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PMC11278569_p27
|
PMC11278569
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
3.2. Wiring Procedure
| 2.625 |
biomedical
|
Study
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[
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After fabrication and support material removal, the chip’s capturing electrode is created via CNF deposition . The experimental chips are subjected to 10 CNF injection cycles, resulting in a functional distributed electrode. The development of the wiring can be visually seen in Figure 5 . Additional details on this process can be found in the relevant subsection of the Materials and Methods Section.
|
[
"Terak Hornik",
"Maxwell Terry",
"Michael Krause",
"Jeffrey K. Catterlin",
"Kevin L. Joiner",
"Samuel Aragon",
"Angelica Sarmiento",
"Yolanda Meriah Arias-Thode",
"Emil P. Kartalov"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070870
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278569_p28
|
PMC11278569
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
3.2. Wiring Procedure
| 4.183594 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
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The decision to use CNFs is made due to the electrical conductivity and biocompatibility of the CNFs, and the porosity of the resulting CNF matrix. Electrical conductivity is critical, as it allows the electrons to be captured and thus allows current to flow and electrical power to be extracted. Biocompatibility ensures that the CNF material is not toxic to the bacteria and allows the exoelectrogenic microorganisms to have a readily available terminal electron acceptor within microscopic distance to capture the electrons. The CNF matrix porosity allows the bacteria to move about throughout the wiring without being impeded. Porosity also allows for fluidic throughput, which is necessary to get the bacteria inside the microchannels and cycle them out if desired. Porosity is also what allows for the bacteria to be effectively inside the wiring, thus further decreasing the distance from electron emission to electron capture. This combination of features should contribute to the further improvements of the capture efficiency compared to previous 2D results and make more efficient use of the internal chip volume.
|
[
"Terak Hornik",
"Maxwell Terry",
"Michael Krause",
"Jeffrey K. Catterlin",
"Kevin L. Joiner",
"Samuel Aragon",
"Angelica Sarmiento",
"Yolanda Meriah Arias-Thode",
"Emil P. Kartalov"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070870
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278569_p29
|
PMC11278569
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sec[2]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
3.3. Electrical Characterization Results
| 2.884766 |
biomedical
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Study
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Understanding the electrical properties of the capturing electrode is highly important for the development of these devices. As such, electrical characterization is performed on the dry, wired chips before the introduction of bacteria. Figure 5 shows qualitative visible indications of progress with the CNF injections. Figure 4 A indicates the same progress quantitatively in terms of measured resistance decreasing with injection number.
|
[
"Terak Hornik",
"Maxwell Terry",
"Michael Krause",
"Jeffrey K. Catterlin",
"Kevin L. Joiner",
"Samuel Aragon",
"Angelica Sarmiento",
"Yolanda Meriah Arias-Thode",
"Emil P. Kartalov"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070870
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278569_p30
|
PMC11278569
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/p[1]
|
3.3. Electrical Characterization Results
| 3.197266 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
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As expected, the electrical resistance decreases with the deposition of more carbon to the channels. This results in resistances on the order of tens of k Ω after 10 injection cycles. Representative resistance measurements are recorded after each injection cycle of each chip. The individual data points shown in Figure 4 A are each an average of the four representative measurements taken on each comb chip. Figure 4 A shows a clear downward trend in resistance, indicating improvement in the conductivity of the wiring that spans several orders of magnitude.
|
[
"Terak Hornik",
"Maxwell Terry",
"Michael Krause",
"Jeffrey K. Catterlin",
"Kevin L. Joiner",
"Samuel Aragon",
"Angelica Sarmiento",
"Yolanda Meriah Arias-Thode",
"Emil P. Kartalov"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070870
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278569_p31
|
PMC11278569
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/p[2]
|
3.3. Electrical Characterization Results
| 4.101563 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
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Once the wiring process is complete, more thorough characterization is performed as shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7 . Measurements are taken of each channel on each chip (as opposed to four representative measurements per chip used for intermediate measurements) and then plotted as a function of the channel number . Since the channels do not share a uniform arclength, it is necessary to normalize the raw resistance to resistance per unit length by dividing the former by the length of the channel being measured. The arclength-normalized resistance is then inverted to calculate the conductivity of the microchannels . The final conductivity of each comb chip is shown with box-and-whisker plots , wherein an additional x shows the location of the mean.
|
[
"Terak Hornik",
"Maxwell Terry",
"Michael Krause",
"Jeffrey K. Catterlin",
"Kevin L. Joiner",
"Samuel Aragon",
"Angelica Sarmiento",
"Yolanda Meriah Arias-Thode",
"Emil P. Kartalov"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070870
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278569_p32
|
PMC11278569
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/p[3]
|
3.3. Electrical Characterization Results
| 4.011719 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
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[
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The CNF matrix is a 3D electrode distributed through the volume of the microchannel, whereas previous microfluidic work limited the electrode to a 2D substrate. As a result, the new system boasts a significantly reduced mean distance between any given bacterium and the closest point on the electrode. Previously decreasing this mean distance resulted in a 4× power density increase compared to earlier devices . It stands to reason that the 3D CNF distributed electrode could in principle further increase the resulting power density even when compared to the 2D microfluidic approach , while allowing for practical upscalability.
|
[
"Terak Hornik",
"Maxwell Terry",
"Michael Krause",
"Jeffrey K. Catterlin",
"Kevin L. Joiner",
"Samuel Aragon",
"Angelica Sarmiento",
"Yolanda Meriah Arias-Thode",
"Emil P. Kartalov"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070870
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278569_p33
|
PMC11278569
|
sec[2]/sec[3]/p[0]
|
3.4. Electrical Characterization Considerations
| 3.666016 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
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The distributed electrode importantly allows the emitted electrons to be captured efficiently independent of location by providing a path for the current to flow that is adjacent to the point they are emitted, with minimal impedance of fluidic throughput: (1) R wet = R W · R CNF R W + R CNF (2) R dry = R air · R CNF R air + R CNF (3) R wet ≅ R W · R dry R W + R dry
|
[
"Terak Hornik",
"Maxwell Terry",
"Michael Krause",
"Jeffrey K. Catterlin",
"Kevin L. Joiner",
"Samuel Aragon",
"Angelica Sarmiento",
"Yolanda Meriah Arias-Thode",
"Emil P. Kartalov"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070870
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
PMC11278569_p34
|
PMC11278569
|
sec[2]/sec[3]/p[1]
|
3.4. Electrical Characterization Considerations
| 3.859375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
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All electrical measurements are taken when the channel is dry; thus, they represent the combined conductivity of the CNF wiring and the air in the channel (see Equation ( 2 )). Because air is an electrical insulator, the measured overall dry conductivity is due to the conductivity of the CNF wiring. When the air is replaced with seawater, the overall conductivity of the channels is expected to increase roughly as suggested by the relationship shown in the equation. Equations (1)–(3) are based on the idea that the distinct materials in a microchannels electrical behave like resistors connected in parallel.
|
[
"Terak Hornik",
"Maxwell Terry",
"Michael Krause",
"Jeffrey K. Catterlin",
"Kevin L. Joiner",
"Samuel Aragon",
"Angelica Sarmiento",
"Yolanda Meriah Arias-Thode",
"Emil P. Kartalov"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070870
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278569_p35
|
PMC11278569
|
sec[2]/sec[3]/p[2]
|
3.4. Electrical Characterization Considerations
| 3.951172 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
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When seawater containing bacteria is loaded inside the channels, the seawater produces new conductive pathways. These added pathways introduce new paths of least resistance in the CNF network. Thus, the conductivity is enhanced beyond the prediction made by Equation ( 1 ), as they provide additional electrical pathways along the matrix structure as well as functioning as parallel resistors. This is generally beneficial. If it is assumed that there is no electrical interaction in the form of new pathways between the seawater and CNF wiring, then the combined resistance of the wet channel can be calculated with the parallel resistor model shown in Equation ( 3 ): (4) R dry ≅ R CNF
|
[
"Terak Hornik",
"Maxwell Terry",
"Michael Krause",
"Jeffrey K. Catterlin",
"Kevin L. Joiner",
"Samuel Aragon",
"Angelica Sarmiento",
"Yolanda Meriah Arias-Thode",
"Emil P. Kartalov"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070870
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278569_p36
|
PMC11278569
|
sec[2]/sec[3]/p[3]
|
3.4. Electrical Characterization Considerations
| 3.90625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
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In the equations, R W represents the resistance of the seawater in the channel. R wet represents the total resistance of the channel once seawater is loaded alongside the CNF wiring. R dry represents the empirically measured resistance of the CNF wired channel with air as the fluid surrounding the wiring. R air represents the resistance of the air inside the channel along with the CNFs. R CNF represents the theoretical resistance of only the distributed CNF wiring ignoring the effects of air. R CNF can be approximated as R dry by applying the condition that R air ≫ R CNF to Equation ( 2 ). Thus, R CNF as defined in Equation ( 1 ) can be approximated as the resistance of the dry channel due to the negligible effect the air will have. This results in the relations described by Equation ( 3 ).
|
[
"Terak Hornik",
"Maxwell Terry",
"Michael Krause",
"Jeffrey K. Catterlin",
"Kevin L. Joiner",
"Samuel Aragon",
"Angelica Sarmiento",
"Yolanda Meriah Arias-Thode",
"Emil P. Kartalov"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070870
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
PMC11278569_p37
|
PMC11278569
|
sec[2]/sec[3]/p[4]
|
3.4. Electrical Characterization Considerations
| 3.884766 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.89013671875,
0.000492095947265625,
0.10943603515625
] |
[
0.98876953125,
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0.00043773651123046875,
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If the initial assumption (that the seawater and the CNF wiring will conduct current fully independently of each other, in other words no new electrical pathways are formed) is not satisfied, R wet will be lower than Equation ( 3 ) predicts. This decrease could be due to the newly available paths of least resistance available by the change in breakdown voltage due to the change in fluid. Thus, R wet as calculated by the parallel resistor model described by Equation ( 3 ) can be thought of as an upper limit for the actual resistance of the channel when in use, thus forming a conservative estimate.
