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PMC11278760_p16
|
PMC11278760
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
3.1. Skin Mucus Composition and Diversity Analysis
| 4.203125 |
biomedical
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Study
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The number of skin mucus bacteria that are unique to each experimental group was regulated by stocking density, as shown in the PERMANOVA beta-diversity test (F = 7.405, R 2 = 0.35, p < 0.001). Such microbiota differentiation was also evidenced by discriminant analysis that separated the three experimental groups with a correct classification of all individuals in each group . The fitted PLS-DA model was statistically validated (R2Y (cum) = 99%; p < 0.05; Q2 (cum) = 82%; p < 0.05), explaining the two first components, 43.76% and 44.13% of the total variance. The fit of the PLS-DA model was validated by a permutation test . The resulting bacteria with significant VIP values (≥1) were 284 ( Table S2A ), which comprised almost the totality of the skin mucus bacteria taxa. After LEfSe analysis, the bacterial taxa with discriminant value were reduced to six genera, five of them belonging to Proteobacteria ( Alteromonas , Massilia , Pseudomonas , Bradyrhizobium , and Photobacterium ) and one to the Firmicutes ( Staphylococcus ) phyla . At a closer look, a higher abundance of Alteromonas and Massilia was observed to be present in HD fish, while Pseudomonas was highly represented in MD fish. Conversely, Staphylococcus , Bradyrhizobium , and Photobacterium were overrepresented in LD fish.
|
[
"Socorro Toxqui-Rodríguez",
"Paul George Holhorea",
"Fernando Naya-Català",
"Josep Àlvar Calduch-Giner",
"Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla",
"Carla Piazzon",
"Jaume Pérez-Sánchez"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071360
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278760_p17
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PMC11278760
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
3.2. Skin Mucus Correlation Network
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The results of the assessment of fish appearance, blood stress markers, and liver and muscle gene expression are described in Holhorea et al. . Despite the over-representation of Alteromonas and Massilia in the skin mucus of HD fish, correlation network analysis evidenced an opposite trend for these two bacteria with the increase in stocking density . An increased abundance of Alteromonas in HD fish was concurrent with an enhanced hepatic expression of growth ( igf1 , igf2 ), lipid metabolism ( cyp7a1 ), and oxidative metabolism-related stress markers ( cs , cox1 ). Conversely, a higher abundance of Massilia in the skin mucus of HD fish was concurrent with the up-regulated expression of seven genes related to growth ( ghr1 , ghr2 , igf2 ), antioxidant defense ( grp170 , grp75 ), and energy metabolism ( sirt1 , hif1α ), all of which (except ghr1 ) were up-regulated in HD fish in comparison to MD/LD fish. This integrative approach also rendered a different behavioral pattern, in which Alteromonas abundance and low plasma cortisol levels appeared related to depressed activity and respiratory rates (reactive behavior) that might contribute to preserving growth at high stocking densities through transcriptionally mediated changes at the hepatic (systemic) level. In addition, a higher abundance of Massilia was directly or ultimately correlated ( p < 0.05) with the regulation of different biological processes at the local level (white skeletal muscle), which was concurrent with a proactive behavior (increased activity and respiratory rates) with increased signs of skin erosion due to the competition for available space and the distributed feed. Its changes in abundance were also related to other bacterial changes, which rendered an increased abundance of Bradyrhizobium , Pseudomonas , and Photobacterium in combination with a lower representation of Staphylococcus . Data on bacterial taxa for correlation analysis can be found in Table S3B .
|
[
"Socorro Toxqui-Rodríguez",
"Paul George Holhorea",
"Fernando Naya-Català",
"Josep Àlvar Calduch-Giner",
"Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla",
"Carla Piazzon",
"Jaume Pérez-Sánchez"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071360
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278760_p18
|
PMC11278760
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
3.3. Intestinal Microbiota Composition and Diversity Analysis
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The Illumina MiSeq rendered 5.6 million raw reads (202,428 mean reads per sample) that were taxonomically assigned at a mean rate of 54% ( Table S1B ). Rarefaction curves approximated saturation and showed good coverage of the bacteria community , allocated in seven phyla and 23 families with more than 0.5% abundance in at least one experimental group. Richness estimates (Chao 1 and ACE) and alpha diversity (Shannon and Simpson) indexes were not significantly altered by the different stocking densities . In all experimental groups, the dominant phyla were Proteobacteria (25–65%), Actinobacteria (21–48%), Firmicutes (9–18%), and Bacteroidetes (1.5–2%). Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum in the MD and LD groups, while the Actinobacteria phylum was overrepresented in the HD group . At the family level, the abundance of the Pseudonocardiaceae family ( Actinobacteria phylum) increased to 20% with the highest stocking density, decreasing below 5% in the MD and LD groups. Likewise, the Bacillaceae _1 family belonging to the phylum Firmicutes significantly increased its abundance (7.8%) in comparison to MD/HD fish (3.9–3.0%). Conversely, the Proteobacteria family’s Reyranellaceae and Pseudomonadaceae (4.5% and 1.14% in total) were less abundant in HD fish than in MD/LD fish (24–12% and 7.4–3.6% in total) .
|
[
"Socorro Toxqui-Rodríguez",
"Paul George Holhorea",
"Fernando Naya-Català",
"Josep Àlvar Calduch-Giner",
"Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla",
"Carla Piazzon",
"Jaume Pérez-Sánchez"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071360
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278760_p19
|
PMC11278760
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/p[1]
|
3.3. Intestinal Microbiota Composition and Diversity Analysis
| 4.175781 |
biomedical
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Variations in intestinal microbiota composition with fish stocking were also evidenced by changes in beta-diversity (PERMANOVA beta-diversity test, F = 3.472, R 2 = 0.22, p < 0.001). Such microbiota differentiation was reinforced by discriminant analysis, and the two first components of the fitted PLS-DA, putting together MD/LD fish, explained 91% of the observed variance (R2Y(cum), p < 0.05) and 65% of the predicted variance (Q2 (cum), p < 0.05) . The fit of the PLS-DA model was validated by a permutation test . The number of bacteria taxa with significant VIP values (≥1) was 29 ( Table S2B ), representing more than 71% of the total bacteria population. LEfSe analysis identified the increased abundance of the Prauserrella genus ( Actinobacteria ) in concurrence with the decrease of Reyranella ( Proteobacteria ) as the most characteristic intestinal microbiota feature of our high density stocked fish .
|
[
"Socorro Toxqui-Rodríguez",
"Paul George Holhorea",
"Fernando Naya-Català",
"Josep Àlvar Calduch-Giner",
"Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla",
"Carla Piazzon",
"Jaume Pérez-Sánchez"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071360
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278760_p20
|
PMC11278760
|
sec[2]/sec[3]/p[0]
|
3.4. Intestinal Wide-Transcriptomic Analysis
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biomedical
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A total of ~1823 million PE reads were obtained by RNA-seq, with an average of ~61 million reads per sample. After bioinformatic analysis (trimming, filtering, and mapping), ~90% of the total reads were mapped against the reference genome ( Table S1C ). A total of 6150 differentially expressed (DE) transcripts were retrieved by DESeq2 analysis, and the subsequent discriminant analysis separated the three experimental groups with a correct classification of all individuals in each group . The resulting PLS-DA model was statistically validated (R2Y(cum) = 99%, p < 0.05; Q2 (cum) = 90%, p < 0.05), explaining the two first components more than 47.38% and 46.38% of the total variance. The fit of the PLS-DA model was validated by a permutation test . This separation was driven by 2813 transcripts with significant VIP values (≥1) ( Table S2C ), which disclosed four different expression patterns after K-means clustering: Cluster A, 800 transcripts (699 UD) with the highest expression in LD; cluster B, 1103 transcripts (997 UD) with the highest expression in MD; cluster C, 222 transcripts (210 UD) with a gradual increase in expression with the rise of the stocking density (LD < MD < HD); cluster D, 688 transcripts (594 UD) with the highest expression in HD .
|
[
"Socorro Toxqui-Rodríguez",
"Paul George Holhorea",
"Fernando Naya-Català",
"Josep Àlvar Calduch-Giner",
"Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla",
"Carla Piazzon",
"Jaume Pérez-Sánchez"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071360
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278760_p21
|
PMC11278760
|
sec[2]/sec[4]/p[0]
|
3.5. Intestinal Mucus Correlation Network
| 4.300781 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
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To understand the biological processes in which the DE transcripts within each cluster might be involved, an enrichment analysis was performed ( Table S4 ). The enriched GO-BP terms were displayed and clustered in eight supra-categories: response to stimulus (189 transcripts), RNA metabolic process (8 transcripts), circadian rhythm (31 transcripts), immune system and disease (125 transcripts), lipid metabolic process (9 transcripts), regulation of molecular function (16 transcripts), cell development and differentiation (21 transcripts), and regulation of protein localization (9 transcripts) . Focusing on the most abundant GO-BP supra-category, “Response to stimulus”, DE transcripts within 16 GO-BP terms were significantly correlated with at least one bacteria taxa of discriminant value (VIP ≥ 1) . Filtering by Reyranella and Prauserella , Spearman correlations ( p < 0.01) disclosed a complex correlation network where up to eight genes implicated in the response to hormones ( urbr5 , sstr2 , seh1l , erfe , ppp1rgb , f7 , ahcy , and mlst8 ) interacted in the network and were negatively correlated with Reyranella , whereas up to three genes ( rictor , fzd9 , acsl1 ) related to TOR signaling, Wnt signaling, and fatty acid metabolism were positively correlated. In contrast, seven genes ( hmgb , ufsp2 , ubb , bckdhb , lgmm , bnip3l , and kdm4a ) mainly related to response to hormones, abiotic stimulus, and hypoxia were negatively correlated with Prauserella , while 29 genes mainly related among other processes to response to steroid hormone and organic cyclic compounds were positively correlated. Besides, Reyranella and Prauserella nodes were interconnected by five DE transcripts ( ncoa6 , glb1 , kdr , acsl1 , nlrp3 ), which served to interrelate an overall stimulatory rather than suppressive gut transcriptomic response with the increase in high stocking densities . Such a feature, triggered, in turn, an over-representation of DE genes belonging to K-means Cluster A and Cluster C/D in the gut microbiome-host transcriptome network. Of note, neither Prauserella nor Reyranella displayed significant correlations with liver or muscle DE expressed genes with the changing stocking density. Data on bacterial taxa for correlation analysis can be found in Table S3B .
|
[
"Socorro Toxqui-Rodríguez",
"Paul George Holhorea",
"Fernando Naya-Català",
"Josep Àlvar Calduch-Giner",
"Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla",
"Carla Piazzon",
"Jaume Pérez-Sánchez"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071360
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278760_p22
|
PMC11278760
|
sec[3]/p[0]
|
4. Discussion
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biomedical
|
Study
|
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High stocking densities and limited O 2 availability are prevalent aquaculture stressors with negative impacts on animal survival and productivity that become aggravated by higher temperatures . Certainly, thermal stress increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and their negative effects in broilers and pigs are greater in fast-growing animals than in slow-growing animals with lowered mitochondrial and metabolic rates . This improved thermo-tolerance with the decrease of basal metabolism is extensive to farmed fish, which makes the reduction of feed intake with high stocking densities, mild hypoxia, or thermal stress an adaptive response in nature . Besides, the mitigating effects of a given drawback stressor serve to alleviate the negative impact of the other concurrent stressors. Hence, the impaired growth of gilthead sea bream in the range of 10–20 kg/m 3 was avoided by maintaining the water O 2 concentration above 55–70% saturation level . In this way, the stocking density can be increased up to 36–44 kg/m 3 without any evident drawback effect on gilthead sea bream growth performance when the water O 2 concentration is maintained above 100% saturation , which is indicative of the complexity of the responses arising from crowding and hypoxia stress in fish . This notion is supported at the transcriptional level by a tissue-specific orchestration of the stress response that reflects the different metabolic capabilities of each tissue as well as the nature and intensity of the hypoxic and crowding stress stimuli . This is reinforced by the improvement of swimming performance by mild-hypoxia pre-conditioning through a muscle transcriptome reprogramming that persisted, at least in part, during a subsequent 3-week normoxia recovery period . The association of high stocking density with changes in behavioral traits has also been established in gilthead sea bream, and it was noticeable that the perception of a higher competence for the available feed increased social cohesion among individuals . Besides, the study of Holhorea et al. displayed a growth-regulatory transition from systemic to local growth regulatory mechanisms, which might support proactive instead of reactive behavior. How these changes in behavioral traits can be driven or not by changes in the skin or gut microbiome is discussed below based on a host-16S rRNA-transcriptomics correlation network analysis.
|
[
"Socorro Toxqui-Rodríguez",
"Paul George Holhorea",
"Fernando Naya-Català",
"Josep Àlvar Calduch-Giner",
"Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla",
"Carla Piazzon",
"Jaume Pérez-Sánchez"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071360
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278760_p23
|
PMC11278760
|
sec[3]/p[1]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.257813 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
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Experimental evidence in humans and animals shows that abnormal behavior is partly driven by changes in gut microbiota composition within the phylum Firmicutes, resulting in increased pro-inflammatory and lactic acid-producing bacteria and decreased butyrate-producing bacteria . This gut dysbiosis is now recognized as a robust welfare marker, leading to efforts to establish a healthy core microbiota across organisms, particularly in farmed fish . However, these efforts are challenged by the high variability of microbial composition within and among different populations. New approaches become necessary to overcome this variability and properly assess microbial dynamics . The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized the study of complex microbial communities, with third-generation sequencing further advancing this field . Third-generation sequencing enables cost-effective, real-time long-read sequencing, allowing for the use of the full 16S rRNA gene as a reliable phylogenetic marker . Despite lower per-read quality accuracy (92–93%), long-read sequencing often results in lower taxonomic ambiguity compared to Illumina MiSeq V3-V4 amplified short-reads . Optimized primer sets with the ONT MinION long-read sequencer have shown better resolution in discriminating human gut bacteria . However, using the ONT commercial 16S Barcoding Kit can mask low-abundant but important taxa (e.g., Actinobacteriota and Bacteroidota) in gilthead sea bream gut microbiota compared to Illumina MiSeq results . Therefore, our study used both Illumina MiSeq for intestinal microbiota and an in-house ONT sequencing system for mucosal skin microbiota.
