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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PMC11278877_p3
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
2.1. Isolation and Morphological Study
| 4.085938 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0003306865692138672,
0.0006690025329589844
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0005254745483398438,
0.00013387203216552734,
0.00005733966827392578
] |
During a series of field visits in 2022 in Shandong province in China, specimens displaying necrotic spots were collected, and single spore isolation and tissue isolation techniques were used to obtain a single colony . Culture tissue fragments were grown on Potato Dextrose Agar at 25 °C for 3 days. Morphologically distinct colonies appeared on the PDA plate. The mycelium showing vigorous growth at the colony’s edge was isolated and transferred to a fresh PDA plate for further cultivation at 25 °C. Images were captured using a Sony Alpha 6400L digital camera (Sony Group Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) on days 7 and 14. Microscopic examination of the fungal structures was conducted using an Olympus SZ61 stereo microscope and an Olympus BX43 microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), along with a BioHD-A20c color digital camera (FluoCa Scientific, Shanghai, China) for recording.
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278877_p4
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
2.1. Isolation and Morphological Study
| 3.958984 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00023365020751953125,
0.0003306865692138672
] |
[
0.99609375,
0.0033817291259765625,
0.00030612945556640625,
0.0001437664031982422
] |
All fungal strains were preserved in 15% sterilized glycerol at 4 °C, with each strain stored in three 2.0 mL tubes for future studies. Structural measurements were carried out using Digimizer software (v5.6.0) (this software comes with a statistical module that can calculate the mean and SD), with a minimum of 25 measurements taken for each characteristic, including conidiophores, conidiogenous cells, and conidia. Specimens were submitted to the Herbarium of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University (HSAUP) and Herbarium Mycologicum Academiae Sinicae (HMAS), with living cultures stored in the Shandong Agricultural University Culture Collection (SAUCC) for preservation and further research. The taxonomic details of the new species were provided to MycoBank . All taxonomic data regarding the new species described in this study have been shared with MycoBank .
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278877_p5
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
2.2. DNA Extraction and Amplification
| 4.144531 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00033593177795410156,
0.00020182132720947266
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00033783912658691406,
0.0002605915069580078,
0.00007492303848266602
] |
Fungal DNA was extracted from fresh mycelia grown on PDA using either the CTAB method or a kit method (OGPLF-400, GeneOnBio Corporation, Changchun, China) . Four molecular markers, namely the ITS, LSU, TEF1α, and TUB2 genes, were amplified with specific primer pairs, as detailed in Table 1 . The polymerase chain reaction was carried out using the Eppendorf Master Thermocycler from Hamburg, Germany. The amplification process involved a 20 μL reaction mix containing 10 μL 2 × Hieff Canace ® Plus PCR Master Mix (With Dye) from Yeasen Biotechnology (Shanghai, China) , 0.8 μL of each forward and reverse primer (TsingKe, Qingdao, China) at a concentration of 10 μM, and 1.0 μL of the genomic DNA template. The volume was adjusted to 20 μL with distilled deionized water. The PCR products were separated using 1% agarose gel electrophoresis with GelRed and visualized under UV light. Subsequently, gel recovery was performed using a Gel Extraction Kit from Shandong Sparkjade Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Zouping, China) The purified PCR products underwent bidirectional sequencing by Biosune Company Limited (Shanghai, China). The raw data (trace data) were analyzed with MEGA v. 7.0 to ensure consistent sequences . All sequences generated during this study were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers provided in Table S1 .
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278877_p6
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[1]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
2.3. Phylogenetic Analyses
| 4.171875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00033402442932128906,
0.000209808349609375
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00022864341735839844,
0.0003426074981689453,
0.00007599592208862305
] |
The generated consensus sequences were subjected to Megablast searches to identify closely related sequences in the NCBI’s GenBank nucleotide database. New sequences generated in this study were aligned with pertinent sequences obtained from GenBank ( Table 1 ), utilizing the MAFFT 7 online services and the default approach for comparison with other associated sequences. For the species-level identification of isolates, a separate phylogenetic analysis of each marker was first conducted and then combined (ITS-LSU-TEF1α-TUB2) (Refer to Supplementary Materials ). The multi-labeled data was analyzed phylogenetically using Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) algorithms. Both ML and BI analyses were performed on the CIPRES Science Gateway portal or offline software (The ML was operated in RaxML-HPC2 on XSEDE v8.2.12 and BI analysis was operated in MrBayes v3.2.7a with 64 threads on Linux) . For ML analyses, we used default parameters and conducted 1000 rapid bootstrap replicates with the GTR+G+I model of nucleotide evolution. The BI analysis was carried out using a quick bootstrap algorithm with an automatic stop option. It comprised 2 million generations across sixty-four parallel runs with stop rule options and a 100-generation sampling frequency. The burn-in score was designated at 25%, and posterior probabilities (PP) were computed from the remaining trees. The visual representation of the resulting trees was performed using FigTree v. 1.4.4 or ITOL: Interactive Tree of Life. The tree designs were crafted in Adobe Illustrator CS6.
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278877_p7
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
3.1. Phylogenetic Analyses
| 4.289063 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00044846534729003906,
0.0002651214599609375
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00023043155670166016,
0.00037407875061035156,
0.00010085105895996094
] |
Phylogenetic analysis was performed on 107 isolates of Apiospora species. Of these, 106 isolates were categorized as the ingroup, while one strain of Arthrinium caricicola was defined as the outgroup. The total alignment included 2843 concatenated characters, distributed across ranges 1–831 (ITS), 832–1673 (LSU), 1674–2244 (TEF1α), and 2245–2792 (TUB2). Among these characters, 1388 remained constant, 511 were variable and parsimony-uninformative, and 893 were parsimony-informative. There existed 1705 distinct alignment patterns, with gaps and wholly undetermined characters accounting for 31.31% of the alignment. The final ML Optimization Likelihood was −28,478.957873. The estimated base frequencies were as follows: A = 0.233901, C = 0.250499, G = 0.258001, T = 0.257599; substitution rates AC = 1.359081, AG = 2.638423, AT = 1.095604, CG = 0.952105, CT = 4.645088, and GT = 1.000000; gamma distribution shape parameter α = 0.337980. The GTR+I+G model was proposed for ITS, LSU, TEF1α, and TUB2. MCMC analysis of these four tandem genes was performed over 16,990,000 generations across 254,852 trees. The initial 84,950 trees, representing the burn-in phase of the analysis, were excluded, with the remaining trees used for calculating the posterior probability in the majority rule consensus tree . The alignment comprised a total of 1711 unique site patterns (ITS: 469, LSU: 486, TEF1α: 409, TUB2: 347). The topology of the ML tree confirms the tree topology obtained from Bayesian inference; therefore, only the ML tree is presented .
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278877_p8
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
3.1. Phylogenetic Analyses
| 4.152344 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0002601146697998047,
0.0004830360412597656
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002541542053222656,
0.00018262863159179688,
0.000049948692321777344
] |
The 107 strains were classified into 95 species based on the phylogeny of five genes . In our phylogenetic analyses, 106 strains of Apiospora formed a monophyletic clade . Within them, six strains represented three new species lineages: Apiospora armeniaca , closely related to A. guizhouensis with full support (98% MLBV and 1.0 BIPP); A. babylonica , closely related to A. bawanglingensis , A. indocalami and A. piptatheri with good support (74% MLBV and1.0 BIPP); and A. jinanensis , closely related to A. italica with good support (81% MLBV and1.0 BIPP). The present study revealed three species, viz. Apiospora armeniaca sp. nov., A. babylonica sp. nov., and A. jinanensis sp. nov.
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278877_p9
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
3.2.1. Apiospora armeniaca H. Sheng, Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov.
| 1.642578 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.96337890625,
0.00664520263671875,
0.0301971435546875
] |
[
0.0093841552734375,
0.98828125,
0.0008716583251953125,
0.0014829635620117188
] |
MycoBank—No: 854155
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
pl
| 0.857141 |
PMC11278877_p10
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
3.2.1. Apiospora armeniaca H. Sheng, Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov.
| 1.527344 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.52099609375,
0.0033054351806640625,
0.4755859375
] |
[
0.0208740234375,
0.97607421875,
0.0019779205322265625,
0.0012073516845703125
] |
Etymology—Referring to the species name of the host plant Prunus armeniaca .
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278877_p11
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[0]/p[2]
|
3.2.1. Apiospora armeniaca H. Sheng, Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov.
| 1.136719 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.1923828125,
0.00220489501953125,
0.80517578125
] |
[
0.0169830322265625,
0.98193359375,
0.0003287792205810547,
0.0007963180541992188
] |
Type—China, Shandong Province, Kunyu Mountain National Nature Reserve, on leaves of Prunus armeniaca , 15 June 2022, Z.X. Zhang , ex-holotype living culture SAUCC DL1831.
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278877_p12
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[0]/p[3]
|
3.2.1. Apiospora armeniaca H. Sheng, Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov.
| 4.246094 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99658203125,
0.0012598037719726562,
0.0019550323486328125
] |
[
0.98876953125,
0.01020050048828125,
0.0004360675811767578,
0.0005249977111816406
] |
Description—On PDA, hyphae 1.4–2.9 μm in diameter, hyaline, branched, and septate. Asexual morphology: Conidiophores are cylindrical, septate, verrucose, flexuous, and sometimes reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells are indistinct, clustered on hyphae, and hyaline are pale brown, measuring 5.3–6.8 × 4.1–5.6. Conidia are brown to dark brown, smooth to finely roughened, and ranging from globose to subglobose to lenticular. They exhibit a longitudinal germ slit and occasionally elongate to ellipsoidal, 6.2–7.3 × 4.8–6.1 μm, mean ± SD = 6.7 ± 0.5 × 5.5 ± 0.6 μm, L/W = 1.1–1.2, n = 40. Sexual morph: Undetermined. See Figure 2 .
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278877_p13
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[0]/p[4]
|
3.2.1. Apiospora armeniaca H. Sheng, Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov.
| 3.71875 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99755859375,
0.0011186599731445312,
0.0012559890747070312
] |
[
0.469970703125,
0.5263671875,
0.0013942718505859375,
0.00231170654296875
] |
Culture characteristics—Cultures incubated on PDA at 25 °C in darkness, reaching 81.7–83.5 mm diam., with a growth rate of 11.6–11.9 mm/day after 7 days; the colonies on PDA have regular edges, abundant white to gray aerial hyphae, flocculent cotton, and upright clusters of hyphae.
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278877_p14
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[0]/p[5]
|
3.2.1. Apiospora armeniaca H. Sheng, Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov.
| 1.081055 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.2139892578125,
0.0025386810302734375,
0.78369140625
] |
[
0.0160369873046875,
0.982421875,
0.00039768218994140625,
0.0009012222290039062
] |
Additional specimen examined—China, Shandong Province, Kunyu Mountain National Nature Reserve, on leaves of Prunus armeniaca , 15 June 2022, Z.X. Zhang, HSAUP DL1844, living culture SAUCC DL1844.
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278877_p15
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[0]/p[6]
|
3.2.1. Apiospora armeniaca H. Sheng, Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov.
| 4.269531 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0003180503845214844,
0.0004303455352783203
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0006542205810546875,
0.00023126602172851562,
0.00009453296661376953
] |
Notes—Phylogenetic analyses of four combined genes (ITS, LSU, TEF1α, and TUB2) showed that Apiospora armeniaca sp. nov. formed an independent clade that is closely related to A. guizhouensis and A. sacchari (CBS 212.30). The A. armeniaca is distinguished from A. guizhouensis by 6/600, 2/813, 7/426 and 2/751 characters, from A. sacchari by 7/589, 3/831, 29/427 and 21/442 characters, and from A. cordylines by 6/600, 2/813, 25/441 and 8/763 characters in the ITS, LSU, TEF1α and TUB2 sequences, respectively. Morphologically, A. armeniaca differs from A. guizhouensis and A. sacchari in conidia (6.2–7.3 × 4.8–6.1 vs. 5.0–7.5 × 4.0–7.0 vs. 6–8 × 3.5–4 μm) . Therefore, we identify it as a novel species.
