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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PMC11277760_p17
|
PMC11277760
|
sec[2]/p[5]
|
Instrumental-variable calibration approach
| 3.642578 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
0.98095703125,
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The weight with unknown λ is (3.3) W s = d s + λ П s − 1 Z s where П s = d i a g ( q k − 1 d k − 1 ) , q k is a positive integer in the present study, we take q k = 1 , and Z s is the sample restriction of Z, the classical instrumental variable used instead of the endogenous auxiliary variable. By plugging in the weights in the calibration constraint we find the value of λ as λ = ( Z s T П s − 1 X ) − 1 ( 1 u X − d s X s )
|
[
"Muhammad Nadeem Intizar",
"Muhammad Ahmed Shehzad",
"Haris Khurram",
"Soofia Iftikhar",
"Aamna Khan",
"Abdul Rauf Kashif"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33969
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277760_p18
|
PMC11277760
|
sec[2]/p[6]
|
Instrumental-variable calibration approach
| 3.982422 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.8720703125,
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[
0.96826171875,
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Put the value of λ in equation (3.3) weights equation and finally, we get the required weights as (3.4) W I V C = d s + П s − 1 Z s ( Z s T П s − 1 X ) − 1 ( 1 u X − d s X s ) so, the instrumental-variable calibration estimator for the total t y by using equation (3.4) is as: t ˆ I V C = W s , I V C y s = ( d s + ( 1 u T X − d s T X s ) ( Z s T П s − 1 X s ) − 1 Z s T П s − 1 ) y s = d s T y s + ( 1 u T X − d s T X s ) ( Z s T П s − 1 X s ) − 1 Z s T П s − 1 y s (3.5) t ˆ I V C = d s T y s + ( 1 u T X − d s T X s ) β ˆ I V C where β ˆ I V C = ( Z s T П s − 1 X s ) − 1 Z s T П s − 1 y s . The estimator t ˆ I V C defined in equation (3.5) is a model-assisted (designed-based) instrumental-variable estimator.
|
[
"Muhammad Nadeem Intizar",
"Muhammad Ahmed Shehzad",
"Haris Khurram",
"Soofia Iftikhar",
"Aamna Khan",
"Abdul Rauf Kashif"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33969
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277760_p19
|
PMC11277760
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
Properties of model-assisted instrumental-variable calibration estimator
| 4.023438 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.81982421875,
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0.1796875
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[
0.98388671875,
0.0153656005859375,
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Some properties of the model-assisted Instrumental-variable calibration estimator ( t ˆ I V C ) are presented and their proof are available in appendix. Theorem 1 The model-assisted Instrumental-variable calibration estimator ( t ˆ I V C ) is biased , and its biases are given by Bias ( t ˆ I V C ) = − E ( ∑ s y k π k − ∑ U X k T ) β ˆ I V C where β ˆ I V C = ( Z k T П s − 1 X s ) − 1 Z s T П s − 1 y s Theorem 2 The asymptotic variance of the instrumental-variable model-assisted calibration estimator ( t ˆ I V C ) is given by M S E ( t ˆ I V C − t y ) = E ( t ˆ I V C − t y ) 2 = V a r ( t ˆ I V C ) + ( B i a s ( t ˆ I V C ) ) 2 if β ˆ I V C − β O L S = o p ( 1 ) then the asymptotic variance of t ˆ I V C is V a r ( t ˆ I V C ) = ∑ U ∑ U Δ k l ( y k − X k β ˆ I V π k ) ( y l − X l β ˆ I V π l )
|
[
"Muhammad Nadeem Intizar",
"Muhammad Ahmed Shehzad",
"Haris Khurram",
"Soofia Iftikhar",
"Aamna Khan",
"Abdul Rauf Kashif"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33969
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11277760_p20
|
PMC11277760
|
sec[3]/p[0]
|
Model-based instrumental-variable calibration approach
| 2.416016 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.64306640625,
0.0009765625,
0.35595703125
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[
0.34326171875,
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0.0019292831420898438,
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Usually, without the auxiliary information, t ˆ y is determined by the Horvitz-Thompson estimator, defined as (4.1) t ˆ y = d k T y k
|
[
"Muhammad Nadeem Intizar",
"Muhammad Ahmed Shehzad",
"Haris Khurram",
"Soofia Iftikhar",
"Aamna Khan",
"Abdul Rauf Kashif"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33969
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11277760_p21
|
PMC11277760
|
sec[3]/p[1]
|
Model-based instrumental-variable calibration approach
| 4.15625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9912109375,
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[
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The estimator in equation (4.1) may be improved by using the auxiliary variables in the form of model-based estimation. A model identified the set of conditions that describe a class of distribution of Y = { y 1 , y 2 , … , y N } . Kumar et al. proposed the model-based calibration estimator when the study and auxiliary variables are inversely related. We propose a model-based instrumental-variable calibration estimator of Y by the Instrumental-variable calibration approach proposed by Ref. under the model given in equation (2.1) as: Y = X β + e which does not satisfy the assumption of exogeneity, that is E ( x i , e i ) ≠ 0 . We propose a model-based instrumental-variable calibration estimator of Y as: (4.2) t ˆ I V M B C = W s y S where W s calibrated weights which are obtained by the instrumental-variable calibration technique. Subject to the constraint W s T X s = 1 u X
|
[
"Muhammad Nadeem Intizar",
"Muhammad Ahmed Shehzad",
"Haris Khurram",
"Soofia Iftikhar",
"Aamna Khan",
"Abdul Rauf Kashif"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33969
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277760_p22
|
PMC11277760
|
sec[3]/p[2]
|
Model-based instrumental-variable calibration approach
| 2.714844 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.849609375,
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[
0.857421875,
0.1414794921875,
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] |
Since X s is endogenous, we use instrumental-variable Z s instead of endogenous auxiliary variables. By using the Instrumental-variable calibration approach proposed by Ref. , the weights in equation (4.2) become (4.3) W s = 1 s + λ Z s
|
[
"Muhammad Nadeem Intizar",
"Muhammad Ahmed Shehzad",
"Haris Khurram",
"Soofia Iftikhar",
"Aamna Khan",
"Abdul Rauf Kashif"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33969
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277760_p23
|
PMC11277760
|
sec[3]/p[3]
|
Model-based instrumental-variable calibration approach
| 3.716797 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.73046875,
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[
0.94287109375,
0.056396484375,
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] |
Plug in the value of weight in equation (3.1) we get ( 1 s + λ Z s ) X s = 1 u X . By solving it we find the value of λ as λ = 1 u − s X ( Z s T X s ) − 1 . Plug in the value of λ in equation (4.3) final weights are as: (4.4) W s = 1 s + 1 u − s X ( Z s T X s ) − 1 Z s T thus, the proposed Instrumental-variable model-based calibration estimator of t y using equation (4.4) becomes t ˆ M B I V C = W s y S = ( 1 s + 1 u − s X ( Z s T X s ) − 1 Z s T ) y S t ˆ M B I V C = 1 s y S + 1 u − s X ( Z s T X s ) − 1 Z s T y S which is equivalent to the t ˆ M B I V C = 1 s y s + 1 u − s X β ˆ M B I V C where β ˆ M B I V C = ( Z s T X s ) − 1 Z s T y S . So, the model-based instrumental-variable calibration weights ( W s ) perform a similar character to the calibrated weights under certain conditions.
|
[
"Muhammad Nadeem Intizar",
"Muhammad Ahmed Shehzad",
"Haris Khurram",
"Soofia Iftikhar",
"Aamna Khan",
"Abdul Rauf Kashif"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33969
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277760_p24
|
PMC11277760
|
sec[3]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
Properties of model-based instrumental-variable calibration estimators
| 3.810547 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.70166015625,
0.0005879402160644531,
0.2978515625
] |
[
0.95361328125,
0.044769287109375,
0.001338958740234375,
0.00018775463104248047
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Some Properties of the model-based Instrumental-variables calibration estimator t ˆ I V M B C are presented as theorems. Theorem 3 The model-based Instrumental-variable calibration estimator t ˆ I V M B C is biased , and its bias is given as B i a s ( t ˆ M B I V C ) = E ( t ˆ M B I V C − t y ) = ∑ U − s ( X s T ) E ( β ˆ M B I V C − β O L S ) where β ˆ M B I V C = ( Z s T X s ) − 1 Z s T y s . Theorem 4 The Mean Square Error of the model-based Instrumental-variable calibration estimator t ˆ I V M B C is given as M S E ( t ˆ M B I V C ) = E ( t ˆ M B I V C − t y ) 2 = E [ ( ∑ U − s X k T ( ∑ s Z k T X k ) − 1 ( ∑ s ( z k ( y k − X k β O L S ) ( y k − X k β O L S ) T z k T ) ( ∑ s Z k T X k ) − 1 ( ∑ s X k ) ]
|
[
"Muhammad Nadeem Intizar",
"Muhammad Ahmed Shehzad",
"Haris Khurram",
"Soofia Iftikhar",
"Aamna Khan",
"Abdul Rauf Kashif"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33969
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999994 |
PMC11277760_p25
|
PMC11277760
|
sec[4]/p[0]
|
Simulation scheme
| 4.113281 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.00027441978454589844,
0.001495361328125
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0001519918441772461,
0.0001537799835205078,
0.00003081560134887695
] |
In this section, we draw the empirical results to check the efficiency of the estimators by the Monte Carlo simulation. The present simulation study generates a finite population of size N = 1000 . For this population, 20 variables X = ( X 1 , X 2 , … , X 20 ) of size 1000 were generated using normal distribution, in which some are adjusted to have correlation with error terms using a linear function. In this way, they are endogenous. The finite population is based on the pair ( y k , x k ) such that x k and y k are linearly related, and the relation obtains the variable of interest Y as defined in equation (2.1) . The value of β is taken as 1. The total value of Y which is t y assumed to be the true population total. Instrumental auxiliary variables were also generated using normal distribution but with the assumption that they are correlated with auxiliary variable are unrelated to error terms. A sample of size n = 25 , 50 , 75 , 100 , 150 , 200 , 250 , 300 , and 350 were taken using Simple Random Sampling without Replacement (SRSWOR) for each draw. Different number of endogenous variables ( E ) , E = 1 , 2 , and 3 , were considered by using a linear model so the error terms relate to corresponding auxiliary variables. Then each endogenous variables replaced by the Instrumental-variable Z , generated to be independent of the error term and correlated with its endogenous auxiliary variable. The number of simulations was R = 1000 and generated data were kept fixed in each simulation. All the computational work was done in R language.
|
[
"Muhammad Nadeem Intizar",
"Muhammad Ahmed Shehzad",
"Haris Khurram",
"Soofia Iftikhar",
"Aamna Khan",
"Abdul Rauf Kashif"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33969
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
PMC11277760_p26
|
PMC11277760
|
sec[4]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
Performance evaluation
| 1.483398 |
other
|
Study
|
[
0.380615234375,
0.002349853515625,
0.6171875
] |
[
0.50732421875,
0.48583984375,
0.00514984130859375,
0.0020046234130859375
] |
The performance evaluation of the proposed estimators with conventional estimator is presented using following measures.
|
[
"Muhammad Nadeem Intizar",
"Muhammad Ahmed Shehzad",
"Haris Khurram",
"Soofia Iftikhar",
"Aamna Khan",
"Abdul Rauf Kashif"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33969
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11277760_p27
|
PMC11277760
|
sec[4]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
Performance evaluation
| 2.824219 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.95849609375,
0.0008969306945800781,
0.0404052734375
] |
[
0.2249755859375,
0.7734375,
0.0012044906616210938,
0.0004901885986328125
] |
Bias: which is calculated for estimated total ( t ˆ y ) such as: B i a s = E ( t ˆ y ) − t y
|
[
"Muhammad Nadeem Intizar",
"Muhammad Ahmed Shehzad",
"Haris Khurram",
"Soofia Iftikhar",
"Aamna Khan",
"Abdul Rauf Kashif"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33969
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277760_p28
|
PMC11277760
|
sec[4]/sec[0]/p[2]
|
Performance evaluation
| 2.480469 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.80029296875,
0.0013265609741210938,
0.1986083984375
] |
[
0.046112060546875,
0.953125,
0.0005407333374023438,
0.00032210350036621094
] |
Mean Square Error (MSE): which is calculated for estimated total ( t ˆ y ) such a M S E = 1 R ∑ i = 1 R ( t ˆ i y − t y ) 2
|
[
"Muhammad Nadeem Intizar",
"Muhammad Ahmed Shehzad",
"Haris Khurram",
"Soofia Iftikhar",
"Aamna Khan",
"Abdul Rauf Kashif"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33969
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277760_p29
|
PMC11277760
|
sec[4]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
Simulation result
| 4.144531 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.98876953125,
0.00045871734619140625,
0.01096343994140625
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00029754638671875,
0.00039649009704589844,
0.000036597251892089844
] |
The results are presented in Table 1 , Table 2 , Table 3 , Table 4 , Table 5 . These results show the behaviour of all the considered estimators: the HT estimator, GREG or conventional calibration estimator, and Instrumental-Variable Calibration (IVC) estimator for different endogenous auxiliary variables for 20 total auxiliary variables for different sample sizes by (SRSWOR). For every table, the performance of each estimator is examined with two properties Bias and Mean Square Error (MSE). Table 1 Monte Carlo Bias and Mean Square Error (MSE) with one endogenous variable ( E = 1 ) i.e. X 1 is endogenous. Table 1 Sample Size Estimator Bias MSE HT −16.361 873393.000 25 GREG −778.672 621246.000 IVC −778.658 621221.000 HT −1.190 425585.000 50 GREG −382.337 156225.000 IVC −382.333 156224.000 HT −4.971 257230 75 GREG −245.274 65207.400 IVC −245.27 65204.100 HT −2.504 190901.000 100 GREG −183.93 36814.400 IVC −183.93 36813.300 HT −13.283 125723.000 150 GREG −114.260 14322.300 IVC −114.260 14322.200 HT −4.841 93744.400 200 GREG −80.432 7159.710 IVC −80.434 7159.450 HT −6.553 71821.200 250 GREG −60.615 4079.350 IVC −60.618 4079.140 HT −1.483 53143.100 300 GREG −47.477 2508.530 IVC −47.479 2508.430 HT −0.832 42642.500 350 GREG −37.613 1582.320 IVC −37.614 1582.230 Table 2 Monte Carlo Biases and Mean Square Error (MSE) with two endogenous variables ( E = 2 ) i.e. X 1 and X 2 are endogenous. Table 2 Sample Size Estimator Bias MSE HT −11.045 1042904.000 25 GREG −778.750 621374.000 IVC −778.730 621333.000 HT −1.195 532269.000 50 GREG −382.420 156285.000 IVC −382.420 156285.000 HT −4.619 237769.000 100 GREG −183.960 36833.000 IVC −183.960 36832.800 HT −15.471 151008.000 150 GREG −114.260 14326.400 IVC −114.260 14326.100 HT −8.883 111323.000 200 GREG −80.434 7160.840 IVC −80.437 7160.200 HT −6.965 82023.700 250 GREG −60.598 4078.120 IVC −60.599 4078.000 HT −2.243 60966.400 300 GREG −47.473 2509.380 IVC −47.474 2509.330 HT −0.406 50913.400 350 GREG −37.601 1581.900 IVC −37.601 1581.870 Table 3 Monte Carlo Bias and Mean Square Error (MSE) with two endogenous variables ( E = 2 ) i.e. X 9 and X 10 are endogenous. Table 3 Sample Size Estimator Bias MSE HT −11.489 615217.000 50 GREG −383.490 156733.000 IVC −383.350 156646.000 HT −2.277 358471.000 80 GREG −231.530 58098.100 IVC −231.390 58049.500 HT −0.530 284893.000 100 GREG −181.740 36030.700 IVC −181.640 36008.700 HT −4.183 175080.000 150 GREG −114.070 14434.700 IVC −114.010 14429.400 HT −0.990 129327.000 200 GREG −79.734 7123.410 IVC −79.701 7121.280 HT −1.660 98590.300 250 GREG −59.882 4082.220 IVC −59.875 4084.980 HT −0.985 75622.400 300 GREG −46.741 2513.170 IVC −46.723 2513.600 HT −2.691 59559.900 350 GREG −37.209 1610.760 IVC −37.199 1612.290 Table 4 Monte Carlo Bias and Mean Square Error (MSE) with three endogenous variables ( E = 3 ) i.e. X 1 , X 2 a n d X 3 are endogenous. Table 4 Sample Size Estimator Bias MSE HT −7.794 1145201.000 25 GREG −778.819 621504.800 IVC −778.757 621387.700 HT −10.167 588039.300 50 GREG −382.498 156348.000 IVC −382.494 156340.400 HT −4.504 262701.600 100 GREG −183.999 36853.180 IVC −183.995 36850.250 HT −10.167 588039.300 150 GREG −382.498 156348.000 IVC −382.494 156340.400 HT 10.501 124380.400 200 GREG −80.436 7162.820 IVC −80.438 7161.104 HT −6.819 91988.110 250 GREG −60.582 4077.529 IVC −60.580 4077.112 HT 2.155 67202.490 300 GREG −47.470 2510.695 IVC −47.469 2510.488 HT −1.049 56529.500 350 GREG −37.589 1581.869 IVC −37.589 1581.771 Table 5 Monte Carlo Biases and Mean Square Error (MSE) with three endogenous variables ( E = 3 ) i.e. X 13 , X 14 a n d X 15 are endogenous. Table 5 Sample Size Estimator Bias MSE HT −13.856 562018.300 50 GREG −286.849 91032.490 IVC −286.932 91175.830 HT −6.788 335671.800 80 GREG −173.478 33916.380 IVC −173.190 33840.500 HT −9.501 252110.500 100 GREG −133.820 20549.370 IVC −133.715 20528.650 HT −9.495 166003.000 150 GREG −85.768 8706.890 IVC −85.575 8680.110 HT −14.421 125141.100 200 GREG −61.105 4579.970 IVC −60.982 4579.366 HT −12.313 86838.950 250 GREG −45.391 2600.937 IVC −45.396 2602.538 HT −6.048 71820.870 300 GREG −35.298 1611.601 IVC −35.347 1610.860 HT −3.512 55557.950 350 GREG −27.849 1018.425 IVC −27.880 1020.369
|
[
"Muhammad Nadeem Intizar",
"Muhammad Ahmed Shehzad",
"Haris Khurram",
"Soofia Iftikhar",
"Aamna Khan",
"Abdul Rauf Kashif"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33969
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11277760_p30
|
PMC11277760
|
sec[4]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
Simulation result
| 3.818359 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.88427734375,
0.0005078315734863281,
0.11505126953125
] |
[
0.99755859375,
0.0019664764404296875,
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Table .1 shows the results of HT, GREG, and IVC in the form of Bias and MSE for n = 25 , 50 , 75 , 100 , 150 , 200 , 250 , 300 a n d 350 . For all the sample sizes and E = 1 , the Mean Square Error (MSE) of the proposed Instrumental-Variable Calibrated (IVC) estimator is smaller than the HT and GREG estimators. Table 2 shows the results obtained for similar conditions for two endogenous variables, E = 2 , for different sample sizes. The Mean Square Error (MSE) of HT and GREG is larger than the proposed Instrumental-variable calibrated (IVC) estimator. Table 3 shows the results obtained for similar conditions for E = 2 . for different sample sizes, the Mean Square Error (MSE) of HT and GREG is larger than the proposed Instrumental-Variable Calibrated (IVC) estimator. Table 4 , Table 5 show the results for three endogenous variables, E = 3 , for different sample sizes in both cases. The Mean Square Error (MSE) of the proposed Instrumental-Variable Calibrated (IVC) estimator is smaller than HT and GREG estimators.
|
[
"Muhammad Nadeem Intizar",
"Muhammad Ahmed Shehzad",
"Haris Khurram",
"Soofia Iftikhar",
"Aamna Khan",
"Abdul Rauf Kashif"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33969
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11277760_p31
|
PMC11277760
|
sec[4]/sec[1]/p[2]
|
Simulation result
| 2.410156 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
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] |
The results show that the proposed Instrumental-Variable Calibrated (IVC) estimator gave the smaller Mean Square Error (MSE) for small and large sample sizes. So Instrumental-Variable Calibrated (IVC) estimator improves the efficiency over conventional Calibration.
|
[
"Muhammad Nadeem Intizar",
"Muhammad Ahmed Shehzad",
"Haris Khurram",
"Soofia Iftikhar",
"Aamna Khan",
"Abdul Rauf Kashif"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33969
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277760_p32
|
PMC11277760
|
sec[4]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
Real data example
| 3.416016 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
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To compare the proposed estimators with the Horvitz-Thompsons and conventional calibration estimators (GREG estimator). We used a real data example. The data given by Singh et al. is used to evaluate the model performance. The data are freely and publicly accessible for use at: http://www.kiran.nic.in/pdf/Social_Science/elearning/How_to_Test_Endogeneity_or_Exogeneity_using_SAS-1.pdf . Eight variables of size (N = 376) are in the dataset including Min_Tem (Minimum Temperature), Rain (Average Rainfall), Foodgrain_Yield (Yield of food grain), Latitude (Latitude of a particular location), Longitude (Longitude of a particular location), Foodgrain_yld_FD (First difference of Foodgrain_Yield), Min_Tem_FD (First difference of Min_Tem), Rain_FD (First difference of rain), where the Yield of food grain is a dependent variable. The Auxiliary variables are Minimum Temperature and Rain, and the other five variables, Latitude, Longitude, Foodgrain_yld_FD, Min_Tem_FD, and Rain_FD, are selected as instrumental variables. The Auxiliary variable has already endogeneity reported, so we use the instrumental variables instead of the endogenous auxiliary variables to evaluate the model performance. We considered this data as population data and take a sample of size n = 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, and 250 using SRSWOR.
|
[
"Muhammad Nadeem Intizar",
"Muhammad Ahmed Shehzad",
"Haris Khurram",
"Soofia Iftikhar",
"Aamna Khan",
"Abdul Rauf Kashif"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33969
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277760_p33
|
PMC11277760
|
sec[4]/sec[3]/p[0]
|
Real data results
| 4.09375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
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] |
Table .6 presents the results of the three estimators and their Bias and Mean Square Error (MSE) for different sample sizes. When the auxiliary variable, Minimum Temperature, is endogenous, the variable Longitude of a particular location is used as an instrumental variable. The results show that the proposed Instrumental-Variable Calibrated (IVC) estimator has a smaller Mean Square Error (MSE) than HT and GREG estimators when there is a problem of Endogeneity present in the dataset in case of exact identification. This shows that the proposed estimator is more efficient than the HT and GREG. Table 6 Real data Average Bias and Average Mean Square Error (MSE) with one endogenous variable. Table 6 Sample Size Estimator Bias MSE HT −184.310 1500018504 25 GREG −2690.505 1437499886 IVC −2403.427 1428790986 HT −584.414 723613047 50 GREG −105.868 664012946 IVC −33.187 661193157 HT −676.414 470786518 75 GREG −932.468 434993010 IVC −915.803 434817082 HT −113.956 340054572 100 GREG −266.031 300480833 IVC −240.996 300443340 HT −203.112 182342767 150 GREG −220.419 165836688 IVC −181.663 165650642 HT −19.471 105476083 200 GREG −160.463 96909490 IVC −149.517 96621549 HT −162.380 60052672 250 GREG −225.584 53665612 IVC −220.437 53623346
|
[
"Muhammad Nadeem Intizar",
"Muhammad Ahmed Shehzad",
"Haris Khurram",
"Soofia Iftikhar",
"Aamna Khan",
"Abdul Rauf Kashif"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33969
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277760_p34
|
PMC11277760
|
sec[5]/p[0]
|
Conclusion
| 3.818359 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
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In survey sampling, the calibration restrictions are significant. In this paper, the Instrumental-variable calibration technique is used to find the optimum estimators in the presence of the problem of endogeneity. In Monte-Carlo simulation study and real data example, we examined the performance of the proposed estimator for different sample sizes drawn by simple random sampling without replacement from a finite population. The proposed Instrumental-Variable Calibrated (IVC) estimator in terms of Mean Square Error (MSE) is more efficient than HT and GREG estimators under different sample sizes and varying endogenous variables. The proposed estimator is more efficient as sample size increases. The present study is limited to the exact identification means that the number of instrumental variables equals the number of endogenous variables Further investigation of the over-identification problem is the topic of future research.
|
[
"Muhammad Nadeem Intizar",
"Muhammad Ahmed Shehzad",
"Haris Khurram",
"Soofia Iftikhar",
"Aamna Khan",
"Abdul Rauf Kashif"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33969
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11277760_p35
|
PMC11277760
|
sec[6]/p[0]
|
CRediT authorship contribution statement
| 0.992676 |
other
|
Other
|
[
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[
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Muhammad Nadeem Intizar: Writing – original draft, Validation, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Muhammad Ahmed Shehzad: Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Validation, Supervision, Software, Resources, Project administration, Methodology, Investigation, Conceptualization. Haris Khurram: Writing – review & editing, Validation, Supervision, Software, Project administration, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis. Soofia Iftikhar: Visualization, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis. Aamna Khan: Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Validation, Resources, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Abdul Rauf Kashif: Writing – original draft, Resources, Investigation, Formal analysis.
|
[
"Muhammad Nadeem Intizar",
"Muhammad Ahmed Shehzad",
"Haris Khurram",
"Soofia Iftikhar",
"Aamna Khan",
"Abdul Rauf Kashif"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33969
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277760_p36
|
PMC11277760
|
sec[7]/p[0]
|
Declaration of competing interest
| 0.981934 |
other
|
Other
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The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
|
[
"Muhammad Nadeem Intizar",
"Muhammad Ahmed Shehzad",
"Haris Khurram",
"Soofia Iftikhar",
"Aamna Khan",
"Abdul Rauf Kashif"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33969
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11277777_p0
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[0]/p[0]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.320313 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
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Tooth development is the result of a complex, multi-stage interaction between the oral epithelium and the underlying mesenchymal tissue. Abnormal tissue interactions during development can result in ectopic tooth eruption and development. Ectopy is a disorder of tooth eruption that involves the location of a tooth or tooth bud within anatomical structures where teeth should not occur . An ectopic tooth can be observed on the palate, the beak process of the mandible, in the eye socket, in the septum, or in the nasal cavity. Etiological factors include genetic conditions, abnormal eruption of permanent teeth, crowding of permanent teeth, and an overly compact jawbone structure . According to Renger et al., up to 58.7% of ectopic teeth fail to erupt, suggesting that anatomical or histological obstacles related to bone density are one of the causes of this condition . They most often occur unilaterally and more often affect single-rooted teeth than multi-rooted teeth, which, according to Bellei et al., may play a role in stopping the eruption process .
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11277777_p1
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[0]/p[1]
|
1. Introduction
| 2.210938 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
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The diagnosis of an ectopic tooth is based on the dog’s history, clinical examination, and radiological findings. An X-ray examination is sufficient to confirm the diagnosis and to confirm the location of the ectopic tooth .
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
PMC11277777_p2
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[0]/p[2]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.300781 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
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[
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The extraction of an abnormally located tooth poses a major challenge to surgeons, not only because of the location but also because of the resulting large bone defect after extraction. Two techniques for the extraction of ectopic teeth in the jaw are described in the literature. The first is the surgical method (CLP or the Caldwell–Luc Procedure) and the second is the endoscopic method, which is currently reserved for human medicine . The removal of ectopic teeth using the CLP technique involves creating access to the sinus in the oral vestibule from the frenulum of the upper lip to the region of the premolar/molar teeth . Once the access is made, the altered mucosa and cystic follicle are removed. The endoscopic technique was designed to minimize tissue loss, especially bone tissue during extraction, but has many limitations in its use in veterinary medicine. The planning of surgical extraction should also take into account the long-term consequences of the procedure, which may be a weakening of the jawbone resulting from the removal of such a large structure and the need to cure the capsule in which the ectopic tooth is located. In order to fill the cavity, the use of a bone graft or, more conveniently for the surgeon, the use of a ready-to-use bone graft material, which also has the advantage of not increasing tissue trauma for the dogs, seems to be necessary. The available hydroxyapatite-based materials are quite commonly used for this purpose. Hydroxyapatite (Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ) is the main mineral component of bone and teeth, providing a scaffold for newly formed bone tissue. HAp-based preparations are widely used in human regenerative medicine and are also increasingly applied in veterinary medicine . The use of pure hydroxyapatite is not a good solution as the increased amount of hydroxyapatite in the implant material reduces the rate of material degradation, as mentioned by Jung, B.T. et al. Hence, according to these authors, it is necessary to use materials that contain a combination of hydroxyapatite with polymers or bioceramics, which significantly improves their osteoinductive properties and promotes cell proliferation .
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277777_p3
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[0]/p[3]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.945313 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
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This article describes the diagnostic and therapeutic treatment associated with the occurrence of ectopic teeth in nine dogs. Four cases of teeth located in atypical locations that were additionally complicated by the formation of a dentigerous cyst with severe destruction of the surrounding bone are described in more detail. Special attention was paid not only to the technique of tooth extraction itself but also to the method of protection and healing of the large bone defect after the extraction using hydroxyapatite polymer (HAp) with curdlan.
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11277777_p4
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[1]/p[0]
|
2. Materials and Methods
| 3.632813 |
biomedical
|
Study
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The group of dogs with ectopic teeth consisted of 9 dogs, which were dogs of the DentalVet practice in Szczecin (Poland). From the point of view of surgical management, in the aforementioned cases the ectopic teeth could be divided into uncomplicated cases and complicated cases. Uncomplicated examples of ectopic teeth included those clinical cases in which the ectopic tooth had been encapsulated in the surrounding connective tissue capsule, without lysis of the bone around the tooth. The complicated cases were more complex cases where, in addition to the ectopic tooth, there was pressure on the surrounding tissues leading to the formation of an alveolar cyst, resulting in lysis of the bone around the cyst. All cases were referred by clinicians as dental dogs with non-specific general symptoms ( Table 1 ).
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277777_p5
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[1]/p[1]
|
2. Materials and Methods
| 4.066406 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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A hydroxyapatite polymer preparation with third-generation curdlan was used to fill all post-extraction cavities. The FlexiOss ® Vet preparation used in this study is a material commonly available on the market as a bone substitute material for application in veterinary medicine and has a proven record of biocompatibility. The innovation of this preparation lies in its use of the sugar polymer curdlan, thanks to which it takes on a plastic form after soaking in saline or blood . The plasticity of the material is therefore an advantage, significantly facilitating molding, fitting into the alveolus, and insertion into the cavity through a small bone window. The available literature reports a positive effect of HAp preparations with curdlan on the healing of post-extraction alveoli in dogs, which is why this polymer was chosen to fill cavities after ectopic tooth extraction .
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277777_p6
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[1]/p[2]
|
2. Materials and Methods
| 4.09375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
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Hydroxyapatite polymer with curdlan (FlexiOss ® Vet, Medical Inventi, Lublin, Poland) was removed, using sterile procedures, from the sterile envelope, and the shape was placed in a vessel containing a saline solution that completely covered the biomaterial shape. The time taken for the material to soak and become malleable depended on its size and was indicated in the product information leaflet. After waiting the recommended amount of time and confirming the plasticity of the material, molds reflecting the bone defect were cut with sterile scissors and tweezers and implanted in the post-extraction defects. In each case, clinical records and radiological assessment before and after the procedure were reviewed at the end of treatment. After surgery, the dogs received amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (Synulox, Zoetis) at a dose of 15 mg/kg 2× a day for 7 days, buprenorphine (Bupredine Multidose, Dechra) at a dose of 10–20 mcg/kg for the first 3 days, and enflixib (Daxocox, Virbac) at 8 mg/kg (single administration, effective for 7 days) as an analgesic. All procedures were carried out in accordance with the law and international recommendations for best practice in veterinary clinical care in all cases and in accordance with Polish regulations (Art. 1(2)(1) Journal of Laws 2015 item 266). The consent of the local ethics committee was not required. Owners consented to the inclusion of information about their animals in this study.
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11277777_p7
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
2.1. Surgical Management of Uncomplicated Cases
| 4.140625 |
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Study
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The dogs qualified for surgery on the basis of clinical examination and oral X-ray. The method of anesthesia, due to the diversity of the dogs, was selected on the basis of an individual protocol, which took into account each dog’s age and general condition, as well as the location of the ectopic tooth. The CLP, using a piezotome (Piezotome ® Cube by Acteon), was adopted as the surgical technique in order to minimize as much as possible the tissue loss necessary to achieve surgical access to the tooth. After dissecting the surgical flap within the mucosa, creating access in the bone, and removing the ectopic tooth, the connective tissue cyst in which it was located was carefully lanced. Surrounding bone fragments were taken for histopathological examination to see if any cyst cells remained in the bone around the tooth, which could cause complications in the form of impaired healing and fibrous tissue proliferation. The bone defects were subsequently filled with the widely available FlexiOss ® Vet (hydroxyapatite polymer material with curdlan). This material has bone-forming properties and, thanks to the use of curdlan, becomes malleable when soaked in saline, making it unnecessary to enlarge the working hole in the bone to implant the bone substitute material. The mucosal flap was then sutured with a single suture using 4-0 monofilament absorbable material. Radiological follow-up was carried out 28 days after the procedure.
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277777_p8
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
2.2. Management of Complicated Cases
| 4.015625 |
clinical
|
Clinical case
|
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A 7-month-old male Rottweiler was referred for consultation because of severe swelling on the left side of the jaw, with a suspected jaw tumor. Clinical examination revealed no abnormalities in the aforementioned lymph glands and no soreness on palpation. Intraoral examination on the left side revealed severe asymmetry, with enlargement of the facial soft and hard tissues, an absence of permanent teeth, and buccal displacement of deciduous teeth. On the left side, rhinoscopic examination revealed normal anterior nostrils and a left nasal aperture with a lack of patency from the level of the nasal bony inlet to the posterior nostrils. A roentgenogram in the dorsal–ventral projection showed the presence of four ectopic teeth in the maxilla, with the formation of a dentigerous cyst . Using the CLP technique, the ectopic teeth were removed and the cyst walls were lanced. The bone loss caused by the cyst was 7.3 cm × 4.6 cm, and the jawbone left behind was too thin to provide a scaffold for the surrounding tissues and to ensure nasal cavity patency. From a 5 cm pellet of hydroxyapatite polymer material with curdlan previously soaked in saline (according to the manufacturer’s instructions), longitudinal flaps of 5 cm long, 1 cm wide, and 0.1–0.2 cm thick were cut and placed in the bony defect to strengthen the bony scaffolding of the jaw and nasal septum . The gingival flap was sutured with a single suture using 4-0 monofilament material. The first radiological follow-up was performed after 4 weeks, but due to the size of the defect and the size of the pellets of material used, the hydroxyapatite obscured the structures in the nasal cavity, preventing accurate assessment. A rhinoscopic examination revealed patency of the left nasal cavity. It was decided to conduct a radiological follow-up 6 months after the procedure, but the owner, for personal reasons, did not attend the follow-up appointment. After 12 months, another roentgenogram was performed, where a properly healed jawbone with closure of the cyst cavity could be observed. The nasal septum was formed properly, and the resulting bony scaffolding resulted in patency of the left nasal aperture, along with normal airflow on the left side .
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277777_p9
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
2.2. Management of Complicated Cases
| 3.982422 |
clinical
|
Clinical case
|
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A 3-year-old German Shepherd dog was referred with a suspected periapical abscess of a tooth on the right side. The medical history of the pet client reported that the dog had been treated for chronic rhinitis for 6 months. On clinical examination, tooth 104 (right maxillary fang) was observed to be missing, with no wounds or fistulas in the oral cavity. Rhinoscopic examination showed features of chronic rhinosinusitis, with convexity of the nasal wall mucosa on the right side of the nasal cavity, without proliferative changes or foreign bodies. Radiological examination revealed the presence of an ectopic tooth located outside the alveolar process in the region of the maxillary cranium. Its shape was not characteristic of any normal tooth. It had a soppy crown and an incompletely formed root. The tooth was surrounded by a dentigerous cyst measuring 5.6 × 2.8 cm . After tooth extraction using the CLP technique and cyst lysing, the bone defect was filled with a hydroxyapatite polymer material previously soaked in 0.9% NaCl. The plasticity of the material was exploited so that it was possible to fill the bone defect with the material through a dissected bone window of 3 cm in diameter without enlarging the bone defect. A follow-up X-ray 28 days after the procedure showed normal filling of the defect with bone, without signs of inflammation or granulation formation within the jawbone. On clinical examination, resolution of nasal discharge problems and the absence of features of inflammation within the nasal cavity were observed .
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11277777_p10
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[2]
|
2.2. Management of Complicated Cases
| 3.994141 |
clinical
|
Clinical case
|
[
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[
0.01073455810546875,
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0.97509765625
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A 10-month-old American Staffordshire Terrier dog was referred for an orthodontic consultation due to abnormal alignment of the maxillary teeth and the resulting bite injuries. Clinical examination revealed three properly aligned incisors on the right side and four incisors (including one tooth with a double crown) on the left side arranged chaotically . Intraoral examination revealed an abnormal palatal crease in the projection of teeth 103–203 and a hard and painful protrusion about 3 cm in diameter on the left side. The roentgenogram showed the presence of three additional incisors, including two unerupted ones, growing in the opposite direction to the alveolar process. The double tooth on the X-ray appeared to be a fused tooth (tooth fusion occurs as a result of physical force or pressure on an adjacent tooth’s bud, leading to the contact of the two tooth buds and their fusion before calcification) . The abnormal growth of the incisors on the left side caused pressure on the incisal bone, along with skewing of the nasal septum to the right side . The third incisor, along with an additional third incisor, showed radiographic features of a dentigerous cyst. A decision was made to perform open extraction of the ectopic teeth using the CLP method.
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277777_p11
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[3]
|
2.2. Management of Complicated Cases
| 3.078125 |
clinical
|
Clinical case
|
[
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[
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The bone cavity, after such a large open extraction, was 3.0 cm × 4.2 cm; so, the decision was made to implant polymeric hydroxyapatite with curdlan soaked in 0.9% NaCl into the areas of bone loss. The flap was sutured with 4-0 monofilament single sutures. A follow-up radiograph was taken 28 days after surgery. On clinical examination, the soft tissues were healed properly. On the follow-up radiograph, the bone tissue was healed properly, with new bone formation.
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277777_p12
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[4]
|
2.2. Management of Complicated Cases
| 4.042969 |
clinical
|
Clinical case
|
[
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[
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0.97265625
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A 14-month-old female Cane Corso was referred for dental diagnosis due to the absence of tooth 204 and periodic swelling of the left suborbital region. The dog had been treated ophthalmologically for 4 months for recurrent conjunctivitis of the left eye and increased epiphora. Ophthalmologic examination revealed obstruction of the left nasolacrimal duct, the cause of which was attributed to recurrent inflammation of the infraorbital region. The roentgenogram in the oblique projection, in the view of teeth 205–207, showed the presence of a shadow with saturation characteristic of tooth tissue, with an atypical shape . The roentgenogram confirmed the presence of an ectopic tooth, along with a dentigerous cyst measuring 3 cm × 1.7 cm in the area of the maxillary cranium and the fossa of the lacrimal sac . The tooth was accessed using the CLP technique, then an opening was drilled into the anterior wall of the maxillary cusp and the horizontally lying ectopic tooth 204 was visualized. After removal of the tooth, the lumen of the bone defect was reviewed and the empty space was filled with hydroxyapatite polymer material with curdlan. The bone substitute material was soaked in 0.9% NaCl before surgery, making it malleable and allowing the bone defect to be filled through a 2 cm bone window. The mucosa was sutured with a 4-0 absorbable monofilament suture. Radiological follow-up was carried out 28 days later, which showed that the defect was filled with newly formed bone. No inflammatory changes or granulation tissue formation were found in the area of the defect .
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277777_p13
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[2]/p[0]
|
3. Results
| 4.132813 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
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0.000598907470703125
] |
The presence of ectopic teeth was found in nine pet clients, representing 0.18% of the total number of clients of the practice. Among the nine dogs, there were five males and four females of different breeds, aged between 7 months and 3 years, with a weight range of 8 to 40 kg. In eight of the dogs, an ectopic tooth was diagnosed in the jaw, while in one dog it was present in the mandible. Three of these dogs were brachycephalic breeds (Cane Corso, Rottweiler, Amstaff), while the remaining dogs were mesocephalic breeds (two German Shepherds, Airedale Terrier, Dachshund, Miniature Schnauzer, hybrid). The cases of ectopic teeth were divided into uncomplicated ectopic teeth (five dogs, 55.56% of clients) and complicated ectopic teeth (four dogs, 44.44% of dogs). In five dogs, the occurrence of ectopic teeth did not result in the destruction of the surrounding bone, and they were therefore classified by the authors as uncomplicated tooth cases. In three cases, there was a dentigerous cyst that had had a highly destructive effect on the surrounding bone, causing significant defects within the surrounding tissues. In one case, the ectopy was due to the presence of extra teeth (Amstaff dog), which also caused cyst formation.
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277777_p14
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[2]/p[1]
|
3. Results
| 3.642578 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99462890625,
0.004734039306640625,
0.0005879402160644531
] |
[
0.99072265625,
0.008453369140625,
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0.0005426406860351562
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The pet clients in the uncomplicated ectopic teeth group underwent standard extraction of these teeth. The dogs in the group of ectopic teeth with complications underwent the CLP technique for tooth extraction, and the large bone defect created after curettage of the connective tissue capsule was protected with the hydroxyapatite polymer material FlexiOss ® Vet. The CLP technique performed well as a method of ectopic tooth extraction in these dogs, and healing was without complications. However, this does not rule out possible complications. The study should be continued on a larger number of animals to determine the potential postoperative complications and the manners of preventing them.
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277777_p15
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[2]/p[2]
|
3. Results
| 3.806641 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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X-ray examinations performed 28 days after surgery (and in one case, after 12 months) showed the bone cavities were filled with tissue with the same X-ray permeability as bone, suggesting the formation of bone tissue to fill the cavity. The study described herein was non-experimental, so there was no indication for histopathological sampling of dogs and bone regeneration was assessed by X-ray. Determining the degree of bone regeneration that can be achieved using hydroxyapatite polymer with curdlan requires additional research.
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277777_p16
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[3]/p[0]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.15625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
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Ectopic teeth are a rare anomaly faced by veterinary surgeons and dentists. Ectopic teeth can occur anywhere in the craniofacial region, as well as in other parts of the body, and the pressure they exert on tissues causes non-specific general signs of their location. They are more commonly diagnosed in small-breed dogs, suggesting that an abnormal relationship between the size of the teeth and the bone in which they are located may be a factor in causing ectropion . This disorder in animals affects permanent teeth, with the most common occurrence being in the maxilla (69.57%) and it occurring less commonly in the mandible (30.43%). The most common teeth erupted ectopically are incisors (40.62%), followed by canines (18.75%). The most common ectopic teeth in the mandible are the first premolar (42.86%) and the third molar (42.86%) . In the authors’ own study, this disorder occurred in the maxilla in 88.88% of the cases and in the mandible in 11.12%. The tooth that was most frequently diagnosed as an ectopic tooth was the fang (77.77%), followed by the incisor (22.22%), and, least frequently, the premolar (11.11%) and molar (11.11%). More than one ectopic tooth was found in 22.22% of the pet clients. Klim et al. performed a detailed analysis of the abnormalities associated with ectopic teeth in dogs . In this study, the authors reported 35 cases of ectopic teeth, combining the problems of both unerupted teeth located in atypical sites for teeth and those whose eruption problems occurred due to orthodontic reasons. The combination of these cases led to the higher number of reports. In the described cases, we applied stricter criteria for the classification of an ectopic tooth; therefore, the number of dogs with this condition was smaller. We rejected cases of orthodontic abnormalities and focused on teeth occurring in unusual locations.
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11277777_p17
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[3]/p[1]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.775391 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
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The problem with accurately classifying ectopic teeth lies in the definition of an ectopic tooth. According to Bodenmark et al., the term refers to teeth that erupt in areas where teeth do not normally occur . The qualification of cases for the present article was based on the definition from Bodenmark due to its frequent use in describing similar cases in human dentistry. Ectopic eruption, on the other hand, according to Colyer et al., refers to teeth that are positioned abnormally, which may therefore include not only teeth that occur in unusual locations but also teeth with abnormal orthodontic alignment . This definition was used by Klim et al., cited above.
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11277777_p18
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[3]/p[2]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.128906 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
0.7734375,
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An abnormal tooth count should prompt the clinician to perform a follow-up X-ray to determine the location of the tooth or the absence of the tooth. However, these procedures are not routinely performed in veterinary practices, especially when the carer reports symptoms uncharacteristic of dental problems. Pet guardians, unless the dog is a breeding or working animal, rarely pay attention to the correct number of teeth in the mouth. The dogs involved in the study were referred by their handler for extraction of ectopic teeth that were diagnosed incidentally in a diagnostic process involving other conditions. The authors recognize that due to the rarity of ectopic teeth and the similarity of clinical signs to various diseases, these cases can pose a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for veterinary clinicians . Voelter-Ratson et al. described the case of a dog with nasal duct obstruction with the presence of an ectopic tooth . This case perfectly describes the diagnostic complexities that a clinician faces before a proper diagnosis can be made. Severe epiphora and recurrent conjunctivitis were not among the pathognomonic symptoms of an ectopic tooth, so the first diagnostic steps were directed towards the diagnosis of an ocular disease and the dog was first examined ophthalmologically. Similar diagnostic steps could be found in the case of one of the patients from human medicine described in this article, where an ectopic tooth was located in the region of the maxillary cingulum and the fossa of the lacrimal sac (case 4). In their clinical case report, Alfayez et al. gave the example of a patient with difficulty breathing and recurrent airway inflammation, often complicated by bacteria. An ENT examination of the patient showed a curvature of the nasal septum and a transparent mass on the floor of the nasal cavity. It was not until a CT scan was carried out in preparation for the patient’s rhinoplasty procedure that the true cause of the patient’s ENT problems, the presence of an ectopic tooth, was revealed . The description of the clinical symptoms, even though this case was in human medicine, was very similar to case no. 2 described in this article, where an ectopic tooth was located in the maxillary cusp. In contrast, Lambade et al. presented the case of a patient where an ectopically located mandibular tooth led to an extraoral fistula, a scar below the earlobe and, following osteomyelitis of the mandibular condyle, to vestibular symptoms. The patient was primarily diagnosed otologically and neurologically. A radiological examination of the head, where an ectopic tooth was visualized, was used to make a definitive diagnosis .
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277777_p19
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[3]/p[3]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.882813 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
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0.00920867919921875,
0.0007281303405761719
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[
0.054046630859375,
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Although an ectopic tooth is most often asymptomatic, without surgical removal it can develop into a cyst or tumor. Enlargement of the cyst is accompanied by resorption of the adjacent bone, which can lead to severe weakening of the jaw or mandibular bone. Therefore, ectopic teeth should be removed by open extraction and the entire epithelial lining of the cyst carefully removed to avoid recurrence and complications. Reports have also been published stating that the lining may undergo neoplastic metaplasia and, although these data are limited, it is always advisable to carry out histopathological examination .
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
PMC11277777_p20
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[3]/p[4]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.164063 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
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[
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The differential diagnosis, especially in the case of ectopic teeth located in an alveolar cyst, should include alveolar keratocysts and alveolar neoplasms (multiple myeloma, Pindborg tumor, dentoma, alveolar fibroma, and cementoma) and non-neoplastic lesions, such as retention cysts and mucoceles . The lack of a specific definition of an ectopic tooth has led authors to consider the orthodontic treatment options, in addition to surgical treatment approaches, for ectopic teeth . In human dentistry, the Caldwell–Luc Procedure (CLP) is used when removing ectopic teeth from hard-to-reach areas, as it gives good access to the tooth. The disadvantage of this technique is the creation of a large bone defect, and thus an increased risk of complications during and after the procedure . In human medicine, ENT surgeons and otologists are increasingly turning to a less invasive technique using an endoscope, but the cost of endoscopes and the lack of training facilities in this field prevent the routine use of endoscopy . The choice of surgical access generally depends on the experience and preference of the surgeons. The use of the CLP technique in canine dentistry requires the operator to be particularly careful due to the proximity of the infraorbital foramen located above the second (or, depending on the skull structure, third) maxillary premolar tooth and the possibility of damaging the blood vessels and nerves located there. For this reason, the procedure carries a higher risk in comparison to human dentistry. In human dentistry, special attention is paid to the use of intraoral access, which allows facial nerve damage to be avoided, as pointed out by Pace et al. and Calliet et al., with whom the authors of this article agree .
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11277777_p21
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[3]/p[5]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.101563 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.953125,
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[
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Postoperative follow-up is necessary until the defect is filled with bone tissue. Early post-operative complications include severe bleeding, impaired healing of the bone, post-extraction alveolus, and even the development of necrotizing osteitis, or dry socket, although this name is not particularly accurate in the case of the location of the ectopic tooth outside the alveolar bone. The more common complications are late complications, which can occur around two weeks after surgery and cause problems for the pet client for the rest of his or her life. The weakened bone area can cause pathological fractures within the weakened tissue. In the case of an ectopic tooth occurring in the mandible, this means pathological fractures of the mandible, and in the case of the maxillary bone, complications can lead to difficulties breathing, prevention of the free flow of tears through the nasolacrimal duct, and, in extreme cases, orbital remodeling and associated ophthalmological problems. Large bone defects that are not filled with bone-replacement material after surgery will be replaced with highly collagenized connective tissue that will overgrow in the form of cauliflower-shaped formations in the oral cavity, making it difficult to take in food and becoming a site for mechanical damage, bleeding, and inflammation.
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11277777_p22
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[3]/p[6]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.214844 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0014104843139648438,
0.00013530254364013672
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[
0.9873046875,
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Although the authors do not address this issue in their reports, securing the defect with bone substitute material and, if possible, accelerating healing appears to be essential in veterinary clients, who will not be affected in the same way by postoperative wound complications . With multiple or deep alveolar bone defects and in dogs with a thin periodontal biotype, not only dimensional changes in bone but also soft tissue recession may occur . In order to prevent such complications, HAp-based mineral preparations are increasingly used as a scaffold for newly formed bone at the defect site. Studies by Misztal-Kunecka et al. using a hydroxyapatite polymer preparation with curdlan showed a significant acceleration of bone regeneration from 56 to 28 days after surgery; hence, the use of the abovementioned material seems to be essential in order to reduce the number of postoperative complications . In the treatment of the dogs described in this article, a modern, third-generation HAp implant preparation was used (hydroxyapatite polymer with curdlan) . This is the only preparation available on the market that takes a plastic form after soaking, which is particularly applicable in cases where the ectopic tooth has been successfully removed to create a small bone window, without the need for invasive intervention into the bone surrounding the ectopic tooth. Commercially available pellet, powder, and granule formulations are difficult to use to effectively fill the post-extraction alveolus tightly. After curettage of the alveolus, especially in cases complicated by the formation of an alveolar cyst, severe bleeding can occur due to bone irritation from the bone spoon. For this reason, implantation of a bone substitute material in powder form is often very difficult or impossible. When implanting material in the form of pellets and granules, it is difficult to achieve a seal between the individual structures, which can result in voids. On the other hand, failure to fill the defect tightly with the bone substitute material may be associated with the formation of granulation tissue and impaired healing of the post-extraction wound .
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11277777_p23
|
PMC11277777
|
sec[4]/p[0]
|
5. Conclusions
| 4.085938 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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] |
[
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The polymeric hydroxyapatite with curdlan used in the described procedures performed well when filling the large bone cavities that arose during the extraction of ectopic teeth in dogs. Due to the plastic properties of hydroxyapatite polymer with curdlan, it was possible to easily, tightly, and permanently implant the material without enlarging the resulting bone defect. Follow-up radiographs at 28 days after material implantation (in the case of eight dogs) and at 12 months (in the case of the dog with the largest bone defect) showed radiological features of bone regeneration. Clinical examination at both the early and late stages showed no postoperative complications.
|
[
"Anna Misztal-Kunecka",
"Przemysław Prządka",
"Stanisław Dzimira"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070879
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057367_p0
|
39057367
|
sec[0]/p[0]
|
1. Introduction
| 2.234375 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
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[
0.0150299072265625,
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Since the latter half of the 20th century, fungal diseases have emerged as significant threats to global agricultural crops. These diseases affect numerous crops identified by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations as essential for human nutrition . Notably, in the 2019 ranking of 137 pests and pathogens, fungi occupied the top six positions for diseases affecting the world’s five most crucial crops .
|
[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070482
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057367_p1
|
39057367
|
sec[0]/p[1]
|
1. Introduction
| 1.776367 |
other
|
Other
|
[
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[
0.0239410400390625,
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Wheat ( Triticum spp.), identified as one of the world’s most vital crops, ranks third in terms of production and contributes approximately 18% of the global calorie consumption annually. However, the escalating global demand for wheat, projected to increase by 60% by 2050 due to population growth and changing lifestyles, faces challenges due to unforeseen environmental shifts and pathogen movements, posing threats to wheat production .
|
[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070482
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057367_p2
|
39057367
|
sec[0]/p[2]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.050781 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
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[
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In wheat, diseases such as stripe rust (causal agent: Puccinia striiformis ), leaf rust ( Puccinia triticina ), stem rust ( Puccinia graminis f. tritici ), powdery mildew ( Blumeria graminis ), loose smut ( Ustilago tritici ), fusarium head blight ( Fusarium graminearum ), septoria tritici blotch ( Zymoseptoria tritici ), tan spot ( Pyrenophora tritici-repentis ), spot blotch ( Bipolaris sorokiniana ) and the more recent wheat blast ( Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum ) pose significant threats to production, with stripe rust both historically and presently causing substantial losses in susceptible wheat varieties worldwide . Wheat losses caused by septoria tritici blotch and stem rust are of considerable concern, with the current global losses ranging from 5% to 70% .
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
] |
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1. Introduction
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Other
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In response to these challenges, the use of fungicides is often recommended to adjust the dynamics of disease development and the degree of harmfulness . However, this approach comes with drawbacks, such as the contamination of the environment and agricultural products .
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
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1. Introduction
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Other
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The prevalence of fungicides targeting specific cellular sites (monosites) has led to a significant rise in cases of fungicide resistance, often with a surprisingly short time lapse between the fungicide’s commercial release and the subsequent emergence of resistance . Approximately 75% of the mode of action groups identified by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee have documented instances of resistance, presenting a significant challenge to sustainable plant disease management both now and in the future .
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
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1. Introduction
| 4.226563 |
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Study
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Methyl benzimidazole carbamates (MBCs), a category of low-use-rate and broad-spectrum fungicides, have been utilized in agriculture for plant disease management since the 1960s . The first documented instance of resistance to MBCs dates back to the late 1960s , with over 90 plant pathogens now known to display MBC resistance . The introduction of MBC fungicides in cereal crops in the 1970s led to the rapid selection of a resistant allele in the β-tubulin target protein, characterized by a single amino acid substitution (E198A), as indicated by analyses of archived wheat samples . This mutation has become prevalent in Z. tritici populations and remains common long after the initial use of MBC fungicides . The Fungicide Resistance Action Committee considers MBC fungicides to pose a high risk for the development of resistance .
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
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1. Introduction
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Study
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In the late 1970s, azoles were introduced as popular seed treatments in cereals and for the safeguarding of seed potatoes . The onset of azole resistance in plant pathogens was initially observed in 1981 . Azole resistance has been observed in 30 plant pathogens across over 60 countries . For B. graminis , resistance emerged within four years after the introduction of azoles such as triadimefon and triadimenol in the late 1970s . Other pathogens, including F. graminearum , P. striiformis and P. tritici-repentis , also experienced shifts in sensitivity or developed resistance . The evolution of the resistance to azoles is particularly well documented in Z. tritici .
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
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1. Introduction
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Study
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Azoxystrobin from Zeneca (now Syngenta) and kresoxim-methyl from BASF were the first strobilurin fungicides (QoIs) introduced to the market in 1996 . In 1997, a strobilurin-resistant population of Plasmopara viticola was isolated from a field trial site, which led to the definition of a cross-resistance group for these fungicides . In 2002, field isolates of Z. tritici resistant to QoIs were identified, all containing a single mutation (G143A) in the mitochondrial cytochrome b protein, which is the target of QoIs. Within two years, this mutation was found to be present in over 80% of field isolates in the UK and had become prevalent across much of Northwestern Europe. The G143A substitution has since appeared in Z. tritici populations in other wheat-growing regions worldwide, including the United States and New Zealand . Field resistance also rapidly developed in B. graminis and P. tritici-repentis , leading to concerns that other cereal diseases could also be at risk . As a result, the use of QoI fungicides as standalone products was discontinued, and they are now used only in mixtures with compounds having a different mode of action .
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
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1. Introduction
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Study
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Despite the introduction of a new generation of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) in 2007, resistant field isolates had been detected in 17 pathogen species by 2017 . Laboratory selection and mutagenesis studies have shown that Z. tritici can develop a variety of mutations, some of which confer high levels of resistance to SDHIs . To maintain the efficacy of SDHIs, they are now used exclusively in mixtures with fungicides that have a different mode of action. During routine monitoring in Europe, field isolates of Z. tritici with target site mutations that reduce the sensitivity to SDHIs have been identified. Although it is not yet clear whether these isolates will spread and increase in frequency to a level that compromises disease control, the worst-case scenario suggests that the effective lifespan of SDHIs in managing Z.tritici may be limited .
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
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1. Introduction
| 4.394531 |
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Review
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This means that there is a constant need for new solutions to control plant-pathogenic fungi . Therefore, the most environmentally sustainable and safe approach involves cultivating agricultural crop varieties equipped with mechanisms to defend against pathogens . The task of comprehending plant defenses against pathogens has been the subject of intensive research in phytopathology for many years. It is now widely recognized that plants employ two primary defense mechanisms against pathogens: the first is resistance, which refers to the host’s capacity to restrict pathogen multiplication, and the second is tolerance, which minimizes the fitness loss of the plant but without reducing the pathogen’s multiplication rate, which denotes the host’s ability to mitigate the negative impacts of infection . The outcomes of plant–pathogen interactions can vary significantly depending on whether resistance or tolerance has been initiated. It has been suggested that resistance influences epidemic dynamics by reducing the pathogen’s fitness, thereby exerting selection pressure that could potentially lead to the breakdown of resistance over time . In contrast, tolerance does not impose such selection pressure, making it a more stable defense strategy. There is an emerging trend of focusing on tolerance traits in wheat for breeding, demonstrating the value of tolerance over resistance . Stability is a key aspect of the appeal of tolerance as a host trait, as it is less likely to lead to the development of resistance breakdown , which is observed with resistance strategies .
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
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1. Introduction
| 2.921875 |
biomedical
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Other
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[
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Unlike fungicide application, resistant cultivars have relatively low negative environmental impacts, aligning with one of integrated disease management’s (IDM) key objectives: reducing harmful environmental effects. However, these cultivars can exert selection pressure on pathogen populations, potentially leading to resistance. While they might be preferable as a control tactic, they do not inherently offer a sustainable solution for disease management. Even new methods of incorporating resistance into plants may not ensure long-term sustainability.
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
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1. Introduction
| 3.328125 |
biomedical
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Other
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This challenge highlights the importance of understanding the concepts of “control” and “management” within IDM, which have been extensively studied. “Control” focuses on eliminating pathogens, often resulting in strong selection pressure for resistance. In contrast, “management” involves strategic methods to achieve specific goals. In this context, tolerance, as a form of plant defense, fits well with management, offering appealing features for IDM programs .
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
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1. Introduction
| 4.082031 |
biomedical
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Review
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This review paper aims to provide an overview of the state of the art in relation to tolerance to fungal diseases in agricultural crops, focusing primarily on wheat. Through an analysis of the existing literature, this review explores how tolerance manifests in agricultural settings, quantifies tolerance in wheat through relevant studies and discusses the implications of tolerance to fungal diseases for integrated disease management strategies and breeding practices, emphasizing its significance, challenges and potential to improve wheat productivity. Additionally, this paper delves into the ecological and evolutionary importance of tolerance in the pathogen–plant host system.
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
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2. Navigating Challenges in Wheat Disease Resistance: Opportunities Amidst Evolving Pathogens
| 3.902344 |
biomedical
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Study
|
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Plants have evolved intricate defense mechanisms through their long-term co-evolution with pathogens, aimed at safeguarding themselves against diseases. This robust immune system operates via the identification of the key molecular bases of plant immunity—for example, pathogen-associated molecular-pattern-triggered immunity, effector-triggered immunity and quantitative disease resistance . Despite these sophisticated defense strategies, our understanding of the biotic stress resistance genes in wheat remains limited .
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
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2. Navigating Challenges in Wheat Disease Resistance: Opportunities Amidst Evolving Pathogens
| 4.160156 |
biomedical
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Study
|
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[
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Wheat faces significant threats from various pathogens, prompting extensive research into its resistance mechanisms. Notably, over 240 rust resistance genes have been identified, with Sr31 being a prominent example. However, concerns have arisen with the emergence of the Ug99 stem-rust race, posing a global challenge to wheat production . Similarly, despite the characterization of 84 stripe rust resistance genes , many have lost their effectiveness due to the proliferation of virulent races, except for select combinations like Yr5 and Yr15 , which remain globally effective . Additionally, 80 leaf rust and 70 powdery mildew resistance genes have been genetically characterized, contributing to race-specific resistance in wheat. Studies on loose smut have revealed simple inheritance patterns, with a limited number of major genes . Moreover, genetic resistance to wheat blast involves five resistance genes, although challenges persist in managing this devastating disease .
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
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2. Navigating Challenges in Wheat Disease Resistance: Opportunities Amidst Evolving Pathogens
| 3.986328 |
biomedical
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Study
|
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Despite the extensive research on genetic resistance in wheat, it remains extremely difficult to achieve durable disease control . Introducing individual resistance genes into monoculture exerts selection pressure on the pathogen population , leading to the emergence of virulent pathogen strains and compromising the effectiveness of resistance strategies. This phenomenon, known as the “boom–bust” cycle, underscores the limitations of relying solely on resistance mechanisms . In this context, tolerance emerges as a promising alternative, offering a means to mitigate the impact of diseases on yields when complete epidemic control is unattainable . Unlike resistance, which exerts selection pressure on pathogen populations, tolerance is viewed as a potentially sustainable form of disease management . Through our exploration of the concept of tolerance, we can gain insights into novel strategies to enhance crop resilience and sustainability in the face of evolving pathogen threats .
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
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3. Unveiling the Concept of Tolerance in Plant Pathology: Historical Perspectives and Modern Consensus
| 4.085938 |
biomedical
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Review
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The term “tolerance” in plant pathology has a rich historical background, dating back to the pioneering works of Cobb in 1894 and Orton in 1909 . These early observations highlighted the ability of certain wheat varieties to maintain high yields despite heavy infection with rust fungi, laying the groundwork for further research into plant tolerance mechanisms . The seminal study by Caldwell et al., drawing on the earlier research by Salmon and Laude in 1932, Caldwell in 1934 and Newman in 1957, provided an early definition of tolerance as the capacity of susceptible plants to withstand severe pathogen attacks without either significant yield or quality losses . However, despite its significance, tolerance has often been overshadowed in favor of resistance mechanisms.
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
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3. Unveiling the Concept of Tolerance in Plant Pathology: Historical Perspectives and Modern Consensus
| 3.654297 |
biomedical
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Review
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In the decades following Caldwell’s seminal work, the concept of tolerance remained relatively overlooked in the field of phytopathology . The limited coverage in the research literature and the challenges inherent in the quantitative assessment of tolerance hindered progress in understanding its mechanisms . The confusion surrounding the term’s usage, particularly its distinction from resistance, further complicated the efforts to define and study tolerance effectively.
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
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3. Unveiling the Concept of Tolerance in Plant Pathology: Historical Perspectives and Modern Consensus
| 3.550781 |
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Study
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Recent efforts have sought to refine the definition of tolerance and establish a modern consensus on its conceptual framework . It is recommended to begin the process with Schafer’s conceptualization of tolerance as the “capacity of a cultivar resulting in less yield or quality loss relative to disease severity or pathogen development when compared with other cultivars or crops” . This underscores the quantitative and relative nature of tolerance and emphasizes its genetic basis . A diagram illustrating the differences between tolerant and resistant wheat cultivars is shown in Figure 1 , which was created using Biorender.com .
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
] |
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3. Unveiling the Concept of Tolerance in Plant Pathology: Historical Perspectives and Modern Consensus
| 4.191406 |
biomedical
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Review
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[
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In the field of plant pathology, virulence is defined as the degree of negative impact of a pathogen on host fitness components, such as an increase in symptom severity (mortality) and a decrease in biomass production (fecundity) . There is an ongoing discussion regarding the significance of plant fitness in cultivated crops, where there is sometimes a misconception equating individual plant fitness with crop enhancement . In the context of virulence, tolerance is emphasized as “the ability of hosts to limit the damage caused by a given parasite burden, which is essentially the ability to minimize per-parasite virulence” . In addition, it is crucial to recognize that the assessment of plant fitness can vary depending on the context and the significance of fecundity and mortality in plant–pathogen interactions, leading to a distinction between mortality tolerance and fecundity tolerance . In fact, in the plant–fungus relationship, fecundity tolerance has been studied more extensively than mortality tolerance . However, while mortality tolerance has received less attention, it remains an essential aspect in understanding plant–pathogen interactions .
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
] |
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3. Unveiling the Concept of Tolerance in Plant Pathology: Historical Perspectives and Modern Consensus
| 3.146484 |
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Study
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[
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Therefore, when evaluating plants’ tolerance to pathogens among the different major fitness components, such as fecundity or mortality, their various correlates should be considered in relation to the research objectives and the hypotheses under investigation. Failure to do so may result in inconclusive findings regarding the plant’s tolerance to pathogens .
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
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4. Understanding Tolerance in Host–Pathogen Interactions
| 3.978516 |
biomedical
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Review
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Pathogens constitute a significant proportion of Earth’s living organisms, potentially accounting for more than half of all organisms . This prevalence suggests that hosts, including plants, continually face challenges throughout their lifespans. This has coincided with the growing recognition of the necessity for a non-anthropocentric perspective on plant disease within non-agricultural ecosystems. In the late 1970s, there arose a need to reformulate the concept of tolerance beyond mere considerations of yield or quality losses . This shift in focus prompted a deeper exploration of tolerance in broader ecological and evolutionary terms, reflecting the intricate interplay between pathogens and their natural hosts within diverse ecosystems .
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
] |
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4. Understanding Tolerance in Host–Pathogen Interactions
| 4.363281 |
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Review
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Unlike many trophic interactions among animal species, plants have two primary and distinct defense strategies against natural enemies such as herbivores and pathogens—resistance and tolerance . These two mechanisms can lead to diverse ecological and evolutionary interactions between plants and pathogens , influencing the dynamics of plant and pathogen populations differently . Resistance is the most extensively studied defense mechanism of plants against pathogens . Host resistance strategies encompass barriers to infection, mechanisms that swiftly clear infection and processes that restrict the spread of infection within the host. These three types of resistance strategies impede the spread of infection by diminishing the reproductive capacity of the parasite . In contrast, the mechanisms of tolerance traits do not prevent infection itself but mitigate its detrimental effects on the host’s fitness, thereby averting the extinction of plant populations in the presence of high pathogen prevalence . The outcomes of these pathogenic infections can vary widely, ranging from strongly parasitic to commensalistic or even mutualistic interactions between fungi and plants. The results depend on various factors, including the characteristics of both the fungus and the plant involved, as well as the ecological conditions present.
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
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For example, Clay’s new function hypothesis proposes that pathogens can reduce their aggressiveness through the acquisition of new functions that ultimately enhance plant fitness, rather than by simply alleviating the original disease symptoms . Thus, the effects of these interactions can be ambivalent, with the net outcome ranging from intensely parasitic to unconditionally mutualistic.
|
[
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https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070482
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Early studies examining the metabolic trade-off between tolerance and resistance in host plants have suggested that the evolution of tolerance or resistance to plant damage would be influenced by nutrient availability and the plant’s growth rate . Studies of the Syringa vulgaris–Puccinia lagenophorae system have shown that plant competition affects tolerance and leads to a bimodal distribution of tolerance . Water stress (deficit) reduced the tolerance and competitiveness of plants infected with rust , while a low level of available nutrients made plants more tolerant to infection . For example, abiotic stress in S. vulgaris genotypes infected with rust often resulted in frost damage, but surviving plants compensated for the losses by increasing the offspring in the next generation .
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[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
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Furthermore, it was suggested that plants with rapid growth rates and shorter lifespans would develop resistance, as the resources lost would be relatively minimal compared to plants with slower growth rates and longer lifespans, for which evolving tolerance would be more beneficial. Shortly after the development of this theory/model, it was proposed that it could be extended to pathogens, including plant pathogens . This demonstrates the genetic and phenotypic plasticity of tolerance mechanisms . However, a recent study has provided results that contradict this hypothesis .
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[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
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https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070482
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In general, phytopathogenic microorganisms constitute a common component of any plant community, making them impossible to completely eradicate .
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[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
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https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070482
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If the benefits of tolerance outweigh its costs, the allele is fixed by selection in the host plant population; therefore, as the prevalence of the pathogen increases, the advantage of having the tolerance gene also increases . In addition, there is a hypothesis that the tolerance to local pathogens is higher than that to introduced pathogens. For example, the plant S. vulgaris is more tolerant to the local fungal pathogen Coleosporium tussilaginis than to the introduced pathogenic fungus P. lagenophorae . This allows us to consider tolerance in the context of evolutionary biology and the population dynamics of the host plant . However, any evidence of pathogen evolution in response to host tolerance is indirect . Restif and Koella used a model to explore how tolerance might influence the evolution of other pathogen traits . They assumed that the host controlled the pathogenic virulence and that virulence and within-host multiplication were positively correlated . The model predicted that an evolutionarily stable state would occur at intermediate levels of host tolerance and pathogen multiplication. Higher or lower levels of pathogen multiplication would disrupt this equilibrium: high levels would lead to host extinction, while low levels would result in the invasion of the host population by a more fecund genotype, potentially leading to pathogen extinction if the invading host genotype was more resistant than the resident tolerant one . Miller et al. demonstrated that pathogens could evolve either higher or lower within-host multiplication rates depending on the nature of the tolerance mechanism . Similarly, van der Bosch et al. found that increased tolerance selected for higher within-host pathogen titers. These models quantified tolerance as either mortality or fecundity tolerance, highlighted the distinction between the two, and noted that mortality tolerance generally had a positive effect on pathogen fitness, with certain exceptions, such as vertically transmitted pathogens or cases where fecundity tolerance came at the cost of a reduced host lifespan .
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[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
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4. Understanding Tolerance in Host–Pathogen Interactions
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Under agricultural conditions, where the genetic composition of the host population is controlled by humans, studying coevolution is challenging. Under such conditions, only pathogen populations have the opportunity to evolve, while the genetic compositions of host plant populations are subject to artificial selection . Currently, there are insufficient experimental data to confirm the coevolution theory. More experimental research is needed to confirm the impact of tolerance on the evolution of hosts and pathogens.
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[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
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https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070482
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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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5. Understanding and Assessing Tolerance to Fungal Diseases in Wheat: Methods, Challenges and Future Directions
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Various tolerance traits may operate at different organizational levels, spanning from the organ level to the crop level . Extensive discussions of the candidate traits linked to tolerance have been covered in prior studies . Therefore, this section provides only a comprehensive overview. Table 1 presents an extensive summary of the studies assessing the “true tolerance” of wheat cultivars to fungal diseases as the “condition in which two cultivars, exhibiting equal numbers of disease severity at any given time throughout the infection period, show significantly different quantitative responses to the infection” . However, there is evidence of the significant influences of interactions between the genotype and environment (G × E), as well as between the genotype, environment and year of study. This implies that the environment can also influence the extent of tolerance .
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[
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5. Understanding and Assessing Tolerance to Fungal Diseases in Wheat: Methods, Challenges and Future Directions
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The research shows that some agricultural crop varieties, even those prone to severe infectious diseases, can achieve high yields under favorable conditions. Conditions like high-rainfall seasons or irrigated trials help crops to better realize their yield potential despite disease pressure . For example, phenological and plant-architecture-related traits were not greatly impacted by spot blotch alone. However, these traits significantly declined under terminal heat stress and the combined stress of spot blotch and terminal heat. This indicates that terminal heat and the combination of stresses have a more severe negative effect on these traits compared to spot blotch alone .
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
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5. Understanding and Assessing Tolerance to Fungal Diseases in Wheat: Methods, Challenges and Future Directions
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Additionally, the research underscores that some genotypes show less yield loss than expected across different environmental conditions, suggesting stable tolerance to fusarium crown rot over the years. These genotypes demonstrate high stability and can thrive under various conditions, making them important for breeding programs focused on developing crops with consistent disease tolerance and high yield potential .
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[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
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5. Understanding and Assessing Tolerance to Fungal Diseases in Wheat: Methods, Challenges and Future Directions
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To effectively study crop tolerance to fungal diseases, a multi-step approach is employed. Initially, a wide range of germplasms is screened to measure changes in yield or growth per unit disease severity. This screening can occur in controlled environments, which offer the advantages of uniform experimental conditions free from both pre-existing levels of the target pathogen and other non-target pathogens for the exploration of tolerance mechanisms and specific trait impacts .
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However, replicating tolerance accurately in controlled settings is challenging due to the complex interplay of various processes influenced by the growth conditions. Therefore, field experiments are crucial in quantifying tolerance . Experiments designed to evaluate the tolerance of genotypes in a cereal breeding program typically involve the replication of both disease-free and diseased plots . Various genotypes are cultivated under these conditions with the objective of identifying genotypes with tolerance, based on the yield reduction observed in the inoculated plots compared to the uninoculated plots. In order to select for genetic tolerance, the assessment method needs to differentiate between the two genetic aspects: the yield potential in the absence of disease and the genotype’s capacity to maintain the yield in the presence of disease . The inclusion of a nil disease control method allows the yield potential of cultivars to be estimated .
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
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5. Understanding and Assessing Tolerance to Fungal Diseases in Wheat: Methods, Challenges and Future Directions
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In reality, in field experiments, completely disease-free plots are difficult to achieve; therefore, it is crucial to use fungicide treatment as the untreated control .
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[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
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5. Understanding and Assessing Tolerance to Fungal Diseases in Wheat: Methods, Challenges and Future Directions
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Additionally, achieving consistent disease severity levels across different cultivars or breeding lines is challenging but essential for direct tolerance comparisons. This includes incorporating multiple reference cultivars within each replicate block and considering gradients in variables across the trial area during variance analysis . Several tolerant standard cultivars (2–49, Gala, and Sunco) and intolerant standard cultivars (EGA Bellaroi, Puseas) are typically selected for use in experiments; meanwhile, spatial variation is addressed through appropriate experimental designs . Statistical and mathematical models, integrated with experimental data, also help to quantify tolerance and compare varieties effectively . This integration helps to identify suitable statistical models to effectively analyze experimental data and address biological questions .
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[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
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https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070482
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5. Understanding and Assessing Tolerance to Fungal Diseases in Wheat: Methods, Challenges and Future Directions
| 4.089844 |
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A methodology was proposed that robustly estimates the relationship between the grain yield and increasing pathogen burdens using response curves . Response curves provide a means of modeling the relationship between the yield and pathogen burden to depict the yield losses due to disease. The basic response curve can be obtained by fitting a linear regression model for the yield against the pathogen burden for each cultivar. The slope parameter estimate from the linear regression model quantifies the yield change per unit increase in pathogen burden, representing the tolerance of a cultivar . Various studies have utilized different models to investigate tolerance traits . A schematic overview of the experimental design is shown in Figure 2 , which was created using Biorender.com . This figure provides a simplified overview of the experimental design adapted from studies on wheat tolerance to fungal diseases, as highlighted in Table 1 . The diagram outlines the key steps and methodologies used to assess the tolerance levels of various wheat cultivars. It includes the stages of pathogen inoculation, disease assessment criteria and data collection methods.
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
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https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070482
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5. Understanding and Assessing Tolerance to Fungal Diseases in Wheat: Methods, Challenges and Future Directions
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By comprehensively analyzing and comparing the experimental and control plots, tolerant wheat cultivars are identified. These cultivars show significant disease symptoms but do not suffer substantial yield losses, indicating their tolerance to the pathogen.
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[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
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5. Understanding and Assessing Tolerance to Fungal Diseases in Wheat: Methods, Challenges and Future Directions
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Although labor-intensive screening methods are common in academic research, they are impractical for the purposes of large-scale screening in plant breeding programs . Image-based tools play a significant role in enhancing the disease detection precision , while bioinformatic tools offer valuable insights into pathogen identification and disease prevention .
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[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
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https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070482
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5. Understanding and Assessing Tolerance to Fungal Diseases in Wheat: Methods, Challenges and Future Directions
| 4.132813 |
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Technological advancements have greatly improved the acquisition and processing of large-scale phenotyping data, previously a significant challenge in functional genomics studies and crop breeding . High-throughput phenotyping platforms now facilitate the measurement of a diverse array of phenotypes, including those related to shoots, roots and canopy and leaf traits . Modern sensor technologies also play a crucial role by providing detailed records of a plant’s environmental history and its responses to changing conditions. Tools such as drones and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), along with devices like pocketPlant3D, equipped with hyperspectral imaging and computed tomography imaging, enable the measurement of traits such as the leaf area index, the detection of weeds and pathogens and yield prediction . These technological advancements allow for comprehensive and efficient phenotypic analyses, thereby enhancing crop breeding and functional genomics research. Additionally, computer models and simulation technologies have become essential in modern agriculture and crop breeding. They assist researchers in predicting plant behavior under various conditions, optimizing breeding strategies and understanding the interactions between genetics, the environment and management practices.
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[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
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https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070482
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5. Understanding and Assessing Tolerance to Fungal Diseases in Wheat: Methods, Challenges and Future Directions
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The development of specialized tools, like the OMATEC-HTVP calculator, facilitates the evaluation of host plant resistance vs. tolerance, hybrid vs. modification vigor and pathogen virulence. This calculator is designed to categorize identified variables for easier interpretation and synthesis. It integrates mathematical functions to compare infected plants with uninfected control plants in an experiment. Inspired by the work of Hunt et al. , this research strategy aims to effectively select plants with established resistance or tolerance levels against various stresses .
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
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5. Understanding and Assessing Tolerance to Fungal Diseases in Wheat: Methods, Challenges and Future Directions
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Disease severity is assumed in most models of virulence evolution to be positively correlated with within-host pathogen multiplication . For example, the pathogen virulence of Puccinia triticina and Mycosphaerella graminicola in wheat was positively correlated with pathogen multiplication . Recent advances in research have improved the techniques for the quantification of fungal presence in plant tissue, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods for the measurement of fungal biomass . Studies have shown that quantitative PCR (qPCR) results correspond well with visual assessments based on the severity and fungal biomass of stem browning in infected tillers .
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
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Another strategy to address the requirement for the evaluation of numerous lines while also necessitating detailed measurements could be selecting a limited number of cultivars or mapping population lines that exhibit significant differences in tolerance. These selected lines are then subjected to thorough physiological measurements to pinpoint the key sub-traits associated with tolerance . The level of variability observed in a characteristic is influenced by the size of the population under examination, highlighting the need to assess tolerance in a wide range of cultivars or breeding lines to accurately pinpoint those with high tolerance levels. To facilitate genotypic selection by identifying the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with tolerance or its defining sub-traits, it is crucial to phenotype over 100 lines for subsequent QTL analysis. However, accurately measuring tolerance requires significant resources, which limits the effective screening of cultivars/lines .
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"Akerke Maulenbay",
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The utilization of molecular markers can help to mitigate these challenges by offering breeders a swift means of ascertaining the presence of specific genes or gene combinations in a breeding line that provide enhanced resistance or tolerance. Recent efforts have been dedicated to identifying markers linked to tolerance traits in a mapping population, streamlining the breeding process for tolerance traits without the need for yield loss testing. Additionally, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Brisbane is enhancing existing markers for key resistance QTLs, aiming to enhance their reliability and effectiveness in commercial breeding programs .
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0.0012254714965820312
] |
[
0.9990234375,
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In the study by Foulkes et al. , the authors aimed to identify cultivars or mapping population lines that exhibited a strong contrast in disease tolerance. Their investigation involved assessing the disease tolerance of near-isogenic lines (NILs) differing in certain traits, such as +awns versus −awns, Rht-D1b (semi-dwarf) versus Rht-D1a (tall) or the presence of the 1BL.1RS chromosome translocation versus its absence (1BL.1BS). The regression analysis revealed that the presence of awns reduced tolerance, while the 1BL.1RS translocation did not notably impact tolerance . Interestingly, the study indicated that the presence of the 1BL/1RS chromosome translocation, known to enhance the radiation use efficiency, appeared to be associated with intolerance . This finding raises the possibility that the lines used in the study, referred to as Hobbit lines, may not have been entirely isogenic. It was hypothesized that QTLs detrimental to the yield could be closely linked to the short awn allele on chromosome 5A, although no such linkage had been previously reported .
|
[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070482
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057367_p45
|
39057367
|
sec[4]/p[16]
|
5. Understanding and Assessing Tolerance to Fungal Diseases in Wheat: Methods, Challenges and Future Directions
| 4.035156 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00011807680130004883,
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[
0.99658203125,
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Resistance mechanisms are typically easier to identify and breed for and are often controlled by a single gene or a major QTL. In contrast, tolerance is primarily influenced by multiple loci and their interactions. Significant QTLs on chromosomes 5A and 6B have been linked to tolerance against snow mold ( Typhula idahoensis , T. ishikariensis , T. incarnata ) in a biparental population originating from the breeding of the winter wheat varieties “Eltan” and “Finch” . Research endeavors should concentrate on improving the genetic resolution of target QTLs to potentially facilitate the discovery and cloning of causal genes, with the goal of gaining a deeper insight into the genetic foundation of tolerance .
|
[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070482
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057367_p46
|
39057367
|
sec[4]/p[17]
|
5. Understanding and Assessing Tolerance to Fungal Diseases in Wheat: Methods, Challenges and Future Directions
| 4.304688 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0003566741943359375,
0.0009617805480957031
] |
[
0.98681640625,
0.0005831718444824219,
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0.0001074671745300293
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Recently, a state-of-the art approach, namely a genome-wide association study (GWAS), was applied, exploring the genetic variants statistically associated with disease , such as resistance to spot blotch, fusarium head blight and stripe rust , as well as important traits in wheat, such as the grain yield , and morphological characteristics like the heading date, plant height and thousand-grain weight . Additionally, genomic selection has provided promising results in selection for complex traits such as tolerance, and it has been notably validated for snow mold tolerance in Pacific Northwest (PNW) winter wheat . A GWAS pinpointed 100 significant markers spread across 17 chromosomes, with notable single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosomes 5A and 5B coinciding with major freezing tolerance and vernalization loci . A larger number of favorable alleles were correlated with improved snow mold tolerance. The selection performed, based on genomic-estimated breeding values and tolerance scores, led to a significant enhancement in tolerance . Compared to traditional biparental QTL mapping, a GWAS offers greater mapping precision owing to the extensive recombination events observed in diverse populations .
|
[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070482
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057367_p47
|
39057367
|
sec[4]/p[18]
|
5. Understanding and Assessing Tolerance to Fungal Diseases in Wheat: Methods, Challenges and Future Directions
| 4.089844 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.99609375,
0.0004870891571044922,
0.0033130645751953125
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[
0.282958984375,
0.00803375244140625,
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] |
The combination of genomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics offers a comprehensive understanding of the complex mechanisms governing key agricultural traits, as highlighted by Scossa et al. . Employing a systems biology approach that integrates various omics datasets, models and predictions of cellular functions is crucial in deciphering the intricate biological processes that underpin complex traits. Integrating multiomics data within a systems biology framework is essential to gain a holistic understanding of dynamic systems, where different biological levels interact with the external environment to express specific phenotypes, as noted by Pazhamala et al. .
|
[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070482
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057367_p48
|
39057367
|
sec[5]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
6.1. Advancements in Genetic Technologies
| 4.085938 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.97314453125,
0.0012636184692382812,
0.025390625
] |
[
0.35107421875,
0.004291534423828125,
0.64453125,
0.0003399848937988281
] |
In the realm of crop breeding and management, there has been a notable shift from the traditional focus on yields towards the recognition of integrated disease management (IDM) strategies, such as the importance of essential genetic traits . The emergence of new breeding methods, such as the revolutionary clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR/Cas) plant genome editing technique, has significantly expanded the plant breeder’s toolkit. This technology has been effectively utilized in nearly 120 crops and model plants, with widespread application in approximately half of them . For instance, in wheat, CRISPR/Cas9 was employed to disable all three TaMLO alleles, resulting in wheat plants with heightened resistance to powdery mildew . Furthermore, recent research has unveiled a novel mechanism through which miRNAs regulate fungal resistance . These advancements underscore the transformative potential of genetic technologies in enhancing crop resilience and sustainability in the face of evolving agricultural challenges.
|
[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070482
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057367_p49
|
39057367
|
sec[5]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
6.1. Advancements in Genetic Technologies
| 3.404297 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9970703125,
0.0007491111755371094,
0.0024051666259765625
] |
[
0.0196380615234375,
0.96044921875,
0.01953125,
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] |
The future of plant genome editing relies on the widespread adoption and advancement of CRISPR/Cas technology, with a specific emphasis on improving the multiplexing efficiency, refining the high-throughput editing techniques and exploring the potential for chromosomal rearrangements and epigenetic modifications .
|
[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070482
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057367_p50
|
39057367
|
sec[5]/sec[0]/p[2]
|
6.1. Advancements in Genetic Technologies
| 3.986328 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99169921875,
0.0003101825714111328,
0.007781982421875
] |
[
0.84130859375,
0.1331787109375,
0.0252532958984375,
0.0003504753112792969
] |
An illustration of this innovative approach is the German PILTON research project, initiated in 2020, which leverages cutting-edge breeding methodologies to fortify wheat plants with tolerance to fungal pathogens . Central to these advances are key breeding steps that involve targeted mutagenesis using Cas endonucleases, ensuring that the genetic modifications are precisely tailored to specific wheat genes already existing in the wheat genome. Spearheaded by the German Federation of Plant Innovation e.V. (GFPi) and engaging around 60 plant breeding companies, the project is grounded in wheat’s natural pathogen-induced defense reactions. The aim of the research project is to deactivate negative regulators in pathogen defense, which is anticipated to confer broad-spectrum tolerance against various diseases, including wheat leaf rust, stripe rust, septoria leaf blotch and fusarium head blight. Through reductions in the technology’s reliance on specific pathogen types, this approach is poised to establish more universal resilient agricultural practices. The project has transitioned into its fifth stage and is commencing winter wheat trials .
|
[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070482
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057367_p51
|
39057367
|
sec[5]/sec[0]/p[3]
|
6.1. Advancements in Genetic Technologies
| 3.689453 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.97021484375,
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0.029296875
] |
[
0.58837890625,
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] |
However, the existing limited understanding of tolerance raises concerns about how specific environmental factors, such as drought or heat stress, might make tolerant varieties vulnerable to pathogen damage. This issue is particularly relevant in the context of climate change and the increase in drought-prone regions . Tolerant cultivars must possess agronomically desirable traits to be viable for widespread adoption . Understanding the genetic basis and mechanisms underlying plant tolerance presents an opportunity to develop cultivars that can withstand environmental stresses and minimize yield losses .
|
[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070482
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057367_p52
|
39057367
|
sec[5]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
6.2. Genetic Strategies for Enhanced Tolerance
| 2.494141 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.58251953125,
0.001453399658203125,
0.416259765625
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[
0.110107421875,
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] |
To enrich the genetic diversity of the current elite crop pools, unexplored diversity, including crop wild relatives, should be reintegrated into breeding programs to expand the genetic foundation of cultivated crops. This strategy aims to enhance the resilience of cultivated varieties. In the context of anticipated climate change and the shift towards agroecology by 2050, a crucial question arises: which crop’s latent genetic diversity holds the most potential for exploitation ?
|
[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070482
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057367_p53
|
39057367
|
sec[5]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
6.2. Genetic Strategies for Enhanced Tolerance
| 2.744141 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.8798828125,
0.0009655952453613281,
0.11932373046875
] |
[
0.328857421875,
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] |
Crop wild relatives are valuable resources in breeding programs due to their inherent resistance traits against biotic stresses. However, they also possess attributes that enable them to thrive in challenging environments. Triticum species, especially those derived from T. spelta , have shown promise in enhancing the tolerance to spot blotch, terminal heat and their combination, making them attractive candidates for breeding programs .
|
[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070482
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057367_p54
|
39057367
|
sec[5]/sec[1]/p[2]
|
6.2. Genetic Strategies for Enhanced Tolerance
| 3.957031 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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0.0027313232421875
] |
[
0.94921875,
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0.031494140625,
0.0001506805419921875
] |
Over their evolutionary journey, wild progenitors have naturally developed resilience to withstand diverse stresses. In contrast, modern breeding practices, aimed at achieving widespread adaptability, have inadvertently led to a reduction in genetic diversity . There is an opportunity to utilize genetic diversity rather than uniformity in breeding efforts focused on marginal lands . Incorporating the gene pool of wild barley into breeding initiatives not only enriches the genetic diversity via the introduction of novel alleles but also facilitates the reintroduction of lost genes during domestication, thereby enhancing the diversity in breeding programs . Therefore, targeted selection, rather than attempting to include all known resistance genes into a single genotype, has proven to be more effective .
|
[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070482
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057367_p55
|
39057367
|
sec[5]/sec[1]/p[3]
|
6.2. Genetic Strategies for Enhanced Tolerance
| 4.074219 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9814453125,
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0.0181427001953125
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[
0.736328125,
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] |
The importance of using plant genetic resources (PGRs) stored in gene banks as sources of beneficial traits and for the preservation of historical diversity is emphasized due to their vital contribution to future improvements in crops. The adoption of novel translocation lines, such as the 1RS.1BL lines sourced from diverse rye varieties, presents encouraging avenues for the enhancement of wheat traits . While the actual application of PGRs in effective crop enhancement has not met all expectations, the use of genomic prediction methods within and among gene banks has successfully identified the best parent combinations for crossing with high-performing cultivars. The resulting offspring from these crosses have exhibited exceptional yield potential in various field trials, outperforming the existing wheat varieties. This well-planned strategy has shown great potential in boosting crop productivity and resilience through its strategic use of genetic resources and advanced breeding technologies .
|
[
"Akerke Maulenbay",
"Aralbek Rsaliyev"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070482
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
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