|
[
"Terak Hornik",
"Maxwell Terry",
"Michael Krause",
"Jeffrey K. Catterlin",
"Kevin L. Joiner",
"Samuel Aragon",
"Angelica Sarmiento",
"Yolanda Meriah Arias-Thode",
"Emil P. Kartalov"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070870
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278569_p38
|
PMC11278569
|
sec[2]/sec[3]/p[5]
|
3.4. Electrical Characterization Considerations
| 3.896484 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
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Using seawater as part of the conducting network could produce some electron loss and thus power loss due to local recombination. However, if this is performed over very short distances (like the distance from the bacteria to the nearest portion of the CNF wiring), the recombination probability is expected to be low. The overall result should be an even more efficient capture matrix than predicted by the measurements taken when the channel is dry as described by Equation ( 2 ) and plotted in Figure 4 , Figure 6 and Figure 7 . Thus, even higher capture efficiency, and thus even higher output power density, can be expected.
|
[
"Terak Hornik",
"Maxwell Terry",
"Michael Krause",
"Jeffrey K. Catterlin",
"Kevin L. Joiner",
"Samuel Aragon",
"Angelica Sarmiento",
"Yolanda Meriah Arias-Thode",
"Emil P. Kartalov"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070870
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278569_p39
|
PMC11278569
|
sec[2]/sec[4]/p[0]
|
3.5. MBMFC Device Overall Performance
| 4.089844 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
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Of the 10 MBMFC devices, 4 were rejected at the last minute due to clogged inlet ports. Therefore, six were selected to determine energy generation by indigenous bacteria from sediment. MBMFC whole cell potential and current were sampled at 10 min intervals during the laboratory experiments from 13 May 2024 to 28 May 2024 . Upon being placed in beakers, load potentials from five MBMFC devices began to rise within one day, demonstrating that bacteria were present and indicating that the comb chip’s microfluidic networks were becoming anaerobic. One MBMFC device failed to function for unknown reasons. Two MBMFC units were maintained at open circuit to serve as a control for the units to ensure that anaerobic conditions are possible within the units and that clogging does not occur. Acetate was added to one of the open circuit units (Acetate 1-Open Circuit), whereas Normal 1-Open Circuit served as the units where only a sediment slurry was added without the acetate as an additional food source.
|
[
"Terak Hornik",
"Maxwell Terry",
"Michael Krause",
"Jeffrey K. Catterlin",
"Kevin L. Joiner",
"Samuel Aragon",
"Angelica Sarmiento",
"Yolanda Meriah Arias-Thode",
"Emil P. Kartalov"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070870
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278569_p40
|
PMC11278569
|
sec[2]/sec[4]/p[1]
|
3.5. MBMFC Device Overall Performance
| 4.148438 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0003635883331298828,
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[
0.99951171875,
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] |
In Figure 8 A, the load of the open circuit units rises to ≈900 mV within this time-frame, showing that the units remained under anaerobic conditions. The other three tested units, Acetate 2, Acetate 3, and Normal 2 voltage, are dropped to ≈300 mV to generate power and maintained over the two-week experiment , suggesting the formation of microbial exoelectrogens within the MBMFC anodes capable of donating electrons for power generation. Over the two weeks, each MBMFC maintains a whole cell potential at or above the preset 350 mV potentiostat discharge potential. The current generated is normalized to power density, which shows mW L − 1 , to allow for future comparisons between other 3D devices. Figure 8 B,C show that Acetate 3 does not generate much power (on the order of 0.15 mW L − 1 ) and this is attributed to one of the used combs having higher internal biological resistance. However, when examining the Acetate 2 versus Normal 2 units, there is a greater difference in power generation: ≈ 1 mW L − 1 versus ≈ 2 mW L − 1 . This shows that there is a great potential for these comb chips and power generation, especially when a food source is added.
|
[
"Terak Hornik",
"Maxwell Terry",
"Michael Krause",
"Jeffrey K. Catterlin",
"Kevin L. Joiner",
"Samuel Aragon",
"Angelica Sarmiento",
"Yolanda Meriah Arias-Thode",
"Emil P. Kartalov"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070870
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278569_p41
|
PMC11278569
|
sec[2]/sec[4]/p[2]
|
3.5. MBMFC Device Overall Performance
| 3.96875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
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[
0.99169921875,
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] |
Three MBMFC devices, through harnessing the metabolic activity of microorganisms, efficiently converted organic matter into electrical current , demonstrating the MBMFC device’s potential as a renewable energy source. The cell’s electrodes facilitated the electron transfer process, enabling the microorganisms to oxidize organic compounds and generate electrical current. Notably, the MBMFC exhibited a powerful potential for electricity generation. Its eco-friendly nature, coupled with its ability to operate in diverse environmental conditions, underscores its promise as a viable solution for generating clean energy.
|
[
"Terak Hornik",
"Maxwell Terry",
"Michael Krause",
"Jeffrey K. Catterlin",
"Kevin L. Joiner",
"Samuel Aragon",
"Angelica Sarmiento",
"Yolanda Meriah Arias-Thode",
"Emil P. Kartalov"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070870
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278569_p42
|
PMC11278569
|
sec[3]/p[0]
|
4. Conclusions
| 3.53125 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
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[
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This work shows the potential of MBMFC for practical upscaling. Indeed, there are needed improvements and optimizations that remain. These include improvements to the wiring technique, fabrication process, modularity, microfludic network geometry and electrical attachment methods. At present, these units can be fabricated on the order of weeks using less human labor versus the typical assembly of BMFCs. Although the tests produce low power densities, this is still considered to be a significant improvement, as the ability to upscale is critical. With this characteristic met, true optimization work can begin. Additionally, forthcoming improvements should increase the output currents and thus the output power density. This opens up opportunities for these units to be connected as modules to achieve the increased power production needed to support remote sensors in small form factor battery recharging stations and other applications.
|
[
"Terak Hornik",
"Maxwell Terry",
"Michael Krause",
"Jeffrey K. Catterlin",
"Kevin L. Joiner",
"Samuel Aragon",
"Angelica Sarmiento",
"Yolanda Meriah Arias-Thode",
"Emil P. Kartalov"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070870
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278582_p0
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[0]/p[0]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.085938 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
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[
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) is a significant human pathogen capable of causing pulmonary disease with the potential to disseminate to various organs, presenting as an acute, chronic, or latent infection . Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is characterized by an enduring immune response to Mtb antigens without active tuberculosis (TB) manifestations, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) . Accurate diagnosis of latent TB is currently not achievable through a single test. Diagnosis of LTBI relies on detecting cellular immune responses to Mtb while reasonably excluding active TB . In low-incidence settings, public health strategies focus on identifying and treating LTBI to prevent potential reactivation leading to active and transmissible TB . Therefore, early diagnosis of LTBI patients is crucial for reducing morbidity and preventing onward transmission to vulnerable individuals.
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278582_p1
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[0]/p[1]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.394531 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
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[
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0.0009937286376953125,
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0.00040221214294433594
] |
In recent years, exosomes, small extracellular vesicles originating from diverse cell types, have demonstrated significant potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic agents based on their cargo composition . Exosomes contain characteristic proteins such as tetraspanin proteins CD9, CD63, and CD81, which are commonly located on exosome membranes and are involved in membrane fusion, signaling, and protein trafficking . Exosome biogenesis also involves ALIX, flotillin, and TSG101. MVB formation and ILV engulfment are facilitated by ESCRT and its associated proteins Hrs, flotillin, TSG101, and ALIX, which are frequently found in exosome cargo . Notably, exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as pivotal regulators in the immune response to Mtb infection . Consequently, exosomes offer a promising avenue for TB research, with studies revealing that exosomal miRNAs modulate host defenses against Mtb by influencing key signaling pathways during infection . Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that exosomes facilitate the transfer of mRNAs, enabling the exchange of phenotypic traits between cells and identifying potential TB biomarkers . Nevertheless, comprehensive exosomal RNA sequencing analysis in human clinical samples from LTBI individuals is scarce.
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278582_p2
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[0]/p[2]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.132813 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002942085266113281,
0.00017333030700683594
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0001804828643798828,
0.0006470680236816406,
0.00008374452590942383
] |
In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of exosomal RNA profiles from the plasma samples of individuals with LTBI and healthy controls (HCs). Our findings demonstrated distinct gene expression signatures within exosomes, suggesting that the Exo package reflects what is more highly present in the cell. Additionally, we utilized an in vitro model to mimic Mtb infection in THP1 macrophages and successfully validated the expression of miR-7850-5p, a candidate miRNA identified through screening. These results offer valuable insights into exosome dynamics during Mtb infection and shed light on the potential utility of exosomal RNAs as biomarkers for LTBI diagnosis.
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278582_p3
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
2.1. Patient Information and Sample Preparation
| 4.0625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0004432201385498047,
0.0001989603042602539
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00020456314086914062,
0.00021898746490478516,
0.0000673532485961914
] |
A total of 50 individuals were screened and categorized into two groups: a healthy control (HC) group consisting of 34 individuals and an LTBI group consisting of 16 individuals. Fresh whole-blood samples of 5 mL were collected in EDTA-coated anticoagulant tubes from the HCs and patients with LTBI. The samples were promptly centrifuged at 4 °C and 3000× g for 15 min to isolate the plasma. The plasma samples were then combined into pooled samples, with 8 individuals in each HC pool and 4 individuals in each LTBI pool (1 mL of plasma per pooled sample). Four biological replicate pools were prepared for each group. The participant demographic information is detailed in Table 1 .
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278582_p4
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
2.1. Patient Information and Sample Preparation
| 3.908203 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.000640869140625,
0.00018918514251708984
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0008115768432617188,
0.000270843505859375,
0.00010198354721069336
] |
An informed consent form, in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki, was signed by all participants, and the study protocol received approval from the Ethics Committee of Shan Xi University. The cohort comprised HIV-negative adults aged 18 years or older with no history of tuberculosis. LTBI was diagnosed in individuals by positive tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) results. The HC subjects were characterized by normal chest computed tomography (CT) scans and negative TST and IGRA outcomes.