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999994 |
PMC11278877_p16
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
3.2.2. Apiospora babylonica H. Sheng, Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov.
| 1.620117 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.958984375,
0.007732391357421875,
0.033416748046875
] |
[
0.0086212158203125,
0.98876953125,
0.000827789306640625,
0.0015611648559570312
] |
MycoBank—No: 854156
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
pl
| 0.857141 |
PMC11278877_p17
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
3.2.2. Apiospora babylonica H. Sheng, Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov.
| 1.379883 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.30517578125,
0.0033359527587890625,
0.69140625
] |
[
0.0162200927734375,
0.98046875,
0.00183868408203125,
0.0013217926025390625
] |
Etymology—Referring to the species name of the host plant Salix babylonica .
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278877_p18
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[1]/p[2]
|
3.2.2. Apiospora babylonica H. Sheng, Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov.
| 1.138672 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.224609375,
0.0027217864990234375,
0.7724609375
] |
[
0.0123443603515625,
0.98681640625,
0.0002846717834472656,
0.0007891654968261719
] |
Type—China, Shandong Province, Dongying Botanical Garden, on diseased leaves of Salix babylonica , 17 July 2022, Z.X. Zhang , ex-holotype living culture SAUCC DL1841.
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278877_p19
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[1]/p[3]
|
3.2.2. Apiospora babylonica H. Sheng, Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov.
| 4.242188 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9970703125,
0.0013437271118164062,
0.0014057159423828125
] |
[
0.9873046875,
0.011505126953125,
0.00047087669372558594,
0.0006117820739746094
] |
Description—On PDA, hyphae 2.2–4.0 μm diam, hyaline, branched, septate. Asexual morphology: Conidiophores are cylindrical, septate, verrucose, flexuous, and sometimes reduced to conidiogenous cells. The conidiogenous cells are indistinct, clustered on hyphae and hyaline, measuring 7.1–8.2 × 6.2–6.8 μm. The conidia are brown to dark brown, smooth to finely roughened, globose, subglobose to lenticular, have a longitudinal germ slit, and are occasionally elongated to ellipsoidal, 6.7–8.5 × 4.5–7.7 μm, mean ± SD = 7.6 ± 0.6 × 5.9 ± 0.9 μm, L/W = 1.2–1.4, n = 40. Sexual morph: Undetermined. See Figure 3 .
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278877_p20
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[1]/p[4]
|
3.2.2. Apiospora babylonica H. Sheng, Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov.
| 3.640625 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9970703125,
0.0011816024780273438,
0.00176239013671875
] |
[
0.36669921875,
0.6298828125,
0.0012187957763671875,
0.0021686553955078125
] |
Culture characteristics—Cultures incubated on PDA at 25 °C in darkness, reaching 82.8–84.7 mm diam., with a growth rate of 11.8–12.1 mm/ day after 7 days; the colonies on PDA plates have uniform white irregular edges, aerial white to gray hyphae, and a flocculent cotton-like texture.
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278877_p21
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[1]/p[5]
|
3.2.2. Apiospora babylonica H. Sheng, Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov.
| 1.0625 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.291259765625,
0.003173828125,
0.70556640625
] |
[
0.01421356201171875,
0.984375,
0.0003750324249267578,
0.0009822845458984375
] |
Additional specimen examined—China, Shandong Province, Dongying Botanical Garden, on saprophytic leaves, 17 July 2022, Z.X. Zhang, HSAUP DL1864, living culture SAUCC DL1864.
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278877_p22
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[1]/p[6]
|
3.2.2. Apiospora babylonica H. Sheng, Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov.
| 4.378906 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0005335807800292969,
0.0004715919494628906
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.0007982254028320312,
0.00030684471130371094,
0.00015985965728759766
] |
Notes—Phylogenetic analyses of four combined genes (ITS, LSU, TEF1α, and TUB2) showed that Apiospora babylonica sp. nov. formed an independent clade that is closely related to A. bawanglingensis , A. indocalami and A. piptatheri . The A. babylonica is distinguished from A. bawanglingensis by 8/612, 2/817, 5/450 and 2/435 characters, from A. indocalami by 4/634, 2/819, 3/444 and 7/772 characters and from A. piptatheri by 10/579, 7/816, 50/448 and 0/435 characters in the ITS, LSU, TEF1α and TUB2 sequences, respectively. Morphologically, A. bawanglingensis differs from A. bawanglingensis , A. indocalami and A. piptatheri in conidia (6.7–8.5 × 4.5–7.7 vs. 6–8 × 3–5 vs. 7.3–8.9 × 5.7–8.6 vs. 6.8–8.9 × 5.7–7.8μm) . A. babylonica conidia are smooth to finely roughened, while A. indocalami conidia are smooth; A. babylonica conidia are brown to dark brown, while A.bawanglingensis conidiogenous cells are dark green, becoming brown; A. babylonica conidiogenous cells are indistinct, aggregated in clusters on hyphae and hyaline, while the conidiogenous cells of A. piptatheri are discrete and sometimes branched . Therefore, we identify it as a novel species.
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278877_p23
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
3.2.3. Apiospora jinanensis H. Sheng, Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov.
| 1.639648 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.96240234375,
0.006847381591796875,
0.0309906005859375
] |
[
0.0091552734375,
0.98828125,
0.0009207725524902344,
0.0015239715576171875
] |
MycoBank—No: 854157
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
pl
| 0.571429 |
PMC11278877_p24
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[2]/p[1]
|
3.2.3. Apiospora jinanensis H. Sheng, Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov.
| 0.964355 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.032379150390625,
0.0010471343994140625,
0.966796875
] |
[
0.006732940673828125,
0.99169921875,
0.00060272216796875,
0.0007266998291015625
] |
Etymology—Referring to the location of the holotype, Jinan Botanical Garden.
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278877_p25
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[2]/p[2]
|
3.2.3. Apiospora jinanensis H. Sheng, Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov.
| 1.133789 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.232421875,
0.002628326416015625,
0.76513671875
] |
[
0.01253509521484375,
0.986328125,
0.00029540061950683594,
0.0007414817810058594
] |
Type—China, Shandong Province, Jinan Botanical Garden, on diseased leaves of Bambusaceae sp., 13 October 2022, Z.X. Zhang , ex-holotype living culture SAUCC DL1981.
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278877_p26
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[2]/p[3]
|
3.2.3. Apiospora jinanensis H. Sheng, Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov.
| 4.230469 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99755859375,
0.0012359619140625,
0.001392364501953125
] |
[
0.98193359375,
0.0167999267578125,
0.0005044937133789062,
0.0006785392761230469
] |
Description—On PDA, hyphae 2.9–4.6 μm diam, hyaline, branched, septate. Asexual morph: Conidiophores, septate, flexuous, sometimes reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells indistinct, aggregated in clusters on hyphae and hyaline, at 5.6–7.9 × 4.2–6.6 μm. Conidia are brown to dark brown, smooth to finely roughened, globose, subglobose to lenticular, possess a longitudinal germ slit, are occasionally elongated to ellipsoidal, and measure 5.7–6.9 × 5.2–6.7 μm, with a mean ± SD of 6.3 ± 0.3 × 5.6 ± 0.3 μm, L/W ratio of 1.1–1.2, based on a sample size of 40. Sexual morph: Undetermined. See Figure 4 .
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278877_p27
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[2]/p[4]
|
3.2.3. Apiospora jinanensis H. Sheng, Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov.
| 3.396484 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99609375,
0.0015001296997070312,
0.00234222412109375
] |
[
0.1318359375,
0.865234375,
0.0010290145874023438,
0.0017786026000976562
] |
Culture characteristics—Cultures incubated on PDA at 25 °C in darkness, occupying an entire 90 mm petri dish after 7 days; the colonies on PDA have regular edges, and the aerial hyphae are white to gray, clustered into clusters, with a flocculent cotton-like texture; from the surface and back center to the edge of the colony, it is white to gray.
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278877_p28
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[2]/p[5]
|
3.2.3. Apiospora jinanensis H. Sheng, Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov.
| 1.097656 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.350830078125,
0.003021240234375,
0.64599609375
] |
[
0.01476287841796875,
0.98388671875,
0.0004012584686279297,
0.0008349418640136719
] |
Additional specimen examined—China, Shandong Province, Jinan Botanical Garden, on diseased leaves of Bambusaceae sp., 13 October 2022, Z.X. Zhang, HSAUP DL2000, living culture SAUCC DL2000.
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278877_p29
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[2]/sec[1]/sec[2]/p[6]
|
3.2.3. Apiospora jinanensis H. Sheng, Z.X. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov.
| 4.199219 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00029754638671875,
0.0008740425109863281
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.00133514404296875,
0.0001671314239501953,
0.00009262561798095703
] |
Notes—Phylogenetic analyses of four combined genes (ITS, LSU, TEF1α, and TUB2) showed that Apiospora jinanensis sp. nov. formed an independent clade that is closely related to A. italica . The A. jinanensis is distinguished from A. italica by 4/575, 5/821, 12/431 and 23/741 characters in the ITS, LSU, TEF1α and TUB2 sequences, respectively. Morphologically, A. jinanensis is bigger than A. italica in conidia (5.7–6.9 × 5.2–6.7 vs. 4–6 × 3–4 μm) . Therefore, we identify it as a novel species.
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278877_p30
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[3]/p[0]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.226563 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0002772808074951172,
0.0005688667297363281
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002505779266357422,
0.0003204345703125,
0.000058591365814208984
] |
The establishment of the family Apiosporaceae by Hyde et al. in 1988 to encompass the clade consisting of Appendicospora , Apiospora , Arthrinium , Dictyoarthrinium and Nigrospora within the Amphisphaeriales highlights the importance of phylogenetic analysis in understanding the evolutionary relationships among fungi . The classification of Apiosporaceae has been revised . Three new species are introduced and described in this study: Apiospora armeniaca sp. nov., Apiospora babylonica sp. nov., and Apiospora jinanensis sp. nov. The descriptions are based on their morphological characteristics and phylogenetic status. Apiospora armeniaca was isolated from two specimens and the leaf veins of Prunus armeniaca in Kunyu Mountain National Nature Reserve, Shandong Province, China, and two specimens displayed no apparent lesions. Apiospora babylonica was isolated from specimens of Salix babylonica and saprophytic leaves in Dongying Botanical Garden, Shandong Province, China, and we isolated it from diseased and saprophytic leaves also. Apiospora jinanensis was isolated from two specimens of Bambusaceae sp. in Jinan Botanical Garden, Shandong Province, China; in fact, most species of Apiospora were isolated from Bambusaceae sp. .
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278877_p31
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[3]/p[1]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.195313 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00026917457580566406,
0.0007762908935546875
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002789497375488281,
0.0002574920654296875,
0.000054717063903808594
] |
Currently, the Global Biodiversity Information Facility holds 943 georeferenced records of Apiospora species worldwide. Apiospora thrives in subtropical, tropical, temperate, and cold regions spanning Africa, America, Asia, Australia, and Europe . As an endophyte, plant pathogen, and saprophytic fungus, Apiospora thrives in various terrestrial environments, including soil, the atmosphere, and marine substrates. Its primary hosts are plants, especially Poaceae . Only 16 Apiospora records have been isolated from woody plants (trees, shrubs, small shrubs), representing less than 10% of all records. Approximately half of these hosts belong to the Arecaceae family, based on existing statistical data from the USDA fungal database and a compilation of related literature published later on regarding the genus Apiospora . In this study, Apiospora armeniaca was identified as an endophyte, as it was isolated from healthy leaves ( Prunus armeniaca ). Apiospora babylonica and Apiospora jinanensis were isolated from diseased leaves, but their pathogenicity needs to be verified. Therefore, we refer to it as an endophytic fungus associated with lesions.
