 , and NlST27 on chromosome 7; NlST31 , NlST32 , NlST33 , and NlST34 on chromosome 13) of NlST genes. For example, the NlST31, NlST32, NlST33, and NlST34 protein sequences shared 63.25% similarity, whereas those of NlST25, NlST26, and NlST27 showed 59.08% similarity.
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057242_p18
|
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3.5. Expression Profiles of N. lugens Sugar Transporter Genes
| 4.082031 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
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[
0.99951171875,
0.0001766681671142578,
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] |
The expression patterns of NlSTs were investigated using RNAseq datasets obtained from different developmental stages of N. lugens . Expression analysis revealed that the NlSTs have a wide expression profile during all life stages, suggesting that they play important roles in development. The transcript expression of most NlSTs was the lowest in eggs, while the expression of NlST4 , NlST11 , NlST19 , NlST15 , NlST12 , NlST27 , and NlST18 was high in eggs but low in other stages . The expression levels of NlST29 , 25 , 32 , 1 , 24 , and 31 were higher in the adult than other stages .
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057242_p19
|
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sec[2]/sec[4]/p[1]
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3.5. Expression Profiles of N. lugens Sugar Transporter Genes
| 4.085938 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00023627281188964844,
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[
0.99951171875,
0.00016832351684570312,
0.00023639202117919922,
0.00004565715789794922
] |
The expression levels of the NlST genes were examined in the ovary, salivary glands, antenna, gut, head, and integument using transcriptome data obtained in a previous study . The different NlSTs showed variable levels of expression in the tested tissues. The results revealed that the expression level of NlST2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 16 , 20 , 27 , 28 , and 31 was higher in the gut than other selected tissues . NlST33 and NlST34 were highly expressed in the salivary glands; NlST1 , 3 , and 19 were highly expressed in the fat body; and NlST23 , 18 , 11 , and 32 were highly expressed in the ovary. NlST24 showed a low level of expression in all tissues, and a distinctive expression pattern could not be determined .
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057242_p20
|
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sec[2]/sec[4]/p[2]
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3.5. Expression Profiles of N. lugens Sugar Transporter Genes
| 4.058594 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0002510547637939453,
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] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00025010108947753906,
0.0001590251922607422,
0.00004035234451293945
] |
RT-qPCR was used to further determine the expression pattern of NlSTs in N. lugens . As shown in Figure 5 , NlST2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 20 , 27 , 28 , and 31 had significantly higher expression levels in the gut than in other tissues. Interestingly, the expression of NlST2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 28 , and 31 genes in the ovary was second only to that in the gut, which indicates these genes may have a dual function.
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
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sec[2]/sec[5]/p[0]
|
3.6. N. lugens Gut-Expressed Sugar Transporters Transport Hexose Sugars
| 4.203125 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00029587745666503906,
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[
0.99951171875,
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0.00006628036499023438
] |
The utilization of ingested sugar as a nutrient resource and the maintenance of osmotic balance depend on the transit of sugar transporters through the gut epithelium and into cells throughout the insect . All eight N. lugens gut-expressed sugar transporters (NlST2, 3, 4, 7, 20, 27, 28, and 31) were screened for hexose transport activity through functional complementation of the S. cerevisiae hexose-uptake-deficient strain EBY.VW4000 . Yeast cells transformed with either ApST4 (positive control) or NlST expression constructs produced recombinant transporter proteins. As shown in Figure 6 , ApST4, NlST4, NlST28, and NlST31 were able to restore EBY.VW4000 growth on minimal media containing glucose, fructose, galactose, or mannose as the sole carbon source. These results showed that the transporters NlST4, NlST28, and NlST31 are functional hexose transporters that mediate the efficient transport of hexose sugars across the yeast plasma membrane.
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057242_p22
|
39057242
|
sec[3]/p[0]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.15625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
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[
0.99951171875,
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0.00004875659942626953
] |
The whole-genome sequencing of N. lugens combined with a substantial amount of transcriptome sequencing data provided a wealth of invaluable information to explore the evolutionary mechanism, structure, and function of the NlST genes. In the current study, 34 sugar transporter genes were identified from the genome of N. lugens . The 34 NlSTs were located on nine chromosomes, with fifteen concentrated on chromosome 1, showing an unbalanced distribution. In B. tabaci , some BTSTs formed four different gene clusters that were located on four different scaffolds . A similar phenomenon was observed in sugar transporter genes in B. mori , and chromosome 27 had a maximum of 22 BmST genes distributed .
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057242_p23
|
39057242
|
sec[3]/p[1]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.296875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
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0.0007138252258300781
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00020253658294677734,
0.00047326087951660156,
0.00005549192428588867
] |
According to the evolutionary relationship inferred by phylogenetic analysis, these genes were classified into three main clades, consistent among brown planthopper ( N. lugens ), whitefly ( B. tabaci ), and pea aphid ( A. pisum ) . According to the phylogenetic tree analysis, although the majority of NlST, BtST, and ApST orthologs can be divided into 11 distinct subgroups, most homologous genes from the same species are clustered in different subgroups. In addition, previous studies have found that homologous genes in the same branch can exhibit the same or similar biological functions . Up to now, the biological functions of most NlSTs have remained unclear. However, the characterized function of STs in other species, such as A. pisum , can help to predict the gene functions in N. lugens via ortholog analysis in the same subfamily. For example, ApST3 , the most abundantly expressed sugar transporter gene in A. pisum , is mainly involved in gut sugar transport . The N. lugens ST genes NlST7 , NlST3 , NlST30 , and NlST6 , which are orthologous to ApST3 and grouped in subgroup 6, are highly expressed in the gut and might be essential sugar transporters. Silencing BTST40 and BTST44 can significantly increase the mortality rate of B. tabaci at days 2 and 4. NlST20, BTST40, and BTST44 are grouped in subgroup 7, which indicates NlST20 may be used as a potential RNAi target for the bio-control of N. lugens .
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999993 |
39057242_p24
|
39057242
|
sec[3]/p[2]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.273438 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
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] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0001786947250366211,
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0.0000635981559753418
] |
We found that the complex expression of the NlST gene at different developmental stages may be due to differences in nutrient requirements and physiological behavior. Seven NlST genes were highly expressed in eggs. This indicates that they may play vital roles in egg development, because N. lugens does not feed while in the egg. Similar results have been found in Bemisia tabaci . In B. mori , the expression levels of St genes remained at low levels in diapause eggs, whereas high gene expressions of trehalose transporter 1 ( Tret1 ), St4 , and St3 were detected in developing eggs . In Harmonia axyridisa , a lack of HaGlut4 can impair ovarian development and oocyte maturation and result in decreased fecundity . Our results also found that some NlST genes were highly expressed in the gut, which is consistent with previous findings that NlST genes may be involved in carbohydrate incorporation from the gut cavity into the hemolymph. For instance, NlST16 was shown to facilitate glucose transport along gradients in N. lugens . Simultaneous knockdown of the five sugar homeostasis genes in the potato psyllid gut yielded high mortality .
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057242_p25
|
39057242
|
sec[3]/p[3]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.167969 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
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[
0.99951171875,
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0.000054717063903808594
] |
In addition, the insect gut is the first major barrier limiting virus acquisition; L. striatellus sugar transporters 6 (LsST6) mediates viral entry into midgut epithelial cells and leads to successful transmission by the insect vector . Most of the NlST genes are expressed at lower levels in the salivary glands, except NlST33 and NlST34 , suggesting that these two may have a specific role in the pathway of sugar metabolism. In Anopheles stephensi , AsST in the salivary glands is strongly downregulated in response to blood feeding compared to sugar feeding . In addition, we found that the NlSTs were differentially or highly expressed in antennae and ovary, suggesting that these genes may be involved in olfactory detection and breeding. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that these genes are involved in other physiological functions.
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057242_p26
|
39057242
|
sec[3]/p[4]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.144531 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
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[
0.99951171875,
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0.000048279762268066406
] |
The hexose-deficient yeast EBY.VW4000 has been used in many studies to verify whether sugar transporters have hexose transport activity . In this study, we used this method to determine whether some N. lugens sugar transporters have glucose and fructose transport activities, such as NlST4, 28, and 31. They are highly expressed in gut tissue and may be involved in moving glucose and fructose from high concentrations in the gut lumen to low concentrations in the hemolymph, such as ApST3 and ApST4 . Sugar transporters belong to the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) . MFS transporters function as either facilitative transporters or secondary active transporters. Facilitator transporters facilitate passive solute transport across membranes by moving the solute along its concentration gradient without expending energy . ApST4 is a facilitative hexose transporter, which is concentration dependent . However, it is not clear whether NlST4, 28, and 31 in N. lugens depend on concentration. Therefore, further studies will include functional complementation assays and uptake experiments in EBY.VW4000 yeast cells.
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057242_p27
|
39057242
|
sec[3]/p[5]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.894531 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
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[
0.99853515625,
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0.00006002187728881836
] |
RNAi played a major role in advances in insect biology . Injection of dsRNA , feeding dsRNA , or spraying dsRNA induces efficient RNAi in N. lugens . So, more precise targets in N. lugens need to be identified and characterized. In our study, NlST4 , 28 , and 31 were expressed highly in the gut and may be the potential targets of RNAi. Our findings will help to improve the design of effective resistance management strategies to control N. lugens in agriculture.
|
[
"Xinxin Shangguan",
"Xiaoyu Yang",
"Siyin Wang",
"Lijie Geng",
"Lina Wang",
"Mengfan Zhao",
"Haohao Cao",
"Yi Zhang",
"Xiaoli Li",
"Mingsheng Yang",
"Kedong Xu",
"Xiaohong Zheng"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070509
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277013_p0
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[0]/p[0]
|
1. Introduction
| 2.289063 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.425048828125,
0.0020160675048828125,
0.5732421875
] |
[
0.023681640625,
0.91796875,
0.057586669921875,
0.0005588531494140625
] |
The traditional economic theory applied in public health assumes that agents act rationally, utilizing all available information to select options to maximize their well-being or satisfaction . This hypothesis serves as the bedrock for predicting human behavior across many fields. However, insights stemming from the discipline of Behavioral Sciences, enriched by psychological research, reveal that this rationality is often constrained . The decision-making agent is hindered by various cognitive biases, resulting in choices that do not necessarily lead to optimal well-being or happiness .
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277013_p1
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[0]/p[1]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.158203 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.97705078125,
0.0012664794921875,
0.021636962890625
] |
[
0.028717041015625,
0.78857421875,
0.181884765625,
0.0008859634399414062
] |
From a Behavioral Sciences standpoint, deviations from rationality are not anomalies but ordinary and anticipated aspects of human behavior. These expected deviations are particularly salient when individuals make health-related decisions. Such lapses in rational judgment can lead to negligence regarding personal health care and a failure to appraise all available information when making critical choices. Consequently, a burgeoning body of literature explores the far-reaching implications of Behavioral sciences within the health field, especially in medicine .
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11277013_p2
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[0]/p[2]
|
1. Introduction
| 2.625 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.98388671875,
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] |
[
0.0594482421875,
0.919921875,
0.0201416015625,
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] |
Studies in the health field using standardized interventions based on the rational decision-making approach rely on education, financial incentives, and the regulation of healthcare quality . Behavioral Sciences-based interventions involve framing messages, nudges and vouchers modifying individuals’ choice architecture. Thus, this design and strategy can be used effectively in different health systems .
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277013_p3
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[0]/p[3]
|
1. Introduction
| 1.245117 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.0159759521484375,
0.0009121894836425781,
0.98291015625
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[
0.0030612945556640625,
0.99609375,
0.0006303787231445312,
0.0003440380096435547
] |
Nudges change how options are presented, making it easier to choose the best one. In a nudge, you do not force the decision-maker to do something; you show them choices so that they can make a choice that might be more appropriate for them. The decision-maker is free to choose . In experiments, to incentivize participants, one can give monetary rewards, when money is provided directly to the participants, or vouchers, which would be rights, coupons, or tickets, which participants can exchange for goods or services, or even cash after a certain period of time.
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11277013_p4
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[0]/p[4]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.824219 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.986328125,
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] |
[
0.06884765625,
0.0027294158935546875,
0.92822265625,
0.00028514862060546875
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In this paper, we enhance the existing discourse by conducting a comprehensive and systematic review of scholarly articles that explore the intricate relationship between behavioral sciences and chronic diseases. Our focus is on various behaviorally informed interventions designed to address the issues arising from deviations from rational decision-making. Our research question is to what extent do Behavioral Sciences influence the development and management of chronic diseases? We provide a comprehensive examination in this paper.
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277013_p5
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[0]/p[5]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.666016 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9970703125,
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[
0.5888671875,
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0.15380859375,
0.0007839202880859375
] |
Our research provides a pivotal contribution to the conversation surrounding preventive medicine. By unearthing and synthesizing the most persuasive evidence, we offer actionable strategies to refine the healthcare decision-making process. Discussions on bolstering medication adherence, implementing crucial screenings , and other meaningful deliberations necessitate meticulous analysis. Through our thorough investigation, we endeavor to highlight these critical matters and present practical solutions, thereby fostering a more nuanced understanding of how Behavioral Sciences can be leveraged to improve overall health outcomes.
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11277013_p6
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[1]/p[0]
|
2. Materials and Methods
| 2.339844 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.9609375,
0.00847625732421875,
0.0305023193359375
] |
[
0.03863525390625,
0.2073974609375,
0.75146484375,
0.002758026123046875
] |
This systematic review followed the PRISMA 2020 Statement protocol guidelines and was registered and published at PROSPERO ( http://www.crd.yourk.ac.uk/prospero/ ), accessed on 20 February 2024, registration number: CRD42023412377 ( Table S1 ).
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277013_p7
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[1]/p[1]
|
2. Materials and Methods
| 3.279297 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
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] |
[
0.9912109375,
0.0021533966064453125,
0.006694793701171875,
0.00010669231414794922
] |
Eligibility criteria for the inclusion of studies were defined based on study design, intervention, outcomes, and language. We included Randomized Controlled Trial studies of Behavioral Sciences interventions in public health, published in English, Spanish and Portuguese from 2013 to January 2023.
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11277013_p8
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[1]/p[2]
|
2. Materials and Methods
| 3.869141 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0001990795135498047,
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] |
[
0.97509765625,
0.0013217926025390625,
0.0232696533203125,
0.00009483098983764648
] |
The search was carried out on 27 March 2024 in the following indexed electronic databases—Cochrane, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus—seeking to explore the field of behavioral economics and public health, using the following strategy: (Public Health [MeSH Terms]) AND (behavioral economics (BE) [MeSH Terms]). Considering that the search strategy was broad and concerned intersectoral fields of research and action, the authors initially chose to identify general studies, but due to the number of studies selected for the final sample ( n = 85), priority themes emerged, facilitating analysis and discussion in specific areas. For this article, we will analyze intervention studies in Behavioral Sciences and the effect on chronic diseases in public health.
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277013_p9
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[1]/p[3]
|
2. Materials and Methods
| 2.785156 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9970703125,
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] |
[
0.99609375,
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] |
The screening and selection of texts were carried out with the support of the Rayyan program , using the PICOS strategy defined in the study protocol. The selection by titles and abstracts was carried out independently by two authors seeking consensus. However, inconsistency in decisions was assisted by a third author. The full texts were analyzed in the final sample.
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277013_p10
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[1]/p[4]
|
2. Materials and Methods
| 2.78125 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9970703125,
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] |
[
0.98779296875,
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] |
Data were extracted by two independent authors and analyzed by a third author. If there was a difference between the other two, the third person resolved it. Differences were analyzed and resolved by consensus between the authors. The data considered in the extraction were author, year and country, study design, sample, instruments, study quality, interventions and outcomes.
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277013_p11
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[1]/p[5]
|
2. Materials and Methods
| 4.085938 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
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] |
[
0.99658203125,
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0.000055670738220214844
] |
We performed the quality assessment of the included studies using the Evidence-Based Librarianship (EBL) Critical Appraisal Checklist . The tool consists of a checklist using a quantitative analysis of the articles in the systematic review to assess risk of bias. A validity analysis takes place through subclasses such as population, data collection, study design, results and ‘overall’. Raw scores are obtained from the “Yes” answers, which score 1, and the “No” and “Unclear” answers, which score 0. The answers are divided by the total number of items in each subclass as well as the total score, and multiplied by 100 to arrive at the percentage score. N/A answers are annulled and do not count as an item when calculating the percentage of subclasses and overall validity. The result is obtained from the scores “Yes” ≥ 75% and “No/Unclear” ≤ 25%, defined by the author .
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277013_p12
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[2]/p[0]
|
3. Results
| 4 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.99755859375,
0.00124359130859375,
0.0013208389282226562
] |
[
0.171142578125,
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0.000579833984375
] |
The systematic search of the databases identified 2951 articles, and excluded 379 duplicates and removed 2458 articles after analyzing titles and abstracts that did not meet the PICOS strategy described in the study protocol. Due to the use of a broad search strategy in the databases and the use of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), the number of exclusions was significant at this stage of the screening. A sample of 114 articles was identified for full reading, and 88 articles were excluded. The flowchart for this systematic review is shown in Figure 1 .
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11277013_p13
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[2]/p[1]
|
3. Results
| 1.862305 |
other
|
Study
|
[
0.47509765625,
0.00213623046875,
0.52294921875
] |
[
0.72607421875,
0.23876953125,
0.033538818359375,
0.0013780593872070312
] |
Interventions were based in framing messages ( n = 13) in most studies, followed by messaging and incentives ( n = 4) , financial and mixed incentives ( n = 4) , nudge ( n = 3) and voucher ( n = 2) .
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277013_p14
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[2]/p[2]
|
3. Results
| 3.929688 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0005545616149902344,
0.0006847381591796875
] |
[
0.90673828125,
0.002239227294921875,
0.0908203125,
0.00024199485778808594
] |
Regarding the results, the interventions using framing messages demonstrated results such as reduced knowledge gaps in relation to COVID-19 , the influence of information such as the effectiveness and cost of treatment on the increase in search intention for mammography screening exams , screening for prostate examination in elderly men and overtreatment of diabetes in the elderly, thus burdening the health system . The practice of protected sex is related to safer decision-making time , increased adherence to cervical cancer screening , increased contraceptive treatment adherence , increased adherence to preventive behaviors against COVID-19 , an influence on physicians’ behavior and patients’ adherence to medication , increased active choice in colonoscopy examination , increased positive belief in antibiotic action in influenza and uptake of HIV testing impacting on reduced transmission .
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277013_p15
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[2]/p[3]
|
3. Results
| 2.464844 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99658203125,
0.0012969970703125,
0.0022220611572265625
] |
[
0.76708984375,
0.08477783203125,
0.146484375,
0.0015707015991210938
] |
The studies that used messages and incentives demonstrated results such as Increased the likelihood of patients’ adherence to medical appointments , increased adherence to colonoscopy , increased mammograms received , and decreased blood pressure (BP) in the short term .
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277013_p16
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[2]/p[4]
|
3. Results
| 2.152344 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99462890625,
0.002048492431640625,
0.0032787322998046875
] |
[
0.1595458984375,
0.439697265625,
0.396484375,
0.004108428955078125
] |
However, interventions that used financial and mixed demonstrating results including a reduction in the cholesterol level of patients , influence on physicians’ behavior and patients’ medication adherence , increased adherence to medicalization and decreased rehospitalization and increased adherence to treatment for eye patients .
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277013_p17
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[2]/p[5]
|
3. Results
| 2.539063 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99560546875,
0.0009512901306152344,
0.003597259521484375
] |
[
0.98974609375,
0.006870269775390625,
0.0031261444091796875,
0.00020778179168701172
] |
The interventions that used nudge demonstrated results such as Increased cervical–rectal cancer (CRC) screening and contraceptive treatment adherence . Finally, the voucher strategy presented results of increased the intention to adhere to screening for mammography and the prioritization of patients concerning health investments by regulators ( Table 1 ).
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277013_p18
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[2]/p[6]
|
3. Results
| 1.680664 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.87451171875,
0.0022945404052734375,
0.123291015625
] |
[
0.583984375,
0.39794921875,
0.01666259765625,
0.0014905929565429688
] |
Most studies were conducted in the United States of America ( n = 13) , Singapore ( n = 2) , Japan ( n = 2) , the UK ( n = 2) , China ( n = 2) , Chile ( n = 1) , Indonesia ( n = 1) , Ethiopia ( n = 1) , South Africa ( n = 1) and Switzerland ( n = 1) were other countries of origin.
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277013_p19
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[2]/p[7]
|
3. Results
| 3.044922 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0005621910095214844,
0.0010519027709960938
] |
[
0.9736328125,
0.01415252685546875,
0.012054443359375,
0.0003361701965332031
] |
The Randomized Controlled Trial studies included used simple RCT ( n = 18) , clusters ( n = 5) , pilot studies ( n = 2) and prospective studies ( n = 1) .
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.857139 |
PMC11277013_p20
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[2]/p[8]
|
3. Results
| 2.109375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.994140625,
0.0017337799072265625,
0.00408935546875
] |
[
0.982421875,
0.0142364501953125,
0.0029621124267578125,
0.0004591941833496094
] |
Regarding the characteristics of the participants in the studies, most were conducted with patients ( n = 13) , adults ( n = 4) , primary care physicians and patients ( n = 3) , students , primary care physicians , decision-makers , employees and community health workers and patients ( Table S2 ).
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277013_p21
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[2]/p[9]
|
3. Results
| 3.919922 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9931640625,
0.0004286766052246094,
0.006443023681640625
] |
[
0.98974609375,
0.0006475448608398438,
0.00963592529296875,
0.00006639957427978516
] |
The quality assessment of the articles showed an overall mean of 74%, with most studies ( n = 14) having high quality, ≥75%, according to the EBL assessment ( Table 2 ) . Interventions using framing messages had an average of 76% overall validity; messages and incentives presented an average of 74% in the overall validity of the studies; financial and mixed incentives had an overall validity of 66% on average; nudge presented an average of 75% in the overall validity of the studies and voucher strategy presented an average of 80% in the overall validity of the studies.
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277013_p22
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[3]/p[0]
|
4. Discussion
| 2.53125 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.984375,
0.0009632110595703125,
0.0144195556640625
] |
[
0.0958251953125,
0.58447265625,
0.318603515625,
0.0013484954833984375
] |
The Behavioral Sciences interventions that showed the best evidence for chronic disease used framing messages , nudge and vouchers . Studies in the Behavioral Sciences have shown the influence of interventions in optimizing choice and decision-making processes in public health, especially related to increased adherence to screening tests and treatment for chronic diseases.
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277013_p23
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[3]/p[1]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.435547 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.95458984375,
0.004543304443359375,
0.040740966796875
] |
[
0.00926971435546875,
0.004795074462890625,
0.98583984375,
0.00028061866760253906
] |
Message framing demonstrates two characteristics, with loss-related messages generally being used more in clinical diagnostic tests, while gain-related messages are used more in the field of disease prevention ; consequently, framing messages influence increasing treatment adherence in public health. However, the results of the studies in this systematic review show that messages still have little evidence in studies involving public health policy-makers, who are not aware of the importance of choice architecture in health behaviors and in changing the understanding of health service delivery systems for patients with chronic diseases , which is one of the challenges for future research.
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11277013_p24
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[3]/p[2]
|
4. Discussion
| 2.59375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99267578125,
0.0019855499267578125,
0.00527191162109375
] |
[
0.58642578125,
0.12646484375,
0.285400390625,
0.0016393661499023438
] |
The most prevalent findings were related to screening examinations . Studies show that most screenings have limited benefits for patients tested regularly, and the most common problems pointed out are “forgetfulness” and “procrastination”; strategies involving reminders by letter and telephone have shown better patient compliance with tests. However, even with high efficacy, this methodology tends to be more expensive and challenging to extend to the general population, thus burdening the public health system .
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277013_p25
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[3]/p[3]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.052734 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.98828125,
0.007305145263671875,
0.004360198974609375
] |
[
0.86474609375,
0.1234130859375,
0.01091766357421875,
0.0010585784912109375
] |
Patient adherence to treatment was the second outcome in the study results. In many public health systems, treatment adherence is centered on the role played by the doctor, which justifies the future integration of this intervention together with other health professionals as well as patients. This approach seems advantageous for providing more significant support for treatment adherence, considering the scarcity of evidence for changing healthier habits after the intervention, thus impacting a more permanent change in patients’ health and the greater involvement of health teams .
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11277013_p26
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[3]/p[4]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.203125 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0008001327514648438,
0.00109100341796875
] |
[
0.94580078125,
0.029815673828125,
0.02392578125,
0.0005345344543457031
] |
To elucidate the issue of health team involvement and permanent changes in patients’ habits, an intervention study demonstrated that patient orientation, medication management with monitoring by a health professional, cognitive–behavioral intervention, messages with reminders to take medication and incentives were indicated as strategies to promote adherence to treatment .
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277013_p27
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[3]/p[5]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.033203 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.98193359375,
0.0012025833129882812,
0.016876220703125
] |
[
0.509765625,
0.1297607421875,
0.359619140625,
0.0009527206420898438
] |
Messages and incentives also presented satisfactory evidence . Most of the results were from screening tests, were followed using financial incentives and were mixed, in the order of validity of the evidence, showing results in patients who had cardiovascular disease . For both cases, messages and incentives usually showed a more significant result when the information was simple and objective, and when the incentives were released in the short and medium term , These considerations demonstrate an additional challenge for the process of translating knowledge into public health policies, considering that they are planned, executed and evaluated over a long period and designed for larger populations.
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277013_p28
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[3]/p[6]
|
4. Discussion
| 2.890625 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.96630859375,
0.0018472671508789062,
0.03179931640625
] |
[
0.1390380859375,
0.54248046875,
0.317626953125,
0.00112152099609375
] |
The studies were primarily conducted with patients , which leads to a reflection on the decision-making process only at the individual level. Interventions carried out with primary care physicians, workers and patients are more likely to bring about collective change, but only one study was carried out with decision-makers in the health system , which would have a more structural impact on public health policy-making with equity. Co-produced health interventions would allow professionals, researchers and managers to develop a shared understanding that would improve the evaluation of co-produced public health actions, programs and policies applied to chronic diseases .
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11277013_p29
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[3]/p[7]
|
4. Discussion
| 2.558594 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.96044921875,
0.005855560302734375,
0.033782958984375
] |
[
0.0247344970703125,
0.265869140625,
0.70751953125,
0.0021266937255859375
] |
Increasing patients’ knowledge or active choices is only one step towards affecting disease behavior and exposure. We leave some reflections from the results of this systematic review, including whether other health professionals would have the same influence on patients’ adherence to chronic disease treatment? Or a change in lifestyle habits? Or again, what would be the evidence from Behavioral Sciences to show the path from awareness to impact on decision-making in health managers towards equity?
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277013_p30
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[3]/p[8]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.082031 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.984375,
0.008270263671875,
0.00727081298828125
] |
[
0.004100799560546875,
0.0012874603271484375,
0.994140625,
0.0004978179931640625
] |
This systematic review presents some limitations related to the heterogeneity of the sample of studies, making it challenging to analyze the specific interventions and results in chronic diseases more precisely. Another limitation was the search strategy in electronic databases, impacting the number of studies, and the cut-off defined by the authors of chronic disease; this may affect the exclusion of other behavioral insights in the same field. As strengths of the study, we highlight the use of the PRISMA protocol and standardized instruments for the critical analysis of studies. Additionally, the interventions were from Randomized Controlled Trial studies, making it possible to indicate a causal relationship between intervention and research results, thus increasing the quality of evidence.
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277013_p31
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[4]/p[0]
|
5. Conclusions
| 2.607422 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.98681640625,
0.004360198974609375,
0.0085906982421875
] |
[
0.0020008087158203125,
0.99365234375,
0.0037097930908203125,
0.0004382133483886719
] |
Behavioral Sciences can contribute to increased thinking about effective health interventions. Specifically, the treatment of chronic diseases can be improved with the use of behavioral insights. With these interventions, patients, healthcare teams and managers can make better decisions for the recovery and well-being of patients with chronic diseases.
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277013_p32
|
PMC11277013
|
sec[4]/p[1]
|
5. Conclusions
| 3.130859 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.986328125,
0.0020236968994140625,
0.01142120361328125
] |
[
0.0210723876953125,
0.50341796875,
0.474609375,
0.00107574462890625
] |
Behavioral Science interventions for chronic diseases show evidence using framing messages, nudges and vouchers primarily for screening and patient adherence to treatment. The current state of decision-making primarily involves patients, with possible future studies suggesting the inclusion of healthcare professionals and decision-makers. Further research could explore behavioral science interventions and the impact on the clinic and on public health policies, focusing on improving screening tests and patient adherence to treatment.
|
[
"Rafael Corrêa",
"Matheus Britto Froner",
"Benjamin Miranda Tabak"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070837
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11277025_p0
|
PMC11277025
|
sec[0]/p[0]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.03125 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.001148223876953125,
0.000476837158203125
] |
[
0.16552734375,
0.378662109375,
0.453125,
0.0025806427001953125
] |
Platelet concentrate (PC) transfusion is often used to treat platelet (PLT) function disorders and thrombocytopenia. Patients may receive PLT transfusions to enhance hemostasis during spontaneous, traumatic, or perioperative bleeding . Hemostasis and thrombosis are not the only two processes in which PLTs play an essential role, but they perform many other functions, including promoting the inflammatory and immune response, recruiting leucocytes and progenitor cells to sites of vascular injury and thrombosis, storing, producing, and releasing pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and angiogenic factors as well as microparticles into the circulation .
|
[
"Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk",
"Tomasz Walski",
"Raghvendra Bohara",
"Julia Mikolas",
"Krystian Kubica"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147779
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277025_p1
|
PMC11277025
|
sec[0]/p[1]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.945313 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00016629695892333984,
0.000278472900390625
] |
[
0.9775390625,
0.0022563934326171875,
0.020111083984375,
0.00013196468353271484
] |
According to standard procedures, PCs are obtained from volunteer donors and can be collected from whole blood with the platelet-rich plasma (PRP) method or the buffy coat (BC) method. Additionally, PLTs can be obtained by plateletpheresis, harvesting the PLT but returning all other blood cells to the donor . Each of the described procedures has some limitations and disadvantages ( Table 1 ). Experimental models have shown that the procedure of PLTs isolation affects their activation and vital functions that are strictly combined with storage. It is proved that better-quality PCs, measured as the level of PLTs activation, can be obtained by both BC and the apheresis methods .
|
[
"Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk",
"Tomasz Walski",
"Raghvendra Bohara",
"Julia Mikolas",
"Krystian Kubica"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147779
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277025_p2
|
PMC11277025
|
sec[0]/p[2]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.1875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0005230903625488281,
0.0004992485046386719
] |
[
0.53271484375,
0.0025386810302734375,
0.46435546875,
0.0005588531494140625
] |
After 7 days of storage, PLTs show a reduction in their therapeutic efficacy. It is related to morphological, biochemical, and functional changes observed as, for example, the loss of discoid shape, decreased mean platelet volume, increased volume and density heterogeneity, the increased release of PLT granules and cytosolic proteins, increased procoagulant activity, and altered glycoprotein (GP) expression. All of the effects mentioned above are typical for the development of platelet storage lesions (PSLs) , which have been well-reviewed before . PSL progresses from blood collection to transfusion, and it is also accompanied by increased oxidative stress and platelet microparticles (PMPs) formation, complement activation , a decrease in glucose and ATP, higher levels of lactate hydrate , and irreversible PLT activation , which, lastly, limits the availability and safety of the PC.
|
[
"Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk",
"Tomasz Walski",
"Raghvendra Bohara",
"Julia Mikolas",
"Krystian Kubica"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147779
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11277025_p3
|
PMC11277025
|
sec[0]/p[3]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.970703 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.994140625,
0.0032711029052734375,
0.002513885498046875
] |
[
0.005657196044921875,
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0.9912109375,
0.0004901885986328125
] |
Over recent years, PRP has gained significant attention and application in the field of regenerative medicine. Studies have demonstrated that PRP is rich in PLT-derived growth factors and maintains normal levels of plasma fibrinogen, both of which work together to enhance the regenerative process. Additionally, the cost-effectiveness of PRP compared to traditional therapies makes it a favorable option for many healthcare providers . Nevertheless, this work does not address this topic. This review specifically focuses on the methodologies for storing PLTs for transfusion purposes, ensuring the availability of this critical component for emergency and life-saving interventions.
|
[
"Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk",
"Tomasz Walski",
"Raghvendra Bohara",
"Julia Mikolas",
"Krystian Kubica"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147779
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11277025_p4
|
PMC11277025
|
sec[0]/p[4]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.988281 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00011211633682250977,
0.00027370452880859375
] |
[
0.99365234375,
0.00131988525390625,
0.004726409912109375,
0.00009894371032714844
] |
Literature reports indicate that the age of donors also affects the storage duration and quality of PCs. Population aging is a global phenomenon with different impacts in developed and developing countries. According to data published in 2021, stored PLTs from older male donors exhibit increased Krebs cycle metabolism, indicating metabolic storage lesions. These PLTs exhibit similar post-transfusion recoveries at 24 h but have a shorter survival time in the bloodstream of autologous recipients .
|
[
"Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk",
"Tomasz Walski",
"Raghvendra Bohara",
"Julia Mikolas",
"Krystian Kubica"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147779
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277025_p5
|
PMC11277025
|
sec[0]/p[5]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.046875 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.000484466552734375,
0.0010919570922851562
] |
[
0.2374267578125,
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0.75146484375,
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The World Health Organization (WHO) highlights the issue of blood wastage in its report titled ‘Towards Self-Sufficiency in Safe Blood and Blood Products based on Voluntary on-Remunerated Donation’. In 2013, WHO data from 148 countries showed that 5.2% of blood and blood products were utilized . However, the 2022 WHO report estimates that approximately 23% of blood and blood product supplies worldwide were discarded solely due to exceeding their expiration date . This global average masks significant regional variations. For instance, Malaysia recorded a discard rate of around 6% for PCs in 2012 , whereas India reported a much higher rate of 37% . In the USA, approximately 10% of produced PCs are discarded , while in Iran in 2015, this percentage was only 3.8% . Efforts to enhance PLT banking are multifaceted due to the complex nature of the PLT storage issue. Research primarily aims to extend the storage duration of PLTs, enhance their quality, and minimize the wastage of valuable biological material. Therefore, exploring avenues to prolong the lifespan of PLTs is imperative.
|
[
"Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk",
"Tomasz Walski",
"Raghvendra Bohara",
"Julia Mikolas",
"Krystian Kubica"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147779
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277025_p6
|
PMC11277025
|
sec[0]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
Solutions Can Be Found by Carrying out Research on Aspects of the 4Es
| 3.939453 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0005688667297363281,
0.0009541511535644531
] |
[
0.169677734375,
0.0254974365234375,
0.80419921875,
0.0005960464477539062
] |
Currently, research in the field of PLT storage can be divided into several main groups. Researchers are encouraged to conduct studies on any of the following 4E approaches: Extending storage conditions: This involves investigating various factors that can impact storage conditions, including exploring optimal storage temperatures and evaluating the effectiveness of using gas-permeable bags. Enabling additive solutions: This includes designing synthetic compositions that can effectively suspend and store PLTs, aiming to create improved additive solutions for long-term storage. This involves exploring alternative methods for blood PLT storage and testing, including iPSC, photobiomodulation, -omics, and microRNA (miRNA) technology. These investigations hold promise for discovering new insights and improving existing storage methods. Employing statistical modeling and big data technologies: Utilizing these methods can result in a more efficient and effective blood management system. These methods offer the potential for valuable insights and better decision-making processes.
|
[
"Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk",
"Tomasz Walski",
"Raghvendra Bohara",
"Julia Mikolas",
"Krystian Kubica"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147779
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999994 |
PMC11277025_p7
|
PMC11277025
|
sec[0]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
Solutions Can Be Found by Carrying out Research on Aspects of the 4Es
| 3.417969 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0005269050598144531,
0.0011196136474609375
] |
[
0.0521240234375,
0.85546875,
0.09136962890625,
0.0009975433349609375
] |
By actively pursuing research within these 4E approaches, significant advancements in PLT storage can be made. These efforts have the potential to extend the storage time of PLTs, enhance the quality of stored PLTs, and ultimately reduce the wastage of this critical biological resource. Moreover, the exploration of these avenues may lead to the development of novel storage methods and innovative solutions, ultimately improving the overall management of blood products.
|
[
"Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk",
"Tomasz Walski",
"Raghvendra Bohara",
"Julia Mikolas",
"Krystian Kubica"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147779
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277025_p8
|
PMC11277025
|
sec[0]/sec[0]/p[2]
|
Solutions Can Be Found by Carrying out Research on Aspects of the 4Es
| 4.085938 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.98583984375,
0.0089569091796875,
0.005054473876953125
] |
[
0.004085540771484375,
0.0023708343505859375,
0.99267578125,
0.000835418701171875
] |
This narrative review provides a summary of strategies related to PSL and problems, improvements, and new perspectives for transfusion medicine. We searched PubMed in May 2024 using the primary search phrase ‘(platelet storage lesion) AND (platelet concentrates) AND (platelet OR platelets)’. We also performed searches with additional key terms (for example, ‘pathogen reduction’ and ‘pathogen inactivation’, ‘aging’, ‘cold storage’, ‘Platelet additive solutions (PASs)’, and ‘cryopreservation’) to identify articles specifically relevant to each section of this review. This initial search returned 1375 results. Only peer-reviewed articles in English were considered. We checked the relevance of the titles/abstracts of the retrieved articles, identified by manually searching reference lists. Where multiple articles reported similar findings, priority was given to those most recently published. In total, 143 articles were deemed by the authors as most relevant to PSL—problems, improvements, and new perspectives and were included in this narrative review.
|
[
"Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk",
"Tomasz Walski",
"Raghvendra Bohara",
"Julia Mikolas",
"Krystian Kubica"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147779
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277025_p9
|
PMC11277025
|
sec[1]/p[0]
|
2. Platelets: Small Cells with Great Importance in Health and Disease
| 4.144531 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0004012584686279297,
0.0004363059997558594
] |
[
0.53271484375,
0.409423828125,
0.056060791015625,
0.0016765594482421875
] |
PLTs are the smallest blood cells produced in the bone marrow from stem cells called megakaryocytes (MKs). They have a diameter of 2–3 μm, an average volume of about 7 μm 3 , and a thickness of 0.5 μm. The normal count of PLTs in human blood is between 150 and 400 × 10 9 per liter. Two-thirds of the PLTs are in the blood, while the remaining one-third is stored in the spleen. An adult can produce around 10 11 PLTs daily. PLTs are the second most numerous cells in the blood and play a crucial role in responding to vascular injuries. They also signal white blood cells to initiate the inflammatory process. The lifespan of a PLT in the bloodstream is 5 to 9 days. Younger PLTs are larger than older ones and are removed by macrophages in the spleen and liver (Kupffer cells) .
|
[
"Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk",
"Tomasz Walski",
"Raghvendra Bohara",
"Julia Mikolas",
"Krystian Kubica"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147779
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11277025_p10
|
PMC11277025
|
sec[1]/p[1]
|
2. Platelets: Small Cells with Great Importance in Health and Disease
| 4.03125 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0006875991821289062,
0.0005764961242675781
] |
[
0.17041015625,
0.77294921875,
0.055145263671875,
0.0015974044799804688
] |
The primary and well-known function of PLTs is their participation in the process of coagulation and hemostasis . Hemostasis involves several processes aimed at keeping blood in a fluid state within the vascular system. When there is damage to a blood vessel, these processes prevent the blood from leaking out by forming a clot—initially, a PLT plug (primary hemostasis), followed by a fibrin clot (secondary plasma hemostasis). In the body, these events occur nearly simultaneously and are closely linked .
|
[
"Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk",
"Tomasz Walski",
"Raghvendra Bohara",
"Julia Mikolas",
"Krystian Kubica"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147779
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277025_p11
|
PMC11277025
|
sec[1]/p[2]
|
2. Platelets: Small Cells with Great Importance in Health and Disease
| 4.269531 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0007548332214355469,
0.00044655799865722656
] |
[
0.6669921875,
0.30419921875,
0.0268402099609375,
0.0016994476318359375
] |
The most important stage of hemostasis is clot formation. It involves the enzymatic conversion of fibrinogen (Factor I) into fibrin (Factor Ia), facilitated by thrombin. Thrombin circulates in the blood in an inactive form as prothrombin (Factor II) and can be activated via two pathways: intrinsic or extrinsic. The extrinsic pathway is initiated by tissue factor (TF), released into the blood by damaged tissue cells. The intrinsic pathway begins when PLTs come into contact with negatively charged surfaces (e.g., exposed collagen), leading to the activation of Factor XIIa .
|
[
"Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk",
"Tomasz Walski",
"Raghvendra Bohara",
"Julia Mikolas",
"Krystian Kubica"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147779
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999994 |
PMC11277025_p12
|
PMC11277025
|
sec[1]/p[3]
|
2. Platelets: Small Cells with Great Importance in Health and Disease
| 3.923828 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0006456375122070312,
0.0008211135864257812
] |
[
0.0745849609375,
0.0120697021484375,
0.91259765625,
0.0005383491516113281
] |
Excessive activation of PLTs has been observed in many diseases, such as atherosclerosis, cerebral ischemic events, and acute coronary syndromes, leading to thrombosis within the vessel lumen. This excessive activation affects the progression of these diseases. The routine use of antiplatelet drugs has significantly improved patient prognosis. Current research is focused on identifying both known and new molecules that can affect previously understood as well as entirely new pathways of PLT aggregation .
|
[
"Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk",
"Tomasz Walski",
"Raghvendra Bohara",
"Julia Mikolas",
"Krystian Kubica"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147779
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277025_p13
|
PMC11277025
|
sec[1]/p[4]
|
2. Platelets: Small Cells with Great Importance in Health and Disease
| 4.085938 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00047087669372558594,
0.0003306865692138672
] |
[
0.435791015625,
0.003070831298828125,
0.560546875,
0.0007081031799316406
] |
PLTs have the ability to directly bind pathogens by expressing receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) . They can eliminate pathogens through encapsulation and antimicrobial peptides . PLTs are often called “circulating guards” in the literature because they interact with immune complexes and form leukocyte–PLT aggregates that immobilize pathogens . Many studies show a connection between a decrease in PLT count (thrombocytopenia) and infections . Severe thrombocytopenia during sepsis is usually a poor prognostic indicator, suggesting that PLTs play a crucial role in critically ill patients . The mechanisms of thrombocytopenia during sepsis are still being discussed, with excessive PLT destruction, sequestration, or bone marrow production defects being proposed as causes .
|
[
"Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk",
"Tomasz Walski",
"Raghvendra Bohara",
"Julia Mikolas",
"Krystian Kubica"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147779
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11277025_p14
|
PMC11277025
|
sec[1]/p[5]
|
2. Platelets: Small Cells with Great Importance in Health and Disease
| 4.023438 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00030350685119628906,
0.0002925395965576172
] |
[
0.755859375,
0.20751953125,
0.035675048828125,
0.0008988380432128906
] |
When tissues become infected, inflammation can result from the direct or indirect harmful effects of certain microbial products. PLTs are the first cells to gather at the site of vascular injury, setting off inflammatory processes by releasing substances such as histamine, serotonin, pro-inflammatory chemokines, and cytokines. They also play a role in the later stages of inflammation. Through the expression of various functional immune receptors, PLTs influence the immune response, contributing to innate immunity . These receptors allow PLTs to interact with immune cells in the vascular endothelium and spleen .
|
[
"Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk",
"Tomasz Walski",
"Raghvendra Bohara",
"Julia Mikolas",
"Krystian Kubica"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147779
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
PMC11277025_p15
|
PMC11277025
|
sec[1]/p[6]
|
2. Platelets: Small Cells with Great Importance in Health and Disease
| 4.066406 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00017702579498291016,
0.0003066062927246094
] |
[
0.91064453125,
0.07720947265625,
0.011566162109375,
0.0005116462707519531
] |
When the body experiences inflammation and oxidative stress, tiny cell particles called microparticles (MPs) are produced. These MPs are released by all cells in the blood. During inflammatory processes, activated PLTs release PMPs, which vary in size from 0.2 to 1 μm. High levels of PMPs in the blood are linked to many diseases . PMPs often attach to granulocytes and lymphocytes, causing these cells to increase the expression of adhesion molecules and their ability to engulf foreign particles. PMPs also trigger the secretion of cytokines and influence the growth of new blood vessels .
|
[
"Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk",
"Tomasz Walski",
"Raghvendra Bohara",
"Julia Mikolas",
"Krystian Kubica"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147779
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
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