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278582_p5
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
2.2. Exosome Isolation and RNA Extraction
| 4.152344 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00020062923431396484,
0.0001590251922607422
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0004754066467285156,
0.0004634857177734375,
0.00007134675979614258
] |
Exosomes were isolated from the plasma using differential ultracentrifugation as previously described . The isolated exosomes were measured via nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) using ZetaVIEW ® equipment (Particle Metrix, Munich, Germany). The morphological characteristics were observed using JEM-1400 TEM (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). The procedure for preparing the samples for TEM was as follows: exosome pellets were resuspended and deposited onto 200-mesh formvar carbon-coated nickel grids, then incubated with 50 mM glycine. Following blocking with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA), the specimens were treated with rabbit anti-human antibodies (anti-CD9 (SBI, Los Angeles, CA, USA), anti-CD81 (SBI, USA), anti-TSG101 (Abcam, Waltham, MA, USA), anti-calnexin (Abcam, USA), and anti-β-actin (Abclonal, Wuhan, China)). Subsequently, the samples were exposed to a goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody conjugated with protein A-gold particles (10 nm) (Bioss, Beijing, China), and subjected to negative staining with 3% phosphotungstic acid for 10 min .
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278582_p6
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
2.2. Exosome Isolation and RNA Extraction
| 4.082031 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.000164031982421875,
0.00017952919006347656
] |
[
0.99560546875,
0.003787994384765625,
0.0004973411560058594,
0.00012981891632080078
] |
The isolated exosomes were immediately used for total RNA extraction using RNAiso-Plus (TaKaRa, Dalian, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA concentration was measured using a Qubit ® RNA Assay Kit in a Qubit ® 2.0 Fluorometer (Life Technologies, Camarillo, CA, USA). RNA integrity was assessed using the RNA Nano 6000 Assay Kit of the Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 system (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) .
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278582_p7
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[1]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
2.3. Small RNA-Seq and Data Analysis
| 4.109375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0001844167709350586,
0.0002161264419555664
] |
[
0.9970703125,
0.00249481201171875,
0.00036025047302246094,
0.00010776519775390625
] |
Small RNA libraries were prepared, and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was conducted by BGI Genomics (Wuhan, China). Small RNAs ranging from 18 to 30 nucleotides in size were isolated using PAGE and ligated separately to 3′ and 5′ adapters. Next, the cDNAs derived from these purified small RNAs were synthesized through reverse transcription and amplified using PCR. The resulting PCR products underwent purification via PAGE and were denatured into single-stranded DNA.
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278582_p8
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[1]/sec[2]/p[1]
|
2.3. Small RNA-Seq and Data Analysis
| 4.257813 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0003094673156738281,
0.00017333030700683594
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0003147125244140625,
0.0006170272827148438,
0.00010836124420166016
] |
Single-stranded cyclized DNA molecules were generated through a circularization reaction and amplified into DNA nanoballs (DNBs) using rolling cycle amplification. High-quality DNBs were loaded onto patterned nanoarrays using a high-intensity DNA nanochip technique and sequenced via combinatorial probe-anchor synthesis. To ensure data quality, we filtered the raw sequencing data to remove low-quality tags, tags lacking a 3′ primer or insertion, tags contaminated with 5′ primers, poly-A, and tags shorter than 15 nucleotides to obtain clean tags. These clean tags were aligned to the reference genome and various small RNA databases (e.g., siRNA, miRBase, piRNA, and snoRNA) using Bowtie2-2.5.2 . Differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were identified using DESeq2 within the Dr. Tom Multi-omics Data Mining System developed by BGI. A significance threshold of q < 0.05 was applied to assess differential expression. Furthermore, target genes of validated DEmiRNAs were predicted using TargetScan and miRanda, and their molecular functions and pathways were analyzed using GO and KEGG analyses .
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278582_p9
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[1]/sec[3]/p[0]
|
2.4. Real-Time Quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)
| 4.074219 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00019598007202148438,
0.0001773834228515625
] |
[
0.998046875,
0.001453399658203125,
0.0003006458282470703,
0.0000890493392944336
] |
mRNA and DEmiRNA expression profiling was conducted using the LightCycler 480 II Real-Time PCR System (LightCycler, Indianapolis, IN, USA) with a MonAmp TM Universal ChemoHS Specificity Plus qPCR Mix (Monad, Wuhan, China) and a miRcute Plus miRNA qPCR Kit (SYBR Green) (Tiangen, Beijing, China). The qPCR protocol included an initial denaturation step at 95 °C for 15 min, followed by 45 cycles at 94 °C for 20 s and 60 °C for 34 s. All experiments were performed in triplicate.
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278582_p10
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[1]/sec[3]/p[1]
|
2.4. Real-Time Quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)
| 3.960938 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00015997886657714844,
0.00015807151794433594
] |
[
0.99755859375,
0.0018558502197265625,
0.0004775524139404297,
0.00009149312973022461
] |
The mRNA and miRNA expression levels were normalized to β-actin and U6, respectively. Relative quantification of the target genes and miRNAs was determined using the 2 −ΔΔCt method.
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278582_p11
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[1]/sec[4]/p[0]
|
2.5. Western Blot Analysis
| 4.09375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00020420551300048828,
0.00018262863159179688
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00031065940856933594,
0.0003039836883544922,
0.00006198883056640625
] |
Western blot analysis was employed to assess the protein-level expression of key molecules associated with SLC11A1 in Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-differentiated THP-1 macrophages following the overexpression of miR-7850-5p via transfection with a miR-7850-5p mimic or the downregulation of miR-7850-5p using a miR-7850-5p inhibitor.
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278582_p12
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[1]/sec[4]/p[1]
|
2.5. Western Blot Analysis
| 4.105469 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.000209808349609375,
0.0002295970916748047
] |
[
0.998046875,
0.0016832351684570312,
0.0003590583801269531,
0.00008499622344970703
] |
The transfected cells underwent lysis using a lysis buffer (Sigma, College Park, MD, USA). Following this, the lysates were subjected to separation via 10% SDS-PAGE and then transferred onto a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA). Subsequently, the membranes were blocked using 5% BSA in TBST (TBS with Tween 20) and incubated overnight at 4 °C with the primary antibodies anti-SLC11A1 and anti-β-actin . This was followed by incubation with specific horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (either goat anti-rabbit IgG or goat anti-mouse IgG ) for 1 h at 37 °C. Finally, protein bands were visualized through chemiluminescence utilizing SuperKing™ Hypersensitive luminescent ELC solution (Abbkine, Beijing, China). Quantitative analysis of the bands was carried out using ImageJ x64 1.8.0 software.
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278582_p13
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[1]/sec[5]/p[0]
|
2.6. Plasma-Derived Exosome Uptake by THP1 Cells
| 3.978516 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00020182132720947266,
0.0001856088638305664
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00038886070251464844,
0.0002601146697998047,
0.0000623464584350586
] |
Exosomes isolated from the plasma samples of both healthy individuals and LTBI patients were co-incubated with THP1 cells at 37 °C for 12 h. Then, the expression of the protein SLC11A1 was tested using Western blotting.
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278582_p14
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[1]/sec[6]/p[0]
|
2.7. In Vitro Cell Culture Model under Mtb-Specific Antigen Stimuli
| 4.082031 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002359151840209961,
0.00018739700317382812
] |
[
0.98876953125,
0.01045989990234375,
0.0005960464477539062,
0.00022840499877929688
] |
Mtb H37Ra was provided by Prof. Qian Gao (Fudan University, Shanghai, China). The THP1 cell line was cultured according to ATCC guidelines, utilizing RPMI 1640 (Gibco, New York State, NY, USA) supplemented with 10% FBS (Hyclone) and 1x penicillin (stock concentration = 100 U/mL) and streptomycin (stock concentration = 100 μg/mL). The cells were maintained in complete media at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO 2 .
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278582_p15
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[1]/sec[6]/p[1]
|
2.7. In Vitro Cell Culture Model under Mtb-Specific Antigen Stimuli
| 4.097656 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0003306865692138672,
0.00017154216766357422
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0003046989440917969,
0.00033593177795410156,
0.00007051229476928711
] |
THP1 cells were differentiated into macrophage-like cells by treating them with 5 ng/mL of PMA for 48 h. A total of 30 million THP1 cells per T-175 flask were differentiated in multiple flasks to cover all time points and strains. THP1 cells were infected with H37Ra at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10:1 (bacteria-to-cell ratio) for 10 h (P 2+ biosafety level). Subsequently, the infected cells were washed three times with PBS in preparation for subsequent experiments. Transfected THP1 cells were infected with Mtb at an MOI of 10 for 10 h and then lysed using 0.1% Triton-X 100 (Solarbio, Beijing, China). Serial dilutions of 10-fold and 100-fold were prepared and utilized for quantitative culture. Subsequently, 60 μL of each dilution was plated on Middlebrook 7H10 agar plates (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) supplemented with 10% OADC enrichment (BD, USA). Following a 2-week incubation, Mtb colonies were observed, and colony-forming units (CFUs) were calculated.
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278582_p16
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[1]/sec[7]/p[0]
|
2.8. Transfection of miR-7850-5p Mimic/Inhibitor in THP1 Cells
| 4.089844 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002002716064453125,
0.0001780986785888672
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0004820823669433594,
0.00028896331787109375,
0.0000655055046081543
] |
miR-7850-5p mimic and inhibitor at a final concentration of 50 nM, along with a miR-nonsense sequence control (NC), were synthesized by GenePharma (Shanghai, China) and transfected into THP-1 cells using Lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) for 48 h. miR-7850-5p mimics are double-stranded small RNA molecules designed based on the mature miRNA sequence and used to mimic the endogenous mature miRNA sequence, and miR-7850-5p inhibitors are a tool used to suppress the function of endogenous miRNA. miR-7850-5p and SLC11A1 mRNA levels were quantified using qRT-PCR, while SLC11A1 protein expression was assessed via Western blotting.