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278877_p32
|
PMC11278877
|
sec[3]/p[2]
|
4. Discussion
| 2.177734 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.99365234375,
0.0007748603820800781,
0.005481719970703125
] |
[
0.032623291015625,
0.96044921875,
0.0055084228515625,
0.0013256072998046875
] |
Apiospora was known to thrive in a variety of habitats, from forest floors to grasslands, and was found on decaying organic matter. Its ability to adapt to different environmental conditions makes it a versatile and resilient fungus. We will continue to study Apiospora to better understand its role in ecosystems and its potential applications in biotechnology and medicine.
|
[
"Congcong Ai",
"Zixu Dong",
"Jingxuan Yun",
"Zhaoxue Zhang",
"Jiwen Xia",
"Xiuguo Zhang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071372
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278891_p0
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[0]/p[0]
|
1. Introduction
| 1.947266 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.25927734375,
0.001190185546875,
0.7392578125
] |
[
0.0352783203125,
0.96337890625,
0.0006990432739257812,
0.00039458274841308594
] |
With minimal reflection and transmission coefficients, metamaterial absorbers obtain perfect absorption of incident EM waves at resonant frequencies . However, the energy absorbed by most metamaterial absorbers is not utilized, but is dissipated in the dielectric layer, especially as the number of communication base stations increases .
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278891_p1
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[0]/p[1]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.210938 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.755859375,
0.0011701583862304688,
0.24267578125
] |
[
0.97021484375,
0.005970001220703125,
0.023468017578125,
0.0001728534698486328
] |
In order to keep the large amount of EM energy present in the environment from being wasted, various methods have been proposed. A common approach is to integrate a rectifier into the metasurface absorber, whereby the RF energy is converted to DC. On the basis of this approach, metasurface absorbers can be promising in ambient energy harvesting (AEH). However, it also encounters a practical challenge in that the power density available in the environment is very low, which makes energy harvesting more difficult . As a result, a number of methods have been proposed to improve energy harvesting capacity. One of the simplest methods is to embed a rectifier diode directly inside the metasurface unit cell, thereby achieving the direct conversion of RF energy . This method requires the adjustment of the parameters of the structural unit in such a way that the impedance between the unit and the diode is matched, and is therefore only applicable to some specific resonant structures. In addition, a method has also been proposed to punch holes in the unit cell so as to achieve the transfer and collection of energy at the resonant frequency . Although effective energy harvesting is achieved, additional layers need to be added to build the impedance matching and rectification network, which greatly increases the difficulty of design and processing. A similar approach has been proposed for energy transfer through EM coupling between multilayer structures, which also requires additional multilayers . To avoid adding multiple layers in terms of transmission and rectification, a method of coplanar integration of rectifier circuits with unit cells has been proposed . By interconnecting the resonant units and rectifying them at the terminals, the structure of the energy harvester is simplified, the processing difficulty is reduced, and the effective collection of RF energy is achieved. Yet, the metasurface unit size and incident power density need to be larger and higher in order to obtain a high energy harvesting efficiency.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278891_p2
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[0]/p[2]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.994141 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.68212890625,
0.0009732246398925781,
0.316650390625
] |
[
0.99169921875,
0.007617950439453125,
0.000507354736328125,
0.00010347366333007812
] |
Therefore, a novel scalable, wide-angle incident periodic metasurface energy harvester is proposed in this paper. Unlike the perforation method of transferring energy, we use a metasurface array integrated with rectifier circuits, avoiding the need to add additional layers to the design. Unlike the connection of rectifier diodes integrated in each unit, we constructed an energy transfer channel by interconnecting units in the metasurface array. Thus, the incident power is accumulated, the energy loss caused by the large number of diode rectifiers is reduced, and the energy harvesting efficiency is improved. In summary, the advantages of our design can be summarized as follows: (1) highly efficient energy absorption in the commonly used Wi-Fi frequency band of 5.8 GHz is used for a wider range of applications; (2) wide-angle incidence is used to achieve consistent energy absorption over a wide range of incident angles, further improving its adaptability; (3) interconnected resonant units are used to form energy transfer channels and power accumulation; (4) the single series rectifier circuit at the channel termination is integrated without additional dielectric layers; (5) high energy harvesting efficiency is maintained over a wide range of incident power, being able to achieve a high energy harvesting efficiency of 72% at low input power; (6) a reconfigurable array number is used to accommodate complex environments; and (7) it has a simple structure and easy fabrication.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278891_p3
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[0]/p[3]
|
1. Introduction
| 1.679688 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.042938232421875,
0.0006518363952636719,
0.95654296875
] |
[
0.142822265625,
0.8544921875,
0.0018253326416015625,
0.0009813308715820312
] |
This paper is organized as follows: In Section 2 , we describe the structural design of the metasurface unit and analyze its absorption properties. In Section 3 , a single series diode rectifier circuit matching the impedance of the metasurface structure is proposed and its rectification efficiency is simulated and analyzed. In Section 4 , a prototype is fabricated and its energy harvesting efficiency is tested and discussed. In Section 5 , a conclusion to the article is made.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278891_p4
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[1]/p[0]
|
2. Metasurface Array Design and Analysis
| 4.203125 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9306640625,
0.0007119178771972656,
0.06854248046875
] |
[
0.99365234375,
0.00562286376953125,
0.0005083084106445312,
0.0000833272933959961
] |
With the energy loss of the dielectric layer, metamaterial absorbers can completely absorb EM waves at the resonant frequency . Figure 1 shows the design of a typical sandwich structure of a metasurface array unit. The top layer is structured as two triangular patterns, between which strong EM coupling occurs when the incident EM wave illuminates the surface. The intermediate dielectric is F4B material with a dielectric constant of ε r = 2.2, while the loss angle tangent is tanδ = 0.0009, which has a thickness of t = 3 mm. The idea of choosing such a low loss tangent is that it allows the energy loss on the dielectric layer to be almost negligible. The bottom layer is copper etched on an intermediate dielectric layer, which is 0.035 mm thick—the same as the top layer. As shown in Figure 1 b, the inner and outer side lengths of the triangle at the top layer are a = 6 mm and b = 8 mm, respectively. The metasurface unit is a rectangle with a length of c = 27 mm and a width of d = 15 mm. The length of the gap between the two triangles is m = 2 mm, and such a small spacing induces a strong EM resonance, which, in turn, leads to energy aggregation at the resonance frequency. Next, when a suitable load resistance is attached at the gap, resulting in the unit matching the impedance of the space, the energy of the EM resonance can be fully absorbed via the ohmic losses of the load. Two triangular patterns at the top layer of the metasurface unit are chosen because of the strong EM coupling at the gap, which allows surface currents at the resonant frequency to flow along the two arms of the triangle to the load, and thus, the captured EM energy can be concentrated at the load. In addition, the triangles among units can also induce EM resonance. When the rectifier circuit is terminated at the gap of m, the EM energy captured among units can also flow into the rectifier circuit via the two arms of the triangle, which also improves the ability of capturing EM energy.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278891_p5
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[1]/p[1]
|
2. Metasurface Array Design and Analysis
| 4.15625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.93408203125,
0.0007343292236328125,
0.0650634765625
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.00083160400390625,
0.0002321004867553711,
0.000049054622650146484
] |
Figure 2 shows the absorptivity and reflection coefficient versus frequency curves of the metasurface unit when the direction of the electric field of the incident plane wave is parallel to the y -axis. The simulation of the designed metasurface array is performed using the software of CST Microwave Studio 2020. The boundary condition is set as a periodic boundary condition with the Floquet port, and the direction of the incident EM wave is along the − z direction. The load resistance terminated at the gap between the two triangular patterns is chosen to be 1000 Ω. It can be seen that at a resonant frequency of 5.8 GHz, the reflectivity of the metasurface unit to the incident EM wave is close to 0, since the reflection coefficient goes below −25 dB. Considering that the bottom layer of the metasurface unit is the metal layer, the transmissivity is 0, which enables the absorptivity of the incident EM wave to be close to 1. In this case, the incident EM energy is completely absorbed by the metasurface unit, while for incident EM waves in other frequencies, the absorptivity of the metasurface decreases sharply. It indicates that at 5.8 GHz, the metasurface unit achieves the perfect absorption of the incident EM wave.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
PMC11278891_p6
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[1]/p[2]
|
2. Metasurface Array Design and Analysis
| 3.027344 |
other
|
Study
|
[
0.385009765625,
0.000789642333984375,
0.6142578125
] |
[
0.978515625,
0.0209808349609375,
0.0004248619079589844,
0.00019073486328125
] |
In order to clarify the absorption performance of the metasurface unit, we first analyzed the relative input impedance of the metasurface unit at 5.8 GHz. Figure 3 shows the relative input impedance profile of the metasurface unit at 5.8 GHz. It can be seen that at 5.8 GHz, the real part of the relative input impedance is close to 1, while the imaginary part is close to 0. This means that the metasurface cell has a good impedance match at 5.8 GHz when terminated with a load of 1000 Ω, and therefore has a good absorption performance.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278891_p7
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[1]/p[3]
|
2. Metasurface Array Design and Analysis
| 4.1875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.97509765625,
0.0006380081176757812,
0.0243072509765625
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0004131793975830078,
0.0002033710479736328,
0.00004082918167114258
] |
Second, the absorption performance of the metasurface unit can be elucidated using the transmission line equivalent circuit. Figure 4 a depicts the equivalent circuit of the incident EM wave interacting with the metasurface unit. Z free-space denotes the free space impedance, which is 377 Ω. The metasurface unit can be modeled using an RLC equivalent circuit when irradiated by an incident EM wave. R1 denotes the resistance loaded in the two triangular gap, while C 1 denotes the capacitance at the gap. L 1 and C 2 denote the inductance and capacitance of the top triangle of the unit, respectively. Z T denotes the equivalent transmission line of the F4B substrate, which has a characteristic impedance of 377/ ε r = 254 Ω. Since the bottom layer is entirely covered by copper, it is represented as a short circuit in the transmission line. Figure 4 b depicts the variation of the absorptivity of the metasurface resonant unit with frequency for different values of load at the gap. It can be seen that the resonant unit has an absorptivity close to 1 at 5.8 GHz when the value of the load reaches 1000 Ω. This is due to the fact that the equivalent impedance of the metasurface unit matches the free space, and the EM energy is fully incident at the resonant unit, with no reflected EM wave present. In addition, when the load value is changed to 400 Ω, the absorptivity of the resonant unit decreases significantly and the absorption frequency is shifted, which is mainly caused by the impedance mismatch.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278891_p8
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[1]/p[4]
|
2. Metasurface Array Design and Analysis
| 4.132813 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9306640625,
0.0007162094116210938,
0.06842041015625
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0008697509765625,
0.0002206563949584961,
0.000048279762268066406
] |
Then, we analyze the absorption performance of the metasurface unit in terms of energy loss in each part of the metasurface unit. When the direction of the E-field of the incident EM wave is parallel to the y -axis, the power loss in each part of the metasurface unit is simulated. Figure 5 demonstrates the absorption efficiency of the metasurface unit and the collection efficiency of the dielectric layer, metal, and resistive load. The efficiency of the collection on the metasurface array can be expressed as follows: (1) η a c = P a c P r a d where P ac denotes the power absorbed by the resistive load, and P rad denotes the available input power from the physical area of the metasurface unit. It can be seen that the EM energy absorbed by the metasurface unit is mainly focused on the load, reaching 98.7% at 5.8 GHz. The EM energy concentrated in the dielectric as well as the metal is negligible; therefore, the metasurface array at the resonant frequency can effectively harvest the incident EM energy.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278891_p9
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[1]/p[5]
|
2. Metasurface Array Design and Analysis
| 4.046875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.8154296875,
0.0009813308715820312,
0.183837890625
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.0010242462158203125,
0.00026035308837890625,
0.000057756900787353516
] |
To further study the resonance and energy absorption mechanisms of the metasurface unit, the E-field, surface current, magnetic field, and power flow distributions of the metasurface unit at 5.8 GHz are analyzed, as shown in Figure 6 . From the E-field distribution in Figure 6 a, it can be seen that the EM resonance at 5.8 GHz mainly occurs on both sides of the gap between the two triangular patterns. The strong E-field distribution on both sides of the gap indicates a large charge accumulation around the two triangular arms. Influenced by the E-field distribution, the surface currents in the metasurface unit mainly flow along the two triangular arms, as shown in Figure 6 b. While the induced current in the bottom layer flows in the opposite direction to the top layer, resulting in a ring current. It then excites the induced magnetic field, which is concentrated around the arms of the triangle, as shown in Figure 6 c. Finally, Figure 6 d presents the power flow distribution of the metasurface unit at 5.8 GHz. As can be seen, the energy captured by the metasurface unit at the resonant frequency is mainly concentrated on the load at the gap, which is consistent with the simulations in Figure 5 .
