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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
39057297_p79
|
39057297
|
sec[5]/sec[6]/sec[2]/p[2]
|
6.7.3. Comorbidities
| 3.625 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9970703125,
0.00228118896484375,
0.00040841102600097656
] |
[
0.0390625,
0.92431640625,
0.034332275390625,
0.0020694732666015625
] |
Asthma, another common comorbidity, is characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways. The inflammatory mediators involved in asthma can also play a role in hypersensitivity reactions, as systemic inflammation can potentiate localized allergic responses in the oral cavity. This relationship underscores the importance of managing these underlying conditions to mitigate the severity of hypersensitivity reactions during orthodontic treatment .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057297_p80
|
39057297
|
sec[5]/sec[6]/sec[2]/p[3]
|
6.7.3. Comorbidities
| 3.638672 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9931640625,
0.006206512451171875,
0.00051116943359375
] |
[
0.0270843505859375,
0.955078125,
0.0150146484375,
0.0029754638671875
] |
Patients with a history of other allergic conditions, such as hay fever or food allergies, are also at increased risk of developing hypersensitivity reactions to orthodontic materials. These patients often have a heightened immune response to various allergens, which can include the metals and polymers used in orthodontic appliances. This predisposition necessitates a thorough pre-treatment assessment to identify and mitigate potential risks .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p81
|
39057297
|
sec[5]/sec[6]/sec[2]/p[4]
|
6.7.3. Comorbidities
| 3.578125 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0017490386962890625,
0.00023555755615234375
] |
[
0.97119140625,
0.02191162109375,
0.0055389404296875,
0.0014123916625976562
] |
In a recent study of 687 patients reporting adverse effects from dental materials in general, comorbid conditions such as diabetes mellitus, mental and behavioral disorders, and diseases of the musculoskeletal system were also identified as significant contributors to hypersensitivity reactions . These comorbidities often overlap, complicating the clinical picture and management strategies .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p82
|
39057297
|
sec[5]/sec[6]/sec[3]/p[0]
|
6.7.4. Ongoing Pharmacological Treatment
| 3.679688 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.98193359375,
0.016998291015625,
0.0009794235229492188
] |
[
0.01383209228515625,
0.97021484375,
0.01383209228515625,
0.0023441314697265625
] |
The overall management of hypersensitivity reactions in orthodontic patients must consider the potential impact of ongoing pharmacological treatments. Indeed, certain medications, particularly nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antibiotics, can exacerbate hypersensitivity reactions. Therefore, understanding the patient’s medication history is crucial for tailoring treatment plans that minimize the risk of adverse reactions .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999994 |
39057297_p83
|
39057297
|
sec[5]/sec[6]/sec[3]/p[1]
|
6.7.4. Ongoing Pharmacological Treatment
| 3.763672 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0017404556274414062,
0.00037860870361328125
] |
[
0.0550537109375,
0.9052734375,
0.037506103515625,
0.0023193359375
] |
NSAIDs are commonly used to manage pain and inflammation but can also trigger or worsen hypersensitivity reactions. These medications can inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes, leading to an imbalance in the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are key mediators in inflammatory and allergic responses. Patients taking NSAIDs may exhibit more severe symptoms when exposed to orthodontic materials that they are allergic to .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057297_p84
|
39057297
|
sec[5]/sec[6]/sec[3]/p[2]
|
6.7.4. Ongoing Pharmacological Treatment
| 3.042969 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99365234375,
0.005542755126953125,
0.0008902549743652344
] |
[
0.006870269775390625,
0.986328125,
0.003345489501953125,
0.00339508056640625
] |
Certain antibiotics, particularly those in the penicillin and cephalosporin classes, are known to cause hypersensitivity reactions. These reactions can range from mild rashes to severe anaphylaxis. In orthodontic patients, the concurrent use of these antibiotics can amplify the immune response to allergens present in dental materials, leading to more pronounced oral manifestations
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p85
|
39057297
|
sec[5]/sec[6]/sec[3]/p[3]
|
6.7.4. Ongoing Pharmacological Treatment
| 2.546875 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9970703125,
0.00214385986328125,
0.0008196830749511719
] |
[
0.01776123046875,
0.9755859375,
0.0043487548828125,
0.0021724700927734375
] |
Psychotropic medications, including antidepressants and antipsychotics, can also contribute to oral hypersensitivity reactions. These drugs may alter the immune response or interact with other medications, increasing the risk of adverse reactions to orthodontic materials .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057297_p86
|
39057297
|
sec[5]/sec[6]/sec[3]/p[4]
|
6.7.4. Ongoing Pharmacological Treatment
| 2.568359 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9951171875,
0.0036106109619140625,
0.0013723373413085938
] |
[
0.00482940673828125,
0.9873046875,
0.006011962890625,
0.0017118453979492188
] |
Other medications that can influence hypersensitivity reactions include antihypertensives, antiepileptics, and certain biologics used for autoimmune conditions. These drugs can modulate the immune system in ways that might increase susceptibility to allergic reactions .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p87
|
39057297
|
sec[5]/sec[6]/sec[4]/p[0]
|
6.7.5. Family and Personal History of Allergy
| 2.951172 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.974609375,
0.023223876953125,
0.0020427703857421875
] |
[
0.00312042236328125,
0.98876953125,
0.003215789794921875,
0.004703521728515625
] |
A comprehensive history of allergies is critical for identifying patients at risk of hypersensitivity reactions. This history should include personal and familial allergic conditions, previous allergic reactions to metals, medications, and other allergens .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999994 |
39057297_p88
|
39057297
|
sec[5]/sec[6]/sec[4]/p[1]
|
6.7.5. Family and Personal History of Allergy
| 3.714844 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.998046875,
0.001575469970703125,
0.00035572052001953125
] |
[
0.10400390625,
0.796875,
0.09588623046875,
0.00328826904296875
] |
A familial history of allergies can indicate a genetic predisposition to hypersensitivity reactions. Accordingly, conditions such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, and hay fever often run in families, and this predisposition can extend to reactions against orthodontic materials. Coherently, patients with a family history of atopic diseases were more likely to report adverse effects from dental materials . For this reason, understanding the family history can guide clinicians in choosing hypoallergenic materials and in counseling patients about their potential risks
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057297_p89
|
39057297
|
sec[5]/sec[6]/sec[4]/p[2]
|
6.7.5. Family and Personal History of Allergy
| 3.023438 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.994140625,
0.004810333251953125,
0.0010786056518554688
] |
[
0.0156707763671875,
0.98046875,
0.0018815994262695312,
0.002025604248046875
] |
Patients with a personal history of allergies are more likely to develop hypersensitivity reactions to orthodontic materials. Since allergies to metals, particularly nickel, are common and can result in significant oral manifestations when patients are exposed to nickel-containing orthodontic appliances, identifying specific allergens that the patient has reacted to in the past is crucial .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057297_p90
|
39057297
|
sec[5]/sec[6]/sec[4]/p[3]
|
6.7.5. Family and Personal History of Allergy
| 3.720703 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.94921875,
0.04876708984375,
0.0019092559814453125
] |
[
0.00612640380859375,
0.9833984375,
0.00592041015625,
0.00466156005859375
] |
As later described, common allergens in orthodontics include nickel, latex, and certain polymers used in clear aligners and removable appliances . Accordingly, patients should be specifically asked about their reactions to jewelry, latex gloves, and any previous dental materials used in their treatments. This detailed history can inform the selection of alternative materials that are less likely to trigger hypersensitivity reactions . In addition, detailed questioning about past allergic reactions, including the nature and severity of the reactions, helps in predicting and preventing potential hypersensitivity issues .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057297_p91
|
39057297
|
sec[6]/p[0]
|
7. Allergy Testing
| 2.851563 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9951171875,
0.00357818603515625,
0.0011358261108398438
] |
[
0.006103515625,
0.9794921875,
0.01131439208984375,
0.0029354095458984375
] |
Various diagnostic tests, including patch tests, prick tests, blood tests, and histopathological examinations, play a crucial role in identifying hypersensitivity reactions.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p92
|
39057297
|
sec[6]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
7.1. Methods
| 3.267578 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99560546875,
0.0032196044921875,
0.0011320114135742188
] |
[
0.005496978759765625,
0.966796875,
0.0256195068359375,
0.0022678375244140625
] |
Allergy testing methods, including patch tests, skin allergy tests, blood tests, and basophil activation tests, beyond histopathological examination, offer comprehensive diagnostic tools to identify and manage allergic conditions.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p93