|
[
"Socorro Toxqui-Rodríguez",
"Paul George Holhorea",
"Fernando Naya-Català",
"Josep Àlvar Calduch-Giner",
"Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla",
"Carla Piazzon",
"Jaume Pérez-Sánchez"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071360
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
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PMC11278760_p24
|
PMC11278760
|
sec[3]/p[2]
|
4. Discussion
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biomedical
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Study
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Earlier studies in fish have demonstrated that skin mucus has evolved as a metabolically active tissue with important roles in respiration, ionic and osmotic regulation, excretion, locomotion, communication, sensory perception, thermal regulation, and immunological defense, among others . Thus, in many species, including gilthead sea bream, it has been proven that several biochemical markers (e.g., cortisol, glucose, lactate, alkaline phosphatase, transaminases) of skin mucus changed significantly under acute and chronic stress . Besides, different proteomic and multi-omics approaches integrating the skin tissue and mucus layer have identified several responsive markers reflecting the activation or inhibition of cell protein turnover and exudation machinery following overcrowding, hypoxia, and/or repeated exposure to a fast series of automated stressors . Likewise, focusing on a microbial approach, Tapia-Paniagua et al. highlighted that the presence of skin ulcers provides microenvironments that perturb both the mucus composition and microbial biodiversity, making farmed fish more vulnerable to diseases. There is also now evidence that repeated air exposure over 4 weeks alters the composition of the skin microbiota in gilthead sea bream , with an increased abundance of Pseudoalteromonas , Rubritalea , and other bacteria taxa from the Actinobacteria phylum. Conversely, in our crowding/hypoxia stress model, bacteria taxa from the Actinobacteria phylum were largely underrepresented in HD and MD fish, while Proteobacteria , followed by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes , were largely the most abundant phyla in all the studied fish groups. Moreover, after LEfSe filtering, five out of the six most discriminant bacteria taxa belonged to the Proteobacteria phylum, making the increased abundance of Alteromonas and Massilia a characteristic feature of HD fish in our experimental model, whereas the other three Proteobacteria ( Staphylococcus , Bradyrhizobium , and Photobacterium ) were overrepresented in LD fish as a main distinctive feature. Despite this, comparisons with this and other skin microbiota studies are difficult, if not impossible, due to differences in sequencing platforms, fish strains, developmental stage, rearing system, nutritional condition, and nature and intensity of stress stimuli, among other biotic and abiotic sources of variation. In any case, from this and previous studies across farmed fish and wild fish populations inhabiting different geographical locations, it appears that the over-representation of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota phyla is a main characteristic feature of the fish skin microbiota , though the relative proportion of each bacteria phylum can remain highly variable.
|
[
"Socorro Toxqui-Rodríguez",
"Paul George Holhorea",
"Fernando Naya-Català",
"Josep Àlvar Calduch-Giner",
"Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla",
"Carla Piazzon",
"Jaume Pérez-Sánchez"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071360
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
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PMC11278760_p25
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PMC11278760
|
sec[3]/p[3]
|
4. Discussion
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|
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At a closer look, Alteromonas species are large bacteria that can degrade and utilize a broad spectrum of organic substrates. They can also produce and secrete a variety of extracellular enzymes contributing to the hydrolysis of biopolymers, including polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which makes these bacteria members of the marine master recycler . Likewise, Massilia is widely present in wild and farming aquatic environments , with species of this bacteria taxon showing an increased capacity for degrading high aromatic compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) . Moreover, correlation analysis indicates that these two bacterial taxa were mutually exclusive in our HD fish despite their averaged over-representation at the high stocking density, which would be indicative that the changing Alteromononas / Massilia ratio represents different dynamic stages of skin microbiota competition and assembly. In that sense, integration of 16S rRNA sequencing with other multi-omics data on behavior, growth performance, and tissue-specific gene expression helped us in assessing the flow of information from one omics level to another, being indirectly correlated herein with the increased abundance of Massilia with proactive behavior and a transition towards muscle/locally regulated growth, while systemic growth regulation via the liver Gh/Igf system was related to a persistent reactive behavior that was coincident with a skin mucus predominance of Alteromonas over Massilia . The varying contribution of systemic (via liver Gh/Igf axis) and local growth-promoting actions on global growth are indicative of a different welfare condition and metabolic readjustment of the endocrine-growth cascade through season, development, and in response to a broad range of stressor stimuli . As stated before by Holhorea et al. , the way in which the growth-regulatory mechanisms are driven by a different threshold level of O 2 sensors requires further warrant, though it is noteworthy that the expression of hif1α , a master regulator of hypoxia-mediated responses, was more sensitive to the changing crowding and hypoxic condition in muscle than in liver. Taken together, these findings also reveal potential bidirectional interactions between microbiota and behavioral responses, which would serve to provide a means of regulating an animal’s physiological state through adjusting interactions with the environment. However, caution should be taken when inferring a causal relationship in the absence of controlled trials that test the effects of probiotics and/or microbial transplants on behavioral and physiological responses . In any case, animal welfare science must expand its scope and methodological approaches to encompass the investigation of positive welfare states alongside possible sources of suffering . Only then will we be able to judge when and how we might intervene in wild and farmed animals’ lives in a reliable manner.
|
[
"Socorro Toxqui-Rodríguez",
"Paul George Holhorea",
"Fernando Naya-Català",
"Josep Àlvar Calduch-Giner",
"Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla",
"Carla Piazzon",
"Jaume Pérez-Sánchez"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071360
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278760_p26
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4. Discussion
| 4.378906 |
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From our results, it is also conclusive that the intestinal microbiota of gilthead sea bream was more resilient than the skin microbiota to crowding and hypoxia stimuli, which was consistent with the notion of a tissue-specific susceptibility of mucosal microbiota to a given environmental stressor. Thus, overall available data show that fish external mucosa frequently signal changes to temperature and diseases, whereas the gut microbiota is severely affected by antibiotic treatments and salinity . This would also be the case in the present study, in which the magnitude of changes at the intestine level was less evident than those found on the skin. By contrast, previous studies have evidenced that the gut microbiota of gilthead sea bream is highly regulated by diet and host genetics . Despite this, in the present study, it was noteworthy that the abundance ratio of Reyranella / Prauserella dramatically decreased with the increase in stocking density and limited O 2 availability. Such a feature was the result of the opposite trend of Reyranella and Prauserella , which rendered a low and high abundance of these bacteria genera in HD fish, respectively. Importantly, the bacteria taxa of the genus Reyranella have been previously described as abundant and stable taxa in gilthead sea bream, regardless of genetic background . Besides, Reyranella has been related to the production of phenazines, which are known to possess broad-spectrum antibiotic activity against diverse fungal, bacterial, and oomycete plant pathogens . Less explored is the genus Prauserella , though its presence has been reported in a marine environment , and members of its taxonomic family ( Pseudonocardiaceae ) were related to the production of many nutritional factors and a broad range of secondary metabolites, including antibiotics, enzymes, and bioactive compounds . In that sense, both Reyranella and Prauserella can be considered beneficial for the preservation of intestinal function and health in challenged gilthead sea bream, though it appears that their relative contribution to metabolic homeostasis is largely altered by the environment.
|
[
"Socorro Toxqui-Rodríguez",
"Paul George Holhorea",
"Fernando Naya-Català",
"Josep Àlvar Calduch-Giner",
"Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla",
"Carla Piazzon",
"Jaume Pérez-Sánchez"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071360
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
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4. Discussion
| 4.46875 |
biomedical
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Study
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[
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0.0004582405090332031,
0.00023627281188964844
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.0003273487091064453,
0.0007719993591308594,
0.0001552104949951172
] |
The key role of intestinal health and function becomes reinforced by a transcriptional integrative approach, which highlights the relevance of the connection of Reyranella and Prauserella with a number of DE genes fitting to the response to stimulus-enriched supra-categories. Importantly, this host-gut microbiota system interaction drives a stimulatory rather than a suppressive transcriptional response that would involve four ( nlrp3 , kdr , glb1 , ncoa6 ) out of five genes acting as interconnectors of the Reyranella and Prauserella nodes. The exception was the acsl1 gene, a key lipid metabolism enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form, acyl-CoAs; thus, it is suppressed expression in HD fish would serve to maintain monocytes and macrophages responsiveness following exposure to pro-inflammatory molecules produced after infection with gram-negative pathogens at a low threshold level . The nlrp3 inflammasome system is also involved in maintaining the stability of the gut’s immune system, and its enhanced expression in our HD fish would be viewed as an activated sensor that ultimately protects the body from damage and pathogen insults . Conversely, both kdr and ncoa6 act as main regulators of epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation , and their interconnection with the Reyranella / Prauserella system highlighted the contribution of gut microbiota in the regulation of mucosal cell turnover in environmentally challenged fish. This is also extended to other adaptive stress responses involving the up-regulated expression of glb1 , which has been related to improved resistance to abiotic stressors .
|
[
"Socorro Toxqui-Rodríguez",
"Paul George Holhorea",
"Fernando Naya-Català",
"Josep Àlvar Calduch-Giner",
"Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla",
"Carla Piazzon",
"Jaume Pérez-Sánchez"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071360
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278760_p28
|
PMC11278760
|
sec[4]/p[0]
|
5. Conclusions
| 4.132813 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00028395652770996094,
0.00046539306640625
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00013887882232666016,
0.0004737377166748047,
0.00005120038986206055
] |
The interconnection between fish microbiome and stress responsiveness is a growing area of research that is now considered vital to ensuring the development of sustainable and welfare-oriented aquaculture practices. In that sense, the results of the present study aimed to infer new laboratory and operational welfare indicators for increased stress resilience in the context of rising temperatures and intensive rearing conditions to cover the increasing demand for seafood-sustainable aquaculture products. It is noteworthy that high stocking densities, in conjunction with limited O 2 availability, were associated with changes in both skin and intestinal mucosal microbial populations, though the skin appears especially responsive to environmental changes. In that sense, correlation networks allowed us to link skin microbial changes to a certain type of behavior and growth regulatory system, while the changes observed at the intestinal level would contribute to preserving intestinal function and integrity, maintaining highly regulated immune responses, and epithelial cell turnover, among other important physiological processes.