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278582_p17
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[1]/sec[8]/p[0]
|
2.9. Statistical Analysis
| 3.615234 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00017702579498291016,
0.0004229545593261719
] |
[
0.99072265625,
0.00814056396484375,
0.0009860992431640625,
0.00013744831085205078
] |
Statistical analyses were conducted using GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Normal variables were assessed using the two-tailed Student’s t -test and presented as mean ± standard deviation, while non-normally distributed variables were analyzed using nonparametric tests and reported as median with interquartile range. Spearman’s correlation analysis was employed to examine relationships between continuous variables.
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278582_p18
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
3.1. Patient Characteristics
| 3.541016 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0010395050048828125,
0.0003483295440673828
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0004515647888183594,
0.0001811981201171875,
0.00011587142944335938
] |
The recorded patient demographics were age, gender, smoking/drinking habits, educational background, and marital status. Table 1 shows that among the participants in the latent pulmonary TB group with positive IGRA results, there were 4 males and 12 females. Among the healthy individuals in the control group, there were 2 males and 32 females. The IGRA findings indicated a significant difference between the two groups in terms of sex ( p ≤ 0.01) ( Table 1 ).
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278582_p19
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
3.2. Isolation and Characterization of Plasma-Derived EVs
| 4.179688 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00031876564025878906,
0.000152587890625
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.00018870830535888672,
0.000690460205078125,
0.00009340047836303711
] |
We performed a comprehensive analysis of the isolation and characterization of exosomes, as well as small RNA sequencing of human plasma-derived EVs from individuals with LTBI and HCs. The initial exosome isolation and characterization procedures entailed a differential ultracentrifugation. Plasma-derived exosomes ranging in size from approximately 50 to 150 nm were examined using TEM and NTA. The TEM analysis validated the cup-shaped morphology of the plasma-derived exosomes . Western blotting analysis was employed to evaluate the presence of exosome markers in plasma-derived EVs from individuals with LTBI and HCs, revealing an enrichment of exosomal markers CD9, CD81, and TSG101. Importantly, exosomes isolated from human plasma samples were found to be free of calnexin, indicating the absence of endoplasmic reticulum protein contamination . In conclusion, pure exosomes were obtained via differential ultracentrifugation, laying the foundation for subsequent proteomics .
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278582_p20
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
3.3. Expression Panels of the Plasma Exosomes in the HC and LTBI Groups
| 4.128906 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00028777122497558594,
0.00030231475830078125
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0001844167709350586,
0.00018990039825439453,
0.000053048133850097656
] |
The data quality control and comparative analysis results are presented in Table S1 . The raw tag counts were 37, 748, and 736 in each sample. Clean data (clean tag counts) were obtained by excluding reads containing “N” and reads with a length <18 or >30. The proportion of clean tag counts was above 80.89%. More than 98.4% of the clean tag counts had Q20 (the proportion of bases with a Phred base quality score greater than 20, i.e., the proportion of read bases whose error rate is less than 1%). Based on the CPM (counts per million using the following formula: normalized expression = mapped read count/total reads × 1,000,000)-mapped fragment of each sample, the correlation coefficient (R 2 ) among the four pools or samples was determined assuming 16 individuals in the LTBI group as explained in Section 2.1 . This indicated a high level of similarity among the four biological replicates within each group .
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278582_p21
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/p[1]
|
3.3. Expression Panels of the Plasma Exosomes in the HC and LTBI Groups
| 4.082031 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002732276916503906,
0.00019562244415283203
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00017154216766357422,
0.0002605915069580078,
0.00006252527236938477
] |
To detect changes in miRNA expression in the plasma exosomes, a small RNA-Seq analysis was conducted using plasma exosomal miRNA samples isolated from four mixed plasma samples from the patients with LTBI and four mixed plasma samples from the healthy controls. As demonstrated in the volcano plot , 12 of the identified miRNAs exhibited differential expression, with 6 downregulated and 6 upregulated in LTBI patients . The mature sequences and precursors of 12 DEmiRNAs are presented in Table S2 .
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278582_p22
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[2]/sec[3]/p[0]
|
3.4. Transfer of Plasma-Derived Exosomes to THP1 Cells
| 4.125 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00024580955505371094,
0.00022423267364501953
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00019216537475585938,
0.00021350383758544922,
0.000060677528381347656
] |
To elucidate the mechanism of miR-7850-5p intercellular delivery, co-culture experiments were performed to determine whether exosomes and their contents could be internalized by THP1 cells after 12 h. The results indicated the entry of numerous exosomes into the THP1 cells accumulating around the nucleus after 12 h of co-cultivation. Further examination of the effects of plasma-derived exo-miR-7850-5p on the expression of SLC11A1 in THP1 cells involved isolating protein from co-cultured THP1 cells. A Western blot analysis demonstrated that the expression of SLC11A1 was inhibited upon incubation with exo-miR-7850-5p in THP1 cells, whereas the inhibition of miR-7850-5p promoted the expression of SLC11A1 .
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278582_p23
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[2]/sec[4]/p[0]
|
3.5. Bioinformatics Analyses of Exosomes in LTBI Patients
| 3.939453 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0001252889633178711,
0.00017571449279785156
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.0010433197021484375,
0.00037741661071777344,
0.00008207559585571289
] |
Based on the TargetScan and miRanda databases, a network diagram illustrating the interaction between differentially expressed miRNAs and target genes in exosomes was generated using Cytoscape 3.10.0 software ( Table S3 ). This diagram effectively depicts the interaction relationships of diverse miRNAs .
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278582_p24
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[2]/sec[4]/p[1]
|
3.5. Bioinformatics Analyses of Exosomes in LTBI Patients
| 4.1875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002541542053222656,
0.0001914501190185547
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0002168416976928711,
0.0005054473876953125,
0.00007236003875732422
] |
The analysis utilizing Gene Ontology (GO) categorized the outcomes based on biological processes (BPs), cellular components (CCs), and molecular functions (MFs) ( Table S4 ). For BPs, the target genes primarily participated in transcriptional regulation, protein phosphorylation, and other activities. Regarding MFs, the exosomal mRNA displayed enrichment in molecules with molecular binding properties. Concerning CCs, the exosomal mRNA exhibited enrichment in lysosomes, endosomes, and plasma membranes . The KEGG pathway analysis indicated the enrichment of target genes in pathways such as ferroptosis, MAPK signaling, and fatty acid metabolism ( Table S5 ) .
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278582_p25
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[2]/sec[4]/p[2]
|
3.5. Bioinformatics Analyses of Exosomes in LTBI Patients
| 3.953125 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00011104345321655273,
0.00014257431030273438
] |
[
0.9970703125,
0.0016145706176757812,
0.0012731552124023438,
0.00010281801223754883
] |
These analyses suggest that the identified target genes of the exosomal miRNAs will serve as a valuable resource for exosome research and underscore the necessity for further experimental assessment of the functions of these identified exosomal miRNAs in the physiology and pathophysiology of individuals with LTBI.
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
PMC11278582_p26
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[2]/sec[5]/p[0]
|
3.6. Validation of DEmiRNAs Using Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR)
| 4.054688 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00021779537200927734,
0.0002434253692626953
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00021946430206298828,
0.00036597251892089844,
0.000056684017181396484
] |
A comparison of the expression of these 12 miRNAs was performed between the qRT-PCR data normalized to U6 and those derived from small RNA-Seq. Strong concordance in expression patterns between small RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR was observed, which confirmed the reliability of the statistical criteria used in these analyses .
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999994 |
PMC11278582_p27
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[2]/sec[6]/p[0]
|
3.7. Expression Levels of SLC11A1 Regulated by miR-7850-5p in THP1 Cells
| 4.128906 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00023639202117919922,
0.00016891956329345703
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00019633769989013672,
0.0003314018249511719,
0.00006783008575439453
] |
To evaluate the effects of miR-7850-5p on SLC11A1 expression, we transfected miR-7850-5p mimics and their inhibitors into Mtb -uninfected and Mtb -infected THP1 cells. The results showed that miR-7850-5p mimics reduced SLC11A1 expression, while their inhibitors displayed the opposite effects, both in the Mtb -uninfected and Mtb -infected THP1 cells . Furthermore, the colony-forming unit counting assay demonstrated that miR-7850-5p increased intracellular Mtb survival, whereas the miR-7850-5p inhibitor decreased intracellular Mtb survival . Collectively, our results indicate that miR-7850-5p affects the intracellular survival of Mtb in THP1 by targeting SLC11A1.
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
PMC11278582_p28
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[3]/p[0]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.289063 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00034332275390625,
0.0001970529556274414
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.00020766258239746094,
0.0010366439819335938,
0.000102996826171875
] |
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and exosomes are known to carry proteins, mRNAs, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and play a key role in mediating various cellular and biological processes through intercellular communication between adjacent and distant cells . Recent analyses of small RNA sequences in different body fluids, including blood, leukocytes, plasma, serum, saliva, cell-free saliva, urine, and cell-free urine have revealed the presence of distinct miRNAs, tRNAs, and piRNAs . The proteins in EVs can participate in fundamental cellular processes, such as cell adhesion, structural dynamics, membrane fusion, metabolism, and signal transduction . EV-derived miRNAs can be delivered to target cells and regulate mRNA function. EVs can be secreted by the majority of mammalian cells and play a role in intercellular communication and dissemination. Studies have shown that EVs can induce the secretion of cytokines and tumor necrosis factor by macrophages, enhance the activity of natural killer cells, and facilitate antigen presentation . EVs also play a role in neural communication, with miRNAs from hypothalamic neural stem cell-derived EVs capable of attenuating the aging process . Moreover, EVs contribute to various reproductive and developmental processes, including gamete maturation, fertilization, and embryo implantation . In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of small RNAs based on RNA sequencing analysis of human plasma-derived EVs, focusing on ncRNAs, specifically miRNAs that were differentially expressed in LTBI patients compared to HCs. Twelve differently expressed miRNAs were identified; among these miRNAs, six were highly expressed in LTBI plasma-derived exosomes and six were lowly expressed relative to the healthy control group.