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278891_p10
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[1]/p[6]
|
2. Metasurface Array Design and Analysis
| 3.554688 |
other
|
Study
|
[
0.49462890625,
0.0008459091186523438,
0.50439453125
] |
[
0.9912109375,
0.00818634033203125,
0.0003581047058105469,
0.0001131296157836914
] |
Since the resonant strength of the metasurface unit is closely related to the gap m within the structural unit, the absorption performance of the metasurface unit with different gaps is also analyzed. Figure 7 a,b show the variation of reflection coefficient, as well as the absorptivity of the metasurface unit with different gaps, respectively. It is observed that the absorptivity of the resonant unit increases with the increase in the gap size. This is because the equivalent capacitance at the gap decreases when the gap in the unit increases, resulting in a higher resonant frequency of the resonant unit. It can be seen from Figure 7 a,b that the absorption frequency is shifted with the variation of the gap, while the absorptivity of the resonant unit remains close to 1. Therefore, the desired absorption frequency can be obtained by adjusting the size of the gap.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278891_p11
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[1]/p[7]
|
2. Metasurface Array Design and Analysis
| 3.765625 |
other
|
Study
|
[
0.494873046875,
0.0007672309875488281,
0.50439453125
] |
[
0.98876953125,
0.0103759765625,
0.0005159378051757812,
0.00010943412780761719
] |
For a metasurface energy harvester, the ability to collect energy at different angles is also an important index of its performance. Figure 8 displays the absorptivity of the resonant unit at different angles of incidence, θ, when the incident wave is irradiated onto the surface of the metasurface unit. It can be seen that the absorptivity of the metasurface unit still remains above 0.9 when the incident angle is increased from 0° to 55°. And as the incident angle continues to increase, the absorptivity gradually decreases. This is due to the fact that as the incident angle increases, the intensity of the vertical component of the EM wave decreases, resulting in a weakening of the effective EM resonance on the resonant unit. Overall, the proposed metasurface unit is able to maintain a high absorptivity at wide incidence angles, which greatly improves the environmental adaptability of metasurface energy harvesting.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278891_p12
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[1]/p[8]
|
2. Metasurface Array Design and Analysis
| 3.869141 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.59375,
0.0009546279907226562,
0.405517578125
] |
[
0.99267578125,
0.006687164306640625,
0.0003910064697265625,
0.00011968612670898438
] |
To achieve DC energy harvesting on the metasurface, it is necessary to replace the load with a rectifier. Considering that the EM energy captured by the metasurface resonant unit is relatively low, the EM energy of multiple units can be aggregated in an array before rectification. Since the metasurface array increases the physical area for EM energy harvesting, it increases the input power of the rectifier, and therefore the DC harvesting of EM energy can be effectively achieved. Figure 9 shows the EM energy distribution of the simulated 5 × 7 metasurface array. The seven resonant units in each column are interconnected to form a unity, and the physical area for EM energy collection is effectively enlarged. The load of 1000 Ω is terminated at the end of each column to harvest the EM energy captured from the seven units. As can be seen in Figure 9 , the EM energy on the metasurface array is almost completely absorbed at 5.8 GHz. The efficiency of the EM energy collected on the load reaches 98%, while the energy loss on other dielectrics and metal layers is close to 0. It demonstrates the feasibility of EM energy harvesting by means of the metasurface array.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278891_p13
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[2]/p[0]
|
3. Rectifier Circuit Design
| 3.925781 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.6416015625,
0.0007424354553222656,
0.357666015625
] |
[
0.9736328125,
0.025421142578125,
0.0007038116455078125,
0.0001405477523803711
] |
The rectifier is a crucial part of the AC-DC energy conversion of the metasurface energy harvester and can be constructed with a single series diode, a single shunt diode, or a diode bridge . Although the single shunt diode rectifier, the voltage doubler rectifier, and the Greinacher rectifier all have high rectification efficiencies, simulations in the Advanced Design System (ADS) with a harmonic balance solver show that the single series diode rectifier topology has the highest RF-DC efficiency at low input RF power. Therefore, the single series diode rectifier topology is chosen, as shown in Figure 10 . It consists of an impedance matching network, a rectifier diode, a capacitor of 1 pf, and a load resistor. A Schottky diode Avago HSMS-2860 with a low turn-on voltage is selected for the rectifier diode to improve RF-DC efficiency at low input power. The impedance matching network consists of a capacitor C 1 and an inductor L 1 , which are used to efficiently transfer the EM energy at the gap of the unit to the input of the rectifier diode. R 1 is a load resistor and C 2 is a capacitor for smoothing the waveform and storing the DC supply.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278891_p14
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[2]/p[1]
|
3. Rectifier Circuit Design
| 3.59375 |
other
|
Study
|
[
0.419189453125,
0.0007104873657226562,
0.580078125
] |
[
0.9775390625,
0.0218963623046875,
0.0005598068237304688,
0.0001817941665649414
] |
Then, the designed rectifier circuit is simulated and optimized via a harmonic balance (HB) solver of the ADS. Figure 11 presents the rectification efficiency versus frequency curves for the rectifier circuit at different input power levels. The rectification efficiency can be expressed as follows: (2) η d c = P d c P a c where P dc represents the output power over the load of the rectifier circuit. P ac represents the incident power of the rectifier circuit. From the graph in Figure 11 , the rectification efficiency of the rectifier circuit shows a parabolic variation with increasing frequency, reaching a maximum at the resonance frequency of 5.8 GHz. Moreover, the rectifying efficiency of the single series diode rectifier reaches a maximum of 76% at 5.8 GHz when the incident power comes to 7 dBm.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
PMC11278891_p15
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[2]/p[2]
|
3. Rectifier Circuit Design
| 2.390625 |
other
|
Study
|
[
0.1224365234375,
0.0006241798400878906,
0.876953125
] |
[
0.94921875,
0.049774169921875,
0.0005578994750976562,
0.00038552284240722656
] |
In addition, the rectifying efficiency of the rectifier circuit is analyzed with respect to the input power and load resistance, as shown in Figure 12 . It can be seen that when the resonant frequency reaches 5.8 GHz, the rectification efficiency of the rectifier circuit increases with the growth of the input power and then decreases rapidly after reaching the maximum value. Due to the nonlinear effect of the rectifier diode on the input power and load resistance, the input power corresponding to the maximum efficiency is not the same for different loads. It can also be seen from Figure 12 that the rectifier circuit has a maximum of 76.5% at an input power of 7.2 dBm when the load RL is 2000 Ω.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278891_p16
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[2]/p[3]
|
3. Rectifier Circuit Design
| 1.714844 |
other
|
Study
|
[
0.0509033203125,
0.0006279945373535156,
0.9482421875
] |
[
0.751953125,
0.24560546875,
0.0012493133544921875,
0.0011281967163085938
] |
Finally, the rectifying efficiency of the rectifier circuit is analyzed with respect to the load impedance at an input power of 7 dBm, as shown in Figure 13 . As the load resistance increases, the rectifying efficiency gradually reaches its maximum and then drops continuously. The result is consistent with the maximum shown in Figure 10 , and validates the design of the impedance matching network and the rectifier circuit.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278891_p17
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[3]/p[0]
|
4. Testing and Discussion
| 3.974609 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.646484375,
0.0007886886596679688,
0.3525390625
] |
[
0.984375,
0.0148162841796875,
0.000568389892578125,
0.00011456012725830078
] |
Due to the periodic characteristics of the designed metasurface units, the metasurface array exhibits scalable characteristics. The regulation of the size of the metasurface array can be controlled by adjusting the number of units according to different practical needs, such as the limitation of the space of the energy-harvesting environment, which will increase its adaptability in energy harvesting. Figure 14 displays the fabricated structure of a 5 × 7 metasurface array. The structure is plated on the F4B dielectric substrate of 3 mm in thickness with 35 µm-thick copper. The area of the dielectric layer of the prototype is 145 mm × 129 mm, while the area of the underlying copper cladding is 135 mm × 105 mm. The top layer consists of 5 × 7 metasurface units and each row has a single series rectifier circuit integrated into the terminals. Seven metasurface units in each row are connected at the gaps by microstrip lines. This induces the EM energy at the gap of each unit into the terminals and converts them with an integrated rectifier circuit. The seven units connected in the middle row of the metasurface array and a rectifier circuit terminated with it are used as a test, which minimizes the effect of non-uniform coupling and thus maximizes the performance of the periodic metasurface array.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278891_p18
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[3]/p[1]
|
4. Testing and Discussion
| 4.148438 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.947265625,
0.0005426406860351562,
0.05242919921875
] |
[
0.99755859375,
0.0023250579833984375,
0.00022161006927490234,
0.00005316734313964844
] |
The prototype testing of the metasurface array is performed in an anechoic chamber, as shown in Figure 15 . At first, the signal generated by the signal generator is transmitted to a standard horn antenna. After that, the horn antenna irradiates the EM waves to the surface of the prototype located at the far-field position. Finally, the DC output voltage across the prototype load is recorded with a digital multimeter. The overall efficiency of the metasurface array energy harvesting is as follows: (3) η m e a . = P d c P i n (4) P d c = V o u t 2 R l o a d (5) P i n = G t ⋅ P 4 π R 2 ⋅ A s where P dc represents the output power on the load resistor of the rectifier circuit at the prototype terminals. P in represents the overall available incident power absorbed by the surface area of the prototype. V out represents the DC output voltage across the rectifier circuit load R load . G t represents the gain of the horn antenna, and R represents the distance between the horn antenna and the prototype. P represents the power generated by the signal source, and A S represents the effective receiving aperture of the array.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278891_p19
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[3]/p[2]
|
4. Testing and Discussion
| 4.117188 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9033203125,
0.0009083747863769531,
0.095703125
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0005278587341308594,
0.0002789497375488281,
0.00004982948303222656
] |
Figure 16 shows the simulated and measured RF-DC conversion efficiency versus frequency at different available power levels. For a better comparison between simulation and measurement, the same 5 × 7 array was used for the simulation of the metasurface energy harvesting. It can be seen that the DC conversion efficiency curves of the prototype are characterized by increasing and then decreasing when the incident available power reaches 0 dBm, 7 dBm, and 10 dBm, respectively. Moreover, the energy harvesting efficiency at 7 dBm is significantly higher than the other two curves, reaching 72% at 5.9 GHz. The good agreement between the measurement and simulation results demonstrates the good performance of the fabricated metasurface energy harvester. In addition, the energy harvesting efficiency of the prototypes is lower than the simulation results, and the resonance frequency is also shifted. This is due to the fact that the conversion efficiency of the prototype depends greatly on the rectifying performance of the rectifier circuit. Moreover, non-uniform coupling among metasurface array units with a limited number of units would inevitably cause bias in the test results, as would prototype fabrication.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999994 |
PMC11278891_p20
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[3]/p[3]
|
4. Testing and Discussion
| 4.078125 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.81494140625,
0.0009636878967285156,
0.1842041015625
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.0011167526245117188,
0.00025343894958496094,
0.000053822994232177734
] |
Although the energy harvesting efficiency of the prototype reaches 68% at 5.8 GHz when the incident power is 7 dBm, as shown in Figure 16 , the practical resonance frequency of the prototype in the test is 5.9 GHz. In order to accurately measure the energy harvesting efficiency of the prototype under different incident powers, 5.9 GHz is chosen as the test frequency. Figure 17 depicts the simulated and measured conversion efficiency of the metasurface array with respect to the input power available at the surface. The conversion efficiency of the measured metasurface array reaches 72% when the input power is 7 dBm with a load of 2000 Ω. The nonlinear relationship of the rectifier diode with respect to the input power leads to completely different input impedances of the rectifier circuits at different input powers, which results in impedance mismatches, causing a loss of RF energy in the transmission process, as shown in Figure 12 . As a result, the DC energy harvesting efficiency of the metasurface energy harvester varies significantly at different incident powers. It can be seen from Figure 17 that the simulated and measured efficiencies remain in good agreement. In addition, the DC energy harvesting efficiency of the metasurface array is higher than 45% when the incident power ranges from 3 to 10dBm, which demonstrates that the designed metasurface energy harvester is able to maintain a high DC energy harvesting efficiency over a wide input power range.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278891_p21
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[3]/p[4]
|
4. Testing and Discussion
| 3.945313 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.771484375,
0.0009226799011230469,
0.227783203125
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.0013332366943359375,
0.0002455711364746094,
0.00006389617919921875
] |
To verify the wide-angle absorption capability of the metasurface array, the DC energy harvesting efficiency of the prototype was tested at different incidence angles when the available incident power is 7 dBm, as shown in Figure 18 . When the incidence angle is increased from 0° to 45°, the DC collection efficiency at 5.9 GHz stays above 65%, although it decreases slightly. As the incidence angle continues to increase, the DC collection efficiency remains at 60% at 60°. Compared with the absorptivity of AC energy at the metasurface in Figure 8 , the measured results coincide with the trend in the simulated results. It illustrates that the designed metasurface energy harvester is able to maintain a high DC energy harvesting efficiency over a wide range of incidence angles.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278891_p22
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[3]/p[5]
|
4. Testing and Discussion
| 3.775391 |
other
|
Study
|
[
0.360595703125,
0.0009284019470214844,
0.638671875
] |
[
0.9931640625,
0.005764007568359375,
0.0011625289916992188,
0.00013935565948486328
] |
Finally, the proposed metasurface array is compared with other energy harvesting works reported in the literature. Table 1 lists the performance comparisons in terms of operating frequency, unit size, diode rectifier topology, and DC energy harvesting efficiency, respectively. The proposed metasurface design is capable of achieving a high energy harvesting efficiency in the commonly used 5.8 GHz of the Wi-Fi band. First, the metasurface array adopts the unit’s interconnection method to construct the energy transmission channel, which reduces the loss of energy transmission and improves the collection efficiency of incident energy. Furthermore, the end of each column of transmission channels is terminated using a rectifier topology, so that the energy gathered by each column of units can also be efficiently rectified at low input power. Secondly, the smaller size of the designed unit and only a three-layer structure makes it easier to manufacture, as well as being relatively inexpensive. Finally, it is capable of obtaining high RF-DC collection efficiencies over a wide range of input powers, as shown in Figure 16 . Additionally, it features a wide-angle input, which greatly increases its adaptability for energy harvesting. In addition, the scalable characteristic allows it to adjust the number of arrays according to the amount of space in the environment. In summary, the proposed metasurface array has a good energy harvesting performance.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278891_p23
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[4]/p[0]
|
5. Conclusions and Future Works
| 3.919922 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.5751953125,
0.000850677490234375,
0.423828125
] |
[
0.99169921875,
0.00768280029296875,
0.00042629241943359375,
0.00012004375457763672
] |
A metasurface array operating in the Wi-Fi band is designed and optimized in this paper. With the units in each row of the metasurface array connected to each other, an EM energy transfer channel is constructed. It enhances the power density and enables the transmission and aggregation of the incident energy, while at the terminal of the transmission channel, a single series diode rectifier circuit is integrated in the coplanar surface to achieve efficient rectification at 5.8 GHz. Then, a 5 × 7 metasurface array prototype is fabricated and tested in an anechoic chamber. The results show that the RF-DC efficiency of the prototype at 5.9 GHz reaches 72% at an incident power of 7 dBm. Furthermore, the metasurface array prototype also maintains a high energy harvesting efficiency over a wide range of input power levels at the resonant frequency. Moreover, the designed metasurface array also has the advantages of simple design, easy processing, and scalable quantity.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278891_p24
|
PMC11278891
|
sec[4]/p[1]
|
5. Conclusions and Future Works
| 1.852539 |
other
|
Other
|
[
0.217041015625,
0.00113677978515625,
0.78173828125
] |
[
0.0997314453125,
0.89794921875,
0.0018339157104492188,
0.0006313323974609375
] |
Additionally, since the designed metasurface unit is not a centrosymmetric structure, the metasurface array does not maintain a consistent energy harvesting performance for different polarizations, which can lead to application limitations. Therefore, the polarization insensitive property and the wider absorption band are able to enhance the adaptability of energy harvesting, as well as the further research directions in the future.
|
[
"Wenping Li",
"Tao Shen",
"Binzhen Zhang",
"Yiqing Wei"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070904
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278905_p0
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[0]/p[0]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.847656 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0006771087646484375,
0.00046896934509277344
] |
[
0.2449951171875,
0.0063323974609375,
0.748046875,
0.0006308555603027344
] |
In order to maintain or improve fitness, 150 to 300 min per week of moderate-intensity physical activity is the recommended daily level in adult individuals . Furthermore, regular physical activity reduces the risk of developing a large number of chronic diseases and conditions and is valuable in the treatment of numerous diseases . In subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), reductions in daily physical activity (DPA) amounts are related to clinically significant outcomes, such as poor health status and reduced survival . A decrease in DPA is not restricted only to the patients with severe COPD but has also been reported in patients with mild COPD .
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278905_p1
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[0]/p[1]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.035156 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.998046875,
0.001720428466796875,
0.00044083595275878906
] |
[
0.26123046875,
0.5205078125,
0.2147216796875,
0.003566741943359375
] |
Exercise capacity is the maximum amount of physical exertion that a patient can sustain . It represents the functional capacity of the cardiopulmonary system and is expressed as the maximum rate at which oxygen can be used during maximal exercise, thereby being a function of both cardiopulmonary performance and the maximum capability to remove and use oxygen from the blood . COPD patients commonly show a decrease in exercise capacity mainly because of a ventilatory limitation, even if cardiovascular limitation and/or limb muscle fatigue can occur .
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278905_p2
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[0]/p[2]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.955078 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0009307861328125,
0.0002193450927734375
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.0008497238159179688,
0.0002677440643310547,
0.00016450881958007812
] |
In this study, we ascertain whether or not COPD patients, when clustered into an active group (DPA ≥ 30 min a day, 5 days a week) and inactive one (DPA < 30 min a day, 5 days a week), may differ in exercise capacity and in cardiovascular and ventilatory responses to exercise, as assessed by a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). The findings of this study were previously reported in a conference abstract .
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278905_p3
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/p[0]
|
2.1. Patients and Pulmonary Function Testing
| 4.136719 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9794921875,
0.019989013671875,
0.0004429817199707031
] |
[
0.99365234375,
0.004299163818359375,
0.0010051727294921875,
0.001186370849609375
] |
In this retrospective study, we consecutively enrolled all patients with COPD, as defined by the criteria of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease , who underwent a pulmonary rehabilitation program from January 2014 to December 2023. Inclusion criteria consisted of (1) being in a stable clinical condition (without exacerbation for at least one month); (2) must not have respiratory failure; (3) must not have any comorbidity affecting exercise performance (neuromuscular impairments, anemia, chronic cardiac failure or malignancies); (4) ability to perform a symptom-limited CPET. The protocol was approved by the local ethical committee on 23 March 2021 . All patients signed the written informed consent. The study was conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practices and the Declaration of Helsinki.
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278905_p4
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/p[1]
|
2.1. Patients and Pulmonary Function Testing
| 4.09375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.001834869384765625,
0.00023365020751953125
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.0006542205810546875,
0.0005140304565429688,
0.0001506805419921875
] |
COPD patients were classified into 4 stages (mild, moderate, severe and very severe), based on the predicted value of the forced expiratory volume at 1st second (FEV 1 ) (>80%, 50–80%, 30–49% and <30%) . For all patients, we recorded at baseline: anthropometric variables (age, sex and body mass index—BMI, in kg/m 2 ) and daily living dyspnea related to physical activity evaluated by the Italian version of the 5-point Medical Research Council scale modified by the American Thoracic Society (mMRC) . DPA was assessed by a questionnaire, which is the Italian version of the “Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity” . Briefly, patients reported whether or not they experienced regular physical activity. Leisurely walking, stretching, light yard working were considered as light physical activities, while brisk walking, cycling, dancing, gently swimming, going up and down stairs as moderate-intensity physical activities as well as jogging, playing tennis as vigorous ones. Duration of daily physical activity (min a day) and weekly frequency of physical activity (day a week) were also recorded. We categorized as active patients those patients who reported at least 150 to 300 min a week of moderate-intensity physical activity.
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278905_p5
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/p[2]
|
2.1. Patients and Pulmonary Function Testing
| 2.126953 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.986328125,
0.0104217529296875,
0.003459930419921875
] |
[
0.857421875,
0.1312255859375,
0.00659942626953125,
0.004817962646484375
] |
We performed pulmonary function tests according to international recommendations .
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278905_p6
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[1]/sec[0]/p[3]
|
2.1. Patients and Pulmonary Function Testing
| 4.140625 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0004820823669433594,
0.0001735687255859375
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.00093841552734375,
0.0005841255187988281,
0.00011330842971801758
] |
A flow-sensing spirometer and a body plethysmograph connected to a computer for data analysis were used for these measurements. Total lung capacity (TLC), vital capacity (VC), inspiratory capacity (IC), FEV 1 were recorded in liters and FEV 1 /VC and IC/TLC ratios were calculated. Lung diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) was measured by the single-breath method using a mixture of carbon monoxide and methane. TLC, VC, FEV 1 and DLCO were also expressed as a percentage of the predicted values .
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278905_p7
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[0]
|
2.2. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test
| 4.09375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9931640625,
0.006404876708984375,
0.0002372264862060547
] |
[
0.98828125,
0.00983428955078125,
0.0010328292846679688,
0.0008649826049804688
] |
CPET was performed through the standardized procedures referring to the incremental exercise test with the supervision of an expert pulmonologist (PT) . Briefly, after calibrating the oxygen and carbon dioxide analyzers and flow mass sensor, participants sat on an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer (Corival PB, Lobe Bv, Groningen, The Netherlands). After an initial rest of 3 min, patients underwent unloaded cycling for another 3 min with an increment of 5–20 watts for every minute (according to functional status of the patient), to achieve a total time of 8–12 min. The pedaling frequency (patients were instructed to maintain 60 rotations/min, rpm) was reported by a digital display on the monitor of the ergometer.
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278905_p8
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[1]
|
2.2. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test
| 4.171875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0018777847290039062,
0.00028634071350097656
] |
[
0.99853515625,
0.0009746551513671875,
0.00044536590576171875,
0.0001901388168334961
] |
Breath-by-breath oxygen uptake (V’O 2 in mL/kg/min), carbon dioxide production (V’CO 2 in mL/kg/min), tidal volume (VT in L), respiratory rate (RR in bpm) and minute ventilation (VE in L/min) were recorded during the test (CPX/D; Med Graphics, St. Paul, MN, USA). Participants were continuously assessed by a 12-lead electrocardiogram (Welch Allyn CardioPerfect, Delft, The Netherlands) and a pulse oximeter . The peripheral oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO 2 , %) was continuously measured and the difference (∆SpO 2 ) between SpO 2 peak, as mean SpO 2 of the last 20 sec of the peak, and SpO 2 rest, as the mean of the 3 min rest period, was recorded. Every 2 min, blood pressure was measured.
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278905_p9
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[2]
|
2.2. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test
| 4.054688 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9951171875,
0.004558563232421875,
0.0002646446228027344
] |
[
0.9755859375,
0.0205078125,
0.002956390380859375,
0.0009984970092773438
] |
The test was considered as maximal when one of the following criteria was achieved: predicted peak oxygen uptake, predicted maximal work rate, predicted maximal heart rate, evidence of ventilatory limitation or respiratory exchange ratio (RER) value greater than 1.15 . Criteria for terminating the exercise test were chest pain suggestive of ischemia, ischemic electrocardiogram changes, complex ectopy, second- or third-degree heart block, fall in systolic pressure > 20 mmHg from the highest value during the test, critical hypertension, severe desaturation, sudden pallor, loss of coordination, mental confusion, dizziness or faintness, signs of respiratory failure . To calculate the predicted values, the equations by Wasserman et al. were used.
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278905_p10
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[3]
|
2.2. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test
| 4.070313 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0005316734313964844,
0.0002772808074951172
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0004229545593261719,
0.0002624988555908203,
0.00007730722427368164
] |
We recorded the mean value of the peak workload (in watts) and of the peak V’O 2 (in mL/kg/min) during the last 20 s of the test. V-slope and ventilatory equivalents methods (‘dual method approach’) were both used to establish the anaerobic threshold (AT), which was expressed as the absolute value of V’O 2 in mL/kg/min.
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278905_p11
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[4]
|
2.2. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test
| 4.128906 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0004074573516845703,
0.00019180774688720703
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0006470680236816406,
0.0003745555877685547,
0.0000947117805480957
] |
The formula VEmax/Maximum voluntary ventilation × 100 was used to calculate the breathing reserve (BR, %). Multiplying FEV 1 by 40, we calculated the maximum voluntary ventilation . The ventilatory response during exercise was expressed as a linear regression function by plotting VE against VCO 2 obtained every 10 s, excluding data above the ventilatory compensation point . Then, using the VE/VCO 2 regression line, we obtained the slope and Y intercept values. The end-tidal pressure of CO 2 (PETCO 2 , in mmHg) was measured as the mean of PETCO 2 during the 3 min rest period and during the last 20 s of the test and was recorded as the difference between the PETCO 2 peak and PETCO 2 rest (∆PETCO 2 ).
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278905_p12
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[5]
|
2.2. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test
| 4.058594 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00042700767517089844,
0.00019943714141845703
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0003235340118408203,
0.0004839897155761719,
0.00007164478302001953
] |
Changes in operational lung volumes were assessed every two minutes during exercise and at peak exercise, taking the IC measured at rest as the baseline. As described by Stubbing et al. , COPD patients maintain a constant TLC during exercise; therefore, changes in end-expiratory lung volume are related to changes in IC. Accordingly, we recorded IC at rest, at peak of exercise and the difference between IC peak and IC rest (∆IC).
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278905_p13
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[6]
|
2.2. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test
| 4.082031 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00028395652770996094,
0.00022912025451660156
] |
[
0.998046875,
0.0012531280517578125,
0.0007724761962890625,
0.00008696317672729492
] |
The oxygen pulse (O 2 Pulse) at peak, the double product reserve (DPR) and the heart rate recovery at peak of exercise (HRR) reflect the cardiovascular response to exercise. O 2 Pulse (mL/bpm) was calculated by dividing instantaneous oxygen uptake by the heart rate . As described by Le VV et al. , we calculated DPR (mmHg·bpm) by subtracting the double product, i.e., the product of systolic blood pressure and heart rate, at maximal exercise minus that at rest. HRR (bpm) was defined as the reduction in the HR from the peak exercise level to the rate 1 min after the end of exercise .
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278905_p14
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[1]/sec[1]/p[7]
|
2.2. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test
| 4.101563 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0006861686706542969,
0.00021016597747802734
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0006694793701171875,
0.0003104209899902344,
0.00009751319885253906
] |
A visual analogue scale (VAS), scored from 0 to 100, was employed to ascertain the degree of dyspnea and leg fatigue induced by the incremental exercise. This scale consisted of a horizontal line with the words ‘none’ and ‘very severe’ placed at left and right, respectively. The assessments of perceived dyspnea and leg fatigue were subsequently divided by the maximum workload (VAS dys /WL and VAS fat /WL, in mm/watts) for analysis .
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278905_p15
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[1]/sec[2]/p[0]
|
2.3. Statistical Analysis
| 4.046875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0004229545593261719,
0.0001455545425415039
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.000553131103515625,
0.00045013427734375,
0.00008863210678100586
] |
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or as median (interquartile range). Given the explorative nature of the study, no formal sample size calculation was performed. The distribution of variables was assessed by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov goodness-of-fit test. Comparisons between variables were obtained by unpaired t test, ANOVA with post hoc test and Chi-square test, when appropriate. Correlations between variables were assessed by Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient, when appropriate. Quade’s nonparametric ANCOVA test was used to analyze differences in VO 2 peak (dependent variable) between active and inactive patients, adjusting for age, sex, BMI, mMRC and FEV 1 /FVC as covariates. p < 0.05 was taken as significant.
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278905_p16
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[2]/p[0]
|
3. Results
| 3.990234 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.986328125,
0.013275146484375,
0.0004374980926513672
] |
[
0.99609375,
0.002716064453125,
0.0005216598510742188,
0.0006961822509765625
] |
In total, 214 consecutive patients with COPD (62 females) were recruited, with an age range between 41 and 85 years. According to the FEV 1 -predicted value, 14.9%, 44.1%, 34.8% and 6.2% of patients were classified as mild, moderate, severe and very severe patients, respectively. A total of 136 (63.5%) patients were ex-smokers, 67 (31.5%) current smokers and 11 (5.0%) never smokers. At the time of study entry, patients were receiving either regular therapy with inhaled steroids (58.0%), long-acting beta 2 -agonists (79.6%) and long-acting muscarinic antagonists (67.1%) or no treatment (17.4%).
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278905_p17
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[2]/p[1]
|
3. Results
| 3.050781 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.98828125,
0.0108489990234375,
0.0007185935974121094
] |
[
0.99658203125,
0.0025959014892578125,
0.0002932548522949219,
0.0007696151733398438
] |
A total of 83 (38.8%, females 25.3%, age range 41–85 y) and 131 (61.2%, females 31.3%, age range 49–83 y) out of 214 patients were categorized as active and inactive ones, respectively ( Table 1 ). All the included patients performed spirometry and completed the CPET without any complications.
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278905_p18
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[2]/p[2]
|
3. Results
| 4.105469 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.998046875,
0.00193023681640625,
0.0002536773681640625
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0003724098205566406,
0.000408172607421875,
0.00015866756439208984
] |
Active and inactive patients did not differ in sex distribution, age, BMI and in baseline lung function values ( Table 1 ). They also did not differ in either smoking history, percentage of hypertensive patients or current treatment. According to the predicted FEV 1 value, mild stage was the most prevalent in both active (54.3%) and inactive (41.0%) patients. Active and inactive patients were significantly different in mMRC values ( Table 1 ); moreover, the percentage of inactive patients with an mMRC value ≥ 2 was significantly higher than the corresponding one of active patients (51.4% vs. 31.2%, Chi-square = 8.283, p = 0.004).
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278905_p19
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[2]/p[3]
|
3. Results
| 4.109375 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0006437301635742188,
0.00021636486053466797
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00021600723266601562,
0.0003590583801269531,
0.00009113550186157227
] |
Moreover, the two groups were significantly different in peak V’O 2 both as the absolute value and as a percentage of the predicted value as well as in maximal workload and in V’O 2 at the AT. Active and inactive patients significantly differed in cardiovascular response to exercise (O 2 Pulse at peak, DPR and HRR), but not in ventilatory response and in changes in operational volumes during exercise, as assessed by the CPET ( Table 2 ) . Significant differences in peak V’O 2 both as the absolute value (F = 5.483, p = 0.020) and as a percentage of the predicted value (F = 6.125, p = 0.014) were found between active and inactive patients by means of Quade’s nonparametric ANCOVA test after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, mMRC and FEV 1 /FVC as covariates.
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278905_p20
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[2]/p[4]
|
3. Results
| 3.599609 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0008540153503417969,
0.000431060791015625
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0006132125854492188,
0.0003345012664794922,
0.0001035928726196289
] |
Active patients showed VAS dys /WL (dyspnea rating for workload) and VAS fat /WL (muscle fatigue rating for workload) values significantly lower, when compared to inactive ones ( Table 2 ).
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278905_p21
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[2]/p[5]
|
3. Results
| 4.113281 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0003695487976074219,
0.0003452301025390625
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00017976760864257812,
0.0002913475036621094,
0.00004756450653076172
] |
Lastly, in all patients, the V’O 2 values in mL/kg/min both at peak and at the AT were significantly and positively related to the corresponding ones of the DPR (r = 0.517, p < 0.001 and r = 0.420, p < 0.001) and HRR (r = 0.282, p = 0.001 and r = 0.208, p = 0.032) . Additionally, both the VAS dys /WL and VAS fat /WL values were significantly and negatively related to the corresponding ones of the DPR (r = −0.430, p < 0.001 and r = −0.393, p < 0.001) and HRR (r = −0.340, p = 0.001 and r = −0.207, p = 0.003).
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278905_p22
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[3]/p[0]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.105469 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0003762245178222656,
0.0002033710479736328
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.0002605915069580078,
0.0005769729614257812,
0.00007432699203491211
] |
Physical activity is defined as “any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles, that results in energy expenditure” and is positively correlated with physical fitness . Physical activity should not be confused with physical exercise, which is “a subset of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive and has as a final or an intermediate objective the improvement or maintenance of physical fitness” . By assessing the maximal capability of patients to perform exercise, the reserve capacity of each of the organ systems contributing to the exercise response, such as the circulation and respiratory systems, may be evaluated . Previous studies showed moderate or no relationship between physical activity and exercise capacity in patients with COPD, without reporting any information on the ventilatory and cardiovascular response to exercise of these patients. In the present study, we assessed the relationship between regular daily physical activity and exercise capacity in a large cohort of COPD patients, by addressing the reserve of the cardiopulmonary system.
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278905_p23
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[3]/p[1]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.117188 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0005526542663574219,
0.00022161006927490234
] |
[
0.9990234375,
0.00016820430755615234,
0.0004849433898925781,
0.0000864267349243164
] |
A first expected result of this study is that most of the COPD patients engage in daily physical activity below the recommended threshold for maintaining or developing fitness. In addition, we found that active COPD patients had better cardiometabolic parameters when undergoing maximal exercise, as compared to inactive patients. Notably, active patients showed oxygen uptake values both at the peak of exercise and at the anaerobic threshold higher than inactive patients, in spite of the active and inactive patients not differing either in anthropometric characteristics or in resting function and in ventilatory response and in changes in operational volumes during exercise. It is of note that the active patients experienced less daily living activity-related dyspnea and showed better values of O 2 Pulse at peak, DPR and HRR than inactive patients. In addition, in all COPD patients, the oxygen uptake values both at the peak of exercise and at the anaerobic threshold were positively related to cardiovascular response in terms of both the DPR and HRR. Lastly, we also found that dyspnea and leg fatigue perceptions induced by incremental exercise were negatively related to DPR and HRR values.
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278905_p24
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[3]/p[2]
|
4. Discussion
| 4.269531 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002884864807128906,
0.00017845630645751953
] |
[
0.98193359375,
0.00055694580078125,
0.017547607421875,
0.00020170211791992188
] |
The O 2 Pulse can be considered as an indirect marker of stroke volume, when arterial oxygen content is assumed normal . The DPR is an estimate of the maximal performance of the left ventricle. Notably, the DPR reflects myocardial oxygen uptake during exercise; this is because the three primary determinants of myocardial oxygen uptake include ventricular wall tension, heart contractility and heart rate . In COPD patients with different degrees of severity, dynamic hyperinflation is strongly linked to an inadequate cardiovascular response to exercise in terms of both the O2Pulse and DPR . HRR was identified as a powerful predictor of mortality in the general population, independent of the workload and the HR changes during exercise . A decrease in HR of 12 beats per minute or less at 1 min after peak exercise was associated with a higher risk of mortality from any cause over a 6-year period . Moreover, a low HRR was found to be associated with a reduced survival in COPD patients .
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278905_p25
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[3]/p[3]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.904297 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002753734588623047,
0.0001709461212158203
] |
[
0.951171875,
0.001857757568359375,
0.046875,
0.0003116130828857422
] |
There is a body of evidence on the beneficial effects of regular physical activity in increasing cardiovascular performance. By contrast, a sedentary lifestyle significantly elevates the risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality. Findings from the Honolulu Heart Program, which targeted physically capable elderly men, showed that the risk of coronary heart disease is reduced with increases in the daily walked distance . Similar results were found in a large cohort of healthy women aged 45 or older . It is known that regular aerobic activity may lower the heart rate and resting blood pressure; this allows the heart to reduce the workload and be less exposed to risks of overload diseases .
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278905_p26
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[3]/p[4]
|
4. Discussion
| 3.947266 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.00040841102600097656,
0.0002963542938232422
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002472400665283203,
0.00042510032653808594,
0.00005906820297241211
] |
The findings of the present study are to be interpreted in the context of the limitations. The first limitation is due to the retrospective nature of the study, which did not allow having sufficient data on the assessment of quality of life using specific questionnaires, nor a control group. In addition, no causality or directionality of the findings can be inferred, since the study is a cross-sectional study. Another limitation is because we assessed the DPA in our patients by means of a questionnaire, patients could overestimate or underestimate their DPA. A strength of the study is the recruitment of a wide cohort of patients, ranging from mild to moderately severe disease, which reflects the general population of patients with COPD.
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278905_p27
|
PMC11278905
|
sec[4]/p[0]
|
5. Conclusions
| 4.003906 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0004572868347167969,
0.0001424551010131836
] |
[
0.99609375,
0.0007386207580566406,
0.0028591156005859375,
0.00016939640045166016
] |
In summary, this study shows that active patients, while not differing from inactive patients in anthropometric and pulmonary function characteristics, may have a higher exercise capacity due to better cardiovascular function. This study further suggests the beneficial effects of regular physical activity in COPD. Health professionals and policy makers should implement programs, practices and policies to facilitate increased physical activity in COPD patients as well as in the general population.
|
[
"Marina Aiello",
"Annalisa Frizzelli",
"Roberta Pisi",
"Rocco Accogli",
"Alessandra Marchese",
"Francesca Carlacci",
"Olha Bondarenko",
"Panagiota Tzani",
"Alfredo Chetta"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071026
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278917_p0
|
PMC11278917
|
sec[0]/p[0]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.285156 |
biomedical
|
Clinical case
|
[
0.63037109375,
0.366943359375,
0.002475738525390625
] |
[
0.0836181640625,
0.054168701171875,
0.00888824462890625,
0.853515625
] |
Anomalous arteriovenous shunts between meningeal arteries and dural venous sinuses or cortical veins are known as dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs). This abnormality accounts for 10–15% of all intracranial arteriovenous malformations . Ethmoid branches of the ophthalmic artery provide eDAVFs, which make up about 2–3% of DAVFs . eDAVFs often drain into the dilated cortical vein without sinus drainage . Some very dangerous venous drainage features, such as direct cortical venous drainage, cortical vein reflux (CVR), and venous ectasia, are associated with a high risk of cerebral bleeding and severe neurological impairments. These traits frequently indicate a malignant nature proclivity in eDAVFs . Most eDAVFs with CVR necessitate prompt treatment . For eDAVFs, endovascular embolization and surgery are the two major treatments. Surgery, in particular, offers a significantly lower risk of complications than endovascular techniques, as well as an outstanding record of completely obliterating eDAVFs . Bifrontal interhemispheric, low subfrontal, pterional, unilateral high frontal, and transfrontal sinus approaches are among the several surgical approaches for eDAVFs . In this case report, we describe successful mini-invasive surgery for treating Cognard type IV eDAVFs in two cases using a unilateral supraorbital keyhole subfrontal approach.
|
[
"Tsung-Hao Li",
"Chun-Ting Chen",
"Yuan-Yun Tseng",
"Ching-Chang Chen",
"Tao-Chieh Yang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071128
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278917_p1
|
PMC11278917
|
sec[1]/p[0]
|
2. Case Report
| 1.535156 |
clinical
|
Clinical case
|
[
0.2425537109375,
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] |
[
0.007602691650390625,
0.044891357421875,
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0.93994140625
] |
Case 1:
|
[
"Tsung-Hao Li",
"Chun-Ting Chen",
"Yuan-Yun Tseng",
"Ching-Chang Chen",
"Tao-Chieh Yang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071128
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
pt
| 0.999991 |
PMC11278917_p2
|
PMC11278917
|
sec[1]/p[1]
|
2. Case Report
| 3.962891 |
clinical
|
Clinical case
|
[
0.08465576171875,
0.912109375,
0.003314971923828125
] |
[
0.0097808837890625,
0.01038360595703125,
0.004138946533203125,
0.9755859375
] |
In December 2022, a 60-year-old man with a high fever and Lemierre syndrome diagnosis was admitted to Chung Shan University Hospital. After the patient’s admission, a head and neck computer tomography (CT) scan and a brain magnetic resonance angiography were performed to assess the cause of the fever. These tests unintentionally revealed a cerebral vascular lesion in the right anterior frontal base area without any bleeding or infarction. A right anterior frontal vein with a large venous ectasia that drained back to the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and a right frontal basal vein that drained back to the inferior petrosal sinus were the two cortical veins with CVR that were fed by the ethmoidal branches of the bilateral ophthalmic arteries, according to brain digital subtraction angiography (DSA) . The patient had neither a neurologic deficiency nor any symptoms. Cognard type IV was assigned to the eDAVF . We scheduled a surgical procedure for eDAVF treatment a month after the Lemierre syndrome patient finished receiving antibiotic therapy. First, we used neuronavigational guidance (CranialMap 3.0 Navigation Software, Stryker NAV3i Platform). The skin incision was made from the right supraorbital incisura in the eyebrow, starting laterally and moving medially. Next, a high-speed electric burr and saws were used to accomplish a right supraorbital keyhole craniotomy. After releasing the cerebrospinal fluid, the surgeon detached the bilateral cribriform galli fistulous site and used micro scissors and bipolar coagulation to skeletonize the right frontal basal vein. Two titanium clips clamped the right anterior frontal vein at the location of the DAVF frontal base dura fistula point. There was no disruption whatsoever to the olfactory bulbs and tracts. At the frontal lobe section, the right anterior cortical veins were unharmed . We performed intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) angiography to verify the absence of early arterialized venous outflow into the right anterior frontal vein . A follow-up brain CT angiography performed one month after surgery revealed that the prior eDAVF had been effectively obliterated . After an uncomplicated postoperative stay, the hospital discharged the patient one week after the procedure. He was then routinely monitored in the outpatient department for six months, during which he did not exhibit any new neurologic deficits or symptoms except for numbness in the right supraorbital craniotomy region.
|
[
"Tsung-Hao Li",
"Chun-Ting Chen",
"Yuan-Yun Tseng",
"Ching-Chang Chen",
"Tao-Chieh Yang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071128
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278917_p3
|
PMC11278917
|
sec[1]/p[2]
|
2. Case Report
| 1.322266 |
clinical
|
Clinical case
|
[
0.218994140625,
0.708984375,
0.0718994140625
] |
[
0.00818634033203125,
0.048828125,
0.01016998291015625,
0.9326171875
] |
CASE 2:
|
[
"Tsung-Hao Li",
"Chun-Ting Chen",
"Yuan-Yun Tseng",
"Ching-Chang Chen",
"Tao-Chieh Yang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071128
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
vi
| 0.999994 |
PMC11278917_p4
|
PMC11278917
|
sec[1]/p[3]
|
2. Case Report
| 3.720703 |
clinical
|
Clinical case
|
[
0.341796875,
0.654296875,
0.003742218017578125
] |
[
0.01287078857421875,
0.01264190673828125,
0.002002716064453125,
0.97265625
] |
In April 2024, a 71-year-old man was found with a right side eDAVF incidentally in Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. An initial brain CTA showed a right frontal base vascular lesion. The right superficial temporal artery and the right ethmoidal branches of the right ophthalmic artery feeded blood into the eDAVF. The vein located at the right frontal base was twisted and engorged, with a venous ectasia, and served as the drainage vein of the eDAVF. The eDAVF was designated as a Cognard type IV. We adapted the right supraorbital keyhole craniotomy for the asymptomatic eDAVF. The brain CT angiography, cerebral angiography, operation procedure, and intraoperative can be seen in the video 1 .
|
[
"Tsung-Hao Li",
"Chun-Ting Chen",
"Yuan-Yun Tseng",
"Ching-Chang Chen",
"Tao-Chieh Yang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071128
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278917_p5
|
PMC11278917
|
sec[1]/p[4]
|
2. Case Report
| 1.143555 |
clinical
|
Clinical case
|
[
0.07086181640625,
0.90869140625,
0.020263671875
] |
[
0.00392913818359375,
0.0246429443359375,
0.0035495758056640625,
0.9677734375
] |
The patient had an uneventful clinical course after surgery.
|
[
"Tsung-Hao Li",
"Chun-Ting Chen",
"Yuan-Yun Tseng",
"Ching-Chang Chen",
"Tao-Chieh Yang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071128
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278917_p6
|
PMC11278917
|
sec[2]/p[0]
|
3. Discussion
| 4.027344 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.99462890625,
0.003887176513671875,
0.001239776611328125
] |
[
0.017425537109375,
0.0171661376953125,
0.96435546875,
0.0012226104736328125
] |
Today, there are three different modalities to treat DAVFs such as transcatheter embolization, surgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, or combination treatment . Since endovascular embolization is low invasive and has a good effect, it has long been thought of as the first-line treatment for DAVFs . In certain types of DAVFs, radiosurgery seems to be effective when endovascular or surgical therapy is unable to completely eradicate the residual nidus . Intracranial DAVFs affecting convexity, foramen magnum, craniocervical junction, and eDAVFs are amenable to surgical treatment . When determining the risk associated with each dural AVF, the Cognard classification offers valuable information on shunt placement, venous drainage characteristics, and venous outflow angioarchitecture . This information facilitates decision-making on the most suitable course of treatment.
|
[
"Tsung-Hao Li",
"Chun-Ting Chen",
"Yuan-Yun Tseng",
"Ching-Chang Chen",
"Tao-Chieh Yang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071128
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999998 |
PMC11278917_p7
|
PMC11278917
|
sec[2]/p[1]
|
3. Discussion
| 4.246094 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.98486328125,
0.0150146484375,
0.0001995563507080078
] |
[
0.91552734375,
0.0222625732421875,
0.032623291015625,
0.0294647216796875
] |
eDAVFs, which account for 2–3% of intracranial DAVFs , are notorious for their tendency to drain directly into cortical veins with or without venous ectasia . The incidence of bleeding was sevenfold higher in Cognard type IV DAVF patients (3.5% without ectasia vs. 27% with ectasia), which is defined by venous draining into the cerebral vein with venous ectasia . Clinical signs and symptoms of eDAVFs in the anterior ethmoidal area include headache, tinnitus, exophthalmos, and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). The natural course of eDAVFs is usually aggressive and carries a high risk of ICH because of the unique way veins drain in this area. This is why early treatments are often needed . The treatment of eDAVFs using several modalities has been verified in the literature . Surgical disconnection is still the most effective way to treat eDAVFs. Vision loss resulting from ophthalmic artery injury, particularly to the central retinal artery during catheterization, is a serious concern when validating endovascular embolization to treat eDAVFs . Moreover, endovascular techniques, whether transarterial or transvenous, faced significant challenges due to venous ectasia, retrograde cortical vein reflux, and direct draining into the somewhat tortuous cortical veins . In contrast to earlier studies that used endovascular methods, surgical therapy for eDAVFs typically achieved greater complete obliteration and a lower complication rate by disconnecting the cortical draining vein from the fistula locations using clips or coagulation . We underwent surgical therapy even though the asymptomatic cases of Cognard type IV to prevent significant risk of ICH.
|
[
"Tsung-Hao Li",
"Chun-Ting Chen",
"Yuan-Yun Tseng",
"Ching-Chang Chen",
"Tao-Chieh Yang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071128
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
PMC11278917_p8
|
PMC11278917
|
sec[2]/p[2]
|
3. Discussion
| 4.125 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.97509765625,
0.0245361328125,
0.0003685951232910156
] |
[
0.8974609375,
0.069091796875,
0.007778167724609375,
0.0258331298828125
] |
Surgical approaches are versatile, including frontal, bifrontal, pterional, transfrontal sinus, or unilateral orbitozygomatic craniotomy . A supraorbital keyhole subfrontal approach through an eyebrow skin incision was used to minimize surgical-related morbidity due to smaller wound exposure and smaller craniotomy size than the traditional surgical approach . The supraorbital keyhole approach was a paramedian craniotomy, not crossing the midline, which reduced the subsequent risk of damage to the dura and the underlying veins, including those enlarged by the fistula. By contrast, such a maneuver as bifrontal craniotomy, when in close proximity to or crossing the midline, may injure the SSS or DAVF arterialized veins . Intraoperative neuronavigational guidance was performed to define the optimal surgical trajectory. The incision can also be at the location of the eyebrows, which has a better cosmetic effect than other surgical techniques . The target eDAVF was clearly shown in the surgical field through the supraorbital keyhole subfrontal approach, and the elimination of the eDAVF was also successfully achieved by disconnecting the cortical draining vein from the fistula points by clips or coagulation without perioperative complications .
|
[
"Tsung-Hao Li",
"Chun-Ting Chen",
"Yuan-Yun Tseng",
"Ching-Chang Chen",
"Tao-Chieh Yang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071128
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999996 |
PMC11278917_p9
|
PMC11278917
|
sec[2]/p[3]
|
3. Discussion
| 3.998047 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.9375,
0.061370849609375,
0.00103759765625
] |
[
0.1865234375,
0.73779296875,
0.056182861328125,
0.0196380615234375
] |
The disadvantages of the supraorbital keyhole approach were illumination and a narrow viewing angle that may require frequent adjustments of the operating table and microscope for adequate visualization of a given lesion. Endoscopes could produce illumination at depth rather than from a distance, allowing them to illuminate the area of interest without casting shadows on the field . Avoidance of the supraorbital nerve injury and breach of the frontal sinus intraoperatively would limit surgical exposure of the sagittal midline or contralateral frontal base area. Staying at least 5 mm lateral to the supraorbital notch or foramen with the craniotomy significantly reduced the risk of supraorbital palsy. Neuronavigation can help the surgeon to accurately locate and target the lesion, improving the precision of the procedure . In our opinion, for asymptomatic patients with eDAVF, Cognard type IV, the supraorbital keyhole subfrontal approach should be considered as the first-line treatment to eliminate the risk of possible malignant clinical course.
|
[
"Tsung-Hao Li",
"Chun-Ting Chen",
"Yuan-Yun Tseng",
"Ching-Chang Chen",
"Tao-Chieh Yang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071128
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
PMC11278917_p10
|
PMC11278917
|
sec[3]/p[0]
|
4. Conclusions
| 3.783203 |
biomedical
|
Other
|
[
0.89208984375,
0.105712890625,
0.0020732879638671875
] |
[
0.01178741455078125,
0.96875,
0.0032367706298828125,
0.016204833984375
] |
We recommend early treatment for asymptomatic individuals with eDAVFs who have direct cerebral vein drainage with or without venous ectasia. This is to prevent the possibility of a malignant clinical progression. The supraorbital keyhole subfrontal technique, in combination with neuronavigation, offers a minimally invasive yet efficient approach to treat eDAVFs if patients are meticulously chosen.
|
[
"Tsung-Hao Li",
"Chun-Ting Chen",
"Yuan-Yun Tseng",
"Ching-Chang Chen",
"Tao-Chieh Yang"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071128
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057685_p0
|
39057685
|
sec[0]/p[0]
|
1. Introduction
| 3.654297 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99755859375,
0.0001347064971923828,
0.00231170654296875
] |
[
0.8837890625,
0.10369873046875,
0.01201629638671875,
0.0003514289855957031
] |
Egg-laying performance of geese depends on the function of the ovaries and the follicles development ability . Ovarian Function includes Reproductive and endocrine functions. Considerable research has indicated that steroid hormones synthesis in ovary follicular granulosa cells (GCs) is crucial for the regulation of folliculogenesis, follicular development, maturation, and atresia .
|
[
"Xinyi Guo",
"Shijia Ying",
"Huiping Xiao",
"Hao An",
"Rihong Guo",
"Zichun Dai",
"Wenda Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14070362
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999995 |
39057685_p1
|
39057685
|
sec[0]/p[1]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.71875 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.0004634857177734375,
0.00051116943359375
] |
[
0.951171875,
0.0018072128295898438,
0.046661376953125,
0.0004153251647949219
] |
The ovaries of birds are slightly different from those of mammals in that follicular development in poultry has a strict hierarchical arrangement . Their developmental capacity is regulated by a complex and subtle network, with the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis playing an essential role in follicular development and maturation through the regulation of the synthesis of a wide range of steroid hormones . The ovary has endocrine functions. The ovary of a bird consists of follicles in various stages of development. During the breeding season, the yolk-filled follicles are arranged in a hierarchy. It contains a large number of pre-hierarchical follicles and 3–5 hierarchical follicles, and it is significantly correlated with egg production . Another determinant of egg production performance is progesterone (P4) . It is one of the steroid hormones secreted by the granular layer of the avian hierarchical follicle and plays a decisive role in follicular development and ovulation. Genes such as steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR), cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1 (CYP11A1), and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B1) are directly involved in P4 synthesis . Furthermore, transcription factors such as GATA-4/6, CREB, SP-1, SMAD2/3, and regulatory factors (IGF-1, TGF-β, SF-1) regulate ovarian steroid synthesis and gene expression through activation of intracellular signaling pathways .
|
[
"Xinyi Guo",
"Shijia Ying",
"Huiping Xiao",
"Hao An",
"Rihong Guo",
"Zichun Dai",
"Wenda Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14070362
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057685_p2
|
39057685
|
sec[0]/p[2]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.523438 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.9990234375,
0.00048661231994628906,
0.0005655288696289062
] |
[
0.84375,
0.0011234283447265625,
0.15478515625,
0.0004382133483886719
] |
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria such as E.coli and Salmonella , is widely used as a reagent for inflammatory modeling . LPS activates cellular signaling through TLR4 and triggers an inflammatory response while causing a series of adverse effects . Immune system challenges caused by LPS will affect physiological and biochemical processes and interfere with the endocrine system and hormone levels in animals. The reproductive toxicity of LPS is well established . Especially in poultry breeding, poor animal management and intensive breeding lead to LPS exposure, which may result in reduced productivity and economic losses. LPS exposure led to the disorder of sex steroids, luteolysis, and follicular atresia in mammals. It has been shown that intrauterine infusion of LPS can lead to premature luteolysis in heifers . Furthermore, long-term exposure to LPS promotes ovarian granulosa cell pyroptotic death and ovarian interstitial cell fibrosis in mice . In birds, studies have shown that high concentrations of LPS in the environment and blood can affect follicular development and production performances . Meanwhile, changes in the concentration of various sex hormones, such as P4 and estradiol, are often presented as evidence that LPS affects ovarian function, fully demonstrating the correlation between LPS and sex steroid hormone secretion processes.
|
[
"Xinyi Guo",
"Shijia Ying",
"Huiping Xiao",
"Hao An",
"Rihong Guo",
"Zichun Dai",
"Wenda Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14070362
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
39057685_p3
|
39057685
|
sec[0]/p[3]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.128906 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99853515625,
0.0001842975616455078,
0.0011835098266601562
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00025200843811035156,
0.00019371509552001953,
0.00004297494888305664
] |
The laboratory previously designed an anti-seasonal feeding model for Yangzhou geese that allowed breeding geese to lay eggs from May to September, which improved the farmers’ income and balanced the year-round production, a novel and unique efficiency model . However, the problem of LPS pollution caused by modern intensive farming is more severe in the hot and humid summer. Due to the cloacal structure of birds, the ovaries are the preferred infective tissue for E. coli and Salmonella . P4 synthesis in avian pre-hierarchical follicular GCs is more susceptible to LPS . A study has shown that Salmonella inhibited granulosa cells development and reduced egg production in chickens, a process mediated by down-regulation of CYP11A1 expression and modified to STAR and SMAD family member 2 (SMAD2) . Hitherto, most studies on reproductive performance have focused on membrane signaling pathways, and the molecular mechanisms by which LPS affects P4 synthesis in goose GCs have yet to be reported.
|
[
"Xinyi Guo",
"Shijia Ying",
"Huiping Xiao",
"Hao An",
"Rihong Guo",
"Zichun Dai",
"Wenda Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14070362
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |
39057685_p4
|
39057685
|
sec[0]/p[4]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.429688 |
biomedical
|
Review
|
[
0.998046875,
0.0007300376892089844,
0.0010480880737304688
] |
[
0.388671875,
0.001522064208984375,
0.609375,
0.0005888938903808594
] |
miRNAs have crucial roles in various aspects of ovary function, including steroidogenesis, follicular development, ovulation, and gene regulation in poultry. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are approximately 22 nucleotides long, small endogenous RNAs that function in post-transcriptional gene silencing by binding to mRNA 3′ UTR . MiRNAs are widely distributed in different cells and tissues and are involved in a variety of biophysiological processes, playing an integral regulatory role in the pathogenesis of disease, tumors, and cancer. miRNAs can participate in almost all life activities. A large number of miRNAs are present in animal ovaries involved in reproductive regulation, and multiple groups of miRNAs are differentially expressed during follicle development and in different injury models of ovarian type . Studies suggest that miRNAs have a role in regulating luteinizing steroid production in heifers . Currently, GCs are the primary focus of research on miRNA regulation and ovarian function in mammals. Numerous studies have demonstrated the significant role of miRNAs in regulating follicular development and atresia, cell proliferation and apoptosis, steroid hormone synthesis, and even ovarian cancer. In mammals, miR-320a, miR-323-3p, miR-383, miR-1246, miR-31, and miR-20b have been found to influence sex steroid hormone synthesis in GCs . In poultry, however, the study of functional miRNAs in ovarian function is still limited. Only a few studies have demonstrated the significance of miR-199-3p, miR-133a-3p, and miR-181a-5p in regulating follicular development and hormone secretion in geese .
|
[
"Xinyi Guo",
"Shijia Ying",
"Huiping Xiao",
"Hao An",
"Rihong Guo",
"Zichun Dai",
"Wenda Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14070362
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999999 |
39057685_p5
|
39057685
|
sec[0]/p[5]
|
1. Introduction
| 4.222656 |
biomedical
|
Study
|
[
0.99951171875,
0.0002601146697998047,
0.00023818016052246094
] |
[
0.99951171875,
0.00017702579498291016,
0.0002987384796142578,
0.00006836652755737305
] |
In summary, LPS readily contaminates the avian ovary and affects P4 synthesis. miRNA is involved in the occurrence and development of reproductive system injury. The abnormal expression of miRNA in many groups is related to follicular atresia and granulosa cells injury. To investigate whether the effect of LPS exposure on P4 synthesis is regulated by miRNA in goose GCs, in the present study, a second-generation sequencing strategy was applied to analyze miRNAs and mRNAs in goose GCs from hierarchical follicles exposed to LPS. The miR-21 in the goose was described for the first time, and the expression level was determined. Differently expressed target genes and miRNAs were screened with the aim of identifying potential signaling mechanisms. The miRNA target genes were predicted by bioinformatic methods, and the impacts of miR-21 overexpression or suppression on P4 synthesis were studied in the goose primary GCs. Furthermore, the regulatory function of miR-21 in goose primary GCs was verified. The findings can contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of miR-21 involved in the decrease in P4 synthesis induced by LPS in goose GCs.
|
[
"Xinyi Guo",
"Shijia Ying",
"Huiping Xiao",
"Hao An",
"Rihong Guo",
"Zichun Dai",
"Wenda Wu"
] |
https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14070362
|
N/A
|
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
|
en
| 0.999997 |