|
[
"Socorro Toxqui-Rodríguez",
"Paul George Holhorea",
"Fernando Naya-Català",
"Josep Àlvar Calduch-Giner",
"Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla",
"Carla Piazzon",
"Jaume Pérez-Sánchez"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071360
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
PMC11278772_p0
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[0]/p[0]
|
1. Introduction
| 2.644531 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.1383056640625,
0.0007076263427734375,
0.86083984375
] |
[
0.30712890625,
0.6787109375,
0.01367950439453125,
0.0007672309875488281
] |
The generation of overabundant activated sludge is unavoidable with the widely used activated sludge process in wastewater treatment. With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, vast waste activated sludge, as a by-product containing complex pollutants, have originated from wastewater treatment plants worldwide . These large quantities of sludge commonly contain over 90% water. Deep dewatering (to reduce the water content less than 75%) can significantly decrease the mass and volume of sludge for subsequent treatment and disposal . Thus, different kinds of methods such as sludge dewatering , thermal drying , and granulation for fuel preparation have been employed to realize sludge reduction. Among the currently available sludge reduction methods, sludge dewatering is an important option for saving energy and improving effectiveness.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278772_p1
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[0]/p[1]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.125 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.962890625,
0.00119781494140625,
0.0360107421875
] |
[
0.849609375,
0.002307891845703125,
0.1478271484375,
0.00026154518127441406
] |
The findings of existing research show that the rheological properties, particle size, microstructure and porosity, surface charge and repulsive energy, and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are important factors influencing sludge dewatering . However, the composition of sludge is complex, and the surface charge of sludge particles is negative due to the wrapping by EPS . EPS hinders the conversion of non-free water molecules to free water molecules, where large amounts of non-free water molecules are wrapped by organic matter around sludge particles and cannot convert into free water molecules . Mechanical dehydration such as pressure filtration, vacuum filtration, and centrifugation, cannot effectively destroy EPS in sludge and is prone to introduce blocking in the filter cake due to the compressibility of the sludge particles, making the entire dehydration process less efficient . Nowadays, physical conditioners and chemical conditioners are widely used before mechanical dehydration; in most cases, the addition of a physical conditioner leads to flocculation or coagulation induced by a chemical conditioner. Physical conditioners, often referred to as filter aids or skeleton builders due to their roles in sludge dehydration, are usually used to compress sludge and enhance the mechanical strength and permeability of the sludge filter cake . Nowadays, different kinds of solid wastes have been employed as physical conditioners to intensity sludge dewaterability. Gahlot has developed modified kaolin as a physical conditioner for sludge treatment and the treatment can reduce the water content of sludge to about 58%; however, the modification of kaolin needed heat treatment and acidification, increasing the difficulty and cost of practical application. Fly ash and rice husk have been employed as physical conditioners to intensity the dehydration of sludge; both required additional flocculants to help build the skeletons, which would make the sludge composition complex and increase the cost in practical applications as well. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a physical conditioner with prominent dewaterability and convenient usage.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278772_p2
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[0]/p[2]
|
1. Introduction
| 2.539063 |
other
|
Study
|
[
0.250732421875,
0.0006108283996582031,
0.74853515625
] |
[
0.6953125,
0.297119140625,
0.00656890869140625,
0.0007801055908203125
] |
Electrolytic manganese metal, as an important basic substance, is widely used in metallurgy, the chemical industry, the food industry, aerospace, and so on. Electrolytic Manganese Residue (EMR) is the byproduct of Electrolytic manganese metal production, in which manganese rhodochrosite (MnCO 3 ) is acid-soluble processed by concentrated sulfuric acid and subsequently neutralized by ammonia , and it contains soluble sulfate , high concentration of ammonia nitrogen, and soluble heavy metals such as manganese, cadmium, and chromium ; long-term stockpiling of EMR is tough on the ecological environment . Nowadays, about 20 million tons per year of EMR has been produced in China, and the total accumulated amount of EMR has come to about 130 million tons . However, the comprehensive utilization ratio of EMR in China is less than 7% , and relevant studies on reutilization of EMR mainly focus on the brickmaking , cement materials ), epoxy resin , adsorbents , fertilizers , and recovery of valuable metals , etc. There are hardly any other studies about deep dehydration of sewage sludge with EMR as the conditioner.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278772_p3
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[0]/p[3]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.191406 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.96435546875,
0.0009036064147949219,
0.03485107421875
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00021898746490478516,
0.0002987384796142578,
0.00004738569259643555
] |
Our group’s latest work on the deep dehydration of sludge has been successful with EMR as a physical conditioner and found that grain-size modification of EMR significantly contributed to the dewater ability of sludge . Compared with that of initial sludge, the water content of sludge conditioned with grain-size modified EMR was decreased by 22.4%. Simultaneously, we also found that different proportions of optimized EMR (OEMR) components at the same particle size also had significant effects on the dehydration rate of sludge. Based on the preliminary work , we screened the EMR for granularity and named the screened EMR as OEMR; the contribution of the main components in the EMR to the dewaterability was further explored in this paper. The results show that all three lattice components, that is (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O, and MnCO 3 , have a significant impact on the reinforcement of sludge dehydration. Another interesting finding is that some components in EMR can improve the specific resistance of filtration (SRF) of the filter cake and simultaneously neutralize the surface charge of the sludge particles as chemical conditioners. In this paper, we employed response surface methodology to optimize the matching rate of effective constituents in EMR to effectively destroy the EPS and significantly promote sludge dehydration effectiveness.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278772_p4
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
2.1. Experimental Materials
| 3.558594 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9599609375,
0.0005512237548828125,
0.039459228515625
] |
[
0.998046875,
0.0015840530395507812,
0.00011152029037475586,
0.00007104873657226562
] |
(NH4) 2 SO 4 , CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O, and MnCO 3 , denoted as OEMR1, OEMR2, and OEMR3, respectively, were purchased from Hubei Tian Li Co., Ltd. (Yichang, China). The original sludge was obtained from Shahe Urban Sewage Disposal Works in Yichang City, Hubei Province, China, which treats wastewater (60,000 m 3 ·d −1 ) using an Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic process. For the original sludge, the water content (wt%) and pH was 95 ± 3 and 8.27, respectively, and the capillary suction time (CST) and SRF was 125.2 s and 2.889 10 8 s 2 ·g −1 , respectively. The chemical constitution of the dried original sludge and original EMR is given in Table 1 and Table 2 , respectively. In this paper, the initial sludge without any conditioning is noted as A0.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278772_p5
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
2.2. Characterization of Sludge Dewatering Performance
| 1.879883 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.68701171875,
0.0018815994262695312,
0.31103515625
] |
[
0.9375,
0.06072998046875,
0.0010175704956054688,
0.00078582763671875
] |
We employed CST, SRF, wt%, and zeta potential as the pointers to appraise the sludge dehydration performances. (1) CST test
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278772_p6
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
2.2. Characterization of Sludge Dewatering Performance
| 1.9375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.65771484375,
0.001682281494140625,
0.340576171875
] |
[
0.8505859375,
0.1470947265625,
0.0013380050659179688,
0.0009322166442871094
] |
With the aid of funnel and qualitative filter paper, the CST was determined with a DFC-10A capillary suction timer. More specific details about the characterization of sludge dewatering performance were referred to the experimental part of our group’s preliminary research work . (2) SRF test
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278772_p7
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[2]
|
2.2. Characterization of Sludge Dewatering Performance
| 2.117188 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.86767578125,
0.0010776519775390625,
0.1312255859375
] |
[
0.55322265625,
0.444580078125,
0.0010700225830078125,
0.00091552734375
] |
The SRF indicates the resistance of unit mass of sludge for a unit filtration area at a given pressure during the pressure filtration, and we detected it with the vacuum filtration method . (3) wt% test
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278772_p8
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[3]
|
2.2. Characterization of Sludge Dewatering Performance
| 2.710938 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.86474609375,
0.0007109642028808594,
0.134521484375
] |
[
0.8955078125,
0.10357666015625,
0.0005502700805664062,
0.000354766845703125
] |
In this work, we use a small press filter during the sludge press filtration process to collect water in the bottom assemblies and an electric thermostatic drying oven in desiccation to conjointly determine the wt%, which is the ratio of total water mass in sludge vs. total mass of initial sludge. (4) Zeta Potential Test
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278772_p9
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[4]
|
2.2. Characterization of Sludge Dewatering Performance
| 3.691406 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99072265625,
0.002750396728515625,
0.006351470947265625
] |
[
0.0709228515625,
0.927734375,
0.0006461143493652344,
0.0006756782531738281
] |
Take 30 mL of homogenized sludge sample and place it in a 50 mL centrifuge tube. After 15 min of water bath ultrasound, place it in a high-speed centrifuge for centrifugation treatment. Centrifuge at 8000× g for 15 min before taking out the supernatant zeta potential measurement. Each sludge sample needs to be tested three times for zeta potential testing, and finally using the average value as the result of this analysis.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278772_p10
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[1]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
2.3. Extraction and Determination of EPS
| 4.066406 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00017321109771728516,
0.000469207763671875
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00045609474182128906,
0.0001819133758544922,
0.00003987550735473633
] |
The employed EPS extraction method refers to the formaldehyde-sodium hydroxide extraction method , through which soluble EPS (S-EPS) and bound EPS (B-EPS) can be obtained, respectively. The EPS samples used in this paper were filtered through a microporous membrane (0.45-μm) to remove the residue, and then stored into a refrigerator at 4 °C. We analyzed the proteins (PN) by the modified Lowry method with bovine serum albumin as the standard . The polysaccharides (PS) content was tested with the anthrone method with glucose as the standard .
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278772_p11
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[1]/sec[3]/p[0]
|
2.4. Analytical Methods
| 2.652344 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.98779296875,
0.0004296302795410156,
0.01198577880859375
] |
[
0.89013671875,
0.10821533203125,
0.0009717941284179688,
0.0005512237548828125
] |
The isothermal adsorption-desorption curve, distribution of pore diameter, and specific surface area test were all carried out on a SORP-max (MicrotracBEL Japan, Inc., Osaka, Japan). The zeta potential analyzer used in this paper was Beckman Coulter Delsa TM Nano (Brea, CA, USA).
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278772_p12
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[1]/sec[3]/p[1]
|
2.4. Analytical Methods
| 4.109375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0001951456069946289,
0.00031495094299316406
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0005297660827636719,
0.0002294778823852539,
0.00005042552947998047
] |
We measured the fluorescence excitation-emission-matrix Spectra (EEMs) on a F4600 Hitachi fluorescence spectrophotometer (Varian Eclipse, Bejing, China) in scanning mode. We gathered the EEM spectra with scanning emission Em spectra from 250 to 550 nm at an increment of 5-nm by regulating and controlling the excitation Ex wavelength from 220 to 350 nm at an increment of 5-nm. The spectra were recorded at a scanning rate of 4800 nm min −1 , with 5-nm slit bandwidths of excitation and emission.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278772_p13
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
3.1. Result and Analysis of Box-Behnken Test
| 4.171875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99365234375,
0.0005049705505371094,
0.006076812744140625
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002410411834716797,
0.00017631053924560547,
0.00003361701965332031
] |
To optimize the material dosage in the process of the dewaterability of the sludge, 17 experimental sets ( Tables S1–S4 in the Supplementary Materials ) were employed for response surface modeling with CST, SRF, and zeta potential as the response value. Data fitting and regression analysis were carried out with Design Expert 8.06 for 17 experiments of design matrix, respectively. The fitting polynomial Equation of CST (1), SRF (2) and zeta potential (3) obtained as follows: Y 1 = 82.87 − 8.69A − 21.99B + 3.39C + 2.49AB − 0.77AC + 2.22BC + 3.31A 2 + 2.31B 2 − 3.64C 2 , (1) Y 2 = 0.74 + 0.045A + 0.026B − 0.22C − 0.050AB + 0.033AC + 0.026BC + 0.10A 2 + 0.074B 2 − 0.081C 2 , (2) Y 3 = −10.08 − 0.81A − 0.76B + 1.95C + 0.39AB − 0.59AC + 0.50BC + 0.81A 2 − 1.37B 2 + 1.55C 2 , (3) where Y 1 is CST value (s), Y 2 is SRF value (×10 8 s 2 ·g −1 ), Y 3 is zeta potential (mV), and A, B, and C is the dosage of OEMR1, OEMR2 and OEMR3 (g/100g sludge), respectively.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278772_p14
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
3.1. Result and Analysis of Box-Behnken Test
| 3.636719 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.880859375,
0.0007739067077636719,
0.11822509765625
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0009431838989257812,
0.0002117156982421875,
0.000057756900787353516
] |
It can be seen from the above three equations that the three factors, including (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O, and MnCO 3 in the EMR, have an interactive effect on the CST, SRF, and zeta potential of the sludge. In order to verify the accuracy and reliability of the model, we carried out ANOVA and correlation analysis, and the detailed results are presented in Table 3 , Table 4 , Table 5 and Table 6 Compared with those of coefficients for OEMR1 and OEMR2, the values of coefficients for OEMR3 are much bigger according to the above Equations (1) and (3), indicating the significance of this parameter in both Y 1 model (Equation (1)) and Y 3 model (Equation (3)).
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278772_p15
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[2]
|
3.1. Result and Analysis of Box-Behnken Test
| 4.171875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99755859375,
0.0003299713134765625,
0.0022106170654296875
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00013685226440429688,
0.00022733211517333984,
0.000032067298889160156
] |
As shown in Table 3 , ANOVA for quadratic model of the CST was performed to evaluate the importance. The “ p -value” (Prob > F) and the “Model F-Value” of 75.08 reflected this model was statistically significant . The model’s veracity could also be validated by the F-value of item “Lack of Fit”, and the F-value of item “Lack of Fit” (3.68) in Table 4 implies the item “Lack of Fit” was not significant relative to the pure error. Low values of coefficient of variance (C.V. %) for CST confirmed high repeatability of the experimental results . In addition, the “Adeq Precision” measures the ratio of signal vs. noise and the “Adeq Precision” of 33.368 in this model implied that the proposed models have high fitting degree and sufficient signal-to-noise. The high correlation coefficient (R-Squared) value of 0.9897 for CST indicated that the regression models are significant. A negative “Pred R-Squared” also implied that the overall mean is a better predictor of response parameter than the current model .
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278772_p16
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[3]
|
3.1. Result and Analysis of Box-Behnken Test
| 1.819336 |
other
|
Study
|
[
0.2073974609375,
0.001239776611328125,
0.79150390625
] |
[
0.9091796875,
0.0889892578125,
0.0009398460388183594,
0.0007262229919433594
] |
Generally, the greater the mean square value, the more sensitive the response value varied with influence factor is . However, in this study, the smaller the CST value is, the better the sludge dewatering performance is . Therefore, the smaller the CST value is, the less the mean square is, and the better the dewatering performance of sludge is.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278772_p17
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[4]
|
3.1. Result and Analysis of Box-Behnken Test
| 1.71582 |
other
|
Study
|
[
0.11199951171875,
0.0008559226989746094,
0.88720703125
] |
[
0.91552734375,
0.082763671875,
0.0012483596801757812,
0.0006999969482421875
] |
According to the results in Table 4 , it can be concluded that the significance order of influence among A, B, and C on the CST of sludge is C > A > B. Therefore, the variation of C value would significantly influence the dewatering performance, but that of B would have relatively light influence on the dewatering performance.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278772_p18
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[5]
|
3.1. Result and Analysis of Box-Behnken Test
| 3.414063 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.89306640625,
0.0009860992431640625,
0.10577392578125
] |
[
0.998046875,
0.0014543533325195312,
0.00020873546600341797,
0.00007104873657226562
] |
The 3D response surface plots described by the regression model show the effect of independent variables and the interaction of independent variables on the CST. The dosage of OEMR3 in Figure 1 a, OEMR1 in Figure 1 b, and OEMR2 in Figure 1 c was set as 3%, respectively. The graphs in Figure 1 a,b are inclined slopes, indicating that the interaction between the two factors is not significant . Conclusions are drawn based on the results of the response surface calculation that the three influencing factors have a positive impact on the CST value of sludge in the order of C > A > B.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278772_p19
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[6]
|
3.1. Result and Analysis of Box-Behnken Test
| 3.876953 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.86572265625,
0.00086212158203125,
0.13330078125
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0006160736083984375,
0.00018656253814697266,
0.00004571676254272461
] |
The 3D response surface of the regression model appears obliquely planar, which indicates that the relationship between one argument and the corresponding value tends to be linear while the other argument remains constant. It can be seen from Figure 1 a that when the dosage of factor A was 3%, the smaller the CST value with the gradually increasing dosage of factor B, the better the dehydration performance of the sludge. However, when the content of factor B is 3%, with the gradual increase of the content of factor A, the change of CST value has the same pattern as the former, but the decrease of CST value at this time was obviously weakened. These results show that factor A has a more significant effect on the CST value under the same conditions. From Figure 1 b,c, as can be obtained in the same way according to the inclination angle of the graph, the influence of factor C on the CST value of sludge is more significant than that of factor B and A. The above conclusions are consistent with the results of the response surface model calculating in Table 4 .