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278582_p29
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[3]/p[1]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.167969 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002601146697998047,
0.00016570091247558594
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0001761913299560547,
0.0008516311645507812,
0.00008225440979003906
] |
To further explore the mechanism of RNA packaging into exosomes under an infectious status, we performed functional and pathway analyses. Approximately 57 functional items were identified in the LTBI group compared to the HC individuals, including “axon guidance”, “AMPK signaling pathway”, “ferroptosis”, and “mTOR signaling pathway”. Interestingly, the KEGG pathway analyses suggested that SLC11A1 is involved in the AMPK signaling pathway, Ras signaling pathway, ferroptosis, MAPK signaling pathway, and fatty acid metabolism. Ferroptosis is a lipid peroxidation-driven and iron-dependent programmed cell death involved in multiple physical processes and various diseases . Recent research has indicated that the inhibition of iron death in macrophages reduces the bacterial burden and tissue necrosis caused by Mtb . Furthermore, clinical studies have demonstrated that TB patients receiving treatment with anti-iron death drugs, such as vitamin E or selenoenzyme, show improved treatment outcomes .
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278582_p30
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[3]/p[2]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.359375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0003077983856201172,
0.0001837015151977539
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0003485679626464844,
0.0003452301025390625,
0.00012165307998657227
] |
The SLC11A1 protein in macrophages and neutrophils is crucial for fighting pathogens like Mtb . It helps by moving certain metals in cells, starving bacteria, and making the environment hostile toward them . In mice, a functional Slc11a1 gene means survival from infections, while a faulty gene leads to deadly infections. Low SLC11A1 levels increase the risk of TB . Furthermore, SLC11A1 facilitates intracellular iron sequestration by mediating its translocation from the phagolysosome to the cytoplasmic compartment, thereby reducing the bioavailability of the metal for pathogens such as Mtb and restricting their proliferation . Here, SLC11A1 was predicted as a target gene for miR-7850-5p. In addition, the results of the current study showed that LTBI patients’ plasma exosomes carried miR-7850-5p to THP1, inhibiting the key iron death gene SLC11A1′s expression and promoting the intracellular survival of Mtb in THP1. Based on this, we hypothesize that miR-7850-5p promotes macrophage iron death by targeting SLC11A1, thereby exacerbating the bacterial burden and tissue necrosis caused by Mtb . However, the specific molecular mechanism upregulating miR-7850-5p during the process of Mtb infection needs to be studied further.
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278582_p31
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[3]/p[3]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.183594 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002582073211669922,
0.0001766681671142578
] |
[
0.9580078125,
0.0009427070617675781,
0.04095458984375,
0.00024437904357910156
] |
In the initial phase of tuberculosis, macrophages elicit a signature miRNA response during Mtb infection, detectable within plasma-derived exosomal fractions . Differential miRNA expression modulates intracellular signaling cascades implicated in the infection process . miRNA profiling elucidates the pathobiological underpinnings of LTBI and holds promise for advancing diagnostic and prognostic applications . An increasing number of studies have indicated that exosomes can transfer miRNAs to macrophages and regulate target genes. Variations in the exosomal miRNA content from plasma could serve as promising non-invasive biomarkers for the early identification of infectious states .
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278582_p32
|
PMC11278582
|
sec[3]/p[4]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.121094 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002161264419555664,
0.0001590251922607422
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00019741058349609375,
0.0004432201385498047,
0.00006783008575439453
] |
In conclusion, in this research, 12 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified in plasma-derived exosomes and confirmed via qRT-PCR using the same exosomes. Moreover, our results showed that plasma-derived exosomes promoted the intracellular survival of Mtb by transporting miR-7850-5p to directly inhibit SLC11A1 expression at the post-transcriptional level. Future studies should focus on identifying the underlying mechanisms of ferroptosis in the development of LTBI and TB.
|
[
"Xiaogang Cui",
"Hangting Meng",
"Miao Li",
"Xia Chen",
"Dan Yuan",
"Changxin Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071417
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278600_p0
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[0]/p[0]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.964844 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0010938644409179688,
0.000553131103515625
] |
[
0.11376953125,
0.87158203125,
0.01204681396484375,
0.00266265869140625
] |
Axillary osmidrosis (AO), commonly referred to as malodorous armpits, is a dermatological condition characterized by the emission of unpleasant odors from the underarm area. This condition primarily arises from the activity of the apocrine sweat glands, which are abundant in the axillary region . These glands secrete protein-rich sweat that is broken down by resident skin bacteria, leading to the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are the main cause of unpleasant odors .
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278600_p1
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[0]/p[1]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.84375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00017058849334716797,
0.0003230571746826172
] |
[
0.84619140625,
0.0267333984375,
0.126708984375,
0.000438690185546875
] |
The prevalence of AO varies significantly among populations and is influenced by various factors . Genetic predispositions play a crucial role in this process. Specific gene variants are associated with a higher incidence of this condition and are more common in certain populations . Hormonal fluctuations associated with puberty, stress, and the menstrual cycle can exacerbate apocrine gland activity, thereby increasing odor production. Furthermore, personal hygiene practices, such as the frequency of washing and use of underarm products, can significantly affect odor severity.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
PMC11278600_p2
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[0]/p[2]
|
1. Introduction
| 1.889648 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.86962890625,
0.004993438720703125,
0.12548828125
] |
[
0.0031719207763671875,
0.99560546875,
0.0011119842529296875,
0.000354766845703125
] |
Despite its nonthreatening nature to physical health, AO can severely affect an individual’s psychological and social well-being. Afflicted individuals may experience social embarrassment, reduced self-esteem, and a tendency to avoid close physical contact, potentially resulting in social isolation .
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
PMC11278600_p3
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[0]/p[3]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.898438 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.99169921875,
0.00510406494140625,
0.003326416015625
] |
[
0.003917694091796875,
0.0276641845703125,
0.9677734375,
0.0007910728454589844
] |
The current treatment modalities for AO vary in approach and effectiveness. Over-the-counter solutions, such as antiperspirants and deodorants, provide temporary relief by masking odors or inhibiting sweat production. More invasive interventions, such as botulinum toxin injections, directly target the sweat glands to decrease their secretion . Surgical procedures, including excision of sweat glands, offer a longer-lasting solution but carry greater risks and have variable success rates. Each treatment option presents unique limitations and potential side effects, underscoring the need for ongoing research to develop safer, more effective, and more sustainable alternatives.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278600_p4
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[0]/p[4]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.097656 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0017194747924804688,
0.00047397613525390625
] |
[
0.67041015625,
0.002666473388671875,
0.32568359375,
0.0011472702026367188
] |
This paper compares laser monotherapy and integrated liposuction with laser treatment over a six-month period. In addition, a review of the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of AO was presented. We will examine the current treatment modalities and their limitations as well as recent advances in treatment approaches. By exploring emerging research, we aim to better understand the genetic and molecular foundations of this condition and develop targeted therapies that address the root causes of AO without compromising skin integrity or patient safety. Through this retrospective comparative research and detailed exploration, we aim to illuminate the complexities of this often-overlooked condition and highlight the urgent need for advancements in treatment to improve the quality of life of affected individuals.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278600_p5
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
2.1. Study Design and Population
| 4.011719 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.5849609375,
0.412109375,
0.003238677978515625
] |
[
0.55908203125,
0.403564453125,
0.0039215087890625,
0.033416748046875
] |
Inclusion criteria included patients aged 18–60 years diagnosed with AO who had not responded to conservative treatments and were willing to undergo surgery. Exclusion criteria included patients with systemic diseases, history of keloid formation, or previous axillary surgery. Absolute indications included persistent and severe AO impacting the patient’s quality of life and social interactions. Contraindications included active infections in the axillary region, coagulopathy, and hypersensitivity to local anesthetics. This retrospective clinical study was conducted in a cohort of 30 patients (17 women and 13 men) who presented with AO and had an average age of 32.5 years. The participants were divided into two treatment groups: one undergoing laser-only surgery, and the other receiving combined laser treatment and liposuction surgery. The first group consisted of 18 patients (10 women and 8 men) who underwent laser treatment alone, whereas the second group consisted of 12 patients (7 women and 5 men) who underwent integrated liposuction following laser therapy.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278600_p6
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
2.2. Laser and Liposuction Procedures
| 4.117188 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99365234375,
0.005954742431640625,
0.00030231475830078125
] |
[
0.994140625,
0.004962921142578125,
0.00039839744567871094,
0.000560760498046875
] |
A Nd:YAG laser (Accusculpt; Lutronic Co., Goyang, Republic of Korea) emitting a 1444 nm wavelength was used for laser surgery. The surgical procedure was performed using methods described in our previous paper . The laser settings were standardized at a pulse rate of 40 Hz and energy output of 170 mJ. However, the total energy delivered and the duration of laser exposure were tailored to individual patient needs, with the total energy ranging from approximately 2000 J to 3400 J. The mean operating time for the first group, which underwent laser procedures alone, was approximately 45 min. In the integrated liposuction treatment group, liposuction was performed immediately following laser application to enhance the removal of the apocrine glands and fatty tissue. The mean operative time in the second group was 50 min.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278600_p7
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
2.2. Laser and Liposuction Procedures
| 4.019531 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.71044921875,
0.2880859375,
0.0015125274658203125
] |
[
0.26318359375,
0.403564453125,
0.00982666015625,
0.323486328125
] |
Liposuction was performed using cannulas with holes facing the skin to perform curettage of the apocrine glands. Two 5 mm incisions were made to ensure the overlap of the treated areas, minimizing the remaining apocrine glands. Approximately 5 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine was injected into the two incision sites, and 50 mL of tumescent solution was added for local anesthesia. The design and methods of liposuction are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 , respectively. The liposuction procedure typically lasts approximately 10 min, at which point the underarm hair naturally begins to fall, indicating the end of surgery. Laser treatment before liposuction facilitates smooth cannula insertion, allowing for a more comfortable surgical procedure with minimal effort. A Penrose drain was inserted, and a figure-8 wrap was applied using 4-inch elastic bandages to prevent hematoma formation. The bandages were removed, and the drain was removed after 1–2 days. The sutures were removed after one week.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278600_p8
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[1]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
2.3. Outcome Measures
| 3.949219 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.953125,
0.0460205078125,
0.0008325576782226562
] |
[
0.9931640625,
0.00487518310546875,
0.0008130073547363281,
0.001369476318359375
] |
The outcomes assessed were changes in the degree of malodor (DOM), patient satisfaction, and the incidence of postoperative complications. DOM was measured using a gauze test performed in the outpatient clinic before treatment, at follow-up sessions after surgery, and at 7 days, 1 month, and 6 months postoperatively. The severity of DOM was classified on a scale from 0 (no odor) to 4 (strong odor detectable without direct contact; Table 1 ) .
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
PMC11278600_p9
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[1]/sec[3]/p[0]
|
2.4. Additional Diagnostic Tests
| 4.09375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.94384765625,
0.0555419921875,
0.0006561279296875
] |
[
0.984375,
0.011810302734375,
0.0013113021850585938,
0.002716064453125
] |
The sweat area test, conducted using the Minor Starch Iodine Test, was used to evaluate the efficacy of the post-treatment sweat reduction . This involved applying a solution of iodine (1.5 g), castor oil (10 mL), and alcohol (100 mL) to the axillae, followed by dusting with cornstarch and exposure to an incandescent light bulb (500 W) at a distance of approximately 30 cm for 10 min, to facilitate the visualization of sweat production. The test was considered positive when the light-brown axillae turned dark purple owing to the formation of an iodine–starch complex. The area that tested positive in the patient’s axillary region was measured in cm 2 . Patient satisfaction was assessed using 4 grades: poor (0–25%), fair (26–50%), good (51–75%), and excellent (76–100%). Pain levels were quantitatively assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (maximum pain) and were recorded during surgery and on subsequent days post-surgery.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278600_p10
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[1]/sec[4]/p[0]
|
2.5. Safety Evaluation
| 2.46875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.8876953125,
0.1102294921875,
0.0020160675048828125
] |
[
0.873046875,
0.11334228515625,
0.00225067138671875,
0.01145172119140625
] |
To monitor the safety of the procedures, adverse reactions, such as burns, hematoma, infection, flap necrosis, partial hair loss, sensory loss, contracture, and thrombophlebitis, were systematically documented throughout the study.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278600_p11
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[1]/sec[5]/p[0]
|
2.6. Statistical Analysis
| 4.035156 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002467632293701172,
0.0004165172576904297
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00039076805114746094,
0.00021064281463623047,
0.00004082918167114258
] |
The data were analyzed using nonparametric methods owing to the ordinal nature of the DOM, satisfaction scores, and the potential non-normal distribution of pain scores. Continuous variables, such as DOM, satisfaction, and pain, were evaluated using the rank sum test, while categorical variables, including sweat area reduction and adverse effects, were analyzed using the chi-squared test. Since each participant had both right and left sides, all analyses were conducted to account for this clustered data structure. During this process, the Rao–Scott adjustment was applied to the chi-squared test. Statistical analyses were performed using the svytable and svyranktest functions of the survey package in R version 4.1.1.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278600_p12
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[2]/p[0]
|
3. Results
| 4.09375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.958984375,
0.040252685546875,
0.00075531005859375
] |
[
0.98876953125,
0.0084381103515625,
0.0008273124694824219,
0.0018796920776367188
] |
A total of 30 patients were enrolled in this comparative study. The patients enrolled in this study were divided into two groups. Group 1 comprised 18 patients, 44% of whom were male (n = 8) and 56% of whom were female (n = 10), with an average age of 32.9 years (SD = 13.9). Group 2 consisted of 12 patients, of which 42% were male (n = 5) and 58% were female (n = 7), with an average age of 30 years (SD = 15.39). Both groups were treated with a pulse rate of 40 Hz and an energy setting of 170 mJ. The mean total energy delivered was 2405.6 joules (SD = 417.9) on the right axillae and 2216.7 joules (SD = 355.2) on the left axillae for Group 1 and 2000 joules for both axillae in Group 2. The average procedure time was 45 min (SD = 11.6) for Group 1 and 50 min (SD = 4.4) for Group 2. The demographics and operative parameters of the 18 patients treated solely with laser therapy and the 12 patients who underwent liposuction following laser treatment are summarized in Table 2 .
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278600_p13
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[2]/p[1]
|
3. Results
| 3.833984 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99755859375,
0.0023040771484375,
0.00028395652770996094
] |
[
0.998046875,
0.00125885009765625,
0.00047206878662109375,
0.00026226043701171875
] |
The findings from the comparative study assessing the efficacy of 1444 nm laser monotherapy versus integrated liposuction in treating axillary osmidrosis are summarized in Table 3 .
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278600_p14
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[2]/p[2]
|
3. Results
| 4.152344 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9951171875,
0.004772186279296875,
0.0003390312194824219
] |
[
0.99755859375,
0.0014314651489257812,
0.0005898475646972656,
0.0002856254577636719
] |
A significant reduction in DOM was observed in both the treatment groups. Group 2, which was subjected to integrated liposuction, showed a mean DOM reduction of −2.13 ± 0.19, which was significantly greater than the −1.09 ± 0.23 reduction observed in the laser monotherapy group (Group 1, p = 0.002). Figure 4 shows the changes in DOM over time for the two groups, as recorded preoperatively, one month postoperatively, and six months postoperatively. The graph shows a significant reduction in malodor in both groups, with the error bars indicating the standard deviation for each measurement. Compared to Group 1, Group 2 exhibited a slightly greater and more stable reduction.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278600_p15
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[2]/p[3]
|
3. Results
| 4.148438 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.994140625,
0.005565643310546875,
0.0003466606140136719
] |
[
0.99755859375,
0.0016765594482421875,
0.0005908012390136719,
0.0003514289855957031
] |
There was a significant difference in sweat area reduction between the two groups, as determined by the sweat area test ( p = 0.012). In Group 2, with integrated liposuction, all 24 patients experienced a decrease in sweating, whereas in Group 1, with laser monotherapy, only 19 of the 30 patients reported a decrease. Figure 5 shows the changes in sweat area over time for the two groups, as recorded preoperatively, one month postoperatively, and six months postoperatively. The graph illustrates a significant reduction in the sweating area for both groups, with the error bars showing the standard deviation for each measurement. This visualization highlights the effectiveness of the treatments in reducing the area of sweating over the analyzed periods.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278600_p16
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[2]/p[4]
|
3. Results
| 4.113281 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.97900390625,
0.0204315185546875,
0.0008063316345214844
] |
[
0.99560546875,
0.0027675628662109375,
0.0009441375732421875,
0.0005254745483398438
] |
Patient satisfaction also improved significantly in both groups, with integrated liposuction (Group 2) reporting a greater mean increase in satisfaction of 2.08 ± 0.25 than did the laser monotherapy (Group 1) 1.13 ± 0.21, with a p -value of 0.006. Figure 6 shows the changes in patient satisfaction over time for the two groups, as measured preoperatively, one month postoperatively, and six months postoperatively. The graph clearly shows an improvement in satisfaction from the preoperative baseline in both groups, with Group 2 exhibiting a greater increase and maintaining better satisfaction over time.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278600_p17
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[2]/p[5]
|
3. Results
| 4.09375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9853515625,
0.01386260986328125,
0.0006628036499023438
] |
[
0.99560546875,
0.0032520294189453125,
0.0006999969482421875,
0.0004868507385253906
] |
Both groups experienced a reduction in pain levels two days postoperatively. Although the difference was not statistically significant between the groups, the pain rating was higher in the liposuction group. The integrated liposuction group, Group 2, reported a mean pain reduction of −17.9 ± 2.36, compared to −9.82 ± 4.57 in the laser monotherapy group, Group 1 ( p = 0.054).
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278600_p18
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[2]/p[6]
|
3. Results
| 4.140625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.984375,
0.01515960693359375,
0.0006761550903320312
] |
[
0.99462890625,
0.003871917724609375,
0.0008473396301269531,
0.0005321502685546875
] |
There were significantly fewer burns in the integrated liposuction group, with only 4 (16.67%) patients experiencing this complication, compared to 22 (61.11%) in the laser monotherapy group ( p = 0.025). There were no significant differences in swelling or contracture between the two groups. The percentage of patients without swelling was slightly higher in the integrated liposuction group (91.67%) than in the laser monotherapy group (88.89%); however, the difference was not statistically significant ( p = 0.799). Similarly, contracture rates were comparable between the groups ( p = 0.735).
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278600_p19
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[2]/p[7]
|
3. Results
| 4.097656 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99658203125,
0.00313568115234375,
0.00026035308837890625
] |
[
0.99755859375,
0.0010576248168945312,
0.0011882781982421875,
0.0002970695495605469
] |
This comparative study demonstrated that compared with laser monotherapy, integrated liposuction with 1444 nm laser therapy significantly improved the treatment outcomes of AO. The findings indicated that the combined approach achieved greater reductions in DOM, increased patient satisfaction, and effectively decreased sweat production, as evidenced by the significant results of the sweat tests. Statistically significant improvements were observed, with p -values ranging from 0.002 to 0.012 for primary outcome measures.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
PMC11278600_p20
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[2]/p[8]
|
3. Results
| 4.023438 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99658203125,
0.0028209686279296875,
0.0003826618194580078
] |
[
0.998046875,
0.0012807846069335938,
0.0005817413330078125,
0.00020182132720947266
] |
Moreover, compared to laser therapy alone, the integrated method significantly reduced the incidence of burns ( p = 0.025), suggesting a safer profile for the combined treatment. However, no significant differences were found in swelling or contracture between the two groups, indicating that liposuction did not increase the risk of these complications.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278600_p21
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[2]/p[9]
|
3. Results
| 2.548828 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.986328125,
0.01165771484375,
0.0022220611572265625
] |
[
0.98583984375,
0.01180267333984375,
0.0016727447509765625,
0.0008444786071777344
] |
Although pain was more pronounced in the integrated liposuction group, the difference was not statistically significant, suggesting that any increase in discomfort was offset by the enhanced effectiveness and safety of the combined approach.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278600_p22
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[2]/p[10]
|
3. Results
| 3.984375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.001132965087890625,
0.0003483295440673828
] |
[
0.98974609375,
0.0009698867797851562,
0.00926971435546875,
0.00020170211791992188
] |
Overall, the results indicate that compared with laser monotherapy, integrated liposuction combined with laser therapy significantly improves outcomes in terms of malodor reduction, patient satisfaction, and a lower rate of certain complications, such as burns. However, the differences in pain reduction and other complications, such as swelling and contracture, did not reach statistical significance.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278600_p23
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[3]/p[0]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.621094 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.000995635986328125,
0.0006089210510253906
] |
[
0.0357666015625,
0.853515625,
0.1085205078125,
0.002246856689453125
] |
Axillary osmidrosis (AO), which is characterized by an offensive odor from the underarm region, is a multifaceted pathophysiological process. This condition results from the interaction between apocrine gland secretions, bacterial metabolism, genetic factors, and hormonal influences . A deeper understanding of each component can aid the development of therapies and management strategies for this distressing condition.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278600_p24
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[3]/p[1]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.753906 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0007696151733398438,
0.0009975433349609375
] |
[
0.050445556640625,
0.93701171875,
0.01139068603515625,
0.0010824203491210938
] |
Apocrine glands are specialized structures predominantly located in the axillary and genital areas . Unlike eccrine glands, which primarily secrete water and salts, apocrine glands produce viscous, milky fluid rich in proteins, lipids, and steroids. This secretion is initially odorless but serves as a substrate for bacterial flora residing on the skin surface . The onset of apocrine gland function coincides with puberty, which explains why AO is typically absent until adolescence .
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278600_p25
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[3]/p[2]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.160156 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00015652179718017578,
0.00026535987854003906
] |
[
0.99072265625,
0.0009140968322753906,
0.00806427001953125,
0.00010216236114501953
] |
The transformation of apocrine sweat into malodorous compounds is predominantly mediated by the skin-resident bacteria. The bacterial species involved in this process include Corynebacterium , Staphylococcus , and Micrococcus spp. . These bacteria hydrolyze the lipids present in apocrine sweat into fatty acids and further degrade these compounds into smaller, volatile molecules, such as 3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid, which are primarily responsible for the characteristic odor associated with AO . Recent studies have emphasized the role of microbial diversity in the intensity and nature of the odor produced, indicating that individual variations in the skin microbiota could explain the differences in scent severity observed among individuals .
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278600_p26
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[3]/p[3]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.242188 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00015079975128173828,
0.00023686885833740234
] |
[
0.99658203125,
0.0007243156433105469,
0.0027637481689453125,
0.0000787973403930664
] |
One of the most significant determinants of AO is genetic variations, particularly in the ABCC11 gene . The allele responsible for the production of dry earwax, commonly found in East Asian populations, is also associated with a significant reduction in axillary body odor. Approximately 80–95% of East Asians carry at least one copy of this nonfunctional allele, which correlates with the reduced secretion of odoriferous compounds by the apocrine glands. In contrast, populations of European, African, and other descent typically have a functional allele that leads to wet earwax and more active apocrine sweat production, thereby predisposing them to a more pronounced axillary odor. Furthermore, genetic predispositions affect not only the production of odor but also its perception, with variations in olfactory receptor genes influencing how odors are detected and processed by individuals .
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278600_p27
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[3]/p[4]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.101563 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0003261566162109375,
0.0004916191101074219
] |
[
0.54736328125,
0.006771087646484375,
0.445068359375,
0.0005407333374023438
] |
Hormonal influences, especially androgens, significantly modulate the apocrine glands’ functions. Androgens increase the size and secretion in these glands. Fluctuations in hormone levels during different life stages, such as puberty, menstruation, and menopause, or conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can lead to changes in AO severity . The hormonal sensitivity of the apocrine glands explains why symptoms can vary over time and why men typically experience more intense symptoms than women. Activation of apocrine glands at puberty marks the onset of potential AO, which continues to evolve throughout an individual’s lifetime. Furthermore, a decline in hormone levels associated with aging may lead to fewer symptoms in older adults. However, this is not universally observed, because individual variations in hormonal balance, health status, and lifestyle can affect the progression and severity of the condition.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278600_p28
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[3]/p[5]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.064453 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0004591941833496094,
0.0017337799072265625
] |
[
0.268798828125,
0.716796875,
0.0133209228515625,
0.0010671615600585938
] |
Geographical factors, including climate and environmental conditions, significantly influence the epidemiology of AO. A warmer climate can exacerbate the perception of body odor owing to increased sweating, which provides more substrate for bacterial decomposition. Conversely, colder climates may reduce sweating but do not necessarily eliminate this condition, as odor-producing mechanisms remain active.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278600_p29
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[3]/p[6]
|
4. Discussion
| 2.169922 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.98486328125,
0.001964569091796875,
0.01340484619140625
] |
[
0.0237884521484375,
0.96923828125,
0.00628662109375,
0.0007004737854003906
] |
Cultural perceptions and hygiene practices play a critical role. In regions where body odor is socially stigmatized, there is a greater reporting of AO and a greater demand for medical interventions. Cultural norms influence not only the perception of the condition but also the willingness of individuals to seek treatment. Hygiene practices, such as the regular use of antiperspirants and bathing, can mitigate symptoms, but may also vary widely between different cultures and socioeconomic status.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278600_p30
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[3]/p[7]
|
4. Discussion
| 2.484375 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.990234375,
0.00701904296875,
0.0027008056640625
] |
[
0.00543212890625,
0.9716796875,
0.01959228515625,
0.003376007080078125
] |
AO is primarily recognized for its distressing clinical manifestation of persistent and strong body odor, which can persist even with rigorous hygiene practices . This condition extends beyond mere physical symptoms and significantly affects psychological well-being and social interaction. The complexity of its clinical manifestations necessitates comprehensive understanding to facilitate effective management and therapeutic approaches.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278600_p31
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[3]/p[8]
|
4. Discussion
| 2.660156 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9697265625,
0.0049896240234375,
0.025146484375
] |
[
0.0207672119140625,
0.84716796875,
0.13037109375,
0.0015726089477539062
] |
The psychosocial impact of AO has not yet been overlooked. Stigma associated with bad body odors can lead to significant psychological distress, including low self-esteem, anxiety, social withdrawal, and depression . Individuals may avoid social situations because of the fear of rejection or judgement, profoundly affecting their personal and professional relationships. This condition is frequently associated with a marked decrease in the quality of life, as patients navigate the challenges of managing a visibly unapparent but socially isolating condition.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
PMC11278600_p32
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[3]/p[9]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.871094 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99755859375,
0.002010345458984375,
0.0005583763122558594
] |
[
0.08392333984375,
0.6201171875,
0.292724609375,
0.0033283233642578125
] |
Various surgical methods have been developed to treat AO, each of which features specific techniques, benefits, and limitations. Among surgical options, laser sweep ablation (LSA) is notable because of its minimal invasiveness . It involves small incisions through which a laser fiber is inserted, and the laser energy is then delivered directly to the apocrine glands to destroy them and alleviate the subsequent malodor. This method is preferred because of its rapid recovery period.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278600_p33
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[3]/p[10]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.939453 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99609375,
0.0030612945556640625,
0.0009555816650390625
] |
[
0.045318603515625,
0.92919921875,
0.02398681640625,
0.0016584396362304688
] |
Another technique, liposuction-assisted odor-corrective surgery, integrates liposuction with procedures to correct odor, addressing both excessive apocrine gland production and malodor . Liposuction removes excess fat from the axillary region, which provides an environment for bacterial growth and contributes to the development of malodor. Following liposuction, additional procedures, such as gland excision or laser therapy, may be performed to address sweat gland activity and odor production.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278600_p34
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[3]/p[11]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.505859 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99560546875,
0.003704071044921875,
0.0008444786071777344
] |
[
0.04010009765625,
0.935546875,
0.0225677490234375,
0.001956939697265625
] |
Surgical excision of the apocrine glands in the axillary region is another approach for managing AO . This procedure involves removing the apocrine glands either through traditional surgical excision or minimally invasive techniques, such as endoscopic or subcutaneous excision. By removing the apocrine glands responsible for odor production, this method aims to permanently reduce the malodor. However, it requires a long recovery period and severe scarring, and the recurrence rate of osmidrosis is not significantly lower than that of other methods. Therefore, we do not recommend this approach.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278600_p35
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[3]/p[12]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.96875 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.9931640625,
0.005474090576171875,
0.0012378692626953125
] |
[
0.015869140625,
0.1387939453125,
0.841796875,
0.0037994384765625
] |
For those seeking nonsurgical options, botulinum toxin injections can be used to temporarily block sweat production in the axillae . The principle is to treat axillary bromhidrosis without traditional surgery, which can be a good method for reducing osmidrosis, requiring a short-term recovery period. The literature review indicates that botulinum toxin provides temporary relief from AO symptoms but may require repeated treatments . Botulinum toxin is injected into the skin of the axillary region, where it inhibits the release of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in sweat and apocrine gland activation. This results in decreased gland production and temporary malodor relief.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278600_p36
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[3]/p[13]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.564453 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99755859375,
0.0014934539794921875,
0.0010347366333007812
] |
[
0.022216796875,
0.9619140625,
0.0146636962890625,
0.0010194778442382812
] |
Microwave thermolysis is a relatively new AO treatment. This approach involves the application of microwave energy to the axillary skin, which selectively targets and destroys apocrine glands. Compared with traditional surgical techniques, a microwave-based device (miraDry system; MiramarLabs, Santa Clara, CA, USA) offers the advantages of being minimally invasive and providing good results with fewer side effects .