|
39057297
|
sec[6]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
7.1. Methods
| 2.259766 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99267578125,
0.0025482177734375,
0.004974365234375
] |
[
0.0838623046875,
0.82373046875,
0.0899658203125,
0.0023365020751953125
] |
Each method, synthesized in Table 1 , has unique applications, advantages, and limitations, and the choice of test depends on patient-specific factors and clinical scenarios.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.85714 |
39057297_p94
|
39057297
|
sec[6]/sec[0]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
7.1.1. Patch Testing
| 3.650391 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9951171875,
0.0042877197265625,
0.0007805824279785156
] |
[
0.01401519775390625,
0.97705078125,
0.006412506103515625,
0.0025882720947265625
] |
Patch testing is particularly valuable in diagnosing delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, which are mediated by T-cells and typically manifest 48–72 h after exposure to the allergen. This method helps in identifying specific allergens responsible for allergic contact dermatitis .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p95
|
39057297
|
sec[6]/sec[0]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
7.1.1. Patch Testing
| 3.855469 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9716796875,
0.02679443359375,
0.0016813278198242188
] |
[
0.0172119140625,
0.97509765625,
0.0038166046142578125,
0.00395965576171875
] |
Patch testing involves applying small amounts of potential allergens to the skin, usually on the back, and covering them with adhesive patches. These patches remain in place for 48 h, after which they are removed, and the skin is examined for reactions at 48 h and again at 72 to 96 h. A positive test is indicated by erythema, edema, or vesiculation at the test site.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057297_p96
|
39057297
|
sec[6]/sec[0]/sec[0]/p[2]
|
7.1.1. Patch Testing
| 3.402344 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9931640625,
0.005939483642578125,
0.0008711814880371094
] |
[
0.01397705078125,
0.98046875,
0.003482818603515625,
0.0018568038940429688
] |
Additionally, patch testing can be customized using dental materials, including orthodontic brackets, wires, and elastics, to directly assess the patient’s sensitivity to these specific substances . Accordingly, this test is the gold standard for diagnosing contact hypersensitivity reactions to orthodontic materials .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p97
|
39057297
|
sec[6]/sec[0]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
7.1.2. Prick Testing
| 2.878906 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.97802734375,
0.0184478759765625,
0.0033588409423828125
] |
[
0.0013628005981445312,
0.9931640625,
0.0021343231201171875,
0.0031585693359375
] |
Prick testing is beneficial for identifying IgE-mediated allergic reactions, such as those caused by latex or certain metals. It is a rapid and minimally invasive test that provides immediate results, making it useful in clinical settings where quick diagnosis is necessary .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057297_p98
|
39057297
|
sec[6]/sec[0]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
7.1.2. Prick Testing
| 3.558594 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.97265625,
0.024871826171875,
0.0023097991943359375
] |
[
0.00695037841796875,
0.98828125,
0.0016641616821289062,
0.002960205078125
] |
It involves placing a drop of the allergen on the skin, followed by a gentle prick through the drop into the epidermis. This test is read within 15 to 20 min, and a positive result is indicated by a wheal and flare reaction.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
39057297_p99
|
39057297
|
sec[6]/sec[0]/sec[1]/p[2]
|
7.1.2. Prick Testing
| 2.423828 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.98291015625,
0.01418304443359375,
0.002899169921875
] |
[
0.0037479400634765625,
0.99169921875,
0.0020160675048828125,
0.0026340484619140625
] |
Prick testing is less commonly used for diagnosing hypersensitivity to orthodontic materials but can be helpful in specific cases where immediate reactions are suspected .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057297_p100
|
39057297
|
sec[6]/sec[0]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
7.1.3. Blood Tests
| 3.929688 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9970703125,
0.002193450927734375,
0.0009431838989257812
] |
[
0.036407470703125,
0.89501953125,
0.06658935546875,
0.002166748046875
] |
Blood tests, including specific IgE antibody tests, are used to detect type I hypersensitivity reactions . These tests measure the levels of IgE antibodies specific to various allergens in the blood. Specifically, the Radioallergosorbent Test (RAST) or ImmunoCAP can quantify specific IgE antibodies, providing valuable information about the patient’s allergic status, and are particularly useful for patients with extensive dermatitis, where skin testing might exacerbate the condition .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057297_p101
|
39057297
|
sec[6]/sec[0]/sec[2]/p[1]
|
7.1.3. Blood Tests
| 2.044922 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.95654296875,
0.0367431640625,
0.0068206787109375
] |
[
0.0023059844970703125,
0.994140625,
0.00115966796875,
0.00261688232421875
] |
While less common than skin tests, blood tests can be useful for patients who cannot undergo skin testing due to severe dermatitis or other contraindications .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057297_p102
|
39057297
|
sec[6]/sec[0]/sec[3]/p[0]
|
7.1.4. Histopathological Examination
| 3.826172 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0012521743774414062,
0.00028586387634277344
] |
[
0.1531982421875,
0.83203125,
0.01140594482421875,
0.0032901763916015625
] |
Histopathological examination of biopsy specimens from affected oral tissues can confirm the diagnosis of hypersensitivity reactions. This examination typically reveals inflammatory infiltrates with lymphocytes and eosinophils, indicative of a hypersensitivity response.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p103
|
39057297
|
sec[6]/sec[0]/sec[3]/p[1]
|
7.1.4. Histopathological Examination
| 3.443359 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99267578125,
0.0060882568359375,
0.0014095306396484375
] |
[
0.006282806396484375,
0.98876953125,
0.002559661865234375,
0.002155303955078125
] |
This method is particularly useful for confirming the diagnosis of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions , providing definitive evidence of hypersensitivity reactions by identifying characteristic cellular changes. It is especially useful in complex cases where clinical and patch test results are inconclusive .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p104
|
39057297
|
sec[6]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
7.2. Timing of the Allergy Testing in Relation to the Beginning of Orthodontic Treatment
| 2.505859 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9560546875,
0.03839111328125,
0.005321502685546875
] |
[
0.002239227294921875,
0.9912109375,
0.0026073455810546875,
0.00400543212890625
] |
The timing of allergy testing is critical in preventing and managing hypersensitivity reactions effectively.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057297_p105
|
39057297
|
sec[6]/sec[1]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
7.2.1. Pre-Treatment Testing
| 2.751953 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.984375,
0.0132293701171875,
0.0022220611572265625
] |
[
0.003704071044921875,
0.99365234375,
0.0008955001831054688,
0.0019292831420898438
] |
Pre-treatment testing is essential for patients with a known history of allergies. Conducting patch tests or specific IgE tests before the initiation of orthodontic treatment can help identify potential allergens and allow clinicians to select hypoallergenic materials.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057297_p106
|
39057297
|
sec[6]/sec[1]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
7.2.1. Pre-Treatment Testing
| 1.975586 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.92822265625,
0.059051513671875,
0.01263427734375
] |
[
0.002880096435546875,
0.99267578125,
0.0013246536254882812,
0.003162384033203125
] |
This proactive approach can prevent the development of hypersensitivity reactions and ensure a smoother treatment process .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p107
|
39057297
|
sec[6]/sec[1]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
7.2.2. Testing during Treatment
| 2.966797 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.96484375,
0.033050537109375,
0.001911163330078125
] |
[
0.00482177734375,
0.98681640625,
0.0022754669189453125,
0.0059051513671875
] |
In many cases, hypersensitivity reactions are not identified until after the onset of symptoms. When patients present with symptoms such as erythema, swelling, or ulceration, patch testing is typically performed to determine the causative allergen.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057297_p108
|
39057297
|
sec[6]/sec[1]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
7.2.2. Testing during Treatment
| 2.158203 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.88818359375,
0.10272216796875,
0.00891876220703125
] |
[
0.005435943603515625,
0.9892578125,
0.0020465850830078125,
0.00324249267578125
] |
The timing of these tests performed during the course of treatment can vary but is crucial for managing and mitigating adverse reactions .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p109
|
39057297
|
sec[6]/sec[1]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
7.2.3. Post-Treatment Testing
| 2.619141 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9443359375,
0.05206298828125,
0.0033740997314453125
] |
[
0.007160186767578125,
0.98583984375,
0.00109100341796875,
0.00600433349609375
] |
Post-treatment testing may be necessary for patients who develop delayed hypersensitivity reactions after the removal of orthodontic appliances .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999994 |
39057297_p110
|
39057297
|
sec[6]/sec[1]/sec[2]/p[1]
|
7.2.3. Post-Treatment Testing
| 2.044922 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.97607421875,
0.0200653076171875,
0.003814697265625
] |
[
0.003437042236328125,
0.9931640625,
0.0005664825439453125,
0.003032684326171875
] |
These tests help confirm the diagnosis and guide future dental treatments, ensuring that materials that cause reactions are avoided in subsequent treatments .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p111
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
8.1. Perioral Manifestations of Hypersensitivity Reactions in Orthodontic Patients
| 1.826172 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.962890625,
0.03179931640625,
0.005252838134765625
] |
[
0.0031642913818359375,
0.98974609375,
0.0017766952514648438,
0.0054779052734375
] |
Perioral manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions are fortunately not so common in orthodontic patients. They can in some cases affect the patient’s quality of life and require careful management to avoid complications.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p112
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[0]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
8.1.1. Epidemiology
| 2.173828 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99169921875,
0.0064849853515625,
0.0015811920166015625
] |
[
0.02801513671875,
0.96142578125,
0.00432586669921875,
0.006168365478515625
] |
Perioral manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions are more frequently reported in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057297_p113
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[0]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
8.1.1. Epidemiology
| 1.875977 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9892578125,
0.0029354095458984375,
0.00765228271484375
] |
[
0.041290283203125,
0.9541015625,
0.002765655517578125,
0.0018415451049804688
] |
The gender ratio is skewed towards females , with the mean age of affected individuals being in the adolescent to young adult range .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057297_p114
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[0]/sec[0]/p[2]
|
8.1.1. Epidemiology
| 2.826172 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99609375,
0.0023975372314453125,
0.0017366409301757812
] |
[
0.75146484375,
0.2379150390625,
0.0084686279296875,
0.0021152496337890625
] |
Notably, the mean duration since the beginning of orthodontic treatment correlates with the development of these reactions, with longer treatment durations posing a higher risk .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057297_p115
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[0]/sec[0]/p[3]
|
8.1.1. Epidemiology
| 3.158203 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0008335113525390625,
0.0008959770202636719
] |
[
0.270263671875,
0.6884765625,
0.039764404296875,
0.0014371871948242188
] |
Conversely, subjects undergoing orthodontic treatment with removable appliances and clear aligners experience fewer perioral hypersensitivity reactions. However, when reactions do occur, they follow a similar epidemiological pattern to those with fixed appliances, with a higher prevalence in females and younger patients .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p116
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[0]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
8.1.2. Macroscopic and Microscopic Features
| 3.462891 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.97021484375,
0.02874755859375,
0.001026153564453125
] |
[
0.01203155517578125,
0.96337890625,
0.0128326416015625,
0.0118560791015625
] |
The clinical manifestations in patients with removable appliances and clear aligners are similar to those seen with fixed appliances, and include erythema, swelling, and unspecified dermatitis around the lips . In some cases, patients may develop vesicles or blisters, which are often accompanied by itching and discomfort, which can significantly affect the patient’s quality of life, and can rupture and lead to secondary infections if not properly managed .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057297_p117
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[0]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
8.1.2. Macroscopic and Microscopic Features
| 3.943359 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.95458984375,
0.044464111328125,
0.0010623931884765625
] |
[
0.0187225341796875,
0.9482421875,
0.0136566162109375,
0.01959228515625
] |
Clinical diagnosis involves a thorough patient history and physical examination . Patch testing can be particularly useful in identifying the specific allergens responsible for the reactions. The presence of a positive reaction to nickel or other common allergens confirms the diagnosis and helps in planning appropriate management strategies . For example, perioral dermatitis is often linked to the use of orthodontic headgear containing nickel, which can cause allergic contact dermatitis . This reaction is mediated by T-cells and involves both sensitization and elicitation phases, ultimately leading to skin changes that may necessitate the removal of the offending material .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
39057297_p118
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[0]/sec[1]/p[2]
|
8.1.2. Macroscopic and Microscopic Features
| 3.535156 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.962890625,
0.03564453125,
0.0012340545654296875
] |
[
0.00555419921875,
0.97412109375,
0.01369476318359375,
0.0063934326171875
] |
The long-term outcomes of patients with perioral manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions depend on the timely identification and management of the condition. In most cases, the removal of the allergenic material and appropriate medical treatment lead to the resolution of symptoms. However, chronic or recurrent reactions may result in persistent skin changes and discomfort, necessitating ongoing medical care and monitoring .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p119
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[0]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
8.1.3. Characteristics of the Orthodontic Patients
| 2.683594 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99365234375,
0.00525665283203125,
0.0009098052978515625
] |
[
0.0111083984375,
0.98193359375,
0.0034999847412109375,
0.003681182861328125
] |
Perioral manifestations of potential hypersensitivity reactions are more frequent in patients with a personal or family history of contact dermatitis and allergic rhinitis, increasing the risk of developing perioral reactions .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057297_p120
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[0]/sec[2]/p[1]
|
8.1.3. Characteristics of the Orthodontic Patients
| 2.369141 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.953125,
0.043426513671875,
0.0031986236572265625
] |
[
0.004062652587890625,
0.98779296875,
0.002529144287109375,
0.005374908447265625
] |
In addition, patients undergoing treatment with specific medications may experience exacerbated perioral reactions. It is crucial to consider these factors when diagnosing and managing hypersensitivity reactions .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057297_p121
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[0]/sec[2]/p[2]
|
8.1.3. Characteristics of the Orthodontic Patients
| 2.464844 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.98974609375,
0.0082550048828125,
0.0018558502197265625
] |
[
0.0137176513671875,
0.97900390625,
0.0032558441162109375,
0.003818511962890625
] |
Furthermore, a history of allergies is a common feature among patients not only with oral but also with perioral manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions. Consequently, detailed patient interviews and clinical vigilance are necessary to identify these risks . Common triggers include nickel and latex found in dental materials, as already discussed .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057297_p122
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
8.2. Systemic Manifestations of Hypersensitivity Reactions in Orthodontic Patients
| 2.892578 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9697265625,
0.0287017822265625,
0.0014324188232421875
] |
[
0.00421905517578125,
0.98291015625,
0.002750396728515625,
0.0101165771484375
] |
Systemic manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions in orthodontic patients represent a severe and potentially life-threatening clinical scenario; although rare, their severity necessitates prompt recognition and immediate intervention to prevent serious outcomes.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057297_p123
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[1]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
8.2.1. Epidemiology
| 3.886719 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00013136863708496094,
0.00014710426330566406
] |
[
0.970703125,
0.0061798095703125,
0.022796630859375,
0.00025773048400878906
] |
The prevalence of systemic hypersensitivity reactions to nickel among orthodontic patients is low but significant due to the severe nature of the reactions. Studies have shown that females are more frequently affected than males, which can be attributed to higher rates of sensitization due to nickel exposure from jewelry. Additionally, genetic predisposition plays a crucial role, with certain HLA types being associated with an increased risk of developing nickel hypersensitivity .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057297_p124
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[1]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
8.2.1. Epidemiology
| 2.835938 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99755859375,
0.00168609619140625,
0.0007224082946777344
] |
[
0.1810302734375,
0.80908203125,
0.007434844970703125,
0.0025844573974609375
] |
In subjects undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment, systemic hypersensitivity reactions are rare but more severe, potentially leading to significant clinical complications . The mean age and gender ratio are similar to those observed in perioral reactions, with a higher prevalence in females .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057297_p125
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[1]/sec[0]/p[2]
|
8.2.1. Epidemiology
| 3.767578 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0010499954223632812,
0.0002543926239013672
] |
[
0.99072265625,
0.007171630859375,
0.0016994476318359375,
0.00030803680419921875
] |
In subjects undergoing orthodontic treatment with removable appliances and clear aligners, the incidence of systemic hypersensitivity reactions was lower compared to those with fixed appliances, and reflected similar patterns, with a higher incidence in younger females .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057297_p126
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[1]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
8.2.2. Macroscopic and Microscopic Features
| 2.955078 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.98095703125,
0.017486572265625,
0.00157928466796875
] |
[
0.0028076171875,
0.98681640625,
0.004741668701171875,
0.00577545166015625
] |
Systemic manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions can present with various clinical features, including generalized symptoms such as fever, malaise, and anaphylaxis; the latter obviously requires prompt recognition and treatment .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p127
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[1]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
8.2.2. Macroscopic and Microscopic Features
| 3.085938 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99755859375,
0.0014705657958984375,
0.000942230224609375
] |
[
0.1080322265625,
0.8583984375,
0.031005859375,
0.002582550048828125
] |
Histologic findings are less specific but can include evidence of systemic inflammation and immune activation .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p128
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[1]/sec[1]/p[2]
|
8.2.2. Macroscopic and Microscopic Features
| 3.302734 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.994140625,
0.0052947998046875,
0.0006480216979980469
] |
[
0.00977325439453125,
0.9765625,
0.009674072265625,
0.003986358642578125
] |
Diagnosis involves a combination of patient history, clinical examination, and diagnostic tests such as skin prick tests, patch tests, and serological assays for specific IgE antibodies.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057297_p129
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[1]/sec[1]/p[3]
|
8.2.2. Macroscopic and Microscopic Features
| 2.714844 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.68017578125,
0.31298828125,
0.0069122314453125
] |
[
0.0021381378173828125,
0.984375,
0.0016002655029296875,
0.0120391845703125
] |
Management includes immediate discontinuation of the offending material, administration of antihistamines, corticosteroids, and in severe cases, epinephrine.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p130
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[1]/sec[1]/p[4]
|
8.2.2. Macroscopic and Microscopic Features
| 1.899414 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.92578125,
0.06298828125,
0.01116180419921875
] |
[
0.00479888916015625,
0.98486328125,
0.004688262939453125,
0.005512237548828125
] |
Long-term management may involve desensitization protocols and the use of alternative medications .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057297_p131
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[1]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
8.2.3. Characteristics of the Orthodontic Patients
| 3.070313 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9716796875,
0.0268707275390625,
0.00142669677734375
] |
[
0.0030498504638671875,
0.98486328125,
0.007415771484375,
0.004638671875
] |
Patients with systemic hypersensitivity reactions often present with comorbid conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus or other autoimmune disorders. These conditions can increase the severity of hypersensitivity reactions . Moreover, systemic reactions can be exacerbated by certain medications, necessitating a comprehensive review of the patient’s pharmacological treatment .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057297_p132
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[1]/sec[2]/p[1]
|
8.2.3. Characteristics of the Orthodontic Patients
| 2.689453 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.962890625,
0.035064697265625,
0.0021724700927734375
] |
[
0.0039043426513671875,
0.98388671875,
0.003551483154296875,
0.0087127685546875
] |
A history of allergies, including familial predisposition, is a common characteristic of patients with systemic hypersensitivity reactions. This underscores the importance of detailed patient history and clinical assessment .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057297_p133
|
39057297
|
sec[7]/sec[1]/sec[2]/p[2]
|
8.2.3. Characteristics of the Orthodontic Patients
| 3.529297 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99755859375,
0.00174713134765625,
0.0005164146423339844
] |
[
0.056182861328125,
0.93310546875,
0.0084686279296875,
0.0023670196533203125
] |
One of the primary culprits for systemic hypersensitivity reactions in orthodontic patients is prolonged exposure to metals such as nickel, which, upon prolonged exposure, can be absorbed into the systemic circulation, leading, in turn, to widespread symptoms such as generalized dermatitis , fever, and respiratory distress ; other potential include acrylics and composites, and latex , as already discussed.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p134
|
39057297
|
sec[8]/p[0]
|
9. Discussion
| 2.164063 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9970703125,
0.0015277862548828125,
0.0016298294067382812
] |
[
0.0298004150390625,
0.95556640625,
0.01187896728515625,
0.002819061279296875
] |
Hypersensitivity to dental materials, especially nickel, remains a significant concern, although its frequency varied across studies, with nickel being a common allergen .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
39057297_p135
|
39057297
|
sec[8]/p[1]
|
9. Discussion
| 3.947266 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0007791519165039062,
0.00046253204345703125
] |
[
0.1729736328125,
0.0217132568359375,
0.80419921875,
0.0010919570922851562
] |
Although rare, the epidemiology of hypersensitivity reactions in orthodontics indicates that fixed appliances, often containing nickel and chromium, are more commonly associated with these reactions than removable appliances and clear aligners, likely because the prolonged contact of fixed appliances with oral tissues increases hypersensitivity risk . Nickel, chromium, and certain polymers in orthodontic materials are common triggers for hypersensitivity reactions. However, removable appliances and clear aligners, though less frequently implicated, can still trigger allergic reactions due to materials like polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and other polymers .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p136
|
39057297
|
sec[8]/p[2]
|
9. Discussion
| 3.875 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.98876953125,
0.00986480712890625,
0.0015039443969726562
] |
[
0.0120849609375,
0.336181640625,
0.646484375,
0.005283355712890625
] |
Allergy tests such as patch tests and specific IgE tests are crucial for identifying allergens and guiding treatment. These tests help distinguish between immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions, facilitating targeted management strategies . Coherently, treatment usually primarily involves removing the allergenic material, using topical or systemic corticosteroids, and maintaining good oral hygiene . However, the progression of hypersensitivity-related oral lesions varies, with many resolving rapidly upon removal of the offending agent, while chronic or severe manifestations may require prolonged management .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057297_p137
|
39057297
|
sec[8]/p[3]
|
9. Discussion
| 3.849609 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.966796875,
0.031646728515625,
0.0013341903686523438
] |
[
0.007061004638671875,
0.9599609375,
0.02587890625,
0.0071868896484375
] |
Patients with hypersensitivity reactions often have comorbidities such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, and other allergic conditions. Medications, like NSAIDs and antibiotics, can exacerbate these reactions . Comprehensive histories of personal and familial allergies are crucial for identifying at-risk patients . Therefore, understanding the family history can guide clinicians in choosing hypoallergenic materials and in counseling patients about their potential risks . In addition, detailed questioning about personal history of allergies, including the nature and severity of the past reactions, helps in predicting and preventing potential hypersensitivity issues .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p138
|
39057297
|
sec[8]/p[4]
|
9. Discussion
| 4.195313 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.99560546875,
0.003173828125,
0.001316070556640625
] |
[
0.043975830078125,
0.00800323486328125,
0.94677734375,
0.0009860992431640625
] |
Oral manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions in orthodontic patients usually present as localized erythema, erosive–ulcerative lesions, and gingival hyperplasia, severely impacting functions like eating and speaking . The timing of these manifestations varies, with immediate reactions occurring rapidly upon exposure and delayed reactions developing over time . Similarly distressing due to their visibility and discomfort, perioral manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions often present as unspecified dermatitis , erythema, and swelling around the mouth; though less common, reactions including dermatitis, erythema, and swelling around the lips are often linked to nickel-containing orthodontic headgear , and their onset occurs earlier due to direct contact with allergenic materials. Systemic manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions in orthodontic patients, instead, although rare, are severe and include generalized symptoms such as fever, malaise, and anaphylaxis that require immediate medical intervention. These manifestations, which are typically triggered by prolonged exposure to metals such as nickel that can be absorbed systemically , can also be influenced by medications and vaccinations administered during orthodontic treatment, especially in patients with a history of allergies , demonstrating the importance of updating dental and medical records even during orthodontic treatment .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057297_p139
|
39057297
|
sec[8]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
9.1. Clinical Insights and Recommendations before and during Orthodontic Treatment for Managing oral Manifestation of Hypersensitivity Reactions in Orthodontic Patients and Comprehensive Orthodontic Patient Care
| 3.351563 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.98291015625,
0.0162200927734375,
0.0010395050048828125
] |
[
0.005970001220703125,
0.9853515625,
0.00568389892578125,
0.0030269622802734375
] |
Manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions in the oral cavity of orthodontic patients require careful attention and a proactive approach . Through a comprehensive approach, differentiated by device and shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5 , that includes patient education, the use of hypoallergenic materials , and regular monitoring, clinicians can successfully manage these reactions and ensure optimal outcomes for their patients .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057297_p140
|
39057297
|
sec[8]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
9.1. Clinical Insights and Recommendations before and during Orthodontic Treatment for Managing oral Manifestation of Hypersensitivity Reactions in Orthodontic Patients and Comprehensive Orthodontic Patient Care
| 2.583984 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.98291015625,
0.01381683349609375,
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] |
[
0.0061798095703125,
0.990234375,
0.0014715194702148438,
0.00188446044921875
] |
Before orthodontic treatment, thorough pre-treatment assessments, including detailed patient history and allergy testing, are crucial for identifying potential allergens.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057297_p141
|
39057297
|
sec[8]/sec[0]/p[2]
|
9.1. Clinical Insights and Recommendations before and during Orthodontic Treatment for Managing oral Manifestation of Hypersensitivity Reactions in Orthodontic Patients and Comprehensive Orthodontic Patient Care
| 2.861328 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9912109375,
0.006366729736328125,
0.0021820068359375
] |
[
0.005588531494140625,
0.99169921875,
0.00104522705078125,
0.001514434814453125
] |
Allergy testing, such as patch tests or specific IgE tests, helps guide the selection of hypoallergenic materials, such as titanium or ceramic brackets, for patients with a known history of allergies to metals .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057297_p142
|
39057297
|
sec[8]/sec[0]/p[3]
|
9.1. Clinical Insights and Recommendations before and during Orthodontic Treatment for Managing oral Manifestation of Hypersensitivity Reactions in Orthodontic Patients and Comprehensive Orthodontic Patient Care
| 2.125 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.80419921875,
0.1865234375,
0.00930023193359375
] |
[
0.00260162353515625,
0.99072265625,
0.001697540283203125,
0.005138397216796875
] |
Patient counseling is also essential to discuss potential risks and alternative treatment options for those with positive allergy test results .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057297_p143
|
39057297
|
sec[8]/sec[0]/p[4]
|
9.1. Clinical Insights and Recommendations before and during Orthodontic Treatment for Managing oral Manifestation of Hypersensitivity Reactions in Orthodontic Patients and Comprehensive Orthodontic Patient Care
| 1.779297 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.93505859375,
0.056671142578125,
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] |
[
0.0016431808471679688,
0.9921875,
0.0011081695556640625,
0.00518798828125
] |
Educating patients about the signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions and the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene further aids in prevention .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057297_p144
|
39057297
|
sec[8]/sec[0]/p[5]
|
9.1. Clinical Insights and Recommendations before and during Orthodontic Treatment for Managing oral Manifestation of Hypersensitivity Reactions in Orthodontic Patients and Comprehensive Orthodontic Patient Care
| 3.875 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.93603515625,
0.060821533203125,
0.0031585693359375
] |
[
0.004302978515625,
0.97705078125,
0.012969970703125,
0.005435943603515625
] |
During orthodontic treatment, regular monitoring of patients for any signs of hypersensitivity reactions and early intervention can prevent severe outcomes . Immediate reaction management involves administering antihistamines or corticosteroids, and in cases of severe reactions, epinephrine may be necessary . Removing the offending appliance or material to prevent further exposure is also crucial . Using topical corticosteroids to manage mild reactions and systemic corticosteroids or antihistamines for more severe reactions is vital for effective management .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p145
|
39057297
|
sec[8]/sec[0]/p[6]
|
9.1. Clinical Insights and Recommendations before and during Orthodontic Treatment for Managing oral Manifestation of Hypersensitivity Reactions in Orthodontic Patients and Comprehensive Orthodontic Patient Care
| 1.958008 |
clinical
|
Other
|
[
0.3046875,
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[
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Scheduling frequent follow-up appointments to monitor for any signs of recurring hypersensitivity reactions ensures ongoing patient safety .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057297_p146
|
39057297
|
sec[8]/sec[0]/p[7]
|
9.1. Clinical Insights and Recommendations before and during Orthodontic Treatment for Managing oral Manifestation of Hypersensitivity Reactions in Orthodontic Patients and Comprehensive Orthodontic Patient Care
| 2.380859 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.85400390625,
0.1373291015625,
0.0087127685546875
] |
[
0.0018711090087890625,
0.9931640625,
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0.0041046142578125
] |
Additionally, being prepared to adjust orthodontic appliances or materials if hypersensitivity reactions occur helps ensure that treatment can continue with minimal disruption and discomfort for the patient .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057297_p147
|
39057297
|
sec[8]/sec[0]/p[8]
|
9.1. Clinical Insights and Recommendations before and during Orthodontic Treatment for Managing oral Manifestation of Hypersensitivity Reactions in Orthodontic Patients and Comprehensive Orthodontic Patient Care
| 3.626953 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
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0.3251953125,
0.005367279052734375
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[
0.003208160400390625,
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However, in the event of an immediate hypersensitivity reaction, prompt medical intervention is necessary. For mild reactions, antihistamines and corticosteroids can be administered to alleviate symptoms. In cases of severe reactions, such as anaphylaxis, epinephrine should be administered immediately, and the patient should receive emergency medical care . Additionally, removing the offending appliance or material is essential to prevent further exposure and exacerbation of the reaction.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p148
|
39057297
|
sec[8]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
9.2. Limitations, Strengths and Future Directions
| 4.03125 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
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0.01081085205078125,
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[
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Despite the intrinsic limitations of the article type, including selection bias, lack of comprehensiveness, absence of formal quality assessment, subjective interpretation, and challenges in addressing heterogeneity, the present narrative review may provide a comprehensive overview of the clinical features, diagnostic methods, and management strategies for oral manifestation of hypersensitivity reactions in orthodontic patients, also offering clinical insights and practical guidance that are directly applicable to clinical practice.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057297_p149
|
39057297
|
sec[8]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
9.2. Limitations, Strengths and Future Directions
| 3.927734 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.9970703125,
0.002033233642578125,
0.0010366439819335938
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[
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Future directions should focus on developing more biocompatible materials for fixed orthodontic appliances and identifying genetic markers that predispose individuals to hypersensitivity reactions. Advances in biomaterials science may lead to the development of novel alloys and coatings that minimize the release of allergenic ions, thereby reducing the incidence of hypersensitivity reactions in orthodontic patients . Continued research and advancements in materials science and immunology will play a crucial role in enhancing the biocompatibility of orthodontic materials and reducing the incidence of hypersensitivity reactions, ultimately improving patient care and treatment outcomes .
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057297_p150
|
39057297
|
sec[9]/p[0]
|
10. Conclusions
| 3.824219 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
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0.00019931793212890625
] |
[
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0.7626953125,
0.033416748046875,
0.0055694580078125
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Oral and extra-oral manifestations of (immediate and delayed) hypersensitivity reactions occur rarely and are due to the release of metal and non-metal ions from orthodontic appliances. They typically present as erythema, erosive–ulcerative lesions, and gingival hyperplasia, with histopathological findings showing inflammatory infiltrates.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057297_p151
|
39057297
|
sec[9]/p[1]
|
10. Conclusions
| 3.015625 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99560546875,
0.0034160614013671875,
0.0011606216430664062
] |
[
0.0382080078125,
0.9541015625,
0.00592041015625,
0.0018100738525390625
] |
Fixed orthodontic appliances pose a higher risk for oral manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions in orthodontic patients due to prolonged contact with oral tissues compared to removable appliances and clear aligners.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057297_p152
|
39057297
|
sec[9]/p[2]
|
10. Conclusions
| 3.222656 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
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0.00817108154296875,
0.0016222000122070312
] |
[
0.0038356781005859375,
0.98828125,
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0.0022983551025390625
] |
Nickel remains a significant allergen, and diagnostic tests like patch tests are essential for managing these reactions since early identification and removal of the allergenic material, combined with effective pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, can lead to complete resolution of symptoms and prevent recurrence. However, patients with a history of severe hypersensitivity reactions may require ongoing monitoring and may need to avoid certain materials in the future.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057297_p153
|
39057297
|
sec[9]/p[3]
|
10. Conclusions
| 3.939453 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
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0.0012521743774414062
] |
[
0.01477813720703125,
0.921875,
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] |
Proper patient education, regular monitoring, and the use of hypoallergenic materials are key strategies in ensuring the well-being of orthodontic patients. As a counterpart, a comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology, risk factors, and management strategies is essential for orthodontic practitioners to mitigate these reactions and ensure successful treatment outcomes. In this perspective, keeping dental and medical records updated during orthodontic treatment is crucial. Moreover, knowing a patient’s family history may help clinicians choose hypoallergenic materials and counsel patients about potential risks, and detailed inquiries about personal allergy histories, including the nature and severity of past reactions, may aid in predicting and preventing hypersensitivity issues.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057297_p154
|
39057297
|
sec[9]/p[4]
|
10. Conclusions
| 2.648438 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99365234375,
0.003520965576171875,
0.003040313720703125
] |
[
0.0037212371826171875,
0.9921875,
0.002986907958984375,
0.0009784698486328125
] |
Deepening the understanding of hypersensitivity epidemiology to materials like nickel, latex, acrylics, and other metals is essential for clinicians to select appropriate materials and mitigate risks. Ongoing research and advancements in materials science will enhance the safety and efficacy of orthodontic treatments, ultimately improving patient outcomes and satisfaction.
|
[
"Federica Di Spirito",
"Alessandra Amato",
"Maria Pia Di Palo",
"Rahila Ferraro",
"Davide Cannatà",
"Marzio Galdi",
"Elettra Sacco",
"Massimo Amato"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057395_p0
|
39057395
|
sec[0]/p[0]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.066406 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00039505958557128906,
0.0003895759582519531
] |
[
0.78271484375,
0.00270843505859375,
0.21435546875,
0.0003917217254638672
] |
Fungal diseases are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. In recognition of their impact on human health, the World Health Organization has recently elaborated a fungal priority pathogens list to guide research and policy interventions . In an attempt to prioritize fungal pathogens, three categories were defined, i.e., critical-, high-, and medium-priority groups. Within the former, the mold Aspergillus fumigatus and the yeasts Cryptococcus neoformans , Candida albicans , and C. auris were included . Current estimates show that over 6.5 million people annually are affected by a severe fungal disease, with over 3.75 million deaths, 68% of which are directly attributable to the fungal disease . Higher incidence was reported for invasive aspergillosis, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, and candidemia and invasive candidiasis, with invasive aspergillosis associated with the higher crude mortality .
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057395_p1
|
39057395
|
sec[0]/p[1]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.464844 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0009565353393554688,
0.0002894401550292969
] |
[
0.54345703125,
0.0126953125,
0.44140625,
0.002269744873046875
] |
A. fumigatus is an environmental saprotrophic fungus whose life cycle is characterized by the production of asexual spores, or conidia, that are efficiently dispersed in the environment . Humans are constantly exposed to A. fumigatus conidia that enter the upper respiratory tract to reach the alveoli. In the immunocompetent host, the conidia are efficiently removed by mechanical and immunological mechanisms, based on mucociliary clearance and removal by alveolar macrophages, respectively . If clearance fails, A. fumigatus conidia can germinate and initiate hyphal growth. The clinical picture of A. fumigatus colonization and/or infection is tailored to the host phenotype. Immunocompromised individuals, such as those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or in induction chemotherapy for leukemia, may develop a life-threatening invasive aspergillosis, while aspergilloma or chronic pulmonary aspergillosis may affect patients with pre-existing lung damage. A. fumigatus may also be the cause of asthmatic reactions, such as in chronic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis .
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057395_p2
|
39057395
|
sec[0]/p[2]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.238281 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00036978721618652344,
0.00012922286987304688
] |
[
0.98974609375,
0.0007643699645996094,
0.00945281982421875,
0.0002073049545288086
] |
The recent Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has recently expanded the clinical scenarios of A. fumigatus infection to include COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) . A multicenter study in France reported a 15% prevalence of CAPA in critically ill patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation during the first wave , and a 5.1% prevalence in the Delta and Omicron waves, which rose to 9.1% among patients who required invasive mechanical ventilation . Along with influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis, CAPA represents a form of viral-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in which a severe viral infection, likely by disrupting epithelial integrity and inducing a severe inflammatory response in critical patients, predisposes to the development of invasive fungal infection . Therefore, protection against mucosal barrier impairment might be crucial to prevent fungal superinfection after severe viral disease.
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057395_p3
|
39057395
|
sec[0]/p[3]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.207031 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002123117446899414,
0.0001398324966430664
] |
[
0.99560546875,
0.0006203651428222656,
0.0038471221923828125,
0.00012624263763427734
] |
The commensal microbes that colonize the bodily surfaces exposed to the external environment, collectively known as microbiota, and their metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and tryptophan (Trp)-derived indolic compounds, are increasingly being recognized for their role in maintaining mucosal homeostasis . One such compound, indole-3-aldehyde (3-IAld), was identified by our group as a product of Lactobacilli under conditions of unrestricted Trp availability with the ability to provide antifungal resistance and protection against mucosal damage . The activities associated with 3-IAld have since expanded to confirm its potent role in promoting epithelial barrier function, immune homeostasis, and colonization resistance at mucosal sites .
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057395_p4
|
39057395
|
sec[0]/p[4]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.082031 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00028395652770996094,
0.0001571178436279297
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.00028514862060546875,
0.0003731250762939453,
0.00007718801498413086
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Based on these premises, we herein established a murine model of CAPA and explored the potential therapeutic activity of 3-IAld in this model. Our results show that 3-IAld exerted a multiplicity of effects in CAPA, from nasal barrier protection to the inhibition of viral replication and subsequent Aspergillus superinfection.
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057395_p5
|
39057395
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
2.1. Mice, Infections, and Treatments
| 4.226563 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00042128562927246094,
0.00018990039825439453
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[
0.9990234375,
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Male BALB/c mice, 8–10 weeks old, were purchased from Charles River Laboratories (Calco, Italy). To establish a murine model of CAPA, mice were anesthetized via intraperitoneal injection with Penthotal, (50 mg/kg) before intratracheally instillation of 15 μg/mice of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant wild-type (WT) Spike protein (SPwt) or Delta (Δ) Spike protein (SPΔ) to mimic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Contextually, 1.5 × 10 8 A. fumigatus (Af293) resting conidia/50 μL of saline were administered to mimic fungal superinfection. The dose of the Spike protein was derived from a previously established model of SARS-CoV-2 infection while the infectious dose of the fungus was chosen to obtain measurable fungal growth at 3 dpi as per protocol. Four mice were used in each experiment. Quantification of fungal growth was performed as described . Briefly, fungal growth was expressed as colony-forming units (log 10 CFUs), obtained by serially diluting lung homogenates on Sabouraud agar plates incubated at 35 °C for 24 h. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed by cannulating the trachea and washing the airways with 3 × 0.5 mL of PBS to collect the BAL fluid. For differential BAL fluid cell counts, cytospin preparations were made and stained with May–Grünwald Giemsa reagents (Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). For histology, lungs were removed and immediately fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin (Bio-Optica Milano Spa, Milan, Italy) for 24 h. The fixed organs were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, sectioned into 3–4 μm, and stained with Periodic Acid-Schiff reagent (Abcam, Cambridge, UK). 3-IAld (Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy) was encapsulated into microparticles (2:1 Eudragit ® S100:L100 ratio with 30% w / w ETHOCEL std. 7 (Dow Chemical Company, Milan, Italy) in ethanol), as detailed . It was given orally at a dose of 18 mg/kg in 200 µL of PBS, a day before and a day post-infection and SP administration. Mice were sacrificed at 3 days post-infection. Infections were performed under isoflurane anesthesia, and all efforts were made to minimize suffering. Mouse experiments were performed according to Italian Approved Animal Welfare Authorization 360/2015-PR and Legislative Decree 26/2014, regarding the animal license obtained by the Italian Ministry of Health lasting for 5 years .
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057395_p6
|
39057395
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
2.2. SiRNA Design and Delivery
| 4.054688 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00022125244140625,
0.00018024444580078125
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.0010728836059570312,
0.0002903938293457031,
0.0000769495964050293
] |
Predesigned SiRNA against Ace2 (mm.Ri.Ace2.13.1) were purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT) (TEMA Ricerca Srl, Castenaso, Bologna, Italy). For in vivo experiments, each mouse received intranasal administration of 10 μg/kg unmodified SiRNA or equivalent dose of nonspecific control SiRNA duplex (scramble) in a volume of 20 μL of duplex buffer (IDT). Intranasal SiRNA was given the day before and the day after the infection.
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057395_p7
|
39057395
|
sec[1]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
2.3. TUNEL Staining
| 4.167969 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0005755424499511719,
0.0002827644348144531
] |
[
0.966796875,
0.031768798828125,
0.0011539459228515625,
0.0005059242248535156
] |
Sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated, and treated with 0.1 M citrate buffer, pH 6.0, for 20 min in a water bath at 95 °C, washed, and fixed in 4% buffered paraformaldehyde, pH 7.3, for 36 h. The sections were then washed and blocked in 0.1 M Tris/HCl buffer, pH 7.5, and supplemented with 3% bovine serum albumin and 20% FCS. The slides were then incubated with fluorescein-coupled dUTP and TUNEL enzyme (Roche Diagnostics SpA, Monza, Italy) in the presence of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. The samples were then washed with PBS, incubated for 10 min at 70 °C to remove unspecific binding. The sections were mounted and analyzed by fluorescent microscopy using a 20× objective.
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057395_p8
|
39057395
|
sec[1]/sec[3]/p[0]
|
2.4. Real-Time PCR
| 4.121094 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00021064281463623047,
0.00016605854034423828
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.0008068084716796875,
0.0003802776336669922,
0.00007897615432739258
] |
Real-time PCR was performed using the CFX96 Touch Real-Time PCR detection system and iTaq Universal SYBR Green Supermix (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). Organs were lysed and total RNA was extracted using TRIzol Reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and reverse transcribed with PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (Takara Bio. Inc., Kusatsu, Japan), according to the manufacturer’s directions. Amplification efficiencies were validated and normalized against β-actin. The thermal profile for SYBR Green real-time PCR was at 95 °C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles of denaturation for 30 s at 95 °C, and an annealing/extension step of 30 s at 60 °C. Each data point was examined for integrity by analysis of the amplification plot. The mRNA-normalized data were expressed as relative mRNA levels with respect to the control. The primers are listed in Table 1 .
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057395_p9
|
39057395
|
sec[1]/sec[4]/p[0]
|
2.5. Cytokine Determination by ELISA
| 3.824219 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002627372741699219,
0.0002570152282714844
] |
[
0.9931640625,
0.0055694580078125,
0.00127410888671875,
0.00018107891082763672
] |
Cytokine content was determined in lung homogenates by using specific ELISA kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions .
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999994 |
39057395_p10
|
39057395
|
sec[1]/sec[5]/p[0]
|
2.6. Cells, Infection, and Treatments
| 4.136719 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00034332275390625,
0.00017559528350830078
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0005483627319335938,
0.00027298927307128906,
0.0000813603401184082
] |
Vero (ATCC-CCl-81) E6 monolayer cells cultured in 96-well plates (3 × 10 4 cells/well) were exposed to 10 μM of unformulated 3-IAld (Sigma Aldrich) or 50 μM of the natural phytochemical , indole-3-carbinole (I3C) (Sigma Aldrich), or 10 μM of Remdesivir (Veklury ® , Gilead, Foster City, CA, USA) either 1 h before (prophylactic protocol) or 1 h after (therapeutic protocol) the infection with the SARS-CoV-2-B.1.1.7 variant of concern at a multiplicity of infection (MOI), defined as the ratio of agents (virus) to infection targets (cell), =0.001, using ATCC-formulated Eagle’s Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM) supplemented with heat-inactivated 2% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, and 1% penicillin–streptomycin. The B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 strain has been isolated from a nasopharyngeal swab of a symptomatic patient. The virus isolation was performed in the Biosafety Level 3 (BSL3) Virology laboratory at “Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital”, Perugia, Italy, as previously described . The compounds were dissolved to 10 mM in DMSO and then diluted in culture medium. DMSO (1 and 0.01% ( v / v )) was used as the control.
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057395_p11
|
39057395
|
sec[1]/sec[5]/p[1]
|
2.6. Cells, Infection, and Treatments
| 4.117188 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00028014183044433594,
0.00016927719116210938
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.001033782958984375,
0.00026917457580566406,
0.00009196996688842773
] |
RPMI 2650 (ATCC-CCL-30) cells were maintained in MEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% sodium pyruvate, GlutaMAX 4 mM, and 0.2% Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution. The cells were maintained at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO 2 . Cells were seeded on 6-well tissue culture plates and infected with the SARS-CoV-2 variant at an MOI = 0.001 after pre-treatment for 1 h with 10 μM of 3-IAld or 50 μM of I3C. Cells were assessed for viability and gene expression after 24 h of viral exposure. Experiments and sample processing were conducted in the BSL3 laboratory.
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057395_p12
|
39057395
|
sec[1]/sec[6]/p[0]
|
2.7. Plaque Reduction Assay
| 4.140625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0004124641418457031,
0.00017774105072021484
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0006175041198730469,
0.0003352165222167969,
0.00009810924530029297
] |
Supernatants’ viral titer was determined by plaque assay as previously described with some modifications. Vero E6 cells (600,000 cells/well) were seeded in a 6-well plate and incubated at 37 °C with 5% CO 2 for 24 h in EMEM supplemented with heat-inactivated 2% FBS and 2 mM L-glutamine. After incubation, the medium was removed and cells were infected with 500 µL of ten-fold serial dilution of the supernatants, rocking the plates every fifteen minutes. In the meanwhile, the overlay medium (complete medium with Agar 0.1%) was prepared and maintained in a 50 °C water bath. After 1 h of infection, the overlay medium (2 mL) was poured into each well and the plates were incubated for 3 days at 37 °C. Finally, the overlay was discarded, cells were fixed for 30 min with 4% formalin, and stained with 0.5% crystal violet. Viral titer was determined as plaque-forming units per ml (PFU/mL), considering wells with plaques ranging from 2 to 100. For each pool of supernatants, plaque reduction assay was performed in duplicate. Experiments were conducted in the BSL3 laboratory.
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057395_p13
|
39057395
|
sec[1]/sec[7]/p[0]
|
2.8. Cytopathic Effect Inhibition Assay
| 4.101563 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0003211498260498047,
0.0001729726791381836
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0003731250762939453,
0.0003292560577392578,
0.00007081031799316406
] |
Monolayers of Vero E6 cells growing in 96-well plates (3 × 10 4 cells/well) were exposed to 10 μM of 3-IAld or 50 μM of I3C in DMSO, 1 h before or 1 h after SARS-CoV-2 infection at an MOI = 0.001 using EMEM supplemented with heat-inactivated 2% FBS and 2 mM L-glutamine. DMSO (0.5 and 0.05% ( v / v )) was used as the control. Cell viability was measured 72 h later by a standard crystal violet staining assay, measuring the optical density (OD) at 595 nm. The extent of in vitro inhibition of SARS-CoV-2-driven cell damage was expressed as percentage of surviving cells.
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057395_p14
|
39057395
|
sec[1]/sec[8]/p[0]
|
2.9. Statistical Analysis
| 2.443359 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99755859375,
0.0005030632019042969,
0.0020351409912109375
] |
[
0.63232421875,
0.36328125,
0.003116607666015625,
0.0013093948364257812
] |
GraphPad Prism software 6.01 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) was used to determine the statistical significance. Significance was defined as p < 0.05. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was calculated by one-way ANOVA (Tukey’s or Bonferroni’s post hoc test) for multiple comparisons.
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057395_p15
|
39057395
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
3.1. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Worsens Aspergillus Infection in a Murine Model of CAPA
| 4.226563 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0003249645233154297,
0.0001519918441772461
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.000274658203125,
0.00040268898010253906,
0.00008779764175415039
] |
In order to establish a model of CAPA, we resorted to a surrogate model of SARS-CoV-2 infection , in which BALB/c mice are concomitantly exposed to A. fumigatus conidia and the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, either from the WT virus or the Δ variant . We found that the concomitant treatment with either form of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein significantly increased the fungal burden and worsened the lung histopathology while increasing neutrophil infiltration in the BAL . Treatments also increased the levels of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein receptor Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ( Ace2 ) expression in the lung and of IL-1β in the lung homogenate . Blocking ACE2 by the local delivery of SiRNA against Ace2 during the concomitant exposure to the Spike protein and Aspergillus conidia prevented the increased fungal burden and the ensuing inflammatory response , indicating that the binding of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein to its ACE2 receptor is mediating the worsening effect on the A. fumigatus infection.
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057395_p16
|
39057395
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
3.1. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Worsens Aspergillus Infection in a Murine Model of CAPA
| 4.023438 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00021648406982421875,
0.00018703937530517578
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0005984306335449219,
0.0004303455352783203,
0.00008338689804077148
] |
These results indicate that the concomitant treatment with SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and A. fumigatus conidia may represent a valuable model of CAPA whereby viral challenge increases the susceptibility to fungal disease.
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057395_p17
|
39057395
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
3.2. 3-IAld Protects against CAPA
| 4.128906 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00037550926208496094,
0.00015532970428466797
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002529621124267578,
0.0003769397735595703,
0.00008815526962280273
] |
Since the SPwt and the SPΔ variant of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein produced overlapping effects in our model of CAPA, subsequent experiments were performed only with the SPwt. In order to explore the potential therapeutic application of 3-IAld, BALB/c mice were exposed to A. fumigatus conidia and SPwt as above and treated with 3-IAld, formulated in microparticles for small intestine local delivery , 1 day before and 1 day after the viral and fungal challenge . Mice were sacrificed 3 days later and analyzed for fungal burden, lung histopathology, and IL-1β levels. We found that treatment with 3-IAld significantly reduced the fungal burden , improved the lung inflammatory pathology , reduced the number of TUNEL-positive apoptotic epithelial cells , and the IL-1β levels in lung homogenates . These results indicate that 3-IAld protects from inflammatory pathology and epithelial damage in fungal pneumonia.
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057395_p18
|
39057395
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
3.3. 3-IAld Restores Mucosal Homeostasis in CAPA via the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
| 4.183594 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002970695495605469,
0.00016701221466064453
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00025010108947753906,
0.000377655029296875,
0.00008428096771240234
] |
Since 3-IAld was locally administered in the intestine, where it is known to exert barrier-enhancing and anti-inflammatory effects , we also evaluated signs of inflammatory pathology in the colon. As expected, administration of 3-IAld prevented colon damage and reduced the number of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells in CAPA , indicating that 3-IAld is able to afford epithelia barrier protection locally and at distal sites. In line with 3-IAld being a ligand of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) , a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in the regulation of multiple physiological functions, including the regulation of the mucosal immune homeostasis , treatment with 3-IAld resulted in the up-regulation of the AhR target genes , Cyp1b1 , and the AhR repressor ( Ahrr ) in the lung, as already observed in the intestinal tract .
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057395_p19
|
39057395
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/p[1]
|
3.3. 3-IAld Restores Mucosal Homeostasis in CAPA via the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
| 4.046875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00024628639221191406,
0.0001798868179321289
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0004105567932128906,
0.0005445480346679688,
0.00007450580596923828
] |
Collectively, these results indicate that 3-IAld is able to protect against the epithelial damage and inflammatory effects caused by the combined viral and fungal challenge in murine CAPA.
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057395_p20
|
39057395
|
sec[2]/sec[3]/p[0]
|
3.4. 3-IAld Counteracts the SARS-CoV-2 Immunomodulatory Effects in Nasal Epithelial Cells
| 4.285156 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00036525726318359375,
0.0002148151397705078
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0001888275146484375,
0.00045871734619140625,
0.00009185075759887695
] |
While A. fumigatus conidia reach the lung alveoli owing to their small size , SARS-CoV-2 first interacts with ACE2 in the nasal mucosa, and only subsequently translocates to the lungs, likely by aspiration . Therefore, the nasal mucosa represents a critical barrier against SARS-CoV-2 infection and its integrity should be preserved to protect against viral entry . Based on these premises, we have resorted to RPMI cells, a human nasal epithelial cell line, infected with SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.1.7 variant of concern) to evaluate the potential effect of 3-IAld in the modulation of genes involved in the antiviral and inflammatory response. As a positive control, we used I3C, known for its antiviral activity including against SARS-CoV-2 . As shown in Figure 3 A,B, challenge with SARS-CoV-2 altered the number and morphology of RPMI cells while inducing the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 β. Interestingly, the effects induced by viral exposure were partially rescued by I3C and, even more, by 3-IAld. In particular, both I3C and 3-IAld reverted the viral-induced pro-inflammatory profile by reducing IL-1β production and increasing IL-10 , while potentiating the expression of the antiviral type I IFNs and 2′−5′-oligoadenylate synthetase ( OAS1 ) genes . In addition, both I3C and, even more, 3-IAld increased the expression of genes involved in the response to oxidative stress, such as Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma ( PPARG ), NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1 ( NQO1 ), and Heme Oxygenase 1 ( HMOX-1 ) .
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057395_p21
|
39057395
|
sec[2]/sec[3]/p[1]
|
3.4. 3-IAld Counteracts the SARS-CoV-2 Immunomodulatory Effects in Nasal Epithelial Cells
| 4.066406 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00017058849334716797,
0.00014257431030273438
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.0004343986511230469,
0.0007390975952148438,
0.0000776052474975586
] |
Altogether, these results indicate that 3-IAld is able to modulate the antiviral, inflammatory, and oxidative stress responses in the nasal epithelium, thus likely preventing the initial steps of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
39057395_p22
|
39057395
|
sec[2]/sec[4]/p[0]
|
3.5. 3-IAld Exerts Direct Antiviral Effects In Vitro
| 4.128906 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00031185150146484375,
0.00019109249114990234
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0001735687255859375,
0.00029587745666503906,
0.0000693202018737793
] |
Given the antiviral activity of indole derivatives containing an indole core framework , we tested whether 3-IAld could also directly have antiviral effects by inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication. For this reason, we resorted to VeroE6 cells, kidney epithelial cells extracted from an African green monkey, infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the presence or not of 3-IAld or I3C, each supplied either before or after viral exposure at a concentration found to be optimal . As a positive control, the broad-spectrum antiviral drug Remdesivir was used in parallel. As shown in Figure 4 A, both 3-IAld and I3C significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication and VeroE6 cell death in the prophylactic, but not therapeutic, protocol. In line with these observations, a prophylactic, but not therapeutic, administration of 3-IAld reduced the levels of the Open Reading Frame 8 ( Orf8 ) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase ( RdRp ) viral genes .
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
39057395_p23
|
39057395
|
sec[2]/sec[4]/p[1]
|
3.5. 3-IAld Exerts Direct Antiviral Effects In Vitro
| 4.066406 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0001760721206665039,
0.00014793872833251953
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.0004687309265136719,
0.000946044921875,
0.00007742643356323242
] |
Collectively, these results indicate that 3-IAld is potentially able to counteract the SARS-CoV-2 infection by modulating the expression of genes involved in mucosal protection and immune response, as well as by directly inhibiting viral replication.
|
[
"Marilena Pariano",
"Anna Gidari",
"Claudia Stincardini",
"Sara Pierucci",
"Sabrina Bastianelli",
"Matteo Puccetti",
"Stefano Giovagnoli",
"Marina M. Bellet",
"Consuelo Fabi",
"Roberto Castronari",
"Cinzia Antognelli",
"Claudio Costantini",
"Maurizio Ricci",
"Daniela Francisci",
"Luigina Romani"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070510
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
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