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278772_p20
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[7]
|
3.1. Result and Analysis of Box-Behnken Test
| 4.164063 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.970703125,
0.0007114410400390625,
0.02850341796875
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0003314018249511719,
0.0002987384796142578,
0.00004017353057861328
] |
ANOVA for quadratic model of the SRF value was performed to evaluate the importance ( Table 4 ). The p -value (Prob > F) was far less than 0.0100, indicating that the model has reached a very significant level. The p -value of the item “Lack of Fit” was much bigger than 0.0500, indicating the small difference of the item “Lack of Fit” of the model, which can reflect the actual situation; in other words, the regression model is appropriate. The value of R-Squared and Adj R-Squared is 0.9868 and 0.9699, respectively, indicating that only 3.01% of the SRF value cannot be predicted by this model. The coefficient of variation (C. V. %, 3.93%) in the model indicates that the model fits well with the actual situation of the test and can effectively reflects the real experimental value, so the reliability of the model is high. The smaller the SRF value of the sludge, the better the dewatering performance of the sludge. Therefore, the smaller the Mean Square value, the more sensitive the influence factor is.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278772_p21
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[8]
|
3.1. Result and Analysis of Box-Behnken Test
| 2.941406 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99560546875,
0.0003478527069091797,
0.00406646728515625
] |
[
0.99560546875,
0.0039825439453125,
0.0002663135528564453,
0.0001055002212524414
] |
The 3D response surface plots described by the regression model reveals the effect of independent variables and the interaction of independent variables on the SRF. The dosages of OEMR3 in Figure 2 a, OEMR1 in Figure 2 b, and OEMR2 in Figure 2 c were set as 3%, respectively.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278772_p22
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[9]
|
3.1. Result and Analysis of Box-Behnken Test
| 3.755859 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.91455078125,
0.0006704330444335938,
0.0845947265625
] |
[
0.998046875,
0.0017042160034179688,
0.00017786026000976562,
0.00005704164505004883
] |
The response surface corresponding with the quadratic regression Equation (2) is a concave surface with an opening upward, indicating that there is a minimum value of the response value (SRF value) within the given investigation range. When the 2D contour plot was projected onto the gray bottom of the 3D plot, an obvious ellipse appeared . If the contour line was elliptical, the interaction between the two factors would be strong , so it can be concluded that the interaction between factor A and factor B is the most obvious. The greater the curvature of the 3D curve appears, the more obvious interaction between the two factors will be . The curvature degree of the two 3D surfaces was similar but not obvious , and the contour map also presented similar distribution patterns, so it can be inferred that the interaction between BC factors and AC factors on the sludge SRF values is not significant.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278772_p23
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[10]
|
3.1. Result and Analysis of Box-Behnken Test
| 4 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.98193359375,
0.00041794776916503906,
0.0175933837890625
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0004143714904785156,
0.0001728534698486328,
0.00003629922866821289
] |
ANOVA for quadratic model of the zeta potential value was performed to evaluate the importance ( Table 5 ). The p -value (Prob > F) of the model is 0.0051 , indicating the significance of this model. The p -value of the item “Lack of Fit” is 0.0821 > 0.0500, indicating that the difference of the item “Lack of Fit” in this model is not significant, which can reflect reality; in other words, the regression model is appropriate. From the mean square value, it can be seen that the influence of three factors on the zeta potential value of the sludge is in the order: B < A < C.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278772_p24
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[11]
|
3.1. Result and Analysis of Box-Behnken Test
| 3.007813 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.990234375,
0.00037407875061035156,
0.00960540771484375
] |
[
0.99755859375,
0.0023040771484375,
0.00020134449005126953,
0.00006902217864990234
] |
As mentioned above, the 3D response surface plots described by the regression model present the effect of independent variables and the interaction of each independent variable on the zeta potential. The dosages of OEMR3 in Figure 3 a, OEMR1 in Figure 3 b, and OEMR2 in Figure 3 c were also set at 3%, respectively.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278772_p25
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[12]
|
3.1. Result and Analysis of Box-Behnken Test
| 3.845703 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.92529296875,
0.0006871223449707031,
0.0740966796875
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0006966590881347656,
0.0001913309097290039,
0.00004696846008300781
] |
An obvious ellipse emerges in the two-dimensional contour map , which indicates that factors A and C have a significant interaction on the increase of zeta potential value of the sludge. The 3D figures in Figure 3 a,b show an upwardly arched saddle shape, indicating a certain interaction between factor A and B in Figure 3 a or between factor B and C in Figure 3 b. The change of graph surface in Figure 3 b is much greater than that in Figure 3 a, implying that the interaction of factor B and C is stronger than that of factor A and B. From the p -values with the interaction of AB, AC, and BC ( Table 6 ), it can be concluded that the p -value with factors interaction was in the turn of AC < BC < AB, which is consistent with the law of surface bending in Figure 3 above.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278772_p26
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[13]
|
3.1. Result and Analysis of Box-Behnken Test
| 3.300781 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9609375,
0.0004699230194091797,
0.038787841796875
] |
[
0.99755859375,
0.0021457672119140625,
0.00016438961029052734,
0.00006240606307983398
] |
The OEMR of different component proportions acquired from the optimization with CST, SRF, and zeta potential as the dependent variables, respectively, were named as PA-1, PA-2, and PA-3, respectively. While PA-4 is the OEMR of optimized component proportion obtained with a set of constraints, that includes CST and SRF as the minimum values and zeta potential as the target value of 0 mV. The specific optimization results are shown in Table 6 .
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278772_p27
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
3.2. XRD Analysis with Internal Standard Method by Blending EMR Components
| 4.03125 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99462890625,
0.0002722740173339844,
0.005199432373046875
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0003135204315185547,
0.0001131892204284668,
0.00003522634506225586
] |
Because of the high purity and stable physicochemical properties, the rutile (TiO 2 ) was employed as the internal standard to carry out the physical phase analysis and quantitative calculation of the samples. In this work, the rutile powder and the powder sample were fully mixed at a mass ratio of 3:7 and ground to a complete mixture, and then the XRD patterns of the composite sample with the internal standard was obtained by XRD scanning. The corresponding phases were searched in software Jade (6.0), and then the content of the internal standard in the crystal was calculated by software Maud (2.12). The results of XRD analysis of OEMR and PA-4 are demonstrated in Figure 4 and those of the quantitative analysis are shown in Table 7 .
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278772_p28
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
3.2. XRD Analysis with Internal Standard Method by Blending EMR Components
| 2.791016 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.728515625,
0.0007891654968261719,
0.270751953125
] |
[
0.88671875,
0.11236572265625,
0.0006847381591796875,
0.0003490447998046875
] |
It can be seen that the main substances and mineral phases in the OEMR are gypsum (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O), manganese carbonate (MnCO 3 ), and Ammonium sulfate ((NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ) . Three diffraction peaks similar to OEMR appear in PA-4 and the diffraction peaks of internal standard rutile (TiO 2 ) appear clearly.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278772_p29
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/p[2]
|
3.2. XRD Analysis with Internal Standard Method by Blending EMR Components
| 3.849609 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.95263671875,
0.0004267692565917969,
0.046722412109375
] |
[
0.998046875,
0.0016527175903320312,
0.000171661376953125,
0.000049948692321777344
] |
The crystal structure models of the three main phases in OEMR were imported into Maud. The diffraction patterns were refined in Maud for various parameters (such as scale factor, phase parameters, crystal parameters, etc.), and the least squares method was used to continuously adjust the pattern correction parameters to make the computer theoretical patterns approximate to the real measurement patterns. Finally, the quantitative results of the phases were obtained by calculation. From Table 7 , we can see the distribution of OEMR1, OEMR2, and OEMR3 in OEMR and PA-4, where OEMR1:OEMR2:OEMR3 = 1.0:1.5:2.4 in PA-4, which is very close to the target value (1.0:1.6:2.2).
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278772_p30
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[2]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
3.3. Dehydration Test of Response Surface Optimization Group with a Filter Press
| 3.796875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.736328125,
0.0011262893676757812,
0.262451171875
] |
[
0.99609375,
0.0032329559326171875,
0.0004374980926513672,
0.00010848045349121094
] |
The sludges conditioned with PA-1, PA-2, PA-3, and PA-4 are named as PA-1S, PA-2S, PA-3S, and PA-4S, respectively. The dehydration rate of A0 was less than 10%, while that of PA-1S and PA-3S could reach 20% under the same conditions, and that of PA-2S and PA-4S touched 25% . Among them, PA-4S showed the best performance in the dewatering process. The dehydration rate of PA-1S, PA-2S, PA-3S, and PA-4S held the similar trend in the first 30 min, but that of PA-3S and PA-4S increased significantly after 30 min and continued the dehydration advantage until 60 min. Throughout the dehydration process, PA-4S performed slightly better than PA-3S in the dehydration rate. It can be concluded that PA-4S has the best dewatering effect by filter press according to the moisture content reduction curve.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278772_p31
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[2]/sec[3]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
3.4.1. Concentration Distribution of Different Components in EPS
| 4.207031 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0003991127014160156,
0.0016450881958007812
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00013315677642822266,
0.0003077983856201172,
0.00004178285598754883
] |
The proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) are the principal component of the EPS matrix in the activated sludge, containing a large quantity of functional groups. Figure 6 shows the changes of PN and PS contents in S–EPS (Soluble-Extracellular Polymeric Substances) and B–EPS (Bound-Extracellular Polymeric Substances), respectively. The PN of S-EPS increased in all four groups of filtrates obtained from the conditioned sludge, and that of B-EPS decreased , which indicates that the use of PA-1, PA-2, PA-3, and PA-4 can effectively cleave B-EPS to S-EPS, thus, releasing the bound water wrapped around B-EPS and therefore increasing the content of S-EPS. Compared with that in A0, the PN of S-EPS in PA-1S, PA-2S, PA-3S, and PA-4S was increased by 36.50%, 33.20%, 29.10%, and 35.33%, respectively, indicating that the conversion rate of S-EPS in PA-1S reached the peak. The PN in B-EPS decreased by 16.25%, 12.75%, 14.31%, and 21.40%, respectively. Wilen found that high abundance of protein may deteriorate the dewatering performance of the sludge because of its hydrophilicity and negative charges. Contrary to those of PN, the concentration changes of PS in S-EPS and B-EPS showed a different trend. The PS content of S-EPS in A0 was the highest, and that of S-EPS in PA-1S, PA-2S, PA-3S, and PA-4S increased by 9.32%, 17.91%, 29.05%, and 20.33%, respectively, while the PS in B-EPS decreased by 14.21%, 12.40%, 5.24%, and 16.01%, respectively. In general, the change of PN is more significant than that of PS. These findings indicate that the use of PA series conditioners can effectively decompose PN in B-EPS, but weakly decompose PS in B-EPS.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278772_p32
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[2]/sec[3]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
3.4.2. 3D-EEM Fluorescence Spectra of EPS at Different Conditioner
| 4.160156 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.00034689903259277344,
0.0013246536254882812
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00012576580047607422,
0.00017845630645751953,
0.00003820657730102539
] |
The organic compounds in the EPS of sludge samples were characterized by 3D-EEM fluorescence spectra, as shown in Figure 6 . The X-axis represents the emission spectrum from 250 to 550 nm, while the Y-axis represents the excitation wavelength from 220 to 350 nm. Peak A was located in the region of the excitation/emission wavelengths (Ex/Em) between 255–265/315–330 nm, and Peak B was situated between 220–230/325–335 nm in Figure 7 a. Peak A and Peak B were assigned to tryptophan-like substances and tyrosine-like substances, respectively , which illustrated that the tryptophan-like (Peak A) and tyrosine-like substances (Peak B) were two major substances in B-EPS in both A0 and PA-4S. Peak C located in the region of Ex/Em between 275–285/500–550 nm was presumed to be aromatic protein . The fluorescence intensity of peak C in Figure 7 b nearly doubles that of peak C in Figure 7 a, indicating that the concentration of aromatic protein in Figure 7 b is much smaller than that in Figure 7 a. These findings strongly support the results presented in Figure 6 . In addition, Peak A, Peak B and Peak C also appeared in the same region in Figure 7 b, but the fluorescence intensity was much weaker than that in Figure 7 a, which should be attributed to the reduction of protein content. These results reconfirm the conclusion in Figure 6 .
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278772_p33
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[3]/p[0]
|
4. Conclusions
| 3.179688 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.904296875,
0.0015926361083984375,
0.09423828125
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.000858306884765625,
0.0001583099365234375,
0.00010120868682861328
] |
In our preliminary work, the particle size modification of EMR has been proved to improve the dewatering properties of sludge. In this study, the effect of EMR component matching on deep dehydration of sludge was evaluated to screen the OEMR with optimum ratio (PA-4) and reveal the mechanism of deep dehydration of PA-4S with the EPS distribution and composition.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278772_p34
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[3]/p[1]
|
4. Conclusions
| 3.033203 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.6650390625,
0.0011854171752929688,
0.33349609375
] |
[
0.9873046875,
0.01201629638671875,
0.0003497600555419922,
0.0001804828643798828
] |
A response surface optimization method was employed to establish the regression relationship between three main components in EMR and sludge dewatering performance through regression analysis to obtain the optimal conditioner formulation, i.e., OEMR1:OEMR2:OEMR3 = 1.0:1.6:2.2.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999994 |
PMC11278772_p35
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[3]/p[2]
|
4. Conclusions
| 3.578125 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.98583984375,
0.00044846534729003906,
0.013671875
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.001079559326171875,
0.00016105175018310547,
0.00006902217864990234
] |
Compared with those of A0, the contents of PN and PS in S-EPS and B-EPS of PA-4S were significantly reduced and the fluorescence intensity of PA-4S in EEMs was also much lower than that in A0. These results demonstrated that the significant improvement of dewatering performance of PA-4S was attributed to the destruction of EPS.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278772_p36
|
PMC11278772
|
sec[3]/p[3]
|
4. Conclusions
| 1.658203 |
other
|
Study
|
[
0.1494140625,
0.0011072158813476562,
0.849609375
] |
[
0.705078125,
0.291259765625,
0.00240325927734375,
0.0013875961303710938
] |
Overall, PA-4 has a positive contribution to the deep dewatering of sludge, as the result of a combination of particle size optimization and composition match. The results of this study may not only provide a solution to competitive sludge dewatering problems, but also make full use of hazardous solid wastes such as EMR.
|
[
"Xuquan Huang",
"Jun Wang",
"Fei Xue",
"Xiaorong Zhao",
"Ziyao Shi",
"Qingyang Liang",
"Haojie Wang",
"Ziyu Zhao"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143605
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278785_p0
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[0]/p[0]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.908203 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.525390625,
0.0007596015930175781,
0.473876953125
] |
[
0.8349609375,
0.1478271484375,
0.016754150390625,
0.0002982616424560547
] |
Currently, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) are considered a new division of metallic materials. An HEA comprises five or more major components with equiatomic or near-equiatomic ratios . This alloy system has received a considerable amount of interest from researchers because of its superlative wear and corrosion resistance, high hardness, thermal stability, and thermal softening resistance . HEAs have high configurational entropy because of their equimolar or near-equimolar structure that enhances the solid-solution forming phases . As a consequence, most HEAs form solid-solution phases with basic components, such as face-centered cubic (FCC) and body-centered cubic (BCC) structures .
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278785_p1
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[0]/p[1]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.207031 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.794921875,
0.0008392333984375,
0.2042236328125
] |
[
0.99560546875,
0.0030517578125,
0.001506805419921875,
0.0000667572021484375
] |
Furthermore, when the alloys are heat-treated at >873 K, the BCC phases from an as-cast solution can be intermetallic, as reported . The minor elements and the heat treatment process have a significant influence on the formation of the intermetallic phases and the mechanical behaviors of HEAs. Specifically, the sigma phase formation is generally reported in heat-treated HEAs. The sigma phase has high strength and hardness but limited ductility; therefore, its development contributes to major variations in mechanical characteristics. Controlling the amount and the sigma phase formation is important for the creation of HEAs according to the required applications . In addition, the sigma phase formation enhances the characteristics of HEAs . Nevertheless, the intrinsic existence of the sigma phase further complicates this endeavor. Structural materials that contain Co and Cr, which include Ni-based superalloys and stainless steels, present brittleness with high-temperature applications because of the sigma phase . Moreover, the sigma phase in HEAs can also contain many components, which may impact their stable phase temperature to increase or decrease from 873 K depending on the prolonged heat treatment time .
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278785_p2
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[0]/p[2]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.746094 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.767578125,
0.0005745887756347656,
0.2320556640625
] |
[
0.984375,
0.01465606689453125,
0.00095367431640625,
0.00009799003601074219
] |
Generally, the involved elements depict the range of the valence electron concentration (VEC) that may form the sigma phase. Initially, the sigma phase is predicted in the VEC range, relying on the following elements: Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Ti, and V. d -Shell elements have an obvious, high impact on the formation of the sigma phase in the VEC range . Additionally, the possibility of the sigma phase cannot be completely eliminated in the alloys (VEC < 7.85) . These factors demonstrate that subsequent studies involving a number of alloy compounds and heat treatment temperatures are required to develop a deeper understanding of the sigma phase formation in HEAs.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278785_p3
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[0]/p[3]
|
1. Introduction
| 2.46875 |
other
|
Study
|
[
0.10101318359375,
0.0010595321655273438,
0.89794921875
] |
[
0.99462890625,
0.0045623779296875,
0.0004725456237792969,
0.00022661685943603516
] |
The microstructure of as-cast AlCoCrNi HEAs has been studied in the literature, demonstrating that the hardness of AlCoCrNi HEA alloys decreases significantly at heat treatments at >873 K . Moreover, a detailed discussion about the phase transformation at 873 K is lacking; therefore, we investigated the phase transformation and the morphological changes at the nano-scale after heat treatment at 873 K for periods of 72 h and 192 h. In addition, the specific yield strength of HEAs and the thermodynamic aspects are discussed, comparing them with those of previous HEAs, which may promote the development of HEAs.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278785_p4
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[1]/p[0]
|
2. Materials and Methods
| 4.128906 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.83837890625,
0.0009059906005859375,
0.16064453125
] |
[
0.998046875,
0.0013475418090820312,
0.0003714561462402344,
0.00005137920379638672
] |
The AlCoCrNi HEAs were prepared using a vacuum arc-casting method under an argon atmosphere. The samples comprising more than 99% high-purity elements were remelted five times to obtain chemical homogeneity, and the last step was a suction casting process, where the cylindrical rod-type samples, 3 mm in diameter and 50 mm in length, were prepared in a water-cooled copper mold. The alloys were heated at 873 K for different time periods, i.e., 72 and 192 h in a vacuum furnace. The samples were analyzed to investigate the microstructure and the phase evolution of the HEAs by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) with CuKα radiation , scanning electron microscopy , and field emission scanning electron microscopy . Transmission electron microscopy (TEM; Technai F20, Hillsboro, OR, USA) with energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) was used to analyze the phase formation and the crystal structure. The TEM ingots were prepared using ion milling with liquid nitrogen cooling. For the HEA compression test, rod-shaped samples were made with a 2:1 side ratio between length (6 mm) and diameter (3 mm) and examined using a universal measurement device at a strain rate of 1 × 10 −3 s −1 (UTM; Zwick Roell Z050, Ulm, Germany). The high-range temperature test for hardness was performed using a 120° diamond indenter with a 1471 N load at temperatures that ranged from 293 to 1173 K.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
PMC11278785_p5
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[2]/p[0]
|
3. Results and Discussion
| 3.824219 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.5908203125,
0.0009388923645019531,
0.408447265625
] |
[
0.99755859375,
0.0020503997802734375,
0.0002942085266113281,
0.00006514787673950195
] |
To specify the appropriate homogenization heat treatment of HEAs, a comprehensive understanding of the phase transformation temperatures and, in particular, the liquidus temperatures of alloys is essential. Rockwell C hardness at different temperatures was used to measure the effect of temperature on the mechanical behavior of the as-cast AlCoCrNi HEA. Figure 1 illustrates the Rockwell C hardness values of as-cast AlCoCrNi HEAs at temperatures that ranged from 297 to 1073 K. A significant decrease occurs in the alloy’s hardness at 873 K . Since studies have shown that heating these alloys at 873 K may cause a phase transformation, the AlCoCrNi HEAs were heat-treated for further analysis of the morphology and phase transformation at 873 K for 72 and 192 h.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278785_p6
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[2]/p[1]
|
3. Results and Discussion
| 4.105469 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.8564453125,
0.000885009765625,
0.1424560546875
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0008563995361328125,
0.00026035308837890625,
0.00004881620407104492
] |
Figure 2 presents the XRD patterns of the as-cast and heat-treated AlCoCrNi HEAs at 873 K for 72 and 192 h, showing several diffraction peaks between 2 θ = 30 and 80 degrees, which correspond to the high-intensity peaks of the BCC and the low-intensity peak of the B2 phases, respectively. For the 192 h heat-treated sample, it was observed that the intensity of the XRD peak at approximately 32 degrees 2θ corresponding to the B2 phase is revealed more distinctly. It indicates that the alloy undergoes atomic ordering over time, resulting in the stabilization of the B2 phase. Such ordering typically occurs at elevated temperatures, where diffusion processes are active, allowing for atoms to rearrange into a more energetically favorable ordered state. Meanwhile, the B2 phase can enhance hardness and strength; it may also introduce brittleness due to the limited slip systems available in the ordered structure.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278785_p7
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[2]/p[2]
|
3. Results and Discussion
| 2.773438 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.6455078125,
0.0010786056518554688,
0.353271484375
] |
[
0.98388671875,
0.01544189453125,
0.0003466606140136719,
0.00018298625946044922
] |
Nevertheless, low-intensity signals of the sigma (σ) phase were observed in the alloys annealed at 873 K for 192 h. In addition, the XRD patterns showed that during the annealing for 72 h, no noticeable changes occurred, whereas the sigma phase appeared during the long-time heat treatment for 192 h.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278785_p8
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[2]/p[3]
|
3. Results and Discussion
| 3.515625 |
other
|
Study
|
[
0.4931640625,
0.0008935928344726562,
0.505859375
] |
[
0.99755859375,
0.0019435882568359375,
0.00023686885833740234,
0.00006985664367675781
] |
Figure 3 a–c illustrate the backscattered SEM images of the as-cast and annealed AlCoCrNi HEAs, showing relatively dark dendritic regions and bright interdendritic regions. Figure 3 b,c show that the heat treatment results in an increased volume fraction of the interdendrite and a decreased volume fraction of the dendrite, as summarized in Table 1 . In previous studies, the volume fraction of as-cast AlCoCrNi was calculated to be 59.6% dendrite and 40.4% interdendrite . In the current study, 53.1% dendrite and 46.9% interdendrite were present in the alloy that was heat-treated for 72 h, whereas 50.9% dendrite and 49.1% interdendrite were in the alloy that was heat-treated for 192 h.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278785_p9
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[2]/p[4]
|
3. Results and Discussion
| 2.580078 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.8154296875,
0.0010881423950195312,
0.1837158203125
] |
[
0.97998046875,
0.01922607421875,
0.000324249267578125,
0.00023412704467773438
] |
The volume fraction difference indicates that the interdendrite’s BCC phase expanded under the influence of the heat treatment; however, the long-term heat treatment resulted in a small precipitate formation in the interdendritic region, as shown in Figure 3 b.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278785_p10
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[2]/p[5]
|
3. Results and Discussion
| 3.845703 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.90966796875,
0.000530242919921875,
0.0897216796875
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.001312255859375,
0.00012302398681640625,
0.000043451786041259766
] |
To understand the nature of the dendritic and interdendritic regions of HEAs, we performed an EDS analysis of each region, as shown in Table 2 . The as-cast alloy, as analyzed in , has a chemical composition in the dendritic region (DR) rich in Al (28.4%) and Ni (30.3%), whereas the interdendritic region (ID) is slightly enriched with Co (26.7%) and Cr (31.7%) .
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278785_p11
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[2]/p[6]
|
3. Results and Discussion
| 3.607422 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.6201171875,
0.0007276535034179688,
0.379150390625
] |
[
0.99658203125,
0.0029754638671875,
0.0002529621124267578,
0.00006848573684692383
] |
In the heat-treated alloys, the EDS results show noticeable differences. For example, the amount of Al and Ni slightly decreased from 28.4% to 24.6% and 30.3% to 26.9%, respectively, in the dendritic region when prolonging the time of the heat treatment, whereas the amount of Co and Cr increased from 25.3% to 29.2% and 16% to 19.3%, respectively, as shown in Table 2 . For the composition in the interdendritic region, the amount of Al and Ni increased from 18.4% to 22.3% and 23.2% to 24.5%, respectively, whereas the amount of Co and Cr decreased from 26.7% to 24.3% and 31.7% to 28.9%, respectively.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278785_p12
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[2]/p[7]
|
3. Results and Discussion
| 3.941406 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.69482421875,
0.0012264251708984375,
0.303955078125
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.0010213851928710938,
0.0003037452697753906,
0.00006496906280517578
] |
We conducted a detailed investigation of the phase transformation using a TEM analysis. Figure 4 illustrates the nano-scale morphology and phase formation of AlCoCrNi HEAs annealed at 873 K for 72 h. The dendritic region exhibits spherical precipitates, whereas a spinodal-like nanostructure is present in the interdendritic region, as revealed in the high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) and high-angle annular bright-field (HAABF) images in Figure 4 a,b. Morphological changes occurred in the dendritic and interdendritic regions, as shown in Figure 4 a. Under high magnification, a yellow dotted line separates the regions; an area of their interface is highlighted as a rectangle in Figure 4 b. In addition, the magnified images of both the dendrite and interdendrite regions shown in Figure 4 a can be found in Figure 4 d and 4e, respectively. These images confirm the presence of a dual structure within these regions.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278785_p13
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[2]/p[8]
|
3. Results and Discussion
| 3.835938 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.8984375,
0.0006003379821777344,
0.10101318359375
] |
[
0.9970703125,
0.0027751922607421875,
0.0002084970474243164,
0.00005924701690673828
] |
The interface shows the presence of a needle-like structure in Figure 4 c, and its nano-beam diffraction (NBD) pattern is shown in Figure 4 f,g. In Figure 4 f, the NBD pattern shows the BCC/B2 phases in the bright region (matrix), whereas the sigma phase, which is a tetragonal crystal structure, is observed with the zone axis in a needle-like structure, as shown in Figure 4 g. The interdendritic regions show a spinodal-like morphology with diffraction spots that corresponds to the BCC-A2 phase along the zone, as shown in Figure 4 h.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278785_p14
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[2]/p[9]
|
3. Results and Discussion
| 2.533203 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.5849609375,
0.0012111663818359375,
0.413818359375
] |
[
0.90185546875,
0.09710693359375,
0.0006051063537597656,
0.00039839744567871094
] |
Meanwhile, spherical precipitates are present in the dendritic portion, and the A2 phase with a superlattice of the B2 phase is visible in the SAED (selected area electron diffraction) pattern recorded along the zone of the BCC-B2 phase, as shown in Figure 4 i.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278785_p15
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[2]/p[10]
|
3. Results and Discussion
| 4.046875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.87890625,
0.0007500648498535156,
0.120361328125
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0005888938903808594,
0.00017321109771728516,
0.00004279613494873047
] |
These results show that both the dendritic and interdendritic regions contain an ordered B2-BCC phase and a disordered A2-BCC phase. TEM with EDS was used to measure the chemical composition, as listed in Table 3 , which was compared with the as-cast AlCoCrNi HEAs . The chemical composition of the alloys was examined using the TEM-EDS shown in Figure 4 j,l’s dark-field STEM (scanning transmission electron microscopy) images, as summarized in Table 3 . The TEM-EDS results suggest that the dendritic, interdendritic, and interface regions exhibit a Co-Cr-rich bright contrast and Al-Ni-rich dark contrast; however, a high amount of Co (55.7%) was found in the bright precipitates of the interface region where the sigma phase was observed.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278785_p16
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[2]/p[11]
|
3. Results and Discussion
| 3.855469 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9560546875,
0.0005025863647460938,
0.043609619140625
] |
[
0.99755859375,
0.0023097991943359375,
0.00020015239715576172,
0.00006824731826782227
] |
Figure 5 a shows a bright-field TEM image taken from the sample heat-treated at 873 K for 192 h, identifying the dendritic and interdendritic regions. A spinodal-like morphology is observed in the interdendritic region, as shown in Figure 5 b. Additionally, the TEM analysis illustrates a plate-like unique morphology in the dendrite area, as shown in Figure 5 c. The dendritic region morphology is totally transformed from a spherical shape to a plate-like structure.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278785_p17
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[2]/p[12]
|
3. Results and Discussion
| 3.199219 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.91552734375,
0.0006012916564941406,
0.083984375
] |
[
0.99267578125,
0.007049560546875,
0.0002589225769042969,
0.00009691715240478516
] |
Furthermore, the NBD images taken from both areas are given in Figure 5 d–g. Figure 5 d,e present the BCC and B2 crystal lattice in the dark and bright portions of the interdendritic region. In Figure 5 f, the tetragonal crystal structure, which is the sigma phase, is found in the dark area of the dendritic region. Nevertheless, a B2/BCC crystal lattice is observed in the bright matrix area of the dendritic region in Figure 5 g.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278785_p18
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[2]/p[13]
|
3. Results and Discussion
| 3.912109 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.87744140625,
0.0005640983581542969,
0.12213134765625
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0009546279907226562,
0.0001678466796875,
0.000044465065002441406
] |
The composition of the alloy was determined using TEM with EDS, as shown in Figure 5 h,i and summarized in Table 3 . The as-cast sample demonstrates both bright Cr-rich and dark Ni-rich areas of the dendritic and interdendritic regions. Co is equally identified in both regions . The nano-scale EDS analysis of the heat-treated sample reveals that the elements are distributed accordingly throughout the regions, including Al and Ni in the dark areas and Co and Cr in the bright areas of the dendritic regions, as shown in Figure 5 i and Table 3 , and Figure 5 h shows the interdendritic regions.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278785_p19
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[2]/p[14]
|
3. Results and Discussion
| 3.992188 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9169921875,
0.0006628036499023438,
0.08245849609375
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.0013561248779296875,
0.00019609928131103516,
0.000056862831115722656
] |
These results indicate that after heat treatment at 873 K for 192 h, Co behaved differently in the dark and bright areas of the interdendritic and dendritic regions compared to the behavior in the as-cast alloy. Additionally, by increasing the annealing period, the amount of Cr and Co in the dendritic region also increases, as evidenced by the sigma phase formation, the probability of which is high in most Co-Cr-rich alloys . These observations show that a long heat treatment causes the development of the sigma phase.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278785_p20
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[2]/p[15]
|
3. Results and Discussion
| 2.960938 |
other
|
Study
|
[
0.2384033203125,
0.0008749961853027344,
0.7607421875
] |
[
0.99609375,
0.0034942626953125,
0.00031447410583496094,
0.00011706352233886719
] |
The results of the engineering compressive stress and strain of the as-cast and annealed AlCoCrNi HEAs are represented in Figure 6 and summarized in Table 4 . The as-cast alloy presents about a 16.71% compressive strain and a 1753 MPa compressive stress . The compression test results of the heat-treated HEAs at 873 K for 72 and 192 h reveal that the yield strength significantly increased, whereas a decrease occurred in the compressive strain of the alloy.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278785_p21
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[2]/p[16]
|
3. Results and Discussion
| 4.054688 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9443359375,
0.0006117820739746094,
0.055206298828125
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0006966590881347656,
0.00018906593322753906,
0.000042438507080078125
] |
The most pronounced effect on the yield strength was observed in the sample that was heat-treated for 72 h because of the alternative morphology of the sigma and B2 phases. This heat-treated sample showed the highest yield strength compared to the as-cast samples, with an almost 1172 MPa difference between the as-cast and 72-h heat-treated samples. However, a high amount of the sigma phase reduces the yield strength and strain, as shown in the results when the sample was heat-treated at 873 K for 192 h, which yielded an engineering stress of about 2834 MPa and a strain of about 0.62%.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278785_p22
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[2]/p[17]
|
3. Results and Discussion
| 4.199219 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.990234375,
0.0005278587341308594,
0.00914764404296875
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002884864807128906,
0.0001844167709350586,
0.00004112720489501953
] |
As the long heat treatment assisted atomic diffusion more sufficiently, the Co and Cr atoms in the interdendritic region moved into the dendritic region because of their negative mixing enthalpy. The TEM with EDS results in Table 3 indicate that the atomic ratio of the Co and Cr decreased in the interdendritic region and increased in the dendritic region with a longer heat treatment. In the dendritic region, the rise in Cr with a large atomic radius produced significant lattice distortion, whereas the precipitation of some particles discharged the lattice distortion energy that enhanced the strength of the alloy. However, the decreased Co-Cr content released the lattice distortion in the interdendritic region, so the interdendritic region could keep the Al-Ni-rich solid-solution state. On the other hand, an incomplete transformation of the Co-Cr from the interdendritic region to the dendritic region led to the sigma phase formation at the interface in the alloy heat-treated for 72 h. Moreover, the sigma phase was observed with the B2 and BCC-A2 phases. Therefore, this alloy presents high strength and strain compared to the alloy heat-treated for 192 h, which shows a complete transfer of the Co and Cr and results in a higher concentration of the sigma phase in the dendritic area.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278785_p23
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[2]/p[18]
|
3. Results and Discussion
| 4.140625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.95458984375,
0.00042176246643066406,
0.044952392578125
] |
[
0.998046875,
0.0016717910766601562,
0.0003025531768798828,
0.000045299530029296875
] |
In addition to the thermodynamic computations, the VEC has been suggested for the phase stability predictions as a possible parameter . The experimental findings are used to describe the empirical VEC ranges of the stable phase combinations. This method cannot provide accurate correlations across a number of various alloy systems, but it can be beneficial within an alloy family . The definition was explicitly extended to predict the formation of the sigma phase , where an alloy that consists of Cr as a major element with a VEC between 6.88 and 7.84 is likely subjected to the formation of the sigma phase at 873 K. The VEC for the AlCoCrNi alloy is 7.0, calculated using the following equation: VEC = ∑ i = 1 n C i ( V E C ) i where C i is the atomic concentration and (VEC) i is the VEC for the i th element, respectively.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278785_p24
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[2]/p[19]
|
3. Results and Discussion
| 3.197266 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.5947265625,
0.0009503364562988281,
0.404052734375
] |
[
0.9970703125,
0.0025348663330078125,
0.0002810955047607422,
0.00008624792098999023
] |
To better understand the validity of the VEC concept and phase stability of the heat-treated samples obtained, we analyzed findings from the literature summarized in Table 5 . Additionally, at 873 K, the VEC method forecasts the propensity of the AlCoCrNi alloy to develop the sigma phase. The experimental results also implied the sigma phase formation would occur in the equiatomic HEAs after heat treatment .
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278785_p25
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[2]/p[20]
|
3. Results and Discussion
| 2.166016 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.857421875,
0.0011692047119140625,
0.1412353515625
] |
[
0.50146484375,
0.492919921875,
0.0046539306640625,
0.0009026527404785156
] |
Nevertheless, this approach is restricted in its implementation because of the critical VEC range where the sigma phase is likely to develop. Its application depends on temperature, and thus, many experimental data points are necessary to define these critical ranges at different times and temperatures.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278785_p26
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[2]/p[21]
|
3. Results and Discussion
| 2.941406 |
other
|
Study
|
[
0.278076171875,
0.0007672309875488281,
0.72119140625
] |
[
0.78466796875,
0.2122802734375,
0.002429962158203125,
0.00047016143798828125
] |
In conclusion, the first principle is provided for predicting the sigma phase presence in HEAs. Alloys that have VEC values of 6.88–7.84 are inclined to form the sigma phase in the as-cast alloys or at appropriate temperatures during heat treatment. The factors are well extended to HEAs consisting of Cr or Co. The prediction of the formation of sigma phases is essential to the design of HEAs.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278785_p27
|
PMC11278785
|
sec[3]/p[0]
|
4. Conclusions
| 4.207031 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.84228515625,
0.0016584396362304688,
0.1558837890625
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.0006175041198730469,
0.0007147789001464844,
0.00007927417755126953
] |
This study analyzed the effect of the heat treatment on a nano-scale structure and the mechanical properties of the quaternary AlCoCrNi HEAs. The heat-treated HEAs illustrate a unique plate-like morphology. The compression test presented an increase in yield strength but a decrease in compressive strain of the heat-treated HEAs despite increasing the heat treatment time. According to the TEM analysis and the compression test results, the following conclusions are drawn: The highest yield strength for the HEAs was determined to be approximately 2925 MPa in the sample heat-treated at 873 K for 72 h, and remarkable variations in the nano-scale morphology compared to the as-cast alloy were observed. When the alloy was heat-treated at 873 K for 72 h, an interface with the sigma phase developed between the dendritic and interdendritic regions. In comparison, in the alloy heat-treated at 873 K for 192 h, the morphology of the dendritic area completely transformed from spherical to plate-like, and a tetragonal crystal structure developed, which is the sigma phase. At the same time, the engineering strain of the HEAs also reduced with an increase in the sigma phase. The formation of the sigma phase due to varying heat treatment durations can affect the mechanical properties, and prolonged heat treatment may result in a diminished strengthening effect on the alloy. Prolonged annealing or extended heat treatment plays a crucial role in the microstructural evolution and phase stability of HEAs. This process can lead to significant phase transformations, resulting in the formation of ordered structures and secondary phases. Further studies are necessary to induce similar phase transformations, balancing improved strength and plasticity with the potential brittleness caused by the sigma phase.
|
[
"Elyorjon Jumaev",
"Hae-Jin Park",
"Muhammad Aoun Abbas",
"Dilshodbek Yusupov",
"Sung-Hwan Hong",
"Ki-Buem Kim"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143617
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278797_p0
|
PMC11278797
|
sec[0]/p[0]
|
Background
| 2.5 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.64111328125,
0.0027217864990234375,
0.356201171875
] |
[
0.00559234619140625,
0.98828125,
0.00567626953125,
0.00025773048400878906
] |
The use of language to describe specific phenomena for scientific and public discourse is complex and can be highly contentious for emerging science and technology. This is because human language is value laden, and terminology can have normative implications, especially when uncertainty surrounds the ontological status and moral concern for the scientific objects or artifacts of study. Nevertheless, effective scientific communication requires given signifiers (the sign for a given concept) to be understood in a specific context and ideally for a distinct concept.
|
[
"Brett J. Kagan",
"Michael Mahlis",
"Anjali Bhat",
"Josh Bongard",
"Victor M. Cole",
"Phillip Corlett",
"Christopher Gyngell",
"Thomas Hartung",
"Bianca Jupp",
"Michael Levin",
"Tamra Lysaght",
"Nicholas Opie",
"Adeel Razi",
"Lena Smirnova",
"Ian Tennant",
"Peter Thestrup Wade",
"Ge Wang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100658
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278797_p1
|
PMC11278797
|
sec[0]/p[1]
|
Background
| 2.890625 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.12225341796875,
0.0007028579711914062,
0.876953125
] |
[
0.3310546875,
0.6240234375,
0.044036865234375,
0.0010023117065429688
] |
Rapidly growing fields aiming to create generally intelligent systems are controversial with disagreements, confusion, and ambiguity pervading discussions around the semantics used to describe this myriad of technologies. For example, even 15 years ago, at least 71 distinct definitions of “intelligence” had been identified. 1 The diverse technologies and disciplines that contribute toward the shared goal of creating generally intelligent systems further amplify disparate definitions used for any given concept. 2 It becomes increasingly impractical for researchers to explicitly re-define every term that could be considered ambiguous in each paper. As such, key terminology has often been imprecise, with signifiers used interchangeably to represent different concepts that are seldom formally defined. Even if the use of glossaries were implemented in all future empirical literature to ensure internal consistency and explicit definitions, this would place an onerous burden on the readers, especially non-experts. Figure 1 Initial key terms, most applicable fields, and core approach toward consensus (A) Proposed key terms to define. (B) Proposed most applicable specific fields the nomenclature guide will be used in; however, others may also find this work useful. (C) A mixed method approach with a modified Delphi method. This approach entails an initial round with pre-selected open-ended questions (i), strategic refinement and categorization (ii), and collaborative consultation (iii) in an iterative manner (ii and iii) until a suitable level of consensus is achieved (iv). If consensus is not reached on any specific terms, a weighted majority voting system will be implemented to reach a conclusion (v).
|
[
"Brett J. Kagan",
"Michael Mahlis",
"Anjali Bhat",
"Josh Bongard",
"Victor M. Cole",
"Phillip Corlett",
"Christopher Gyngell",
"Thomas Hartung",
"Bianca Jupp",
"Michael Levin",
"Tamra Lysaght",
"Nicholas Opie",
"Adeel Razi",
"Lena Smirnova",
"Ian Tennant",
"Peter Thestrup Wade",
"Ge Wang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100658
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278797_p2
|
PMC11278797
|
sec[0]/p[2]
|
Background
| 1.703125 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.144775390625,
0.0009889602661132812,
0.8544921875
] |
[
0.0408935546875,
0.95556640625,
0.003192901611328125,
0.0005578994750976562
] |
Moreover, it is essential to enable collaboration between these different fields, such as those described in Figure 1 B. A common language is needed to recognize, predict, manipulate, and build cognitive (or pseudo-cognitive) systems in unconventional embodiments that do not share straightforward aspects of structure or origin story with conventional natural species. 3 Previous work proposing nomenclature guidelines are generally highly field specific and developed by selected experts, with little opportunity for broader community engagement. The authority of these experts is often a matter of contention that we argue would be addressed by engaging the community the nomenclature guidelines aim to assist in the generation process.
|
[
"Brett J. Kagan",
"Michael Mahlis",
"Anjali Bhat",
"Josh Bongard",
"Victor M. Cole",
"Phillip Corlett",
"Christopher Gyngell",
"Thomas Hartung",
"Bianca Jupp",
"Michael Levin",
"Tamra Lysaght",
"Nicholas Opie",
"Adeel Razi",
"Lena Smirnova",
"Ian Tennant",
"Peter Thestrup Wade",
"Ge Wang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100658
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278797_p3
|
PMC11278797
|
sec[0]/p[3]
|
Background
| 1.542969 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.440185546875,
0.0026607513427734375,
0.55712890625
] |
[
0.00814056396484375,
0.97802734375,
0.0127716064453125,
0.0008268356323242188
] |
For this reason, we invite researchers and scientists in related areas to collaborate, broadly agree upon, and adopt nomenclature for this field as an imperative. This work aims to provide utility and nuance to the discussion and offers authors an option to use language explicitly, unambiguously, and consistently, insofar as rapidly emerging fields will allow, through the adoption of nomenclature adhering to a theory-agnostic standard.
|
[
"Brett J. Kagan",
"Michael Mahlis",
"Anjali Bhat",
"Josh Bongard",
"Victor M. Cole",
"Phillip Corlett",
"Christopher Gyngell",
"Thomas Hartung",
"Bianca Jupp",
"Michael Levin",
"Tamra Lysaght",
"Nicholas Opie",
"Adeel Razi",
"Lena Smirnova",
"Ian Tennant",
"Peter Thestrup Wade",
"Ge Wang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100658
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
PMC11278797_p4
|
PMC11278797
|
sec[0]/p[4]
|
Background
| 1.569336 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.52880859375,
0.0026302337646484375,
0.468505859375
] |
[
0.00722503662109375,
0.98828125,
0.004138946533203125,
0.0005474090576171875
] |
Here, we propose a pathway toward a nomenclature consensus that could be useful for fields seeking to develop intelligent systems and welcome multidisciplinary collaboration input from all relevant stakeholders.
|
[
"Brett J. Kagan",
"Michael Mahlis",
"Anjali Bhat",
"Josh Bongard",
"Victor M. Cole",
"Phillip Corlett",
"Christopher Gyngell",
"Thomas Hartung",
"Bianca Jupp",
"Michael Levin",
"Tamra Lysaght",
"Nicholas Opie",
"Adeel Razi",
"Lena Smirnova",
"Ian Tennant",
"Peter Thestrup Wade",
"Ge Wang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100658
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278797_p5
|
PMC11278797
|
sec[1]/p[0]
|
Identifying key terms
| 1.37793 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.05828857421875,
0.000743865966796875,
0.94091796875
] |
[
0.050537109375,
0.94482421875,
0.0039825439453125,
0.0008783340454101562
] |
Here, we propose a non-exhaustive list of key terms this work aims to define . The most challenging words to define are likely those related to complex processes or internal states that are attributed various degrees of moral significance. Such terms often trigger intuitive emotional responses from readers and must be handled sensitively. As such, the non-exhaustive list in Figure 1 A are terms that, historically, have at least sometimes been signifiers for these complex processes or internal states.
|
[
"Brett J. Kagan",
"Michael Mahlis",
"Anjali Bhat",
"Josh Bongard",
"Victor M. Cole",
"Phillip Corlett",
"Christopher Gyngell",
"Thomas Hartung",
"Bianca Jupp",
"Michael Levin",
"Tamra Lysaght",
"Nicholas Opie",
"Adeel Razi",
"Lena Smirnova",
"Ian Tennant",
"Peter Thestrup Wade",
"Ge Wang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100658
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999994 |
PMC11278797_p6
|
PMC11278797
|
sec[1]/p[1]
|
Identifying key terms
| 2.326172 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.568359375,
0.0012922286987304688,
0.4306640625
] |
[
0.142578125,
0.83837890625,
0.0180206298828125,
0.0008730888366699219
] |
Specifically, we propose theory-agnostic definitions that can be viewed as semantically distinct or synonymous. Part of our proposal is to work to provide said distinction between semantic independence and synonymity, enabling the maximization of nuance and utility of term usage, creating opportunities for more deliberate scientific discourse. It is also acknowledged that some terms are components of other terms. For example, “perception” may be considered a component of “consciousness” or may otherwise be considered distinct. Clarifying semantic usage of these terms is a key goal of the proposed work.
|
[
"Brett J. Kagan",
"Michael Mahlis",
"Anjali Bhat",
"Josh Bongard",
"Victor M. Cole",
"Phillip Corlett",
"Christopher Gyngell",
"Thomas Hartung",
"Bianca Jupp",
"Michael Levin",
"Tamra Lysaght",
"Nicholas Opie",
"Adeel Razi",
"Lena Smirnova",
"Ian Tennant",
"Peter Thestrup Wade",
"Ge Wang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100658
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278797_p7
|
PMC11278797
|
sec[1]/p[2]
|
Identifying key terms
| 3.964844 |
other
|
Study
|
[
0.489013671875,
0.0015745162963867188,
0.50927734375
] |
[
0.434814453125,
0.382568359375,
0.181396484375,
0.0011749267578125
] |
As such, we suggest that reference to the terminology be made with respect to two usages: terms that are used in a manner that is empirical and terms that are used in a nominally qualitative manner. Here, empirical terms relate to those phenomena that are measurable. In contrast, terms with nominally qualitative usage are aimed to be considered as representing subjective perspectives. In practice, this contrast should create distinctions between the use of language in the context of describing phenomena in an empirical sense, compared to more subjective but still important usages of the terms in everyday language. Distinctions in term usage are intended to avoid neglect of terminologies that are classified as empirical in consideration of the critique of terms that are typically used without an empirical meaning. By allowing authors of future work to simply flag their intended usage, this alone will simplify communicating an important nuance. Where some words can be used in either category, this should be specified to allow the intended meaning and context to be easily understood, as done in recent work. 4 For example, “phenomenal consciousness” is usually a nominally qualitative term, as no robust measures have been developed to provide empirical evidence of this phenomenon, and even robust definitions are challenging. Therein, the term phenomenal consciousness cannot—using current measures—be subjected to an empirical meaning. In contrast, “learning” can be measured empirically through changes in observable behavior and is also likely quantifiable through other means. While it is recognized that learning is a cognitive process that is unable to be conclusively observed with current methods, its operationalization across time does allow for empirical measurement. Moreover, as an example in biological organisms, known biophysical changes have been observed to be routinely associated with learning. Comparatively, while phenomenal consciousness can potentially be operationalized by developing quantitative metrics to capture this under an empirical framework, its real-life observation remains undetermined and uncertain at the current time, thus limiting the opportunity for its subjugation to an empirical conclusion. Furthermore, it is the unempirical nature of nominally qualitative terms that engenders avoidance of constraints on their understanding through attribution of a local minimum of our understanding of such phenomena. At the very least, should an author wish to approach the matter of a term usually positioned in a nominally qualitative manner with an empirical perspective, having a standard positioning will simplify the communication of this attempt. Having said this, we recognize that without firm definitions, even the above examples remain a subject for disagreement, a fact that only serves to highlight the importance of a consensus-based approach to seeking shared definitions of these terms. Identifying usages applicable to both categorizations would be a key focus in the proposed nomenclature guidelines.
|
[
"Brett J. Kagan",
"Michael Mahlis",
"Anjali Bhat",
"Josh Bongard",
"Victor M. Cole",
"Phillip Corlett",
"Christopher Gyngell",
"Thomas Hartung",
"Bianca Jupp",
"Michael Levin",
"Tamra Lysaght",
"Nicholas Opie",
"Adeel Razi",
"Lena Smirnova",
"Ian Tennant",
"Peter Thestrup Wade",
"Ge Wang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100658
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278797_p8
|
PMC11278797
|
sec[2]/p[0]
|
Pathway toward consensus
| 1.519531 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.06756591796875,
0.0011119842529296875,
0.93115234375
] |
[
0.005390167236328125,
0.98876953125,
0.00525665283203125,
0.00040340423583984375
] |
This work is intended to be as broadly collaborative as possible to ensure that it captures the diversity and breadth of the various researchers, philosophers, psychologists, bioethicists, sociologists, historians, scientists, etc., who may wish to use the nomenclature. However, as the very nature of diversity inherently means that this will attract many differences of opinion, it is vital that well-established methods for consensus-making are established to ensure that eventual conclusions can be reached. Multiple methods of consensus-making have been proposed and actively investigated in recent years. 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 The development of these guidelines will also naturally leverage insights from linguistics via the influence that existing definitions have on the individual understanding of these terms and concepts.
|
[
"Brett J. Kagan",
"Michael Mahlis",
"Anjali Bhat",
"Josh Bongard",
"Victor M. Cole",
"Phillip Corlett",
"Christopher Gyngell",
"Thomas Hartung",
"Bianca Jupp",
"Michael Levin",
"Tamra Lysaght",
"Nicholas Opie",
"Adeel Razi",
"Lena Smirnova",
"Ian Tennant",
"Peter Thestrup Wade",
"Ge Wang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100658
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278797_p9
|
PMC11278797
|
sec[2]/p[1]
|
Pathway toward consensus
| 4.109375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9921875,
0.0007472038269042969,
0.00708770751953125
] |
[
0.99560546875,
0.002613067626953125,
0.001850128173828125,
0.00007224082946777344
] |
Here, we propose following a mixed method approach with a modified Delphi method as the primary foundation. This method involves an initial round where fairly open-ended questions are used to solicit expert opinions, followed by subsequent rounds of refinement until a suitable level of consensus is achieved by applying the three key characteristics of the Delphi method. 10 These are controlled feedback from participants, anonymity, and statistically summarized group responses. Independent reflection by experts in an iterative fashion will facilitate the modification of opinion relating to items in consideration of other responses, enabling equal opportunity in contribution to idea formation and, more importantly, collaboration between experts in areas of interest. By including preselected terminologies, it is also proposed to improve initial round response rates and ensure that initial terminologies utilized are grounded in an appropriate scholarly context. Moreover, the asynchronous and online format of this process will enable efficient data gathering and collaboration regardless of geographical location, attenuating participant attrition. In addition, this approach provides participants with initial anonymity—enabling a non-adversarial environment and reduction in bias, which may be encountered in face-to-face formal consensus methods. Should this method fail, other consensus-making methods will be applied to ensure optimal collaborative outcomes. 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9
|
[
"Brett J. Kagan",
"Michael Mahlis",
"Anjali Bhat",
"Josh Bongard",
"Victor M. Cole",
"Phillip Corlett",
"Christopher Gyngell",
"Thomas Hartung",
"Bianca Jupp",
"Michael Levin",
"Tamra Lysaght",
"Nicholas Opie",
"Adeel Razi",
"Lena Smirnova",
"Ian Tennant",
"Peter Thestrup Wade",
"Ge Wang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100658
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278797_p10
|
PMC11278797
|
sec[2]/p[2]
|
Pathway toward consensus
| 2.652344 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.29931640625,
0.0009765625,
0.69970703125
] |
[
0.31640625,
0.6806640625,
0.002407073974609375,
0.0006775856018066406
] |
To implement this process, a targeted survey questionnaire will be shared with all collaborators . To provide a starting point unbiased by any single human perspective, we propose using large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4-Turbo or open-source language models. LLMs, with their advanced natural language processing capabilities trained on a huge corpus of literature and other documents, can efficiently analyze existing definitions related to intelligent systems. By processing a vast array of academic papers, discussions, and existing nomenclature, these models can identify commonalities and discrepancies in the usage of the key terms flagged above. This synthesis of information can effectively and efficiently establish a baseline for discussions among multidisciplinary stakeholders. Furthermore, LLMs can assist in drafting and revising documents during the consensus-building process, ensuring clarity and coherence in the presentation of ideas and terminologies. This helps in creating a comprehensive and well-organized repository of terms as a starting point for the modified Delphi method.
|
[
"Brett J. Kagan",
"Michael Mahlis",
"Anjali Bhat",
"Josh Bongard",
"Victor M. Cole",
"Phillip Corlett",
"Christopher Gyngell",
"Thomas Hartung",
"Bianca Jupp",
"Michael Levin",
"Tamra Lysaght",
"Nicholas Opie",
"Adeel Razi",
"Lena Smirnova",
"Ian Tennant",
"Peter Thestrup Wade",
"Ge Wang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100658
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278797_p11
|
PMC11278797
|
sec[2]/p[3]
|
Pathway toward consensus
| 3.476563 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.67578125,
0.0034999847412109375,
0.32080078125
] |
[
0.228759765625,
0.76708984375,
0.003971099853515625,
0.0003483295440673828
] |
Once the initial survey is completed and responses are gathered, qualitative methods will be used to refine these answers into key categories of answers where sufficient overlap exists. Additional consultation with all collaborators will be repeated until a consensus is ideally reached . As the multidisciplinary nature of this collaborative work may itself be a cause for misunderstanding, LLMs can further serve as an intermediary tool that translates complex concepts across different disciplines, making them more accessible and understandable to all involved. LLMs can rephrase and contextualize these viewpoints, facilitating a more productive and less ambiguous dialogue . Additionally, these models can generate summaries and comparisons of different perspectives, helping to pinpoint areas of agreement and contention. This is particularly useful in managing and summarizing feedback from wider community consultations, ensuring that all voices are heard and considered in the nomenclature consensus. In the case that consensus is not reached on any specific terms , a weighted majority voting system will be implemented to reach conclusions . Although it is acknowledged that this will likely result in some terms that do not have full concordance from all collaborators, it is hoped that with a good-faith approach and fair consensus-making methods, coupled with a focus on nuance and utility, the result will be a nomenclature guide that is ultimately more useful than the current state of language usage.
|
[
"Brett J. Kagan",
"Michael Mahlis",
"Anjali Bhat",
"Josh Bongard",
"Victor M. Cole",
"Phillip Corlett",
"Christopher Gyngell",
"Thomas Hartung",
"Bianca Jupp",
"Michael Levin",
"Tamra Lysaght",
"Nicholas Opie",
"Adeel Razi",
"Lena Smirnova",
"Ian Tennant",
"Peter Thestrup Wade",
"Ge Wang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100658
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278797_p12
|
PMC11278797
|
sec[3]/p[0]
|
Identifying most applicable fields
| 1.4375 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.258544921875,
0.001712799072265625,
0.73974609375
] |
[
0.004680633544921875,
0.99365234375,
0.00151824951171875,
0.000347137451171875
] |
This work should yield a nomenclature guide that is applicable to the fields described in Figure 1 B and potentially more that are not currently listed. The eventual outcome of this work is a useful field guide for researchers exploring an intersection of these areas who are engaged in the development of diverse generally intelligent systems. If members of these fields or others find the nomenclature guidelines useful, it is hoped that the utility of referencing a single document will ease scientific communication and promote clarity for future work.
|
[
"Brett J. Kagan",
"Michael Mahlis",
"Anjali Bhat",
"Josh Bongard",
"Victor M. Cole",
"Phillip Corlett",
"Christopher Gyngell",
"Thomas Hartung",
"Bianca Jupp",
"Michael Levin",
"Tamra Lysaght",
"Nicholas Opie",
"Adeel Razi",
"Lena Smirnova",
"Ian Tennant",
"Peter Thestrup Wade",
"Ge Wang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100658
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278797_p13
|
PMC11278797
|
sec[3]/p[1]
|
Identifying most applicable fields
| 1.061523 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.311767578125,
0.00278472900390625,
0.685546875
] |
[
0.00539398193359375,
0.9931640625,
0.0007715225219726562,
0.0005669593811035156
] |
We invite all interested collaborators to register their interest at https://corticallabs.com/nomenclature.html to take part in this collaborative endeavor.
|
[
"Brett J. Kagan",
"Michael Mahlis",
"Anjali Bhat",
"Josh Bongard",
"Victor M. Cole",
"Phillip Corlett",
"Christopher Gyngell",
"Thomas Hartung",
"Bianca Jupp",
"Michael Levin",
"Tamra Lysaght",
"Nicholas Opie",
"Adeel Razi",
"Lena Smirnova",
"Ian Tennant",
"Peter Thestrup Wade",
"Ge Wang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100658
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278814_p0
|
PMC11278814
|
sec[0]/p[0]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.859375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0002722740173339844,
0.0018062591552734375
] |
[
0.404052734375,
0.3681640625,
0.2269287109375,
0.0007038116455078125
] |
In recent years, microfluidic technology has been widely used in biology, medicine, lab-on-a-chip, social production, and other fields due to its advantages, such as low sample consumption, small structure, and portability . For example, it can perform fluid transfer, mixing, and other tasks. Therefore, the flow, mixing, and heat transfer of fluids in microfluidic devices have become the focus of research . Currently, the flow in a microchannel can be driven by the pressure gradient, centrifugal force, electric field, magnetic field, or a combination of these forces .
|
[
"Yun Qing",
"Jiaqi Wang",
"Fengqin Li"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070882
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278814_p1
|
PMC11278814
|
sec[0]/p[1]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.144531 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.00019538402557373047,
0.00125885009765625
] |
[
0.99169921875,
0.0006933212280273438,
0.00731658935546875,
0.00007194280624389648
] |
Electro-osmosis has become the preferred method for fabricating microdevices due to its low energy consumption . When the electrolyte solution is filled in charged surface microchannels, ions with opposite charges to the wall are attracted to the charged surface, thus forming an electric double layer (EDL) . When the electric field is applied to both ends of the microchannel, the ions in the electrical double layer (EDL) begin to move under the influence of the electric field force. Because the fluid is viscous, it flows along with the ions in the microchannel. This flow is called the electro-osmotic flow (EOF) . Chang et al. investigated the electro-osmotic flow in a microchannel with a charge slip on a plate surface. The influence of the thermodiffusive effect on the local Debye length thickness in a purely electro-osmotic flow in a parallel flat plate microchannel was theoretically studied by Hernández et al. .
|
[
"Yun Qing",
"Jiaqi Wang",
"Fengqin Li"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070882
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278814_p2
|
PMC11278814
|
sec[0]/p[2]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.978516 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99609375,
0.00032067298889160156,
0.0037021636962890625
] |
[
0.85986328125,
0.0011796951293945312,
0.1387939453125,
0.0001766681671142578
] |
Previous studies have been based on uniform potential. However, due to the limitation of the industrial level, it is not possible to achieve uniform distribution of surface charges . Mandal et al. used a modulated charged surface to simulate charge inhomogeneity to study the electro-osmotic flow of superimposed fluids under narrow constraints. Bian and Li consider fluid flow in a microchannel with a modulated charged surface. Akhtar Shehraz et al. used fractional derivatives to study the electro-osmotic flow of Maxwell fluids in microchannels with asymmetric wall potential. Wang and Li studied the EOF and heat transfer in the polyelectrolyte-grafted microchannels with modulated charged surfaces. The above results show that the modulation of charged surfaces can generate eddy currents in the flow field, which have positive effects on fluid mixing, solute diffusion, and heat transfer.
|
[
"Yun Qing",
"Jiaqi Wang",
"Fengqin Li"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070882
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278814_p3
|
PMC11278814
|
sec[0]/p[3]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.855469 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.96337890625,
0.0003440380096435547,
0.0364990234375
] |
[
0.94091796875,
0.006656646728515625,
0.052490234375,
0.0001804828643798828
] |
Given that the current manufacturing process is unable to achieve perfect smoothness, there will always be some degree of wall roughness. Sadia Siddiqa conducted a study on the transient analysis of natural convective heat transfer based on vertical wavefronts and obtained the solution to the equation using the coordinate transformation method. Buren et al. analyzed the critical wave value of the influence of wall roughness on velocity and potential distribution using the perturbation expansion method. Li et al. investigated the electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) flow in a three-dimensional corrugated wall microchannel. Chang et al. discussed the impact of sinusoidal roughness on the AC EOF of Maxwell fluids in parallel microchannels.
|
[
"Yun Qing",
"Jiaqi Wang",
"Fengqin Li"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070882
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278814_p4
|
PMC11278814
|
sec[0]/p[4]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.089844 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.00036835670471191406,
0.0016937255859375
] |
[
0.8544921875,
0.0008296966552734375,
0.144287109375,
0.0002224445343017578
] |
The diffusion process of solutes is the mass transport due to the inhomogeneity of molecular diffusion and fluid flow velocity. The problem of mass transport in microfluidic systems has important guiding significance in practical applications such as drug delivery or toxin separation in medical care and biological systems . More recently, the applications of the AC electric fields have been extended to electro-osmotic flow with enhanced mass transfer, mixing, and material separation . Medina et al. studied the pulsating electro-osmotic flow and solute diffusion in microchannels with wall potential asymmetry. Li and Jian studied the problem of solute diffusion in polyelectrolyte-grafted nanochannels driven by the AC electric field. They discovered that there is a critical oscillation Reynolds number value for solute diffusion driven by the AC electric field. The electromagnetic hydrodynamic flow and mass transfer in curved rectangular microchannels were studied by Liu and Jian . They found that the effective diffusivity increases with the oscillation Reynolds number.
|
[
"Yun Qing",
"Jiaqi Wang",
"Fengqin Li"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070882
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278814_p5
|
PMC11278814
|
sec[0]/p[5]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.128906 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00021600723266601562,
0.00042629241943359375
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0002334117889404297,
0.0008749961853027344,
0.00006198883056640625
] |
According to the author’s knowledge, currently, no relevant studies have discussed the effects of roughness and modulated charged surface coupling on fluid flow. Therefore, this paper examines the electro-osmotic flow in a microchannel with a rough and modulated charged surface, driven by both the AC electric field and the pressure gradient. The P–B equation based on the Debye–Hückel approximation, and the improved N–S equation are solved using the asymptotic expansion method. The numerical solution of the concentration equation using perturbation expansion is obtained by the finite difference method. Finally, the effects of sinusoidal roughness, modulated charged surface, and the AC electric field on potential, velocity, and mass transport are discussed in detail.
|
[
"Yun Qing",
"Jiaqi Wang",
"Fengqin Li"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070882
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278814_p6
|
PMC11278814
|
sec[1]/p[0]
|
2. Mathematics Model
| 4.207031 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0002918243408203125,
0.0006284713745117188
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00018513202667236328,
0.00031065940856933594,
0.000048100948333740234
] |
In this study, we consider the alternating current electro-osmotic flow and mass transfer of Newtonian fluid in a microchannel with sinusoidal roughness and modulated charged surfaces. Shown as in Figure 1 , the length of the mathematical model in the x * -axis direction is denoted as L ( L ≫ 2 H ). First, let us consider the low Reynolds number flows in the microchannels. The electric field E x * ( t * ) is aligned with the x * -axis. The fluid is propelled by the AC electric field and pressure gradient. The positions of the upper and lower sinusoidal roughness walls ( y u * and y l * ) can be described by periodic sine waves as follows: (1a) y u * = H + δ H sin λ * x * , (1b) y l * ± = − H ± δ H sin λ * x * , where λ* is the wave number, and δ ≪ 1 is the amplitude. y l * + = − H + δ H sin λ * x * denotes the in-phase walls, which means that the lower and upper walls are not symmetric. y l * − = − H − δ H sin λ * x * denotes the out-of-phase walls, which means that the lower and upper walls are symmetric.
|
[
"Yun Qing",
"Jiaqi Wang",
"Fengqin Li"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070882
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
PMC11278814_p7
|
PMC11278814
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
2.1. Velocity Distribution
| 4.476563 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0003287792205810547,
0.0005440711975097656
] |
[
0.998046875,
0.0010042190551757812,
0.0009012222290039062,
0.00009703636169433594
] |
The microchannel walls adopt an asymmetric modulated potential, and the potential distribution function ψ * x * , y * of the upper and lower walls is expressed as follows: (2a) ψ * x * , y * = ξ u * 1 + α sin λ * x * at y * = y u * , (2b) ψ * x * , y * = ξ l * 1 + β sin λ * x * at y * = y l * , where ξ u * and ξ l * are the amplitudes of the upper and lower walls, and α and β are constants. It is assumed that the electrolyte solution fills the microchannel. The potential ψ * x * , y * and the net charge density ρ e * can be described by the P–B equation : (3) ∇ 2 ψ * = − ρ e * ε , where ρ e * = 2 n 0 ze sinh( ze ψ * / k B T a ) is Boltzmann distribution. The symbol n 0 represents the concentration of ions in the solution. z represents the valence of the ion. e is the charge of the electron, T a stands for the absolute temperture, k B denotes the Boltzmann constant, and ε signifies the dielectric constant. By the Debye–Hückel approximation, we obtain the term sinh( ze ψ * / k B T a ) ≈ ze ψ * / k B T a . From this we can obtain the approximate P–B equation: (4) ∂ 2 ψ * ∂ x * 2 + ∂ 2 ψ * ∂ y * 2 = k 2 ψ * , where κ = 1 / [ ( ek B T a ) / ( 2 n 0 z 2 e 2 ) ] 1 / 2 denotes the thickness of the EDL, also known as the Debye length. The boundary conditions are (2a) and (2b).
|
[
"Yun Qing",
"Jiaqi Wang",
"Fengqin Li"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070882
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |