id
stringlengths 11
17
| article_id
stringlengths 8
11
| path
stringlengths 11
60
| section_title
stringlengths 1
1.33k
| educational_score
float64 0
5.16
| domain
stringclasses 4
values | document_type
stringclasses 5
values | domain_scores
listlengths 0
3
| document_type_scores
listlengths 0
4
| text
stringlengths 1
110k
| authors
listlengths 0
8.02k
| article_url
stringlengths 3
63
| license_type
stringclasses 1
value | license_url
stringclasses 15
values | language
stringclasses 45
values | language_score
float64 0
1
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
39057497_p17
|
39057497
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/sec[6]/p[1]
|
3.1.7. Oven Drying
| 2.048828 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.505859375,
0.0010623931884765625,
0.4931640625
] |
[
0.544921875,
0.440673828125,
0.0135345458984375,
0.0008320808410644531
] |
In the rest of the sections, the effect of the drying methods of BC aerogels on thermal and mechanical behavior will be explained according to the composition of BC aerogels, including those produced with polymeric, inorganic, and other additives for each characterization.
|
[
"Sebnem Sozcu",
"Jaroslava Frajova",
"Jakub Wiener",
"Mohanapriya Venkataraman",
"Blanka Tomkova",
"Jiri Militky"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10070474
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057497_p18
|
39057497
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
3.2.1. Effect of BC Aerogels Composed of Polymeric Additives on Thermal Properties
| 4.332031 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0003504753112792969,
0.0006585121154785156
] |
[
0.99658203125,
0.00021791458129882812,
0.0033416748046875,
0.0000787973403930664
] |
The significance of thermal analysis in hydrogel manufacturing is in its impact on processing, storage, and application. For instance, thermal analysis is crucial for identifying the optimal processing temperature to produce hydrogels with the desired properties. Moreover, the insights gained from thermal analysis ensure that the hydrogel is stored at suitable temperatures to prevent degradation and extend its shelf life . As the drying methods are also crucial for BC aerogels, we aim to show the importance of drying methods; even though limited, there is some research on the different drying methods with different types of bacteria. Zhang et al. used the Gluconacetobacter Xylinum strain for the preparation of BC gelatinous membranes dried using three different methods, which are (BC1) hot air drying at 60 °C, (BC2) vacuum oven drying at 60 °C, and (BC3) vacuum freeze-drying at −50 °C. The BC gelatinous aerogel samples were characterized in SEM (scanning electron microscope) for the surface and a section; with an FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectrometer); and with X-ray diffraction for the crystallinity of BC films. Their results indicated that films dried using hot air displayed a uniform and dense surface. In contrast, films dried under vacuum exhibited cavities and cracks, while those subjected to vacuum freeze-drying revealed layered and porous structures. FT-IR spectra and X-ray analysis confirmed that vacuum freeze-drying weakened the hydrogen bonds between cellulose macromolecules and reduced the degree of crystallinity in bacterial cellulose films, though it had minimal impact on the crystal structure itself . In general, compared to supercritical drying, the freeze-drying method offers several advantages: it is environmentally friendly, straightforward, and cost-effective. Additionally, the porous structure can be easily tailored by using water-soluble polyamic acid as a precursor. Fan et al.’s previous research demonstrated that polyimide (PI) aerogels prepared through freeze-drying exhibit a thermal conductivity of 53 mW m −1 K −1 , attributed to the large pore sizes formed during the freezing process . In the research conducted by Zang et al., a lightweight, bidirectional anisotropic aerogel composed of polyimide and bacterial cellulose (b-PI/BC) was developed using a bidirectional freezing technique. Bacterial cellulose, with its superfine nanofibrous structure, serves as a reinforcing nanofiller for PI aerogels. This inclusion prevents shrinkage and maintains the aerogel’s structural integrity, resulting in higher porosity and lower density. These characteristics enhance thermal insulation by reducing heat conduction. Compared to random and unidirectional freezing methods, the b-PI/BC aerogel produced through bidirectional freezing exhibits a well-aligned lamellar porous structure. This parallel lamellar configuration significantly reduces heat transfer perpendicular to the lamellae while facilitating in-plane heat diffusion, thus preventing heat localization. The b-PI/BC aerogel demonstrates an exceptionally low thermal conductivity of 23 mW m −1 K −1 in the radial direction (perpendicular to the lamellae) and nearly double that value (44 mW m −1 K −1 ) in the axial direction (parallel to the lamellae) . Regarding the improvement of the thermal stability of BC, the researchers used two different composites, where one of them is with collagen and its three forms of collagen gel, collagen solution, and hydrolysed collagen with lyophilization and another is a mixture of BC powder in collagen solutions (collagen solution, collagen gel, and hydrolysed collagen) with, again, lyophilization. The findings indicated that BC functions as a thermal stabilizer for the collagen solution (CS) matrix, while it synergistically interacts with the collagen gel (CG) matrix, resulting in composites with enhanced properties. Furthermore, BC sheets impregnated with collagen demonstrated significantly improved thermal stability . Vasconcellosa et al. also studied the effect of two different drying methods on the properties of bacterial cellulose aerogel, which were oven drying at 50 °C and freeze-drying. They only used the Gluconacetobacter hansenii -type bacteria. The two samples exhibited distinct visual characteristics: the oven-dried BC was transparent, while the freeze-dried BC appeared whitish. SEM images revealed that both samples had a similar interwoven structure. However, the freeze-dried material displayed higher porosity, whereas the oven-dried sample showed collapsed fibers, resulting in reduced film volume. Thermal stability analysis indicated that both films had comparable degradation profiles, with degradation beginning at 319 °C for the oven-dried sample and 325 °C for the freeze-dried sample. Both BC films exhibited similar crystallinity levels (85%), although their diffractograms showed different peaks. This suggests that the drying process altered the ratio of Iα/Iβ polymorphs in the films, a finding supported by FT-IR results .
|
[
"Sebnem Sozcu",
"Jaroslava Frajova",
"Jakub Wiener",
"Mohanapriya Venkataraman",
"Blanka Tomkova",
"Jiri Militky"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10070474
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057497_p19
|
39057497
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
3.2.1. Effect of BC Aerogels Composed of Polymeric Additives on Thermal Properties
| 4.1875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99755859375,
0.0003905296325683594,
0.001895904541015625
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00015652179718017578,
0.0004897117614746094,
0.000042438507080078125
] |
There are certain limitations to the insulation properties of cellulose aerogels: (1) thermal conductivity is primarily influenced by solid and gas conduction (approximately 70%), and (2) gas conduction significantly diminishes when the average pore size is much smaller than the mean free path of gas molecules, a phenomenon known as the Knudsen effect. Low bulk density is advantageous in this context, as high porosity and small beam diameters inhibit the propagation of phonons in the delicate scaffold, thereby reducing the contribution of solid-phase radiation . Due to the demand for novel thermal insulation materials and the need to enhance bacterial cellulose’s thermal properties, research in this area has grown despite some limitations. Traditional materials fall short in intelligent heat management, driving interest in new solutions. This study focused on bidirectional anisotropic polyimide/bacterial cellulose (b-PI/BC) aerogels, prepared via a bidirectional freezing technique. These aerogels demonstrated excellent structural formability, mechanical strength, and thermal insulation. Polyimide enhanced mechanical robustness, while bacterial cellulose prevented shrinkage, maintaining structural integrity and resulting in higher porosity and lower density. Consequently, the aerogels exhibited anisotropic thermal insulation with an ultra-low thermal conductivity of 23 mW m −1 K −1 radially and 44 mW m −1 K −1 axially, effectively reducing radial heat transfer and facilitating in-plane heat diffusion, making them ideal for complex thermal insulation applications .
|
[
"Sebnem Sozcu",
"Jaroslava Frajova",
"Jakub Wiener",
"Mohanapriya Venkataraman",
"Blanka Tomkova",
"Jiri Militky"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10070474
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057497_p20
|
39057497
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[0]/p[2]
|
3.2.1. Effect of BC Aerogels Composed of Polymeric Additives on Thermal Properties
| 4.074219 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.00018930435180664062,
0.0013637542724609375
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0005521774291992188,
0.0002734661102294922,
0.000044286251068115234
] |
Another study showed that a thermal conductivity as low as 13 mW/(K·m) was recorded for native pellicle-based aerogels by using Gluconacetobacter hansenii bacteria dried in their original state with minimal additional processing using the super critical CO 2 drying method. Utilizing waste from the beer-brewing industry as a growth medium for the pellicle preserved the cellulose yield achieved with conventional Hestrin–Schramm media, enhancing both the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of our product for a reduction in energy consumption in building applications .
|
[
"Sebnem Sozcu",
"Jaroslava Frajova",
"Jakub Wiener",
"Mohanapriya Venkataraman",
"Blanka Tomkova",
"Jiri Militky"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10070474
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057497_p21
|
39057497
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
3.2.2. Effect of BC Aerogels Composed of Inorganic and Different Types of Additives on Thermal Properties
| 4.296875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99560546875,
0.0004620552062988281,
0.00372314453125
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.00021839141845703125,
0.0010528564453125,
0.00005221366882324219
] |
Despite BC aerogels having strong thermal insulation performance due to their dense inner porous network, they are easily ignited and burned out, restricting their potential uses as domestic appliances or materials for construction. Improving BC aerogels’ resistance to flames has turned into a major focus of numerous fascinating scientific projects . Adding other agents, such as graphene, halogens, clay, phosphorus, nitrogen, organic polymers , and metallic nanoparticles, by in situ forming or doping inside the BC network is a practical strategy . Collaborating additives could take the form of a dense protective layer on the surface and segregate oxygen to achieve a flame-retardant effect. Researchers Wang et al. developed a flame retardant and heat-insulating composite aerogel by incorporating zinc borate (ZnB) particles into bacterial cellulose (BC) using an ultrasound-assisted deposition process followed by freeze-drying. The in-situ formation of ZnB particles facilitated the separation of individual fibers from fiber bundles within BC, preserving its homogeneous porous structure. This modification enhanced the thermal stability of the aerogel by diminishing the convective heat transfer. The composite aerogel demonstrated outstanding flame retardancy, with a heat release capacity of merely 8 J g −1 K −1 . The suggested mechanism involves the dehydration of ZnB particles, which lowers the surface temperature by releasing bound water and concurrently produces metallic oxides (ZnO and B 2 O 3 ), which inhibit heat propagation and isolate flammable fibrils within the combustion zone . Sai et al. modified the surface of bacterial cellulose aerogel (BCA) using a trimethylsilylation reaction with trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) in the liquid phase followed by freeze-drying. Compared to the original cellulose aerogel, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed notable differences in the thermal properties of the trimethylsilylated cellulose aerogels. It is well established that the thermal decomposition of cellulose can be accelerated by modification with organic acids and acyl chlorides (such as acetic acid, dodecanoic acid, p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, oleic acid, and stearic acid). In this study, the decomposition temperature of BCAs showed a slight increase after trimethylsilylation, with higher degrees of substitution (DS) resulting in higher decomposition temperatures (shifting from 370 °C to 380 °C). This indicates that TMCS has a stabilizing effect on bacterial cellulose when subjected to lyophilization. While silica is known to raise the decomposition temperature of cellulose, TMCS, which contains silicon, also forms Si–O bonds upon reacting with cellulose. Therefore, the presence of silicon and Si–O bonds likely contributes significantly to the improved thermal stability of the modified cellulose .
|
[
"Sebnem Sozcu",
"Jaroslava Frajova",
"Jakub Wiener",
"Mohanapriya Venkataraman",
"Blanka Tomkova",
"Jiri Militky"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10070474
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057497_p22
|
39057497
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
3.2.2. Effect of BC Aerogels Composed of Inorganic and Different Types of Additives on Thermal Properties
| 4.265625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0003032684326171875,
0.0009813308715820312
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0001722574234008789,
0.00042057037353515625,
0.00004607439041137695
] |
Besides the freeze-drying method, some of the studies have also shown the effect of the ambient/room temperature drying method by using the purchased 0.8% bacterial cellulose with γ-aminopropyl triethioxysilane (APTES) linked by the freeze-linking technique. Aerogels produced through atmospheric pressure drying are cost-effective to manufacture and can be redried through solvent exchange even after being used in aqueous environments. As per the research results, during the solvent exchange process, the loss of some polysiloxane leads to defects in the aerogel. Aerogels prepared by atmospheric pressure drying are cost-effective and re-dryable after aqueous use. Thermogravimetric analysis in Figure 5 shows that PCA has a maximum mass reduction at 298 °C, while ADCA’s (atmospheric drying cellulose aerogel) occurs at 358 °C due to its double crosslinked network. PCA’s (pure cellulose aerogel without APTES) carbon residue is 16.8%, compared to ADCA’s 24.5% due to Si. Heat release rate tests indicated that PCA’s maximum rate is 102.9 W/g, while ADCA’s is 60.6 W/g, with the total heat release of ADCA at 5.3 kJ/g versus PCA’s 6.6 kJ/g due to N and Si’s flame-retardant effect. Thermal conductivity for FDCA (freeze-drying cellulose aerogel) is 44.5 mW/m·K and for ADCA is 37.9 mW/m·K. FDCA’s dense structure aids solid heat conduction, whereas ADCA’s structural defects from APTES removal reduce it. Infrared imaging showed that heat dissipates through air, not ADCA. Freeze-drying forms the aerogel skeleton but creates dense structures; APTES removal during solvent replacement reduces solid heat conduction, suggesting a way to enhance aerogel insulation properties. This not only lowers its thermal conductivity but also increases its specific surface area. Additionally, the aerogel’s water resistance, thermal performance, and dye adsorption capabilities are significantly enhanced .
|
[
"Sebnem Sozcu",
"Jaroslava Frajova",
"Jakub Wiener",
"Mohanapriya Venkataraman",
"Blanka Tomkova",
"Jiri Militky"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10070474
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057497_p23
|
39057497
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[1]/p[2]
|
3.2.2. Effect of BC Aerogels Composed of Inorganic and Different Types of Additives on Thermal Properties
| 3.96875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99462890625,
0.0001691579818725586,
0.004985809326171875
] |
[
0.97314453125,
0.0248870849609375,
0.00196075439453125,
0.0001055598258972168
] |
Bacterial cellulose aerogels exhibit low thermal conductivity, similar to loose-fill cellulose. For commercialization, identifying optimal cultivation conditions—considering the bacterial strain, growth medium composition, additive types, and cultivation techniques—is crucial. These conditions should facilitate the formation of largely isotropic cellulose networks with nanopores having a narrow size distribution and maximum pore diameters not exceeding 70 nm. Such finely tuned structures can potentially serve as super-insulating materials.
|
[
"Sebnem Sozcu",
"Jaroslava Frajova",
"Jakub Wiener",
"Mohanapriya Venkataraman",
"Blanka Tomkova",
"Jiri Militky"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10070474
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057497_p24
|
39057497
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[1]/p[3]
|
3.2.2. Effect of BC Aerogels Composed of Inorganic and Different Types of Additives on Thermal Properties
| 4.25 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.000286102294921875,
0.000400543212890625
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00017774105072021484,
0.0004849433898925781,
0.000057220458984375
] |
Revin et al. optimized the fabrication of robust, thermally efficient aerogels derived from BC synthesized by Komagataeibacter sucrofermentans H-110 and freeze-dried. Aerogels made from TEMPO-oxidized BC (OBC) exhibited enhanced strength and reduced shrinkage compared to those made from native BC (NBC). The addition of 20–40 mM Mg 2+ further increased the aerogel strength by 4.9 times, minimized pore size, and decreased thermal conductivity from 0.036 to 0.0176 W/(m·K). Additionally, aerogels incorporating sodium fusidate demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, making them suitable for applications in tissue engineering and wound dressing. The temperature stability of BC aerogels is crucial for high-temperature applications. In the study, a thermogravimetric analysis was conducted on BC aerogels made from native bacterial cellulose (NBC) and TEMPO-oxidized BC with an oxidation degree (OD) of 1.44%, with or without 20 mM Mg 2+ . The NBC aerogel exhibited initial decomposition between 275 °C and 330 °C, with a weight loss starting at 57 °C and reaching 7.5% at 250 °C, attributed to the evaporation of water related to bacterial cellulose . The thermal decomposition of the NBC aerogel began at 275 °C, resulting in a 70% mass loss by 330 °C, consistent with previous findings on BC film thermal stability . The OBC and OBC-Mg aerogels showed main mass losses beginning at 275 °C, reaching 43% and 39% by 330 °C and 300 °C, respectively. At 500 °C, the mass loss for OBC and OBC-Mg aerogels was 63% and 60%, respectively, while the NBC aerogel lost 99% of its mass. These results indicate that TEMPO oxidation does not alter the thermal stability of BC, though the nature of thermal degradation varies with BC oxidation and the presence of Mg 2+ .
|
[
"Sebnem Sozcu",
"Jaroslava Frajova",
"Jakub Wiener",
"Mohanapriya Venkataraman",
"Blanka Tomkova",
"Jiri Militky"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10070474
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057497_p25
|
39057497
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
3.3.1. Effect of BC Aerogels Composed of Polymeric Additives on Mechanical Behavior
| 4.429688 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00039958953857421875,
0.0005578994750976562
] |
[
0.99462890625,
0.00023245811462402344,
0.004970550537109375,
0.00010579824447631836
] |
The mechanical qualities of bacterial cellulose are principally determined by its chemical composition and structural features. Increased fiber alignment and crystallinity result in a stronger material that can withstand more mechanical stress. Because crystallinity varies depending on the source and production processes, the mechanical characteristics of bacterial cellulose can differ. Post-chemical treatments and ex situ alterations can also improve or degrade certain qualities, depending on the chemicals used in the composite synthesis. As previously noted, as BC properties are influenced by the production process, consequently, so are its applications. The impact of various cultivation methods (static or agitated; batch or fed-batch processes), different bacterial strains, and types of culture media (complex or industrial waste) on BC properties has been extensively studied. Additionally, downstream processing treatments can significantly affect the final characteristics of BC. In particular, the effects of different drying processes on BC properties continue to be a subject of ongoing research . Therefore, BC films were produced by G. hansenii using static cultivation, followed by a purification step and subsequent drying through two different methods: oven drying and freeze-drying. The diverse applications and biological functions of BC membranes are attributed to their unique morphology, with the intertwining fibers in the films providing significant mechanical strength and water absorption capacity, as highlighted in the studies by Vasconcellos et al. . Their findings, along with those of Zeng et al., who evaluated three different drying processes—room temperature drying, freeze-drying, and supercritical CO 2 drying—revealed that the drying method impacts mechanical properties such as penetration depth, hardness, and water absorption capacity, with each method enhancing specific characteristics . In another study, the effect of different cultivation methods and freeze-drying with different freezing modes on the physical and mechanical properties was examined by using the strain of Gluconacetobacter sucrofermentans H-110 bacterial cellulose aerogels. The bacterial cellulose hydrogel samples underwent freezing in a controlled manner, utilizing foil containers sized at 90 mm × 60 mm × 25 mm (length × width × height) in a single stage freezing process. Attempts at rapid freezing in liquid nitrogen or multistage cooling did not produce aerogels with satisfactory strength characteristics. To ensure a uniform hydrogel, the bacterial cellulose gel film was subjected to grinding. By adjusting the concentration of bacterial cellulose in the hydrogels, the density, porosity, and average pore size of bacterial cellulose-based aerogels can be tailored. This allows for easy manipulation of aerogel properties during the initial processing of the bacterial cellulose. The mechanical grinding of bacterial cellulose was complemented with ultrasonic treatment, a widely used technique for polymer breakdown. This disintegration method does not modify the chemical composition of the polymers but reduces their molecular weight effectively . In addition to the invaluable insights provided by thermal analysis techniques, mechanical analysis techniques also offer a wealth of crucial information. Commonly employed methods include compression testing, tensile testing, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Table 2 shows the effect of different drying methods on the thermal and mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose aerogel for different applications. Some studies show comparable methods, which are freeze-drying and traditional drying methods regarding the process speed, cost, and retention of the sample’s properties. Some studies show the effect of freeze-drying on the properties of the native BC aerogel compared to modified BC aerogel.
|
[
"Sebnem Sozcu",
"Jaroslava Frajova",
"Jakub Wiener",
"Mohanapriya Venkataraman",
"Blanka Tomkova",
"Jiri Militky"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10070474
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057497_p26
|
39057497
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
3.3.2. Effect of BC Aerogels Composed of Inorganic and Different Types of Additives on Mechanical Properties
| 4.609375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99755859375,
0.0006070137023925781,
0.0018777847290039062
] |
[
0.98974609375,
0.0004782676696777344,
0.00977325439453125,
0.0001722574234008789
] |
Cellulose aerogels can be obtained from aqueous dispersions of nanocellulose fibers (CNF), nanocellulose crystals (CNC), and bacterial cellulose (BC) . Although CNC and CNF are renewable, their extraction processes are environmentally detrimental, requiring hazardous chemicals and significant energy consumption. BC, produced by microorganisms, is an eco-friendlier alternative. However, despite the high theoretical strength of these nanofibers, cellulose aerogels suffer from poor mechanical properties due to weak hydrogen bonding and physical entanglement among the fibers. This results in collapse when absorbing water and deformation under pressure, limiting practical applications . Developing cellulose aerogels with robust mechanical properties, including high elasticity and fatigue resistance, is essential for their effective use in thermal insulation, oil contamination adsorption, and high-performance sensors . Generally, cellulose aerogels can be chemically changed, crosslinked, or mixed with other functional materials to increase their elasticity. Crosslinking agents or functional modifiers can increase both the mechanical and hydrophobic properties of cellulose aerogels . This increase is mostly owing to cellulose’s hydroxyl groups, which serve as target locations for the majority of modification and crosslinking techniques . Studies have focused on improving the resilience of BC aerogels generated for oil/water separation by thermochemical vapor deposition (CVD) mediated by 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA). BTCA performs two functions: esterification with BC and accelerating CVD after freeze-drying. The resulting aerogel recovers rapidly following compression, with elastic recovery surpassing 90% at a maximum deformation of 80%. It also has high fatigue resistance, with over 80% elastic deformation after 50 cycles. This highly elastic and hydrophobic aerogel is perfect for oil absorption and desorption using simple mechanical squeezing. Its adsorption capabilities for n-hexane and dichloroethane persist at 87% and 81% after 50 cycles, respectively, suggesting high reusability . Another study outlines an eco-friendly, one-pot synthesis method for creating a versatile bacterial cellulose/γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy) propytrimethoxysilane composite aerogel (BK aerogel) following freeze-drying. This composite aerogel demonstrates exceptional elasticity, retaining up to 96.4% of its original form after being compressed at an 80% strain. Furthermore, it exhibits notable fatigue resistance, achieving an elastic recovery of 87.8% after 50 compression cycles at the same strain level. The BK aerogel can effectively absorb cationic dyes when immersed in water and can be reused multiple times without experiencing degradation. The aerogel’s richness in hydroxyl and epoxy groups allows for extensive surface chemical modifications. For example, through hydrophobic modification, the aerogel can be utilized for oil–water separation and is capable of being reused through mechanical squeezing .
|
[
"Sebnem Sozcu",
"Jaroslava Frajova",
"Jakub Wiener",
"Mohanapriya Venkataraman",
"Blanka Tomkova",
"Jiri Militky"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10070474
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
39057497_p27
|
39057497
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
3.3.2. Effect of BC Aerogels Composed of Inorganic and Different Types of Additives on Mechanical Properties
| 4.1875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0003147125244140625,
0.0006823539733886719
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00014030933380126953,
0.00020062923431396484,
0.00004476308822631836
] |
To enhance the mechanical properties of aerogel blocks or films, high-performance fibrous silica-BC composite aerogels were synthesized using freeze-drying in one of the studies, andthis structure has been shown to possess significantly superior mechanical properties. Silica sol was infused into a BC hydrogel matrix, which was then cut and reshaped to form a composite wet gel fiber with a nanoscale interpenetrating network. This process increased the tensile strength of the aerogel fibers to 5.4 MPa by significantly increasing the quantity of BC nanofibers per unit volume. The composite aerogel fibers exhibited a high specific surface area (up to 606.9 m 2 /g), low density (less than 0.164 g/cm 3 ), and excellent hydrophobicity. SEM images in Figure 7 revealed that at low precursor concentrations, the aerogel fibers were primarily composed of BC nanofiber aggregates with minimal silica attachment. At higher concentrations, a silica gel skeleton formed within the BC network, creating a more compact structure. The diameter of the samples, approximately 0.7 mm, indicated minimal shrinkage during drying. Ensuring an adequate concentration of TEOS (Tetraethoxysilane) precursors was crucial for constructing a robust gel skeleton to maintain structural integrity during the drying process .
|
[
"Sebnem Sozcu",
"Jaroslava Frajova",
"Jakub Wiener",
"Mohanapriya Venkataraman",
"Blanka Tomkova",
"Jiri Militky"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10070474
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999994 |
39057497_p28
|
39057497
|
sec[3]/p[0]
|
4. Conclusions & Future Perspectives
| 4.226563 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.98095703125,
0.0031719207763671875,
0.0159149169921875
] |
[
0.0443115234375,
0.0007877349853515625,
0.95458984375,
0.00029850006103515625
] |
Although most studies indicate that the production method and bacterial strain used in producing BC aerogels are primary factors influencing their thermal and mechanical properties, it has also been observed that the final drying method significantly impacts these properties. Due to the high production costs associated with bacterial cellulose, drying methods that maintain the properties of BC aerogels while being cost-effective are preferred. As per the given research in the review, the thermal stability of BC aerogels, influenced by various treatments and additives, is crucial for high-temperature applications. The studies on the thermal behavior of BC aerogels showed that freeze-drying methods have improved the BC aerogels’ porous structure and decreased the thermal conductivity; moreover, depending on the type of composite structure used, it is environmentally friendly and low cost compared to supercritical CO 2 drying. However, the studies on the mechanical behavior of BC aerogels showed that the mechanical qualities of BC are determined by its chemical composition and structural characteristics, such as fiber alignment and crystallinability. These properties, which differ depending on the source and manufacturing technique, determine the material’s capacity to sustain mechanical stress. Ex situ modifications and post-chemical treatments can both influence BC characteristics. Various cultivation methods, bacterial strains, and types of culture media have a considerable impact on BC characteristics. Furthermore, downstream processing techniques, notably varied drying methods, play an important impact in shaping the final properties of BC. According to studies, the drying procedure that is the most used is freeze-drying, which preserves the desirable porous structure and influences the final mechanical properties of the material, and it has an impact on qualities including penetration depth, hardness, and water absorption capacity. Despite ongoing studies on the effects of drying methods on bacterial cellulose aerogels, the research is still insufficient and opens new avenues for further investigation. Recent studies reveal that in primary drying methods like freeze-drying, not only the drying process itself but also the pre-drying freezing speed significantly affects the bacterial cellulose samples . To realize the entire potential of this ecological material, detailed investigations on drying processes, cost reductions in BC manufacturing, improved structural and functional qualities, and the exploration of new solvents and potential uses are all required.
|
[
"Sebnem Sozcu",
"Jaroslava Frajova",
"Jakub Wiener",
"Mohanapriya Venkataraman",
"Blanka Tomkova",
"Jiri Militky"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10070474
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11276290_p0
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[0]/p[0]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.189453 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9912109375,
0.007152557373046875,
0.0014057159423828125
] |
[
0.0116424560546875,
0.98486328125,
0.0018138885498046875,
0.0018205642700195312
] |
Invasive procedures performed on the liver require a steep learning curve related to acquiring the necessary skills to perform both open and laparoscopic surgical maneuvers, during intraoperative liver ultrasound (US) and interventional ultrasound (percutaneous, intraoperative open, or laparoscopic procedures).
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11276290_p1
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[0]/p[1]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.162109 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.98779296875,
0.01004791259765625,
0.0021991729736328125
] |
[
0.00734710693359375,
0.98876953125,
0.0025196075439453125,
0.0011692047119140625
] |
There is no standardized minimum number of procedures required for a physician to be considered competent in performing US-guided liver punctures (biopsies). However, one of the criteria to obtain accreditation for advanced training in hepatology in the USA (Gastrointestinal Core Curriculum on the American Gastroenterological Association) is to have performed 40 US-guided liver biopsies under supervision . In Europe, there are currently no mandatory criteria for obtaining accreditation for this type of procedure.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11276290_p2
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[0]/p[2]
|
1. Introduction
| 1.37793 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.11669921875,
0.0028514862060546875,
0.88037109375
] |
[
0.0023136138916015625,
0.99658203125,
0.0008044242858886719,
0.0002932548522949219
] |
The role of hands-on workshops is to develop the skills needed to perform such procedures, but they are rare and expensive, with fees ranging from a few hundreds to a few thousand Euros, depending on their complexity, the number of participants, and the percentage of time represented by the hands-on section of the course.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11276290_p3
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[0]/p[3]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.792969 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.98828125,
0.01041412353515625,
0.001087188720703125
] |
[
0.0172119140625,
0.9716796875,
0.00870513916015625,
0.00231170654296875
] |
A suitable training program is essential, since it leads to a faster learning curve and more effective acquisition of the skills needed to perform such procedures. In addition, allowing surgeons to learn both the basics and very specific procedures on phantoms significantly improves the safety of patients and, at the same time, has the potential to increase the number of competent surgeons in this field. Given the continuous development of medical specialties, conventional ultrasounds, especially intraoperative ultrasounds, are an important aspect of the training of a surgeon. Thus, the training for interventional ultrasounds should address the needs of the surgeons.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11276290_p4
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[0]/p[4]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.451172 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99755859375,
0.0004448890686035156,
0.0022296905517578125
] |
[
0.1639404296875,
0.830078125,
0.005214691162109375,
0.0006213188171386719
] |
Liver phantoms with tumors and vascular structures are available; some have a realistic appearance or blood flow functionality . Some liver phantoms offer the possibility of training for US-guided punctures and ultrasound navigation in a transverse abdominal segment that contains both liver and vascular structures and can be used for US, computer tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), e.g., the Triple Modality 3D Abdominal Phantom Model 0557A (CIRS Inc., Norfolk, VA, USA) , available for USD 2897 . Another liver phantom that includes the organs of the upper abdomen is dedicated to open intraoperative or laparoscopic US, the Abdominal Intraoperative and Laparoscopic Ultrasound Phantom–IOUSFAN, produced by Kyoto Kagaku Co., Ltd. (Kyoto, Japan) and available at the price of USD 8700 .
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11276290_p5
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[0]/p[5]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.621094 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0002130270004272461,
0.0006837844848632812
] |
[
0.481689453125,
0.36083984375,
0.1563720703125,
0.0009737014770507812
] |
Multimodal liver phantoms are rare and only one provides blood flow functionality . The majority of liver phantoms are designed for imaging, including CT , MRI , and US . Only a few of them reproduce the real external appearance of the liver , while a few have vascular structures inside , and only two of them are cast in a 3D-printed (3DP) mold , which is the easiest and most affordable method to create liver phantoms with a real liver appearance.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11276290_p6
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[0]/p[6]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.910156 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0001615285873413086,
0.00036454200744628906
] |
[
0.97607421875,
0.021728515625,
0.0020809173583984375,
0.00020968914031982422
] |
Compared to all these liver phantoms, the model created by our team is an affordable multimodal liver phantom with an anatomical external appearance and tumors and vascular structures inside. It is easy to produce and customize, and is designed for training in US-, CT-, and MRI-guided procedures, without providing blood flow functionality or an artificial abdominal wall. The majority of the liver phantoms presented above are experimental models, except the Triple Modality 3D Abdominal Phantom Model 0557A and the Abdominal Intraoperative and Laparoscopic Ultrasound Phantom–IOUSFAN .
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11276290_p7
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[0]/p[7]
|
1. Introduction
| 2.671875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99609375,
0.00212860107421875,
0.0017719268798828125
] |
[
0.765625,
0.2308349609375,
0.0009751319885253906,
0.002422332763671875
] |
Due to the scarcity of accessible anatomical liver phantoms for training in image-guided procedures, we have developed and validated a novel liver phantom cast in a 3D-printed mold. This phantom has been used in multiple hands-on training courses for over three years.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11276290_p8
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[0]/p[8]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.958984 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.99658203125,
0.0009355545043945312,
0.0025577545166015625
] |
[
0.0273590087890625,
0.005207061767578125,
0.96728515625,
0.0003762245178222656
] |
Regarding soft liver phantoms, several substances have been used in the literature to mimic liver parenchyma. A review of these was prepared by Culjat M.O. et al. in 2010, in which multiple such solutions were described as follows: gelatin-based, agarose-based, magnesium silicate-based, oil gel-based, open-cell foam-based, polyacrylamidegel-based, polyurethane gel-based, and organic-based solutions . Scientific technical gelatin (ballistic gel) can also be used . While gelatin-based phantoms are sensitive to the environmental temperature, melting at high temperatures (over 35 °C), bi-component silicone phantoms cure at room temperature.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11276290_p9
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[0]/p[9]
|
1. Introduction
| 2.611328 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.98681640625,
0.00865936279296875,
0.00457763671875
] |
[
0.003398895263671875,
0.99462890625,
0.0006256103515625,
0.0014295578002929688
] |
A recipe described by Bude and Alder for a gelatin-based clear and opaque liver phantom uses 20g of dehydrated gelatin for every 20 mL water and psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid fiber .
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11276290_p10
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[0]/p[10]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.923828 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0016002655029296875,
0.00031828880310058594
] |
[
0.85400390625,
0.142333984375,
0.0014190673828125,
0.0020236968994140625
] |
The novelty of this work is the development of a simple-to-cast and personalized liver phantom that can be used for the training of young surgeons for any image-guided procedure. Based on its multi-use cast, it enables the production of any specific internal anatomy in a time frame of less than 24 h, and with easy-to-find products, resulting in an efficient, adaptable training tool for a large number of minimally invasive liver procedures.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11276290_p11
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[0]/p[11]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.988281 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0007548332214355469,
0.000629425048828125
] |
[
0.9912109375,
0.00858306884765625,
0.00024890899658203125,
0.0001913309097290039
] |
The goal of this work was the creation of an easily available, feasible, easy-to-reproduce, easy-to-use, inexpensive, and effective training alternative for acquiring skills in image-guided procedures. To achieve this, we tried to produce a 3DP mold with a unit cost of below EUR 1000 to be used to cast versatile and multimodal liver phantoms with a unit cost of below EUR 100, as well as a real human liver shape and size, to be used for training in different image-guided procedures.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11276290_p12
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
2.1.1. Virtual Mold
| 3.492188 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.00124359130859375,
0.0007486343383789062
] |
[
0.74462890625,
0.25048828125,
0.0008721351623535156,
0.0038394927978515625
] |
Using InVesalius (open-source software) we started with a stereolithography (STL) file obtained from an accurate segmentation of the parenchyma of a normal liver from a 67-year-old female patient from a 64 slice CT scan DICOM file, with i.v. contrast and a slice thickness of 1.25 mm .
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11276290_p13
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
2.1.1. Virtual Mold
| 3.660156 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0004911422729492188,
0.00103759765625
] |
[
0.74951171875,
0.2484130859375,
0.0012378692626953125,
0.0007596015930175781
] |
The DICOM images were opened in InVesalius (Centro de Tecnologia da informação Renato Archer CTI, InVesalius 3, open-source software, Campinas, Brazil). The liver parenchyma was selected using the “region growing” button, and then the unwanted regions were removed using the “crop” or “delete” button, leaving only a 3D model of the liver.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11276290_p14
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/sec[0]/p[2]
|
2.1.1. Virtual Mold
| 2.681641 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9921875,
0.001834869384765625,
0.006168365478515625
] |
[
0.06414794921875,
0.9345703125,
0.0006570816040039062,
0.00081634521484375
] |
To obtain a smooth surface of the liver, the “smooth” button from the “surface” menu was used and then the “close holes” button from the same menu was used to close the holes and pores on the surface of the 3D model, followed by the generation of the STL file.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
PMC11276290_p15
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/sec[0]/p[3]
|
2.1.1. Virtual Mold
| 1.966797 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9697265625,
0.0023174285888671875,
0.0277252197265625
] |
[
0.08984375,
0.9072265625,
0.0014123916625976562,
0.0016641616821289062
] |
The STL file was opened in Autodesk Fusion 360 with Netfabb for 3D modeling.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11276290_p16
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/sec[0]/p[4]
|
2.1.1. Virtual Mold
| 1.522461 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.60400390625,
0.00524139404296875,
0.390625
] |
[
0.020904541015625,
0.9775390625,
0.0007991790771484375,
0.0008053779602050781
] |
Then, using the “export” function, the repaired STL file was saved.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11276290_p17
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
2.1.2. Physical Mold
| 4.160156 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0002453327178955078,
0.0005192756652832031
] |
[
0.99755859375,
0.0016908645629882812,
0.0006961822509765625,
0.0000845789909362793
] |
After making the 3D-printable STL files of the 4 quarters of the mold, the 3D printing was carried out using ABS (ABS-M30 TM Model, Stratasys 3D printing company, Minneapolis, MN, USA), with fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology, using a professional 3D printer (Stratasys Fortus 380mc, Stratasys 3D printing company, Fortus 380 mc 3D printer, Minneapolis, MN, USA) . The layer thickness was 0.256 mm, with a deviation of less than 1%. By using a professional 3D printer with a large print base, very thin layers of the materials could be printed with high fidelity and minimal deviation (<1%) compared to the printable file. The mold had accurate temperature control, a heated bed, and soluble support material that could be removed without any mechanical stress on the actual part. The actual mold cavity volume was 1533.7 cm 3 . According to Andersen V et al. , the average liver volume of a healthy adult is 1541 cm 3 , and according to Agrawal D et al. , the average liver volume of an adult between the ages of 21 and 70 is 1445.2 cm 3 .
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11276290_p18
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
2.1.2. Physical Mold
| 4.066406 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99755859375,
0.0008678436279296875,
0.00164031982421875
] |
[
0.90087890625,
0.09771728515625,
0.0006718635559082031,
0.0005121231079101562
] |
After 3DP of the 4 segments of the mold, the support material (SR-30 TM Soluble Support, Stratasys 3D printing company, Minneapolis, MN, USA) was dissolved using a special solution (P400SC TM Waterworks TM Cleaning Solution, Keteca Inc., Phoenix, AZ, USA), obtaining the 4 clean segments . Since materials printed using the FDM method is porous, which allows liquids to infiltrate, both the inner and outer surface of the mold components were sealed using industrial acetone-based varnish for plastics. After the varnish dried, the inside of the mold was covered with a layer of wax for very easy release/removal of the liver phantom. Sealing between the mold elements was carried out using sanitary silicone , which was easily removed after the unmolding.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11276290_p19
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
2.2. Making of a Liver Phantom
| 4.109375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00022995471954345703,
0.0003867149353027344
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0005230903625488281,
0.000202178955078125,
0.00004845857620239258
] |
In order to prove the effectiveness of the mold two types of liver phantoms were made from different materials as a basis for the liver parenchyma and tumor formations. We made one clear and one opaque gelatin-based phantom using pork/beef dry gelatin (14g of gelatin and a similar amount of sugar for every 100 mL of water). For the opaque phantom, we used milk cream for a scattering effect. The tumor formations inside both gelatin phantoms were made from the same material as the parenchyma; for the clear phantom, we added gelatin-based tumors with contrast (milk cream), and for the opaque one, we used clear gelatin tumors . For a scattering effect in gelatin phantoms, wheat flour, corn starch, or talcum powder can also be used. The second material we used to create a liver phantom was ZA13 bi-component Shore-13 scale silicone . The tumor formations in this phantom were made of the same material with a color solution for the silicone . In both the gelatin and silicone phantoms, the tumor formations were cast separately, using ice cube bags for small tumors and silicone sphere ice molds for large tumors, and then incorporated into the phantom. In order to simulate the large vascular axes of the liver in both types of phantoms, we decided to use modeling balloons (Gemar latex modeling balloons, emag.ro), with a maximum diameter of 10 mm filled with red- and green-colored water/ink.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999993 |
PMC11276290_p20
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
2.2. Making of a Liver Phantom
| 4.234375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0011005401611328125,
0.0006279945373535156
] |
[
0.97216796875,
0.0260009765625,
0.0013761520385742188,
0.00041556358337402344
] |
Liver phantom casting steps: The 3 segments of the mold were assembled, with the exception of the segment with the casting hole , using screws for fixing and sanitary silicone for sealing. The tumor formations were placed inside, on the mold’s base . Vascular formations were also placed inside, around the tumors, on the mold’s base . The base liquid of the phantom (gelatin-based liquid or bi-component silicone) was poured inside the mold to the level allowed, with only 3 of the mold segments mounted. The last element of the mold was assembled in the same way as the first 3, and we continued to pour the base liquid through the pouring hole up to the level of the hole. The bi-component silicone phantom was left to solidify in the mold at room temperature for 6 h, and the gelatin-based phantom was left in the refrigerator at 2–4 °C for gelabased phantom tin-based phantom. After solidification, we proceeded to demold the liver phantoms by removing the fixing screws and carefully removing the mold segments one at a time . For the silicone liver, after the ZA13 transparent bi-component silicone solution was homogenized at room temperature, it was placed in a vacuum vessel for 10 min to extract the air bubbles inside the composition before it was poured inside the mold cavity. After demolding, a silicone liver phantom with semi-transparent parenchyma was obtained, through which the tumor formations and the simulated vascular axes could be seen . For the gelatin-based liver phantom, after homogenization at 40 °C, the gelatin solution was allowed to cool for 15 min at room temperature, since pouring at a high temperature can lead to partial or total dissolution of already solidified tumors mounted inside the mold. After the liquid temperature dropped below 20 °C, it was slowly poured into the mold cavity as described above. After demolding, a gelatin-based liver phantom with transparent parenchyma was obtained, through which the tumor formations and vascular structures could be seen .
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11276290_p21
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[1]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
2.3. Testing of the Gelatin-Based Liver Phantom
| 4.109375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0006680488586425781,
0.00023031234741210938
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0004448890686035156,
0.00030040740966796875,
0.00009751319885253906
] |
The liver phantoms made of silicone and gelatin were examined by our team (8 surgeons (5 with ultrasound competence), 3 engineers, and 1 gastroenterologist) via palpation, US, elastography, the Fibroscan device, and US-guided puncture/biopsy. The high puncture resistance of the silicone phantom made the procedure very difficult. Due to the easy production and reduced cost of the gelatin-based phantom (15% of the silicone-based phantom), further testing was performed only with the gelatin-based phantom, including US-guided biliary drainage, US-guided radio frequency ablation (RFA) needle insertion, CT examination, MRI examination, US–CT fusion examination, laparoscopic US-guided puncture, and CT-guided puncture ( Table 1 ). Its resistance to manipulation and multiple punctures was tested, along with its durability over time.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11276290_p22
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[1]/sec[2]/p[1]
|
2.3. Testing of the Gelatin-Based Liver Phantom
| 3.066406 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0005064010620117188,
0.001689910888671875
] |
[
0.87890625,
0.119140625,
0.001316070556640625,
0.0006732940673828125
] |
We decided to validate our work by using the gelatin-based liver phantoms at hands-on courses on ultrasound (with 4 modules: abdominal US, US-guided procedures, intraoperative US, and trauma US): World Congress for Endoscopic Surgery : 29 participants (13 participants attended the guided procedures and intraoperative modules); Congress of European Association for Endoscopic Surgery : 22 participants (9 participants attended the guided procedures and intraoperative modules); Congress of the Romanian Association for Endoscopic Surgery : 12 participants (7 participants attended both the guided procedures and trauma US modules); EAES Winter Meeting : 13 participants (6 participants attended intraoperative module and 7 attended both guided procedures and trauma US modules).
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11276290_p23
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[1]/sec[2]/p[2]
|
2.3. Testing of the Gelatin-Based Liver Phantom
| 3.371094 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9951171875,
0.0042266845703125,
0.0005974769592285156
] |
[
0.95849609375,
0.039703369140625,
0.0008945465087890625,
0.0009965896606445312
] |
All the participants who evaluated the phantoms were residents and specialist surgeons without ultrasound competence or any experience in ultrasound procedures. The participants of the guided procedures and intraoperative US modules performed training on gelatin liver phantoms. In each course, the participants used the phantoms for diagnostic US, US-guided punctures, biopsies and cyst evacuation, and US-guided biliary drainage. They also used non-anatomical gelatin-based phantoms for the same procedures.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11276290_p24
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[1]/sec[2]/p[3]
|
2.3. Testing of the Gelatin-Based Liver Phantom
| 2.822266 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99462890625,
0.0028820037841796875,
0.0026035308837890625
] |
[
0.98291015625,
0.015869140625,
0.0008225440979003906,
0.0005321502685546875
] |
During the hands-on courses, all the participants successfully used our liver phantoms without any difficulties in the identification of the internal structures using an US or in the guided procedures. Following the completion of the courses, we asked the participants from the “US-guided” module within the ultrasound course to complete an online Likert-scale questionnaire for the evaluation of the phantoms. In the questionnaire, there were 9 questions regarding their experience with the phantoms ( Table 2 ) and 1 question for suggestions to improve the phantoms. We obtained 33 responses overall.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11276290_p25
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[1]/sec[2]/p[4]
|
2.3. Testing of the Gelatin-Based Liver Phantom
| 2.941406 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99658203125,
0.002376556396484375,
0.0009198188781738281
] |
[
0.98974609375,
0.00907135009765625,
0.0008249282836914062,
0.00043392181396484375
] |
In the end, we evaluated all the answers of the participants to assess the life-sized gelatin liver phantom for training in diagnostic US and other US-guided procedures. The participants evaluated the gelatin liver phantoms only from a qualitative point of view compared to non-anatomical gelatin phantoms used for training on the same diagnostic US and US-guided procedures during hands-on courses.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11276290_p26
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[1]/sec[2]/p[5]
|
2.3. Testing of the Gelatin-Based Liver Phantom
| 2.935547 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.98291015625,
0.001949310302734375,
0.0153045654296875
] |
[
0.36376953125,
0.6337890625,
0.0018434524536132812,
0.0007491111755371094
] |
The Likert scale questionnaire was as follows: Q1: How real/natural did you think the gelatin liver phantoms used in the course were? Q2: What do you think about the general appearance of the anatomical gelatin liver phantoms? Q3: What do you think about the quality of the anatomical gelatin liver phantoms used in the course? Q4: What do you think about the consistency of the anatomical gelatin liver phantoms used in the course? Q5: How satisfied are you with regard to the durability of the anatomical gelatin liver phantoms for repeated ultrasound guided punctures? Q6: How satisfied are you with the ultrasound images produced by the anatomical gelatin liver phantoms? Q7: How well can you practice ultrasound-guided punctures on the anatomical gelatin liver phantoms used in the course? Q8: How useful do you think the use of anatomical gelatin liver phantoms is for ultrasound-guided puncture skill development? Q9: Which molds did you find more useful: the anatomical ones of the liver or the simple NON-anatomical ones?
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11276290_p27
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[2]/p[0]
|
3. Results
| 3.888672 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0002951622009277344,
0.00046443939208984375
] |
[
0.97705078125,
0.022247314453125,
0.00035572052001953125,
0.00029087066650390625
] |
We made a 3DP mold composed of four pieces, allowing for the casting of phantoms with the actual shape and size of a human liver from gelatin- or silicone-based materials. The manufacturing time of the mold was 42 h. Liver phantoms cast in this mold was able to include simulated vascular structures and tumor formations of various sizes.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11276290_p28
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[2]/p[1]
|
3. Results
| 2.855469 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99169921875,
0.0013284683227539062,
0.00720977783203125
] |
[
0.28369140625,
0.71484375,
0.0006003379821777344,
0.0008907318115234375
] |
The overall cost of manufacturing the mold was about EUR 1000 (NUtechnologies Ltd., Timișoara, Romania). The cost of the gelatin-based liver phantom was between EUR 8 and 15, and that of the silicone liver phantom was between EUR 70 and 90. The mold can be used more than 100 times (tested) without any damage. The designs of the phantoms cast in this mold can vary greatly, depending on the user’s need, including vascular structures of varying sizes and tumor formations and collections of varying sizes, all of which can be used for training with US, CT, or MRI. The time required to make a phantom was about 6 h.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11276290_p29
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[2]/p[2]
|
3. Results
| 2.349609 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99609375,
0.001972198486328125,
0.00201416015625
] |
[
0.95458984375,
0.043792724609375,
0.0010395050048828125,
0.0008096694946289062
] |
After evaluating the 33 responses to the questionnaire from the participants of the hands-on ultrasound courses listed above, we found that our gelatin-based liver phantoms were very useful and feasible to be used for the acquisition of ultrasound procedures skills. The participants answered 10 different questions regarding their experience with the gelatin liver phantoms .
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11276290_p30
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[2]/p[3]
|
3. Results
| 1.695313 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9404296875,
0.00266265869140625,
0.056884765625
] |
[
0.1383056640625,
0.85595703125,
0.00438690185546875,
0.0013942718505859375
] |
For the 10th question, when it came to suggestions regarding gelatin liver phantoms, we received only the following two answers: blood vessels and perfusion.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11276290_p31
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[2]/p[4]
|
3. Results
| 2.246094 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.98681640625,
0.003932952880859375,
0.0091705322265625
] |
[
0.9765625,
0.02264404296875,
0.0006589889526367188,
0.00038361549377441406
] |
The participants answered with percentages of 94% to six questions, 91% to one question, and 88% to two questions that they were “very satisfied” or “satisfied” (5 or 4 points, respectively, out of a maximum of 5) with the experience they had with the gelatin liver phantoms during the EAES and RAES hands-on ultrasound courses.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
PMC11276290_p32
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[3]/p[0]
|
4. Discussion
| 2.457031 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99560546875,
0.0018634796142578125,
0.0024166107177734375
] |
[
0.25634765625,
0.740234375,
0.0010328292846679688,
0.002536773681640625
] |
Our team has over 10 years of experience in the hands-on training of surgeons, including both residents and specialists in laparoscopic and open surgery. During the last 5 years, we have spent a lot of time developing innovative and accessible training techniques for liver tumor interventional procedures and rectal laparoscopic surgery using 3DP. As a result of this research, we managed to develop these gelatin-based and silicon-based liver models.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11276290_p33
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[3]/p[1]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.970703 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0006890296936035156,
0.00020051002502441406
] |
[
0.93359375,
0.0307464599609375,
0.035186767578125,
0.0006933212280273438
] |
Imaging-guided liver procedures require a learning curve . In the case of RFA for non-resectable primary or metastatic liver tumors, it has been shown that there was a learning curve of 50 cases of the procedure before a significant improvement in results was observed . Additionally, according to the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), the minimum number of procedures required for proficiency in percutaneous liver biopsy is 40 biopsies . This liver model, with variable-sized tumors and blood vessels throughout, could significantly reduce the learning curve in terms of the number of patients.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11276290_p34
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[3]/p[2]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.972656 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.000324249267578125,
0.0005192756652832031
] |
[
0.90966796875,
0.002277374267578125,
0.087890625,
0.0002906322479248047
] |
In the literature, we identified two articles that describe the production process of a 3D-printed mold for creating liver phantoms. Witowski JS et al. used an FDM desktop 3D printer to create and 3D print a mold in which the phantom of a silicone liver was cast for preoperative planning. Pacioni A et al. used an FDM desktop 3D printer to create a 3DP mold with which he developed a patient-specific liver phantom dedicated to liver US training. Neither of these molds were made with a high-precision 3D printer, and the assembly of the molds suffered from problems due to the lower quality of the 3DP. In the first case , the liver phantom was made for preoperative planning, and in the second case , a multiple-use phantom was made for training. Due to the poor assembly of the mold elements, in both cases, gelatin liver phantoms cannot be made with these molds due to the very low viscosity of the gelatin solution compared to silicone when it is poured into the mold.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11276290_p35
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[3]/p[3]
|
4. Discussion
| 2.888672 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.90478515625,
0.0008091926574707031,
0.09417724609375
] |
[
0.1954345703125,
0.8037109375,
0.0006456375122070312,
0.0003743171691894531
] |
Most 3D printers use either FDM or PolyJet technology. On the market, there are many commercial services available that perform 3DP using a variety of grades of equipment . The printer used by our team to print the mold was the Stratasys Fortus 380mc as it enables the correct printing of large parts due to the use of a high-quality printing filament, a closed printing chamber with real-time temperature control, and a set of the following two types of printing materials: the ABS filament for the part and a soluble material for support, which allows for much better detailing of any cavities and non-contact removal of the support, which preserves the quality of the printed surfaces.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11276290_p36
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[3]/p[4]
|
4. Discussion
| 2.980469 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9912109375,
0.0005512237548828125,
0.00835418701171875
] |
[
0.744140625,
0.25146484375,
0.00397491455078125,
0.0006093978881835938
] |
In the case of the mold created by Witowski JS et al. , the total cost was estimated to be USD 150. The article published by Pacioni A et al. did not specify the cost of the materials for making the mold, only the cost of the soft silicone liver phantom at USD 100. The mold made by our team is much more complex (in terms of being far closer to the clinical reality), easy to use, and can be used for casting a very large number of phantoms using multiple substances with a cost of about EUR 270 (cost of materials).
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11276290_p37
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[3]/p[5]
|
4. Discussion
| 2.361328 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.916015625,
0.0020503997802734375,
0.08203125
] |
[
0.08123779296875,
0.91748046875,
0.001094818115234375,
0.00036978721618652344
] |
The cost of making a gelatin-based liver phantom with tumors and vessels inside is EUR 8–15. If a large number of liver models are produced (i.e., for a workshop), the price can decrease by up to 20–25%. The price varies exclusively based on the purchase price of the raw materials. In the case of bi-component silicone liver models, the price is much higher, being between EUR 65 (if 10 liver phantoms are made) and EUR 85 (if only one liver phantom is made).
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11276290_p38
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[3]/p[6]
|
4. Discussion
| 2.695313 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99560546875,
0.0005884170532226562,
0.00362396240234375
] |
[
0.6767578125,
0.321044921875,
0.0011310577392578125,
0.0009412765502929688
] |
The gelatin-based phantoms can be stored for several weeks in the refrigerator without significant degeneration according to Bude and Alder . We confirmed that the gelatin liver phantoms we made can be properly used for training after being stored for more than 4 weeks in a refrigerator.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11276290_p39
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[3]/p[7]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.833984 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99560546875,
0.0014200210571289062,
0.0030765533447265625
] |
[
0.7109375,
0.287109375,
0.0010900497436523438,
0.00086212158203125
] |
Unlike the mold made by Witowski JS et al. for a patient’s preoperative planning, our mold is designed to cast a very large number of soft liver phantoms for training. The cost difference between our mold and the one created by Witowski JS et al. is due to their different dimensions. Ours is larger; each piece has dimensions of 30/10/10 cm (L/W/H) and a thickness of 5 mm. The other has parts with a maximum size of <20 cm and a maximum thickness of 3 mm. The mold components made by our team have been designed with a thickness of 5 mm for greater strength over time and with extensions for easier and faster assembly and disassembly, features that give it high resistance over time for very numerous castings. Fixing and sealing the four parts of our mold is very simple and effective, with screws and sanitary silicone.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11276290_p40
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[3]/p[8]
|
4. Discussion
| 2.173828 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.962890625,
0.0015802383422851562,
0.035614013671875
] |
[
0.359375,
0.63818359375,
0.0014600753784179688,
0.0012483596801757812
] |
The mold made by Witowski et al. , unlike the one made by our team, used a cyanoacrylate-based adhesive along with adhesive tape, and it was single-use.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11276290_p41
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[3]/p[9]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.800781 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.00045680999755859375,
0.0014181137084960938
] |
[
0.99072265625,
0.00888824462890625,
0.00020599365234375,
0.00018465518951416016
] |
Our mold can be used more than 100 times (tested) without any damage. Our mold is also printed to the highest fidelity with a high-precision professional printer (with a layer thickness of 0.256 mm and a deviation <1%) and a large square printing base of 380 mm (StratasysFortus 380mc). The volume of the liver in our case is 1534 cm 3 , unlike the one made by Witowski, J.S. et al. , with a volume of 1289 cm 3 . Thus, we compared the three molds, their realization, and the cost of the liver molds made with them ( Table 2 ).
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11276290_p42
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[3]/p[10]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.416016 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0008769035339355469,
0.0009121894836425781
] |
[
0.1907958984375,
0.80712890625,
0.00102996826171875,
0.0012521743774414062
] |
The gelatin-based liver phantoms created using the modular and reusable 3D-printed mold designed by our team can be used for the acquisition/improvement of ultrasound procedures skills in doctors’ training, such as for diagnostic US and US-guided procedures on the liver. Additionally, the liver phantoms can be used for training in other image-guided procedures. With this mold, we can also create liver phantoms from materials other than gelatin, e.g., silicone.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11276290_p43
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[3]/p[11]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.84375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0004200935363769531,
0.0008931159973144531
] |
[
0.5224609375,
0.462646484375,
0.01416778564453125,
0.0007319450378417969
] |
For the training of surgeons in new procedures, there are high-quality phantoms (very expensive) and phantoms that can be further enhanced in terms of imaging quality and blood flow functionalities, as shown in . The most common 3DP transparent patient-specific liver phantoms are made for pre-surgical planning and usually at a lower scale because of the high costs and long printing time . There is a model developed for radiological tissue mimicking and artificial substances for ultrasound properties mimicking, such as attenuation and scattering effect . Also, there are 3DP phantoms for organs other than the liver available for training, such as hand soft tissue for peripheral venous catheter in children . The phantoms created with the 3DP mold developed by our team provide a very accurate model for early-stage training environments. They are simple, easy to cast, easy to use, and cost-efficient. These phantoms are preferred for the education of young surgeons/doctors.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11276290_p44
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[3]/p[12]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.882813 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99755859375,
0.0011796951293945312,
0.0011453628540039062
] |
[
0.1292724609375,
0.845703125,
0.0238189697265625,
0.0009617805480957031
] |
Living animal models (e.g., pigs) have been used for a long time in laparoscopic surgery training , as well as in US and imaging training . In some experiments, liver tissue has been used for different simulated procedures and new technologies . There is no phantom better than a living organ. At the same time, there is no way to create specific conditions on a living pig liver, like multiple tumors of various sizes for imaging-guided puncture/biopsy training, dilated bile ducts for US-guided drainage catheter insertion, cysts or abscesses for US drainage, etc. For this reason, a complete course on US or image-guided procedures should have the following three parts: the first should be theoretical, the second should involve training on liver phantoms with various levels of difficulty, and the last part should be on living anesthetized pigs.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11276290_p45
|
PMC11276290
|
sec[4]/p[0]
|
5. Conclusions
| 3.810547 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0012636184692382812,
0.0003757476806640625
] |
[
0.8408203125,
0.1546630859375,
0.0032215118408203125,
0.001468658447265625
] |
Life-sized liver phantoms, made from various materials and cast in a modular 3DP reusable mold, are a low-cost alternative to expensive phantoms. The gelatin-based model presented in this paper was validated based on the responses of 33 trainees who participated in hands-on courses during the International Surgical Congresses, with overwhelmingly positive feedback. As a result, we are confident that this liver phantom cast in a 3DP mold can positively contribute to the education of young doctors, who can safely learn new procedures, improving the overall outcome of patients with different liver pathologies.
|
[
"Radu Claudiu Elisei",
"Florin Graur",
"Andreas Melzer",
"Sever Calin Moldovan",
"Calin Tiu",
"Calin Popa",
"Emil Mois",
"Doina Pisla",
"Calin Vaida",
"Horia Ștefănescu",
"Adrian Coțe",
"Nadim Al-Hajjar"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141521
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39056996_p0
|
39056996
|
sec[0]/p[0]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.044922 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.98974609375,
0.00775909423828125,
0.00229644775390625
] |
[
0.004486083984375,
0.9921875,
0.001987457275390625,
0.0012054443359375
] |
Orthodontists generally aim to achieve ideal orthognathic conditions with suitable treatment times . Fixed orthodontic treatment is based on the application of a system of mechanical tension and pressure forces on the teeth and the supporting tissues of the tooth (periodontal ligament and alveolar bone) .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39056996_p1
|
39056996
|
sec[0]/p[1]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.183594 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9970703125,
0.0006227493286132812,
0.0021762847900390625
] |
[
0.172607421875,
0.82275390625,
0.0036640167236328125,
0.0009899139404296875
] |
The application of these forces induces a cellular response on the periodontal ligament (PDL), which also has an effect on the alveolar bone, with different remodeling phenomena .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39056996_p2
|
39056996
|
sec[0]/p[2]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.015625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0004897117614746094,
0.00024139881134033203
] |
[
0.59814453125,
0.38427734375,
0.01544952392578125,
0.00196075439453125
] |
The mechanical stress induced by fixed orthodontic forces activates a cascade of cellular responses with an inflammatory process affecting the periodontal ligament (PDL) and the alveolar process with consequent bone remodeling .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39056996_p3
|
39056996
|
sec[0]/p[3]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.966797 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00017952919006347656,
0.0002834796905517578
] |
[
0.81494140625,
0.166015625,
0.0186614990234375,
0.0006194114685058594
] |
Mechanical forces modify the vascular microenvironment and determine the local release of inflammatory mediators such as interleukin 1b (IL-1β), involved in bone remodeling, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), involved in bone resorption .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39056996_p4
|
39056996
|
sec[0]/p[4]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.0625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00013625621795654297,
0.00016629695892333984
] |
[
0.9853515625,
0.001922607421875,
0.0126953125,
0.00014722347259521484
] |
The bone remodeling process also involves interleukin-8 (IL-8) in tension sites and the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2 in the PDL resorption sites . In fact, several studies show significant concentrations of inflammatory markers in the saliva and crevicular fluid of subjects undergoing orthodontic therapies, although it is not entirely clear whether the presence of these cytokines is linked to the action of orthodontic forces or to the periodontal aseptic inflammatory process with the release of cytokine .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39056996_p5
|
39056996
|
sec[0]/p[5]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.148438 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0003173351287841797,
0.0002906322479248047
] |
[
0.93505859375,
0.0013494491577148438,
0.06353759765625,
0.00025153160095214844
] |
The timing of the phases of fixed orthodontic movement has been studied by several authors including Pilon et al. who identified four phases. The initial phase occurs approximately within the first 2 days after the application of force and is characterized by rapid tooth movement within the alveolus. The arrest phase lasts 20–30 days, during which the tooth is immobile in a phase of stasis to reach the maximum extension limit of the periodontal fibers, and ends when the osteoclasts of the endosteal wall are activated and reabsorb the hyaline substance (indirect resorption). The phase of acceleration or secondary displacement lasts 40 days and is characterized by a continuous tooth movement in the direction of the reabsorption area. The linear phase is characterized by overall tooth movement, important cellular recruitment (macrophages, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts), and an increase in the activity of biomarkers of bone metabolism .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39056996_p6
|
39056996
|
sec[0]/p[6]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.855469 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00032806396484375,
0.0002856254577636719
] |
[
0.55615234375,
0.4306640625,
0.01207733154296875,
0.0010290145874023438
] |
Biomarkers are biologically active substances responsible for a complex network of cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, which can be measured and evaluated objectively . These biomarkers reflect all these phases of orthodontic tooth movement and can be found in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of moving teeth with significant elevations in the concentrations of saliva .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39056996_p7
|
39056996
|
sec[0]/p[7]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.755859 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00023090839385986328,
0.0002741813659667969
] |
[
0.80908203125,
0.1412353515625,
0.04876708984375,
0.0009660720825195312
] |
Although three-dimensional intraoral imaging has aroused great interest in dentistry as a means for interpreting the results of orthodontic therapy , it is currently believed that biomarkers, can be objectively measured and evaluated for the same purposes. These biomarkers reflect all phases of orthodontic tooth movement and can be found in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva with significant increases in concentrations .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39056996_p8
|
39056996
|
sec[0]/p[8]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.351563 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0004668235778808594,
0.0009617805480957031
] |
[
0.226806640625,
0.76708984375,
0.005279541015625,
0.0008373260498046875
] |
The evaluation of the concentrations of bone remodeling biomarkers in saliva, being a practical and simple procedure, is suitable to provide indications of the biological phenomena taking place and to obtain information on the quantity and duration of the force to be applied during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39056996_p9
|
39056996
|
sec[0]/p[9]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.470703 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0002715587615966797,
0.0005130767822265625
] |
[
0.427734375,
0.54345703125,
0.0279388427734375,
0.0010995864868164062
] |
Saliva, has proven to be particularly useful in children due to the non-invasive nature of sampling and the ease of collecting the fluid. However, the concentrations of biomarkers in saliva can be influenced by the presence of blood in the oral cavity, by use of drugs, or by the presence of systemic pathologies capable of modifying or inhibiting the function of the salivary glands .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39056996_p10
|
39056996
|
sec[0]/p[10]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.566406 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0003941059112548828,
0.000850677490234375
] |
[
0.10369873046875,
0.88134765625,
0.0141754150390625,
0.00081634521484375
] |
Some bone turnover markers (BTMs) represent products of bone proteins, particularly type I collagen which undergoes substantial post-translational modifications during the synthesis of new bone . Other BTMs are products of bone cells and reflect the activity and number of osteoblasts or osteoclasts within the bone environment at a given time .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39056996_p11
|
39056996
|
sec[0]/p[11]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.445313 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99365234375,
0.004665374755859375,
0.0015211105346679688
] |
[
0.00814056396484375,
0.787109375,
0.2025146484375,
0.002288818359375
] |
Different guidelines recommend using a serum marker of bone formation integrated with a marker of resorption for the evaluation of bone turnover, selected based on the clinical context, performance in clinical studies, wide use, and relatively low analytical variability .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39056996_p12
|
39056996
|
sec[0]/p[12]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.349609 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0002739429473876953,
0.0014543533325195312
] |
[
0.56396484375,
0.431396484375,
0.004180908203125,
0.0005559921264648438
] |
All biomarkers that meet these requirements can be used to describe the biological changes that occur during OTM , with a single limitation determined by the need that the concentrations of the analyte present in the saliva are not higher than the limit of detection (LoD) of the selected method.
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39056996_p13
|
39056996
|
sec[0]/p[13]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.917969 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00029397010803222656,
0.0005536079406738281
] |
[
0.6552734375,
0.3388671875,
0.00490570068359375,
0.0009717941284179688
] |
Procollagen I, is synthesized by osteoblasts, and the terminal propeptides of the molecule are cleaved off extracellularly. The circulating concentration of the N-terminal propeptide of procollagen I (PINP) is correlated to that of osteoblastic activity, which is normally coupled to osteoclastic activity in the bone resorption phase .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39056996_p14
|
39056996
|
sec[0]/p[14]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.355469 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.00030612945556640625,
0.0009927749633789062
] |
[
0.38037109375,
0.61083984375,
0.007793426513671875,
0.0012254714965820312
] |
Its levels are equimolar to those of collagen incorporated into the bone matrix and correlate significantly with histomorphometry and bone formation measures. Its dosage in saliva could be useful, as it is a marker of bone formation and reflects the activity of osteoblasts .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39056996_p15
|
39056996
|
sec[0]/p[15]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.035156 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00011610984802246094,
0.00026679039001464844
] |
[
0.96826171875,
0.0250244140625,
0.00635528564453125,
0.00022542476654052734
] |
Another biomarker that offers notable insights into studies involving saliva is TRAcP, a 35–37 kDa glycoprotein and isoenzyme of acid phosphatase (ACP). It is produced by osteoclasts and released into the bone resorption gaps. It helps the migration of osteoclasts and plays a role in degrading type I collagen in the bone matrix . TRACP-5b concentration is known to reflect bone resorption; however, it must be noted that it reflects osteoclast number rather than osteoclast activity .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39056996_p16
|
39056996
|
sec[0]/p[16]
|
1. Introduction
| 2.353516 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99267578125,
0.0014410018920898438,
0.00591278076171875
] |
[
0.035675048828125,
0.95703125,
0.00579071044921875,
0.001552581787109375
] |
PTHrP carriers out autocrine and paracrine hormonal activities, such as the regulation of bone development. .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39056996_p17
|
39056996
|
sec[0]/p[17]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.882813 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0005178451538085938,
0.0012559890747070312
] |
[
0.1943359375,
0.79736328125,
0.007160186767578125,
0.001033782958984375
] |
It is expressed only in the cells of the normal dental pulp and carries out a particularly evident regulatory activity during the maturation of the teeth when it intervenes to regulate the spatial coordination of the bone cellular activity. In fact, it acts on the osteoclasts for the necessary resorption processes of the bone overlying the crown, and on osteoblasts to form the bone at the base of the tooth and push it toward the top of the crypt .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39056996_p18
|
39056996
|
sec[0]/p[18]
|
1. Introduction
| 1.916992 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9951171875,
0.0019092559814453125,
0.003082275390625
] |
[
0.0401611328125,
0.9111328125,
0.046142578125,
0.002655029296875
] |
It is clear that several biomarkers can describe the biological changes that occur during bone remodeling following orthodontic treatment. However, they are not widely implemented in clinical practice .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39056996_p19
|
39056996
|
sec[0]/p[19]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.066406 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0006151199340820312,
0.0002372264862060547
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00025844573974609375,
0.0002658367156982422,
0.00008970499038696289
] |
The aim of this study was to investigate, in the initial phases of orthodontic treatment, the variations in the salivary concentration of some BTMs measured with a sensitive and specific immunometric method, in order to evaluate the effects of mechanical loading in the absence of clinical evidence of tooth movement.
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39056996_p20
|
39056996
|
sec[1]/p[0]
|
2. Materials and Methods
| 2.554688 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99169921875,
0.007389068603515625,
0.0011320114135742188
] |
[
0.990234375,
0.0082244873046875,
0.00034689903259277344,
0.0010156631469726562
] |
The study was conducted at the Foggia Dental Clinic from September 2021 to February 2023 in collaboration with the Clinical Pathology Unit of the Bari Polyclinic. A total of 25 patients were recruited, all of whom presented with class I dental and skeletal relationships, good gingival and periodontal health, aged between 15 and 18 years, and with upper and lower dental crowding assessed between 2.1 and 4.0 mm . The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and approved by the Ethical Committees of the Policlinico University Hospital of Bari .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39056996_p21
|
39056996
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
2.1. General Exclusion Criteria
| 2.037109 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99462890625,
0.0040130615234375,
0.00151824951171875
] |
[
0.8759765625,
0.11590576171875,
0.0048828125,
0.00334930419921875
] |
Individuals with liver and/or kidney diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases/disorders were excluded.
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39056996_p22
|
39056996
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
2.1. General Exclusion Criteria
| 2.3125 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99267578125,
0.006198883056640625,
0.0011310577392578125
] |
[
0.96484375,
0.031768798828125,
0.0012407302856445312,
0.001918792724609375
] |
Patients who had received immunosuppressive drugs in the last three months, pregnant or lactating females were also excluded. Smoking subjects, subjects who had carried out extreme physical activity in the previous days subjects presenting bleeding buccal lesions of any nature, including mechanical ones, during each sample collection phase were excluded.
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39056996_p23
|
39056996
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
2.1.1. Periodontal Exclusion Criteria
| 4.085938 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.98876953125,
0.0108184814453125,
0.0003490447998046875
] |
[
0.99560546875,
0.0031032562255859375,
0.0007920265197753906,
0.0005908012390136719
] |
Patients who presented with Bleeding on Probing (BOP) greater than >10%, Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) greater than 3 mm, Loes and Sillness Gingival Index (GI) greater than 1, or Full Month Plaque Score (FMPS) greater than 20% were excluded. Furthermore, all patients who had undergone orthodontic or periodontal treatments in the last few months, who had piercings in the tongue or lower anterior lip, and who had not undergone regular and periodic dental check-ups were excluded. The definition of periodontitis followed the 2017 classification of periodontal diseases and conditions and the Silness and Loe Plaque Index (PI), GI, BOP, PPD, and FMPS were assessed at each visit.
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39056996_p24
|
39056996
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
2.1.1. Periodontal Exclusion Criteria
| 2.490234 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9931640625,
0.0027256011962890625,
0.00420379638671875
] |
[
0.9580078125,
0.03973388671875,
0.0011758804321289062,
0.0011844635009765625
] |
Index evaluation was performed on the control molar and on six sites for each tooth.
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39056996_p25
|
39056996
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/sec[0]/p[2]
|
2.1.1. Periodontal Exclusion Criteria
| 2.462891 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99169921875,
0.007228851318359375,
0.0012798309326171875
] |
[
0.96826171875,
0.0286712646484375,
0.0013284683227539062,
0.0015497207641601562
] |
From 1 week to 1 month before salivary collection, participants underwent a professional supra- and subgingival scaling session and also received repeated oral hygiene instructions.
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39056996_p26
|
39056996
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/sec[0]/p[3]
|
2.1.1. Periodontal Exclusion Criteria
| 2.716797 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9873046875,
0.01202392578125,
0.0008087158203125
] |
[
0.9658203125,
0.029998779296875,
0.0011072158813476562,
0.002826690673828125
] |
Clinical parameters (BOP, PPD, GI, FMPS, and PI) were measured for all existing dentition, except wisdom teeth which were excluded from the evaluation.
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39056996_p27
|
39056996
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/sec[0]/p[4]
|
2.1.1. Periodontal Exclusion Criteria
| 2.527344 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99365234375,
0.0053253173828125,
0.001071929931640625
] |
[
0.9443359375,
0.052978515625,
0.0009927749633789062,
0.0015621185302734375
] |
All included subjects were advised to maintain good oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment. Participants’ oral hygiene levels were periodically assessed through their GI scores. A GI score of less than 1 is considered a good indicator of oral health.
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39056996_p28
|
39056996
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
2.1.2. Orthodontic Evaluation
| 4.132813 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.98291015625,
0.0165252685546875,
0.0004525184631347656
] |
[
0.99267578125,
0.005039215087890625,
0.0008196830749511719,
0.0012350082397460938
] |
The orthodontic treatment involved direct bracket bonding from UR7 to UL7 and from LL7 to LR7 according to the Roth technique, using vestibular fixed brackets with a 0.022 slot (In-Ovation R brackets 0.022″ slot Dentsply GAC International, The Hague, Netherlands) and light-curing resin composite Transbond ™ (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA). Photo-polymerization was performed for 20 s by using a high-power led lamp (Elipar S10™, 3M ESPE). Intraoral scans of the upper and lower dental arches were acquired using an intraoral scanner before bonding and after 45 days (with brackets and orthodontic arch inserted) to evaluate the resolution of crowding during the three phases of the study. An initial arch wire of 0.014″ Sentalloy 80 gr (Dentsply GAC, Islandia, New York, NY, USA) was applied and used for alignment for the entire duration of the study (45 days) and never replaced during all three phases of the study. A total of 25 recruited patients presented class I dental and skeletal relationships and upper and lower dental crowding (TSALD tooth-size/arch length discrepancy) evaluated between 2.1 and 4.0 mm .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39056996_p29
|
39056996
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
2.1.2. Orthodontic Evaluation
| 2.578125 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.98779296875,
0.01003265380859375,
0.0022678375244140625
] |
[
0.9345703125,
0.061309814453125,
0.000774383544921875,
0.0032863616943359375
] |
All patients who had shown an improvement in crowding greater than 0.5 mm were excluded as 0.5 mm represents the limit of accuracy and precision of the scanner used .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39056996_p30
|
39056996
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/sec[1]/p[2]
|
2.1.2. Orthodontic Evaluation
| 2.654297 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.994140625,
0.00099945068359375,
0.004673004150390625
] |
[
0.46484375,
0.53271484375,
0.0011959075927734375,
0.0012378692626953125
] |
For the superimposition of the scans and measurement of the digital models, 3D-Slicer software (version 5.0.2) was used. STL files have been imported and each model was aligned parallel in all directions.
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
39056996_p31
|
39056996
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
2.2. Salivary Sample Collection
| 2.548828 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99658203125,
0.0024547576904296875,
0.0011663436889648438
] |
[
0.98876953125,
0.00969696044921875,
0.0006690025329589844,
0.00069427490234375
] |
The salivary samples were collected 3 times: before the start of orthodontic treatment (T1), 25 days after the start of orthodontic treatment (T2), and 45 days after the start of treatment (T3) .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999994 |
39056996_p32
|
39056996
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
2.2. Salivary Sample Collection
| 1.853516 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9853515625,
0.0087432861328125,
0.00579071044921875
] |
[
0.90673828125,
0.08807373046875,
0.0023136138916015625,
0.0030536651611328125
] |
All samples were collected under the strict supervision of healthcare personnel to verify the suitability of the sampling phase.
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39056996_p33
|
39056996
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[2]
|
2.2. Salivary Sample Collection
| 1.892578 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.986328125,
0.004665374755859375,
0.00899505615234375
] |
[
0.833984375,
0.1612548828125,
0.0025730133056640625,
0.0019817352294921875
] |
To avoid errors in the salivary sample collection phase, all subjects were provided with written recommendations for the preparatory phase.
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39056996_p34
|
39056996
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[3]
|
2.2. Salivary Sample Collection
| 2.582031 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.97705078125,
0.021728515625,
0.0010709762573242188
] |
[
0.80419921875,
0.1895751953125,
0.0018253326416015625,
0.0045013427734375
] |
All subjects were required to fast for 2 h before saliva collection (excluding water) and to clean the mouth with water rinses without disinfectants and/or mouthwashes.
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39056996_p35
|
39056996
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[4]
|
2.2. Salivary Sample Collection
| 4.066406 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0007596015930175781,
0.00024330615997314453
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.0011272430419921875,
0.00022101402282714844,
0.00011152029037475586
] |
The collection of salivary samples was performed after a specialist oral examination with the passive salivation method . For this purpose, Salivette ® (Sarstedt, Numbrecht, Germany) was used for the hygienic collection of total saliva. The collection of saliva with the Salivette ® method involves the use of a sterile synthetic fiber cotton roll. The execution procedure involved delicately chewing the swab for two minutes and transferring the swab into the appropriate container without manipulation. At the end of the execution and saliva collection phase, all subjects who presented saliva samples with evidence of contamination with blood were excluded from the study. Suitable samples were stored at a temperature between 4 and 8 °C until delivery to the laboratory within two hours of collection.
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39056996_p36
|
39056996
|
sec[1]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
2.3. Verification of Blood Contamination on the Salivary Samples
| 3.755859 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0004379749298095703,
0.00025343894958496094
] |
[
0.99462890625,
0.00482177734375,
0.00029921531677246094,
0.00022399425506591797
] |
The concentration of bone metabolism biomarkers in blood is higher than in saliva. Therefore, contamination of saliva with blood, even if not macroscopically evident, can influence their dosage. For this reason, all samples were evaluated by an automated spectrophotometric method (HIL) on a Dimension VISTA 1500 clinical chemistry analyzer (Siemens Munich, Germany) (LoD Hgb: 50 mg/dL) and all samples with Hgb were excluded.
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39056996_p37
|
39056996
|
sec[1]/sec[3]/p[0]
|
2.4. Analysis of Bone Metabolic Biomarkers (BMTs)
| 3.519531 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0005803108215332031,
0.0005803108215332031
] |
[
0.96630859375,
0.03271484375,
0.000659942626953125,
0.0004544258117675781
] |
The samples found suitable were stored at 4–8 °C for 24 h, centrifuged at 4000× g for 3 min, and stored at −30 °C until analysis.
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39056996_p38
|
39056996
|
sec[1]/sec[3]/p[1]
|
2.4. Analysis of Bone Metabolic Biomarkers (BMTs)
| 4.191406 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00027298927307128906,
0.0003161430358886719
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0004470348358154297,
0.00019443035125732422,
0.00006127357482910156
] |
The study involved the dosage on a salivary matrix of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide (1–64) (PTHrP) Procollagen type I N propeptide (PINP), Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase isoform 5b (TRAP5b). Parathyroid hormone-related protein (1–64) (PTHrP) assay was measured with the “competitive” enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) designed to measure the (1–34) subunit (Parathyroid hormone-related protein) (PTHrP) (1–34) EIA Kit, (Catalog No. EK-056-04) (measuring range 0.033–6000 ng/mL, Limit of Detection (LoD) 0.033 ng/mL, Analytical Coefficient of Variation (CVA) 9%). The test involved the use of the DSX ® TGSTA Dynex Technologies, Inc. TRAcP isoform 5b (IDS-iSYS TRAcP 5b) (BoneTRAP ® ) (Immunodiagnostic Systems Ltd. 10 Didcot Way, Boldon Business Park, Boldon, Tyne and Wear, NE35 9PD, UK), with a Limit of Detection (LoD) of 0.9 U/L, a linear range of 0.9–14.0 U/L, and a Coefficient of Analytical Variation (CVA) of 4.5%. PINP (IDS-iSYS Intact PINP) (Immunodiagnostic Systems Ltd. 10 Didct Way, Boldon Business Park, Boldon, Tyne and Wear, NE35 9PD, UK) with a Limit of Detection (LoD) of 2–230 ng/mL, a linear range of 2–230 ng/mL, and an Analytical Coefficient of Variation (CVA) of 5.2% was performed with chemiluminescence assay using TGSTA Technogenetics instrumentation (Technogenetics, Milan, Italy).
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
39056996_p39
|
39056996
|
sec[1]/sec[3]/p[2]
|
2.4. Analysis of Bone Metabolic Biomarkers (BMTs)
| 3.294922 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9970703125,
0.0005602836608886719,
0.00241851806640625
] |
[
0.97265625,
0.0263519287109375,
0.0007572174072265625,
0.0002856254577636719
] |
All tests were performed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions regarding procedures for establishing and verifying analytical quality objectives. To this end, multilevel internal quality control (IQC) materials provided by the manufacturing company and the results of External Quality Assurance (EQA) programs were used to verify the repeatability. The CVA obtained falls perfectly within the indicated limits and the EQA verification did not provide evidence of out-of-control analyses .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39056996_p40
|
39056996
|
sec[1]/sec[4]/p[0]
|
2.5. Statistic Analysis
| 2.46875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9921875,
0.0009245872497558594,
0.0068511962890625
] |
[
0.9853515625,
0.01398468017578125,
0.0005812644958496094,
0.0002455711364746094
] |
Verification of the suitability of the sample size was carried out through the statistical power study. A significance > 95% was considered suitable .
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39056996_p41
|
39056996
|
sec[1]/sec[4]/p[1]
|
2.5. Statistic Analysis
| 4.050781 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00039577484130859375,
0.00019180774688720703
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002779960632324219,
0.0003082752227783203,
0.00006955862045288086
] |
The descriptive statistics of the concentrations of bone metabolism biomarkers obtained in the saliva of 25 subjects reported means, medians, distribution at 95% Confidence Interval (CI) and range, and stratification of the results at times T1, T2, and T3. The D’Agostino–Pearson test was used to evaluate the normality of the distribution of the results. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Boxplots of the distribution of BMT value were used to verify the presence of any outside events to be excluded from the statistical evaluation.
|
[
"Angela Pia Cazzolla",
"Vincenzo Brescia",
"Roberto Lovero",
"Antonietta Fontana",
"Arcangela Giustino",
"Mario Dioguardi",
"Maria Severa Di Comite",
"Francesca Di Serio",
"Domenico Ciavarella",
"Vito Crincoli"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070209
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.