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278600_p37
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[3]/p[14]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.916016 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00031256675720214844,
0.0002601146697998047
] |
[
0.8046875,
0.0051116943359375,
0.1898193359375,
0.0005326271057128906
] |
Among innovations in treatment modalities, radiofrequency (RF) technology has emerged as a significant method. Fractional microneedle radiofrequency (FMR) devices specifically deliver energy to the deep dermal layers through insulated microneedles, sparing the epidermis from damage . These devices were initially proven to be efficacious in the management of wrinkles, acne scars, and enlarged pores. Oh et al. achieved promising outcomes in the treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis (PAH) using fractional microneedle radiofrequency (FMR) treatment (Infini TM ; Lutronic, Goyang, Republic of Korea) . Although PAH and osmidrosis differ in their clinical presentation, they frequently coexist. Consequently, it appears viable to explore the application of the FMR technology in the treatment of osmidrosis.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278600_p38
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[3]/p[15]
|
4. Discussion
| 2.691406 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9013671875,
0.093017578125,
0.005401611328125
] |
[
0.0020351409912109375,
0.9931640625,
0.0024242401123046875,
0.0023670196533203125
] |
Each surgical method for AO has its own benefits, risks, and outcomes. The choice of technique depends on factors such as the severity of the condition, patient preferences, and expertise of the surgeon. It is essential that patients discuss their treatment options with a qualified healthcare provider to determine the most suitable approach for their individual needs.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278600_p39
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[3]/p[16]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.978516 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0014772415161132812,
0.00027823448181152344
] |
[
0.90771484375,
0.0211181640625,
0.07025146484375,
0.0007290840148925781
] |
Compared with these methods, standalone laser treatment is typically less invasive, resulting in less skin damage. Patients treated with lasers generally experience a shorter recovery period and less postoperative pain. They also tend to have a lower likelihood of complications, making them safer. However, laser treatment alone may not provide a permanent solution, and there is a possibility of recurrence. In the laser treatment alone group, there were patients who did not respond, indicating a higher recurrence rate with laser monotherapy. The effectiveness of the treatment can vary significantly among individuals owing to differences in the skin tissue response. This recurrence is considered to be the greatest disadvantage of laser treatment alone.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278600_p40
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[3]/p[17]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.931641 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9970703125,
0.0022678375244140625,
0.0006260871887207031
] |
[
0.18408203125,
0.414306640625,
0.398681640625,
0.00287628173828125
] |
By contrast, combining laser surgery with liposuction often provides more durable and comprehensive outcomes. Liposuction removes excess tissue, whereas laser treatment diminishes the activity of apocrine glands, yielding lasting results. Liposuction may reduce the likelihood of malodor recurrence by extracting fat tissue surrounding the apocrine glands. Liposuction is a surgical procedure that carries the risks of complications and skin damage. Additionally, when both procedures are performed concurrently, the recovery period may be prolonged, and surgical expenses can increase.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278600_p41
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[3]/p[18]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.982422 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.98486328125,
0.01416778564453125,
0.0008339881896972656
] |
[
0.634765625,
0.237548828125,
0.1234130859375,
0.004199981689453125
] |
Selecting an appropriate treatment for AO requires careful consideration of individual patient factors, such as symptom severity, lifestyle, and personal preferences, as well as the surgeon’s expertise and available technology. It is crucial for patients to understand the potential outcomes, risks, and benefits of each option in order to make well-informed decisions. The cost is a critical factor in treatment selection. While the initial cost of the combined procedure might be higher due to the involvement of both laser and liposuction equipment, the improved patient satisfaction, reduced need for repeat procedures, and lower complication rates can lead to overall cost savings in the long term. Additionally, the shorter recovery period associated with our method can reduce indirect costs, such as time off work and associated healthcare expenses.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278600_p42
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[3]/p[19]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.136719 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.001190185546875,
0.00017452239990234375
] |
[
0.99755859375,
0.0005230903625488281,
0.0019445419311523438,
0.00021517276763916016
] |
This study has several limitations, such as the small sample size, relatively short observation period, insufficient liposuction standardization, and the inability to assess malodor in ordinary days. The primary reason for the limited sample number was the strict inclusion criteria. We conducted an analysis of surgical outcomes among patients at university hospitals, where the number of surgeries for axillary hyperhidrosis is limited. We acknowledge that the small sample size may restrict generalizability and suggest that concurrent liposuction and laser therapy could be a promising alternative for refractory axillary hyperhidrosis. Future studies could benefit from a multicenter approach to increase the sample size and strengthen the findings. We agree that a six-month follow-up may not be sufficient to evaluate long-term outcomes and complications adequately. Challenges in maintaining patient participation beyond six months influenced our study’s design, initially set for a six-month duration. We acknowledge the need for extended follow-up (one to two years) in future research to assess treatment durability and late-onset complications. There is a pressing need for ongoing research to enhance the existing treatments and develop new technologies. Recent progress in genetics and microbiome studies promises more targeted approaches that could address the root causes of excessive sweating and malodor more effectively. Collaborative efforts among dermatologists, plastic surgeons, and researchers are vital for advancing treatment protocols and improving the outcomes of patients with AO.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278600_p43
|
PMC11278600
|
sec[4]/p[0]
|
5. Conclusions
| 3.791016 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99755859375,
0.0016508102416992188,
0.0006589889526367188
] |
[
0.0458984375,
0.64794921875,
0.3037109375,
0.002166748046875
] |
Integrated liposuction with laser therapy offers a more effective and potentially safer alternative for treating axillary osmidrosis (AO), providing long-lasting relief from symptoms and a greater degree of patient satisfaction. Future research should focus on optimizing these techniques to further improve the safety and efficacy of treatment and explore the potential for even less invasive options that could provide similar benefits.
|
[
"Jae Hoon Jeong",
"Chongsoo Park"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071151
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278612_p0
|
PMC11278612
|
sec[0]/p[0]
|
Introduction
| 3.216797 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99609375,
0.00339508056640625,
0.0006594657897949219
] |
[
0.045806884765625,
0.9462890625,
0.005321502685546875,
0.0027313232421875
] |
Worldwide incidence of traumatic spine fractures is reported to be 10.5 cases per 100,000 persons, with the lumbar spine segment being the most affected, followed by the thoracic and cervical segments . Therefore, thoracolumbar fractures (TLFs) are among the most common spinal injuries in Emergency Departments (EDs).
|
[
"Joana Araújo de Azevedo",
"Carolina Garcez Martins",
"Nuno Oliveira",
"Pedro Varanda",
"Bruno Direito-Santos"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bas.2024.102855
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278612_p1
|
PMC11278612
|
sec[0]/p[1]
|
Introduction
| 2.332031 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99267578125,
0.0037593841552734375,
0.003337860107421875
] |
[
0.022430419921875,
0.9736328125,
0.0017518997192382812,
0.00205230712890625
] |
TLFs can be associated with injuries with different severity levels . About 50% cause deformity, instability, or neurological deficits .
|
[
"Joana Araújo de Azevedo",
"Carolina Garcez Martins",
"Nuno Oliveira",
"Pedro Varanda",
"Bruno Direito-Santos"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bas.2024.102855
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278612_p2
|
PMC11278612
|
sec[0]/p[2]
|
Introduction
| 2.966797 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.97021484375,
0.0277862548828125,
0.002044677734375
] |
[
0.017242431640625,
0.953125,
0.0246124267578125,
0.004974365234375
] |
Currently, the main decision-making factor in the therapeutic strategy is the assessment of fractured spine stability or the presence of neurological deficits . Controversy persists in those cases with normal neurologic status which could have an unfavorable, but preventable, evolution due to an insufficiently evaluated degree of instability.
|
[
"Joana Araújo de Azevedo",
"Carolina Garcez Martins",
"Nuno Oliveira",
"Pedro Varanda",
"Bruno Direito-Santos"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bas.2024.102855
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278612_p3
|
PMC11278612
|
sec[0]/p[3]
|
Introduction
| 2.771484 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.98779296875,
0.008758544921875,
0.00337982177734375
] |
[
0.0037136077880859375,
0.9931640625,
0.0009641647338867188,
0.00197601318359375
] |
The Posterior Ligament Complex (PLC) is one of the most important structures in stabilizing the spine . When injured, it is associated with late spinal deformity, persistent pain and may also lead to neurological deficit .
|
[
"Joana Araújo de Azevedo",
"Carolina Garcez Martins",
"Nuno Oliveira",
"Pedro Varanda",
"Bruno Direito-Santos"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bas.2024.102855
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278612_p4
|
PMC11278612
|
sec[0]/p[4]
|
Introduction
| 3.541016 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99267578125,
0.006290435791015625,
0.0008540153503417969
] |
[
0.017303466796875,
0.9736328125,
0.0067138671875,
0.002361297607421875
] |
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is currently the best imaging modality available to assess PLC integrity . However, it is associated with higher costs and longer duration, and it is not available in all centers and countries equally. It can be challenging in patients with pacemakers or other incompatible devices, namely metallic implants, and is not feasible in polytraumatized patients, who often have associated multi-organ lesions and unstable hemodynamic status .
|
[
"Joana Araújo de Azevedo",
"Carolina Garcez Martins",
"Nuno Oliveira",
"Pedro Varanda",
"Bruno Direito-Santos"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bas.2024.102855
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278612_p5
|
PMC11278612
|
sec[0]/p[5]
|
Introduction
| 3.820313 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99658203125,
0.002529144287109375,
0.0007681846618652344
] |
[
0.030059814453125,
0.8935546875,
0.07391357421875,
0.0023899078369140625
] |
Computed Tomography (CT) is a quick exam that overcomes some of the limitations inherent to MRI, being considered an integral part of trauma assessment protocol . It is an accurate exam in the diagnosis of vertebral fractures, with a sensitivity of near 100 percent for the thoracolumbar spine, and widely considered the gold standard in the evaluation of bone structures . However, PLC injury is still difficult to assess on CT.
|
[
"Joana Araújo de Azevedo",
"Carolina Garcez Martins",
"Nuno Oliveira",
"Pedro Varanda",
"Bruno Direito-Santos"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bas.2024.102855
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278612_p6
|
PMC11278612
|
sec[0]/p[6]
|
Introduction
| 2.181641 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9921875,
0.00103759765625,
0.006725311279296875
] |
[
0.80419921875,
0.045928955078125,
0.1485595703125,
0.001125335693359375
] |
Although studies focusing on the combined analysis of parameters have already been carried out, they report limitations due to the small sample size, the non-objective definition of the measurement parameters, or the choice of inclusion and exclusion criteria .
|
[
"Joana Araújo de Azevedo",
"Carolina Garcez Martins",
"Nuno Oliveira",
"Pedro Varanda",
"Bruno Direito-Santos"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bas.2024.102855
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |